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6420_HistoryoftheHandynasty | history han dynasty han dynasty bce founded peasant rebel leader known posthumously emperor second imperial dynasty china followed dynasty bce unified conquest interrupted briefly dynasty han dynasty divided periods bce derived locations capital cities respectively final capital dynasty court moved period political turmoil civil war han dynasty ruled era chinese cultural consolidation political experimentation relative economic prosperity maturity great technological advances unprecedented territorial expansion exploration initiated struggles non chinese peoples especially nomadic han emperors initially forced acknowledge rival equals reality han inferior partner tributary royal marriage alliance known agreement broken emperor han bce launched series military campaigns eventually caused borders china han realm expanded corridor modern province modern modern modern northern vietnam modern north_korea southern han court established trade tributary relations rulers far west court han monarchs sent envoys buddhism entered china han spread missionaries northern india beginning han imperial court threatened plots treason revolt subordinate kingdoms eventually ruled royal family members initially eastern half empire indirectly administered large semi autonomous kingdoms pledged loyalty portion tax revenues han emperors ruled directly western half empire gradual measures introduced imperial court reduce size power kingdoms reform middle 2nd century bce abolished semi autonomous rule staffed kings courts central government officials volatile dynasty growing power consort clans empress palace entrenched time issue emperors succession causing series political crises culminated downfall slaughter palaces event triggered age civil war country divided regional power finally son imperial chancellor king accepted han emperor deemed lost according bce system fate imperial government heaven natural world following han china split states empire dynasty fall contention dynasty bce established state western china outpost breed horses act defensive nomadic armies peoples conquering states han bce unified china empire divided centrally controlled control china proper affirmed enhanced prestige taking unprecedented title emperor known emperor han era historians accuse regime employing ruthless methods preserve rule died natural causes bce bce conscription officers leading rain failed meet arrival deadline claim punishment delay execution avoid started rebellion known uprising thwarted general bce subsequently assassinated soldiers point rebelled bce uncle men leading family aristocracy joined man peasant origin supervisor grandson king declared king modern support kingdoms soon formed opposition despite bce killed battle subsequently attacked king capital forcing flee siege new kingdoms came aid defeated bce forced surrender occupied king sent capture agreement officer capture region king late bce ruler claimed reduced title chief killed orchestrated deaths chancellor bce second emperor bce gained submission secured capital persuaded chief advisor bce let soldiers city instead sealed treasury contention standard histories arrived months later early bce looted burned ground executed year offered king title emperor sent remote frontier assassinated assumed title king western leader confederacy kingdoms feast considered having assassinated realizing considering killing escaped middle feast slight carved kingdoms general subordinates kings granted frontier kingdom han pose political challenge summer bce heard emperor fate decided rally new kingdoms oppose leading year war known han contention initially direct assault captured battling king resisted king forces collapsed return saved storm delayed arrival troops father wife captured forces barely escaped defeat unable pursue induced rebel occupied large grain storage threatened kill father surrender threats food supplies lost general bce having conquered north bce offered release relatives captivity split china political halves west belong han east accepted truce short lived bce modern han forces forced flee fortified camp early morning cavalry pursued han cavalry bouts fighting surrounded banks committed suicide took title emperor known emperor han bce reign consolidation rivals emperor initially capital moved near modern concerns natural defences better access supply routes following precedent emperor adopted administrative model cabinet formed subordinate headed ministers despite han general condemnation harsh methods philosophy han law code compiled chancellor bce borrowed structure substance code excavated texts modern times reinforced suspicion ruled directly increased death western portion empire eastern portion established semi autonomous kingdoms bestowed prominent followers alleged acts rebellion alliances northern nomadic people replaced members royal family according administration kingdom small scale replica central government chancellor royal kingdoms transmit census information portion taxes central government responsible maintaining armed force kings authorized troops explicit permission capital king remaining king clan great grandson died bce transformed imperial later family south sent ambassador court acknowledge sovereignty vietnamese dynasty modern northern vietnam general forced desert bce son successor built powerful empire tribes time death bce domains stretched northeast china mountain ranges chinese feared incursions guise trade concerned han manufactured iron weapons fall hands enacted trade compensate chinese border merchants northern kingdoms lost trade government officials handsome salaries outraged planned attack han invaded bce aided king confused ruling dynasty general personally led forces snow near modern ensuing battle forces heavily surrounded seven days running short supplies forced flee defeat court adviser originally named convinced emperor create peace treaty marriage alliance called agreement arrangement established bce han hoped modify nomadic values han luxury goods given tribute wine etc half chinese successor subordinate grandfather exact amounts annual tribute promised emperor given 2nd century bce shortly defeat unknown bce bce requested renewal agreement increased annual tribute wine grain silk previous amounts figures treaty acknowledged equals han fact inferior partner forced pay tribute militarily powerful emperor initially set daughter opposition emperor female relative princess married bce offering princess tributary items scarcely satisfied raided han northern violated bce treaty established great wall border han rule emperor rebelled bce emperor personally led troops received arrow wound allegedly led death following year heir apparent took throne posthumously known emperor han bce shortly widow empress potential throne poisoned mother consort brutally mutilated teenage emperor discovered cruel acts committed mother says dare brief reign saw completion defensive city walls capital bce brick rammed earth walls originally tall formed rough rectangular ground plan irregularities topography ruins stand today urban construction project completed laborers emperor reign saw repeal old laws banning certain types literature characterized cautious approach foreign policy including renewal agreement han independent sovereignty kings regency downfall clan emperor children empress death bce grand empress regent chose successor sons placed emperor han bce throne removed puppet ruler emperor han bce issued imperial reigns appointed members clan kings emperor explicit prohibition clan members key military officers civil officials court unable deal invasion modern han prisoners taken provoked conflict king imposing ban iron trade items southern kingdom proclaiming emperor bce attacked han kingdom bce rival imperial title han ambassador visited court reign empress death bce alleged clan plotted overthrow dynasty king emperor grandson rose central government forces engaged clan ousted power destroyed coup led officials resisted passed emperor mobilized troops permission central government mother family possessed ambitious attitude consort mother king considered possess noble character son chosen successor throne known posthumously emperor han bce reign reforms policies rule era named emperor successor emperor bce han empire witnessed greater economic stability central government assumed power realm attempt distance harsh rule court rulers abolished legal involving bce declared widespread bce reduced tax rate households agricultural produce fifteenth bce abolished altogether following year reinstated rate bce government policies influenced ideology mix political given patronage wife bce empress reign grand empress early reign successor emperor bce named mythical 6th century bce philosopher viewed founder ordered civilization unlike gave role legendary sage kings han imperial patrons sponsored policy central concept claimed rulers interfere little possible administrative legal systems function smoothly influence doctrines state affairs eclipsed formal adoption state ideology reign later view practices bce number kingdoms increased number nineteen large territorial expansion kingdoms rebelled han rule failed produce heir significantly reduced size abolished carved new smaller kingdoms rebellion seven states heir apparent official visit capital reign played board game called crown prince future emperor heated dispute threw game board killing outraged father king nephew emperor nonetheless obliged claim allegiance took throne bitter death son fearful targeted wave reduction kingdom sizes emperor carried advice bce king led revolt han bce head coalition kingdoms feared reductions han forces commanded ready able revolt destroying coalition seven states han kingdoms abolished later reinstated significantly reduced size emperor issued bce outlawed independent administrative kingdoms abolished senior offices chancellor henceforth reduced status appointed directly central government successor emperor diminish power kingdoms tradition ordering king divide realm male heirs relations bce wise king right raided non chinese tribes living han protection northwest modern bce sent letter emperor informing wise king allegedly insulted han officials acted permission punished wise king forcing conduct military campaign nomadic event merely larger effort recruit nomadic tribes north bulk expelled corridor fleeing west state salt marsh nomadic range states east implied threat invade china agreement renewed sparked debate officials bce wanted reject policy favored renewal agreement died han tribute reached successor bce renewed agreement negotiated opening border markets lifting ban trade significantly reduced frequency size raids necessitated tens thousands han troops stationed border successor bce continued violate han territorial sovereignty making incursions despite treaty continued conquest father driving valley han quietly built strength cavalry forces later challenge reign government recruitment emperor philosophy system ethics attributed 6th century bce enlist aid bce established han regulation recruiting men merit government service calls major impulse famous examination system emperors appointed court courts specialized later orthodox texts years took throne bce known posthumously emperor grand empress continued dominate court accept policy found unfavorable contradicted ideology death bce major shift occurred chinese political history emperor called submission memorial essays improve government favored official bce philosopher calls theologian synthesis fused ethical ideas beliefs yang elements fitting universal system governed heaven earth world man justified imperial system government providing place greater reflecting ideas emperor issued bce abolished academic chairs focused classics bce emperor established taught students beginning civil service examination system refined later sons relatives officials privileged nominations office come family officials barred entry bureaucracy education classics paramount gaining office result expanded dramatically 2nd century accommodated students invention process spread paper cheap writing medium eastern han period onwards increased supply books number educated civil service war death marked significant shift foreign policy order address threat renewal agreement emperor called court conference session bce factions leading ministers debated merits faults current policy emperor followed majority consensus ministers peace maintained year later busy raiding northern border waiting han response court conference assembled faction supporting war able sway majority opinion making compromise worried stretching financial resources indefinite campaign limited engagement border near han forces lure gifts promises order quickly eliminate cause political chaos trap failed bce realized fall trap fled north era style broken han court resolved engage scale war leading campaigns involving tens thousands troops bce han general bce recaptured desert region bce bce expelled gaining surrender battle bce generals led campaign forced flee north maintenance horses government slaves thirty different pasture lands satisfy cavalry baggage trains needed campaigns government offered exemption military labor male members household presented privately bred horse government expansion colonization king surrendered bce han acquired territory stretching corridor cutting allies new established corridor populated han settlers major allied force repelled region bce bce han forces established garrison outposts larger settlements built bce roughly settlers came region modern western southern southern northwestern northwestern surrender han court moved people region region south bend emperor forces conquered roughly million km2 million new land far largest territorial expansion chinese history self sustaining agricultural garrisons established frontier outposts support military campaigns secure trade routes leading eastern terminus han era great wall extended far west sections stand today including thirty han beacon towers fortified castles exploration foreign trade war diplomacy starting bce han diplomat traveled west unsuccessful attempt secure alliance evicted bce travels revealed entire countries chinese unaware remnants conquests bce returned china bce reported visits kingdom described agricultural urban countries like china venture described river valley territories west envoys sent states returned foreign lucrative trade noted countries chinese silk merchants discovered southwestern trade route leading burma india earliest known roman found china manufactured glass bowl found tomb dating early 1st century bce came maritime route passing likewise imported chinese silk attire popular time bce agreement broke forced extract crafts agricultural urban centers bce han battled control influence states han gaining bce tributary submission reaching expensive invasion year campaign valleys modern asserts threatened cut han access historian bce threat asserting mission means punish providing tribute prized central asian south emperor assisted king attack modern bce pro han faction overthrown court han naval forces conquered bce han war bringing areas modern northern vietnam han control emperor launched invasion bce king tributary vassal later rebellions bce bce rule han forces sent expedition north_korea bce abandoned years later bce expedition established remained bce violent resistance bce irregular raids chinese settlers conducted peaceful trade relations native lived largely independent culturally influenced sparse han settlements economic reforms fund prolonged military campaigns colonization efforts emperor turned away policy earlier reigns having central government private industries trades salt mining iron manufacturing bce government monopoly liquor established bce majority consensus court conference bce led breaking monopoly mathematician official bce later merchants drafted government help administer responsible transportation system eliminated price variation time place place government means interfere profitable grain trade eliminating speculation government stocked grain cheap sold public low price private merchants demanded higher ones criticized reign bringing unnecessary hardships merchants profits farmers forced rely poor quality government goods services transportation emperor reign poll tax minor aged fourteen raised coins rate adults remained new taxes market transactions wheeled vehicles properties meant bolster growing military budget bce new bronze coin weighing replacing coin issued government remaining standard coin china dynasty followed ban private bce earlier attempts ban private took place bce monopoly issue remained place han changed hands different government agencies bce han government billion coins average million year half western han regency emperor wife deposed bce allegations attempted help produce male heir bce similar allegations emperor son emperor second wife fear emperor believing false allegations began rebellion lasted days emperor away quiet summer retreat modern defeat committed suicide eventually good reputation half brother entrusted form regency alongside bce bce court successor child known posthumously emperor han bce died year later bce imperial counselor sang executed accused supporting emperor older brother king emperor gave power abuse power eyes establishment gained popularity reducing emperor taxes emperor died bce successor chosen replace july nephew prince removed august displaying lack character capacity rule prince removal secured memorial signed leading ministers submitted approval grandson named emperor han bce september remained power regent emperor died natural causes bce bce clan charged conspiracy throne eliminated culmination emperor revenge wife poisoned beloved empress bce replaced daughter deposed september bce son succeeded father emperor han bce reforms emperor reign regency dominant political faction party favored greater government intervention private economy government salt iron higher taxes private business price controls fund aggressive foreign policy territorial expansion followed dynasty approach discipline faults rewards service regency gained leverage state affairs policy decisions party favored government limited government intervention private economy moderate foreign policy limited colonization efforts budget reform return dynasty ideal granting rewards service display dynasty party influence seen abolition central government salt iron bce reinstated bce abolished 1st century transferred local private bce lavish games installed emperor impress foreign dignitaries cancelled grounds excessive spurred alleged signs heaven warning ruler incompetence total eighteen general granted combined reigns emperor emperor han bce emperor reduced severity punishment crimes reduced length judicial procedures bce disrupting lives accepted sums cash criminals sentences dropped reversed policy favored wealthy poor effective crime emperor major reforms state sponsored religion dynasty main legendary deities added emperor bce powers bce emperor effort gain heaven favor male heir halted ceremonies dedicated powers replaced ceremonies supreme god kings foreign relations war half 1st century bce witnessed succession crises leadership allowing han cement control han general assassinated pro king bce han formed coalition coalition forces inflicted major defeat bce han regained influence depression defeating battle bce bce han able install new king state north han interests region office western regions given bce established bce supervise colonial activities conduct relations small kingdoms bce inflicted defeat rival brother royal contender bce supporters debated request han aid han vassal decided bce sent son hostage han personally paid homage emperor bce chinese new year celebration advocacy seated distinguished guest honor rich rewards gold cash coins suits clothes silk fabric silk horses addition grain sent returned home successors encouraged pay trips homage han court increasing gifts visit cause complaint ministers bce financial consequence vassal deemed superior agreement initially attempted send hostages tribute han court hopes ending han support eventually turned han subsequently han general protector general acting explicit permission han court killed capital modern bce han court reluctant award independent missions let foreign gave modest rewards despite favor given han princess instead given lady ancient china marked departure earlier agreement chinese princess handed bride control long life empress bce wife emperor mother emperor ensured male relatives appointed role regent officially known commander chief emperor interested chasing beautiful women empire left affairs state relatives clan november bce bce nephew new general chief emperor han bce took throne grandmother emperor leading figure palace forced resign august bce followed forced departure capital bce pressure supporters emperor invited capital bce year later emperor died illness son reinstated regent emperor han bce cousin emperor married daughter child died july year grand empress confirmed acting emperor child heir succeed despite fact family revolted month earlier followed outraged assuming greater power imperial family rebellions promised hand power reached majority despite promises relinquish power initiated propaganda campaign heaven sending signals time han rule end january announced han run course accepted requests emperor dynasty reforms grand vision restore china golden age achieved early dynasty era attempted sweeping reforms including slavery institution king fields system land ownership standard land family slavery land reform regime cancelled widespread protest historian wrote reforms led downfall aside slavery land reform historian points reforms line earlier han policies new denominations currency introduced value earlier introductions lighter weight resulted economic damage renamed empire bureaucratic titles government rescinded longer enforced large scale rebellion spurred massive flooding foreign relations half chinese half noble son vocal partisan realm claims led conservative nobles break alliance han moment came assumed throne demoted lesser rank pretext war winter amassed troops northern border han china force led raiding continued hostage held han authorities executed diplomatic relations repaired took throne raided han borders kingdom located east west rebelled authority killing han protector general sent force resistance ensuring region remain chinese control widespread rebellion toppled rule extended chinese influence tribes region attack early korean state located korean peninsula widespread rebellion china mounted raided han region restoration han natural disaster civil war course emptied gradual buildup raised water level year built prevent flooding river split arm flowing south second flood changed course northern branch river emptied slightly north far south southern inundated following creation southern branch thousands peasants displaced homes formed groups rebels notably armies tried quell rebellions failed descendant led group gentry groups cousin accept title emperor han march brother future emperor han distinguished battle july relieved city forces turned tide war soon emperor executed grounds treason fearing life resigned office minister ceremonies avoided public mourning brother emperor gave promotion general forces targeted local broke capital city october october stand palace killed head sent headquarters armies reached october emperor settled new capital invited leader stay granted honorary titles fan decided flee men began desert moved capital following year red defeated forces appointed puppet ruler entered captured fleeing demoted king killing acting commissioner emperor gathered significant following putting local rebellion province claimed han throne august occupied capital november eventually unify empire claimed title emperor efforts officers forced wandering surrender march leader executed plot rebellion revealed defeated conquered east distant nearly defeated seizing domain adversary standing base modern forces successfully burned fortified bridge stretching commanding general killed assassin sent han general resumed campaign min rivers destroyed forces december located west names western han bce eastern han accepted historians tall eastern western northern walls stand today southern wall destroyed changed course walls prominent palaces existed western han expanded successors eastern han estimated held roughly inhabitants known census data china dated recorded population nearly million comparing census total population registered roughly million significant migratory shift million people northern southern china eastern han largely natural disasters wars nomadic groups north population size fluctuated according periodically updated eastern han historian notes reflect dramatic loss life government inability times register entire populace policies scrapping denominations currency reintroduced western han standard coin making lost revenue salt iron canceled private manufacturers heavily government purchased armies swords shields private businesses allowed peasants pay military tax avoid conscription armed forces year training year service instead built volunteer force lasted eastern han allowed peasants avoid month duty tax hired labor popular demoted han status effort onwards find relatives restore abolished emperor han price system government bought grain cheap sold public private commercial prices high limited stocks canceled prize scheme convinced government grain wealthy merchants richer renewed economic prosperity brought father reign emperor addressed flooding repairing dams canals april boasted southern branch south finally cut han engineering patron scholarship emperor established school young nobles aside emperor han faced crisis cattle epidemic broke addition providing disaster relief reforms legal procedures existing believed restore seasonal balance yang cure epidemic display ceased work canal works running believing causing people granted year poll tax exemption woman gave birth husbands year unlike eastern han rulers sponsored new texts tradition patron old texts tradition held scholarly debates validity schools writes major reform eastern han period amended calendar replacing emperor calendar bce inaccurate centuries measured tropical year days like julian calendar measured tropical year days lunar month days emperor han tolerant new text old text traditions orthodox studies decline works skeptical disillusioned scholarly community tradition showed interest history commissioned lady use imperial archives order complete book han work deceased father brother set important precedent imperial control recording history unlike far independent work bce floods earthquakes disrupted lives emperor relief policies cut taxes open provide government loans forgive private debts people away disaster areas believing severe drought result injustice legal system emperor personally inspected prisons found false charges sent prison rain allegedly came soon foreign relations split realm led uprising sent elderly general bce defeated sisters native son drums melted recast large bronze horse statue presented succeeded son breaking orders ruler brother valid successor nephew outraged proclaimed rival split created southern like turned han aid came pay homage han court given silk silk rice head cattle unlike time overseen han acted legal cases monitored movements followers settled han northern northern attempts enter han tributary system rejected following loss looked chinese officials families stranded fought control emperor preoccupied civil wars china simply granted king official title successor king protector general later reduced honorary title great general han subjects decided ally conquered led war kingdoms decide took advantage conquered base stage raids han year han court opened border markets trade hopes han sought battle reached far lake defeated established agricultural garrison able han appointed new protector general western regions northern invaded allies killed troops han garrison forced withdraw han expedition led battle forces chased northern allegedly killing accepting surrender tribes sent cavalry attack base followed initiative general earlier installed new king han ally king turned enlisted aid arranged alliance modern pakistan afghanistan political pressure ban later assassinated provided aid sent tribute hostages han ruler requested chinese princess bride rejected marched troops ban earth tactics forcing request food supplies intercepted ban forced withdraw ban appointed western regions office filled tributary gifts came han bringing exotic animals lions dispatched reach roman empire reach farther large sea oral accounts able describe rome having hundreds walled cities postal delivery network submission dependent states system government roman king consul permanent figure chosen man worthy elephants presented gifts han court king burma known diplomatic mission ruler japan came followed golden seal discovered mentioning buddhism china chinese clearly associated emperor buddhist temple china white horse temple built honor foreign monks indian monks allegedly translated chapters sanskrit chinese proven text translated chinese 2nd century court consort clans install original wife empress instead little drama imperial court queen son heir apparent demoted status king trouble imperial turned violent reign addition half brother committed suicide allegedly curse emperor targeted hundreds similar charges resulting exile torture gaining confessions execution trend persecution end took throne generous brothers called capital exiled greater consequence dynasty emperor coup significant involvement court politics eastern han emperor upheld good relationship titular mother widow humble empress empress widow emperor son emperor early reign identity natural mother raised family power order throne demoted crown prince king forced mother commit suicide unwilling yield power clan longer emperor enlisted aid palace led overthrow clan charges treason stripping titles forcing commit suicide placed house arrest middle age eastern han empress consort families empress widow emperor empress final appointing successor appointed placed infant son throne later known emperor han died age placed young nephew son throne known posthumously emperor han bypassing emperor son young ruler throne empress facto ruler death brother brief occupation general chief fact ruling regent death april emperor accepted charge plotted overthrow june charged clan treason dismissed office stripped title reduced status exiled remote areas drove commit suicide clan empress wife emperor pressured emperor year old heir apparent status king october charges conspiracy despite protests senior government officials emperor died april empress free choose successor grandson known emperor han child died suddenly palace coup opposing thrust throne later known emperor han sun empress house arrest brothers killed rest family exiled vietnam emperor sons son briefly took throne mother position power challenge empress child emperor han briefly sat throne empress brother regent general chief decided known posthumously emperor han throne sister younger died attempted control emperor new favorite later empress resisted brother law killed prompting emperor use power committed suicide residence surrounded imperial guards emperor died official heir wife empress known posthumously emperor han throne reforms policies middle eastern han damage caused series natural disasters empress government attempted relief measures tax donations poor immediate shipping government grain hard hit areas water control works repaired government projects relief efforts armed response large scale people rebellion aware financial constraints empress limited expenses fodder imperial horses weren pulling carriages luxury goods manufactured imperial workshops approved sale civil offices secondary ranks collect revenue sale offices continued emperor extremely prevalent emperor reign emperor continued similar disaster relief programs empress implemented reversed decisions requiring officials leave office years mourning death parent ideal morals emperor sponsorship renowned scholars aimed popularity old text scholar aligned tradition sponsored emperor enhanced emperor credentials presented groundbreaking dictionary court financial troubles worsened emperor reign public works projects handled local level central government assistance court managed supervise major efforts disaster relief aided new invention court complex system vibration sensitive swinging mechanical gears falling metal balls determine direction earthquakes hundreds kilometers miles away greatest patronage scholarship repairing dilapidated operated young enter civil service officials protested associates protest allowed sons inherit larger concern rising power faction image placing child emperors throne attempted paint populist granting general awarding people noble ranks reducing severity penalties longer allowing exiled families return home allowing settle new land frontier given formal examination system candidates exams different classics period years order gain entrance public office despite positive reforms widely accused corruption greed emperor allies students took streets thousands chanting names opposed earliest student protests history overthrown distanced establishment instead sought legitimacy revived imperial patronage renewed patronage continued reign economy worsened built new hunting parks imperial gardens palace buildings expanded house thousands gentry class alienated corrupt government dominated refused nominations serve office current beliefs dictated morality personal relationships superseded public service emperor hosted left affairs state instead play acting traveling salesman dressed market vendors dressing military costume general supreme foreign relations war middle eastern han eastern han court periodically chinese military presence western regions means combat northern han forces expelled periods financial expanding western colonies liability sending financial aid requested basin tributary states viewed court reasons reopening foreign relations region beginning empress regency protector general western regions besieged able break siege recalled replaced empress began withdraw forces transitional force needed people settled han government southeastern emperor reign aid han withdrawal eastern han revolted han authority han border officials robbed goods women children group people reinforce protector general withdrawal decided instead mutiny revolt northwestern province spurred greater rebellion cutting han access problem exacerbated combined rebellion northeast total monetary cost putting rebellion million cash average million cash annually people entire eastern province province temporarily following general reopening relations province withdrawn decade later eastern province comprising modern southeastern massive rebellion instigated han chinese rebels basin states continued offer tribute hostages china final decade han agricultural garrison gradually abandoned greater consequence han dynasty future people filled vacuum power vast northern defeated han fled valley modern quickly occupied deserted territories incorporated remnant families new federation mid 2nd century stretched western borders southern siberia way west valley people raided han force negotiation better trade agreements later leader refused titles tributary arrangements offered emperor defeated chinese armies emperor died largely fell apart grew powerful 3rd century introduced 1st century buddhism popular china 2nd century monk traveled china translations works practices chinese associated exercises monk active china translated introduced china concepts pure land buddhism teachings emperor sacrifices year book later han records romans reached china maritime south presented gifts court claiming represented roman emperor marcus speculates roman merchants diplomats official accused palace plotting treason students associates provinces opposed emperor furious arresting followers released prison following year pleas general chief emperor father law hundreds followers holding offices branded partisans emperor death urging grand tutor presented memorial court june denouncing leading corrupt calling execution empress refused proposal followed memorial presented calling heads refused took formal legal action ignored court associate gained forced confession plotted treason prepared written memorial night october opposing secretly opened read armed emperor sword hid wet nurse killed empress incarcerated use authority seal entered palace eighty followers engaged shouting match gradually surrounded detained later death prison day followers unharmed dawn general believing committing treason engaged shouting match palace gates followers slowly deserted forced commit suicide confrontations actual physical fighting break eliminated empress house arrest renewed followers hundreds officials students prohibited serving office sent families exile executed barred potential enemies court sold offices military command emperor referred mother father influence emperor convinced ascend floors tall towers capital effort conceal enormous built partisan extended hundreds including distant relatives earlier abolished outbreak largely court feared gentry bitter office join rebel cause founded religious society claiming seen holy prophet appointed representative known master created highly organized movement accepted rice money lay followers staged rebellion set state endured like yellow regions built church believed illness result personal sins needing confessions yellow militant organization challenged han authority claiming bring era peace renowned faith leader hundreds thousands followers designated yellow cloth wrapped led rebellion provinces early successes imperial troops end leadership including killed smaller groups yellow continued revolt following years large group incorporated forces chancellor asserts rebellion impact fall han events capital following death emperor points generals raised armies quell rebellion disbanded forces power outside imperial authority downfall half brother empress given authority standing army palace guards appointed general chief shortly empress son known later emperor han throne plotted discovered executed took officer plotted overthrow secretly ordering generals march capital persuade empress hand generals send petition petition empress calling dismissal states psychological war finally broke discovered empress mother brother sympathetic order rescinded september learned private conversation empress executing sent message words share sat hall meet rushed hiding beheaded ordered imperial draft dismissing asked permission showed severed head besieged attacked brother attacked gate forcing flee covered connecting killed day fighting lasted september finally broke slaughtered thousand managed flee emperor brother chased family troops committed suicide jumping river drowning coalition general van marched request saw capital flames distance heard emperor wandering hills nearby approached emperor frightened brother explained happened ambitious took effective control forced flee capital september works despite protests emperor demoted prince september brother emperor later known emperor han empress poisoned death september followed prince march left capital led coalition commanders officials soldiers fortune challenge longer viewing burned city ground forced imperial court conspiracy headed minister masses killed adopted son subordinates killed forced flee throwing chaos emperor fled returned august empire carved spheres influence ruled powerful commanders officials northeast south located southeast capital south controlled southeast southwest located north southern inhabited people rebel groups fueled speculation dynasty fate claimed loyalty han emperor pinnacle cosmic religious system ensured political survival rise colonel army western garden governor modern western eastern took emperor headquarters declared dynasty bold earned followers dying attempting offer title gaining power defeating regretted seizing emperor chance decided act confrontation culminated victory battle forcing retreat territory died sons fought inheritance allowing eliminate drive brothers seek refuge people asserted dominance northeast defeated led battle white wolf mountain brothers fled killed sent heads submission speculation imperial family service planning territory ill forced son surrender father land expecting turn inherited territory brother allied faced naval force battle significant defeat ensured continued china kingdoms fall han moved emperor took title abolished senior offices instead recreated offices occupied post duke emperor divorce empress marry daughter empress finally took title king violating rule family members kings deposed emperor died son inherited title king gained uneasy allegiance point taken territory debates signs heaven showing han lost emperor agreed han dynasty reached end december creating state soon oppose | History of the Han dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
6447_EconomyoftheSongdynasty | economy song dynasty centuries song dynasty china experienced sustained growth capita income population structural change economy increased pace technological innovation print improved seeds rice commercial crops gunpowder water powered mechanical use coal source fuel variety industries improved techniques iron steel production pound locks technological innovations transformed economy north china main fuel source iron shifted wood coal song dynasty notable increase commercial contacts global markets merchants engaged overseas trade investments trading vessels trade reached ports far away period witnessed development world printed paper money circulated massive scale combined unified tax system efficient trade routes road canal meant development truly nationwide market regional promoted economic efficiency increased productivity central government treasury went military taxes imposed rising commercial base encouraged monetary economy conservatives debated role government economy emperor government took responsibility economy generally fewer claims earlier government continue enforce certain manufactured items market goods boost revenues secure resources vital empire security tea salt chemical components gunpowder changes china global leader leading historians early modern economy centuries western_europe breakthrough economic gains lost succeeding dynasty agriculture massive expansion song dynasty government encouraged people reclaim barren lands cultivation opened new lands paid taxes granted permanent possession new land policy cultivated land song dynasty estimated reached peak number million surpassed later irrigation land greatly fostered period prominent statesman economist issued law decree irrigation encouraged expansion irrigation system china irrigation projects completed million public private land major irrigation projects included northern china artificial land valley result policy crop production china agricultural yields tan unit pounds kilograms grain song dynasty compared tan early han tan late economic development china song dynasty marked improvements farm tools seeds song inherited innovations described dynasty text classic documents song improved curved iron invented special steel design specifically iron stronger steel blade shorter thicker particularly effective cutting roots wetlands valley tool designed facilitate called horse invented song wood wood song farms bamboo water wheels harness flow energy rivers raise water irrigation farmland water wheel diameter bamboo tubes perimeter farmers stage wheels lift water height high yield seeds korean yellow indian green middle_east introduced china period greatly enhancing variety farm produce song farmers emphasized importance night soil understood night soil transform barren fertile farmland wrote book agriculture common saying farmland exhausted years right frequently new soil cure night soil land fertile economic crops cotton introduced central china cotton flowers collected pits removed beaten loose bamboo bows drawn cloth called cotton great variety cloth great width dyed brilliant colors pieces pieces curtain widely planted independent farms flourished region farmers living farmland instead grew trees bred harvest silk appeared china period song dynasty valley famous cultivated song writer described great detail method cane sugar flour classic sugar book sugar technology china tea plantation song dynasty times size dynasty according survey tea plantations spread counties north park plantation imperial tea plantation produced varieties tribute tea imperial court tip tender tea leaves picked processed pressed tea dragon pattern known dragon tea growth cities high value vegetable farms sprung suburbs southern china average farm land supported man north man vegetable farm supported men flower flourished favorite rich powerful ninety varieties cultivated persia cultivated organization investment trade song dynasty merchant class sophisticated respected organized earlier periods china accumulated wealth scholar officials administered affairs government organizational skills state song merchants set partnerships joint stock companies separation owners shareholders managers large cities merchants organized according type product sold periodically set prices arranged sales shop owners government goods assessed taxes dealt guild heads large government run industries large privately owned enterprises dominated market system urban china song period small private businesses large suburbs rural areas economic boom period large black market china song period actually enhanced conquered northern china established dynasty example annual black market smuggling thousand cattle successful small pottery shops owned local families oil presses wine making shops small local paper making businesses etc room small economic success inn keeper petty drug seller cloth trader rural families sold large agricultural surplus market afford buy tea oil wine funds establish secondary means production generating wealth necessary agricultural farming families produce wine paper goods sold farmers specialized raising produce silk farmers grew order ensure prosperity rural areas technical applications public works projects improved agricultural techniques essential vast irrigation system china furnished mass producing standardized square chain pumps lift water lower planes higher irrigation planes clothing robes worn wealthy elite worn poor late song period cotton clothes use shipment materials goods aided 10th century innovation canal pound lock china song scientist statesman wrote building pound lock gates presumably freed use working laborers canal year amounting saving strings cash annually wrote old method hauling boats limited size cargo tan rice vessel roughly pound locks introduced boats carrying tan roughly wrote time government boats carry cargo weights tan private boats hold bags weighing tan total foreign trade sea trade abroad hindu world islamic world east african world brought merchants great fortune massive indigenous trade grand canal tributaries lakes canal systems commercial gains overseas trade large song period bolstered economy heavily connected canal lake river traffic acted long string large market centers sale cash crops produced interior high demand china foreign luxury goods coming facilitated growth chinese maritime trade abroad song period mining industry industry song period increased production maritime trade given importance province population growth began increase dramatically song capital large canal connected waterways directly modern center foreign imported goods shipped rest country despite installation fire stations large fire fighting force fires continued threaten city businesses stored supplies providing rented space merchants surplus goods safe city fires rich families palace large warehouses built near northeast walls warehouses surrounded channels water sides heavily guarded hired night generated means employment skilled sailors ship crews found opportunities employment families capital purchase boats invest commercial trading abroad foreigners merchants abroad impact economy china example muslims went song china trade dominated import export industry cases officials economic regulations chinese maritime merchants risk involved long overseas ventures foreign trade posts far away egypt order reduce risk losing money instead gaining maritime trade missions abroad song era investors usually divided investment ships ship investors observer thought invest overseas trade leading outflow copper cash wrote people coast intimate terms merchants engage overseas trade fellow personal acquaintances merchants money ships purchase return foreign goods invest strings cash regularly profits percent author wrote organization maritime practices government standards vessels merchants sailing crews book stated according government regulations concerning ships larger ones carry men smaller ones men board important merchants chosen leader gang deputy leader gang business manager superintendent merchant shipping gives unofficially sealed red certificate permitting use light bamboo company necessary die sea property government ship pilots acquainted configuration coasts night steer stars day time sun dark weather look south pointing needle magnetic compass use line feet long hook end let samples mud sea appearance smell determine whereabouts foreign travelers china remarks economic strength country later muslim traveler wrote travel experiences places world including china eastern describing lavish chinese ships holding life chinese ship crews captains wrote inhabitants china numerous ships send agents foreign places world found people richer chinese salaries income wealthy typically able educate sons highest degree small groups prominent families given local county gain national spotlight having sons travel far educated appointed ministers state downward social mobility issue matter divided inheritance suggesting ways increase family property wrote late 12th century obtained office decent salaries convert gold silver instead watch values grow investment instance strings worth gold silver money buy productive property year gain strings years regained strings divided family interest invested business years interest equal capital strings rest interest divided doubled years minister finance opinion understanding velocity circulation stated utility money derives circulation loan making village households coins cash stored household individual century sum remains coins circulated business transactions individual households enjoy utility coins utility cash circulation continues stop utility cash considerable scholarship concentrated researching level living standards song dynasty recent study economic historian estimated average income lower class laborers song dynasty day times estimated level day high level economies capita consumption grain silk respectively estimated day bolts year respectively industry steel iron industries accompanying widespread printing paper money beginnings term early chinese industrial revolution example historian estimated capita iron output rose china producing weight iron year historian questions method estimate figures song tax receipts process huge driven massive amounts production process leading wide range northern china end 11th century chinese discovered replace role acres forested land northern china spared steel iron industry switch resources iron steel period mass produce nails ships musical chains suspension bridges buddhist statues routine items indigenous mass market iron necessary manufacturing component production processes salt copper newly constructed canals linked major iron steel production centers capital city main market extended trade outside world greatly expanded high level chinese maritime activity abroad period written petitions central government regional administrators historical scholars piece evidence appropriate size scope chinese iron industry song era famed magistrate wrote iron industry today eastern province iron households overseen government wrote households acting iron having adequate government support supplies skilled iron households hired local labor complaint throne government laws private hindered profits industry government finally plea lifted ban private result increase profit lower prices iron production tonnes iron produced annually increasing tonnes produced annually revival mining industry iron managed supplied government independent operated owned rich families acting governor famous song poet statesman wrote industrial administered region iron run different local families employing work force people ore produce iron gunpowder production song period great deal organized labor bureaucracy involved extraction resources provinces china production chinese called liquid extracted purposes creation gunpowder iron converting ore coal type head send historical text song history song compiled stated major producer song sub provincial administrative region modern southern appointed region managed industrial processing sale created distributed years roughly tons recorded song government held strict commercial monopoly production houses government workshops sold products private dealers black market subject penalties government authorities point song government issued people living forbidden sell foreigners products containing act song government displayed fears grave potential gunpowder weapons developed territorial enemies close proximity song capital largest producer gunpowder period enhanced instead natural enhanced potassium chinese able shift use gunpowder use explosive early artillery large manufacturing plants song dynasty purpose making fire weapons employing use gunpowder fire fire arrows engaged war official wrote city manufacturing thousand strong iron bomb shells month thousand bombs time main storage gunpowder weapons located accidentally caught fire produced massive explosion commerce arrangement allowing competitive industry flourish regions setting opposite strict government regulated production trade exclusive iron manufacturing beginning song government supported competitive silk mills workshops eastern provinces capital city time government established strict legal prohibition merchant trade privately produced silk prohibition dealt economic blow caused small rebellion subdued known independent industries producing timber cultivated reforms chancellor sparked heated debate ministers court industries manufacturing processing distributing tea salt wine state monopoly tea prime source revenue state purchase horses song army cavalry forces restrictions private manufacture trade salt criticized famous poem opposing politically charged faction court gained advantage lost favor reforms continually abandoned reinstated despite political quarrel main source revenue continued come state managed indirect taxes private great profits pursued merchants luxury item trades specialized regional production example silk producers southern province especially known producing song emperor high court officials capital copper resources receipts deposit root development goes earlier dynasty government outlawed use bolts silk currency increased use copper money year output copper currency driven rate billion coins year billion compared million coins annually prosperous period million coins annually han dynasty expansion economy unprecedented china output currency earlier year million coins year song government collected silver taxes 9th century era merchants avoiding weight bulk copper coins transaction led trading receipts deposit shops goods money left previously merchants deposit copper currency stores wealthy families prominent receive receipts number nearby towns persons 10th century early song government began issuing receipts deposit restricted mainly salt industry trade china official regional paper printed money traced year output copper currency expanded immensely copper mines shut years average copper mines found previous dynasty case reversed sharp decline mined copper deposits copper cash abundant late 11th century chancellor tax labor government takeover agricultural finance loans meant people find additional cash driving price copper money scarce matters worse large amounts government issued copper currency exited country international trade dynasty western actively pursued exchange iron coins song copper coins evidenced decree song government cautious outflow iron currency ordered iron tin process chance melt currency iron weapons government attempted prohibit use copper currency border regions song issued copper coin common japanese southeast asian economies song government turn types material currency order ease demand government mint including issuing iron paper year percentage issued currency copper dropped significantly government attempt copper currency world paper money central government soon observed economic advantages printing paper money issuing monopoly right deposit shops issuance certificates deposit early 12th century issued single year amounted annual rate million strings cash coins central government officially stepped produced state issued paper money printing point song government large amounts paper tribute recorded year modern send sheets paper seven different varieties capital year emperor song decided paper taken tribute causing detrimental effects creating heavy people region government needed masses paper product exchange certificates state new issuing paper money printing paper money song court established government run factories cities size workforce employed paper money factories large recorded factory employed thousand workers day government issues paper money nationwide standards currency point issues limited regional zones empire valid use designated temporary limit year time geographic limitation changed years late southern song government finally produced nationwide standard currency paper money widespread circulation backed gold silver range varying values string cash later use enforcement paper currency method undertaken government response copper coins subsequent issue paper money southern song contemporary dynasty north caught trend issued paper money dig printing plate found dated year produced notes measured size worth strings cash coins issued paper money bore serial number number series warning label rewarded strings cash urban employment businesses cities multitude places work choose strictly profession paternal line historians fortunate wide variety written sources describing minute details location businesses cities example avenues temple historian quotes source temple avenue found shops specializing cloth caps pointed tails belts books caps flowers vegetarian tea meal family south temple manager alley workers live alley north small alley particularly large number southern restaurants inside alley similarly pleasure district near temple west quotes source dreams addition household gates shops line sides new gate street military brigades columns imperial guard situated facing pairs approximately approach gate confined open spaces area numbering tens thousands knows real number single place gates tea stages food drink normally small business households marketplace simply purchase prepared food drink food stores cook home northern food style dried meat items southern food acknowledged finest night markets close watch reopen fifth west points rarely time eat home chose eat variety places restaurants temples food stalls restaurant businesses new restaurants regional cooking targeted customers merchants officials came regions china cuisine styles drastically different commonly served capital pleasure district mentioned stunts games theatrical stage performances singing girl houses located food stalls business virtually night west makes direct connection success theatre industry food industry cities theatres pleasure districts entertain audiences thousand drawing huge crowds nearby businesses enormous potential customer base food traders eagles hawks precious paintings shops selling bolts silk cloth jewelry jade horn gold silver hair ornaments caps foreign trade song dynasty actively promoted overseas trade countries carried overseas trade song ceylon borneo java india egypt baghdad iraq dynasty sicily morocco korea japan ivory horns coral turtle shell rose imported arabs medicine java cotton cloth cotton silver copper quick silver korea promote overseas trade maximize government profits control imported goods government established maritime trade established second city followed shanghai initially subordinate official later separate agency supervisor roles included taxation imported goods tax rate varied song dynasty high reign emperor tax rate imports lowered tax goods kind money government purchase sale imported goods imported goods overseas merchants sold government private sales prohibited penalty violation depended quantity goods involved highest penalty face forced labor later rule relaxed somewhat purchased portion finest quality goods example horn low quality goods allowed traded market purchase rate applied tax goods paid money according market price according government accessed fare value short funds paid time causing huge losses profits overseas merchants volume incoming ships dropped issue foreign trade permits local merchants | Economy of the Song dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
6625_HistoryoftheSongdynasty | history song dynasty song dynasty chinese pinyin china ruling dynasty controlled china proper southern china middle 10th century quarter 13th century song considered high point classical chinese innovation science technology era featured prominent intellectual figures revolutionary use gunpowder weapons catapult projected bombs fire land mines period political military turmoil opposing aggressive political factions formed court progress ways frontier management policies chancellor exacerbated hostile conditions chinese vietnamese border sparking border war dynasty conflict fought mutual draw subsequently enormous military defeat hands invading north wars forcing remnants song court flee south establish new capital new naval strength developed combat dynasty formed north song dynasty able defeat invasions led finally gradually conquered china fall final song emperor founding song later controlled northern china fall dynasty later known emperor throne support military commanders initiating song dynasty taking throne goal china half century political division included conquests southern han south sixteen north capable military officers early song military dominant force china innovative military tactics defending supply lines floating bridges led success battle song assault state crossing mass arrow fire song forces able defeat renowned war elephant corps january forcing submission southern han terminating elephant corps regular division chinese army consolidation south completed conquest song military forces turned north fell song forces efforts sixteen unsuccessful incorporated state based immediate north instead far northwest power northern earlier court appointed chief military governor region seat hereditary forming dynasty song state evenly matched dynasty song gained significant military victories western eventually fall conquest political consolidation military conquest emperor held famous banquet inviting high ranking military officers served song conquests military officers drank wine spoke potential military coup like era military officers protested notion insisted qualified lead country passage account song follows emperor said life man short happiness wealth means enjoy life able leave prosperity officers renounce military authority retire provinces choose best lands delightful dwelling places pass rest lives pleasure peace better live life uncertainty shadow suspicion shall remain prince ministers ally families marriages ruler subject linked friendship enjoy following day army commanders offered reporting imaginary withdrew country districts emperor giving splendid gifts appointed high official positions emperor developed effective centralized bureaucracy staffed civilian scholar officials regional military governors supporters replaced centrally appointed officials system civilian rule led greater concentration power central government headed emperor possible previous early 11th century men took exams year imperial examination steadily increased roughly end century exam 13th century new municipal governments established number provinces existence song came power people taking exams roughly number accepted government previous periods making civil service exams competitive aspiring students scholars emperor found ways consolidate strengthen power including updated map making central administration easily handle affairs provinces ordered update write maps world task individual nonetheless traveled provinces collect data possible aid massive work completed chapters later song historical text stated wade spelling director general governmental grain stores schemes relief issued orders village prepare map fields mountains rivers roads detail maps joined map larger district turn joined map larger districts trouble collection taxes distribution grain question chasing arose provincial officials readily carry duties aid maps displayed strong interest science technology employed support projects hydraulic powered sphere astronomical observation time keeping liquid mercury instead water liquid mercury freeze winter emperor open minded affairs especially perceived foreigners appointed arab muslim chief song court receiving envoys korean kingdom song court roughly volumes written nuanced rules regulations guidelines reception song sent envoys abroad sent official envoy city control relations western great ditch treaty relations song led relatively peaceful decades song founded disputed territories sixteen notwithstanding began exchanging new years day song moved long protection dynasty song emperor succeeded forcing northern han surrender marching present day beijing sixteen song forces defeated battle river defeat politically damaging prestige emperor song military commanders orchestrated aborted coup replace nephew relations song remained tense hostile song sent armies effort advantage infant emperor recapture sixteen successfully repulsed armies following diplomatic relations resumed relations song worsened observed song built great ditch northern province west way east essentially series canals meant block advance cavalry far northern border line perceived engineering project means song dispatch offensive forces efficiently new waterways began annual attacks song positions breakthrough victories interested capturing region northern song general taken contained strategic passes forces managed march deep song territory camping kilometers north song capital forces greatly possible escape route danger blocked song forces eventually completion great ditch effective defensive blockade slowed advance cavalry forced request truce negotiations resulted signed january sources cite chinese lunar calendar fixed borders song conflict rulers wanted family line song offer song refused favor nominal imperial treaty required song annual tribute payments recognize equality song tribute consisted silver bolts silk increasing units increase song economy damaged enforced tribute holding dynasty increase tribute song exported goods annually imported goods silver sent tribute pay song chinese goods silver wound hands chinese merchants song government song dynasty took advantage large rebellion song conduct relations skilled ambassadors sent missions court maintain peace renowned engineer state minister song prepared armed conflict increasing overall size armed forces million soldiers time military consuming quarters tax revenues gathered state compared mere percent state income consumed providing tribute circumstances intense political rivalries later arise song court handle issues conflict diplomacy northwest song came conflict western dynasty early song intended retake late dynasty held leader died successor initially attacked song later sought peaceful relations brought economic benefits non chinese song patrol leader aka raided territory destroyed fortified settlements september raided later released song officers soldiers captured january relations restored sent tribute horses song court requested copy buddhist canon return received retained unique customs script created administration followed traditional chinese model proclaimed imperial ruler western ruling emperor november sent envoy song capital order gain recognition new title son blue heaven cease paying tribute song new status began attacks song borders repulsed song commander january song shut border markets soon reward strings coin offered capture emperor won impressive victories initial phase war gained additional territory western war end sides lost tens thousands troops emperor conceded song demand refer inferior subject addressing song accept song perform official ceremonies court war song maintained number fortified military outposts stretching westernmost song rely water obstacle defenses region like great ditch instead garrisoned wide recorded imperial battalions provincial militia battalions relations broke ascension emperor song song considerable success capturing territory mood frontier court desire reclaim territories felt belonged rightful ruler china song general led attack western border town appeared border general punish western damage economy emperor shut commercial border markets song western border scientist statesman sent province military invasion successfully defended fortified position new grand held responsible death rival song military officer officer forces result ousted office state abandoned projected land able defend empress died emperor song asserted court political conservatives led reforms halting negotiations western resulted continued armed conflict song dynasty northern song launched campaign modern province occupying territory controlled regime 10th century song managed acquire territory incorporated area westernmost frontier western relations vietnam border conflict background roughly millennium series chinese controlled northern vietnam independence dynasty early song armies fought lost early dynasty vietnam battle subsequently rebel attempted establish frontier kingdom creating disturbance song southern border prompted invasion forces invasion resulted song conquest border regions inhabited peoples border confrontation dynasty lasted song court interest economic benefits frontier zones came conflict dynasty goal consolidate peripheral aftermath agreement negotiated sides fixed borders resulting line largely remain place present day according associate professor border court intervened song general crushed border rebellion decades relative regional peace followed observed threat song expansion han chinese settlers moved areas relied extraction natural resources initially division soldiers originally settled region followed wave chinese settlers north commissioner feared intended region crossed song border took personal visit camp spoke son explaining seeking interior status court remained outside china proper safely act loyal frontier militia sent memorial emperor court advocating policy agreed song government rejected proposal communities ethnic groups official song imperial authority request territories authority incorporated granted years song court new policies chancellor organized new self sufficient militia units empire border dynasty ruler reorganized northern frontier administrative units raised new militias bolstered kingdom strength time conflict located southern vietnam spring natives frontier leader imperial law court marriage alliance raided song frontier cattle militia recruits succeeded taking song military leader hostage autumn song troops sent frontier rescue general found song court appointed new military commissioner region charged task unrest caused sent agent enlist aid song enemies tribute intrigue court discovered song secret attempt ally sent delegation thank song putting local rebellions negotiate terms peace instructed agents gather intelligence alleged alliance strength song military presence vietnamese envoys permitted offer tribute court arriving february deliver gifts including elephants march emperor died succeeded emperor vietnamese envoys arrived ascension april sent gifts works vietnamese king day vietnamese envoy prepared depart news arrived raided plea official urged action left defenses local forces labeled reckless mad effort court minor song official sent message reported apparently switched allegiance song united mentally weak distracted ruler anderson describes received report took action new titles court took action resolve problem later played key role war song gave official titles vietnamese leaders despite involvement rebellions pledged loyalty employed tribal official king died january replaced emperor like father rewards vietnamese leaders vietnamese vietnamese envoys arrived ascension sent lavish gifts court including golden belt silver bolts silk horses saddle gold silver plating february bestowed vietnamese ruler official title king southern region chinese pinyin vietnamese countered recognizing clan leader giving title similar command known settlement frontier policy war new policies sponsored enhanced central authority song frontier increased militia activity increased troop levels war horses sent including border areas actively sought loyal supporters border regions pace extraction local resources state disposal officials court debated merits faults policies criticism reforms appeared high officer publicly announced policies deliberate efforts seize control border tensions song critical conditions sign hostility potential war launched unexpected attack repelled song vietnamese officer charge sought cement alliance clans northern issuing irregular tribute missions visit years officials sent capital supervise naval training exercises ordered merchants cease trade subjects indication heightened hostility prompted court prepare war autumn advanced song territory naval fleet commanded captured local chinese populace claiming simply rebel took refuge china local song authorities refused cooperate early spring defeated song militia battle pass forces beheaded day siege breached razed ground song forces attempted challenge forces retreated war thousands prisoners fought war song called war time song commander led combined song force approximately men song quickly regained process captured resistance leader song destroyed vietnamese armies marched capital modern song forces halted river modern defensive built southern banks song forces broke defense line cavalry advanced kilometers capital city vietnamese pushed song forces river coastal defenses distracted song navy launched offensive lost princes fighting river according chinese sources tropical climate rampant disease severely weakened song military forces court feared result prolonged war close capital china defeated overran districts later province result peace song song commander agreed withdraw troops kept disputed regions renamed areas comprise modern vietnam long period mutual isolation king returned song authorities prisoners war return song relinquished control county including clan home negotiations took place july august held song garrison southern director military personnel convinced song fix countries borders partisans factions conservatives students passed difficult bureaucratic heavily demanding officials eye eye passed examination fully fledged graduates ready government service factor competition officials promotion higher post higher salary additional honors selection choice assignment responsibilities uncertain young new officials needed higher ranking officials recommend service official rise upper central administration based capital compete influence emperor official adoption state policies officials different opinions approach administrative affairs sought officials support leading officials lining political allies court sway emperor faction disagreed strife court apparent new state reform initiated fan capable military leader successful battles record minister state known saying minded official worrying world troubles enjoying pleasures fan rose seat chancellor growing opposition older conservative crowd disliked pushing reforms recruitment system higher pay minor local officials discourage corruption wider sponsorship programs ensure officials drafted basis intellect character reforms cancelled year time fan replaced chancellor older officials halfway careers keen making changes affect comfortably set positions fan chancellor new nineteen year old emperor instant liking submitted long memorial throne criticized practices state schools examination system new chancellor quickly implemented new policies evoked heated reaction conservative base system community based law enforcement included low cost loans farmers replaced labor service tax instead hoping ultimately help workings entire economy state directly linked state income level prosperity rural peasants owned farms produced goods market paid land tax government loans replaced system offering tenants private loans prohibited new laws reforms government tea salt wine order raise state revenues limit merchant class date land survey system order properly assess land tax introduction local militia order budget expenses paid official standing army grown dramatically roughly million soldiers creation new government bureau called supervised manufacture armaments ensured quality control introduction created mind speed reform process conservatives time react oppose reforms poetry requirement civil service examination introduced earlier dynasty scrapped order seek men practical experience knowledge addition commentaries classics standard required reading students hoping pass state examinations reforms officials bear administrative disagreements personal interests stake case rising conservative faction reformer branded inferior intellect par principles governance likewise branded conservatives labeled fashion conservatives criticized reforms means influence families diminishing private wealth favor self sufficient communal groups conservatives argued wealth class diminished state programs land holding class essential socio economic group produced china scholar officials managers merchants reminded earlier fan allow ministers opposed reforms sway court prowess perceived arrogance known premier gathered ministers loyal policies cause elite social coalition known able powerful supporters scientist statesman ministers state seen implementation reforms dismissed capital places emperor needed critical feedback extreme example officials sent far south administer regions largely tropical keeping mind northern chinese susceptible malaria found deep south china celebrated poet government official persecuted arrested forced weeks interrogation finally confessed guarded watch emperor poems read poem interpreted criticizing failure salt monopoly established embodied persona hard working old man denied means flavor food severity laws salt available charged rates expensive confession found guilty court exiled thirty associates given minor reporting poems authorities widely circulated educated public emperor died abrupt death mid successor emperor song years old ascended throne powerful grandmother served regent disliked reforms beginning sought appoint conservative officials court agree oppose greatest political ally chancellor implemented dismissed forced treatment earlier opponents dismissal lower frontier posts governance exile mounted opposition favored including tax instead forced labor service state sure emperor grandmother died quick sponsor like predecessor conservatives ousted political dominance court suddenly died twenties younger brother emperor song succeeded supported court banned writing near revered status having statue erected temple alongside statue image great honorable statesman printed painted pictures circulated country cycle revenge continued conservatives continued successor emperor song abolished favored ministers conservative faction court invasions transition southern song incident arrival song dynasty centuries engaged stand western dynasty balance disrupted song dynasty developed military alliance purpose balance power disrupted turned song resulting fall subsequent establishment reign tribe north subordinates revolted masters community reputation great economic region rivers positioned ideal location horse raising known muster thousand horses year sell annually dynasty martial history pirates invasion japanese islands modern day clan prominent leader challenged authority establishing golden dynasty song government took notice political territory persuaded emperor ally nations secretly forged alliance sea named negotiated envoys crossed agreed jointly invade successful divide territory sixteen given song song forces fared badly succeeded driving central asia campaign discovered weaknesses song military based north chinese long sending tribute instead actually fighting song forces failed joint attack siege viewed song generals incompetent banking possibility song weak destroyed sudden attack song north soon capital siege forces enormous bribe handed effective use song chinese war machines defense recorded debris siege employed protected sheets iron plating troops ferried walls safely fill defensive moat general initially urged alliance blamed causing war eventually executed emperor song throne returned soon siege machinery scale layer walls defended song troops siege towers taller walls order bombs city besieged city captured months thousand members emperor court taken captives including relatives engineers priests female label mechanical clock tower designed erected components north clock making maintenance engineers cause setback technical advances song court according contemporary war booty included fire arrows handed taking city capturing went conquer rest northern china song chinese court fled south took temporary residence surviving prince named forces halted river staged continual raids south river later boundary fixed north border fixed song government promote immigration policy territories north vast tracts vacant land open peasants found provinces south new capital peace treaty emperor designated site known temporary settlement court declared new song capital devastated raids cities heavily northern refugees outnumbered remaining original inhabitants chosen natural scenic beauty surrounding barriers lakes muddy rice fields gave defensive potential northern armies comprising cavalry viewed court temporary capital song emperors planned retake rapid growth city 12th century 13th necessitated long term goals residency modest residence imperial family improved simple provincial lodging accommodated new covered rain walls small palace compound finally extended southeast marginal improvement new triangular arrangement western continued age division conflict china region rivers new song displacing hundreds thousands families lived generations southern song deployed military commanders resist recapture territory proved successful times particular preparing recapture city known song period capital song dynasty southern capital streak military victories possible defeat threatened power new emperor premier reason emperor living imposed exile good chance recalled throne dynasty destroyed penetrated enemy territory far ordered head capital halt campaign emperor signed treaty fixed borders conceded territory regained efforts killed imprisonment treaty song forced pay tribute treaty hostilities ceased song decades meantime emperor negotiated mother ransom commissioned symbolic art project flute originally based life mother eventually released brought south freed confinement north decades death later emperor song honored national hero providing proper burial memorial shrine means shame pressed execution wife iron statues crafted tomb located china standing navy great indian_ocean maritime power dynasty medieval india waned declined chinese sailors began increase maritime activity indian_ocean earlier northern song period written tamil inscriptions reign completely taken naval strength succeeding king managed send tribute chinese northern song court later indian ruler chinese called sent trade embassy court emperor song lucrative profits selling goods china tributary regions world era egyptian sea captain traveled buddhist site pilgrimage presented chinese emperor song gifts ruling establishing diplomatic relations egypt china lost collapse dynasty state established years later port visited different foreigners muslim arabs hindu indians middle eastern jews christians etc muslims foreign nations dominated import export industry islam song dynasty regulate enormous commercial center northern song government established office sole purpose handling maritime affairs commercial transactions environment opportunities subjects empire foreign descent arab persian muslim commissioner merchant shipping gained position helping chinese destroy pirate forces plagued area gifts chinese merchants officials soon greatest maritime port earlier dynasty major trading center late northern song fully lost importance medieval arab maritime captain toured avid visitor china notable international china song period including song capital removed far south massive numbers people came north unlike flat plains north mountainous terrain lakes rivers southern china largely widespread agriculture southern song took unique maritime presence largely unseen earlier grown need secure foreign resources commercial cities located coast internal rivers backed patronage state dramatically increased activity funding harbor improvements warehouse construction navigation navigation sea easier invention compass treatise 11th century concept true north magnetic military defense economic policy mind established china standing navy china long naval history point example northern song era concerns naval matters seen examples chinese official reign outlining plan employing drydock repair imperial dragon boats science technology song dynasty chinese established fortified trade bases philippines noted interest court expand china military power economic influence abroad provincial armies northern song era maintained naval river units southern song court create large permanent standing naval institution china new headquarters southern song chinese admiralty based office labeled imperial far officials proposed ambitious plans conquer korea new navy use korea base launching invasions territory scheme achieved secondary importance maintaining defense fluctuating border capturing essence day song era writer wrote china regard great wall substitute warships court administration lived ideal successful time employing navy defend interests hostile neighbor north science civilization china series writes total squadrons men song navy rose century squadrons totalling men main base near shanghai regular striking force supported need substantial campaign ships kind participated battles age continual innovation throwing gunpowder bombs decreed standard equipment warships great number operated wheel craft large small built including stern ships wheels invention remarkable engineer armored iron plates design outstanding sum navy held nearly centuries gaining complete control reign emperor song chinese increased number trade missions dock ports indian_ocean arab hindu influence predominant chinese sailed regularly korea japan far_east westwards india sri_lanka red_sea chinese keen import goods rare woods precious metals gems ivory goods silk copper cash books customs officer wrote island far west indian_ocean possibly madagascar people skin black hair captured purchased slaves arab merchants important maritime trader china appeared geographical maps islamic world published geography described chinese vessels having aboard goods iron swords leather silk velvet modern day region region modern day iraq commended silk manufactured world quality chinese capital best known islamic world major producer glass 13th century chinese familiar story ancient lighthouse alexandria described length southern song customs inspector defeat invasion emperor moved empire capital northern south present day beijing years later razed beijing including nobles residences moved southern capital beijing seat song dynasty began large project reconstruction siege reign peace song states upheld flow commercial trade tribute dynasty imported large amounts tea rice sugar books reopened dynasty armed conflict song established military campaign naval troops aboard warships facing smaller song fleet warships men battle battle forces defeated navy battles navy wiped smaller song fleet use fast wheel crafts gunpowder bombs launched explosive grenades bombs known china 10th century simultaneous rebellions nobles led soon crowned emperor erupted forced reluctant court withdraw troops southern china quell uprisings end failed taking assassinated generals december uprising suppressed treaty signed song border line decades peace rise years state raid attacks north major campaign led launched army consisted thousand sons led armies similar size writes point population greater million boosted numbers employing han chinese felt great loyalty lords general murdered emperor placed emperor throne peace settlement negotiated forces vassal state court moved beijing saw revolt moved old capital beijing burning small state attempted defend fought battles song attacked ascension according account written commander led effort frightened siege capital use thunder crash bombs fire lance capital captured siege dynasty finally fell defeat capture western met similar fate unreliable vassal seeking secure alliances song died month siege capital city held somewhat responsible ruler death persuaded exit gates city small entourage invasion end song dynasty following death emergence song dynasty formed military alliance hope finally defeating dynasty tens thousands grain sent army siege following destruction generals broke alliance proceeding recapture historical capitals cities ravaged years warfare lacked economic capacity yielded little breaking alliance meant open warfare song chinese khan forces conquered total districts ordering slaughter million people inhabited city taken ease campaign eventually gained upper hand famed battles russia hungary eastern_europe final destruction ruling family korea commissioned younger brother conquer southwest modern successful campaign summer early sent military campaign northern vietnam failure sent renowned general brother east face syria egypt sacked razed medieval baghdad ground sack baghdad bringing end song territory died battling song chinese fortress august different claims died causes death include arrow wound chinese archer siege cholera epidemic cause death halted invasion sparked succession crisis ultimately favor new death battle led recall main armies led campaigning middle_east travel order traditional tribal meeting appoint new successor absence egypt ready face forces command defeated decisive blow marked extent conquests west east song dynasty dealt fluctuating border forces stalled war effort immediately death younger brother continued fight southern song months autumn daring advance river storm assaulted southern song troops sides suffered considerable casualties troops victorious gained south preparations heavily fortified city song chancellor dispatched general lead reinforcements defense october slipped past ill prepared forces entered city sent general negotiate tributary settlement offered annual tribute silver like earlier treaty return territories south taken rejected proposal favorable strategic position suspend war travel north majority forces civil war rival brother led sudden movement troops home base absence war seen chancellor moment ordered resume armed conflict song army routed small armed detachment stationed south song regained lost territory ally busy fighting golden forces needed north rival unable focus hostilities south sent envoy advisors negotiate arrival attempts solve conflict diplomatic means ordered embassy detained forget slight ambassadors nonetheless focus pressing affairs threat brother rival khan song forces raided southern border forced minor incursions brother finally surrendered ended civil war major battle years erupted gained preliminary victory considerable war booty song naval ships growing discontent attended matters north song court populace war available resources rendered drained war effort mid 13th century song government led began portions estates owned rich order raise revenues land scheme negative effect wealthy landowners collapse empire wealthy merchants favored deemed inevitable conquest rule alternative paying higher taxes continual warfare mounting political opposition chancellor officials opposed reforms aimed limiting official corruption personal replaced officials political conditions court gentry class favorable strong unified force led gestures order established beijing new capital catering likes chinese advisor naming dynasty chinese word policy grant land clothing song chinese defected chose moral high ground releasing song captives prisoners refused release personally released seventy song merchants captured border released seven merchants released merchants publicly officers executing song generals trial investigation acts reputation legitimacy eyes chinese greatly enhanced siege city long drawn conflict adjacent town located opposite bank fortified obstacles way rich basin attempt city supply lines gaining naval supremacy gigantic blockade song main proponent advising expand naval strength great factor success international force composed chinese middle eastern muslims contributed siege effort crafting ships artillery occasions august march august september southern song attempted break blockade navy attempt costly failure thousands men hundreds ships siege summer appointed chinese general general commander chief armed forces died granted force composed han chinese assault song final resistance march forces faced army chancellor strong end result decisive victory forced retreat deserted moment political rivals effectively stripped rank title office banished exile court route killed commander appointed accompany death supporters opposing ministers submitted army conquered nearly territory including capital rebel remnants song court fled emperor left empress submitted horrified reports total slaughter capital taken empress attempts negotiate promising annual tribute dynasty rejected proposals attempts diplomacy failed handed song dynasty imperial seal symbol capitulation submission emperor ordered song imperial family respected forbade imperial tombs granted deposed emperor title duke eventually exiled took monastic life hope resistance centered young princes emperor brothers older boy years old declared emperor june court sought refuge seeking alliance superintendent maritime shipping muslim secretly formed alliance song court forced flee court sought refuge older brother ill died age succeeded younger brother emperor song aged seven sung monument commemorates march song army defeated battle fought army led chinese general song prime minister said taken boy emperor arms jumped sinking ship sea drowning death remaining emperor eliminated established realm dynasty china proper korea nearly century follow chinese live dynasty established native han chinese dynasty established dynasty historical literature song dynasty chinese wade literally comprehensive mirror aid government enormous work chinese historiography written approach universal history china compiled 11th century work ordered compiled emperor song team scholars headed presented completed work emperor song total length volumes containing roughly million chinese characters covers people places events chinese history beginning beginning song dynasty size scope compared groundbreaking work chinese historiography compiled ancient historian known historical work later compiled condensed different books neo philosopher pupils complete work shortly death dynasty book reprinted father translated shortly later edited published thirteenth volume title page added translated published jesuit pupils founded russian school historical source enormous encyclopedia prime published great books song divided volumes million written chinese characters book provided important information political essays period extensive rulers subjects multitude memorials brought forth imperial court official history song dynasty song compiled dynasty recorded history dynasty compiled year historical book classic histories china | History of the Song dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
7284_Kangchusystem | system system socio economic system organisation administration developed chinese agricultural settlers 19th century settlers organised informal associations similar organisations found chinese communities chose leader chinese chinese pinyin literally means master title given chinese river settlements leaders called term widely 19th century chinese immigrants began settle state set pepper plantations social economic welfare early chinese settlers came charge local chinese leaders responsible running agricultural plantations situated river banks system traces origins 18th century chinese settled set pepper plantations sovereign rulers successor took system half 19th century provide organised form administration chinese immigrants began settle state great numbers developed state agricultural economy variants system parts maritime southeast asia pepper cultivated significant chinese populations worked pepper plantations mainly origin generally second generation chinese immigrants british colonial government implemented act abolished system state value declined early 20th century history early years origins system dates century early chinese settlers experimented cash crop plantations types crops including pepper plantations abandoned late 18th century experienced wars resulted plantations destroyed contributing decline plantations growing popularity trade greater profits beginning 19th century chinese settlers began look south singapore pepper plantations established late 1820s chinese settlers singapore began look pepper cultivation encouragement successor chinese settlers established pepper plantations 1840s formed bureaucracy officials oversee administrative affairs began issuing official permits known river documents leaders settlers permitted establish plantations river banks turn required pay taxes profits generated pepper farms renewed specified period time mid century pepper plantations appeared notably chinese based person receive river banks leased cultivation pepper chinese settlers came 1850s onwards forested areas cleared cultivation pepper time son took office father issued collectively responsible operations pepper farms state chinese leaders members secret societies communal warfare broke singapore different dialect groups result conflicting economic interests late 1850s onwards began exert political influence state affairs establishing close ties granted official recognition dominated branch raised small army subdue forces facing considerable dissent unable raise organised army called accept chinese settlers dialect groups prevent possible communal warfare result conflicting economic interests crop produce plantations generally exported countries singapore assistance chinese merchants based city 1860s onwards debts began sell property rights merchants larger business based singapore known locals literally masters river hired managers merchants watch day day operations pepper plantations began issue contract style letters recognition letters known pepper plantations expanded 1870s established entrusted larger blocks farms contracts chinese merchants singapore profits generated plantations formed bulk economy financed development infrastructure relationship chinese leaders excellent appointed political positions state particular note appointed chinese leaders contractor owned pepper farms 1880s land river banks taken earlier waves chinese settlers newer chinese settlers began migrating northwards 1870s established new pepper plantations north new plantations established particular actively encouraged chinese settlers establish plantations shortly ruled favour eldest son family granted control decline end 19th century economy began pepper plantations agricultural crops starting coffee crops tea rubber introduced state coffee quickly abandoned 1890s value crops experienced drop rubber introduced quickly established strong world demand rubber increased greatly prices abandoned favour rubber decline number pepper plantations colonial government suppression traditional farming methods employed planting pepper method led soil exhaustion forests small factories years system abolished exports pepper british long links secret societies singapore social gambling smoking activities british actively suppressing singapore states early governor straits settlements lobbied adopt societies ordinance ban promptly turned shortly british appointed adviser british began high crime rates state chinese settlers loyal state government effectively control passed prompted dissolution following year system officially abolished december enactment passed state government effectively administered british colonial government role later sultan conferred large degree administrative autonomy plot land granted included right collect taxes behalf welfare needs chinese living plot land generally granted tax exemption basic consumption workers settlement took new jobs traders serve needs settlement granted tax traders sale pork alcohol reserved portion land construction settlement small towns formed administrative centre administrative centres generally established settlements located foot river known literally foot river chinese pinyin acted bulk purchase settlement suppliers based singapore particular highly popular british took strong measures suppress distribution formed illegal links chinese leaders singapore states north particularly british contempt preference gambling prostitution seen social british colonial government maintained friendly relations later sultan worked closely administrative matters particular state government attempted forge close relations appointment official chinese characters liaison officer years later early 1870s state government worked closely draft legal clauses defined powers contained clauses total implemented variants outside singapore chinese settlers began migrating singapore 19th century shortly founding singapore sir native joined chinese growing cultivated commercial purposes number pepper farms expanded greatly increasing demand chinese traders china pepper european traders land nearer town south quickly 1820s began establish farms near northern parts singapore particularly stretches land west northeast pepper farms covered singapore land surface acres km2 dedicated dedicated pepper 1850s 1860s abandoned plantations singapore produce declined farming soil began establish new pepper plantations neighbouring settled merchants singapore managed pepper farms mainly liaison body members singapore merchants purchased property rights pepper farms assume managerial tasks ensure smooth operation plantation settlement unlike counterpart called recognised illegal society singapore activities actively suppressed colonial government appeared singapore 1850s business leaders dialect groups unable agree key issues particular relations hostile partly merchants competed merchants pepper trade established bases area existence recognised british colonial government exercised similar degree autonomy counterparts singapore easy access forested land singapore compared counterparts british colonial government adopted attitude imposed little regulation agricultural activities british wary fact singapore members illegal singapore enjoyed monopoly rights regional trade british appointed chinese official oversee social economic affairs pepper plantations singapore act pepper plantations appeared warrior second brought chinese malaya purpose cultivation widely medication locals exodus chinese migrated following unrest erupted chinese chinese settlement continued 18th century majority coming area minority southern parts pepper farming mainly confined spelled similar system pepper plantations established grants land issue land permits direct operations plantation workers settlement early middle 19th century chinese settlers merchants relocated businesses singapore established trading links singapore settlers merchants maintained trading links shipped produce singapore free trade evade taxes imposed dutch colonial government like singapore competition pepper trade led communal tensions sporadic violence 1840s 1850s early 20th century chinese abandoned pepper plantations favour agricultural practices worldwide prices experienced drastic drop value pepper plants fell prey disease archipelago chinese immigrants settled coastal regions significant numbers 18th century onwards engaged metal mining industry mainly gold supply gold exhausted 1820s onwards chinese miners gradually turned trade agriculture chinese heritage established pepper plantations 1870s 1880s white began organise administrative system plantations similar system plantation appointed white given responsibilities oversee operations plantations jurisdiction welfare living british set laws defined roles responsibilities modelled closely introduced encouraged immigration chinese beginning 1860s expand state pepper industry chinese settlers neighbouring established pepper plantations existed independent plantations rose state major industries worldwide prices went 1880s 1890s 20th century worldwide prices took dive efforts pepper cultivation state system fell obscurity 1920s trade hong_kong steadily declined course decade legacy system facilitated growth pepper plantations developed singapore economies 19th century development inland towns attributed efforts responsible drawing settlement plan living plantation working new towns formed chinese immigrant population singapore grew size period experienced similar growth 18th century result mass immigration chinese chinese quickly outnumbered state chinese relocated singapore parts malaya pepper industry declined 20th century towns places singapore built sites pepper plantations named features system largely populated ethnic chinese dialect chinese parts majority chinese areas origin descended chinese worked pepper plantations form second largest dialect group chinese families trace family ancestry immigrants plantations | Kangchu system | History | World history | Asian history |
8085_ScienceandtechnologyoftheHandynasty | science technology han dynasty han dynasty ancient china divided eras western han capital dynasty eastern han capital witnessed significant chinese science technology great innovations addition dynasty china bce previous blast pig iron cast iron respectively han period saw development steel wrought iron use forge process drilling deep earth chinese lift surface boiled salt set bamboo crafted pipeline transport systems brought natural gas fuel techniques enhanced powered resulting widespread distribution iron tools facilitated growth agriculture soil planting straight rows crops improved heavy iron multiple tube iron seed drill invented han greatly enhanced production yields sustained population growth method supplying irrigation ditches water improved invention mechanical chain pump powered rotation draft animals transport irrigation water elevated operating trip pounding grain rotating metal rings mechanical driven astronomical sphere representing sphere earth quality life improved han han chinese bound bamboo write 2nd century invented process created writing medium cheap easy produce invention aided hauling heavy loads maritime ship stern mounted steering rudder enabled chinese venture waters interior lakes rivers open sea invention grid reference maps raised relief map allowed chinese better navigate terrain medicine new cure illnesses physically fit regulated avoid diseases authorities capital warned ahead time direction sudden earthquakes invention vibration sensitive device mark passing seasons special occasions han chinese variations calendar established efforts astronomy mathematics han era chinese mathematics include discovery square roots cube roots elimination scheme improved calculations negative numbers hundreds new roads canals built facilitate transport commerce tax collection communication movement military troops han era chinese employed types bridges cross waterways deep beam bridges arch bridges simple suspension bridges bridges han ruins defensive city walls brick rammed earth stand today modern perspectives science technology han professor research fellow professor assert han dynasty unique period history chinese science technology compare incredible pace scientific technological growth song dynasty argue influence scientific ancient philosophy chinese science continued lack definitive structure middle late eastern han early net growth ancient chinese science technology experienced peak second dynasty han studies classics long time hindered science declining rich scientific thought rapidly grown strengthened situation favorable development scientific structure happen seeds primitive structure science formed late eastern han disastrous occurred process social transformation leading greatest social disorder chinese history imagine effect science late professor university_of_cambridge author groundbreaking science china series stated han time especially later han relatively important periods regards history science china noted han astronomy sciences beginnings systematic philosophical skepticism thought embodied han works philosopher writing materials common writing found archaeological ancient sites han period shells bones beginning han period chief writing bamboo chinese clay silk cloth rolled strips bamboo string passed holes secured clay stamps written characters narrow flat strips bamboo arranged vertical columns maps drawn ink flat silk found tomb interred bce earliest known paper map found china dated located near incidentally oldest known piece paper chinese paper early eastern han eras coarse quality primarily wrapping paper process formally introduced eastern han court created process tree bark old fish nets boiled pulp stirred water wooden containing reed mat shaken dried sheets paper oldest known piece paper writing comes ruins chinese dated precisely han garrison abandoned area following nomadic attack 3rd century paper china chief writing han industry upheld private businesses local government agencies domestic construction materials roof tiles bricks han dynasty grey pottery color derived clay superior earlier chinese grey pottery han people use larger chambers longer firing tunnels improved chimney designs han dynasty making grey pottery able reach firing temperatures hard southern chinese pottery dense clay native south southern fired higher temperatures grey pottery han pottery bce fired high temperatures mid western han brown fired low temperature followed green popular states light green known thought exist kingdoms period onwards argues found sites classified argues true created china early song dynasty chinese able reach minimum temperature preferred range techniques blast converts raw iron ore pig iron produce cast iron earliest specimens cast iron found china date 5th century late spring autumn period oldest discovered blast date 3rd century majority date period emperor han established government monopoly iron industry bce discovered iron works sites built date merely recast iron iron ore blast han rarely cast directly permanent instead pig iron cast iron utilized cold blast traveling pipes charge pig iron introduced air traveling pipes hot blast reached chinese civilization lacked han chinese able wrought iron injected oxygen causing han era chinese able convert cast iron pig iron wrought iron steel forge process earliest specimens dating 2nd century bce found near province walls lined bricks bottoms clay wood states fuel han coal mixture coal powder clay use steel iron bronze writes domestic iron tools produced han cheaper cast iron military preferred use wrought iron steel weaponry qualities han dynasty typical bronze sword found period gradually replaced iron sword measuring roughly length ancient dagger axe bronze han soldiers gradually phased iron spears iron traditionally bronze gradually bronze tip iron shaft end han entire solely iron farmers bamboo rammed earth builders disposal iron tools axe hammer knife saw scratch nails common iron found han dynasty homes included cooking belt fire kitchen knives fish hooks mirrors oil lamps bronze iron coin money han copper copper tin bronze agriculture tools methods modern archaeologists unearthed han iron farming tools china north south pick soil harvesting crops depending size han driven pull legged iron seed drill invented 2nd century bce enabled farmers plant seeds precise rows instead casting hand artwork periods use breaking soil appeared china irrigation works agriculture included use water wells artificial ponds dams canals gates alternating fields emperor bce reign grain invented alternating fields system land thin elongated strip land measuring wide long area roughly acres low lying furrows wide straight lines crop seed summer loose soil ridges long furrows gradually fall furrows covering crops protecting wind drought position furrows ridges reversed year process called alternating fields system system allowed crops grow straight lines harvest moisture soil provided stable annual yield harvested crops experimented system right outside capital proved successful sent instructions administrator responsible heads county district hamlet speculates bce role promoting new system rich families owned large heavy iron greatly benefited new system poorer farmers resorted teams men single exhausting work author wrote improved invented needed man control pull seed box drills tool turned soil roughly acres land single day pit fields reign emperor han bce fan wrote manual fan described pit field system system farmland divided small pit dug deep wide good quality mixed soil seeds pit allegedly produced harvested grain pit roughly system require driven fertile land employed sloping supplying water difficult methods farming farming method favored poor require intensive labor large families maintain system rice han farmers region southern china maintained fields growing rice year burn field water rice hand harvest time cut surviving second time system field lays year remain fertile han rice farmers north practiced advanced system system individual plants given intensive care location field separated water field heavily winter crops grown rice situated nearby plant nursery mechanical hydraulic engineering literary sources archaeological evidence evidence han era mechanical engineering comes largely choice writings scholars professional engineers leave detailed records work han scholars little expertise mechanical engineering provided insufficient information technologies described han literary sources provide crucial information written bce belt drive device wound silk fibers invention belt drive crucial step development later technologies song dynasty chain drive spinning wheel engineer mentioned miscellaneous notes official poet hinted writings chinese form pivot support concentric rings allow central rotate axis remaining vertically positioned explicit mention occurred created use allowed burning placed central remain constantly level moved purpose indoor air conditioning set large manually operated fan rotating wheels diameter invented lamp called hill shaped cylindrical lamp lit convection rising hot air currents caused placed spin turn rotated painted paper figures birds animals lamp emperor han came treasury following downfall dynasty found entire miniature musical orchestra tall played mouth organs pulled ropes blew tubes control wrote 2nd century people entertained theatrical plays artificial fish dragons later inventor invented theater moving mechanical powered rotation hidden literary sources known umbrella invented reign simple existed employed sliding joints protracted retracted modern led discovery han artwork portraying absent han literary sources includes handle han pottery tomb models possess known depictions handles operate fans machines machine separate grain chinese later employed handle silk spinning flour drawing water measure distance traveled han era chinese created cart invention depicted han artwork 2nd century detailed written descriptions offered 3rd century wheels device rotated set gears turn forced mechanical figures bang drums alerted travelers distance traveled measured existing specimens found archaeological sites known han era use sliding metal minute measurements han era bear inscriptions exact day year manufactured mentioned han literary sources uses water clock han dynasty chinese developed uses improvement simple tilt hammer device operated foot hydraulic powered trip hammer pounding grain mentioned han dictionary mentioned dictionary written philosophical written poetry writings philosopher china describe square chain pump lift water substances models operated manually foot chain pumps powered horizontal rotated large toothed gears horizontal axis beam primary use lifting water irrigation ditches chain pumps public works programs engineer build lift water pipes provided capital palaces clean water acting administrator invented water powered worked blast iron invention intensive manual labor required work astronomical sphere representing sphere existed china 1st century bce mathematician court provided motive power constant pressure head water clock rotate acted set gears address problem falling pressure head water clock gradually slowed setting additional tank reservoir vessel han court responsible major efforts disaster relief natural disasters earthquakes devastated lives better prepare invented provided instant alert authorities capital earthquake occurred location indicated specific cardinal direction felt capital told court earthquake occurred northwest message came soon earthquake struck northwest modern called device instrument measuring seasonal winds movements earth named thought earthquakes likely caused enormous compression trapped air described book later han frame bronze vessel shape wine diameter decorated scenes mountains animals trigger mechanism inverted book later han calls central column disturbed ground earthquakes located near far away swing strike mobile arms representing directions catch mechanism right angle raise metal dragon heads located exterior metal ball mouth dropped mouth metal arranged like points compass rose indicating direction earthquake book later han states ball fell mouths produced loud noise gained attention observing device accepted idea disturbed inverted contemporary argued inverted pin moving force ground vibrations enter slots expel ball pushing book later han states seven dragon heads subsequently release balls lodged jaws dropped asserted pin locked slot entered instrument reset mathematics astronomy mathematical earliest surviving mathematical ancient china book numbers han bamboo texts dated bce found mathematical text compiled han classic circular paths heaven dated earlier 1st century bce multiple authors contained materials similar described bce school mathematics explicitly mentioned commentary preface added text 3rd century chapters mathematical art title found bronze standard dated speculation material existed earlier books different titles provided detailed commentary 3rd century worth noting context documents excavated han sites contain evidence practical mathematics administrators taxes calculating labor needed public works projects described mathematical innovations presents basic mathematics problems solutions likely handbook day day business transactions affairs government administration contains problems solutions field measurements area proportional exchange rates agricultural rice distribution proportion short width division excess problems found appear later text cases titles exact matches unlike deal problems involving right angle square roots cube roots matrix methods demonstrates significant chinese mathematics writings texts written dialogue form regularly presented problems concerned application mathematics astronomy problem sought determine height sun earth diameter sun instructs wait shadow cast tall han right angle triangle constructed base han equivalent leading sun height sun like gives mathematical proof length lengths sides respectively known west greek mathematician 6th century bce groundbreaking surviving han known book feature negative numbers manuscript india book greek mathematician 3rd century written negative numbers appeared black counting rods positive numbers appeared red counting rods system existed china dynasty bce earliest evidence fraction power inscription standard volume measuring vessel dated mathematician bce book feature means solve represent measurements elimination solve linear known book continued find roots built idea 3rd century increased find cube root yielding answer method scheme named centuries chinese simply value method reach value unknown historians standard measuring vessels dating reign showed known han mathematician han understood area square versus area inscribed circle approximate ratio understood volume cube volume inscribed sphere diameter volume formula found fault realized value diameter inaccurate value taken ratio fix added formula found ratio volume cube inscribed sphere ratio area square inscribed circle formula able approximate square root han mathematician accurate ancient chinese achieve musical tuning theory mathematics musical tuning music theory 2nd century bce compiled scholars patronage bce outlined use tones musical scale bce mathematician music theorist expanded create scale tones realized approximate octaves calculating difference reached value equal temperament duly discovered german mathematician known later prince china flemish region europe simultaneously separately discover mathematical formula equal temperament astronomical observations ancient chinese careful observations heavenly bodies phenomena observations 4th century bce state history acknowledge genuine solar phenomena natural satellites thought west observation precisely dated observation china occurred bce reign emperor han bce silk texts dated later bce sealed tomb manuscript illustrates writings ink drawings roughly different climatic astronomical features including clouds stars silk text site reports times locations rising setting planets night sky years bce han era chinese noted passage seen persia birth bce romans observed close assassination bce bce noted roman historian known discussed han era history books records grand historian book han details given position sky direction moving length time visible color size han era chinese star historian bce monograph officials 2nd century star catalogue featured roughly stars create dimensional representation observations provided sphere ring bce elliptical ring added sphere model added horizon ring ring han han chinese astronomical studies mainly construct revise calendar contrast julian calendar bce calendar west like chinese calendar calendar meaning uses precise movements sun moon time markers year 5th century bce spring autumn period chinese established calendar measured tropical year days like julian calendar rome emperor replaced new calendar bce measured tropical year days lunar month days calendar inaccurate centuries han halted use revived use calendar later set tropical year days calendar value calendar use calendar regulating agricultural practices seasons mark important dates cycle constructed stems associated animal chinese astronomical theory 3rd century commentary describes astronomical theories heavens shaped spherical dome extending earth compares earth central yolk egg heavens shaped sphere earth astronomical theory mentioned model spiritual constitution universe han era chinese believed model immediate solar system greater universe opposed model han era chinese discussed illumination shapes heavenly bodies flat circular rounded spherical wrote 1st century bce han believed sun moon planets spherical like balls bullets wrote moon planets produce light people earth illuminated sun parts illuminated sun dark compared moon mirror light 2nd century drew similar comparison stating sun like fire moon planets like water fire produces light water reflects repeated comment moon illuminated sun left darkness noted sunlight reach moon earth rays lunar eclipse noted solar eclipse occurred moon sun crossed paths block sunlight reaching earth wrote han believed rain fell heavens stars located argued rain fell common theory false agreed theory stated clouds formed water earth clouds disperse rain clouds rain fact essence accurately described water cycle structural engineering public works materials construction timber chief building material han architecture grand palace halls multi story towers multi story residential halls humble wood rapid decay time fire oldest wooden buildings found china temple halls mount date earlier dynasty architectural historian describes han era archaeological remains unreliable han era literary artistic sources historians clues non existent han architecture remains han dynasty architecture ruins brick rammed earth walls including city walls underground tomb walls rammed earth platforms halls stone brick pillar gates scattered roof tiles adorned timber halls sections han era rammed earth great wall exist han frontier ruins thirty beacon towers fortified castles han walls frontier towns forts typically constructed stamped clay bricks instead rammed earth roofs supported wooden pillars addition brick rammed earth mud walls halls actually support roof stone plaster domestic architecture projecting outward built distance falling walls supported decorated designs usually decorated ends roof tiles seen artistic models buildings surviving tile pieces courtyard homes valuable clues han architecture found han artwork models paintings carved stamped bricks discovered tombs sites layout han tombs built like underground houses comparable scenes courtyard houses found tomb bricks dimensional models han homes courtyard area multiple halls slightly elevated connected multi story buildings included main residence halls built halls built intersecting usually carved decorations walls usually produce smooth surface painted han capitals ruins walls han capital stand today height base width modern archaeological surveys proven eastern wall long southern wall long western wall long northern wall long overall total length walls formed roughly square layout southern northern walls sections concerns rough terrain existed southern wall course straight path northern wall city moat wide deep remains wooden bridges discovered moat leading city wall acted terminus points main avenues gatehouse gateway entrances wide han era writers claimed gateway accommodate traffic horse drawn carriages drainage system included dug gates lined bricks form arches water pipes found connected ditches built alongside major streets wall sections platform foundations city lavish imperial palaces remain likewise stone foundations discovered wooden architecture long disappeared sections wall ruins han second capital stand height width base eastern wall long western wall long northern wall long southern wall washed away changed course centuries ago terminus points eastern western walls historians estimate southern wall long overall walled enclosure formed rectangular shape curves like wall gatehouse gateway entrances led major avenues city rammed earth platforms religious stand today outside walled perimeter dedicated worship deities state sacrifices conducted approached long ramps timber halls built lower levels underground tombs 1980s thousand brick stone underground han tombs discovered china earlier chinese tombs dating vertically dug pits lined wooden walls digging tomb sites han workers build vertical pits dig horizontal pits han tombs method tomb sites dug sides mountains walls western han tombs built large hollow bricks smaller non hollow brick type dominated eastern han tomb architecture stone appeared late western han smaller brick type better suited han tomb entrances vaulted chambers roofs underground require supports held place pits use brick han structures unknown layout tombs dug sides mountains typically chamber chambers rear chambers designed imitate complex halls tomb bce province hall window grave goods carriages horses southern separate chamber storage goods northern chamber remains real timber houses roofs erected house stone stone doors rear chamber doors completely stone found han tombs tombs later total monumental brick stone carved pillar gates han dynasty survived found areas han tomb shrine sites formed outer walls usually flanking entry corners walled lack wooden components feature imitation roof tiles mining shafts han tomb brick scenes drilling mining projects shown lifting liquid bamboo pipes surface heat produce salt heated natural gas brought bamboo pipes gas brought surface cause explosion properly mixed oxygen han era chinese built underground chambers gas exhaust pipes drill bit digging operated team men jumping beam boring tool rotated draft animal usually water han dug collecting reach hundreds meters feet beneath earth surface mining shafts dating han dynasty found reach depths hundreds meters feet beneath earth complete underground rooms structured timber frames iron tools left model buildings han era literary references tall towers found capital cities served astronomical religious establishments meant attract favor court discouraged emperor han ascending floors tall towers claiming cause bad luck order conceal enormous built known certain miniature models residential towers found han dynasty tombs completely faithful representations timber towers reveal vital clues lost timber architecture handful existing models multi story towers pre han western han eras bulk hundreds towers found far eastern han period model towers fired piece assembled different pieces create tower duplicate share common features walled courtyard balcony windows floor roof tiles ceiling human figures windows standing door pets dogs courtyard direct pieces evidence suggest miniature tower models faithful representations real life han timber towers tile patterns artistic patterns found circular tiles cap ends miniature models exact matches patterns found real life han roof tiles excavated sites royal palaces tiles original model towers featured come tombs han dynasty towers models han reveal variety building types includes multi story courtyard houses multi story halls walled gate towers mills workshops animal water wells models single story great detail including roofs steps leading basins models windows supports raising ground level han models water wells feature tiny roofs supported beams house rope lifting bucket models featured come tombs han dynasty roads bridges canals order facilitate commerce communication speed process tax collection movement military troops han government sponsored building new roads bridges canal waterways include repairs renovation work built previous state accepting proposal bce emperor commissioned lead project creating extensions nearby terrain elevated main canal large built time canal causing flooding bce project initiated tap irrigation waters requiring new long canal following line han state maintained system protect farmland seasonal floods roadways wooden bridges postal stations relay stations occasionally repaired new facilities established written han authors roads built han metal uncertainty materials speculates rubble gravel roads ranged narrow single horse pass large highways accommodate simultaneous passage horse drawn abreast fortified han roadways built far west near han forces utilized routes traversed north vast network roads fortified passes wooden bridges built rushing steep consolidated han known gallery roads reign emperor roads built connect newly conquered territories far southwest far northeast common bridge types built han wooden beam bridge described literary sources seen carved tomb bricks evidence arch bridges elusive outside south gate claimed date han period built certainly beam bridge artwork relief sculpture han tomb shows arch bridge gradual curve suggesting use bridges entirely confirmed rare references simple suspension bridges han sources mentioned connection travels foreign countries afghanistan demonstrating antiquity invention floating bridges boats secured iron chains built han spanning employed military purposes easily assembled medicine beliefs held han era physicians known modern historians texts medical corpus compiled 3rd 2nd century bce mentioned book later han clear text beliefs phases yang dictated medical decisions assumptions han era chinese believed organ body associated phases metal wood water fire earth channels channels disrupted han medical texts suggest consume edible material associated phases counteract organ prescribed phase restore health example chinese believed heart associated fire phase caused sluggish eat sour food associated wood phase promoted fire han chinese believed pulse diagnosis physician determine organ body emitted vital energy qualities order figure exact disorder patient suffering despite influence theory medicine han texts practical advice proper way perform clinical remove noted symptoms reactions people diseases liver heart lung hour period recognition rhythm explained terms phases essential medical treasures suggest regulated diet rich certain prevent different types disease idea led diet rich treatment major work treatise cold injury miscellaneous disorders contemporary alleged associate physician studied chinese patients surgery created meant fully heal surgery wounds month diagnosis ill woman bore dead removed historical sources rarely practiced mentioning chinese literature appeared gold found tomb han king bce stone carved depictions date wrote allegedly life exercises 2nd century bce medical texts excavated tombs illustrated positions accompanied descriptive titles writes modern physical exercises derived han era map making china preceded han dynasty 4th century bce silk maps found displaying region measured distance timber gathering sites argues considered known economic maps maps roman bce maps han period uncovered modern archaeologists found 2nd century bce silk texts contrast maps han maps found employ diverse use map symbols cover larger terrain display information local populations locations military camps maps discovered shows positions han military garrisons attack bce chinese literature oldest reference map comes year bce assassin present map king ruling later bce behalf instead presenting map pulled dagger unable kill compiled han commented 1st century mentioned use maps governmental provinces districts frontier boundaries locations minerals mining facilities chinese written included information territorial divisions founding cities local products customs describe detail use graduated scale plotted reference grid historians argue literary evidence lost work established geometric reference grid chinese including line book later han cast network coordinates heaven earth basis speculation fueled report records grand historian gigantic raised relief map representing empire located tomb known small raised relief maps created han dynasty rice military officer bce vehicles ancient shipyard discovered dated late 3rd century bce dynasty bce early western han dynasty large platforms capable building wooden ships long wide weight capacity metric tons han shipyard province government operated maritime workshop battle ships assembled widespread use iron tools han dynasty essential crafting vessels southward expansion han dynasty led new trade routes diplomatic contact foreign kingdoms bce emperor conquered modern northern vietnam opened maritime trade southeast_asia indian_ocean foreign merchants brought jade southern sea route group travelers allegedly diplomats likely roman merchants came han court allegedly came southern trade route 1st century proven eastern han miniature models ships found tombs chinese able brave distant waters new steering invention stern mounted rudder came replace efficient steering ancient china home ship designs including layered fortified tower ship meant calm waters lakes river design created 1st century china sailing ship typical square ended bow stern flat hull shaped hull keel solid transverse bulkheads place structural ribs found western chinese lacked rudder attached ship use jaw block tackle differed later european design 12th century written 3rd century author aft sails horse drawn spoke wheeled existed china long han dynasty 1st century bce literary evidence pointed invention painted murals han tomb walls 2nd century use hauling goods throat harness use ancient world placing excessive pressure horses chinese placing wooden horses traces shaft 4th century bce seen han times chinese replaced heavy softer breast seen han stamped bricks carved tomb final stage evolution modern horse collar invented china 5th century period weaponry war machines pivot catapult known traction existed china period evidenced regularly han dynasty besieged common weapon han dynasty small handheld trigger activated lesser extent repeating invented china 6th 5th century bce nomadic able twist slightly horse riding shoot arrows targets official bce deemed chinese superior bow han chinese employed chemical warfare peasant revolt near imperial han forces horse drawn carrying pump lime calcium rebels dispersed instance lit tied tails horses frightened horses rush enemy lines disrupt formations deter pursuits marching infantry riding cavalry han chinese barbed iron balls sharp spikes sticking directions scattered ground pierce feet unaware | Science and technology of the Han dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
8157_HuếPhậtĐảnshootings | deaths unarmed buddhist civilians city south vietnam hands army security forces roman catholic government army police fired guns launched grenades crowd protesting government ban flying buddhist flag day commemorates birth denial governmental responsibility incident instead blamed added discontent buddhist majority incident spurred protest movement religious discrimination roman catholic dominated regime known buddhist crisis widespread large scale civil south vietnamese november months tension growing opposition regime generals conducted coup saw removal assassination november prelude country surveys religious composition estimated buddhist majority percent policies catholic president generated claims religious bias member catholic vietnamese minority widely regarded historians having pursued pro catholic policies specifically government regarded biased catholics public service military promotions allocation land business favors tax concessions told high ranking officer man buddhist descent catholic officers sensitive places trusted officers army republic vietnam converted catholicism belief military prospects depended additionally distribution firearms village self defense militias intended repel saw weapons given catholics army denied promotion refused convert catholicism catholic priests ran private armies areas forced conversions looting demolition occurred buddhist villages converted order receive aid avoid regime catholic_church largest landowner country private status imposed buddhism french required official permission conduct public buddhist activities repealed land owned catholic_church exempt land reform measures catholics facto exempt labor government obliged citizens perform aid distributed catholic majority villages catholic_church enjoyed special property acquisition dedicated country virgin mary white gold vatican flag regularly flown major public events rarely enforced law known decree number invoked prohibit display religious flags flying buddhist flags birthday official deputy province chief charge security major catholic charged maintaining public security commander garrison application law caused eve important religious festival year week earlier catholics allowed display vatican flags celebrate 25th anniversary appointment brother archbishop celebrations regime national committee asked population donate money jubilee complained forced month wages pay celebration enforcing law authorities tore thousands buddhist flags homes preparation origin order enforce law attributed despite representative central provinces order enacted consultation villages central region converted catholicism priests allowed special access government facilities funds designation buddhism association prevented acquiring land construction protest thousands defied ban flag flying people marched carrying signs strong demonstration calling religious equality took place city centre government security officials surrounded area armoured personnel carriers civil signs vietnamese english convey message western observers despite ban religious flags vatican flags hoisted bridge catholic celebration taken leading buddhist activist monk addressed crowd rise catholic discrimination buddhism called outside government radio station evening rally tension increased day chanting displaying anti government crowd grew expected hear speech speech withdrawn broadcast government censor called disperse crowd explosions shook ground crowd thought troops resorted bombs major reportedly fired air men responded launching grenades crowd fire troops fired directly crowd end killed severely injured dead children crushed underneath armored personnel carriers people mutilated government reaction government alleged guerrilla caused incident setting initial explosion sparking initially refused disciplinary action local authorities claiming acted properly government claimed percussion grenades lethal grenades force explosion cast doubt access sufficiently powerful explosives theory time cia agent caused aim tension regime eyewitness testimony disputed official version events citing amateur footage showed government troops firing crowd local doctor concluded evidence fatal injuries inflicted plastic explosives subsequently jailed refused account incident ordered bodies victims buried autopsy spent night riding streets accusing government firing ambassador known policy attempted spread responsibility claimed parties responsible alleged trying radio station government deploying army later opened fire throwing explosives government later ignored version refused assign responsibility called actions objective accurate fair buddhist reaction protests major announced nearly youthful pro buddhist forced troops severe measures maintain order face protesters showed anger explanation marching old citadel quarter chanting anti catholic government organised counter demonstration condemn terrorist act leadership brother attracted traveled country protesting religious inequality flag ban began rallying central vietnam called attend public mass funeral victims scheduled emotion charged spectacle attracted thousands spectators placed pressure regime grant reforms government announced armed personnel duty clock prevent confrontation persuaded protesters lay flags observe following day tensions increased crowd attended series meetings major present troops armed police speeches calling religious equality anti government sentiment prevalent called use unarmed struggle follow principles saying carry weapons prepared die follow policies echoed buddhist calls compensation expressed sorrow victims meeting dissolved violence buddhist demands equality proclaimed point manifesto monks demanded freedom fly buddhist flag religious equality catholics compensation victims families end arbitrary arrests punishment officials responsible committee buddhist monks request demands signatories declaration requests expectations met delegation monks met present document meeting monks held press conference attempted cause foreign press corps agreed meet buddhist delegation increased tension initially refused pay compensation believing sign weakness claimed discrimination religions treated equally respect flag issue regard classification buddhism association decree claimed administrative oversight fixed action taken matter final months office labeled damn demanding according enjoyed government press release detailing meeting expression damn demonstrations continued ambassador managed extract theoretical concessions agreed modest compensation package usd families victims gesture agreed dismiss responsible publicly stated reason action officials failed maintain order responsible deaths protesters despite concessions maintained government responsible deaths continuing blame satisfy immediately departed vacation absence allowed remaining american diplomatic staff led deputy end policy trial fall regime coup november faced trial held government led accusations men fired crowd crushed victims armoured cars grenades launched orders caused deaths later reportedly revealed personally given order shoot refused testify time living exile rome sentenced life imprisonment ordered compensate victims families lawyer contended court unable establish nature source lethal explosions defense minister general catholic helped january coup later claimed rigged trial gain support released prison later emigrated united_states based catholic newspaper ran story claiming cia agents secret new explosive trouble regime relations united_states deteriorating | Huế Phật Đản shootings | History | World history | Asian history |
8777_CornwallisinIndia | india british general 2nd appointed february serve commander chief governor presidency known presidency based calcutta oversaw consolidation british control india setting stage british instrumental administrative legal reforms fundamentally altered civil administration land management practices india according historian responsible laying foundation british rule india setting standards services courts revenue collection remained remarkably end british era raised title recognition performance anglo war extracted significant concessions ruler returned england subsequently engaged variety administrative diplomatic posted lord lieutenant commander chief similar leadership posts india returning ireland posted india arrived july died october buried india background lord british army officer civil administrator diplomat career primarily military nature including series known campaigns war american independence culminated surrender following return england prevented parole participation war financial demands eventually caused seek position greater pay half pay military officers received service india area encompassed modern india significantly fractured following decline half 18th century european colonial outposts countries including denmark portugal france east west coasts established formal permission local ruler secured force arms dominated southern tip held sway centre peninsula confederation loosely allied dominated northern reaches calcutta bombay significant british bombay madras governed separate presidency region including calcutta come direct rule authority levy taxes presidency dominated civil head governor general ranked ahead madras bombay quickly established leader british colonial administration dominated man hold title governor general military arm directed seven years war second anglo war general died later stages war company policy implemented hastings involved company shifting alliances involving france factions local territories appointment considered posting india ministry earl spring asked wanted india governor general idea viewed favour provided employment parole status weak leader turned power early replaced coalition government dominated men king george disliked lord north normally avoided politics spite holding seat house_of_lords vocal opposition ministry hoping support government younger power december doors new positions opened earl offered lord ireland refused clear posted india want supreme military command addition civil control informed demand went period soul searching torn conflicting demands family country issue parliament took consideration assignments india august prepared offer posts refused consider passed military post constable tower refusing inadequate post india february demand posts finally met year later february departing london arrived madras august prosperous passage calcutta september accorded welcome suitable rank acting governor general unhappy replaced attempted reserve use normally reserved governor general having office administered immediately announced intention occupy residence administrative reforms charged directors overhaul reform administration india company historically paid revenue collectors traders administrators india relatively little allowed engage trade including use company shipping purpose long company profitable open door corruption company expense overlooked rise manufacturing britain led collapse prices goods india company involvement wars expensive time arrived company losing money employees continued profit personally caring company money sought change practice refusing engage dealing second securing pay increases company denying personal trading privileges area reform implemented reduction political means advancement positions company seeking instead advance company interests sought promoted individuals basis merit refusing requests assist individuals good judicial reforms prior earl arrival judicial police powers territories controlled company confusion differing standards applied work introduction criminal judicial regulations significant degree indian judicial system indian cities like british cities time poorly crime widespread different civil codes applied muslims codes different languages meant virtually impossible justice properly consistently applied criminal justice system remained hands nominal local ruler company territory furthermore individuals powerful political connections community able act suffering hands likely press charges fear retribution hastings times changes administration justice significant impact problem received critical assistance effort introduce legal reforms expert languages translated existing hindu muslim codes english evaluated applied english speaking judges began giving limited criminal judicial powers company revenue collectors served civil required report regularly detention times sentences given company took administration justice introduced system circuit courts superior court met calcutta power review circuit court decisions judges drawn company european employees reforms included changes codes begin different codes use time departure work code known india substantially complete consequence code effect racism legal system manner uncommon time believed bred gentlemen european extraction superior including product mixed relationships india wrote account colour extraction considered country inferior europeans opinion possess best abilities command authority respect necessary discharge duty officer issued order person son native indian shall appointed biographers observe british elite class simply added layer complex status hierarchy religion existed india time policies explicit agreement company directors employees lower classes include somewhat desire improve condition introduced legislation protect native forced working starvation wages company employees outlawed child slavery established sanskrit college established mint calcutta addition poor providing reliable standard currency forerunner india modern currency company acquisition territories led decisions collect taxes high land produce area means reducing investment capital directed india variety taxation schemes implemented following years produced satisfactory results left power natives hands tax collectors company directors gave task coming taxation scheme meet company objectives burden working men territories went succeed governor general men came trust important contributors called essence arrangement came summer effectively hereditary paying company tax based value land shore disagreed term scheme shore arguing year time limit arrangement argued truly permanent scheme prevailed noting company english revenue collectors company finance taxation supported proposal sent london company directors approved plan began implementing regulations critics permanent settlement objected claimed company revenue advocating misunderstood historic nature note relied extensively advice extensive experience india prior arrival revenue collectors districts uniformly favour permanent settlement clear need protect land tenants writing government individual possessed land provided protects pays public revenue predecessor authorised negotiations sultan establishment company trading post island captain trader familiar negotiated agreement sultan surrounded powerful adversaries received share trade profits defensive military alliance exchange captain light representations sultan company agreed terms occupied island august concerned military aspects agreement draw company conflicts sultan adversaries dutch withheld approval agreement requested company directors decide issue company refused military alliance sultan began blockading island renamed prince light started accumulate troops view forcibly british brother william royal_navy area sailed pick troops india defence captain light routed sultan forces april reinforcements arrived agreement signed company paid sultan annual use fort captain light constructed protect principal town known earl honour king company established trade relations requested military assistance expanding territory militarily taking smaller adjacent invasion met stiff chinese response declined king request sending instead colonel dispute englishman time reached parties resolved dispute war immediately signing treaty ending second anglo war ruler hatred british declaring seek renew conflict arrival india took steps modify agreements territories northern border saw problematic respect provisions treaty assure france involved conflict territories company assist policy refused send company troops assist war recover previously lost territories early campaigns tensions british raised gained control southernmost earlier agreement exchange company agreed station troops army tensions neighbors west including rose noticeably listed treaty british ally acquired dutch east india company forts located territory vassal state dutch paid tribute forts gaining control fact bounds sufficient dispute claim began troops making threatening gestures british authorities madras warned acts aggression met british response began urging governor madras begin military preparations december defenses military man acting attempted negotiation replaced early general gave authority military campaign began negotiating support british forces india significantly lacking cavalry strengths significant cavalry forces interested recovering territories lost earlier conflicts weak attack individually trust preferred wait clear british committed act campaign limited success occupied district minimal opposition forceful counterattack reduced british holdings outposts descended coastal plain met french fruitless attempt draw conflict september british allies taking field want face strong force significant british support consequently decided personally control main british force early february began campaign targeted capital campaign largest issues confronting managing army diversity addition british_army forces german troops large number native diversity cultural backgrounds speaking different languages having varied religious requirements order meet needs forces army followed number camp followers unusually large comparison typical european north american armies increasing need reliable supply army took troops camp followers permitted artist accompany army campaign resulting artwork campaign sensitive fact likely deny invading army access local forage provisions arrangements large supply provisions arranged use elephants assist movement army siege equipment encouraged step advances join army quickly possible advantage cavalry departed near madras february reaching february days rest army set apparent intention crossing eastern directly west turned army north instead crossed mountains taken steps defend southerly passes defended army met resistance fact met significant resistance neared strongest fortresses eastern march colonel leader british cavalry lured trap set cost army men valuable horses brushed loss proceeded march city walls breached city stormed opening sending defenders gained control city fortress stormed night march walls breached camps outside city offered weak resistance attempting siege works assist besieged fortress final assault securing began retreated lack cavalry hampered british effort ordered army north junction troops finally met miles described cavalry extremely point military discipline presence army ultimately presented difficulties assistance instead acting flanking companies foraging preferred remain main army consume provisions forced alter army route join supply train carrying additional provisions army returned april set march significantly slowed early monsoon rains turned march muddy mess spite appeals men continued consume provisions army provisions began run short retreated army employing earth tactics deny enemy provisions baggage left draft animals died army including officers half rations rains flooded difficult cross favourable conditions separated army british force waiting far arrival near village miles decided offer battle position nearby heights ensuing battle complicated rains prevailed routing forces retreated following battle difficult decision retreat army supply situation desperate siege impossible joined troops hoped junction troops unlikely successfully prevented communication intelligence position reaching recent reports placed distance ordering retreat ordered siege train destroyed began retreat day met advance company army day army totalling cavalry joined army able relieve british army stresses prices charged provisions combined army reached july took advantage retreat attack fell lengthy siege november second campaign armies left grand army pursue territorial gains northern territories earl younger brother commodore engaged naval spent remainder securing supply lines madras clearing way end laid siege november december fell unexpectedly modest efforts ordered massive supply operation ensure adequate supplies pay army allies available spies sent infiltrate camps began receive reliable reports troop strengths disposition relations allies difficult military leaders stay army reported forces help british observer wrote state military discipline january moved advanced coast men harassed column progress reached capital february established chain outposts protect supply line planned attack night arrived responded night time attack lines somewhat confused battle forces flanked retreated city began siege operations february arrived bombay army began february began making peace talks hostilities suspended day agreed preliminary terms preliminary terms insisted surrender sons hostages guarantee execution agreed terms february young sons formally delivered amid great ceremony gun sides interested significantly extending company territory turning negotiated division half territory divided allies company acquisition improve defenses later wrote taken killed given capital dangerous set miserable supported company troops treasures plundered servants territories taken deprived coastline pay allied war costs march agreed terms signed treaty ending hostilities departure difficulties military campaigns took great physical toll sought return england replacement arrive march remained august assist transition oversaw capture french outpost following arrival news war broken europe august ceremony quietly sailed calcutta madras october finally sailed england board swallow india scholar explains british public able follow war newspapers greater detail case previous war india returned victorious india celebrated parliamentary company circles raised celebrated publicly commissioned portraits statues published books songs poems tea time military victory india expense non european enemy garnered public praise way widespread enthusiasm marked turning point british acceptance overseas empire conquest immediately asked return india reform unable achieve pay rank military forces company crown company officers given rank generally paid better comparable rank crown forces proposals merge pay scales met resistance bordered mutiny company directors asked deal refused serving years master ordnance asked prime minister younger serve lord lieutenant ireland commander chief broke rebellion arrival oversaw remaining pockets rebellion successfully defeated french invasion intended rebellious activity worked secure passage act union joined ireland resigned posts king refused support catholic emancipation viewed key element securing enduring peace ireland engaged king diplomatic efforts europe led british diplomatic team negotiations napoleon resulted treaty signing treaty behalf king george return india years left india company reach control country increased significantly mainly governorship lord decisively defeated gained control direct indirect southern india company came conflict began extending company reach northern territories liberal spending aggressive methods dealing appreciated company directors following military setbacks allegations directors decided replace january appointed positions governor general commander chief india described difficult passage reached madras july july resumed duties wrote wreck aide noted constitution equal contend effects climate spite declining health mental began trip boat visit army outposts northwest calcutta journey wrote general commanding forces war insisting peace received lake answer reached september ill proceed died week later october legacy biographers franklin note attitudes governance idea responsible government took hold united_kingdom 19th century later british administrators adopted ideas service example service overall benefit population called era golden age british rule india grave marked construction begun memorials erected honour bombay madras london calcutta greatly expanded government facilities town hall included hall sculpture begun finished son erected honour sculpture stands | Cornwallis in India | History | World history | Asian history |
8905_PaxMongolica | known latin peace term modeled original phrase describes effects conquests social cultural economic life inhabitants vast territory conquered 13th 14th centuries term describe eased communication commerce unified administration helped create period relative peace followed vast conquests conquests successors spanning southeast_asia eastern_europe effectively connected eastern world western world connecting trade centers asia europe came sole rule commonly said maiden bearing gold head safely realm despite political dynasty nearly century conquest civil war followed relative stability early 14th century end marked outbreak asia spread trade routes world century foundations foundations lie beginning early 13th century process conquering tribes region way tribal society structured new victory people incorporated rule societal balance tribe effort strengthen army ordered reform reorganized army structure breaking traditional based divisions previously fragmented society military arranged army inter ethnic groups members commanded loyal regardless ethnic origin company battalion formed army system organization strong military prove effective conquering force tribes central asian strengthen society military expansion unified tribes year elected acclaimed leader new nation quickly moved annex territory conquests campaigns northwestern china conquered western conquered captured land north generals began expedition defeated din battle war concluded year invaded korea years later khan began conquest invaded poland hungary began invasion seize capital captured baghdad new victory gave chance incorporate new peoples especially foreign engineers laborers society new conquest acquired new trade routes opportunity control taxation tribute territorial expansion nation empire economically advanced trade network height empire stretched east west north south meant extremely large continent united political authority result trade routes merchants safe travel resulting overall growth expansion trade china east britain west greatly influenced 13th 14th centuries world trade system rise old world system consisted isolated imperial systems new empire amalgamated isolated new continental system established dominant method transportation unification greatly diminished competing tribute trade network assured greater safety security travel european merchants like way europe china maintained traveled roads linked china chinese silk pepper came west trade routes eastern introduced europeans indian precious stones sold europe weapons leather goods iran gunpowder introduced europe china opposite direction europeans sent silver fine cloth horses goods near far east increasing trade commerce meant respective nations societies increased exposure new goods markets increasing nation society involved trade system cities participating 13th century world trade system grew rapidly size land trade routes maritime silk road contributed flow goods establishment maritime silk road started short coastal routes technology navigation progressed routes developed high seas route indian_ocean eventually routes developed encompassing red_sea sea goods people techniques information ideas moved time example john archbishop founded roman catholic missions india china translated language long distance trade brought new methods business far east europe bills exchange deposit banking insurance introduced europe bills exchange significantly easier travel long distances traveler weight metal coins islamic methods mathematics astronomy science way africa europe methods paper making printing way china europe rudimentary banking systems established money changing credit extension common resulting large merchant wealth administration central geographical position asian continent important reason able play large role trade system army easily able assert strong rule empire military ensured supply lines trade routes flowed smoothly permanent garrisons established trade routes protect travelers routes complex local systems taxation prevalent rule abolished ensure smooth flow merchants trade empire system weights measures standardized voyage trade routes went far plant trees roads shade merchants travelers summer months stone pillars mark roads trees grow sought alliances nations societies ensure flow trade empire army flow trade continent destroying cities important inaccessible routes military allowed military swiftly easily large distances code law known great law decreed strict rules areas society especially areas concerning trade commerce helped suppress traditional causes tribal feuding war helping ensure peaceful trading traveling environment theft animal outlawed established massive lost found system harsh penalties including retribution times original value stolen goods helped deter theft roads decreed complete religious freedom ensuring muslims christians etc allowed travel freely empire religious leaders taxation doctors lawyers teachers scholars allow flexibility usually adapted absorbed built legal systems remote parts empire maintaining level societies ensuring peace stability order ensure law enforced hierarchy legal administration developed headed central government oversaw provincial governments known split smaller districts handled legal cases police commissioner known entrusted law enforcement authority arrest suspects method empire easier efficient laws administered continent postal system established system communication connected far_east west relay stations set miles average day journey horse stations introduced supplied fresh horses fodder brothers nephew extended network army administered stretched territory eastern_europe pacific_ocean routes organized funded maintained highly sophisticated system communication travel relatively easy send important messages travel long distances relatively short amounts time result relatively communication ease movement able govern vast empire effectively ensuring political economic stability decline decline period result number factors incompetent leaders corruption revolts struggles external attacks disease decline resulted decline eased trade east west decline rule near time decline consisted different territories varied territory defined isolation world rulers 14th century started focus religious particular factor decline known golden gradually lost power territory specifically geared different religions converted islam joined egyptian political reasons point war golden fought eastern golden friendly relations great khan occurred communication difficult collapsing trade system rivalry princes eventually persian leader converted islam contributed growing power muslim general china descendants claimed weakened power chinese led emperors separating subjects order stress identity reject chinese culture khan promoted chinese culture importance practice emperors prohibited chinese culture changing common chinese thought planning kill chinese children perform sexual rituals led chinese led chinese rulers expel china china rest world trade system segregation respective factors contributing decline outbreak plague played devastating role decline isolated regions easy spread rapidly historian noted plague transferred ground living southern chinese foothills soldiers invaded area plague noted china east asia carried west trade routes merchants soldiers able freely quickly travel continent plague infected rides horses hair black rats estimated killed china population percent europe population weakened able exert rule remote domains empire began revolt plague broke revolts disrupted production goods flow trade ended effects trade years china extremely isolated foreign merchants china prohibited foreigners foreign trade languages chinese reinstated national religion chinese experienced cultural early years dynasty trade rest world declined attributed war widespread symbolic policy change economic difficulties contributed decline important world trade player quickly spread rest world trade system long distance trading common applauded entirely stopped personnel exchanges new technologies exchanged particularly professor noted personnel exchanges occurred period significant developments economy especially trade public finance military medicine agriculture cuisine astronomy printing geography historiography limited included north_africa functioned principal cultural clearing house gradually replaced maritime europe time came perform similar offices new | Pax Mongolica | History | World history | Asian history |
9540_2008attacksonChristiansinsouthernKarnataka | attacks christians southern attacks christians southern refer wave attacks directed christian churches prayer halls indian city surrounding area southern september october hindu organisations attacks widely perceived christians southern punishment right wing hindu nationalist organisations outspoken christian persecution assassination hindu monk allegedly local christian community non alleged responsible forced conversions christianity isolated incidents christians reported august onwards august institutions india participated prayer peace communal harmony response ongoing anti christian violence jesuit institution christian schools went strike varying periods august september prior attacks protesting events defiance orders government stated regular work day led government christian institutions state orders led demonstration outside weeks prior main attacks attacks began september group youths went inside chapel near churches prayer halls including catholic protestant churches temples belonging witnesses evangelical colleges damaged towns villages parts district district district christian institutions later attacked district frustration anger christian community responded attacks hours began protesting catholics staged protest september organised kilometre silent protest march blocked arterial city roads masses especially places bells churches calling churches protests led strong police suppression charges tear gas making arrests injuring people incident marked time catholics resorted violence provoked september october new wave anti minority attacks began christian communities indian states muslim communities september attacks political significance given ruling state government led accused involvement backing anti christian campaigns police reported knowledge imminent attacks failed prevent police criticised reaction protests report committee human rights activists set aftermath examine causes attacks claimed event pretext assault community defend justice concluded police government helped maintain order responsible attacks response alleged conversions involvement gave month deadline stop conversion activities roman catholic diocese declared distance february retired justice outspoken protests published report described attacks state sponsored terrorism attacks communal forces work attacking christian institutions coastal belt india report continued denial state government implicated attacks led christians representing christian denominations secular organisations leading silent march february following publications reports subsequent protests government announced drop cases christians protested attack december cases christians dropped background cause long major christian centre india portuguese took possession christianity began spread christians migrated persecuted reign forcibly converted islam february rounded catholics transported held captivity years killed british battle catholics taken captive survived half 19th century protestant missionaries began working surrounding communities established noted churches strong representation catholics time known rome east noted pilgrimage centre given numerous hindu temples percentage christians living india reportedly dropped cent cent declining figure linked ongoing difficulties facing christians predominantly hindu nation estimated christians living district explanations cause september attacks christians believe attacks direct response right wing hindu organisations targeting people surrounding area outspoken persecution christians jesuit institution christian schools went strike varying periods august september prior attacks protesting anti christian persecution contrary orders government stated regular work days primary secondary education minister responding shutting christian educational institutions directed public education department issue cause notices schools objected violence christians christian institution reportedly received notice education ministry strike saying conducted protest closure schools criticised action submitted letters requesting action context asked cause action initiated religion excuse announce holiday permission run institution withdrawn state home minister explained reason notices christian institutions grant aid institutions government courtesy inform declaring holiday decision act tolerated education minister backed state president issued statement stated christian education institutions committed crime declaring holiday obtaining state government permission condemned statement action christian education institutions leader stated minister statement proper lead law order problem state proponents protested banners outside gates saturday august day college closed holiday chanting hail mother noted closure schools institutions india participated august prayer peace communal harmony response events explanation attacks angry response allegations forceful religious conversion distribution vulgar literature hindu gods claimed nearly people forced adopt christianity religion past year monitoring situation book written reported hindu gods causing anger hindu activists alleged excerpts book published pamphlets spread influence leader believed attacks solely motivated religious conversion claimed neighbour converted christianity marry christian girl stating holy saint school studied fifth standard allow wear according hindu tradition rector stated believed attacks conversion reflection struggle christianity christian ideology ideology christianity love hate attacks violence christians reported month prior main attacks august performed hunger strike outside church august church burning christian literature events complaints arrests events days later august christian prayer hall pastor district attacked leading arrests september group individuals attacked district burning people arrested scene multiple attacks started september churches attacked attacked hour included catholic protestant churches temples belonging witnesses attacks began group youths hindu nationalist organisation aims achieve reversing invasions muslim british arrived chapel shouting pro slogan entered monastery attacked feet high golden coloured regarded sacred object church oil lamps altar statues saints couple praying chapel time beaten reportedly injured time group people wearing masks attacked building armed iron pipes cricket stumps sticks shouting pro aside damage buildings windows religious furniture christian literature damaged churches gang youths attempt prayer hall efforts thwarted police september stones chapel christian college located badly damaging windows badly damaged statue located house near badly damaged including windows furniture damaged police reports confirmed lady properties infant jesus higher primary school damaged night september pastor claimed attacked prayer hall reported smashed window equipment set motorcycle car fire later early hours september individuals broke belonging diocese district burned bible carpet prayer books holy icons district seven masked men arriving reported large statue jail road throwing flower smash glass covering official report attacks later claimed likely suspects attacks churches district including harassed people gathered people reportedly invaded house prayer meeting neo convert areas affected attacks include individuals targeted event men children attacked hindu mob near bridge way hometown private car owner wife attacked unidentified people separate stabbing incidents reported men affected admitted hospital injuries september year old statue mary damaged attempted burned september shattered glass mother mary statue september gang stones destroyed idols september attacks reported including prayer hall near district churches near gold crowns cash offering box stolen main jesus infant jesus smashed statue damaged group reported stones church fled catholic school attacked september october hindu nationalists directed wave attacks christian communities muslim communities christian protests response attacks areas christian community began protesting blocked arterial city roads masses especially places bells churches city calling churches christians united defend church protest violence broke monastery police began sticks shells disperse stones police police police reported caused damage monastery throwing stones glass bottles union minister labour employment arrived scene catholics staged protest september condemning attacks particular organised kilometre silent protest march bus stand headquarters submitted memorandum protests involved people present incumbent parish priest parish priest parish priest parish priest parish priest parish priest parish priest priests area christian clashed police area outskirts shouting throwing stones police failure arrest perpetrators attacks police arrested christians firing air involved charge witness claimed christians attacked houses retaliation shouting government people pro hindu organisations reportedly injured outskirts vehicles attacked stones people including ram activists reportedly stabbed protests according police situation settle personal scores stabbing incidents related attack churches subsequent violence city protested stabbing activists organising educational institutions shops district administration responded declaring holiday educational institutions extended orders section criminal procedure code days wake attacks protests precaution christians initially arrested police incident comparison seven young members initiated attacks chief minister later stated press conference total people arrested attacks resultant protests day period charged looting arson rioting saying punished accordance provisions law charged bbc reported people arrested events superintendent police claimed arrests total policemen half dozen people journalist reportedly injured incident police vehicles damaged police stated people injured police vehicles damaged overall attacks nearly people police injured attacks total injured taken father churches attacked neighbouring district remained peaceful aftermath congregations gathered churches hearing news attacks spend night protect attacks local catholic leaders demanded peaceful september city response catholic traders transport owners closed shops stopped vehicles memorandum submitted district council seeking protection lives property christians prayers held churches district wednesday september october people civil society religious organisations organised march protest anti christian perpetrators attacks reports state police misconduct christian community accused police prevent attacks hindu police superintendent admitted police information pro hindu organisations planning attack christian places worship district failed christian community accused government involvement attacks backing anti christian campaigns response report police information chancellor diocese said police knew advance prevent attacks hope security arrangements near successfully barred entering centre particular location leading violent conflict police police criticised christians excessive force suppressing protests aggressively christian protesters whilst failing punish hindu nationalist perpetrators photographs video footage emerged beating police reported resident alleged police took custody tortured opened case sending jail days resident claimed police personnel entered premises wearing helmets usually worn drivers ones meant police personnel wonder police personnel resident alleged orders imposed inside church compound outside church compound stones alleged police tear gas shells past date premises exposure gas resulted problems catholic women reported incidents police violence deputy commissioner government officials revealing demanding action taken president met affected women visited hospitals schools parishes area expressed concern way police handled event police suspended following stone throwing incident police jurisdiction windows church smashed chief minister stated senior civil police officials districts held responsible attacks churches prayer halls occurred areas jurisdiction stating strict action taken police fear favour district community members reported administration attempted superintendent police transferred official report attacks initiated government released january contradicted stated impression allegations police officers district administration attackers attacking churches places worship merit concerned police districts best successful large number charge sheets filed courts finally identity state claimed incarcerated days released bail justice october regime save government embarrassment church attacks instructions leaders police originally protested released bail week attacks stated government permitting attacks fallen low values corruption reactions political response prime minister spoke chief minister phone delhi residence aftermath attacks churches christians expressed shock attacks directed chief minister immediate steps provide ample protection religious institutions maintain communal harmony district congress committee submitted memorandum deputy commissioner demanding state government initiate legal action punish attacks congress party opposition leader said responsible attacks creating social adding actively violence christians state special home secretary visited areas affected attacks said state government needs arrest responsible attacks strongly denied involvement government attacks admitted police blame taking measures describing duty believed attacks response interest trying secular image government said press conference government committed maintaining peace harmony state law order priority government law creed punished state government ensured special security given important places worship state aftermath attacks set corps detectives investigate promised christian community leaders churches districts attacks restored paid visit areas affected communal riots attacks politicians prime minister secular national president visited christian institutions aftermath february allocated millions christian development projects state budget time advised government power prevent attacks restore faith authorities region asking strongly suppress violence vandalism punish offenders senior leader day visit denounced attacks saying strongly condemn acts violence vandalism law course brought justice defence minister wrote urging restore peace challenging prove alleged conversions wrote letter prime minister asking impose blanket ban wake attacks remarking send message world secular india tolerate colour kind described attacks state sponsored accused government trying turn state laboratory religious response diocese paul stated christians deeply hurt monastery met aftermath attacks said want tell wounded public relations officer diocese said consulting leaders based assurance given chief minister district charge minister police district administration appeal community stop immediately maintain peace principal said response attacks resultant protests retaliation christian community saw happening time history state correct response condemn youth started imitating enemy lot fear don know stones rain roofs scared talk said christian community deeply hurt shocked attacks saying strongly condemn act violent believe violence respect administration law country respect religions christian minority community need protection kinds anti social anti religious activities community leaders press conference appealed internationally stating want bring notice world human right commissions authorities canada use diplomatic channels total collapse law order parts india failure state protect lives clergy minority community general secretary mumbai based visited churches attacked event said political economic interests hitting vengeance christians sitting ducks retaliation expected church works areas government profitable church education healthcare social services backward areas empowered weak poor deprived interests vote banks cheap labour emancipation education healthcare awareness alternatives provision opportunities set oppressed classes free upper rich slavery political masters interests hitting christians maintain hold exploiting ages condemn conversion force catholics accept conversion comes heart brigade raises believes nazi propaganda chief sic principle repeating lie times stick ploy divide catholics divide rule makes easy remaining christian population groups convert realise individual converts finds previous religion limitations christianity better faith indian christian middle_east united condemn attacks indian catholics met reverend september voice support catholic community held special prayer service peace solidarity september cathedral auditorium advisory executive committee members met september residence denounced attacks united_states september christian leaders organisations met residence bishop catholic mission announced day prayer peace rally illinois september vicar general diocese urged christians unite umbrella regional vice president urged communities unite regardless religions said indian churches american local churches expected join peace seeking rally history making event hindu leaders including denounced attacks leaders hindu militant youth organisation denied catholic churches attacked group reportedly accepted responsibility attacks prayer halls belonging stated christianity region offended alleged forced conversions initially denied involvement attacks arrested september asked later date accepted responsibility attacks denied resigned october witnessing hindu woman decided commit suicide children saved christian missionaries stated time realised life important religion lot needs life dream build society values life religion jail read literary works joined youth good cause end day concepts politically motivated february commission reports attacks published formally apologised public attacks accused corruption february joined declaring today communal harmony working successor denied involvement attacks pro hindu elements believed attacks politically motivated main opposition parties state purely based religious indifference especially church attack response alleged forced conversions gave month deadline stop conversion activities bishop paul declared diocese distance stating believe forceful religious conversion opposed general secretary stated christians microscopic minority india aside differences come fight fascist forces described stance taken diocese improper objected peace agreement local catholic leadership allegedly laid code ethics christians follow remarked indian constitution code ethics indians investigation district headed chairman failed discover evidence forced conversion stated commission received report forced conversion district administration district said indian right religion conversion force permitted investigations initial report committee composed human rights activists formed look violence stated attacks carried asserted event pretext police let loose savage assault community sacred institutions police conducted activists officers law gaze friendly state government police reported interested investigating assaults asked ban conducting reports events retired justice outspoken protests published report investigating attacks christian institutions people written visited locations examined witnesses victims attacks described attacks state sponsored terrorism concluded attacks incidents took place instigated pre planned supported state covered state report stated responsibility home minister chief minister believes communal forces work attacking christian institutions anti islam movement coastal belt india later backed said riots wider plan radical elements targeting christian community muslim community manifested ruled states india stated cent evidence things state machinery police role attacks churches photographic evidence police entering places worship official commission attacks christians originally constituted september period months extended times causing dismay local christians initially stated judicial inquiry attacks unnecessary believed state police competent investigate bring perpetrators justice jesuit priest remarked government early release commission report government lacking political act criticised government soft believed extension indication government step attitude christians official report justice initiated led state government eventually public january stated attacks suspected initiated denying involvement state government police true cover attacks collecting exhibits materials related attacks spot examining attacks churches report stated basis christian politicians mainstream state government directly indirectly involved attacks politicians representative political party state incidents attack benefits immediately come commission evidence opinion matter report cost million took months pieces recorded evidence realised concluded district authorities police cases taken appropriate steps church people including required protection concluded attacks carried elements following circulation literature insulting hindu gods reports conversion activity christian groups roman catholic church leaders involved conversion case district noted government withdraw privileges people getting converted illegal activities conversions commercially report widely criticised christian community biased activists belonging burnt copy report archbishop rejected report stating failed address terms reference commission failed justice christian community demanded state government launch probe attacks saying representation government putting forth demand representation chief minister governor organisations including central government disputed report statements involvement state issued statement saying role play incidents attacks churches statement given attacks personal views organisation clarified aspect president district unit approved report believing report correct assertion involved attacks protest february following publication contradictory reports attacks churches christians representing christian denominations secular organisations gathered protest present bishop emeritus csi southern diocese general secretary bishop lawrence catholic diocese diocese general new generation churches united including campus crusade christ operation good news book centre secular organisations participating protest included local unit muslim muslim groups protest rally organised backdrop apparent concerning hindu government agencies protesters tied black mouths carried black flags walked kilometre strongest christian areas city catholic lay leader guided march stated black action government commission christians said sea christianity wounded attacks churches fundamental groups government look faith patience people justice february chairman higher education minister submitted memorandum demanding cases filed christian youths dropped following publications reports subsequent protests government announced drop cases christians protested attacks december cases christians dropped request diocese | 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka | History | World history | Asian history |
10083_Asama-Sansōincident | incident incident hostage crisis police siege mountain lodge near japan lasted february february police rescue operation final day marathon live television broadcast japan lasting hours minutes incident began armed members following bloody purge left members group plus dead broke holiday lodge mount taking wife lodge keeper hostage police took place lasting days lodge natural fortress constructed thick concrete steep entrance guns enabled hostage police distance february police stormed lodge police officers killed assault hostage rescued taken custody incident contributed decline popularity leftist movements japan background japan leftist student movement 1960s japan universities late decade competitive violent series incidents leftist student groups attacked injured killed law enforcement officials general public japan national police agency cracked student groups raiding arresting dozens attempting conceal police core group retreated compound winter second week february compound chairman vice chairman referred initiated violent purge group members purge directed deaths beating members non member happened present members tied trees outside death mountain winter air february police arrested members compound nearby village armed rifles managed escape fleeing foot mountains nearby graduate senior brother incident sighting police pursuit near community february took refuge vacation lodge called owned entered lodge discovered year old wife lodge person building husband walking dog lodge guests gone ice skating took hostage gunpoint building lodge structure stronghold lodge named nearby story wood concrete built hill atop exposed base steel reinforced concrete upper floor slightly larger giving lodge mushroom appearance building steep snow covered slopes lodge windows heavy outer storm building maze like floor plan narrow easy defenders block movement inside building spend time floor contained kitchen dining room mat sleeping room commanding view surrounding valley hills placed large pieces furniture doors windows secured place wire husband returned saw realized happened quickly notified police police immediately set surrounded lodge cut avenues escape inside police decided wait surrender days surrender offer hostage police shut electricity lodge set parents surrender avail participating parents son killed purge incident police parent unaware extent purge known february police began prepare assault lodge ball crane armored driver compartment positioned near building police armed heavy husband release wife ignored february police baseball pitching machine bombard building rocks hostage awake night police moved position assault february issued final ultimatum hour later went ball crane began batter lodge walls police approached building began break noon police occupied lower floors floor police experienced difficulty defenses floor hours later police directed high pressure water floor large holes building walls cold water time kept continuous gunfire assaulting police threw bombs policemen shot killed policemen injured civilian observer area police permission shot reportedly fatally wounded darkness fell police breached floor captured brothers remaining pile refused surrender police approached shot policemen eye lost eye survived eventually hours incident began remaining taken custody rescued cold told police captors tied bed evening son behavior father hanged home city near media coverage stand incident extensively covered japanese broadcast media gave frequent reports updates photo shown repeatedly television february public broadcaster began live continuous coverage siege lasted night ratings non stop coverage averaged peaked vehicle traffic noticeably lighter day tokyo aftermath charged counts murders attempted murder police execution duties violation illegal confinement sentenced long prison terms sentenced death june rejected appeal leaving death row awaiting execution august japanese government released flew asylum libya response demands members stormed american swedish malaysia taken hostages later believed assisted flight paris tokyo forcing jet land remains large reportedly spent time russia china philippines japan remained area working lodge refused speak ordeal initial statements police press rescued incident airport massacre occurred months later contributed intense social backlash population japan radical student leftist groups incident leftist movement japan greatly decreased numbers enjoyed popular support film incident titled won award october tokyo international film festival books mark isbn movies choice hercules internet movie database web october death row convict wins libel case court dismisses death row inmates translation appeals retrieved february wanted radical philippines sources february film looks retrieved march leave positive says radical incident years television roger february japan governing 70s legacy mark march final days revolutionary struggle japan japanese | Asama-Sansō incident | History | World history | Asian history |
10734_2009NorthKoreannucleartest | north korean nuclear test north korean nuclear test underground nuclear device conducted monday second nuclear test test having taken place october following nuclear test conducted missile tests scientific paper later estimated yield test nearly universally condemned international community following test passed resolution condemning test sanctions country widely believed test conducted result succession crisis country suffered stroke summer arrangements son power death believed north conducted nuclear test time possible weakness intend nuclear weapons program background north_korea officially threatened conduct second nuclear test protest adopted presidential statement condemning country launched rocket claimed carrying satellite april launch condemned nations describing intercontinental missile test test came recent messages stating north_korea nuclear medium range missiles country recognized analysts fully fledged nuclear power june announced intended successor north korean leader government analysts speculated purpose nuclear test establish north_korea nuclear power lifetime north korean statements citing specific time notified washington beijing test hour actual occurred monday promptly contacted party talks members state run released announcement claiming successfully conducted underground nuclear test measures bolster nuclear self defence way requested scientists technicians current nuclear test safely conducted new higher level terms explosive power technology control results test helped settle scientific technological problems arising increasing power nuclear weapons steadily developing nuclear technology interpreted referring disputes low yield test seismic activity south_korea japan reported seismic activity utc reported magnitude earthquake depth zero center kilometres northwest kilometres northeast kilometres country nuclear test site measured seismic activity magnitude reported seismic activity area far stronger confirmed detected nuclear north_korea data determine yield registered underground nuclear explosion conducted north_korea registration time explosion moscow time magnitude china felt borders north_korea forced students local schools evacuated test believed taken place vicinity korean site nuclear test held analysis test yield analysts generally agreed nuclear test successful despite uncertainty exact yield intelligence community assessed north_korea probably conducted nuclear test yield comprehensive test ban treaty organization preparatory commission assessed yield slightly larger test based readings seismic stations estimated blast seismic magnitude corresponding explosive yield compared seismic magnitude corresponding yield blast russia placed yield test significantly higher approximately yield fat man trinity bombs developed united_states world war test russians estimated far higher yield sources estimated yield defense minister south_korea said data needed yield analyst estimated yield successful test compared test cautioned early news media reports hiroshima size nuclear explosion bulletin atomic scientists asserted blast powerful test yield likely far short hiroshima type device group concluded bomb failed detonate correctly case potential weapon dismissed subsequent nuclear test state run geology research institute germany estimated yield ranging minimum maximum test ranging minimum tons maximum instead relevant statistics lack confirmation june comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty organization announced detected associated event time test global network included sampling stations addition united_states reported detected aircraft korea south_korea reported detected contrast detected locations event lack detection mean event non nuclear reasonable nuclear test yield buried deep appropriate rock yield remotely makes difficult prove test nuclear missile tests day north_korea conducted short range surface air missile tests number fired missiles reported corrected south korean defense ministry missile range south korean news agency cited military officials saying launches aimed keeping japanese surveillance planes away site south_korea reported citing officials north_korea fired short range missiles east coast base ground ship missile surface air missile came diplomats began work resolution punish north_korea underground nuclear test short range missiles launched north_korea military spokesman quoted official media said north_korea longer guarantee safety shipping west coast suggesting missile fired direction short range missile fired north_korea east coast officials said satellite photos revealed vehicle activity sites north_korea suggesting north korean military preparing launch long range missile reaffirmed june defense secretary said news conference philippine counterpart brief visit manila seen signs missile point clear news agency reported june north_korea medium range missiles according analysts missiles missile base region northeast capital addition south korean defence ministry spokesman said signs north_korea preparing fire intercontinental missile detected defense officials reports defense secretary statement june north_korea apparently moved new base west coast launch place weeks according international reaction north korean news agency confirmed test successful agency said test aimed strengthening self defense nuclear way south_korea reported citing citizens held rally celebrate country second successful nuclear test general international reactions north korean nuclear test uniformly negative members party talks south_korea president called emergency cabinet meeting decision join security initiative north repeatedly warned declaration war raised surveillance condition important indications threat vital indications threat president statement beginning republic korea commemorative summit saying continue work north_korea observe resolutions north_korea permanent military mission north south joint security area reacted decision join security initiative saying longer bound korean war armistice militarily respond foreign attempt inspect ships released statement ignored universal opposition international community conducted nuclear test chinese government opposed statement strongly demanded north_korea return tracks party talks japan japan said test unacceptable violation resolutions considering sanctions response russia stated latest steps tensions regional security stability violated added think nuclear problem resolved nation negotiations russian president said russia seriously concerned nuclear test russian competent services express regret voice concern nuclear test area adjacent united_states white_house condemned test saying north_korea directly challenging international community danger posed north_korea threatening activities action international community president barack_obama official statement promised north_korea find international acceptance complied said country actions pose grave threat peace stability world ambassador added north_korea needs understand actions consequences pay price action form sanctions defense secretary delivered stark warning north_korea policy united_states changed said goal complete korean peninsula accept north_korea nuclear weapons state aftermath news tests immediately affected south korean markets sending main share index south korean won dropped day nuclear test fell dollar level north_korea threatened end korean war armistice stating korean peninsula state war joint military command south_korea united_states increased surveillance alert level second highest level surveillance alert stage combat alert level remained second lowest level russia undertook security measures case war nerves korean peninsula erupted nuclear war north_korea threatened attack south korean warships near coast sovereignty japan policy debate ensued strengthening military including possibility independent pre strike capability nuclear armaments subjects hitherto taboo united_kingdom confirmed tanker plane air air sent air base okinawa japan help support investigations led military determine power nuclear explosion type material ministry spokesman said following recent events north_korea support international community efforts time increased political tension confirm supporting associated efforts day fighter jet arrived air base approximately members deployed theatre security package deputy secretary state accompanied special envoy north_korea led delegation asia june consult regional forces respond north_korea latest nuclear test delegation includes treasury secretary terrorism financial intelligence admiral japan approved june plans satellite missile early warning system new space policy document year japan dropped decades old ban military use space ruling party suggesting japan inspect north korean ships wake reports preparing fire mid range missiles day response increased activity korean military reports north stepped naval drills near western sea border site deadly skirmishes south_korea deployed high speed naval vessel guided missile patrol boat area vowed punish attacking forces north korean nuclear test approved sale number weapon systems south_korea including bunker bombs standard surface air missiles block aircraft upgrades improving aircraft increasing south korean military operational abilities south korean military prepared plans counter attack event strike north_korea resolution unanimously adopted resolution response test imposing economic sanctions country member states inspect north korean cargo destroy involved nuclear weapons program response sanctions unidentified spokesman released statement official saying country begin spokesman said country start view led attempts blockade act war statement said lacked usual bitterness north korean statements | 2009 North Korean nuclear test | History | World history | Asian history |
11351_HistoryofBombayunderPortugueserule(1534–1661) | history bombay portuguese rule bombay called mumbai portuguese financial commercial capital india populous cities world time arrival portuguese current bombay archipelago seven islands century bce islands came control successive hindu muslim rulers ruling current decades annexed islands later governed growing power emperor sultan obliged sign treaty december according treaty seven islands bombay nearby strategic town offered portuguese territories later surrendered october portuguese actively involved foundation growth roman catholic religious orders bombay called islands names finally took written form islands leased portuguese officers regime built churches city prominent portuguese built fortifications city like bombay castle british constant struggle portuguese bombay recognized strategic natural harbour natural isolation land attacks middle 17th century growing power forced british acquire station western india marriage treaty catherine daughter king john portugal placed bombay possession british_empire catherine charles treaty villages bombay remained portuguese possession later acquired british arrival portuguese century bce islands come control successive 3rd century bce bce bce early 5th century 5th century 6th early 7th century later 7th century century late 13th century muslim rulers time arrival portuguese bombay ruled archipelago seven islands old woman island known little group islands located east bombay separated bay important strategic towns located near bombay north east south portuguese reached west coast india portuguese explorer landed years arrival india consolidating power north established strong captured portuguese explorer ship sailed deep natural harbour bombay december expedition portuguese paid visit islands january landed capturing barge creek requested allow build fortress entered creek creek defeated commandant portuguese constantly bombay ships portuguese established factory seized fort war emperor bombay came prominence connection attempt portuguese capture commanded largest fleet seen india passed march april portuguese towns consequence success later capture january islands bombay tributary portuguese accession islands portuguese founded dominant power indian century dynasty founded modern day invaded parts defeated ruler battle death december son ascended throne december grown power dispatched chief officer offer hand seven islands bombay revenues sea land december treaty signed board seven islands bombay surrendered later treaty peace commerce october permanently ending islamic rule islands development islands general distribution estates occurred leased annual rent royal treasury similarly rented custom house michael church oldest portuguese church bombay built bombay placed spiritual jurisdiction auspices established established notable member established established bombay portuguese called islands names like finally took written form common current portuguese use british gained possession believed bombay villages granted annual payment granted years granted revenue custom house granted portuguese officer granted seven islands bombay leased portuguese physician botanist yearly rent equivalent sterling fled portugal escape trials established kept eye jewish families converted catholicism severely persecuted case real imagined faith responsible building manor house bombay castle bombay mentioned accounts islands people living bombay time regime regards population island bombay composed seven villages subordinate chief stations customs duty levied villages chief officer chief officer bombay addition smaller like existed indigenous hindu settlement fishing community formed numerous class people parts bombay south north hindu communities residing cultivated fields rice sorts pulse tended men arms bombay collected king inhabitants estates merchants bombay solely engaged maritime trade muslims mixed descent living bulk followers islam belonged muslim community christians residing bombay time included roman catholic portuguese families married men communities mentioned residents surrounding tracts actually settle bombay england portuguese bombay apparently remained possession peaceful death years later bones burnt stake jewish faith islands appears granted tenure portuguese officials succession portuguese encouraged local population strongly supported roman_catholic_church converted nearly natives christianity neighbouring places started india people referred portuguese christians later named british regime catholic settlers bombay referred portuguese christians british death patent issued granted family built portuguese union crowns portugal spain opened way european powers follow routes india dutch arrived closely followed british portuguese built fortifications city important constructions english merchants arrived bombay november travelled prominent merchant london mentioned trading rice corn small scale arrived november time bombay main trade obtained practical control built lady good advice affiliated lady salvation popularly referred portuguese church immense natural advantages bombay aroused english recognized value naval base november british fought portuguese possession bombay british emerged victorious battle portuguese defeat significant event marking beginning end commercial monopoly western india later british burnt manor house built trader settle bombay immensely contributed future development bombay british period portuguese built fort overlooking southern island armed seven cannons smaller guns defence end portuguese rule british_empire urged purchase bombay portuguese drew attention english military officer suggestion laying great stress excellent harbour natural isolation land attacks middle seventeenth century growing power forced english acquire station western india directors reported effort obtain bombay king john portugal marriage treaty catherine daughter king john portugal placed bombay possession british_empire catherine charles march appointed governor general city fleet arrived bombay september october asked hand bombay english portuguese governor contended ceded alleging patent refused portuguese declined interfere prevented landing bombay forced retire island died october november successor agreed accept condition granting special privileges portuguese citizens bombay interference roman catholic religion including island remained portuguese possession managed acquire english historiography historical period portuguese colonial rule seven original islands bombay remaining territory researched second half 19th century origin began compiling information subject published books articles wrote book history bombay origin bombay published bombay branch later east indian took work provided depth studies especially ruins historians scholars bombay studied local partial aspects period history particular interest works significant recent contribution study bombay portuguese layer come research project bombay british developed broadly speaking state art bombay portuguese historical layer currently represented phd recently concluded portugal content heritage portuguese influence inventory | History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661) | History | World history | Asian history |
11584_JharokhaDarshan | daily practice addressing public audience balcony forts palaces medieval kings india essential direct way communicating face face public practice adopted emperors balcony appearance spelled adopted 16th century contrary islamic earlier father emperor adopted hindu practice appearing subjects hear public grievances sanskrit word means sight means viewing idol saint adopted daily appearance subjects showed hindu influence practiced adopted practice sunrise easterly facing ornate bay window throne balcony balcony viewing window projecting wall provided palace fort kings emperors resided reign architecture served basic need lighting ventilation attained divine concept reign appearances depicted paintings giving daily feature tradition continued rulers followed appeared subjects ancient practice discontinued 11th year reign considered non islamic practice form idol worship red fort faces emperor stand greet subjects emperors visits outside capital portable wooden house known held delhi december king george consort grand appearance common people practices rulers reign hindu practice appearing people started practice generally credited fixed drum beneath wall assembled beat draw attention reign daily practice sun early morning residence led initiate river hour greeted appeared window sun worship period promoting liberal religious policy liberal approach started start morning prayers attend greet large audience gathered day spend hour seeking acceptance imperial authority popular faith attend court hours attending administrative duties crowd people assembled balcony generally consisted soldiers merchants craft persons peasants women sick children balcony set high king stand platform people gathered alive empire stable sovereign ill felt necessary publicly day order maintain control guard immediate anarchy symbolic purpose time people personal requests directly present petitions cause began appearing twice day hear complaints people wished speak emperor gave let thread people tie complaints petitions seeking attention justice effective way communication information exchange process contemporary noted worked effectively spent half hours regularly paintings giving popular reign son emperor continued practice window structure represents tower shape white marble pavilion time frequently rule giving hanging string tie petitions practiced persian system elaborated system adopting golden chain tie petitions stopped wife known sat conducted administrative duty common people hearing pleas fully dedicated practice point conduct sick said time weakness gone day great pain sorrow according fixed custom painting giving shows sitting profile jewelry wearing red background pale purple coloured reign emperor maintained rigorous schedule entire thirty years rule prayers appeared window subjects stay delhi huge crowds assemble receive balcony appear public minutes sunrise subjects bow imperial salute particular group people known akin roman empire king food look face emperor considered half hour spent king balcony time people submit petitions king directly chain let purpose drawn receiving petitions passing nobles court time sick appear spread death times people gather window hold protest demonstrations place grievances emperor incident occurred people affected famine pleaded provide famine relief said islamic father grandfather skeptical carry function worship sun practice deep rooted state compelled continue practice reign proof continued practice painting dated shown attendance foreground painting emperor painted profile white upper attire adorned background blue colour assembled protest tax imposed practiced strict islamic codes conduct personal life stopped practice basis human beings stopped practice 11th year rule felt hindu ceremony portable wooden house emperors visits outside capital double house built platform supported pillars yards height pillars height joined nuts bolts formed upper floor functioned sleeping quarter king worship holding considered hindu practice delhi occasion held december king george consort grand appearance common people assembled greet | Jharokha Darshan | History | World history | Asian history |
13031_SocietyandcultureoftheHandynasty | society culture han dynasty han dynasty period ancient china divided eastern han periods capital cities located respectively founded emperor han briefly interrupted regime throne child han emperor han dynasty age great economic technological cultural social progress china society governed emperor shared power official bureaucracy semi feudal nobility laws customs literature education largely guided philosophy ethical system influence previous dynasty seen members scholarly gentry class hold public office required receive based education new synthetic ideology created scholar bce united canon allegedly edited bce cycles yang chinese elements social status nobles officials farmers considered station registered merchant wealthy successful businessmen acquired huge fortunes allowed rival social prestige powerful nobles highest officials slaves social order represented tiny portion overall population attached estates wealthy landowners medical physicians state employed religious decent living people social classes believed deities spirits demons han organized small groups chiefly concerned achieving means mid 2nd century formed large religious societies challenged imperial authority viewed 6th century bce holy prophet typical han era chinese household contained nuclear family average members unlike later multiple generations extended family members commonly lived household families father supreme head house arranged marriages norm new wife expected join clan husband having sons daughters considered extremely important sake carrying ancestor worship girls women expected custom tradition behave male relatives mothers given status sons women engaged outside home given protection law empress superior status male relatives consort clan mother emperor empress authority decisions choose successor appointed death social class royal family nobles apex han society emperor member family descendant founder emperor bce subjects allowed address instead indirect references steps throne superior government minister noble entered palace official permission punishment execution central government ministers charge sentences court cases emperor ability commandant decision sole ability draft new laws repeal old ones emperor pardon grant general emperor majority consensus ministers court conferences approval needed state policy decision rejected majority opinion emperor powerful relative empress widow previous emperor usually natural mother emperor grandmother emperor grand empress alive reign enjoyed superior position empress emperors sought approval empress decisions emperor child acted merely empress dominated court politics right issue emperor died designated heir sole right appoint new emperor empress empress imperial wife emperor empress position court secure removed emperor empress enjoy submission subordinates advocated elevation sons empress early western han imperial relatives military officers served emperor kings ruled large semi autonomous non related kings died imperial outlawed family members kings emperor brothers paternal cousins brother sons emperor sons excluding heir apparent kings emperor sisters daughters central government eventually stripped away political power kings appointed administrative kings right collect portion taxes territory personal income enjoyed social status ranked emperor king son designated heir apparent sons brothers given rank ruled small portion taxes went private purse kings enjoyed privileges imperial court times aggressive check power starting emperor reign thousands noble families including royal houses han period forcibly moved vicinity capital half western han imposed powerful wealthy officials individuals owned property worth million cash position regent officially known general chief created emperor reign bce appointed officials form regency central government child emperor bce sat throne relatives law emperor empress family men means depended emperor favor advance position court maintained palace gain similar level power came middle class links trade handful examples rose power official bureaucracy strong suppress palace masters writing emperor bce relinquished authority allowed vital policy decisions respected officials expelled office emperor bce took throne palace obtain comparable authority led sided emperor coup overthrow clan empress officials complained like awarded emperor year given legal authority pass adopted sons emperor relinquished great deal authority slaughtered besieged stormed palaces gentry scholars officials served government privileged position han society tier nobles high officials arrested crimes permission granted emperor officials arrested imprisoned like court gain approval emperor officials exempt execution given chance commit suicide alternative senior posts excluding grand tutor post irregularly occupied individual titles functions changed western eastern han annual salaries remained dan grain largely payments coin cash luxury items like silk ministers headed major government bureau earned year lowest paid government employees equivalent annually thought wealthy officials tempted bribes beginning dynasty having total assessed wealth thousand coins holding office reduced thousand coins bce emperor reign onwards policy longer enforced starting western han system recommendation local officials submitted proposals capital subordinates worthy candidates holding office created patron client relationship superiors successful nominees higher office enhanced prestige consort clan empress succession clan amassed large clients chances promotion political survival empress clan short lived aside patron client relationships use family connections secure office writes access public office promotion social mobility open larger segment populace eastern han eastern han government officials biographies book later han sons officials fifth came prominent provincial families ancestors served officials years post occupied member yang clan central government officials began careers subordinate officers level rare cases involving military merit rebellions late eastern han subordinate officers county level advanced level central government secured office means official expected competent formal education aspiring fill public office addition private established bce accommodated pupils 2nd century student body reached thirty thousand students appointed emperor government posts according examination grades despite decline social mobility prominent clans local far integrated nationwide upper class social structure period expanding classification belonged upper class emerging gentry class fully consolidated eastern han consisted unemployed scholars teachers students government officials men geographically separated local activities started view participants wider national affairs politics scholarship recognized shared values emphasizing study classics holding public office emperors forced abandon schemes officials families royal tombs settlement bce bce respectively unlike days emperor historian asserts point officials scholars influence local national level politics forcibly relocate solidarity interference court politics coup regent widespread student protest broke students took streets names opposed emperor initiated wide scale associates provinces holding office branded partisans suicide regent confrontation shortly emperor placed throne banned hundreds holding office selling offices highest repulsed viewed corrupted government considered moral scholarly life superior holding office rejected nominations serve court repealed garner gentry support created large independent portion gentry simply return life maintained contacts gentry china actively engaged protest movement acknowledging gentry class able recruit chancellor established rank system distinguished gentry figure county assign local gentlemen rank government use evaluate nominees office farmers landowners scholars needed additional funds education political office found farming decent profession humble looked fellow wealthy nobles officials merchants land merely acted living city relied poor tenant farmers paid rent form roughly percent produce exchange land tools draft animals small house wage laborers slaves employed estates wealthy numerous tenants western han small independent owner represented majority farming peasants economic struggle remain independent times war natural disaster crisis drove debt slavery dramatically increased number tenants late eastern han social status poor independent owner tenants wage laborers wealthy landowners wealthy landowners employed tenants wage laborers landowners managed small medium sized estates acted managers sons fields daughters clothes engaged produce silk home sale market western han farming peasants formed majority government perform labor military duties labor service males aged drafted month year work construction projects perform duties counties military obligation males aged train year branches military infantry cavalry navy reached age liable perform year active service troops sent guard hostile act guards capital city significant changes system eastern han tax paid peasants wanted avoid month labor obligation hired labor popular construction projects military service obligation avoided peasant paid tax eastern han military largely volunteer force merchants able join army han socio economic status farmers merchants able obtain valuable income knives swords able eat food fit nobles officials enjoyed legal status superior merchants unlike merchants allowed law wear fancy ride horseback ride carriages laws barred officials painter worked turned offers nominated public office contrast appointed merchant official suffer office avoided nominations claiming merchants despite legal privileges merchants work considered han scholars secondary importance farmers largely scholars officials survive farmer product taxes paid grain government relied grain fund military campaigns stored surplus grain widespread famine times poor harvest despite prominence given farmers scholars accept performed vital economic role view rejected small minority advocated society soldiers farmers certain wanted live self sufficient villages commercial interests privately employed work government government workshops employed laborers state owned slaves perform tasks master paid significant income work producing luxury items bronze mirrors merchants exception scholarly gentry class engage trade scholars government officials viewed merchant class sympathetic plight farming peasants lost land court stipulated farming peasants reduced selling street registered merchants heavily state registered merchants majority small urban pay commercial taxes addition poll tax registered merchants forced law wear white colored clothes indication low status singled conscription armed forces forced lands deep south malaria known prevalent contrast merchants richer trade network towns cities ability avoid registering merchants starting emperor reign registered merchants banned wearing silk clothes riding horseback holding public office stark contrast merchants bce states wore fine rode carriages pulled fat horses wealth allowed associate government officials laws relaxed time emperor renewed state persecution merchants bce illegal registered merchants purchase land violated law land slaves confiscated state effectiveness law questionable contemporary han writers mention merchants owning huge tracts land merchant owned property worth thousand gold equivalent million cash coins considered great merchant fortune times larger average income middle class landowner annual cash coin income collected taxes thousand households merchant families fortunes worth million cash equivalent wealth acquired highest officials government merchants engaged multitude private trades industries single merchant combined trades greater profits animal breeding farming manufacturing trade money lending profitable sold han salt iron wealthy salt iron distributor properties worth million cash early western han period powerful merchants muster workforce thousand peasants work salt mines marshes salt sites operated iron curb influence wealthy emperor industries bce time drafted merchants technical know bce head government eastern han period central government abolished state salt iron state halted employment merchants government salt iron agencies bce ban merchants entering bureaucracy employ merchants low level officials salary rank profitable industry wine liquor state briefly bce relinquished production private merchants alcohol taxes official started brewery business help pay father costly funeral act heavily criticized fellow considered occupation scholar mining lucrative industry guests known guests lived property host exchange services existed period originally belonged social groups seeking shelter authorities hosts wealthy nobles officials wealthy typical relationship host provided lodging food clothing carriage transport return occasional non routine work services advisory role post bodyguard physical labor house dangerous missions committing fighting riding battle defend host work spies scholarly host treated luxury gifts wanted wealth status received sword decorated jade given items like shoes decorated shared status gifts provided highly skilled work greater services skilled given lesser gifts seated honorable positions meeting host regardless status allowed come host residence pleased unlike slave property master permanently attached estate official government policy deal broke laws arrested master broke law detained alongside formed large portion fighting forces amassed future emperor civil war failing regime military role pronounced late 2nd century political turmoil eventually split empire competing states hosts began treat personal troops freedoms mobility independence earlier enjoyed individual earlier joined host personal decision late 2nd century lives entire families heavily controlled host slaves slaves comprised roughly population proportion far contemporary world relied labor large slave population slaves classified categories privately owned owned state privately owned slaves peasants fell debt sold slavery government slaves bestowed nobles high officials rewards services state owned slaves prisoners war slaves slaves tributary gifts given court foreign states families criminals committed treason state private slaves donated authorities exempt labor obligations confiscated state master broken law western eastern han arrested criminals reign criminals slaves state owned slaves work palaces offices workshops stables state owned agricultural fields privately owned slaves employed domestic services farming vast majority non independent farmers working wealthy landowners hired laborers slaves peasants paid rent tenants economically feasible maintain tenants instead slaves slave masters pay annual poll tax coins slave owned rate merchants pay poll tax government slaves assigned work government industries iron salt lasted emperor reign beginning eastern han privately owned slaves usually assigned kitchen duty fulfilled roles armed mounted escorts dancers singers musicians children government private slaves born slaves government slaves granted freedom emperor deemed elderly emperor committed act worthy exceptional case slave bce government private slaves buy freedom master masters chose free slaves slaves subject obey masters law murder slave kings stripped kingdoms found murdered slaves forced sons commit suicide murdering slave repealed death penalty slave killed slaves social status slaves wealthy families lived better allowed wear luxurious clothes consume quality food wine slaves high officials feared respected slaves regent bce came armed marketplace fought forced imperial secretary apologize slaves right way street provided services officials sought promotion influence addition officials teachers merchants farmers pig seen profession merely utilized poor scholar pay formal education example chancellor han lack military background title pig emperor reign physicians practiced medicine studied medical classics decent income able gain education officials physician nominated office gentlemen palace practiced arts chinese employed government conduct religious sacrifices rare occasions bce marry socially acceptable gentry scholars engage arts chinese career lower status earned modest income humble included like merchants practiced banned holding public office butcher occupation case butcher official emperor reign empress brother regent came family runners worked government considered status later government officials ranks han court upheld socio economic ranking system nobles based ranks system installed statesman bce state males age excluding slaves promoted rank level promoted rank granted honorable place seating arrangements hamlet given greater portion hunted game table punished severely certain crimes exempt labor service obligations state system favored elderly longer lifespan meant opportunities promoted addition increase salary table right newly promoted men granted wine meat celebratory banquet 19th 20th ranks ranks 20th rank allowed promotions rank decided emperor occur special occasions installation new emperor inauguration new reign title wedding new empress selection royal heir apparent central government sold ranks collect revenues state official bce wrote presented substantial agricultural grain government promoted rank urban rural life han empire divided large administrative units kingdoms counties counties districts contained average hamlet contained families usually enclosed wall gates center social life hamlet religious altar built honor local deity festivities staged district county official religious altar official reach government extended district level county appointed officials included chief police maintained law order district tax collector government able control local society hamlet level ranks government funded flood control projects involving building new canals aiding speed transport allowing undeveloped areas conscription labor projects allowed building new dependent government authority central government declined late eastern han period living forced flee lands work tenants large estates wealthy landowners people older rely central government projects existence sought support powerful local families western han capital divided walled residential affairs ward overseen low ranking official influential families usually maintained social order historians unsure government controlled existed claims markets possible seven actually parts main markets east market story government office flag drum placed roof market chief deputy headquartered buildings known involvement marketplace eastern han capital market chief office employed thirty sub officers ventured marketplace daily maintain law order collected taxes commercial goods assigned standard prices specific basis monthly reviews authorized contracts merchants customers clients merchants engaging marketplace violations crimes committed adolescent street gangs wore clothes distinguishing gang maintenance law order outside market areas conducted han officials argued increasing salaries assumed encourage reject bribes criminals cities attract audiences rich poor trained animals performing tricks animal fights tigers horse racing puppet shows musical performances dancing feats wealthy families afford house piece bells drums instruments gambling board games provided entertainment marriage gender nuclear family chinese relations han influenced involved immediate nuclear family extended family members chinese family father sons consider mother clan instead considered outside relatives han dynasty law code inherited dynasty bce law family sons pay extra taxes repealed period average han family household typically immediate family members unlike large extended families household later common han send adult married sons away portion family fortune visit occasionally dynasty son moved away lived separately living parents considered criminal larger families appeared married brothers chose live families household generations living roof incredibly rare contrast dynasty having generations roof commonplace clan lineage chinese clan lineage involved men shared common ancestor divided behavior regulated according dictated relative closer intimate different brother brother sons brother father brothers father brother sons paternal grandfather brothers sons paternal great grandfather brothers sons great expected entire year death relative expected months relative second died ritual mourning expected relatives fourth son years father death year mother carrying line meant continuation ancestor worship important son adopted family considered share surname ancestral sacrifices considered void majority clan lineage groups influential local society prominent groups enjoy great deal hoc influence especially member served government official wealthy scholars officials shared group poor clan members expected defend fellow members point murder government authorities constantly struggled suppress powerful groups local lineage groups formed backbone rebel forces popular uprising early 1st century central government authority broke late eastern han developed areas country remained relatively stable entrenched groups heavily developed areas groups effectively broken state peasants willing turn rebel movements protection survival marriage divorce romantic love discouraged marriages arranged agreements bonds formed clans property chief concern necessarily individuals father input sons daughters marry carried weight mother grandfather father decision couple married new wife visit family temple husband clan properly descendants death retained surname vast majority people han practiced wealthy officials nobles afford support addition legal wife ideal ages marriage thirty man woman common male marry age sixteen female age fourteen encourage families marry daughters law introduced bce increased poll tax rate unmarried women ages thirty people han practiced strict form marry person surname partners traced common ancestor excluded royal family married distant relatives political reasons officials married families officials equal status married royal daughters marry kings emperor custom seven conditions man divorce wife parents law unable continue family line adultery mixing clan blood family jealousy disease unable continue family line getting brothers law sisters law theft husband allowed divorce wife completed years mourning deceased parents living relatives father family return husband family originally poor rich marriage women able initiate divorce husband family poverty laws abusive especially divorce meant wife took away wealth husband family nonetheless common social groups inheritance types inheritance han included common inheritance property deceased social groups slaves participated inheritance titles people ranks nobility royalty enjoy form officials bequeathed equal share property sons excluded daughters married families carry family daughters receive portion family property form marriage equal brother share wealth second type inheritance involved practice official title inherited son true emperor king ranks limit power kings imperial bce stated kings divide territories kingdoms chosen successor heir apparent kings brothers establishing new effectively reducing size kingdom generation status position women wrote lessons women like opposite forces yang men great virtues strength woman great virtues respect compliance life han woman bend father husband adult son recorded rule han women written engaged heated arguments husbands beating jealousy punish husband wrote essays letters husbands serving government officials husbands turned wives advice political affairs court father died eldest son theoretically senior member family hinted works han literature obey mother force offense common customs gender especially pronounced imperial family empress able orders male relatives father publicly certain traditionally reserved women labor duties women expected rear children clothes family perform domestic duties cooking farming considered men work women fields alongside husbands brothers women formed communal spinning weaving groups pool resources pay candles lamp oil heat night winter successful textile business employ hundreds women singing dancing entertain wealthy patrons common open women husband died widow sole supporter children living weaving silk making straw sell market women turned humble profession income fortunate women renowned medical physicians provided services families high officials nobility wealthy women engaged luxury trade frequently sold princess aided husband business decisions female merchants dressed silk clothes female nobles attire considered immoral compared ideal woman education literature philosophy competing historian bce wrote tradition inherited han previous dynasty taught imposing severe man laws short kindness produce ordered society given human nature immoral checked label created han scholars describe socio political philosophy formulated largely bce bce bce philosophy stressed government rely strict system rewards maintain law order early western han officials influenced apparent han work utilizing concept argued laws administrative systems set place government functioned smoothly intervention behalf ruler unnecessary school thought known yellow emperor gained acceptance court patronage bce followers believed ordered civilization mythical view contradicted later scholars views mythological responsible bringing man state anarchy works presented bce introduced new systematic ideas message thought scholars began express greater emphasis ethical ideas espoused philosophical works bce ideology known emperor found reforms court rituals useful long status emperor reign gained exclusive patronage court paramount core ethics selected virtues relationships ritual amalgamation ideas theological system involving earlier theories yang phases natural cycles governed heaven earth man pioneered official bce authenticity authorship spring autumn annals comes question hints parts rewritten time bce original memorials sent throne discussing version preserved 1st century book han model incorporated justified imperial government natural order universe appealed emperor bce abolished non academic chairs dealing classics classic poetry classic changes classic rites classic history spring autumn annals expanding position bce human nature good wrote people needed external education awakened develop morality produce morally sound officials emperor sponsored education established bce despite mainstream acceptance rest han end dynasty philosophers defended ideas state laws policies reflect compromise reached han varying regional traditions schools assigned certain texts caused debate old texts traditions represented works transmitted book burning bce newly discovered texts alleged excavated walls home displayed archaic written characters authentic versions initially rejected old texts found acceptance courts bce rejected accepted rejected time following rulers philosophical synthesis contrast certainty innate goodness contemporary writer bce synthesized opposing perspectives bce chapter protecting book argue human nature originally good evil transformed eastern han period scholars struggled understand regime failed despite great sponsorship reform transition western han eastern han skepticism represented bce argued human nature good escape negative situations learning valuable schools thought man control ultimate fate decided heaven new discussions bce argued han court sponsored education government corrupt undermined ordained belief education went hand hand political success argued human life coherent dictated heaven synthesis broken planes biological mental physical moral elements interacted produce different results random fate eastern han incorporated ideas explain society salvaged argued accumulated mankind time direct engagement body approach individual personal virtue meantime long term solution approach public private education order secure position teacher capital government official student choose paths educated prestigious path enrollment students age eighteen selected minister ceremonies recommended local authorities students choose school sponsored local government professional teacher opened private school small town village gather following thousand students students expected pay tuition teacher enjoyed significant salary standing local community usually paramount sought disputes size greatly expanded eastern han private schools grew importance imperial government lost authority academy persecution old text tradition drove pursue old text studies private institutions records grand historian bce existed chronicles events spring autumn annals chronicle found covering events dynasty bce classic history canon recorded deeds past rulers political events mythological instead historical work considered china laid chinese historiography creating universal history china divided work thirty chapters basic annals chronological tables grid format year year accounts bce start regency general subjects economy calendar histories hereditary houses states biographies individuals arranged roughly chronological order autobiography chapter court allowed utilize eighty sources addition memorials stone inscriptions sources enhanced enormous scope work mentions roughly thousand people traveled extensively interview witnesses recent accounts unlike western tradition established bce associate professor asserts work intended representing aspect universe earth man model form way raised relief map tomb bce represented empire hardy explains unique work han scholars believed secrets existed spring autumn annals deemed incorporating essential moral historical principles world operated future events hardy thesis explanation inconsistencies ideological approach organization literary characteristics criticized express doubt hardy view intended work planned model reality loosely connected collection narratives retains original ideological sources standard history book han compiled son daughter unlike private independent work history text commissioned sponsored han court emperor let use imperial archives set significant precedent rest historian virtually unable criticize ruling patron book han covered history china left work emperor reign middle eastern han included events late eastern han history work focused exclusively eastern han period book later han compiled biographies ready guide oldest known chinese dictionary compiled 3rd century bce han written han dynasty include regional speech bce explaining characters analyzing compound characters chinese dialect vocabulary work modern chinese term dialect derived title book divided written characters original characters derived listing characters variant forms arranged section according written convenient systematic approach arranging characters standard chinese follow guides subjects written han fan written emperor reign agricultural techniques processes survived han eastern han monthly instructions classes people written mathematical included book numbers classic chapters mathematical art works astronomy 2nd century bce silk texts spiritual constitution universe published aside biographies found popular write stylistic essays commission private biographies gentlemen privately published biographies focused locality known figures held national prominence poetry known chinese new literary genre poet official bce wrote largest influential son heaven hunt written debate form incorporated literary elements found songs anthology poems attributed bce 3rd century bce flying heavenly prominent writer western han praised work later criticized example genre shortcomings eastern han wrote comparing capital cities concluded better subtle praise current emperor virtue surpassed rulers western han court inventor wrote capital cities inspired penned returning fields fused ideals laid later nature poetry wrote represent earliest poems chinese literature government produced folk songs lyrical form verse standard poetry poems focused largely issues morality scholars found acceptable line dynasty traditions poets period usually attended social events compose poems given topic company laws customs han dynasty written law matured archaic form based largely natural law social customs rational corpus influenced politics based positive law han dynasty law code established chancellor bce largely extension existing dynasty law code evidence includes archaeological finds era han era chapters law code consisted statutes dealt chapters dealt court procedure survives small fragments allegedly massive written work written code articles written words outlined articles death penalty contained offenses pieces case law county magistrate administrator official court judges county respectively jurisdictions overlapped administrator interfered county court cases necessary generally agreed arrested criminal judge level court case resolved central government final authority appeal emperor dealt cases political rebels regards kings high officials commandant emperor supreme judge previous codes han law distinguished considered killings killing killing mistake killing accident father undisputed head family allowed kill members punishment tried physical assault murder respectively murders given sentence relation considered sentencing example father given severe sentence murdering son son murdered father women certain rights han law law husbands physically abuse wives rape cases commonly filed court punished han law women level charges men court commonly accepted han women capable telling truth court criminals beaten gain confessions han scholars argued torture best means gaining confession court conferences called session decide strokes given size stick cause permanent injury imprisonment form punishment han common death penalty periods forced hard labor exile monetary fines existed early han borrowed previous practice included face cutting nose feet bce abolished favor lengthy reforms implemented year emperor bce reign decreased strokes prisoner receive starting bce aged seventy older exempt reforms aged seventy older harsh interrogation methods cases false accusation murder modern scholars know surviving cases han law dealt commerce domestic affairs spheres trade outside family largely governed age old social customs ways family relations conducted han stipulated ancient canon especially book rites accepted mainstream guide ethics custom terms private commercial contracts usually entailed information goods transferred paid names buyer seller date transfer signatures witnesses arts crafts artists classified laborers manufactured decorated objects philosopher argued urban society exploited contributions food producing farmers able bodied men cities wasted time listed pursuits crafting miniature plaster statues dogs horses human figures singers actors children toys eastern han scholar officials began engaging crafts originally reserved mechanical engineering emperor commissioned official paint portraits produce generations prominent yang clan officials military officers recorded instance china scholar official commissioned write paint portraits conjunction instead relying skilled painting han luxury items furnished homes wealthy merchants officials nobles royalty goods highly decorated skilled include red black shapes sizes bronze items raised relief decorated mirrors oil lamps shape human figures designs ornaments jewelry jade amber gold silver domestic decoration han artwork served important function han artists decorated wall bricks lining underground tombs deceased mural paintings carved purpose artwork aid deceased traveling journey artistic designs tile brick common human sculptures found han tombs placed perform functions deceased dancing playing music entertainment serving food common type found han tombs female entertainer sporting long flowing silk dancing human figures male female found naked clearly distinguished missing arms wooden cloth arms attached holes shoulders miniature clothes materials silk western han grave goods usually pieces art tomb alive eastern han new stylistic goods artwork found tombs usually exclusively burial produced previous use deceased alive include miniature towers usually urban residential towers provide historians clues lost wooden architecture addition towers miniature models water wells shops farm fields pottery pigs dogs sheep chickens ducks items placed tombs commonly considered taboo bring objects specified burial living quarters imperial palace brought living quarters properly announced ceremonies known artifacts objects dead brilliant artifacts according princeton_university licensed architect museum curator clothing cuisine common agricultural food staples han wheat rice beans people han consumed job tears green bottle bamboo shoot roots lotus plants fruits han ate included chestnut pear peach including red han chinese ate chickens ducks cows sheep pigs dogs type game animals hunted han included rabbit deer turtle dove owl chinese bamboo common cranes fish turtles taken streams lakes beer drink low alcohol content stronger commonly consumed alongside meat virtually consumed alongside grains rice wine regularly consumed 2nd century bce tomb contained decayed remnants actual food rice wheat varieties grave inventory recipes included vegetable meat cooked combinations beef rice dog meat deer fish bamboo shoot mentioned recipes include sugar honey sauce salt recipes han usually called meat stuffed like modern counterparts han era chinese eating drinking wealthy people han cups golden handles silver poor common item clothing rich afford silk clothes silk clothes found han tombs include robes double layered robes single layered robes single layered skirts shoes wealthy wore fox wild duck leather silk lining modest means wear wool skins large bamboo found han tombs contained clothes luxury items patterned fabric common silk rich colors designs han tools clothes religion ancestor worship deities families han china ritual sacrifices usually involving animals deities spirits ancestors deceased ancestors thought require food drink living family members routinely offer food wine ancestors family shrine temple wealthy families afford bury dead large tombs placed food items entrances complexes han era chinese believed person souls spirit soul believed travel paradise body soul remained earth proper resting place long measures taken prevent wandering body soul allegedly utilize items placed tomb deceased domestic clothes food money form clay believed souls temporarily reunited ceremony called return han beliefs uniform empire changed time different burial customs views names spirit soul body soul substituted demon spirit demons thought partial deceased lacked essential vital energy caused living ill demon considered neutral ghost spirits usually associated spirits certain places earl yellow river proper sacrifices spirits believed bring good fortune ritual sacrifices neglected spirit inflict bad fortune individuals local communities texts left tombs illustrate living took sympathetic view dead spirits generally feared dangers living western han letters informing underground written inform ruler underground deceased wants needs clothing vessels tomb texts appeared 1st century acted dead bring danger living western han eastern han tombs contained land contracts stated deceased owned land buried emperor fulfilled role highest priest land offer ritual sacrifices heaven supreme deities spirits mountains rivers court sacrifices main deities emperor added bce powers emperor bce cancelled state worship powers favor ceremonies dedicated heaven supreme god kings dynasty bce traced legitimacy underlying reasons shift state policy emperor desire gain heaven direct favor blessed male heir court exclusive worship heaven continued rest han yang phases han chinese believed realms heaven earth mankind linked subject natural cycles man understand cycles understand hidden secrets realms cycle yang corresponded yielding hard shade sunlight feminine masculine moon sun respectively thought govern realms changing seasons phases important cycle elements wood fire earth metal water succeeded rotation corresponded certain traits realms example phases corresponded sets like organs liver heart lungs tastes sour bitter sweet things like feelings musical notes colors planets time periods accepted dynasty defeated rivals battle legitimacy rule land time commonly believed heaven given greater prominence state worship designated individual hereditary house right rule concept known retired professor university_of_cambridge writes consistent gradually higher level emphasis given cosmic elements phases linked future destiny dynasty protection stressed ruler behaved adhere proper conduct created disruption natural cycles governing realms resulted natural earthquakes floods idea fully accepted court later emperors implemented reforms legal system granted restore nature balance beginning han dynasty family associated dynasty water phase previous dynasty bce accompany installment new calendar han court aligned earth phase legitimately element shortly downfall new eastern han court retrospective argument han element fire buddhism thought eclipsed explaining 2nd century bce sage philosopher replaced ancestor teachings written 1st century chiefly concerned obtaining writes han era organized small groups people believed individual obtained breathing exercises sexual techniques medical practices followed 4th century bce centuries han era chinese believed queen mother west ruled mountainous realm immortal semi human creatures possessed man utilize life mountain west mount east mythological location han era chinese believed achieve stated organized small groups largely wider believed attempt fly lands invincible pure men criticism groups best known source century describe beliefs major transformation beliefs occurred 2nd century large religious societies formed viewed deity prophet usher salvation followers mentioning buddhism china occurred regards half brother emperor allegedly paid homage point chinese heavily associated buddhism emperor known buddhist temple constructed china allegedly built honor foreign monks indian popular myth asserted monks translate chapters chinese known work translated chinese 2nd century monk came translated buddhist works chinese works han era chinese associated exercises foreign monk era india traveled stayed translated introduced china concepts pure land buddhism teachings religious societies rebel movements religious society initiated raised studied beliefs moved province claimed revelation appointed representative movement spread rapidly particularly sons instead money followers asked contribute rice religious society banned worship gods accepted offerings meat initiated members group called title associated village elders took drink told rules religious society rewarded good health illness seen result violating religious rules committing personal sins required confession charged overseeing recovery believed chanting parts bring illnesses second successor initiated rebellion allowed retain complete control modern southern decades modelled charity houses han postal stations establishments offered grain meat followers surrendered chancellor wary influence people granted sons widespread occurred leaders claiming destined bring era peace like society valleys believed illness sign wrongdoing necessitated confession church leaders faith yellow typically utilized holy water sickness cure sick sins deemed great year year new cycle supreme leader chose month year time rebel leaked han court forced initiate rebellion prematurely yellow able muster hundreds thousands troops combined force imperial troops independent generals end year leadership including killed scattered groups remained amalgamated forces | Society and culture of the Han dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
13385_2008attacksonUttarPradeshiandBiharimigrantsinMaharashtra | attacks migrants attacks migrants began february violent clashes workers political parties mumbai capital indian state clashes took place workers splinter faction formed major political party tried attack workers regional party based proceeding attend rally organised defending party stand chief explained attack reaction provocative unnecessary strength political cultural bullying migrants leaders events leading clashes critical remarks themed language politics migrants north indian states accusing culture political rallies held state questioned loyalty bollywood actor attained fame popularity accusing showing interest native called celebration north indian migrants drama arrogance february state government accused reluctance immediate action ultimately arrested local leader charges violence causing communal disturbance released day gag order imposed leaders prevent making remarks tensions rose news possible arrest subsequent actual arrest angered supporters violence north indians property workers reported mumbai nearly north indian workers fled fled wake attacks exodus workers caused acute labour shortage affecting local industries analysts estimated financial losses billion million billion million violence arrests leaders sporadic attacks reported months october activists beat north indian candidates appearing india entrance exam mumbai incident led arrest fresh violence later october mumbai commuter train attacks evoked critical reactions parts country particularly political leadership estranged uncle chief formed party raise voice people discounted nephew criticism editorial month later political wrote local populations went lot country media slated remarks attempt recapture party sons soil background resignation formation march nephew quit formed sidelined chief son members supported leadership contrast cousin joined party founded ideology local people ideology party members felt abandoned keeping line repeatedly demanded special job reservations locals critic influx migrants state especially literally meaning north indians predominantly blamed large scale immigration people economically backward states causing shortage jobs migrants times_of_india summarised cause attacks method madness attacking north indians mumbai flawed believes cousin leader people campaign began inclusive party vote bank growing popularity north indians losing ground political relevance evident performance municipal elections criticism january targeting mumbai resident political rallies asserted actor interested native state expressed disapproval girls school named daughter law actress criticised choosing run elections native state february party function mumbai said star mumbai interest trying ambassador achieved mumbai came elections chose responding accusations actor wife said willing start school mumbai provided leader donated land build told media heard owns huge properties mumbai willing donate land start school commenting issue refuted allegations saying open minded person great love evident occasions actor said specially mumbai given great fame affection said today love people given people mumbai acknowledged utter allegations global superstar people world respect forgotten ignore silly accusations concentrate acting according reports supposedly stemmed disappointment invited wedding son despite estranged uncle cousin march finally spoke interview local tabloid saying random charges random deserve kind attention wish later march press conference asked anti issue said fundamental right live country constitution stated affected comments remarks migrants party speeches north indian migrants celebration festival popular calling drama arrogance demanded celebrate festivals petition filed civil court february remarks statements drew leaders especially indian railways minister chief minister challenged come mumbai perform house ridiculed saying child politics leader accused migrants india state search jobs chief accused migrants local culture february expressing stance newer migrants settling mumbai said new immigrants city denied entry city staying respect culture clashes workers february workers street fighting tried attack proceeding mumbai attend rally organised ruling coalition party india member rally addressed chief minister prominent members police arrested workers clashes charges rioting justified party stand response provocative unnecessary strength political cultural migrants leaders questioned political movements need obey law february press conference issued statement saying happened mumbai past week reaction leaders try demonstrate strength reactions clashes approached demanding registration general secretary press conference near disrupted activists february petitioned commission requesting action leaders issuing open threats non mumbai police dismissed complaint criminal intimidation filed false complaint filed police station alleged men threatened away security personnel venue attacks february february immediately clashes workers assaulted north indian taxi drivers vehicles mumbai police faced strong criticism remaining mute spectators workers assaulted north indians inquiry instituted police inspector sub inspector assigned duty suspended duty later workers arrested charges rioting night suspected activists pulled print film burned regional language spoken states damaged theatre destroyed seats similar incident reported day mumbai motorcycle borne supporters bottles group workers inside booking office grant road railway station damaged booking office windows tore posters newly released film party workers resorted stone throwing parts suburb north indian lower middle class population central mumbai suburb clash ensued workers tried plant party flags open market dominated north indians offices actor north indian congress leader supporters february days later group activists forced office assaulted office staff damaged property response attack strong union immediately called flash strike strike called home minister assured union justice safety advocate named filed seeking directions view anti national activities february issue pride chief hit north indians special article titled stand struggle written daily said world opposes stand party continue struggle protect culture people feel like asking people voicing true emotion sitting fence come join struggle february workers attacked vendors parts destroyed government property vent anger reported arrest sporadic violence reported state run buses areas stone resulting arrest workers workers shops belonging north indians forcing shops business establishments close severely beaten admitted banks schools promptly closed incidents stone angry reported city squares industrial areas remained closed police detained workers violence municipal arrest additional police deployed parts city including road head office city suburbs workers stones state run buses attacked shop owners area prompting shops shut avoid similar attacks announced custody february created violence state led deaths attacks north indians reported mumbai shops offices business establishments shut different parts mumbai workers threatened violence case leader arrested affected especially strongholds police blocked roads residence park area civic activist named assaulted suspected workers attempting photograph forcing shop owners john suffered rib lungs employee died stone state run buses supporters security guard private company district killed mob mumbai police rounded workers workers went following arrest smashing windows state buses thirteen arrested hands sleeping streets severely beaten fell unconscious gained consciousness following day found hospital hands injured mainly treated beaten shops road closed incident incidents stone state run buses reported areas bus services severely curtailed diverted workers blocked roads stones buses damaging vehicles process contingents deployed parts state police control violence adopted hit run methods attack activists arrested activists went underground coordinated party activists undisclosed locations march attacks mid february arrest gag order isolated cases attacks reported april march north indians beaten group suspected workers mumbai day shop owned north indian group drunken men stones beat children refused provide free food march motorcycle borne damaged owned north indians people arrested labourers travelling search jobs beaten looted men district identified north indians april group north indians injured mob approximately activists attacked meeting organised north indians fronts north indians critically injured attack police arrested activists incident october months anti north indian offensive october activists beat north indian candidates appearing india entrance exam western region mumbai attack invoked quick reaction cabinet colleague chief minister hand spoke counterpart urged provide protection migrants demanded ban described chief mental case witnessed violent protest death resident village district anticipation died assaulted activists railway police clarified based footage died accident station slipping platform chief minister admitted government responsible failure preventing attacks north indian candidates railways examination centres ordered probe incident job advertisements given newspapers happened good incidents place law hold responsible entire government responsibility incidents affecting image state instructed stern action said leader wrote piece october issue city newspaper owns pleading legitimate share central government sector times_of_india noted essay indicates continues soft spot chief close friends stating getting raw deal central government jobs income tax railways said summoned railway recruitment exams railways legitimate share employment said october arrested mumbai police received non warrant issued court chief arrest ignited violence supporters large parts city forcing shut supporters went public transport telling office return home shops commercial establishments especially run managed non chose open avoid trouble workers sunday attacked non appearing railway board examination brought produced court summoned outside court premises large crowds gathering camera crews waiting capture trouble places buses set fire areas public transport stayed roads office state congress spokesperson north indian killed mumbai refused shut shop activists protesting arrest forced persons killed seriously injured village near deputy commissioner police rural said north indians member community worker killed clash communities earlier imposed entire area situation worsened evening driven police station lock spend night presented court october outdoor broadcast belonging media houses damaged supporters injured admitted private hospital municipal transport bus set fire reduced ashes transport services jewellery shop supporters cases arson rioting registered state including early evening people arrested state director general police roy said news arrest spread violence parts sporadic incidents stone municipal private buses reported following arrest chief area alleged activists damaged company bus taking employees workplace buses police said police picked activists including measure activists set truck near minister farm damaged truck area police said incidents stone buses vehicles reported areas said adding traffic busy mumbai national highway disrupted following protest police rounded activists incidents security city incidents stone state transport buses reported party leaders claimed damaged buses angry students parts damaged railway property disrupted train traffic protest police said protesters targeted railway stations morning protesting students reportedly set express train railway station railway stations according railway police students detained morning extra security deployed control situation year old boy killed police opened fire protesters child hit stray bullet died scene police district fired mob attacking train station group people stones constructed building owned lone trust run january january activists attacked north indian residents near paying tribute terrorist attacks mumbai celebrating cultural programmes arrested alleged workers tried disrupt born actress intimate model mumbai claiming promoted chanting arrests leader booked indian code sections giving intent cause riot promoting groups basis place birth residence etc national integration february police applied section criminal procedure code politicians warned hold press conferences rallies seven days february police arrested leaders later day local court granted bail ordered speeches public tension obtained release personal bond arrested taken court released appealed court gag order imposed stating different places philosophy party order infringement fundamental rights february court dismissed appeal track extension gag order passed following started signature campaign support gag order according actors shown support opposing gag order actors later denied claim prompted police serve cause notice asking gag order extended activists arrest substantive offences measure violence erupted streets mumbai february according joint commissioner expression displeasure supreme_court february hearing termed attacks north indians mumbai activists dangerous trend judge bench comprising chief justice justices observed attack north indians dangerous tendency happening mumbai understand attacked innocent people understand situation happening country accept son soil theory permit country court passed judgement hearing related issues filed advocate sought direction controversial remarks north indians filed sought protection compensation suffered attacks court refused pass direction grounds issue related aspect law order directed faith bombay high court seek hearing apparent supreme_court asserted indian right settle country bench consisting justices remarked india association confederation states union state indian indian right india settle work business choice india peacefully apex court observation ban sale meat town day festival observed community exodus north indians news possible arrest provoked heightened attack industrial town political stronghold north indians left city buses trains private vehicles railway officials station said largest crowd railroad largest single district country guardian minister reported workers left city aftermath violence north indians estimated workers left city wake attacks according government officials minister collector held meetings people representatives stop mass departure joined local congress railway station fears boarding trains family members carrying belongings effects local industries local industries especially located area affected large scale departure workers according report percent small medium industries industrial area closed migration local industries units provide material big industries losses resulting exodus estimated billion construction industry badly hit local organisations working construction workers casual labourers tried stop exodus organisations set charted confidence building measures migrants city resolutions passed meeting encourage participation festivities near future fact ninety percent labour force consists migrants percent come feared construction activities adversely affect plans hosting certain events held city september announced employee positions shifted construction delays caused earlier year attacks north indian construction workers political reactions attacks evoked severe responses political parties leaders particularly chief minister accused congress ruled government failing prevent attacks demanded centre intervention protect lives properties north indians state chief minister said mumbai mumbai ruined response attacks taxi drivers vendors added happen mumbai roads mumbai come february took issue attacks north indians prime minister demanded action involved commenting said desperate type leader successful country government action supporters national capital delhi political social organisations launched street protests burnt members cell held demonstration demanding dismissal government workers tried movement trains protest capital nationalist activists burnt capital youth wing staged demonstration burnt state chief minister condemned actions promised protect migrants time warned situation political mileage key member ruling coalition criticised said campaign cheap publicity stunt february party workers quit party joined protest anti north indian agenda march congress president declared regional communal unity integrity basic conditions progress nation fight terrorism seek basis religion region said asserted country belongs equal rights responsibility ensure security life property citizen country leader opposition criticising attacks commented political party country unity constitution spokesperson alleged government deliberately delayed taking action attacks north indians began mumbai said suspected congress strategy divide non votes creating feeling non hope vote congress blamed party trying divert people attention critical problems faces crisis load added india indian right settle work country demanded stringent action violence asked democratic forces launch united struggle elements party accused media particularly electronic media encouraging anti national forces giving publicity according resolution adopted 20th national adequate action ruling congress led coalition opposition utilised forces local political gains resolution said forces like exploited situation narrow electoral gains demanded compensation affected violence resolution stated gave anti south indian nephew wants repeat experience giving anti north indian threatened launch nationwide ways avoid targeting north indians non media coverage response anti north indian violence labelled north indians sections national media hindu times_of_india international media published survey page february said percent mumbai believed line president north indians mumbai cosmopolitan image later received spokesperson protesting findings study blamed english language hindi language media biased party addition held media responsible giving publicity according sms web poll conducted percent voters opinion feeding media hype february group activists burnt copies week weekly magazine english reaction cover story controversial portraying mumbai hitler editor chief outlook said debate media role situation politician idea lead civil war country doctrine challenged media argue images excess agree report fight streets ending debate sarcastic note said ridiculous politicians responsible state government isn responsible police blamed media responsible denying civic amenities mumbai cracking added pressure population seeking india commercial capital solution wielding sword expressions pride north indian chest mumbai remember city came train july mumbai train bombings asked dangerous solve administrative problems ethnic quick painter exhibition titled hat jan delhi protesting violence north indians mumbai local vernacular media daily editorial arrest said arrest big emerged style condemned violence resulted arrest forced thousands workers parts criticised television channels relentless replay instances portray violent impact arrest edit blamed hindi channels making mumbai look like riots editor daily wrote demonstration benefit party vote divided popular daily published special population survey conducted according decrease population city north indian population witnessed increase percent editorial asked wrong man killed violence committed editor wrote gained political mileage taking cause people impact severe migrants flee state editor chief day arrest said interview mumbai police acted earlier said acted violence think police reacted little late expressed stirring trouble compete foot stolen think worried create trouble provocative statements police fight brothers mumbai suffer editor open letter newspaper owned indian express response article titled stand struggle february letter hate speech response similar open letter addressed journalist party actions october india examination attack translated english original text political analysis political observers commented attacks north indians ploy chief core constituency felt trying gain political imitating uncle political mentor headed anti south indian campaign throw wear celebrate blowing formative years 1960s editor daily said achieved wanted anticipated attention said thought media create small storm shift agenda great issue taking seriously deserves position aided volunteers said lose scenario commenting tried realised value vote bank defeat realised city changed decade decided time north indians started organising functions year bore fruits efforts decided strike sentiment played past author story said resorted measure stem party credibility said launched party started inclusive approach found working drastic hand actually inclusive began attracting muslims fold began taking common man issues like farmer power supply attempt mass base away completely succeeded agreed trying position potential successor support daily_news analysis noted article titled forget political state support stated birth march ruling congress nationalist congress party motive splitting ironically given protected childhood late 1960s congress tool war strong presence mumbai surprisingly administration provided adequate platform consolidate political forum purpose split voters mumbai loyal electoral merit remains ability bond sons soil dismissed mumbai noted chief minister congress sees double advantage strategy divide voters hand drive mumbai north indian community targeted outsiders congress lap north indians dominate essential services mumbai constitute decisive vote bank forget political calculated political design withheld democratic government taking stern action explain home minister engaging telephone conversation urging slow instead arresting men violence streets said better said administration tolerate divisive forces law expressed views reference government threat given displaying shops establishments metropolis don political message people division bench justice said dissatisfied government activists action taken number people justice asked government failed file proper reply action taken congress leader said sad commentary administration come stage requires high court intervention party coalition partner saying violence killing shows administration president seriously reflect working state home department leaders including told cabinet meet act shut suggesting government keen taking strong action chief thursday described stage managed arrest bail cases violence north indians state said congress event management company trying project arrest event instead making effort check violent campaign north indians match fixing government state government deliberately books small sections gets bail talking attacks north indian candidates examinations mumbai national general secretary attacked congress promoting chief comparing slain leader congress party mastery creating self demons earlier created killed congress prime minister ultimately going damage congress claimed alleged government arrested carry mild charges pressed got bail soon resumption verbal attacks gag order interview weekly magazine group quoted saying folded hands ask north indians leave refuse raise hands editor said chief technically statement says party folded hands people asking leave raise hands refuse ground naming community party march party function organised park gag order announced given mission signalling supporters continuing stance issue despite legal warnings police rally issued supporters action encountered injustice rally park said north indians living mumbai mercy let known told leaders shed advised supporters action felt necessary warned north indians speak respect culture driven away police speech saying arrest speech amidst demand action chief senior police official quoted difficult find explicit threat text speech initiate strong legal action consulted legal experts making speech march issued editorial titled illnesses political saying unwanted lot country termed apparent bid recapture party sons soil leader wrote wanted southern india local population settled mps shown mumbai parliament denounced saying plate ate criticising wrote trying add fuel fire extinguished saying rotten brains apparently response mps disrupted proceedings protest attacks north indians chief minister upset remarks demanded prime minister centre intervene matter immediately editorial prompted belonging congress notice breach privilege proceedings matter raised speaker said anybody comment members functioning conduct business house treat contempt deserves action necessary taken according procedure established norms spared march protest editorial leaders delhi resigned citing outrageous conduct announced form separate party addressing press conference chief said decision leave party taken partial attitude party high command different militant groups trying create rift people regional lines main aim forces split country like north indians treated said evaluating developments political observers mumbai remarked caught campaign recent years sought portray inclusive image try significant vote mumbai region run assembly elections balance strategy party started speaking remind original voice local people | 2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra | History | World history | Asian history |
14361_RossIslandPenalColony | colony ross island colony convict settlement established remote british colonial government india primarily jail large number prisoners indian rebellion known indian mutiny establishment colony british administration administrative headquarters entire group islands built facilities site colony meant models colonial governance rehabilitation chief commissioner residence located highest point island colony infamous black water inflicted british authorities political prisoners india died illness torture suffered initial stages clearance forest establish colony later years colony experimented short time indigenous people colony experimental station methods torture medical tests second world war island invaded japanese army forcing british evacuate administrative buildings destroyed colony remained allied forces island colony disbanded october geography islands chosen establishing colony located near entrance harbour port blair south small island mile called paris east exciting social life tropical forests island devastated invading army japanese earthquake struck island appears like jungle clad history earliest known effort establish colony found island ideal colony initiative failed malaria prevented indian war indian independence interest india establish colony political prisoners group prisoners transported control calcutta included prominent leaders movement islamic reform movement subsequent revolution prisoners landed march walker soon task clearing dense forest building shelters buildings laying roads prisoners neck identity poor state health beginning basic amenities rainy season live tents november temporary type walls leaking roofs provided accommodation prisoners stage prisoners transported islands project died sickness sir came port blair investigate found conditions food clothing shelter provided comparatively better place earlier initial years wife improved facilities community posted superintendent convict settlement known british april february tried improve conditions camp death rate prisoners year time doctors camp reported prisoners considered medically fit according reports 1870s intense rain malaria pneumonia caused deaths time authorities embarked testing drugs like forcibly feeding prisoners resulted severe effects depression result prisoners started injuring authorities hang instead new system reduced diet introduced sleep kind work cage prisoners faced hardships indigenous tribes tortured killed working field attacked colony exported freed engaged agriculture forced service given monetary compensation month escape colony impossible tried killed beginning world war germany noted political prisoners colony create undesirable revolution release stage following capture island german ship bombardment risky suggested care adequate security place colony shifted mainland small boats time establishment till disbanded october colony administered chief commissioners deserted fortress tourist attraction notable events days landing island convicted tried escape caught shot dead prisoner committed suicide hanging inmates tried escape attacked people turn prison camp seeking medical help death hanging single day president council calcutta complained higher authorities walker instead colony iron collar prevent escape finally october removed settlement suggested branding information crime sentence given april person saved people political prisoner absorbed culture married girls learned language verge mounting massive attack colony ran away secretly conveyed information superintendent attacked camp bows arrows completely routed superior weapons british battle came known battle initiative local people seek independence british rule resulted change approach british handle local people steps initiated seek peace british officer appointed look welfare notable incident occurred assassination lord india visited islands inspection tour visited settlement attack lord carried colony sick leave assassination carried returning pleasant trip evening february political prisoner suffered longest period years released good behavior july occasion 50th anniversary india war independence renowned poet intellectual court friend poet mentor accused muslims delhi wage british war independence refused guilty seek amnesty transported colony colony october till death son efforts father released father funeral port blair notable actions colony write details war independence experience sticks cloth later published arabic | Ross Island Penal Colony | History | World history | Asian history |
15335_SouthwardexpansionoftheHandynasty | southward expansion han dynasty southward expansion han dynasty comprises series military campaigns expeditions modern military expansion south began previous dynasty continued han campaigns dispatched tribes leading annexation han bce bce bce bce chinese culture influenced newly conquered territories merged native traditions han influences apparent artifacts excavated tombs southern china influence extended kingdoms southeast asian contact led trade diplomacy demand chinese silk established trade routes europe middle_east china background military campaigns began dynasty preceded han emperor desired resources ordered military expeditions region sent large campaign comprising merchants soldiers military garrisons installed canals constructed area placed rule collapse caused dissolution administration southern china kingdoms emerged territories including kingdom vietnam supported han established fall dynasty chinese commander established death emperor emperor emperor han dynasty approved new title king born city ruling class new kingdom composed chinese officials dynasty offered submit vassal state han accepted decision partly based family northern chinese ancestry military campaigns campaigns military campaigns launched reign han emperor requested han military assistance invaded kingdom supreme commander opposed han intervention told emperor tribes trusted battles tribes occurred frequently believed protecting responsibility han court han official convinced emperor intervene war argument based emperor role son heaven concept chinese political philosophy records grand historian reported said thing worry strength rescue virtue command loyalty small country come report distress son heaven save turn aid son heaven claim rulers states like sons ignores surrendered han naval force led dispatched northern withdrew tribes transferred north second intervention launched ruled invaded ruled han vassal asked han support emperor responded sending army led han assassinated spear younger brother plotted ruler royal family prime minister beheaded corpse gave head messenger delivered sign surrender assassination succeeded state divided dual monarchy composed kingdom controlled han ruler kingdom ruled general returned north soldiers han war requested emperor permission annex emperor refused considered morale troops promised supply army assist han war army arrived blamed weather conditions secretly maintaining diplomatic relationship began rebellion han learning yang plot han military campaign dispatched led general general military commander ancestry revolt han annexed months conquering remaining territory records entire population exiled claim campaign empress wife deceased chinese native unification proposal met resistance nobility nominally tributary han paid tribute years queen executed leader opposed summer han dynasty took diplomats killed saw event act rebellion emperor sent military campaign consisting soldiers led general han quell revolt general died battle han forces lost second campaign led generals dispatched sea soldiers fall reached city located modern defeated rebels brought chinese control chinese created administer island northern vietnam han located abandoned despite han government interest area rare resources early years eastern han following establishment han tribal remained loyal han revolts han rule led sisters near rebellion defeated general participant battles followed han control sisters executed killed fighting popular accounts vanished sky fell sick took lives jumping river drowning violence region continued seven periods unrest new strategy adopted orchestrated official sought appoint honest officials exile hostile tribes pit tribal leaders strategy partially successful campaign led earliest han expedition establishing southwestern china involved trade livestock horses fruit slaves attractive han resources trade routes rest han empire opened han soldiers han continued expansion northward annexed territory near han war north rising cost administration distant state led han abandoning group chinese explorers captured years expedition traveling southwards establish alternative trade route goods reported central asian markets bce conquered military campaign launched bce established kingdom archaeologists discovered king imperial seal inscribed han confirming surrender status subject han led series unsuccessful rebellions han rule beginning revolts bce bce governor crushed rebellion bce reign han throne hostilities southwestern china persisted sent military campaigns end unrest seventy percent soldiers campaign died illness campaign comprising men double supplies rebellions continued han expanded emperor reign new established modern tribes west modern southern submitted han rule emperor encouraged cultural tribes reign teaching chinese ethics culture promoted despite periodic unrest han presence remained remainder dynasty historical significance chinese migration cultural northern china populated northern vietnam political turmoil followed led wave chinese migration han settlers soldiers north affected diseases common tropical regions malaria military campaigns chinese created culture merged chinese traditions indigenous elements archaeological area reveal extent chinese influence han dynasty tombs native tools gradually replaced modeled chinese styles excavations period uncovered bronze mirrors wells manufactured style han cultural happened late western han occurred later number han style mirrors coins bronze iron discovered region tombs southwestern china establishment chinese cultural tribes teaching chinese ethics supported reign growing influence chinese culture apparent excavated artifacts coins mirrors discovered manufactured han stylistic elements art adopted aesthetics han imports indigenous culture largely disappeared northern chinese culture largely south expansion china south process began dynasty reached height han trade foreign contact southward expansion han dynasty brought empire contact southeast_asia chinese cultural technological influence spread nearby southeast asian kingdoms remnants chinese pottery han dynasty excavated sumatra borneo java date 1st century archaeologists discovered bronze axes based design chinese axes trade relationships formed china foreign conquered territories trade connected china india persia eastern roman dancers sent gift china kingdom kingdom referred book han delivered tribute indian embassy arrived china roman merchants province syria visited vietnam foreign products found archaeological sites tombs southern china originating overseas demand chinese silk trade routes responsible transmission goods ideas europe middle_east china reading han period archived original retrieved july generals south asian studies new series canberra faculty asian studies | Southward expansion of the Han dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
15506_SamutPrakanradiationaccident | radiation accident radiation accident occurred thailand january february accident happened stored radiation source recovered scrap metal collectors worker subsequently dismantled container exposing nearby radiation following weeks exposed developed symptoms radiation sickness eventually sought medical attention thailand nuclear regulatory agency notified doctors came suspect radiation injury seventeen days initial exposure sent emergency response team locate contain radiation source estimated activity eventually traced owner investigations found failure ensure secure storage radiation source root cause accident resulted people hospitalized radiation injury died potentially significant exposure people background synthetic radioactive half life years highly penetrating gamma rays commonly radiation source equipment hospital setting industrial uses device involved accident unit manufactured imported thailand licensed installed radiation source involved replacement installed initial radioactive activity time accident activity estimated decayed licensing nuclear material import export possession use thailand regulated peace working body known principle licensing process involve annual safety lack personnel resources properly regulatory control strictly enforced hospital retired unit acquired new thai agent old unit source returned original german manufacturer stopped producing canadian supplier original manufacturer consequently hospital sold old unit licensed unit storage hospital informed transfer inspection found units warehouse licensed storage single unit lease warehouse terminated subsequently returned licensed unit moving units unused car park owned parent company car park fence breached nearby residents regularly entered play football areas notified transfer licensed unit mention remained orphan sources accident january radiation therapy unit containing radiation source acquired scrap collectors claimed bought strangers scrap metal took home planning later february associates attempted metal kilogram lead cylinder held steel unit source hammer managed crack men took metal piece scrap metal district asked worker cut open cylinder torch cylinder cut open smaller cylindrical metal pieces held source capsule fell worker retrieved pieces kept unaware source capsule lead cylinder returned scrap collectors complete day men present cylinder opened scrap collectors employees began feel ill experiencing scrap collectors succeeded taking lead cylinder apart took parts sell day employees continued feel sick following week february owner believing metal causing illness asked scrap collector smaller metal pieces thrown away mid february symptoms involved deteriorating symptoms included burn wounds swollen hands fever hair loss scrap collectors went february admitted day employees admitted february owner husband admitted february owner mother maid lived street entered began feel ill stray dog seen died patients admitted surgical ward admitted medical ward showing low white blood cell count reviewing cases february doctors realized symptoms likely caused radiation exposure notified response receiving sent officers investigate met doctors patients hospital shortly noon february questioning owner searched cylindrical metal pieces initially suspected radiation source found radioactive headed noted high levels radiation approached late evening entrance measured radiation equivalent dose hour decided request additional assistance recognizing event accident organized emergency response team manage situation conjunction local public health civil defense authorities conducted contamination radiation level surveys found contamination radiation dose rate high near source kept getting close determine source surveys locate source continued night immediate vicinity evacuation deemed unnecessary operations began afternoon following day february planning clear way lead wall placed help shield operators radiation scrap metal pieces near source removed tool large pieces improvised attached metre bamboo rod smaller ones high range radiation dose rate probe screen metal pieces screen ultimately determine exact location source team wait cloud cover reduce properly source capsule finally retrieved shortly midnight placed shielded container identified gamma estimated activity source transferred storage headquarters subsequent surveys found radiation returned normal background levels time informed units car park separate investigating team found units assembly missing confirmed origin source units removed temporary storage february reported incident sent team experts february assist management situation treatment injured casualties total people admitted hospital radiation sickness scrap collectors employees owner husband mother maid people working estimated received radiation gray patients ultimately referred received care patients developed white blood cells developed burns scrap collector finger patients workers owner husband ultimately died infection months exposure addition casualties people living metres potentially exposed different levels radiation physical exams blood tests provided nearly half people sought medical attention radiation received personnel working recover radiation source exceed measured individual public reaction aftermath accident subject intense news coverage origin poorly stored radioactive source traced charged possessing radioactive substances permission fined advocacy wants non governmental advocacy group later filed class action lawsuit behalf victims later ruled favour ordering pay ordered pay total media reports accident reporters commented negatively emergency response team operation taking matter radiation hazard seriously lacking training bbc told officials searching scrap metal radioactive waste sticks wearing cotton gloves cloth face masks defended team report noting included experienced personnel expertise dealing high radiation fields control known contamination innovative means achieve rapid recovery source commented lead worn members response team appropriate use situation offer adequate protection radiation public concern accident grew information education limited arose nature radiation hazards residents near buddhist temple protested prevented victims believing body spread radiation despite assurances contrary report noted main contributing factors accident difficulties disposal radiation sources limited oversight capacity transfer disused source approval moving sources location lack warnings device article published medicine commented omission occurred medical users returned obsolete units insecure storage invited theft called provisions safe return verified disposal significant radioactive sources stated national action needed cope regulatory problem orphan sources maintaining sources national registers legal enforcement compliance regulations accident similar events prompted evaluate effectiveness radioactive hazard warning symbol symbol displayed head handling device aware meaning written warnings thai developed new symbol serve intuitive warning large sources radiation new symbol published intended accompany internal components devices containing dangerous sources prevent persons thailand substantial efforts prevent occurrences months following accident labour activists trade unions workers lobbying creation independent health safety institute social critics pointed accident prior disasters toy factory fire trend country rapid resulted increasing health environmental hazards poor regulations lack official willingness tackle issue similar incidents occurred thailand injuries june sealed radioactive source found scrap metal sold scrap dealer dealer recognized symbol notified responded found leak radiation contamination determine origins equipment august recycling factory notified piece scrap metal set gate alarm found piece metal contained sources concluded originated use lightning | Samut Prakan radiation accident | History | World history | Asian history |
16207_DeliberativeCouncilofPrincesandMinisters | ministers ministers traditional chinese simplified chinese pinyin known high officials high officials simply traditional chinese simplified chinese pinyin advisory body emperors early dynasty derived informal groups created early council formally established son successor expanded staffed mainly dignitaries aristocratic institution served chief source advice military matters emperors particularly powerful enhance personal influence serving influential body dynasty century displaced obsolete mixed created late influence princes ministers formally abolished origins formal establishment called origin council complicated confusing process council originated informal institutions created promote rule sons organized society banners doubled number banners gave sons called princes control banner ordered meet deliberate major policies especially military matters sons known collectively princes deliberate government precursor council group high officials judges charge administrative judicial tasks claims group referred high officials deliberate government assisted princes discussing policy claims mere technical advisors point view supported high officials officials functions chiefly primary role let know princes succeeded son instead following father wish rule strong ruler laid institutional foundation dynasty placed banners command high officials told assist princes policy identifies reform origin main structure consulted foreign military matters year declared emperor dynasty officially excluded imperial princes council instead council manned lieutenant generals later called chinese deputies charge managing banners limiting council membership military leaders outside imperial clan enhanced personal power expense princes nonetheless council remained collective aristocratic rule government central role early died replaced young leadership dynasty defeated weakened dynasty moved capital beijing main body regency soon moving beijing gave council control military civil affairs expanded membership lieutenant generals deputy lieutenant generals held posts grand secretary board president far limiting power council served tool princes challenged authority instance son accused behavior enemies testify council method purge good death day emperor started personal rule ordered members council directly important matters state supporters court march regent number special appointments council foster loyalty elite added thirty new members lacked official positions banners metropolitan bureaucracy new chinese fan chinese appointed council future appointed council time emperor issued automatic appointment end reign council counted members reign council convened investigate important officials accused corruption emperor succeeded led took care state affairs minority regency prominent institution keeping seats council limited membership lieutenant generals presidents decided grant membership president independence emperor compromised reduced members chiefly senior leaders significant experience military affairs civil government emperor reverted bureaucratic reforms faction continued rely body consulted wide variety military civil matters especially sensitive complex handle regular bureaucracy emperor allowed president sit council rebellion suppressed peace decided lieutenant generals banners longer automatic members oriented civil administration nonetheless fought emperor consulted council deal khan enemies reign council met imperial request transmitted result emperor usually followed council advice replacement emperor succeeded crisis pitted sons nobles sided rivals succession struggle members avoid new appointments council consulted military matters worked undermine power bypass council created smaller parallel bodies found reliable entrenched slowly transferred powers trusted ministers informal institutions unlike membership exclusively counted chinese ranks mixed council served empire main body rest dynasty influence quickly declined period titles minister prince mainly held titles council formally abolished title revived second half nineteenth century prince head | Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers | History | World history | Asian history |
16631_ConquestoftheWesternTurks | conquest conquest known chinese sources military campaign led dynasty general western ruled chinese war began annexation oasis state ally oasis states dynasty switched allegiance grew suspicious military ambitions expansion continued conquest commanded main army dispatched generals led divisions troops reinforced cavalry supplied tribe allied support revolt army defeated battle victory strengthened control modern brought regions ruled empire puppet title ruler military garrisons installed administer newly acquired territories dynasty achieved maximum extent china western borders reached eastern frontier later revolts ended chinese modern afghanistan military presence remained absorbed cultural influences conflict culture language spread artistic political influences dynasty generals soldiers stationed region prevalence languages declined acceleration migration turks competed control centuries background empire dynasty june june successor dynasty cosmopolitan ruled china expansive raids nomadic turks challenged rule rulers responded pursuing strategies divide conquer warfare tributes marriages hostilities existed founding dynasty emperor emperor dynasty aided assassination western november facing threat western eastern successor emperor formed alliance adopting policy far away fight close westward expansion dynasty began wars chinese taking advantage political eastern annexed territory beginning period rule years driven region southern declared great khan defeated tribes surrendered submitted rule battles oasis states switched allegiance dynasty oasis states surrendered chinese kingdom military campaigns expanded west remaining kingdoms southern beginning king refused submit dynasty emperor ordered campaign led general invade troops arrived annexed kingdom army sent support retreated forces approached nearby kingdom grew wary chinese troops stationed domination refused send tribute court formed alliance campaign led commander captured kingdom installed loyalist ruler military assistance failed deter forces support puppet ruler later deposed military campaign led general member royal family arrived establish control conquering led forces kingdom army comprising soldiers lost king fled soldiers kingdom day siege king captured forces surrendered january military garrisons installed region administer annexed oasis states garrisons known garrisons located campaign member royal family previously general emperor commanding forces led revolt migrated westward declaring ruler rise power unified divided tribes single leader established led repeated raids settlements east attacked bringing territory rule years emperor successor responded sending forces consisting main division led led rivals commander south central earlier career officer responsible leading attack military camp gained military experience leader regional militia civil war fought transition general military experience familiar culture contact military leaders region multi ethnic commanders invited military event general second cousin commander attendance forces comprised soldiers horsemen troops provided son leader allied supported revolt reign tribe people joined vice commander cavalry military campaign commanders cavalry protector general vice protector general administrators near military garrison army marched region troops left march arrived november journey spanning miles desert avoided stopping resource rich oasis states historian speculates chinese troops relied livestock food instead supply train tactic campaign continued winter covered snow describing journey ordeal reported said fog shed darkness wind believe campaign season let surprise commanders army familiar political culture nomadic nomadic alliances formed distributing war ensuring security tribal property grew rulers failed deliver promises chinese understood tribes vulnerable switching advantage recruited tribes tribal western turks contributed additional soldiers tribe offered support defeated tribe aided children wives originally captured returned gifts offered battle fought near forces consisting cavalry ambushed chased troops deployed defeated surprise attack lost soldiers tribes loyal surrendered escaped modern retreating captured day residents handed way capital reported written defeated ruined war captive emperor treated betrayed present defeat heaven fury past heard han law executions men carried city marketplace arrive capital request tomb previous emperor crimes emperor sincere desire received plea agreed request despite law ordering execution captured rebel generals kings accordance rituals sent tomb spared life capital captive presented ancient rituals celebrating victorious armies felt committed suicide year later captivity buried mound decorated outside emperor park tomb served military trophy visible emperor visitors entering park loyalty emperor military victories historical significance aftermath conquest strengthened rule modern administered led regions previously control fall brought region control residing tribes governed newly established led tribal chiefs commander chiefs created tribes living southern valley area placed control continued career military general later commanded forces war dynasty achieved maximum extent following conquest inhabitants new territory like kingdoms tribes conquered military activity brought wave migrants serving military soldiers generals leading spread language culture time prevalence languages decline absorbed cultural influences central asian art incorporated stylistic features like color pottery chinese coins remained circulation decline cultural remnants architectural influence visible buddhist architecture border corridor sheer size newly conquered lands difficult govern military garrisons emperor appointed puppet rule later overthrown rebellion began revolt reduced western extent northern ended direct control modern afghanistan expansion south threatened china hold southern invaded forces regained area restoring garrisons conflict continued remainder dynasty maximum extent expansion brought china direct contact rising china western borders reached eastern frontier following arab defeat began expansion competing sphere influence region chinese islamic troops finally clashed battle chinese lost arabs rule arab army captured chinese arabic record conflict claims battle led introduction islamic world puppet emperor installed puppet cousins controlled region enemies aided campaign western divided tribes area cousins governed half tribes located west governed half located east son son resided capital fathers administered empress sent westward succeed fathers rulers able successfully exert control tribes resisted rule defeating forcing return able bring western tribes temporarily rule defeated invasion second forced escape region loyalists later attempts install puppet failed title reduced symbolic position court | Conquest of the Western Turks | History | World history | Asian history |
17043_ChineseRitescontroversy | controversy chinese rites controversy dispute roman catholic missionaries chinese rituals 17th 18th centuries debated centered chinese ritual practices honoring family ancestors formal chinese imperial rites qualified religious rites incompatible catholic belief argued chinese rites secular rituals compatible christianity certain limits tolerated disagreed reported issue rome rome sacred congregation propagation faith sided condemning chinese rites based brief congregation sided lifting ban disputes china asia including japan india controversy embroiled leading european universities dynasty including considered case offices holy intervened near end 17th century shifted positions agreeing opinion rome disagreed banned rites reaffirmed ban forbade debate centuries holy assessed issue pope issued decree december authorizing christians observe ancestral rites participate ceremonies general principle admitting native traditions church provided traditions true authentic spirit proclaimed background early adaptation local customs unlike american conquered military force spain portugal european missionaries encountered asia united societies untouched european influence national visitor society jesus asia argue case japan adaptation christian customs societies asia policy accommodation china reused adapted chinese context point started wear gown buddhist monks adopting prestigious silk gown chinese particular christian views chinese rituals called chinese chinese followed jesuit missionaries china japan decree signed march pope alexander vii accepted practices favorable chinese customs reinforcing accepted usage chinese language notable exception contemporary latin catholic discipline generally forbidden use local languages instructions given sacred congregation propagation faith known new missionaries asia provisions clearly effect adapting local customs habits countries paramount act zeal forward arguments convince peoples change rites customs evidently contrary religion catholic christianity morality absurd bring france spain italy european country chinese bring countries instead bring faith faith reject hurt rites people provided instead keeps protects reception china friendly working china grateful services provided areas astronomy diplomacy artillery manufacture important contribution empire military european artillery technology directed cannons jesuit took negotiations treaty helped translating end seventeenth century converts issued christianity chinese chinese europeans quiet disturbances provinces harm commit crimes doctrine common false empire tendency decide temples dedicated lord heaven place found ought preserved permitted wish worship god enter temples offer perform ceremonies practised according ancient custom christians let henceforth offer opposition christianity equal status china hired court scientists artists controversy society jesus jesuit order successful penetrating china serving imperial court impressed chinese knowledge european astronomy mechanics fact ran accurate methods allowed emperor successfully predict ritual duties functioned court painters turn impressed elite adapted lifestyle encountered problem missionary work china gradually developed adopted policy accommodation issue chinese rites chinese elite attached buddhism practiced common people lower aristocracy period despite provided framework state home life practices involved ancestors religious orders started missionary work china 17th century coming spanish colony philippines contrary refused adaptation local customs wished apply china principle applied places horrified practices ignited heated controversy brought rome raised main points contention determination chinese word god generally accepted lord heaven willing allow chinese christians use heaven lord prohibition christians participate season rites prohibition christians use forbidden inscription site soul follow chinese rites ancestor worship rome tried argue chinese rites social religious ceremonies converts allowed continue participate argued chinese folk religion offerings emperor departed ancestors civil nature incompatible catholicism opponents argued kinds worship expression native religion incompatible catholic beliefs pope decree pope condemned chinese rites rituals outlawed discussion anti rites decree november forbade use approving lord heaven pope sent papal communicate chinese rites mission led communicated prohibition chinese rites january result banished pope issued march papal bull die officially condemned chinese rites pope wishes following facts permanently known people world west calls god creator heaven earth universe word sound right chinese language china chinese converts catholicism term heavenly lord years terms heaven addressed lord heaven earth universe tablet bears chinese words reverence heaven allowed hang inside catholic church immediately taken spring autumn worship worship ancestors allowed catholic converts allowed converts appear ritual ritual pagan participate actively iii chinese officials successful candidates metropolitan provincial examinations converted allowed worship temples fifteenth days month prohibition applicable chinese catholics officials recently arrived posts students recently passed metropolitan provincial examinations chinese catholics allowed worship ancestors temples home cemetery time funeral chinese catholic allowed perform ritual ancestor worship allowed company non christians ritual nature regardless circumstances despite decisions clear chinese customs traditions way interpreted nature allowed continue chinese converts way chinese manage households govern country means interfered exactly customs allowed continue papal china necessary decisions absence papal responsibility making decisions rest head china mission short customs traditions contradictory allowed clearly contradictory tolerated circumstances reiterated papal bull quo decree demanded missionaries china oath forbidding discuss issue ban early 18th century rome ensuing challenge led expulsion catholic missionaries china july led irritated emperor issued order missionaries order obtain imperial permit stay china declare follow rules emperor disagreed decree banned christian missions china decree stated reading proclamation concluded petty impossible reason understand larger issues understand china single chinese works remarks incredible ridiculous judge proclamation religion different small buddhism seen document contains nonsense allowed preach china avoid trouble chinese converts involved controversy letters protest books pamphlets etc controversy debate intense group christian named chinese group converts support bishop supported emperor reinforcement defense christianity china grounded accommodation policy practiced ended failure eighteenth century persecution chinese christians began father heavenly lord sect given catholicism china period steadily increased reign emperor appreciated admired artwork western technologies emperor reinforced anti christian policies dissolution pope dissolved issue jesuit accommodation policy particular decree accept chinese rites placed equal europe christianity pope decision rites controversy continued church efforts gain converts china weeks election pope ordered congregation peoples relax certain aspects received guarantees confirmed mere civil characteristics called chinese rites holy released december new decree known stating catholics permitted present ceremonies honor temples schools erection image tablet permitted catholic schools catholic students permitted attend public ceremonies appearance head civil deceased images oath chinese rites prescribed fully accord recent regulations meant chinese customs longer considered honourable way relatives permitted catholic christians recognized philosophy integral chinese culture religion conflict catholicism shortly government china established diplomatic relations vatican papal decree changed ecclesiastical situation china revolutionary way church began flourish established local ecclesiastical hierarchy named chinese chinese national later year appointed | Chinese Rites controversy | History | World history | Asian history |
17166_6thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofVietnam | 6th national congress communist party vietnam 6th national congress communist party vietnam vietnamese held hall december delegates represented party estimated members congress occurs years preparations 6th national congress began 8th 5th ended 10th lasted days 10th local provincial party organizations began delegates congress party documents congress noteworthy introduction economic reforms labelled renovation election new party leadership sitting general secretary reelected took place 6th 6th elected established contained high ranking officials retired 6th national congress 6th national congress emphasized need strengthen socialist mode production background 8th reforms 8th 5th june 6th july 7th december instructed party direct performance review organization personnel efficiency head said party mechanism marginally efficient marked ill defined responsibilities poorly divided functions stated confusion party operational responsibilities central party leadership mass organizations state higher lower party developed problem cynical collective mindset party taken hold manifested corruption forward points solve problems alleged party focus technical economic management responsibilities organized specialized training economic administrative fields information run increasingly complex economy engineer shift internal balance power people editorial stressed need political enhance level management skills party party level organizations wanted change party role economy supervisor central leadership faced obstacle party party leadership considered outdated education years ago party lacked young solve problem central party leadership began talking need introduce personnel planning retirement age rotation officials tenure length sensitive posts early reform process powers party district level committees party planned duties responsibilities levels empowering ward level party organs strengthening role economic planning market management public security trying improve performance lower level bodies party leadership tried bureaucracy efficient economic reforms led rampant inflation 9th mid december forced central leadership order reduce hardships poor march limited small scale private enterprise small industry sectors tried introduce market rules planned economy stressing need control markets early stage party started discussion state control economic planning necessary april 5th issued draft resolution autonomy basic economic units decreed implementation reform program agreed 8th resolution tried solve problems bureaucracy efficient party supported making state owned enterprises autonomous sought abolition individual trade trade sanctioned state stage authorities seek alter duties responsibilities central state party organs preparations planning 6th national congress began day long 10th 5th june general secretary gave opening speech reaffirmed central party leadership commitment reform 10th unanimously approved draft political report 6th national congress preparations congress began party grass root provincial levels delegates elected preparation congress began slowly according conference lack preparations unidentified number party organs failing prepare personnel congress superior failing inform lower level status congress 5th announced organizing criticism self criticism campaign march party levels prepare congress campaign main goals discipline party committees upcoming local party assess party performance emphasis economics 5th national congress contribute future reorganization party personnel ensure drafting congress resolutions finished time appoint new local executive committees light requirements implement reform 5th published list requirements possible candidates membership local executive committees mid march ability candidates understand economic managerial skills articulated 8th 5th need young members party organization emphasis appointing officials provincial level executive committees age group officials aged appointed district executive committees ensure geographical mobility flexibility personnel assignments district provincial conferences local preceding 6th national congress far organized held 5th national congress unlike previous congress central party leadership issued instructions training programs party organize party conferences certain party responsible executive committee directly subordinate draft political report local executive committees started conferences early august study draft report conferences acted enterprise level party committee started mid august early august level party organs begun election delegates 6th national congress provinces completed preparations basic level party september basic level ran late september district level convened provinces late august provinces started late september according vietnamese media district level agreed basic economic goals proposed amendments draft political report tri provincial party organization reportedly suggestions including amendments revision draft political report concrete policies featured prominently occurred leading unanimously approved program action proposed changes draft political report held day long conference discussing draft political report ended discussions extended delegates reached identity views discussed unknown media state party conferences criticized draft expressed enthusiasm unanimously supported failed issue draft 4th year plan district level conferences forced discuss local economic aims lacked national economic data long conference held october provincial level conference held october provinces held provincial level party conferences central party leadership faced criticism draft political report socio economic policies provincial level conferences district level conferences provincial level conferences criticized central policies critical issues provincial level conferences completely dormant scored minor victories reducing average age needed join executive committee adopted flexible efficient mode planning organization district level conferences certain attracted attention criticized past economic performance criticized management provincial economic affairs committees criticized past policies known deficiencies criticized policies central party leadership general secretary speech admitted shortcomings mistakes central party leaders economic leadership criticized superstructure vietnam current conditions endorsed program 8th 5th new economic concepts told attendees undertaken systematic assessment economic policies included continuation mixed economy acceptance private ownership future need end bureaucratic need economic decision making speech 4th congress city party organization member 5th endorsed platforms 6th 7th 8th 5th supporting conclusion reached 10th 5th emphasized minister interior speech said market economy renewed acceptance private ownership hurt vietnam socialist transformation secure vietnam socialist credentials state remain dominant protect vietnam free market 11th november 6th congress endorsed platform congress congress 6th national congress convened december lasted december congress reaffirmed commitment reform program 8th 5th issued points efforts increase production food consumer goods items continue efforts control small merchants time acknowledging reality supporting mixed economy planning bureaucracy making economic management system efficient authority making room independent decision making clarify powers jurisdiction reorganization state management apparatus efficient improve party organizational capabilities leadership training political report delivered 6th national congress december said responsible vietnam economic failures report functioned severe self criticism central party leadership leadership failures reiterated host speakers including spoke problems sluggish production confusion distribution systems enduring socio economic difficulties confidence population secretary responsible agriculture echoed previous sentiments preparations congress spoke need household family economics introduction independent market member affirmed congress commitment reform strengthen productivity managerial performance supporting change political report talked validity party organizational principles governed vietnam economy democratic remain unchanged centralized management certain sectors retained closed session 6th national congress december acknowledged importance continued transformation private industry commerce validity economic contracts production business units endorsed state role supplier goods produced state owned enterprises supported long time policy labour distribution policies passed economic policies initiated 4th 5th party leadership immediate goals set forth political report production system investment system continue building strengthening socialist relations production utilize develop economic sectors correct way way economy managed emphasize role science technology economy expand increase effectiveness vietnam foreign economic relations political report speakers 6th signalled shift vietnam foreign policy congress reaffirmed vietnam strong ties soviet_union special relationships socialist states congress highlighted need strengthen relationship countries belonging international communist trade organization head soviet delegation congress surprised vietnamese foreign observers announcing economic aid package million million dollars time equal capita aid given united_states political report mentioned importance vietnam relations india continued membership congress announced vietnam wishes improve relations capitalist world specifically mentioning sweden finland france australia japan deputy chairman delivered economic report 6th national congress political economic reports stressed renovation vietnam specialist wrote foremost advocate concept speech congress said economic field renovation economic policies management system said agriculture heavy industry important 4th year plan 4th year plan said main orientation heavy industry stage support agriculture light industry proper scale appropriate technical level stressed role exports production grain food consumer goods vietnamese economy main objective 4th year plan production grain food products target million metric tons grain set methods reach goal material incentives end product contracts play prominent role increases grain food production turn according increase production consumer goods report stated policies aimed ensuring daily needs people regeneration labour force attracting million labourers solve problem employment people basis create source accumulation important source export according 4th year plan level exports elevated approximately cent previous year period export agricultural products farm processing products light industrial small industrial goods aquatic maritime products emphasized achieve goals stated economic reforms improve efficiency coupled importance foreign investment possible tourism revenues 6th elected 6th 4th 5th 6th approximately percent members retained percent alternate members promoted membership percent newly elected alternate members 6th congress continued trend increasing size membership alternate members new officials second generation vietnamese revolutionaries gained prominence vietnam struggle french colonial rule 1940s 1950s composition changed 6th national congress notable increase economic specialists provincial members military representation decreased percent members 6th vietnam people army number central level officials decreased percent members 2nd central level officials percent 6th centre changes reflected party concern basic problems 1st 6th december end 6th national congress delegates elected 6th contained members 5th alternate membership increased total membership new immediately 8th national congress december 6th convened 1st elect composition 6th 6th central level party organs 1st 6th brought end protracted succession begun december congress day leaders head government announced seek membership 6th 6th appointed new 5th national congress senior members 5th retired asked foreign journalists pattern continue party spokesman stated continue 6th national congress minister national defense retired retained seat 6th 1st elected succeed party general secretary | 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam | History | World history | Asian history |
18332_TurksintheTangmilitary | turks military military dynasty staffed large population soldiers referred chinese sources northern china familiar culture factor contributed acceptance recruits emperor adopted title heavenly promoted cosmopolitan empire regularly recruited promoted military officers ancestry experience contributed western northern expansion empire general participated capture kingdoms half general started revolt led decline dynasty inscriptions critical turks served dynasty condemned helping chinese emperor expand burgeoning empire soldiers stationed chinese garrisons settled region spreading languages area predominantly background empire dynasty cosmopolitan diverse earlier han dynasty dynasty northern china interest culture people setting poem describes performance actress hosted emperor palace following dynasty defeat eastern government authorized settlement turks borders empire officers recruited generals military experience warfare contributed military successes expanded westward emperor emperor known personal familiar culture employed military strategies tactics prince skilled horsemen celebration victory ascension throne sacrificed horse ritual derived religious practice able heavy cavalry dynasty light cavalry characteristic warfare shared personal relationships allies prince reinforced sworn blood brothers later successes emperor armies diplomacy divide rule result early experiences culture adoption title role khan solely chinese emperor title son heaven valued title sincere role leader sought claim organizing gathering leaders fortress years reign title symbolic title shows open attitudes existence diverse empire proud policies promoting ethnic equality reported said emperors ancient times appreciated chinese view equal look parent attitude subjects believed duty treat chinese foreign ethnic groups equals ruler views grew state policy government recruited non han chinese soldiers military soldiers later promoted higher ranks commanders generals surname belonging royal family awarded han non han officers service relationship turks deepened crown prince successor enthusiastically embraced customs chinese historian recorded emulate turkish speech manner dress chose turkish features grouped bands hair wear herd sheep wolf head banners tents set crown prince took residence gathered sheep cooked drawing waist knife meat let eat deposed crown prince plans throne revealed exiled died generals military campaigns generals led dynasty military campaigns expanded dynasty territorial reach total turks able reach highest military position general ruler member clan recruited general fought commander successful campaign chosen general military expedition loyalist installed ruler invasion chinese general deposed cousin revolt executed rebellion suppressed governance returned oasis state continued onward nearby kingdom state supported war emperor tended injuries generals wounded campaign brother served general dynasty participant military performance hosted member clan briefly served commander army rise western reign tribes unified single leader emperor successor dispatched military expedition raiding settlements campaign led general commanders opposed defeated captured forces territories annexed placed governance awarded military service commanders appointing rulers western tribes tribes split cousins western half given controlled eastern tribes sons sent capital resided succeed fathers west lasted long rulers overthrown tribal subjects deposed second invasion general mixed ancestry revolt devastated dynasty unlike majority military officers served official closely involved politics imperial court general garrison frontier dynasty collapsed alliance rebellion diminished enthusiasm characteristic dynasty earlier years inscriptions memorial erected turks lamented influence turks adoption chinese titles turkish people let state ruin sons worthy lords slaves daughters worthy ladies servants chinese people turkish lords abandoned turkish titles lords china held chinese titles chinese emperor gave service years benefit chinese went campaigns land east sun rises far iron gate west benefit chinese emperor conquered countries inscriptions commemorate second empire stress importance loyalty ruler subjects turks sided condemned tribes blamed lack respect authority historical significance soldiers generals worked chinese garrisons spurred migration area language culture soldiers gradually displaced indigenous languages native languages disappeared languages spread dynasty declined dynasty eventually fell kingdoms period era following dynasty collapse kingdoms china ruled families ancestry founded later later later han | Turks in the Tang military | History | World history | Asian history |
18797_2006Kolkataleatherfactoryfire | leather factory fire leather factory fire deadly industrial fire occurred india november fire broke leather bag factory located international south district area generated wave criticism poor safety standards place country industrial fire claimed lives people unable escape doors locked shut illegally authorities response local residents angry criticism admitted emergency response accident separate investigations launched inquiry focused fire sought criminal responsibility disaster operation illegal factory results pending released general public background investigators confirmed site fire illegal factory manufacture leather bags factory located floor story building featured residential units investigators determined second floors structure housed additional illegal factories factory destroyed fire found owned operated people killed injured fire slept factory night situation considered unusual india emergency exit workers housed structure time fire owner locked factory night prevent workers running away leather goods building located international south district region event emergency response fire broke factory workers slept aware blaze employees found unable break factory locked doors fire sent scene time arrived local residents broken locked gates rescued surviving workers impromptu rescue efforts delayed individual carrying keys open door dropped attempting open gate people dead time reached factory interior eighteen injured survivors suffering burns percent bodies taken victims left floor shortage beds hospital burns unit treatments available hospital patients eventually moved hospitals local khan later said death toll actually official confirmation deployed maintain calm criticisms emergency response people living vicinity illegal factory said number deaths reduced fire service responded promptly claimed fire brigade failed send personnel equipment scene hour brigade received word fire residents claimed police arrived requested fire service backup help sent addition scene reported inadequate number city mayor admitted lapse following morning local people complained victims taken transported directly hospitals burns units investigations accident investigation investigation launched determine cause fire reason building locked outside end building inspected subsequently scheduled demolished thursday november structure standing actual cause fire established noted large quantities materials stored inside building revealed factory experienced similar fire years previously occasion fatalities criminal investigation separate criminal investigation focused illegal factory factories homes area illegal follow building codes sanctions mayor said action taken owners factory house said owners building arrested investigation shown issued notices building separate occasions took action shown approved trade businesses operate building owner building police complaint filed fire department illegal construction charges owners face related charges investigations ongoing aftermath day tragedy workers leather industry area held protest rallies demanding compensation relatives deceased workers better working conditions probe fire mayor convened party meeting discuss incident promised initiate drive demolish illegal constructions area labour inspected building declared factory illegal building declared illegal unsafe month later police raided house found leather factory operating closed doors ground floor building civic officials issued notice stop work building local residents alleged clandestine work started building help local khan blamed police fire occurred leather industries area month march june total people got injured incidents fire safety licenses workers leather factories mandatory fire incident authorities municipal corporation services department state government police ensured actually followed factories local residents claimed owner factory impacted fire incident operates address area according fire brigade officials area nearby forms fire prone area city fires break week reported media loss life | 2006 Kolkata leather factory fire | History | World history | Asian history |
20570_InlandCustomsLine | incorporated great india indian customs barrier built british india primarily collect salt tax customs line begun india control continued period direct british rule line beginnings series customs houses established prevent smuggling salt avoid tax customs houses eventually formed continuous barrier brought control line gradually expanded territory brought british control covered distance miles running alongside rivers natural barriers greatest extent ran northwest reached state near southeast line initially dead material indian eventually evolved living grew feet high compared great wall china employed customs officers men patrol line reaching peak staff line considered infringement freedom indians opposition free trade policies eventually abandoned tax applied point manufacture salt tax remain place origins conceived governed situation lasted responsibility government colony transferred crown following events company governor general india brought salt manufacture presidency company control allowed increase ancient salt tax rate remained brought huge revenue company amounting financial year cost indian consumer year months income provide salt family taxes salt british india territories tax highest taxes tax rate possible avoid paying salt tax making illegally salt stealing warehouses smuggling salt states remained outside direct british rule greatest threat company salt revenues smuggled salt came west company decided act prevent trade series customs houses barriers constructed major roads rivers collect tax traded salt duties tobacco imports customs houses backed customs houses located near salt works coast collect tax source customs houses little prevent mass avoidance salt tax lack continuous barrier corruption customs staff westward expansion salt rich states commissioner customs installed line customs posts rivers eventually evolve main aim prevent salt smuggled south west secondary line running prevent smuggling northwest frontier annexation allowed line extended north west commissioner customs smith items tobacco iron taxation concentrate salt responsible expanding improving line increasing budget year staff men smith leadership line saw reforms officially named smith new concentrated delhi consisted series customs posts mile intervals linked raised path known allow people cross line miles barrier surrounding land distance miles responsibility headed commissioner department staffed post indian approximately equivalent british warrant officer men backed patrols operating miles line line mainly concerned collection salt tax collected tax sugar exported functioned smuggling end company rule allowed british government expand territorial acquisitions line needed government calcutta ordered connection sections line continuous customs barrier stretching miles near distance said equivalent london constantinople north section lightly guarded posts spread apart wide judged provide sufficient barrier smuggling heavily guarded section miles long began running rivers terminating south final mile section reverted longer distances customs posts ran east financial year line collected million salt tax million sugar duties cost million maintenance period line employed men maintained customs posts salt tax worth million million british government india majority collected madras provinces lying customs line great known actual live grown customs line likely began 1840s bushes cut laid line barrier known dry dead took root miles thoroughly original dry consisted mainly samples dwarf indian fixed line stakes risk attack white ants rats fire storms parasitic natural decay strong winds destroy time necessitated constant maintenance commissioner estimated mile dry required tons material construct material carried line miles away labour involved task reasons live encouraged particularly damage required replacement half dry year preparation rapid expansion live began trials indigenous shrubs suited different soil rainfall conditions result main body composed indian species pear conditions meant grow found parts district places bamboo planted soil poor dug replaced better soil flood plains planted raised bank protect nearby wells collected large purpose built trenches road constructed entire length responsible transforming mere line dwarf irregularly scattered disconnected bushes formidable barrier end tenure commissioner contained miles perfect miles strong good feet high feet thick places feet high feet thick remarked barrier perfect form utterly impassable man beast substantially realigned joining separate sections removing spurs longer necessary happened runs abandoned men construct scratch new alignment living terminated south grow north met strong current judged sufficient deter historian compared use way river main modern germany roman fortifications replaced commissioner customs hold post years administration saw little realignment extensive strengthening existing run including building stone walls ditch bank systems grown end year increased length perfect miles central portion delhi said line altered slightly run alongside newly built judged sufficient obstacle allow distance guard posts increased miles replacement commissioner charge great control grew greatest extent reaching peak miles perfect good live miles inferior dry stone wall live extended miles places backed additional dry barrier maintenance work halted decision abandon line staff customs line required large number staff patrol maintain majority staff indian officers coming mainly british employed officers petty officers men line reaching peak men ranks staff numbers declined expansion slowed matured indian staff recruited muslim population constituted percent customs men men intentionally stationed areas away home towns removal local wood unpopular local people encourage operation indians lived villages near line allowed carry pounds salt free job customs man highly desirable high pay month agricultural wages month topped proceeds sale seized salt men forced live away families order provided houses expected build mud wood department allowed men families join line previous order led customs men posts closely local women men worked hour days consisting equal day night shifts principal tasks patrolling maintaining customs men carried million miles million patrols dug million cubic feet cubic metres earth carried tons material fairly high level turnover staff example men left service included customs men died line dismissed deserted duty failing rejoin leave removed unfit officer corps entirely british attempts attract indian men post proved unsuccessful officers required fluent english men easily find better paid work fields job tough officer responsible men miles line working sundays holidays officers undertook customs excursion day average weighing applying tax pounds goods addition personally patrolling miles line british men meet line typically officers adjacent beats senior officers visited times year abandonment british considered line major obstacle free travel trade partly use line collection taxes sugar percent revenues salt meaning traffic stopped searched directions addition line created confusing number different customs jurisdictions area surrounding displeased corruption present system way line came serve symbol taxes parts set fire indian rebellion government afford lose revenue generated line abolish needed control salt production india tax applied point manufacture lord took steps abolition line instructing british officials negotiate agreements rulers states control salt production process successor lord loss revenue caused reduced land tax killed million people having secured salt production finance minister sir led review tax system recommendations implemented lord resulted increase salt tax madras bombay northern india reduction reduced difference tax neighbouring territories smuggling allowed abandonment april tax sugar abolished year earlier tax reforms continued brought end import duties complete free trade india lord finally salt tax india rate districts india continued july burma maintained reduced rate tax cost government million lost revenue potential salt smuggled region meant north western section line miles long continued impact smuggling principal function line prevent smuggling way affordable salt respect fairly successful caught customs men arrested fined pay imprisoned weeks number caught increased line lengthened improved people convicted smuggling caught line rose convicted methods smuggling employed early patrols large scale smuggling common armed gangs breaking line salt laden cattle line strengthened changed tactics try disguise salt bring line throw attempted salt hidden jurisdiction customs department collect percent fee clashes customs men violent deaths customs men line duty uncommon large incident occurred september customs men attempted killed half gang later caught imprisoned transported customs man lost life near attempted seven colleagues capture gang fourteen gang later captured imprisoned transported died examples including killed fellow fight customs men drowning trying escape swimming irrigation tank legacy writers described line infringement principles free trade freedom people india sir minister tax review led abolition line quoted describing line monstrous system impossible find parallel country echoed modern writers journalist wrote guardian february line known achievements british india massive scale undertaking commented customs commissioner secretary state india comparing great wall china abolition line tax generally viewed good writer stating relieved people trade broad belt country miles long harassment sir governor bombay wrote inland customs line salt duties length swept away care taken ensure obsolete transit duties return use customs line maintain higher salt tax likely detrimental effect health indians salt higher prices area enclosed line meant average annual salt consumption pounds compared pounds outside line british government figures showed barrier directly affected salt consumption reducing level regulations prescribed english soldiers serving india supplied prisoners british consumption salt lowered periods famine affected india 19th century impossible know died salt india result salt tax salt recorded cause death instead likely effects diseases hinder known tax salt cheaper decreasing tax imposed million people increasing million leading increase use mineral consumption grew percent doubled time salt cheaper relatively earlier stage indian history rate salt tax increased compensate loss revenue falling silver prices adverse effect salt consumption salt tax remained controversial means collecting revenue subject civil movement led british rule marched salt producing area defied salt laws leading imprisonment indians march drew significant publicity indian independence movement failed tax repealed salt tax finally abolished india led october government old route roads despite scale customs line associated widely known britain india standard histories period mention library wrote book customs line search remains published followed finding passing mention major general sir work indian official looked determined locate remnants conducted extensive research london making trips india look remains line located small raised embankment district remains great india book claims subject details history line attempts locate modern remains book translated language published translated tamil published personally attended | Inland Customs Line | History | World history | Asian history |
21348_CulturalRevolutionGroup | central cultural revolution group chinese pinyin formed replacement organisation man group initially directly responsible consisted mainly radical supporters including chairman wife played central role cultural revolution years period time group replaced facto power organ china members involved major events cultural revolution background january meeting called leaders implement cultural revolution china oxford english dictionary traces english language phrase cultural revolution defined sudden change culture people society far meeting established body known man group chaired fifth ranking member aim overseeing beginnings cultural revolution members group supporter group remained relatively inactive spring censored writings making academic debate play dismissed office political started encouraging unhappy perceived course cultural revolution returned capital spring formally announced dissolution man group circular decided dissolve group set new group directly man group dissolved immediately faced charges allegedly course cultural revolution soon dismissed offices control capital passed hands followers selected chairman head newly formed cultural revolution group report consisting originally people included wife chairman vice chairman group adviser known members chair meetings task fell held position control group speak behalf entire group needing consult role cultural revolution mandate given formation guide cultural revolution given powers political prestige example order september issued instructing restore order china signed addition theoretical control soon army commanders political power act independently given entire compound beijing use offices documents sent approval members sent documents gradually examples like began overtake political stature importance early years cultural revolution acted body directed course movement backing group orders significant importance example suggested speech defend weapons leading surge seizure armaments rebel groups addition taking cue called removal elements radical found contend conservative view cultural revolution progress promoted supporters interested stability maintenance form government revolution functions headed took responsibilities dissolved furthermore group worked closely organisation established investigated alleged crimes errors higher ranking members party practically members members members important individual roles important events cultural revolution members played significant affair connections city secretary july dispatched centre november crisis siege worker groups early january year return shanghai colleague lead new order established fall old party apparatus early february head newly formed combination questions legitimacy leadership change attitudes general centre meant month incident incident despite orders forbidding violence july city large rival rebel groups million heroes general headquarters strong besieged supplied weapons manpower local commander ignored orders siege lifted dispatched resolve crisis july pair instructed switch support million heroes early hours day arrested kidnapped million heroes beaten failed attempt resolve crisis took military force units eventually surrender fall cultural revolution group years cultural revolution witnessed continued growth tensions gradual suppression backed rebel groups october reached peak meant end november group radical party journal ordered stop publication addition leading members quickly problems summer armed conflict rebel groups groups norm individuals including soon connected sixteenth corps supposed group exploited divisions cultural revolution cause anarchy plotting seize power evidence formed faction employed term sixteenth exploit divisions movement little evidence known suggest plot seize power fall attributed fact increasingly moderate view cultural revolution february like committed original aims movement remained exposed left wing moved centre far left considered radical comfort september including arrested orders end cultural revolution new drive ultra arrest nearly members survive death arrest leading members continued play role cultural revolution limited example remaining members asked attend october officially expelled group formally dissolved ceased exist point ninth congress spring remaining members including left fight individual political battles years followed | Cultural Revolution Group | History | World history | Asian history |
22061_IndonesianNationalRevolution | indonesian indonesia armed conflict diplomatic struggle indonesia internal social revolution took place indonesia declaration independence dutch recognition indonesia independence end indonesian independence movement began commemorated struggle lasted years involved sporadic bloody armed conflict internal indonesian political communal major international diplomatic dutch military forces able control major towns cities industrial assets republican java sumatra control countryside international pressure netherlands existing partial military stalemate recognised indonesian independence revolution marked end colonial administration dutch_east_indies netherlands new_guinea significantly changed ethnic reducing power local rulers significantly improve economic political fortune majority population able gain larger role commerce background indonesian nationalism movements supporting independence dutch grew rapidly half 20th century pursued strategies operation joining dutch initiated people council hope indonesia granted self rule chose non cooperative strategy demanding freedom self government dutch_east_indies colony notable leaders students nationalist leaders benefited educational reforms occupation indonesia japan half years world war crucial factor subsequent revolution netherlands little ability defend colony japanese army months initial attacks japanese occupied dutch_east_indies java lesser extent sumatra indonesia dominant islands japanese spread encouraged nationalist sentiment japanese political advantage support indonesian independence support created new indonesian institutions including local neighbourhood organisations elevated political leaders significantly subsequent revolution japanese destroyed replaced dutch created economic administrative political infrastructure september war going badly japanese prime minister promised independence indonesia date set supporters announcement seen collaboration japanese independence declared pressure radical youth groups proclaimed indonesian independence august days japanese emperor surrender pacific following day elected president vice president revolution people indonesia declare independence indonesia matters concern transfer power things executed careful means shortest possible time august people indonesia signed october mid september news declaration independence spread outer islands far capital believe news spread came regard pro republican mood revolution swept country external power shifted weeks entered indonesia dutch weakened world war japanese hand required terms surrender lay arms maintain order contradiction resolved handing weapons japanese trained resulting power weeks following japanese surrender created atmosphere uncertainty opportunity republicans joined struggle groups disciplined soldiers japanese formed disbanded groups groups circumstances formation perceived revolutionary spirit weeks japanese troops withdrew urban areas avoid confrontations september control major infrastructure installations including railway stations java largest cities taken republican encountered little japanese resistance spread revolutionary message set radio stations newspapers graffiti proclaimed nationalist sentiment islands struggle committees militia set republican newspapers journals common fostered generation writers known generation believed work revolution republican leaders struggled come terms popular sentiment wanted passionate armed struggle reasoned approach leaders leftist spread idea revolutionary struggle led won indonesian contrast interested planning government institutions achieve independence diplomacy pro revolution demonstrations took place large cities including led people fearing violence successfully september self proclaimed ready die freedom getting common ethnic groups dutch chinese considered spy subjected intimidation kidnap robbery murder organised attacks continue course revolution present period known dutch authorities attempted retrieve bodies victims survivors period provided legal testimony attorney general office continued revolutionary warfare bodies found cases came court graves victims found war cemetery appropriated indonesia headquarters commander personally supervised summary executions hundreds civilians archived eyewitness testimony events october states execution asked crowd enemy people crowd kill named victim stroke sword victim left boys years old mutilated body women tied tree yard pierced bamboo spears died orders bodies disposed sea women thrown river death toll period runs tens thousands bodies europeans identified killed registered civilians abducted returned indonesian revolutionaries lost young fighting men estimates number indonesian fighters killed lead range japanese forces lost soldiers british forces registered soldiers british indians killed similar number missing action actual dutch military hardly involved started return indonesia march april formation republican government end august central republican government established adopted constitution drafted japanese occupation indonesian independence general elections held appointed assist president similar committees established provincial regency levels questions allegiance immediately arose indigenous rulers central example immediately declared republican rulers outer islands enriched support dutch enthusiastic reluctance outer islands radical non aristocratic islamic nature java centric republican leadership support come south including king bone recalled battles dutch early century supported republican governor christian accepted republican authority fearing dutch attempt establish authority indonesia new leaders moved quickly strengthen fledgling administration indonesia newly formed government enthusiastic fragile focused java focused rarely loosely contact outer islands japanese troops particularly japanese naval areas sympathetic japanese commanders fewer republican leaders activists november parliamentary form government established appointed prime minister week following japanese surrender groups disbanded japanese command structures membership vital national army consequently dismantled formed trained armed organised army republican armed forces began grow september usually younger trained groups built charismatic leaders creating rational military structure central authority major problems revolution problem remains contemporary times self created indonesian army japanese trained indonesian officers prevailed trained dutch thirty year old school teacher elected commander chief meeting november allied counter revolution dutch accused collaborating japanese denounced republic creation japanese dutch_east_indies administration received million dollar loan united_states finance return indonesia allied occupation netherlands critically weakened world war europe return significant military force early japanese members allied forces reluctantly agreed act forces focusing japanese home islands archipelago jurisdiction british admiral supreme allied commander allied existed indonesian borneo parts dutch administrators returned areas japanese navy areas arrival allied troops quickly prevented revolutionary activities australian troops followed dutch troops administrators took japanese surrender lack strong resistance australian_army divisions succeeded occupying eastern indonesia british charged restoring order civilian government java dutch took mean pre war colonial administration continued claim sovereignty indonesia british indian troops land java accept japanese surrender late september lord immediate tasks included japanese freeing prisoners war want resources commit troops long struggle regain indonesia dutch british troops reached late september arrived cities north sumatra west sumatra south sumatra central java east java october attempt avoid clashes british commander lieutenant general sir diverted soldiers dutch colonial army eastern indonesia dutch proceeding smoothly tensions mounted allied troops entered java sumatra clashes broke republicans perceived enemies dutch prisoners dutch colonial troops chinese europeans japanese stages warfare initiated october accordance terms surrender japanese tried establish authority relinquished towns cities japanese military police killed republican october japanese troops drove republican handed city british fighting involving japanese october british forces began occupy city retreating republican forces killing japanese prisoners holding japanese killed japanese captured city days later british forces arrived allies repatriated remaining japanese troops civilians japan elected remain later assisted republican forces fighting independence british subsequently decided evacuate europeans european volatile interior british detachments sent towns encountered strong republican resistance air attacks arranged november late november fighting resumed british withdrew coast republican attacks allied alleged pro dutch civilians reached peak november december killed returned offensive march departing republicans responded british ultimatum leave city deliberately burning southern half city popularly known indonesia sea fire british troops left indonesia november time dutch troops landed java battle heaviest single battle revolution national symbol indonesian resistance groups second largest city indonesia seized arms ammunition japanese set new organisations time allied forces arrived end october described strong unified fortress september october europeans pro dutch attacked killed indonesian ferocious fighting erupted british indian troops landed city negotiated republicans british forces led following killing october british sent troops city november cover air attacks european forces largely captured city days poorly armed republicans fought november thousands died population fled countryside despite military defeat suffered republicans loss manpower weaponry severely republican forces rest revolution battle defence mounted nation support independence helped garner international attention dutch removed doubt republic organized resistance popular support convinced britain lie neutrality revolution years britain support republican cause united_nations installing british assistance dutch landed forces key centres republican sources reported deaths january defence hold city republican leadership established city crucial support new sultan went play leading role revolution result city granted status near republican officials imprisoned preparation dutch occupation sumatra largest cities bombed december led commando counter expert captain accused southern region arbitrary terror techniques copied anti republicans republican militia supporters killed weeks java sumatra dutch found military success cities major towns unable subdue villages countryside outer islands including republican sentiment strong elite consequently occupied dutch comparative ease autonomous states set dutch largest encompassed eastern indonesia established december administrative capital british indian army participated campaign republicans muslim soldiers inspired republicans war cry defected republic weapons soldiers survived war decided stay indonesia returned india pakistan diplomacy military agreement agreement british concluded november saw netherlands recognise republic facto authority java sumatra parties agreed formation united_states indonesia january semi autonomous federal state monarch netherlands head republican controlled java sumatra states alongside areas generally stronger dutch influence including southern great east consisted agreement february republic dutch satisfied march dutch parliament ratified stripped version treaty accepted republic sides soon accused violating agreement operation product midnight july dutch launched major military offensive called intent conquering republic claiming violations agreement dutch described campaign police actions restore law order task time majority dutch troops indonesia belonged soon end world war volunteers marines sent overseas later followed larger numbers netherlands offensive dutch forces drove republican troops parts sumatra east west java republicans confined region java maintain force java numbering troops dutch gained control lucrative plantations oil coal installations java control deep water ports international reaction dutch actions negative neighbouring australia newly independent india particularly active supporting republic cause soviet_union significantly united_states dutch ships continued loading unloading australian workers blockade began september directly involved conflict establishing sponsor negotiations making dutch diplomatic position particularly difficult called resolution ordered dutch august military action december dutch troops killed civilians village agreement attempt collapsed agreement ratified january recognised cease fire called van line artificial line connected advanced dutch positions republican positions held dutch lines agreement required held political future dutch held areas apparent republicans garnered important american goodwill diplomatic efforts netherlands republic continued political pressures domestic international hindered dutch attempts decide objectives similarly republican leaders faced great difficulty people accept diplomatic concessions july negotiations netherlands pushed van federal indonesia concept new federal states south sumatra created viable support base netherlands set body comprising leadership federal states charged formation united_states indonesia interim government end dutch plans place republic accepted minor role defined later plans included java sumatra dropped mention republic main sticking point negotiations balance power netherlands high representative republican forces mutual distrust netherlands republic hindered negotiations republic feared second major dutch offensive dutch objected continued republican activity dutch line february men led marched central java relocation intended ease internal republican tensions involving division area battalion clashed dutch troops crossing dutch believed systematic troop movement fear incursions actually succeeding apparent republican dutch established state negative reports led dutch leadership increasingly seeing losing control operation crow general offensive frustrated negotiations republic believing weakened dutch launched military offensive december termed operation crow following day conquered city location temporary republican capital end december major republican held cities java sumatra dutch hands republican president vice president republic indonesia ministers captured dutch troops exiled east coast sumatra areas surrounding republican forces refused surrender continued wage guerrilla war leadership republican military chief staff general escaped dutch emergency republican government indonesia established dutch forces conquered towns cities republican java sumatra control villages countryside republican troops militia led colonel later president attacked dutch positions dawn march dutch expelled city hours reinforcements brought nearby cities afternoon indonesian fighters retreated dutch entered city indonesian attack later known indonesia new spelling march general offensive commemorated large monument similar attack dutch troops led col august year international opinion dutch military campaigns outrage significantly united_nations united_states january passed resolution demanding republican government united_states aid specifically dutch indonesia immediately cancelled pressure mounted congress united_states aid cut included funds vital dutch post world war rebuilding far totalled billion spent equivalent half funding campaigns indonesia united_states aid fund encouraged key voices united_states including republican_party american churches speak support indonesian independence internal turmoil social revolutions called social revolutions following independence proclamation challenges dutch established indonesian social order extent result resentment japanese imposed policies country people rose traditional village heads attempted exert popular ownership land resources majority social revolutions ended quickly cases challenges social order culture violence rooted deep conflicts split countryside revolution repeatedly second half 20th century term social revolution applied range violent activities left included attempts organise real revolution simple expressions revenge resentment power violence lessons learned japanese occupation figures identified feudal including kings simply wealthy attacked beheaded rape weapon feudal women coastal sumatra example authority dutch attacked soon japanese authority left secular local lords foundation dutch rule executed indonesia fell dutch hands lived fear uncertainty particularly significant proportion population supported dutch remained dutch control popular revolutionary cry freedom death interpreted justify killings claimed republican authority traders particularly difficult positions hand pressured republicans boycott sales dutch hand dutch police efforts stamp republican economy depended areas term exercising sovereignty people mentioned constitution demand pro active policies leaders came demanding free goods justify robbery chinese merchants particular forced goods artificially low prices threat death communist september indonesian soviet republic declared east members psi judging time right uprising intended rallying point revolt slaves japanese america won republican forces weeks leader killed governor police officers religious leaders killed rebels ended distraction revolution turned vague american sympathies based anti colonial sentiments diplomatic support internationally republic seen anti communist potential ally emerging global cold war american led free world soviet led members come felt betrayed declared break away regime islam indonesia indonesian islamic state better known islam led islamic mystic islam sought establish indonesia islamic time respond focused threat dutch leaders rebellion republic regained territories government took islam threat seriously especially provinces declared joined islam rebellion transfer sovereignty indonesian republican resistance active international diplomacy set world opinion dutch efforts establish colony second police action diplomatic disaster dutch cause newly appointed united_states secretary state pushed netherlands government negotiations earlier recommended united_nations defied netherlands dutch indonesian round table conference held august november republic netherlands dutch created federal states netherlands agreed recognise indonesian sovereignty new federal state known united_states indonesia include territory dutch_east_indies exception netherlands new_guinea sovereignty agreed retained netherlands negotiations indonesia issue indonesia gave concessions debt indonesia agreed responsibility sum billion directly dutch attempts crush revolution sovereignty formally transferred december new state immediately recognised united_states_of_america republican controlled java sumatra formed single state sixteen state federation accounted half population federal states created netherlands states dissolved republic half abortive coup january resulted dissolution populous state dissolution federal structure colonial soldiers largely clashed republican troops uprising april predominantly regions pro dutch sentiments suspicious muslim dominated republic regarded april independent republic south proclaimed suppressed republican troops campaign july november state east sumatra federal state remaining folded fell line republic august fifth anniversary declaration indonesian independence proclaimed state impacts accurate account died died far greater numbers europeans estimates indonesian deaths fighting range civilian dead exceeded high total british soldiers killed went missing java sumatra indian soldiers dutch soldiers lost lives indonesia japanese died died half died actual combat rest killed tens thousands chinese killed left homeless despite fact chinese supported revolution seven million people displaced java sumatra revolution direct effects economic conditions shortages common particularly food clothing fuel effect economies dutch republican simultaneously rebuild world war survive revolution republic set life ranging postage stamps army train tickets whilst subject dutch trade confusion resulted competing japanese new dutch money republican concurrently indonesian independence secured blend diplomacy force despite ill discipline raising prospect anarchy youth confronting foreign indonesian colonial forces republican diplomatic efforts futile revolution turning point modern indonesian history provided reference point country major political trends continue present day gave impetus communism country militant nationalism guided democracy political islam origins indonesian army role indonesian power country constitutional arrangements power indonesia revolution destroyed colonial administration ruled world dismantled seen obsolete powerless relaxed rigid racial social colonial indonesia tremendous energies aspirations created new creative surge seen writing art great demand education significantly improve economic political fortune population poverty stricken peasant majority able gain larger role commerce hopes democracy decade | Indonesian National Revolution | History | World history | Asian history |
22289_Sandugo | blood compact performed island philippines spanish explorer march seal friendship tribal tradition considered treaty friendship word means blood depicted provincial flag official seal government features image blood compact seal explains history event occurred fleet location anchored place treaty conducted dated march history portuguese explorer person europe reach asia sailing west voyage meet death island philippines spain sent expeditions competition portugal seize control trade expeditions failed sailing mexico ships men reached philippines spanish settlement established greeted hostile muslim tribes opposing foreign invasion attempt land island resulted death soldiers prompting explore island seek trade tribes sailing south island fleet encountered forcing sail northward island captured vessel borneo sailors informed natives inhabiting region traded people borneo indonesia arriving noticed hostility people servant explained hostility expeditions conducted portuguese islands portuguese fleets arrived waters enslaved inhabitants help sailor explained tribes portuguese come islands trade learning tribes welcoming ceremony began arrival establishment allegiance king spain cut left arm dagger poured blood cup filled wine drank honour friendship inscription monument describes event added compact performed tribal tradition report wrote tradition performing blood compact preserves bond friendship tribes ceremony treaty friendship natives honor ceremony president philippines established presidential decoration conferred politicians filipino painter depicted event painting entitled blood compact spanish obtained prize paris period important tribes perform peace process monument constructed publications filipino people 8th edition emergence philippine nation revised edition philippines past revisited publishing series scott sixteenth century society history epic filipino greatness war peace manila | Sandugo | History | World history | Asian history |
22940_2010Shanghaifire | shanghai fire shanghai fire fire november destroyed story high rise apartment building city shanghai china killing people injuring source reporting injured investigation announced november day fire determine cause blaze preliminary finding investigators concluded sparks work building undertaken ignited structure led apartment destruction municipal government placed blame illegal multi layered detained managers construction companies sixteen individuals arrested connection fire including accused week fire city officials announced compensation plan victims fire families fire prompted government pass regulations construction industry increased fire safety citizens criticized government accusing media providing inadequate response fire fire fire began local time utc tenth floor building constructed located intersection road road shanghai district renovated time fire witnesses said fire started construction materials spread building took fire engines hours contain fire shanghai residents able smoke fire kilometres away firefighters unable water metres building ground reported contractor construction said cause fire probably sparks caused work 20th floor worker 18th floor said sparks building flew caused catch fire afterward established fire caused operating equipment arrested rescue efforts firefighters able save people families living high rise apartment building according fire began surrounded building spread complex main building apartments said fire contained local time utc hours began helicopters called assist rescue prevented thick smoke generated fire upper portion building reach fire apparatus blaze brought control firefighters set atop nearby building fire stations fire response incident television coverage event showed people holding building able climb safety worker 28th floor said workers adding building fire broke victims hospitals surrounding city blocks sent public buildings including school stadium housing situation addressed casualties building housed people mainly retired teachers early report showed ages injured fire range majority age injured appeared elderly residents children confirmed youngest victim fire months old said killed died inside building earliest reports death toll later revised count times finally confirmed deaths bodies identified dna tests media outlets reported fatalities adding number identified victims number previously reported fatalities later said identified included november people males females officially reported dead people remained missing reported december people injured missing deceased identified dna tests early male japan identified official death count released doctor shanghai hospital said people injured fire admitted suffering caused smoke state media reports said hospital treating survivors including condition people possibly people reported injured according people survived blaze searching hospitals missing family friends november wounded people critical condition treated seven area medical centers hospitals received victims fire list dead released victims families wanted privacy authorities said families want names deceased published newspapers listed names dead artist compiled unofficial list victims names contacting relatives officials journalists claimed actual death toll official count authorities provide access list casualties response investigation minister public security went shanghai manage rescue operations officials set temporary lodging food area hotels survivors stayed gymnasium overnight flames extinguished held press conference damage caused fire vice minister public security described successful model leading dispute chinese later week fire government officials began drive increase fire safety buildings construction sites said improvements city capabilities local residents said fire safety requirements high rise workers tossed cigarettes building week long safety buildings apartment complex unharmed people living buildings expected allowed december survivors live nearby hotels according family members victims dissatisfied official investigation held sit protest calling fair judgement locals blamed official rescue work comparing large emergency response exercise meter building days successful blaze blamed ineffective system high death toll dissatisfied given details fire beijing authorities halted renovation projects similar apartment shanghai shortly blaze projects intended save energy installing stopped november pending safety work despite use fire shanghai officials temporarily stopped renovations fire later allowed resume december mayor shanghai said city crack unfair practices construction companies contracting firms han said little regulation construction industry certain companies advantages companies awarded contracts january shanghai authorities placed effect new set regulations aimed better official supervision construction companies city require companies permitted non official relationship local government offices year media organizations questioning connections district government contracting groups involved fire leading accusations corruption compensation november announced families victim fire receive compensation ordeal compensation include death financial assistance government charities official district said shanghai residents foreign workers compensated equally survivors blaze fully compensated loss possessions property lost relatives disaster satisfied announcement said compensation plan pay apartment district new apartment money media censorship allegations hong_kong based singapore based reported journalists local newspaper detained hour security forces demanded guarantee positive news coverage journalists interview families victims funeral reporters wrote websites chinese said authorities demanded chinese websites cut reporting fire allowed usage official source new_york_times reported chinese website blocked government criticizing country real estate industry responsibility han said november city largely responsible disaster said poor supervision city construction industry causes high rise apartment building fire responsible lap professor said han trying damage control anger comfort families victims shanghai people chief blamed fire illegal employment methods poor project oversight incompetent inexperienced workers day following fire said wanted investigation fire determine responsible fault punished appropriately told rescue officials meticulous efforts information fire released public asked local governments china measures fires including building team investigators led formed look incident details november relief rehabilitation working team publicly announced investigation fire preliminary conclusion tenth floor caused bamboo attached catch fire subsequently spread entire structure shanghai authorities detained individuals november accused november total individuals held officials connection blaze including detained day representatives renovation contractor construction shanghai construction supervision apartment management company december shanghai officials announced government employees taken custody connection fire detained accused authority permit illicit construction practices occur reported director construction transportation commission commission main office organization construction department cause fire fire caused accidental foam building outer walls china foam commonly material addition flame foam produces toxic gases carbon burned said fire consumed center november press conference local authorities said apartments destroyed building renovated foam replaced switched favor fire resistant materials chinese citizens questioned lack indoor fire system high rise buildings public mourning local citizens flowers near site offered prayers destroyed building including government officials came bearing point crowd stretched metres road according people attended public mourning site november seven days fire left large amounts flowers surrounding burnt building seventh day death day chinese people believe souls dead return relatives departing site burned paper feast deceased accordance chinese tradition event played maria monks recited local temple december 35th day following fire authorities reported visiting site according chinese legend souls dead visit humans days death police taking away buses local officials provide explanation event | 2010 Shanghai fire | History | World history | Asian history |
23070_MadrasPresidency | madras presidency madras presidency tamil telugu officially presidency fort george known administrative subdivision presidency greatest extent presidency included southern india including indian states parts union territory city madras winter capital presidency summer capital island ceylon madras presidency created crown colony purchased village year later established agency fort george precursor madras presidency company factories early agency upgraded presidency previous status elevated presidency appointed president provisions madras provinces established head area styled governor president subordinate governor general calcutta title persist judicial legislative executive powers rested governor assisted council constitution modified reforms enacted regular elections conducted madras outbreak second world war province comprised districts sub divided villages making smallest unit administration following reforms madras province british india implement system governor ruled alongside prime minister early decades 20th century significant contributors indian independence movement came madras advent indian independence august presidency madras later admitted madras state state inauguration january reorganised origins arrival english discovery portion shows early stone age prominent rulers northern future presidency dynasty following decline tamil country conquered little known race people called country recovered subsequent dynasty attained peak later following conquest brief culture began deteriorate tamil telugu territories recovered founded following empire demise country split numerous european trading companies number kings ruled areas madras presidency early english trading posts december queen elizabeth england granted group english merchants charter establish joint stock company known subsequently reign king james sir sir sent negotiate permit establishment trading factories india behalf company built west coast country eastern oldest english trading post india east coast dating factory established miles south factories came supervision agency based english authorities decided relocate factories farther south shortage cotton cloth main trade item east coast time problem compounded sultan started local officers administrator sent south negotiations obtained land grant set factory village new fort george built agency created govern new settlement factor appointed agent agencies india east coast presidency java fort george company headquarters agency fort george succeeded end term george elevated presidency independent leadership president status fort downgraded agency subject factory control factories given madras english occupied nearby village history expansion george elevated rank madras presidency president period presidency significantly expanded reached extent continued early 19th century early years madras presidency english repeatedly attacked region september passed unify regulate administration territories president madras subordinate india based calcutta september fort george captured french ruled madras french india madras handed british terms treaty previous year company madras ruled quarter 18th century period rapid expansion successful wars ceylon added vast areas land contributed growth presidency newly conquered ceylon formed madras presidency system subsidiary alliances originated lord governor general india brought states area militarily subordinate governor fort george hill tracts places annexed british period witnessed number rebellions starting mutiny rebellion wars notable british rule madras presidency remained relatively mutiny madras presidency annexed kingdom allegations restored grandson heir deposed annexed following death left male heir victorian era terms queen proclamation issued queen_victoria madras presidency rest british india came direct rule british crown period governor lord harris measures taken improve education increase representation indians administration legislative powers given governor council indian councils act council reformed expanded indian councils act indian councils act government india act government india act indian appointed council legal profession specially prized newly emerging corpus educated indians indian judge madras high court despite strong opposition anglo indian media acted chief justice months indian hold post indian appointed advocate general madras presidency number roads railways dams canals constructed period large occurred madras period indian famine result population presidency fell time million million alleged shown government handling case salem riots trial caused discontent population strong sense national awakening emerged madras presidency later half 19th century political organisation province established february organisation long followed madras started delegates participated session bombay december hailed madras presidency delegates members madras session held madras december huge success attended delegates province subsequent sessions took place madras colonel moved headquarters society prominent figure founded organised madras found extensive support province newspapers hindu actively endorsed campaign independence india trade union established madras created madras presidency reforms provisions elections presidency elected governments henceforth share power governor establishment following elections held november organisation established campaign increased representation non administration came power chief minister madras presidency resigned soon declining health replaced minister popularly known party split late resigned primary membership formed splinter group allied opposition motion confidence proposed government november defeated remained power november enactment august communal introduced based communal reservations government jobs remains high points rule following elections lost party able obtain clear majority governor lord set cross party government leadership nominated supporting members election victorious chief minister exclusion ministry split fearing confidence motion resigned november appointed chief minister place eventually lost elections chief minister madras presidency 1920s 1930s anti movement emerged madras presidency launched unhappy principles policies leadership provincial congress left party form alternatively known criticised hindu periodicals newspapers justice participated campaigned right enter temples days british rule elected power presidency madras time chief minister presidency come congress party successfully enacted act introduced prohibition sales taxes madras presidency rule largely remembered use hindi compulsory educational institutions measure highly unpopular politician sparked widespread led violence places men women children jailed participation died protests congressional ministers resigned protest government india declaration war germany consent governor madras sir took administration unpopular law eventually repealed february congressional leadership ministers arrested result participation movement renamed withdrew electoral politics end second world war entered politics absence opposition easily won election elected chief minister support served months succeeded chief minister madras state india gained independence august madras presidency independent india geography greatest extent madras presidency included southern india included present day indian state tamil region regions districts southern districts presidency winter capital madras summer capital demographics madras presidency underwent census returned population second census conducted recorded population increase years population took place returned population subsequent population madras presidency tallied organised census india conducted returned population madras presidency census conducted years census held counted population madras presidency languages tamil telugu english languages spoken madras presidency tamil spoken southern districts presidency miles north madras city far west hills western telugu spoken districts north madras city east districts district western districts parts spoken spoken districts south states spoken spoken district parts english spoken anglo indians link language presidency official language british india government proceedings court hearings conducted according census people spoke tamil people spoke telugu people spoke spoke people spoke people spoke census returned speakers tamil telugu speakers speakers speakers spoke spoke spoke languages time indian independence tamil telugu speakers total population presidency speakers making rest religion population breakdown muslims christians time india independence madras estimated population muslims christians predominant religion presidency practised population main hindu denominations doctrine popular worship village gods strong southern districts presidency regarded centres hindu faith hindu temples largest important temple temple temple temple krishna temple temple state islam brought southern india arab traders converts 14th century onwards conquered city muslims madras presidency presidency oldest christian populations india branches syrian church contrary historical evidence popularly believed instituted jesus christ visited coast christians mainly concentrated districts madras presidency native christians forming quarter total population state hill tribes regions tribal gods classified early years 20th century communities regarded allowed inside hindu temples emancipation indian women removal social slowly legislation social reform served premier appointed temple administration boards presidency congress government introduced act removed restrictions entering hindu temples issued similar earlier introduced similar legislation advice sir government passed hindu religious bill established government controlled madras presidency manage hindu temples prevent potential funds introduced reforms administration trust manages hindu temple administration created executive council legislative powers assist governor council initially consisted members indian civil service civil service indian distinction fourth commander chief council reduced members abolished legislative powers council withdrawn government india act reduced status mere advisory body powers restored indian councils act council expanded time time inclusion official non official members served main legislative body till legislative assembly representative nature created legislative powers transferred assembly india independence august member governor executive council abolished origins madras presidency lay village obtained followed david acquired district known obtained district madras presidency salem districts obtained treaty districts fourth war territories kingdom constituted separate district districts created territory ceded districts created territories kingdom district sub division district june remained till august status separate district restored districts created districts reorganised districts district east west districts kingdom annexed constituted separate district madras presidency administrative convenience district split transferred bombay presidency districts madras single district separate carved district madras presidency districts administered districts sub divided divisions deputy collector divisions sub divided union village committees agencies created british india volatile rebellion prone areas presidency important agencies madras presidency subject subject districts including agencies madras newly created province states subordinate madras government states considerable degree internal autonomy foreign policy completely controlled resident represented governor fort george case resident army permitted set garrison guard settlements notable early operations company forces defence city invaders incursions madras forces lieutenant distinguished siege david putting rebellion governor french india began raise native battalions british madras followed suit established native regiments subsequently established british parts india distances separated resulted force developing principles organisations reorganisation army took place madras army following units battalions companies artillery european battalions companies companies regiments regiments battalions second reorganisation took place double battalions abolished existing battalions renumbered time consisted european native brigade horse artillery battalions foot artillery companies companies attached regiments light cavalry corps pioneers battalions european infantry battalions native infantry local battalions bombay armies commander chief subordinate president later governor madras custom commander chief member army troops participated conquest manila expeditions ceylon dutch conquest year took expeditions mauritius java wars wars 18th century british attack second anglo war indian mutiny invasion anglo war mutiny quickly led drastic changes bombay armies effect presidency armies finally merged madras regiments came direct control commander chief relied heavily soldiers time known land tenure revenue land rental income tax based tenant net profits land presidency main source income ancient times land appears held common individual unable sell consent owners cases members community prior arrival british concept individual land emerged india west coast new administration land revenue system markedly different predecessor sold land consent members community property rights system known muslims christians district village single individual called required donate certain money known village administration paid specified sum government return demanded non interference government internal affairs villages system entirely different district states communal ownership land exist instead land individual property owned gentry wit people pay land tax held extensive land rented tenants agricultural return supplied king fighting men times war managed hindu temples somewhat self sufficient police judicial systems personal expenses minimal lost exemption taxes land disposed meaning mortgage land common sale individual land common telugu speaking areas presidency telugu speaking districts maintained independent existence long time sovereign armies equipment times war return right revenues land remained time british land northern districts presidency petty islamic invasions caused minor changes land system taxes hindu land owners raised private ownership property came british took administration centuries old system land left intact new rulers appointed collect revenue lands control local cases ignored welfare farmers exploited established solve issue avail time settlement established lord proved highly successful later implemented madras presidency onwards successful company reach expected profit levels new system known implemented districts involved land principal turn leased land peasant farmers village settlement differences compared permanent settlement eventually discarded place came implemented sir according new system land handed directly paid rent directly government land assessed paid revenue fixed government system number advantages lord implemented new system called village system entered contract government greater land held paid rent directly government estates occupied million acres km2 quarter presidency tribute government year revenue free quit rent grants lands religious services rendered state occupied aggregate area nearly million acres km2 acres km2 estates yielding revenues acres km2 lands produced madras forest coverage square miles km2 land estates act passed order protect exploitation act permanent occupants land far protecting legislation proved detrimental interests speaking northern districts presidency intended tied land landlord chains eternal amendment act introduced curb rights safeguard exploitation act passed legislative council despite strong opposition agriculture irrigation population madras presidency engaged agriculture agricultural year usually commencing july crops cultivated madras presidency included rice corn indian vegetables including sweet potato ladies fingers beans pepper vegetable beans fruits cultivated included lime banana nuts addition pepper seed introduced asia africa europe introduced australia total cultivated area food crops cash crops gross area rice occupied percent percent percent percent cotton occupied acres km2 million million million madras produced million tons food grains acres km2 crops grown acres km2 lands supported population million rice yield cwt acre yields cwt acre cwt acre cwt acre average gross turnout food crops cwt acre irrigation east coast carried means dams rivers lakes irrigation tanks main source water agriculture district tanks loan act passed provided funds construction wells projects early 20th century madras government established drill electric pumps dam project canal biggest irrigation projects launched constructed madras border dam supplied water western districts presidency known constructed river near border project diverted waters river basin order arid lands east similarly launched waters river scheme acres km2 land brought irrigation british constructed number dams canals irrigation upper dam constructed river near island dam river canal krishna dam examples major irrigation works carried british total area irrigation acres km2 acres yielded return capital trade industry commerce trade madras presidency comprised presidency provinces overseas trade external trade percent total internal trade making remainder foreign trade accounted percent total percent inter provincial imports provinces amounted exports provinces amounted year exports countries reached imports valued million time india independence imports presidency amounted year exports valued million trade united_kingdom total trade presidency madras chief port accounting total trade cotton piece goods cotton twist metals oil main items import animal hides skins raw cotton coffee piece goods chief exports raw cotton animal hides oil seeds grains coffee tea cotton main items sea trade sea trade carried presidency principal port madras important ports madras east coast western port taken august madras april madras chambers nominated member cotton weaving main industries madras presidency cotton produced large quantities district pressed georgetown madras cotton lancashire caused decline trade american_civil_war gave impetus cotton textile production led cotton presses established presidency early years 20th century emerged important centre cotton earned epithet manchester south india northern districts known cotton weaving centres sugar factory run district run telugu speaking northern districts presidency large quantities tobacco cultivated subsequently rolled madras main producing areas discovery artificial madras possessed thriving vegetable manufacturing industry city imported large quantities aluminium manufacture aluminium early 20th century government established manufactured high quality leather brewery presidency founded hills coffee cultivated region kingdoms tea grown slopes hills coffee plantations established severe end 19th century destroyed coffee cultivation kingdom wiped coffee plantations neighbouring coffee works located madras factories presidency fishing industry shark fins fish fish operations main sources income fishermen southern port centre fishing madras ceylon mainly known pearl fisheries pearl fisheries harvested lucrative profession total revenue presidency follows land revenue income tax stamp revenue forests taxes extraordinary receipts revenue fund total expenditure million electricity generated end government ownership total power generated million units established madras city strength members gradually faded away membership reduced closed successfully revived september incorporated largest private owned business corporations turn 20th century manufactured sold chemical sugar marketed cotton uniforms manufactured spinning weaving facility buckingham mills owned family largest bank presidency crash reduced disillusioned indian investors established funds donated madras companies city led establishment registered factories employed total productive capital western style banking institution india established june capital thousand pounds sterling followed opening banks merged form branches presidency major cities states including ceylon merged form 19th century largest privately owned banks presidency leading banks headquartered presidency transport communication early days agency means transportation known roads connecting madras calcutta north kingdom south served lines communication wars early 20th century onwards horses gradually replaced motor vehicles motor buses main means private road transportation presidency transport pioneers operating buses manufactured early organised bus system madras city operated motor imposed restrictions public owned bus motor services early bus services operated private agencies organised initiative construction new roads maintenance existing roads presidency initiated appointment special officer maintenance main roads principal roads officer madras road road road road road initiated lord subsequently east_coast canal constructed purpose easy navigation roadways handled control member principal highways presidency madras calcutta road madras road madras road madras presidency miles roads miles roads miles canals railway line laid madras opened traffic july line constructed formed railway station built served headquarters great southern indian railway company set united_kingdom headquarters constructed railway line operated standard broad gauge railway lines great south indian railway company operated metre gauge railway lines great southern indian railway company merged established renamed merged railway company merged form madras south railway company new terminus built madras south railway company shifted headquarters company operated suburban electric train service madras city onwards april madras south railway company taken miles railway presidency addition miles district board lines madras connected indian cities like bombay calcutta ceylon foot railway bridge connecting indian mainland island opened traffic inaugurated promoted madras city began operating london system routes madras linking distant parts madras city covered total miles chief waterways presidency canals buckingham canal cut cost silver connect city madras delta river ships frequently docked madras provided frequent services bombay calcutta arranged test flight madras flying club established mount golf club grounds near pilot named october site later madras early members club sir went establish native october royal_air_force pilot piloted plane carrying air mail bombay madras beginning sons regular domestic passenger service madras flight later routed weekly november started experimental weekly service bombay february onwards division renamed began service madras march bombay air service extended organised postal service established madras calcutta governor reform new postal system started sir introduced june presidency divided postal divisions madras south west year link bombay established madras bombay calcutta mail services integrated form october stamps issued madras established sir sea mail service began madras followed commencement sea mail service madras ports eastern coast madras linked rest world civilian telegraph service introduced february soon telegraph lines linked madras cities india telegraph department set deputy superintendent stationed madras city telegraph line established extended madras connecting city ceylon introduced presidency november telephone exchange connections established street madras wireless service established madras port blair burma radio telephone service established madras education schools offering western style education presidency established madras 18th century created based recommendations sir schools teaching students vernacular language established central training school set madras scheme system appeared failure policy altered order promote european literature science superseded january lord established joint director public instruction central school converted high school april students presidency college addition college department september established examining body model examinations held february ceylon graduate university sir indian vice chancellor university similarly established established state established educational institutions outside madras oldest engineering college presidency established upgraded initially taught disciplines added electrical engineering highways emphasis leather technology founded introduced courses automobile engineering established medical school presidency established followed government teacher college established private institutions established oldest hindu educational institution presidency established sir university presidency facilities christian missionaries pioneers promoting education region madras educational institutions established christian missionaries madras presidency highest literacy rate provinces british india madras male literacy rate percent female literacy rate percent madras presidency literacy rate slightly higher national average percent public private institutions scholars male female number educational institutions increased number scholars apart colleges public elementary schools secondary schools boys elementary secondary schools girls early graduates universities civic administration main causes growth anti movement presidency madras province british india based communal reservations introduced passed introduction education minister bill provisions governing body completely reorganised democratic lines bill asserted governing body henceforth headed chancellor assisted pro chancellor usually minister education apart chancellor pro chancellor elected vice chancellor appointed chancellor culture society muslims christians generally followed joint family system society largely eldest male member leader family presidency followed system inheritance exceptions district states practised system women expected indoor activities maintenance household muslims high hindu women observed daughter family rarely received education usually helped mother household marrying moved house laws expected serve husband elder members family recorded instances torture ill treatment daughter laws widow expected head subjected numerous rural society comprised villages people different communities lived lived separate streets called lived outside village limits small called strictly forbidden having houses village forbidden entering important hindu temples approaching high practised non agricultural labourers non payment debt law commission report slavery contains indicative figures number slaves based population specific proposed regulations prevent child labour house_of_commons proposed immediate slavery india decreed legal recognition permit civil status slavery withdrawn act selling slaves criminal offence new indian code spite regulations continued slave population formed total population districts presidency influx western education starting middle 19th century social reforms introduced remove problems traditional indian society recognised contracts legal marriages system abolished law numerous measures taken improve lot act included administration aimed status low position equal high established madras advocated system regulated completely abolished november widow movement spearheaded district pioneers social reform indian nationalists traditional forms recreation rural areas fighting bull fighting village plays men urban areas social activities recreational clubs music concerts dramas welfare organisations music especially upper upper middle class madras society sports introduced british presidency cricket tennis football hockey popular annual cricket tournament known madras presidency matches held indians europeans presidency newspaper madras started october printer employed indian owned english language newspaper established freedom fighter october credited foundation forerunner number newspapers periodicals published presidency totalled popular english language newspapers hindu established mail established family regular radio service presidency commenced established station madras cinemas popular 1930s 1940s film south indian language tamil film released sound films tamil telugu film studios salem madras early films salem 1940s onwards madras began emerge principal centre film production 1950s films telugu madras | Madras Presidency | History | World history | Asian history |
24281_PortugueseconquestoftheJaffnakingdom | portuguese conquest kingdom portuguese conquest kingdom occurred portuguese traders arrived rival southwest modern sri_lanka kings initially confronted portuguese attempts converting locals eventually peace king installed portuguese nominally client resisted missionary activities helped interior kingdom quest military help eventually named resisted portuguese find ousted hanged subsequent rule portuguese saw population convert population decreased excessive taxation people fled core areas kingdom initial contact portuguese traders reached sri_lanka initial southwestern coastal kingdom enjoyed lucrative monopoly trade interest portuguese kingdom came attention portuguese officials multiple reasons included interference roman catholic missionary activities assumed supporting portuguese interests lucrative markets strategic benefits support anti portuguese factions kingdom late 16th century portuguese influence strengthened courts kingdoms subdued kings kingdom functioned logistical base kingdom located central highlands access gained access east peninsula proved convenient entry port military aid arriving furthermore feared portuguese strategic location kingdom dutch landings king resisted contacts portuguese seven catholics island catholics brought india lucrative pearl fisheries extending kings client state expedition led failed subdue kingdom captured circumstances unclear king paying tribute portuguese elephants equivalent cash second expedition led king killed son installed monarch arrangement gave catholic missionaries freedom action monopoly elephant export portuguese incumbent king resisted helped kingdom kings period intent securing help resist portuguese maintained autonomy kingdom overtly provoking portuguese end kingdom death took control throne killing regent nominated unable secure portuguese acceptance invited military aid allowed use base posing threat portuguese shipping routes june portuguese expeditions naval expedition repulsed led land expedition army able defeat surviving member royal family captured taken hanged remaining captives asked monks holy orders obliged avoided production throne portuguese attempted eliminate royal family number families origin claim descent royal family today portuguese kingdom according description isle ceylon amsterdam dutch travelled sri_lanka 17th century consisted islands island dealing limitations kingdom historian portuguese origin says modest kingdom confined little district added neighboring lands said held obtained separated proceeding river connected lands forming peninsula outside stretch lands separated country jurisdiction captain river lands ends river cross midst lands stretch far according map appears large tract country indicated kings kingdom prior capitulation portuguese jurisdiction area corresponding modern sri_lanka parts northern half eastern province portuguese claimed based conquest time mainland south elephant pass claimed king troops consistently portuguese wife sons married fall portuguese dispatched strong army command portuguese withdrew army occupied portuguese general later attacked reinforcements defeated army seized according portuguese dutch publications battle fought king kingdom portuguese europeans seized king following portuguese defeat dutch islands lands 18th century consequences years starting dutch capture fort rebellions portuguese rule led period portuguese destroyed hindu temple library royal literary output kingdom excessive taxation population decreased people moved india districts south external commerce negatively impacted elephants principal export traded kingdoms india sent lisbon decline trade difficult pay essential imports items ceased imported words principal chronicler portuguese colonial exploits sri_lanka people reduced misery portuguese colonial era | Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom | History | World history | Asian history |
25584_HistoryofMumbai | history mumbai history mumbai deals growth collection seven islands west coast india commercial capital nation populous cities world human existed fishing community earliest known settlers islands empire gained control islands 3rd century bce transformed centre hindu buddhist culture religion later 2nd century bce 9th century islands came control successive indigenous ruled established kingdom region late 13th century brought settlers islands muslim rulers captured islands later governed treaty portuguese placed islands portuguese possession islands suffered incursions end 17th century century city emerged important trading town maritime trade contacts economic educational development characterised city 19th century indian railway line beginning operations mumbai neighbouring city strong base indian independence movement early 20th century mutiny india independence territory mumbai presidency retained india area increased states joined indian union integrated following protests movement city incorporated dominion newly created city secular fabric torn apart communal riots bombings caused extensive loss life property city renamed mumbai march early history pre historic period believe coast western india came broke away madagascar soon detachment region indian plate drifted volcanic earth near island eruption thought laid vast bed lava covers parts central india volcanic activity resulted formation gilbert hill seen locations city activity region led formation hilly islands separated shallow sea pleistocene sediments found near northern mumbai british archaeologist indicate stone age present day city built originally archipelago seven islands old woman island known little islands single engineering project bce region heavily involved commerce egypt persia fishing community long inhabited islands origin included large number scattered tribes mumbai tribes religious practices summed age indigenous islands incorporated emperor century bce empire patronage islands centre hindu buddhist religion culture buddhist monks scholars artists created artwork inscriptions sculpture mid century bce decline empire bce islands fell port present day important trading centre century bce trade contacts rome islands known ancient greek cluster seven islands greek end rule held dominion islands ruled years till ruled islands fifth century acquired sixth early seventh century constructed regime greek merchant visited near mumbai caves dates sixth century christianity arrived islands sixth century presence india presence ended invaded islands conquered islands dynasty ruled region constructed 10th century 12th century patronage rulers italian traveler fleet thirteen chinese ships passed mumbai harbour september founded kingdom region late 13th century established capital present day belonged dynasty dynasty built temple region introduced fruit bearing trees including islands earliest settlers city brought parts reign supposed brought islands death succeeded son built capital named islands control self proclaimed regent dynasty occupied later islands ruled till later brother law years till islands came control muslim rulers ending sovereignty hindu rulers islands islamic period islands muslim rule establishment appointed north administration islands appointed governor reign appointed governor addition proper survey islands improved existing revenue system islands early 15th century seized island ruled years persian historian recorded seat government north transferred death captured sending son recapture lost territory emerged victorious battle fought recaptured patronage led construction prominent built honour muslim saint death commandant large army capture responded large army navy leading defeat islands suffered sea nobleman end broke rebellion port conquered islands portuguese explorer ship sailed deep natural harbour island called good bay portuguese paid visit islands january landed capturing barge creek series attacks islands recaptured portuguese established factory seized fort king war emperor town south islands grown power emperor obliged sign treaty portuguese december according treaty islands mumbai offered portuguese seven islands surrendered later treaty peace commerce portuguese india october ending islamic rule mumbai portuguese period portuguese actively involved foundation growth religious orders bombay islands leased san michael church oldest churches bombay built portuguese granted granted granted years granted portuguese physician botanist granted possession bombay portuguese encouraged local population strongly supported roman_catholic_church started local population christians referred british portuguese christians christians recently established ties roman_catholic_church time bombay main trade death patent issued granted family built annexation portugal spain opened way european powers follow routes india dutch arrived closely followed british english merchants arrived bombay november travelled obtained practical control built lady good counsel lady salvation fought british portuguese possession bombay trader settle bombay fort built portuguese overlooking southern island growing power dutch middle seventeenth century forced british_empire acquire bombay king john portugal marriage treaty catherine portugal placed bombay british possession catherine charles british period struggle native powers march appointed governor general city fleet arrived bombay september october asked hand bombay english portuguese governor contended island bombay ceded alleging patent refused bombay portuguese declined interfere prevented landing bombay forced retire island died october november successor agreed accept bombay remained portuguese possession later managed acquire english september royal charter march led transfer bombay charles_ii english annual rent equivalent retail price index company immediately set task opening islands constructing warehouses customs house built fortifications built bombay castle judge advocate appointed purpose civil administration governor bombay english september appointed governor bombay july established mint bombay offered business incentives attracted jews planned extensive fortifications city north point near present day lion gate south harbour developed governorship space ships businessman imported printing press bombay increase population admiral landed bombay october ravaged local inhabitants february governor general dutch india attacked bombay attack resisted october admiral entered bombay destroyed pen rivers important english king treaty westminster concluded england netherlands relieved british settlements bombay dutch company shifted main holdings bombay administrative centre west coast settlements bombay placed head company establishments india landed february razed fort june payment british ruler evacuated bombay june arrival indian british merchants led development bombay trade end seventeenth century soon trading salt rice ivory cloth lead sword blades indian ports arabian cities construction bombay castle finished fortified islands sea attacks european pirates december assumed governorship bombay implemented plans fortification island walls built north point south established marine force constructed bombay mayor court established bombay started temporary work creek separating bombay industry started bombay soon naval dockyard established year captured portuguese province ceded victory forced british push settlements fort walls city new building rules set houses demolished population partially newly reclaimed land member family naval architects built dry dock commissioned asia middle eighteenth century bombay began grow major trading town soon western mountain ranges madagascar migrated islands built site fort docks built british occupied december formally ceded treaty signed restored empire british introduction goods parts bombay prevented goods subjected regulations respect taxes toll levied goods city assumed office governor bombay initiated engineering project uniting seven islands single purpose project block creek prevent low lying areas bombay flooded high tide project rejected project completed soon followed history journalism bombay commenced publication army defeated following construction workers migrated bombay settled flats constructed workers called called construction causeway duncan causeway commenced construction causeway completed governor connected february fire town subsequently british plan new town wider roads bombay hit severe famine led large scale emigration november defeated empire battle took place success british campaign witnessed freedom bombay attacks native powers city development educational economic progress city began company military successes north opened passenger traffic established bombay hit water famine construction new mint commenced construction good carriage road regimes sir gave better access bombay road opened november facilitated trade large measure regular communication england started navigating red mediterranean_sea july riots took place consequence government order destruction dogs infested city town hall completed built established islands connected bombay year monthly communication established bombay london oldest bank city established established funded construction causeway connect work completed established issued exotic notes western november hospital country founded governor earliest riots occurred consequence dispute rival factions riots broke muslims october consequence ill advised article appeared newspaper political organization bombay presidency started august vent public grievances british indian railway line began operations bombay neighbouring distance miles april cotton mill established city july bombay incorporated modern institution higher education established india chartered established bombay attracting considerable industrial population outbreak american_civil_war increased demand cotton west led enormous increase cotton trade victoria gardens opened public bombay shipping iron shipping companies started bombay merchants independent english river steam navigation company established maintenance steam ferries bombay nearby islands opening suez_canal marine trade bombay established providing modern framework governance rapidly growing city development administration port communication instituted best originally set company established riots broke february caused article published resident formed oldest stock exchange asia established electricity arrived bombay establishment lit electricity founded official time zones british india established held united_states bombay time set hours minutes ahead mean time 75th east princess dock built scheme improving bombay harbour institute asia provide established bombay year indian freedom movement growth political consciousness started establishment january formed february order central school protect interests workers threatened possible factory legislation british session held bombay december enacted gave wide powers interference civic matters finest stations world completed concept lunch box delivery man originated 1890s british people came bombay like local food service set bring lunch people workplace straight home august communal riot took place muslims temple attacked muslims bombay people killed injured september bombay hit plague epidemic death toll estimated people week amounting half population fled bombay time march riot started sudden outbreak hostility measures adopted government suppression plague riot led strike dock railway workers city days significant results plague creation bombay city improvement trust december january scheme planned suburban scheme bombay formulated relieve congestion centre town following plague cotton mill industry adversely affected flight workers plague partition initiated movement led british goods india july principal advocate movement bombay sentenced years rigorous imprisonment charge writing articles government newspaper arrest led huge scale protests city started leader played important role national movement india independence lord convened bombay june objective seek operation people world war measures thought necessary bombay presidency conference followed huge rallies city worldwide epidemic bombay september december causing hundreds deaths day lord incident december saw handicap bombay important strike textile industry bombay began january bombay main centre movement started february april movement started result act indefinitely extended emergency measures world war order control public unrest following world war saw large movement india troops supplies arms industrial goods bombay city life shut times non cooperation movement bay scandal occurred british reclaimed bay area bombay financial crisis incidental post war slump city electric locomotives india service late 1920s migrated bombay escape drought iran early 1930s nationwide civil movement tax spread bombay headquarters movement bombay october industrialist aviator pioneered civil aviation bombay flying plane bombay bombay affected great depression saw mill industry economy world war movements thousands troops military industrial goods fleet bombay important military base battles fought climatic rebellion august congress public meeting february bombay marked revolt indian sailors british rule august finally india declared independent british troops leave india passed arcade bombay february ending year long period british bombay 20th century partition india august refugees newly created pakistan relocated military camps kilometres converted township named governor general india april came existence merger spanned area km2 inhabited people limits extended limit extended february western railway discussions organised linguistic lines states recommended state bombay capital movement opposed insisted bombay native declared capital established northern suburb bombay following protests movement people killed police firing formed bombay capital renamed martyr square memorial movement early 1960s communities owned majority industry trade enterprises city white collar jobs mainly sought south indian migrants city established june bombay cartoonist feeling resentment relative native people native state 1960s 1970s rights native late 1960s parade reclaimed developed riots 1970s coastal communication increased bombay south western coast india introduction ships london based trade firm shepherd ships facilitated entry catholics bombay centre established bombay set january government apex body planning development activities mumbai metropolitan region science centre india largest interactive science centre established bombay august sister township founded city districts help dispersal control mumbai population called january trade union leader nearly workers textile mills bombay went strike riots broke bombay flag placed mosque killed wounded port commissioned view serve hub port city december january people killed city paralyzed communal riots muslims caused destruction series bomb explosions took place bombay march resulted deaths injuries attacks believed orchestrated mafia don retaliation demolition newly elected government renamed city bombay native mumbai native people goddess soon colonial british names shed assert local names renamed march 17th century king 21st century 21st century city suffered bombings december bomb placed seat bus exploded near station mumbai people killed injured bombing occurred tenth anniversary demolition january bomb placed bicycle exploded near station mumbai bomb killed injured blast occurred day ahead visit prime minister india city march bomb exploded train compartment train entering station mumbai people killed injured blast occurred day tenth anniversary bombay bombings july bomb placed seat best bus exploded bomb killed people injured august near occurred people killed injured group claimed responsibility attack hinted pakistan based attacks mumbai torrential rains july city brought complete city received inches millimeters rain hours indian city received single day people killed july series seven bomb took place period minutes suburban railway mumbai people killed injured according bombings carried city experienced attacks activists north indian migrants mumbai attacks included assault north indian taxi drivers damage vehicles series coordinated terrorist attacks armed pakistani men automatic weapons grenades began november ended november attacks resulted deaths injuries severe damage important buildings city saw series coordinated bomb explosions different locations july occurred left killed injured city venue cricket world cup final india emerged champion second time cricket world cup | History of Mumbai | History | World history | Asian history |
26846_6thCongressoftheWorkers'PartyofKorea | 6th 6th held february north_korea october congress highest organ party stipulated held years delegates represented party membership foreign delegates attended congress right speak congress saw secretary established highest organ party congress designated son successor criticized south korean media ruling communist parties socialist states eastern_europe asia considered congress saw north_korea away orthodox communism emphasizing idea giving party bent party congress convened despite party rules stipulated congress held fifth year preparations little known preparations 6th congress convened decade 5th congress outside party norm meeting official reason probably fact secretary spent 1970s gathering support creating independent power base son planned successor addition great deal time spent restructuring party organizations functions primary reason 6th congress chosen successor delegates attendees 6th congress attended delegates voting rights marked increase voting non voting delegates 5th congress increase indicates growth membership 6th congress significant large number countries represented communist workers parties invite parties party taken unusual step inviting foreign 1st 2nd 5th invited time communist_party soviet_union leadership invited number non communist parties organizations congress official report said foreign organizations countries attended congress indicating remained unknown reasons foreign delegates spoke congress congress 6th congress held february house culture october october compared predecessor 6th congress fairly short began opening addresses opening remarks congress agenda decided work evaluation work revision party rules election central leading agencies party followed report performance 5th congress 6th congress october october began election committee draft congressional decisions delivered report work 5th congress rest day spent discussing report october devoted debates speeches october congress elected 6th 6th significant 6th congress shift planning position members elected 6th members candidate members increase members 5th members expansion sign expanding party member represents party members members members candidate members new compared previous replacement rate relatively low compared 5th congress members sat 1st kim sung cause high replacement rate party conflict south korean domestic soviet korean factions ideological opponents hereditary succession previous amendments party rules changed original created power ruling elite delegates speaking rights participated debates lower participation 5th congress delegates speaking rights participated debate participants party making congress revolutionary generation present topics debated focused economy politics social cultural affairs military affairs possible unification south_korea socialist construction designated primary task party 1980s focal point discussions 6th congress ended presenting summary decided shining victory revolutions achievements ideological technological cultural revolutions conversion entire society lines idea independent peaceful strengthening solidarity anti self reliant forces strengthening party work 1st 1st 6th elect central party leadership held immediately 6th congress members elected increase members candidate members members elected ranked fourth hierarchy 6th composed members ranked second size change 5th congress members party revolutionary generation members 5th came generation reelected elected 6th composed members ranked marked time party history membership public officials seats bodies members positions bodies second ranked member list members respective rankings candidate members 1st saw revolutionary generation retire executive posts surrendering new generation controlled highest organs power saw disappearance brother considered chosen successor important party positions reason purge unknown presumably linked time consuming consolidation son power base policy decisions successor believed choice successor authority increased chairman late 6th congress increasingly remote figure regime 6th congress lost seats rumors confirmed began 6th congress called centre north korean media second powerful man north_korea choice successor met considerable criticism critics accused creating dynasty turning north_korea feudal state anonymous south korean critic said hereditary succession power inevitable consequence elder kim commitment dream founding dynasty family adding rise power proof thoroughly family affair built personality cult communist_party soviet_union ruling parties socialist states approve appointment heir apparent choice successor arguably concerned promotion revolutionary zeal country taking account negative treatment received successor korean unification congress stressed importance achieving goal unification greatest long desire people important revolutionary task facing party warned audience korea remained divided unified relations big powers called establishment democratic republic national government ruled equal number representatives representatives elect rule behalf system south_korea remain capitalist north_korea socialist leadership named conditions north_korea join social south_korea current ruling class repeal anti communist replacement military regime democratic representing people reducing tensions establishment truce peace agreement reducing american interference region holding open possibility improved relations united_states supported korean communism nationalism 6th congress away orthodox communism given foreign relations independent national policy given according political analyst changes represent marked departure fundamental principles communism new orientation north korean future 1980s contrast ruling communist parties socialist states democratic hold leader secretary ways functioned way leader unusual system rooted north_korea leader theory contrast socialist states upheld orthodox communist belief masses masters historical development ideology asserts masses initiate revolutionary change leader socialist states emphasized certain historical figures weight given people opposite occurred north_korea party line great revolutionary task working class pioneered led victory leader completed leadership leader perspective revolutionary task given working class socialist regimes sole responsibility leader north_korea leader theory supports man leadership important tasks accomplished great leader argues ideological outlook explain appointed son successor north_korea considered great leader decisive role cited official media man established founder idea elected secretary position bestowed divine right north_korea begun foreign policy based leadership explicitly broken 6th congress theory communist party supports policy contributing world revolution communist regimes rarely lived ideal 1950s ideological world communist movement impossible onwards north_korea strengthened relations neutral countries global cold war replaced national independent foreign policy socialist non socialist country war north_korea theory support non socialist country benefited north_korea 6th congress attached importance relations world countries unity socialist camp north_korea argues independence exclusive orthodox communist theory | 6th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea | History | World history | Asian history |
26941_HistoryofSingapore | history singapore written history singapore dates century later rose importance 14th century rule singapore important port invaded came portuguese rapidly major port city world war singapore conquered occupied war ended singapore reverted british control increasing levels self government granted culminating singapore merger form malaysia social unrest disputes singapore ruling malaysia resulted singapore separation malaysia singapore independent republic august facing severe unemployment housing crisis singapore embarked modernization programme beginning late 1960s 1970s focused establishing manufacturing industry developing large public housing estates investing heavily public education country world prosperous nations highly developed free market economy strong international trading links highest capita gross domestic product asia outside japan series raids launched 11th century weakened glorious empire identified place called general area earliest written record singapore occurs chinese account century describing island island end annals contains tale prince known sang landed island 13th century saw lion prince took sign founded settlement called means lion city sanskrit empire sent trade mission place called long men dragon tooth believed southern island chinese traveler visiting island described small settlement called chinese residents epic poem written referred settlement island called recent excavations found evidence indicating singapore important port 14th century singapore oldest location chinese community known exist outside china historical records archaeological evidence singapore caught struggle thailand java based control according singapore defeated attack king ruled island years forced founded singapore important trading port later early 15th century singapore thai vassal state founded quickly extended authority island portuguese seizure portuguese destroyed settlements singapore island sank obscurity centuries founding modern singapore 16th 19th centuries archipelago gradually taken european colonial powers beginning arrival portuguese early dominance portuguese challenged 17th century dutch came control ports region dutch established monopoly trade archipelago particularly region important product colonial powers including british limited relatively minor presence sir appointed lieutenant governor british colony determined great_britain replace netherlands dominant power archipelago trade route china british india important institution trade china passed archipelago dutch british trade region prohibiting british operating dutch controlled ports high hoped challenge dutch establishing new port main ship india china trade convinced lord hastings governor general india superior fund expedition seek new british base region arrived singapore january soon recognised island natural choice new port lay southern tip peninsula near possessed natural deep harbor fresh water supplies timber repairing ships found small settlement population thousand mouth headed island nominally ruled sultan controlled dutch weakened division officials loyal elder brother living exile help managed singapore offered recognize rightful sultan provide yearly payment return grant british right establish trading post singapore formal treaty signed february modern singapore born arrived people living singapore dozen chinese migration malaya parts asia singapore population reached chinese indian immigrants came singapore work rubber plantations tin mines descendants later formed bulk singapore population early growth returned soon signing treaty left major charge new settlement artillery small regiment indian soldiers establishing trading port scratch endeavor administration fairly funded prohibited collecting port duties raise revenue decided singapore free port invited settlers singapore stationed british official invite passing ships stop singapore news free port spread archipelago chinese arab traders island seeking dutch trade restrictions starting year operation spanish dollars worth trade passed singapore island population gone trade volume million population reached mark trade volume million singapore surpassed long established port returned singapore critical decisions despite success leading settlement difficult early years instance order generate needed revenue resorted selling licenses gambling sale saw social shocked disarray colony set drafting set new policies settlement organized singapore functional ethnic subdivisions plan singapore today remnants organization found ethnic neighborhoods stripped post later died perth scotland june signed second treaty sultan extended british possession island sultan traded administrative rights island including collection port taxes lifelong monthly payments respectively agreement brought island british law provision account customs traditions religion replaced efficient administrator new governor october departed britain return singapore died age singapore ceded sultan straits settlements status british outpost singapore initially doubt dutch government soon protested britain violating netherlands sphere influence singapore rapidly emerged important trading post britain consolidated claim island cemented status singapore british possession carving archipelago colonial powers area north singapore grouped form straits settlements administered straits settlements residency subdivision presidency british india subsequent decades singapore grew important port region success reasons including opening chinese market advent ocean going production rubber tin malaya status free port provided crucial advantage colonial port cities manila levied drew chinese indian arab traders operating singapore later opening suez_canal boost trade singapore million tons goods passing singapore year cargo transported main commercial activity trade flourished taxation little restriction merchant houses set singapore mainly european trading firms jewish chinese arab armenian american indian merchants chinese handled trade european asian merchants chinese largest ethnic group singapore consisted descendants early chinese settlers chinese singapore escape economic southern china numbers fleeing turmoil caused war second war arrived singapore impoverished laborers second largest ethnic group 1860s worked fishermen wage continued live indians second largest ethnic group consisted laborers traders sent carry public works projects clearing laying roads indian troops garrisoned singapore british despite singapore growing importance administration governing island welfare populace administrators usually posted india unfamiliar local culture languages population size civil service singapore remained unchanged people access public health services diseases cholera smallpox caused severe health problems especially working class areas result administration predominantly male nature population society chaotic police officers city nearly people prostitution gambling drug abuse particularly widespread chinese criminal secret societies analogous modern day extremely powerful tens thousands members turf wars rival societies occasionally led hundreds deaths attempts suppress limited success situation created deep concern european population island complained singapore small island population south eastern asia straits settlements crown colony singapore continued grow deficiencies straits settlements administration singapore merchant community began british indian rule british government agreed establish straits settlements separate april new colony ruled governor supervision london executive council legislative council assisted governor members councils elected representatives local population gradually included years colonial government embarked measures address social problems facing singapore chinese established address needs chinese community especially controlling worst abuses trade protecting chinese women forced prostitution governor sir banned secret societies driving underground social problems persisted post war era including acute housing shortage poor health living standards revolutionary chinese organisation dedicated overthrow dynasty led founded branch singapore served organisation headquarters southeast_asia members branch included originally rubber manufacturer originally rubber shoe manufacturer wing started revolution related meaning china revival inaugural issue august daily distribution copies newspaper ended presumably revolution working people opened revolution related meaning open wisdom singapore revolution raised purchase shipment singapore china military equipment support expenses people travelling singapore china revolutionary work immigrant chinese population singapore donated organised revolution led establishment world war deeply affect singapore conflict spread southeast_asia significant local military event war mutiny british muslim indian garrisoned singapore hearing rumors plans send fight ottoman_empire soldiers revolted killing officers british civilians troops arriving burma suppressed unrest war british government devoted significant resources building naval base singapore increasingly ambitious completed cost million naval base boasted largest dry dock world largest floating dock fuel tanks support entire british navy months defended heavy inch naval guns royal_air_force squadrons stationed winston_churchill touted unfortunately base fleet stationed europe plan sail quickly singapore needed world war broke fleet fully occupied defending britain lieutenant general sir appointed governor singapore general officer commanding malaya command november holding post based shortly outbreak world war responsible forming hypothesis fall singapore prevented fall singapore second world war japanese occupation december japan attacked pearl harbor east coast malaya causing pacific war begin earnest attacks occurred time international honolulu attack dated december attack dated december japan objectives capture southeast_asia secure rich supply natural resources feed military industry needs singapore main allied base region obvious military target trade wealth british military commanders singapore believed japanese attack come sea south dense jungle north serve natural barrier invasion drawn plan dealing attack northern malaya preparations completed military confident fortress singapore withstand japanese attack confidence reinforced arrival force squadron british warships dispatched defense singapore including battleship hms prince wales cruiser squadron accompanied capital ship aircraft carrier ran aground route leaving squadron air cover december japanese forces landed northern malaya days start invasion malaya prince wales sunk miles coast force japanese bombers torpedo bomber aircraft worst british naval defeat world war allied air support arrive time protect capital ships incident singapore malaya suffered daily air raids including targeting civilian structures hospitals casualties ranging tens hundreds time japanese army advanced swiftly southward crushing bypassing allied resistance allied forces tanks considered unsuitable tropical infantry proved powerless japanese light tanks resistance failed japanese advance allied forces forced retreat southwards singapore january mere days start invasion japanese conquered entire attack singapore causeway linking singapore blown allied forces effort stop japanese army japanese managed cross boats days fights allied forces volunteers singapore population advancing japanese took place period defenses shattered supplies exhausted lieutenant general surrendered allied forces singapore general chinese new year february indian australian british troops prisoners war later transported burma japan korea use slave labour prisoner transports known hell ships fall singapore largest surrender british led forces history japanese newspapers declared victory deciding general situation war singapore renamed light south island japanese occupied japanese japanese army imposed harsh measures local population troops especially japanese military police particularly ruthless dealing chinese population notable massacre chinese civilians undertaken retaliation support war effort china japanese screened citizens including children check anti japanese guilty citizens sent away truck executed mass executions claimed lives malaya singapore rest population suffered severe half years japanese occupation indians forced build death railway railway thailand burma died building railway caught prisoners war post war period japanese surrender allies august singapore fell brief state looting revenge killing widespread british troops led lord commander returned singapore receive formal surrender japanese forces region general behalf september formed govern island march infrastructure destroyed war including electricity water supply systems telephone services harbor facilities port singapore shortage food leading disease rampant crime violence high food prices unemployment workers discontent culminated series strikes causing massive public transport services late economy began recover facilitated growing demand tin rubber world years economy returned pre war levels failure britain defend singapore destroyed credibility ruler eyes decades war saw political awakening local populace rise anti colonial nationalist sentiments slogan independence language british prepared gradually increase self governance singapore malaya april straits settlements dissolved singapore separate civil administration headed governor july separate executive established election members scheduled following year elections held march limited seats elected british subjects rights vote eligible registered vote members council chosen governor chambers commerce elected seats won newly formed conservative party leaders businessmen professionals press immediate self rule seats won months elections armed communist groups malaya emergency broke british imposed tough measures control left wing groups singapore malaya introduced controversial allowed indefinite detention trial persons suspected threats security left wing groups strongest critics colonial system progress self government stalled years second election held number elected seats increased election dominated won seats contributed formation distinct local government singapore colonial administration dominant communists malaya suppressed worst emergency headed sir proposed limited form self government singapore new thirty seats chosen popular election replace chief minister head government cabinet picked parliamentary system british retain control areas internal security foreign affairs veto power legislation election held april lively closely fought affair new political parties joining unlike previous elections voters automatically registered expanding electorate defeated election winning seats newly formed left leaning labour biggest winner seats formed coalition government alliance won seats new party leftist won seats self government partial internal self government leader labour chief minister singapore presided government receiving little cooperation colonial government local parties social unrest rise bus riots broke killing people seriously marshall government chinese middle school riots broke students schools increasing tension local government chinese students regarded having communist sympathies april marshall led delegation london negotiate complete self rule talks talks failed british reluctant control singapore internal security british concerned communist influence labour strikes singapore economic stability felt local government ineffective handling earlier riots marshall resigned following failure talk new chief minister launched crackdown communist leftist groups trade union leaders pro communist members internal security act british government approved tough stance communist new round talks held beginning march agreed grant complete internal self government created citizenship expanded members entirely chosen popular election prime minister cabinet control aspects government defense foreign affairs governorship replaced yang head state august passed providing establishment internal self government elections new held won polls landslide victory winning seats accomplished chinese speaking majority particularly labour unions radical student organizations leader young cambridge educated lawyer prime minister singapore victory viewed dismay foreign local business leaders party members pro communists businesses promptly shifted headquarters singapore despite ill government embarked vigorous program address singapore economic social problems economic development overseen new minister finance strategy encourage foreign local investment measures ranging tax incentives establishment large industrial estate education system revamped train skilled workforce english language promoted chinese language language instruction eliminate labour unrest existing labour unions consolidated forcibly single umbrella organisation called strong oversight government social aggressive funded public housing program launched solve long standing housing problem high rise low cost apartments constructed years program campaign merger despite successes governing singapore leaders including lee believed singapore future lay malaya felt historic economic ties singapore malaya strong continue separate nations furthermore singapore lacked natural resources faced declining trade growing population required jobs thought merger benefit economy creating common market eliminating trade supporting new industries solve ongoing unemployment leadership campaigned vigorously merger sizable pro communist wing strongly opposed merger fearing loss influence ruling party malaya anti communist support non communist faction leaders skeptical idea merger distrust government concerns large chinese population singapore alter racial balance political power base depended issue came head pro communist minister defected party beat candidate subsequent election threatened bring lee government faced prospect takeover pro communists changed minds merger malaya prime minister idea comprising existing singapore british borneo territories leaders believed additional population borneo territories offset singapore chinese population british government believed merger prevent singapore haven communism july leaders singapore malaya signed malaysia agreement establish singapore malaysia merger september malaya singapore merged malaysia formed union rocky start singapore state elections local branch took election despite earlier agreement participate state politics malaysia formative years lost bids relations worsened challenged candidates federal election winning glorious seat compared handed malaysia government racial tension racial tensions increased chinese singapore federal policies action granted special privileges guaranteed article constitution malaysia financial economic benefits given political leaders began advocating fair equal treatment races malaysia rallying cry malaysian malaysia singapore increasingly federal government accusations external political situation tense indonesian president declared state malaysia initiated military actions new nation including bombing singapore march indonesian killing people indonesia conducted activities provoke chinese numerous racial riots resulted frequently imposed restore order notorious riots race riots took place birthday july people killed hundreds injured unrest price food transport system disrupted causing people state federal governments conflicts economic leaders feared economic dominance singapore inevitably shift political power away despite earlier agreement establish common market singapore continued face restrictions trading rest malaysia retaliation singapore refused provide extent loans previously agreed economic development eastern states branch singapore closed suspected funding communists situation escalated extent talks broke abusive speeches writings sides called arrest separation seeing alternative avoid malaysian prime minister decided expel singapore federation skeptical merger economic benefits singapore convinced separation place representatives worked terms separation extreme secrecy order present british government particular morning august parliament malaysia voted favor constitutional amendment singapore federation hours later passed independence act establishing island independent sovereign republic announced televised press conference singapore sovereign independent nation widely remembered quote stated moment life adult life believed merger unity territories new state appointed president present gaining independence abruptly singapore faced future filled going conservative faction strongly opposed separation singapore faced dangers attack indonesian military integration unfavorable terms international media skeptical prospects singapore survival issue sovereignty pressing problems unemployment housing education lack natural resources land unemployment ranging threatening trigger civil unrest singapore immediately sought international recognition sovereignty new state joined united_nations september member joined commonwealth october year foreign minister headed new foreign service helped assert singapore independence establishing diplomatic relations countries december constitution amendment act passed head state president singapore later founded august admitted set implement national economic strategies focusing promoting singapore manufacturing sector industrial estates set especially foreign investment attracted country tax incentives transformed manufacturing sector produced higher value added goods achieved greater revenue service industry grew time driven demand services ships calling port increasing commerce progress helped alleviate unemployment crisis singapore attracted big oil companies like shell establish oil singapore mid-1970s largest oil centre world government invested heavily education system adopted english language instruction emphasised practical training develop competent workforce suited industry lack good public housing poor high unemployment led social problems crime health issues settlements resulted safety hazards caused fire killed people left homeless set independence continued largely successful huge building projects sprung provide affordable public housing decade majority population housed apartments housing scheme introduced allows residents use compulsory savings account purchase flats gradually increases home ownership singapore british troops remained singapore following independence london announced decision withdraw forces secret aid military advisers israel singapore rapidly established help national service program introduced independence defense spending approximately percent today best equipped asia 1980s 1990s economic success continued 1980s unemployment rate falling real growth averaging 1980s singapore began upgrade higher technological industries sector order compete neighbours cheaper labour singapore airport opened developed major airline port singapore world busiest ports service tourism industries grew immensely period singapore emerged important transportation hub major tourist destination continued promote public housing new towns designed built new residential estates larger higher standard apartments served better amenities today population lives apartments mass rapid transit line began operation connecting housing estates city centre political situation singapore continues dominated won parliamentary seats election rule termed authoritarian activists opposition politicians strict regulation political media activities government infringement political rights conviction opposition politician illegal protests lawsuits cited opposition parties examples lack separation powers court system government led accusations opposition parties justice government singapore underwent significant changes non constituency members parliament introduced allow losing candidates opposition parties appointed mps group representation introduced create multi seat electoral divisions intended ensure minority representation parliament nominated members parliament introduced allow non elected non partisan mps constitution amended provide elected president veto power use national reserves appointments public office opposition parties complained system difficult gain parliamentary elections singapore voting system tends exclude minority parties passed leadership second prime minister singapore presented open style leadership country continued singapore experienced effect asian financial crisis tough measures cuts contribution implemented lee programs singapore profound effect communist leadership china major effort especially emulate policies economic growth subtle suppression dissent chinese officials sent singapore study methods present early 2000s early 2000s singapore went post independence crises including outbreak threat terrorism december plot bomb infrastructure singapore uncovered members group arrested internal security act major counter terrorism measures place detect prevent potential terrorist acts damages occur emphasis placed promoting social integration trust different communities eldest son prime minister singapore introduced policy changes including reduction national service duration half years years casino gambling efforts raise city global profile included hosting summer youth olympics general election landmark election prominent use internet cover comment election official media returned power winning parliamentary seats votes presidents died general election watershed election time lost ruling party opposition party years later founding father prime minister singapore died march singapore declared period national mourning march golden jubilee weekend featuring extra holiday fun packs usually given people attend national day parade given household founding prime minister tribute foreign dignitaries invited parade | History of Singapore | History | World history | Asian history |
27210_QingheSpecialSteelCorporationdisaster | disaster disaster industrial disaster occurred april china thirty people killed injured transport steel separated overhead rail factory subsequent investigation chinese authorities found plant lacking major safety features severely regulation direct cause accident attributed inappropriate use equipment investigation concluded safety facility contributing factors report went criticize safety standards chinese steel industry deputy head said accident hit china steel industry background ltd established originally state owned enterprise private business according plant employees time accident gave employment figure factory produced tonnes steel hoped increase production tonnes building disaster occurred steel processing plant failed carried steel blast processes diameter metres capacity tons tonnes liquid steel ran rail height metres factory floor event local time question separated overhead iron rail connected blast positioned preparation pour contents tons liquid steel temperature approximately degrees liquid steel burst windows door adjoining room meters away workers gathered change shifts room entirely emergency services arrived initially unable provide assistance high temperatures steel prevented entering area wait steel cool eventually able access area discovered thirty workers killed spill room survived rushed hospital severe burns according doctors workers initially listed stable condition listed critical said risk contracting burns earlier statement website published conflicting information saying thirty deceased represented room time people injured operators official press agency released report stating fell workers unclear workers fact crushed conflicted reports survivors recovered bodies thirty deceased reactions survivor accounts deputy head held press conference shortly disaster stated accident hit china steel industry public outcry china news spill known survivors interviewed media investigators experience gave following account tragedy bending tools heard screaming falling liquid fell ground body burnt clothes ran gave description burned steel steel hit felt like beaten iron bars brain went blank dead turned head survivor head company casting section explained steel instead remaining upright falling hit steel immediately flowed nearby conference room investigation chinese authorities immediately launched investigation disaster concluded week later april factory sealed course investigation common practice china work continued site office investigation concluded direct cause disaster standard instead specifically designed dangerous work contributing factors identified safety measures chaotic management official report stated equipment materials inside workshop work space narrow safety passages meet requirements report goes accident highlights poor working conditions safety measures chinese steel industry firms adapt demands rapid expansion ignore safety safety inspection place leading multiple accidents concluding work safety conditions sector extremely grim aftermath bodies deceased badly burned recognizable dna testing identification hours disaster officials arrested plant owner employees charge work safety issues promised families victims minimum compensation according positions arrested manager mill operator technician workshop supervisor statement work safety administration issued conflicting injury count stated responsible control elaborate | Qinghe Special Steel Corporation disaster | History | World history | Asian history |
27290_IndependenceDay(Pakistan) | independence day pakistan independence day observed annually august national holiday pakistan commemorates day pakistan achieved independence declared sovereign nation following end british pakistan came existence result aimed creation independent muslim state division north western regions movement led leadership event brought forth indian independence act british gave independence dominion pakistan later comprised present day pakistan bangladesh islamic calendar day independence coincided eve regarded sacred muslims main independence day ceremony takes place national flag hoisted presidential parliament buildings followed national anthem live televised speeches leaders usual celebratory events festivities day include flag raising ceremonies cultural events playing patriotic songs number award ceremonies held day citizens national flag atop homes display prominently vehicles attire history background area pakistan historically british indian empire nineteenth century begun trade 17th century company rule started won battle following indian rebellion government india act led british crown assuming direct control indian india muslim league founded context circumstances generated division party aimed creation separate muslim state period world war marked british reforms reforms witnessed enactment calls self rule indian activists widespread discontent period nationwide non violent movements non cooperation civil idea separate religion based state introduced speech president december years later pakistan separate state proposed declaration like left proposal 1940s indian independence movement intensified muslim nationalism helmed took place prominent leader political party secure interests muslim british india muslim league played decisive role 1940s indian independence movement developed driving force creation pakistan muslim state day general session india muslim league march formal political statement presented known called creation independent state muslims independence labour government britain exhausted recent events world war numerous riots realized mandate home support internationally reliability continuing control increasingly restless reliability native forces continuing control increasingly rebellious india diminished government decided end british rule secular party demanded single state muslim disagreed idea single state stressed idea separate pakistan alternative sent try reach compromise congress proposing state power given local governments rejected parties resulted number riots eventually february prime minister announced british government grant self governance june latest june british government announced principle division independent states accepted successor governments given dominion status implicit right chose second anniversary japan surrender world war date power transfer chose august date ceremony power transfer pakistan wanted attend ceremonies india pakistan indian independence act passed divided new independent later dominion pakistan later act provided mechanism division provinces nations partition india establishment office complete legislative authority respective division joint property new countries august new dominion pakistan independent sworn governor general independence marked widespread celebration atmosphere remained heated communal riots marked independence pakistan act later received royal july date independence transfer power took place midnight august indian independence act recognised august birthday pakistan india act states fifteenth day august nineteen seven independent shall set india known respectively india pakistan broadcast nation stated august birthday independent sovereign state pakistan marks destiny muslim nation great sacrifices past years homeland commemorative postage stamps country released july gave august independence day subsequent years august adopted independence day night august coincided islamic calendar muslims regard sacred night celebration independence day public holidays observed pakistan celebrated country prepare plans independence day celebrations meetings held provincial capitals local government attended government officials diplomats politicians month august begins special stalls shops set country sale national flags banners posters pictures national heroes celebratory items vehicles private buildings homes streets decorated national flag organisations educational institution government departments organise sports competitions social cultural activities leading independence day drives initiated clean prepare celebration day begins special prayers integrity solidarity development pakistan religious places country official festivities place commence raising national flag presidency followed gun salute capital gun salute provincial capitals president prime minister pakistan address nation live government officials political leaders deliver speeches rallies events highlighting pakistani achievements goals set future praise sacrifices efforts national heroes national flags displayed road leading pakistan passed fully illuminated eve independence day importance creation pakistan citizens attending independence day events usually dressed pakistan official colours green white government buildings including supreme_court president house decorated illuminated lights bright colours streets houses decorated candles oil lamps national flag shows occur celebration flag national anthem sung government places schools residences monuments day homage paid people lost lives migration riots independence pakistan recipients political figures famous artists scientists change guard takes place national monuments cities country flag ceremony carried mayor belonging respective constituency private organisations ceremony conducted senior officer organisation pakistani celebrates independence day countries world especially countries large pakistani communities security measures security measures country intensified independence day approaches especially major cities troubled areas security set representatives intelligence investigation agencies meet high alert declared sensitive areas country capital restrict security threats despite instances attacks occurred independence day insurgents boycott celebrations protest august country witnessed floods causing deaths people affecting million lives account president announcement official celebration independence day year popular culture beginning august radio channels play patriotic songs shows programmes highlighting history culture achievements pakistan broadcast patriotic songs like pakistan played sung country film released follows story details events leading independence pakistan events independence pakistan depicted literary scholarly works novel train pakistan short story book freedom midnight poetic works chronicle events independence pakistan ali autobiography account bringing family dirt blood describes sacrifices muslims independence pakistani drama serial based novel tells story events independence pakistan released commemorative stamps july country independence anniversary stamps depicted places pakistan fourth stamp depicted motif stamps inscribed 15th august prevailing confusion actual date independence pakistan celebrated 50th anniversary independence issued special depicting tomb din august commemorating 50th independence day note star burst encircled years anniversary freedom november golden jubilee tournament held stadium mark golden jubilee final tournament honoured living test cricket captains pakistan horse drawn carriages presenting gold medals august pakistan displayed largest flag time dimensions feet google pakistan featured special designed pakistani symbols mark pakistan independence day symbols included star crescent national monuments colours artistic representations geographic landscapes national symbols facebook allowed users pakistan post status mood setting celebrating independence day pakistani flag icon status | Independence Day (Pakistan) | History | World history | Asian history |
27684_CultureoftheSongdynasty | culture song dynasty song dynasty culturally rich sophisticated age china visual arts music literature philosophy officials ruling bureaucracy underwent strict extensive examination process reached new heights education chinese society general chinese culture enhanced widespread printing growing literacy arts appreciation art gentry class flourished song dynasty especially regard paintings art practiced trends painting styles gentry notably shifted northern southern song periods influenced gradual embrace neo political ideology court people urban areas enjoyed theatrical drama stage restaurants variety regional cooking lavish clothing sold markets urban rural people engaged seasonal festivities religious holidays visual arts chinese painting song dynasty reached new level development landscape painting style painting meaning mountain meaning river prominent features chinese landscape art emphasis laid landscape painting song period grounded chinese philosophy stressed humans tiny vast greater writers pursued discovery patterns principles believed caused social natural phenomena making translucent complex use developed song period particularly popular song period black red song period featured beautifully carved artwork miniature nature scenes landscapes simple decorative motifs intricate bronze casting jade carving sculpture architecture painting portraits closely viewed objects like birds branches held high esteem song chinese landscape painting paramount beginning song dynasty distinctive landscape style emerged artists mastered formula creating intricate realistic scenes placed foreground background retained qualities vast infinite space distant mountain peaks rise high clouds mist streaming rivers run foreground significant difference painting trends period southern song period paintings northern song officials influenced political ideals bringing order world largest issues affecting society paintings depicted huge sweeping landscapes hand southern song officials interested reforming society smaller scale method believed better chance eventual success paintings focused smaller visually closer intimate scenes background depicted detail realm substance concern artist viewer change attitude era stemmed largely rising influence philosophy adherents focused reforming society seen efforts promote small private instead large state controlled seen northern song era southern northern painting art high associated gentry class main artistic poetry song dynasty avid art collectors meet groups discuss paintings rate colleagues friends poet statesman accomplice affairs borrowing art pieces study copy admired piece exchange proposed small round paintings popular collected albums poets write poems match theme mood painting avid art collectors song scholars readily appreciate artworks commissioned painters found shops common scholars criticized artists renowned schools professor early chinese history points song scholars appreciation art created peers extended living simply professional artists northern song new class scholar artists emerged possess skills academy painters proficiency common marketplace painters painting simpler times criticize groups mere professionals relied paid commissions paint merely enjoyment self expression scholar artists considered painters concentrated realistic depictions employed colorful palette worst accepted monetary payment work better marketplace considered real artists song period acclaimed court painters highly emperors royal family greatest landscape painters given patronage song court painted original river festival known chinese visual art emperor song commissioned art project numerous paintings flute based woman poet earlier han dynasty dynasty court painters included member imperial family known song period buddhism saw small revival persecution dynasty seen continued construction sculpture artwork rock carvings similar design sculptures song temple features wealth song era buddhist sculptures including deities clad lavish imperial monastic robes paintings poetry literature chinese literature song period contained range different genres enriched social complexity period earlier dynasty viewed era chinese poetry particularly style poetry important poetic developments famous poets song era form especially associated song poetry song developments poetry included works social critic pioneer new style politically controversial renowned master eccentric brilliant premier chinese female poet having roots dynasty development brief existence southern immediate preceding song form chinese poetry found greatest acceptance popularity song dynasty song poets high court chancellor fan ardent great military general especially known poetry great poet ruled southern wrote famous works time prisoner song court following demise kingdom important transitional figure considered major song poet acclaimed major poet historiography literature remained prominent song previous ages successive ages china historian responsible compiling new book covering history dynasty chancellor political nemesis responsible heading team scholars compiled enormous historical work universal history completed total million written chinese characters volumes covered major themes intricate chinese history way 10th century fall compiled condensed books project totally complete efforts disciples time death large works written song period great books song compiled 10th century fully edited time 11th century largest publication prime massive encyclopedia consisting million written chinese characters divided volumes rhyme written song dynasty dominant buddhism china period significant buddhist literature example collection buddhist expanded travel record literature popular category literature song period accounts travel experiences typically written narrative prose styles included authors great example chinese travel literature song period record stone bell mountain technical scientific writings song period eminent authors scientific technical fields contemporary published dream pool essays enormous book covered wide range subjects including literature art military strategy mathematics astronomy geology geography engineering architecture medicine equally brilliant peer created different star maps wrote treatise ben illustrated related subjects wrote famous treatise described detail ingenious astronomical clock tower constructed capital city figures greatest technical authors field time producing book book included description silk machine incorporated earliest known use mechanical belt drive order function literary field rescue people treatise famine prevention relief edited 12th century record tea written master managing communal written great authors written works pertaining geography song book early form local geographic existed china 1st century matured form known treatise place replaced old map guide song major differences products local initiative decision making typically chapters length printed large audience products demands central government typically chapters long widespread availability printing song allowed ordinary people access materials read exclusively experts printed texts agriculture medicine domestic economics geography rituals performing arts theatre drama china trace roots academy music known founded early 8th century dynasty historian asserts northern song era capital real center performing arts industry involving theatre gambling prostitution food rise consumption merchants scholar officials states accelerated growth performance food industries asserting direct link close proximity cities theatres located pleasure districts theatres large entertain audiences thousand drawing huge crowds nearby businesses chief crowd gathered composed merchant class government officials went restaurants attended theatre performances holidays dramatic style employed style poetic lyrics capital shifted dramatic style developed separately different regional genres musical drama different regional speech dialogue entailed unique sets role types employed different types musical instruments playing different tunes drama singer preferred play accompanied string percussion instruments drama multitude singers stage set string wind instruments preferred color clothing distinguished rank theatre actors song similar vendors wore specific outfits identify guild belonged actors generic costumes reflected role type played stage student young man young woman official soldier etc actors theatrical skills drama schools musicians found work theatre industry plays performed markets accompanied music actors stage spoke lines classical chinese vernacular chinese imitated common spoken language introduced theatrical performances dynasty trained speak classical language acting commonly drew membership lowest classes society prostitutes themes enjoyed stage varied corrupt officials comedy acts titles like setting fire delivering soup raising best wine stolen catching monkey restaurant play survived southern song era featuring clown stealing food wine wedding banquet act quick comedy sketch renting room act surprisingly actors stage wholesale monopoly theatrical entertainment vendors street singing songs beating find compensate percussion instruments draw crowds practice widespread west claims city turned stage citizens essential audience songs played stage performances tunes originated vendors songs contests held new year day determine best chants songs selling winners brought imperial court perform southern song states vendors presented palace gold vendors rich single evening theatrical stunts performed gain attention fried rice ball vendors hanging small red lamps portable bamboo racks beat drum crowds puppet shows streets popular festivities ancient china domestic public pleasures rich urban environment unique song dynasty annual festivals holidays provided time joy meant chance borrow food alcoholic drink join celebration people gather local sanctuary observe festival games theatrical performances festivities new years considered important year chinese occasion beginning february western calendar preparations new years festival took place month time people painting door gods crafting paper lucky characters welcoming spring making printed images cooking special kinds foods red beans widely popular festival held 15th day 1st lunar month according official period best festivals held known great variety colorful paper shapes sizes active recalled dreams earlier northern song capital host festivals tens thousands colorful brightly lit paper hoisted long poles main street poles wrapped colorful silk numerous dramatic paper figures flying wind like holidays festival supposedly period year depicted artwork mentioned artist argue painting actually represented time autumn year advent discovery gunpowder china lavish fireworks displays held festivities example martial demonstration entertain court emperor recorded large fireworks display held alongside chinese dancers strange costumes moving clouds colored smoke performance common people purchased city vendors simple sticks bamboo filled small gunpowder discontinued devastation dynasty lavish chinese revived celebrated song dynasty chinese carnival celebrations held nationwide emperor felt great occasion grand display renowned military victories abundant long granting grand throne sacrifices deities installation crown prince marriages imperial family etc clothing types clothing different clothing trends song period clothes china modeled seasons outward symbols social class coal heating home scarce expensive people wore clothing extra silk fur lined coats winter clothing material preferred rich silk special occasions silk robes gold clothing material poor cloth cotton clothes widely available south types clothes worn peasants largely uniform appearance color standard black white case upper class elite fact wealthy leading members society followed accepted guidelines ritual requirements clothing upper class grade social hierarchy distinguished color specific ornamentation robes shape type style worn rigid order especially beginning dynasty lines hierarchy slowly began color purple reserved solely attire rank officials higher began ranks officials bore color lower grade civil officials government protesting rigid regulations attire wealthy members merchant class contributed rules ceremonial attire worn certain members society visible civil officials class rich merchants business owners officials distinguished long robes reaching ground merchants wore came waist trousers pants trousers introduced china 4th century exclusive merchants soldier wore trousers uniform trousers worn common people men soldiers military officers professional boxing champions preferred sign attire song women distinguished men clothing left right women wore long dresses came knee wore skirts jackets short long outside road women wealthy means chose wear square purple shoulders ladies wore hair imperial wives officials wealthy merchants wore head ornaments gold silver shaped form flowers people song dynasty left homes sort shops city specialized certain types hats including caps pointed tails belts buddhist monks shaved heads hat sort cover heads people purchase leather shoes called wooden expensive food cuisine song period works dreams preserve lists names food dishes customer restaurants festivals modest dining peculiar names dishes provide clues types food ingredients judging listed dishes pepper sauce oil salt song era cuisine different chinese cuisine today additional ingredients included crushed chinese nuts citrus oil regional differences culture brought different types foods certain areas cooking traditions regional cultures blended case southern song capital mass exodus north people brought style cooking foods popular previous capital blended cooking traditions records indicate period capital sported restaurants served southern chinese cuisine capital officials native provinces southeast found northern cuisine lacking sufficient tastes fact texts song era provide use phrases refer specifically northern southern cooking respectively restaurants known example restaurant served foods restaurants wanted hot warm room temperature cold foods descendants owned restaurants found regional varieties cooking sponsored restaurants included restaurants catering cuisine emphasized use pepper dishes coastal foods shrimp fish memory patience keen larger restaurants serving dinner parties required dishes slight error occurred guest reported mistake head restaurant verbally salary docked extreme cases kicked establishment good early morning wide avenue special breakfast items sold included fried pieces kinds hot steamed shops popular remained open day night imperial way according song source night markets closed night watch reopened fifth gained reputation staying open winter storms days winter exotic foreign foods imported china abroad including dates persian wine rice wine common china fact noted 13th century venetian traveler based wine known china ancient han dynasty chinese ventured wine reserved elite wine included pear juice fruit juice honey drinks tea juice dairy products farming foreign concepts chinese explains absence cheese milk diet beef rarely eaten bull important draft animal main diet lower classes remained rice pork fish known restaurant dinner upper classes eat dog meat rich known consumed array different chicken deer fox crab local freshwater fish nearby lake river caught brought market provided duck common fruits consumed included golden chinese japanese region kinds different kinds produced combination dishes song period included cooked rice wine lotus seed soup soup fish cooked sweet soup baked stuffed sour filling pork mixed vegetable fruit strips stuffed steamed fried soup fruit cooked honey honey baked honey flour fat pork flour honey shaped girls faces soldiers armor like door guards called likeness foods philosophy song intellectuals sought answers philosophical political questions classics renewed interest ideals society ancient times coincided decline buddhism largely regarded foreign offering solutions practical problems buddhism period continued cultural accepted seen native pure conservative continuing popularity buddhism seen strong evidence achievements arts painting set completed conservative movement seen likes staunch anti written work ben wrote theory buddhism easily penetrated chinese culture earlier southern northern period argued buddhism widely accepted china traditional institutions weakened time factors foreign ruling north china political caused warfare emperor abolished ranks favor taught bureaucracy drafted civil service examinations heavily sponsored popular ideology buddhism legitimate rule given free influence flourish dominate chinese culture periods historian describes period reverted state wrote curse buddhism empire thousand years man day people drunk entered bones surely overcome talk conclusion root evil buddhism presented historical example uprooted chinese culture old time engaged violent controversy devoted teaching exposition won day teachings han times schools thought flourished revived way forth schools expired effect called root cause order overcome evil cast stark contrast perceived alien morally buddhism nonetheless borrowed ideals buddhism provide revival ideal ethical charity relief need inspired song government contrast earlier heavily buddhist period wealthy pious buddhist families buddhist temples handled charity poor song government took ideal role instead programs welfare charity refer society section addition historian notes situation song period philosophical taking buddhism earlier role true buddhist monks given official appointments managers enterprises initiative came officials sense buddhist idea compassion measures developed practical expression appropriated chinese state buddhism lost prominence elite circles government chinese society mean buddhism chinese culture buddhism continued flourish song period emperor song monk share doctrine imperial court like julian promoting roman leading members roman society pushing christianity influence lower classes 13th century succeed driving buddhism higher chinese society terms buddhist influenced beliefs teachings northern song era scholars brothers major influence leading architects emphasized moral self cultivation service ruler state healing society opposed like fan pursued agenda advise ruler best decisions common good brothers taught workings nature taught principle vital energy principle nature moral physical principle marriage moral principle trees physical principles exist function normally substance vital energy allowed song intellectuals teachings innate goodness human nature time providing explanation human wrongdoing essence principle underlying human good vital energy potential corrupted giving rise selfish negative human traits song neo philosophers finding certain purity originality ancient classical texts wrote commentaries influential philosophers synthesis thought buddhist ideas official imperial ideology late song times late 19th century basis teaching influenced brothers greatly extended teachings forming core included emphasis books doctrine mean great learning chapters ancient book rites viewpoint improvement world began improvement mind outlined great learning approach contemporaries writings forbidden cited students taking emperor song found writing intriguing reversing policy making requirement students study commentaries books | Culture of the Song dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
28186_Liaodynasty | dynasty dynasty simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin officially great chinese pinyin known chinese pinyin empire ruled present day portions northern korea northern china dynasty founded people time collapse china state control immediately founding dynasty began process territorial expansion leading successful conquest later emperors gain sixteen war led collapse later establish tributary relationships song china failing conquer tension traditional social political practices chinese influence customs defining feature dynasty tension led series succession crises emperors favored chinese concept rest elite supported traditional method succession strongest candidate different chinese practices set parallel governments governed areas following traditional practices governed areas large non populations adopting traditional chinese governmental practices differences chinese society included gender roles marital practices took view gender sharp contrast chinese cultural practices segregated men women roles women taught hunt managed family property held military posts marriages arranged women required marriage women right divorce dynasty destroyed people dynasty capture emperor remnant led established western dynasty ruled parts century conquered cultural achievements associated dynasty considerable number artifacts exist museums collections major questions remain exact nature extent influence culture subsequent developments musical theatrical arts dynasty officially known state great began appear country dynasty means iron refers southern traditional homeland state known great reappeared country lasted end dynasty history origins ethnic makeup early history documented historical records earliest reference state found book history completed books written mention active late early fourth centuries book history dynasty refers section covering reign history kingdoms korea mentions raid taking place according generally held emerged branch people following defeat hands branch split tribes called split group remaining group view partially backed book describes origins competing theories origin beginning song dynasty chinese scholars suggested descended people modern historians rejected idea solely origin support claim mixed origin beginning fourteenth century western scholars origin late 19th century western scholars claim origin modern linguistic analysis claim time book written formed state china provinces suffered series military defeats nomadic groups region chinese northern tribes times fell influence tribes chinese influence significantly shape language culture described raiding borders arrogant vol gives following account early residing great desert cold wind livestock tending fishing food source fur dress migrated seasons specialty horses old custom wealth horses strength soldiers horses released open country soldiers spread people matter importance battle arose called arms order given assemble horses followed water grass people relied milk bent powerful bow shot animals daily use dried food fodder way account maintain victory look encounter opposition vol names ancient tribes mentioned ancient tribes tribe tribe tribe tribe tribe tribe black tribe tribe soon increasing population invaded northern lost thousand people captivity pressed turks temporarily resided korea numbering thousand families tribes scattered longer tribes old century influence dynasty arrangement largely clan emperor bestowed chinese surname appointed leader governorship described office specifically created indirect management tribes turn century control north began slip focused attention borders leader launched rebellion led forces rebellion defeated took years able control control strong long lived relations saw clan replace ruling clan forcing governor launch invasions territory defeated invasion successful second led rebellion included troops army marked beginning end dynasty following rebellion simultaneously paying tributes situation lasted fall rise remained tributary dynasty rise later born son chief tribe time tribe largest strongest affiliated tribes great khan overall leader drawn lineage elected chief tribe tribal council named overall military leader subordinate great khan years later great khan ending generations rule acquired prestige needed secure position combination effective diplomacy series successful military campaigns beginning han chinese forces south west east year chinese murdered legitimate emperor dynasty declared named emperor china dynasty dissolved quickly year period known period later client state chinese history position emperor determined position pass father born son father death succession kept families emphasis placed selecting capable option leader brothers sons considered valid choices succession rulers expected hand power paternal relative serving single year term signaled desire permanent ruler accession securing position killing rule went disregarded tradition member family assume position rule came direct challenge members family including brothers attempted armed insurrection discovered defeated pardoned conspirators second brothers pardoned conspirators suffering violent deaths brothers plotted additional rebellions easily crushed end term number changes moving state closer model governance chinese assumed title designated era named oldest son successor commissioned construction temple years later established capital city imitated model chinese capital city death greatly expanded areas controlled height dynasty encompassed modern day parts russian far east chinese provinces succession issues occupation emperor officially designated eldest son successor succession long held standard chinese culture accepted creating friction desires beliefs including wife sensing possibility succession process run difficulty forced leadership swear allegiance installed heir apparent considered radical friction succession strongest candidate lead repeated succession crises occurred sudden unexpected death years old time father death exemplified values chinese aristocracy expert music medicine fortune telling painting writing chinese accomplished warrior leading troops battle father conquest campaign ended victory emperor gave command conquered territory known title prince empress known empress following death husband exceptionally powerful figure death alive commanded army horsemen tasked maintaining order led military campaigns abroad led campaigns following death husband empress rejected traditional custom buried elected cut right hand bury emperor instead seized military civil authority order oversee imperial succession terms empress refusal kill buried effectively ended longstanding custom precisely prince exemplified chinese values objected assuming role emperor empress believed chinese culture leadership ability instead favored second son enjoyed support mother nobility realizing assume throne dangerous try campaigned favor allowing younger brother assume throne end formally stated mother qualifications superior ending ability challenge ascension throne despite voluntarily claim assumed title emperor viewed threat held role prince moved imperial claim order break potential power base form emperor ordered capital people placed surveillance emperor prince fled later honored guest emperor went far prince emperor surname conflicting accounts death assassinated emperor later retaliation support replacing later emperor later loyalty emperor emperor died later began succession crisis son successor ruled months killed coup led adoptive brother emperor later honored guest court time wrote brother emperor advising invade instead lent military support rebellion led governor son law emperor help succeeded replacing later later negotiation powerful ceded sixteen border stretching modern day province coast east beijing contained numerous strategic passes fortifications access plains northern china agreed treat emperor father symbolically elevated superior position relationship later death elevation throne known emperor later new emperor surrounded anti advisers expelled envoy capital seized property owned merchants city end following year emperor launched invasion invasion took years faced setbacks end emperor secured surrender head later forces able march unopposed emperor celebrated victory adoption invading forces brought adequate supplies invasion began looting newly conquered territory imposed high taxes ethnic chinese population lands sparked series rebellions culminated establishment later han governor occupying months emperor forced retreat north retreat emperor died sudden illness south modern day death set second succession crisis instigated fueled conflict chinese succession customs oldest son prince nephew emperor proclaimed emperor emperor raised following departure later relationship uncle nephew close accompanied emperor invasion later earned reputation capable warrior commander noble minded disposition empress supported emperor younger brother throne instead empress sent successive armies face defeated ultimately nobility viewed cruel unable gain support challenge peace cousin clan formally assumed role emperor title emperor emperor promptly exiled empress capital ending political ambitions emperor rule characterized series rebellions extended family rule years killed rebellion led emperor oversaw grandfather dual system government brought structure closer model dynasty emperor succeeded emperor son known emperor emperor died second emperors succeed direct descendant emperor height power reign emperor represented height dynasty power oversaw successful military campaigns dynasty campaigns secured long term peace agreements terms favorable emperor recognizes king wars conquered state population relocated china groups remained territory formed state despite launching invasions forces unable defeat unable eliminate threat weary groups inhabiting region established forts military colonies valley area military action close proximity territory coupled cancelled invasion strong diplomatic cultural relationship song relations poor saw posing military threat feared attempt rebellions population territory feared invasion invade sending force commander claimed strong demanding territories appealed assistance song dynasty military alliance song assistance came steady southward progress reaching river point called negotiations military leaders initially demanded total surrender initially appeared willing consider korean eventually able convince accept resolution dynasty tributary state dynasty regular diplomatic exchanges began relationship song peace decades general murdered king king throne intention serving boy regent immediately sent army men punish initial period military success breakdown attempts peace negotiations entered decade continuous warfare faced significant military defeat dynasty history assembled large army march point sides realized defeat militarily king resumed sending tribute officially recognized legitimacy king reign remain vassal relationship remain peaceful end dynasty song dynasty later emerged short lived making kingdoms period founding emperor later died succeeded adopted son rule emperor later believed dynasty invade launched military campaign aiming sixteen ceded emperor later emperor died army met forces commander chief later palace guard throne occupied emperor seven year old son proclaimed founder song dynasty relations song initially peaceful exchanging following collapse dynasty territories formed small independent states kingdoms period additionally additional territories controlled military governors dynasty fallen control local following collapse focus land dynasty title emperor song focused smaller break territories die having control territories northern han kingdom despite northern han status dynasty launched invasion kingdom months death northern han received assistance invasion repelled emperor song brother founding emperor second emperor song dynasty launched second invasion northern han received assistance invasion successful song able assume control territory emperor song immediately followed victory attempted invasion sixteen song troops thoroughly routed battle river decades relationship song continued deteriorate continuously informed song attempts create military alliances groups sharing border minor border skirmishes common beginning emperor led series campaigns song generally successful battlefield failed secure value song changed emperor led campaign rapidly worked way right outside song capital conquering cities quickly folded army avoiding protracted cities resisted heavily emperor song marched met small city january signed treaty stipulated song bolts silk silver year emperors address equals location disputed border resume relations sums referred gifts song tributes later increased bolts silk silver year song fears form military alliance major wars fought song century following signing treaty signing treaty song dynasty ceded claim sixteen imperial emperor died leaving instructions named son heir known historically emperor emperor dynasty age reign immediately plagued emperor mother low ranking consort raised emperor wife empress quickly moved supporters coup justify executing supporters months eventually sent assassins kill instead committed suicide rival power dead declared regent began personally conducting duties normally emperor clear emperor unhappy mother grab power plotted replace emperor sons raised informed emperor mother plans emperor promptly exiled remainder reign emperor compete power mother supporters held key influence great eventually allowed return capital undergo ceremony symbolically exile rewarded revealing mother plot given succession higher ranking positions culminating governorship outside capital explains importance relation dynasty downfall stating shows extent succession issue imperial clan source weakness leadership state wasted people diverted energies attention rulers tasks governing emperor died eldest son later known emperor assumed throne having gained experience governing father alive unlike father emperor face succession crisis remained alive political influence interfere succession process emperor reign started strong eventually plagued aggravated emperor general weakness emperor major error ordering execution loyal minister close friend emperor emperor nonetheless convinced execute rival minister 14th century history speculates killed major incidents came dominate emperor reign avoided incidents rebellion high ranking members clan led grandson emperor attempted assassinate emperor hunting trip saved assistance troops led mother empress executing people involved plot immediate families major change leadership solidified power chancellor ally chancellor military leader died began view emperor son heir apparent possible threat power set motion plans eliminate prince eliminated prince mother emperor wife evidence affair palace musician trap emperor ordered wife commit suicide fabricated coup enemies court planning emperor place prince throne emperor initially eventually convinced exile son creating false confession prince immediately exiled point sent assassins eliminate prince wife preventing prince returned power plot discovered eventually discovered attempted convince emperor leave new heir palace hunting trip members court protested young boy mortal left emperor finally saw stripped rank sent low ranking post outside capital shortly executed aside event note emperor rule war fought possibly tribe group known located northwest border territory fought wars tried expand direction attacked tribes northwest attacked striking deep territory took capture kill years fight remaining forces war successful military campaign waged dynasty rise fall 12th century saw rapid rise people culminated foundation dynasty led captured dynasty supreme capital central capital emperor fled southern capital today beijing western region uncle prince formed short lived southern capital died soon captured emperor ended dynasty final conquest dynasty group led fled northwest border area military garrison modern day northern convinced people cavalry families follow attempt restore dynasty proclaimed emperor moved west modern occupied city modern failed attempt reclaim territory held decided instead stay establish permanent state state known dynasty controlled key trading cities showed evidence religious tolerance state survived nearly century conquered analysis concluded time dynasty fall state remained strong capable functioning reasonable levels possessing greater resources war enemies find signs economic fiscal breakdown impoverished crippled ability respond concluded lead replacement traditional values chinese culture able willing fight pointed evidence society remained strong instead attributes fall leadership ability actions clans early defeats hand pretext plotting overthrow emperor writing middle eleventh century lost spirit adopted defensive attitude neighbors building walls towns fortified posts attributes change influence buddhism violence chinese wealth culture general like attributes ultimate downfall interference ruling clans additionally credits series floods attacks tribes north east edge territory weakening critical level government height dynasty controlled provinces china portions korean peninsula portions country peak population estimated million ethnic chinese law administration employed separate governments operating parallel northern administration charge nomadic peoples lived northern territory charge chinese populace lived predominantly southern established system governments strict territorial boundaries emperor established formally boundaries early reign newly large chinese populations given set parallel northern southern governments governments operated differently operated system called essentially great tribal leader personal governmental appointments dealt tribal affairs serving imperial house powerful high ranking positions dealt military affairs overwhelming majority mainly imperial clan consort clan heavily structured calling designed imitation model unlike medium ranked officials chinese dynasty divided circuits capital city general idea system taken captured cities circuit capitals capital cities meaning located modern day meaning located near modern day beijing meaning located near modern day meaning located modern day near river meaning located near modern day circuit headed powerful autonomy tailor policies meet needs population circuit circuits subdivided called metropolitan areas surrounding capital cities outside metropolitan areas divided called divided counties called despite administrative systems important state decisions emperor emperor met officials northern twice year aside emperor spent time attending tribal affairs outside capital cities society culture spoken written languages spoken language closely related language family broader definitions family include member broadly language scholars divided question true language family linguistic area originally distinct languages influenced long period shares terms spoken peoples shared years prior conquest north china establishment dynasty written language scripts large script developed second script small script developed scripts based spoken language contain mix despite similarities chinese characters scripts different chinese documents written large small script survive day surviving specimens scripts inscriptions stone number inscriptions coins mirrors seals single manuscript text large script known nova manuscripts small script known emperors read chinese chinese works translated dynasty classics served core guide administration government china known translated status women status women dynasty varied greatly like nomadic societies having view women han chinese han chinese living dynasty forced adopt practices han chinese unlike han society strict separation responsibilities gender lines placed women role men women dynasty performed functions men women taught hunt managed family flocks finances property husbands war upper class women able hold governmental military posts sexual freedoms stood stark contrast han chinese women upper classes like han chinese upper classes arranged marriages cases political purposes women lower classes arranged marriages attract singing dancing streets songs served self advertisements women telling beauty status domestic skills requirement marriage women sexually marriage stood sharp contrast beliefs han chinese women right divorce husbands able divorced abduction marriage age women common dynasty men social classes participated activity han cases step courtship process woman agree abduction resulting sexual intercourse return woman home announce intention marry process known cases abduction non result rape marriage practices custom seen equally marriage difficult groom pledge work years bride family pay bride price lavish bride family gifts years groom allowed bride home bride usually cut ties family marriage practices differed han chinese ways men elite classes tended marry women generation senior necessarily mean large gap ages husband wife case ruling clan average age boys married sixteen average age girls married sixteen rare ages young recorded boys girls special variety known man marry women sisters practiced elite restricted men having wives sisters continued length dynasty despite laws banning practice course dynasty elite moved away han chinese system having wife largely smooth process inheritance religion time assumed control early tenth century majority population adopted buddhism buddhism practiced length dynasty monasteries constructed reign emperor buddhism especially prominent reigns buddhist scholars living time dynasty predicted age treasures buddhism destroyed begin year previous including concerned predictions start different selected early dynasty efforts preserve buddhist teachings carving stone burying efforts continued dynasty emperor funding projects years immediately preceding evidence excavated burial sites indicates practices fused buddhism practices marriage burial ceremonies animal human sacrifices found tombs alongside indications buddhist practice indications influences found burial sites reign dynasty designed son local cultural legacy influence dynasty subsequent culture includes large legacy art works important surviving examples painted wood metal color music songs dynasty known indirectly directly influenced chinese musical traditions rhythmic pattern form poetry important song dynasty poetry uses set poetic meters based certain definitive musical song tunes specific origin original tunes musical modes known influence dynasty lyrics directly indirectly music lyrics dynasty appears likely han chinese source considered music vigorous powerful music horse mounted warriors border warfare influence cultural tradition seen dynasty theater associated orchestration forms classical chinese poetry documented way influence occurred incorporation officers men service forces invasion northern route cultural transmission legacy culture returned china dynasty | Liao dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
67_Galveston,Texas | galveston texas galveston coastal city located state texas community square miles km2 population people census estimate county seat second largest municipality located houston woodlands sugar land metropolitan area named madrid count born spain galveston european settlements island constructed french pirate help fledgling fight spain port galveston established following successful independence spain city served main port later served capital 19th century galveston major commercial center largest ports united_states devastated galveston hurricane effects included flooding storm surge natural disaster exposed barrier island ranked deadliest united_states history estimated toll people galveston modern economy centered tourism health care shipping financial industries acre branch campus enrollment students major economic force city galveston home historic districts containing largest historically significant collections 19th century buildings united_states structures listed national_register_of_historic_places history exploration 19th century development originally inhabited members tribes called island spanish explorer crew island nearby november calling isle bad fate began years long trek spanish settlement mexico_city charting gulf_coast spanish explorer named island town honor madrid count permanent european settlements island constructed pirate base operations support mexico rebellion spain returned unsuccessful raid spain find galveston occupied pirate organized galveston pirate kingdom called island head government remained galveston raiders forced island united_states_navy established port galveston erected customs house galveston served capital interim president relocated government french canadian associates purchased acres km2 land found town modern city galveston anglo americans migrated city brought purchased enslaved african americans worked domestically waterfront including city galveston adopted charter incorporated city burgeoning port entry attracted new residents 1840s later flood german immigrants texas including jewish merchants ethnic mexican residents groups tended oppose slavery support union civil war join republican_party war expansion city state founding institutions adoption post office naval base texas chapter order cotton catholic school insurance company gas lights american civil war confederate forces major general attacked expelled occupying union troops city january galveston suffered yellow fever epidemic people died city occurred waterfront river cities 19th century cholera city progress continued reconstruction era numerous construction opera house installation telephone lines electric lights having attracted rural areas city black population totaled slaves numerous persons free men color educated war blacks comprised nearly city population year post civil war period leaders headed promoted civil rights helped dramatically improve educational employment opportunities blacks galveston texas established business union black break white monopoly dock jobs galveston cosmopolitan city successful reconstruction headquartered german families sheltered teachers north hundreds taught read business community promoted progress immigrants continued stay arriving port entry end 19th century city galveston population position natural harbor galveston bay gulf_of_mexico center trade texas largest cotton ports nation competition new_orleans 19th century port city galveston grew rapidly strand considered region primary business center time strand known late 1890s government constructed fort defenses coastal artillery batteries galveston february galveston officially visited uss texas nicknamed old commissioned battleship united_states_navy festivities ship officers presented silver service adorned texas motifs gift citizens state hurricane recovery september island struck devastating hurricane event holds record deadliest natural disaster city devastated estimated people island killed following storm mile long foot high constructed protect city floods hurricane storm surge team engineers including robert rules order designed plan raise existing city sufficient elevation confidence city maintained city developed city commission form city government known galveston plan help recovery despite attempts draw new investment city hurricane galveston fully returned previous levels national importance prosperity development hindered construction brought port houston direct competition natural harbor port galveston sea traffic recovery rebuild population galveston actively immigration efforts congregation israel galveston focus immigration plan called diverted roughly eastern european jewish immigrants usual destinations crowded cities additionally numerous immigrant groups including greeks italians russian jews came city period immigration trend substantially altered ethnic makeup island areas texas western storm stalled economic development city houston developed region principal metropolis galveston economic leaders recognized need traditional port related industries members galveston leading families founded years later later 1920s 1930s city emerged major tourist destination influence city exploited prohibition liquor gambling clubs like offered entertainment wealthy combined prostitution existed city civil war galveston known sin city gulf accepted supported illegal activities referring island island entered later known open era 1930s 1940s brought change world war galveston municipal airport predecessor international airport designated base named january officially activated serving anti submarine role gulf_of_mexico wife established benefit present future generations foundation largest united_states play prominent role galveston later decades helping fund numerous civic health oriented programs end war drastically reduced military investment island increasing enforcement gambling laws growth las_vegas nevada competitive center gambling entertainment pressure gaming industry island finally texas attorney general wilson texas_rangers began massive campaign raids disrupted gambling prostitution city vice industries crashed tourism taking rest galveston economy economy culture city afterward economy island entered long period businesses relocated island period health care insurance financial industries continue strong contributors economy city houston long paced galveston population economic growth beginning began efforts preserve historic buildings book galveston helped encourage preservation movement restoration efforts financed motivated investors notably houston businessman gradually developed strand historic district areas new family oriented tourism emerged city years 1960s came expansion higher education galveston home city got boost creation predecessor galveston community college established 2000s property values rose expensive projects completed demand second homes wealthy increased difficult middle class workers find affordable housing island hurricane landfall early morning september category hurricane winds miles hour damage extensive buildings storm island rebuilt investments tourism shipping continued emphasis higher education health care notably addition replacement type railroad causeway vertical lift type allow heavier freight geography city galveston situated barrier island texas gulf coast near mainland coast sand sized particles smaller amounts finer mud sediments larger gravel sized sediments island unstable affected water weather shift boundaries erosion city miles southeast downtown houston island oriented generally northeast southwest gulf_of_mexico east south west galveston bay north island main access point mainland interstate highway causeway crosses northeast island channel connects galveston harbor gulf according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water island miles southeast houston western portion galveston referred west end communities eastern galveston include lake east end residents west end use golf transportation residential houses stores chief police said believed golf prohibited outside golf courses west end residents campaigned ban use released study sustainable strategies galveston island argued west end galveston quickly city reduce construction population area recommended rebuilding west end event damage hurricane scientists increasingly recognize barrier islands inherently unstable permanently fixed historic districts galveston home historic districts structures listed representing architectural significance national_register_of_historic_places located broadway bounded 23rd 26th contains collection historic homes constructed civil war world war located sides broadway contains buildings historic districts include fort travis mainly victorian era buildings adapted use restaurants antique stores historical exhibits museums art galleries area major tourist attraction island city center popular seasonal festivals widely considered island shopping entertainment center today strand generally refer entire block business district 20th 25th streets downtown galveston close city wharf climate galveston climate classified humid subtropical climate classification system prevailing winds south southeast bring heat mexico moisture gulf_of_mexico summer temperatures regularly exceed area humidity drives heat index higher nighttime lows average winters area temperate typical january highs lows near snowfall generally rare snow fell february making winter record annual rainfall averages inches year areas typically receiving inches hurricanes present threat summer fall season puts galveston generally greatest risk communities near island peninsula provide bay shoreline faces significant danger storm surge demographics census data census people households families residing city estimate city total population population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white black african american native american asian pacific races races population hispanic latino race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age economy port galveston port galveston called began trading post today port grown acres km2 port facilities port located north facilities port facilities handle types cargo including containers dry liquid bulk roll roll cargo project port serves passenger cruise ship terminal cruise ships operating caribbean terminal home port vessels carnival conquest november company galveston home port passenger mega ships sails seven day caribbean cruise galveston largest cruise ship based port year round galveston home port seas largest cruise ship based largest ships world september disney cruise line based galveston offering day cruises caribbean bahamas finance largest life insurance companies united_states based galveston company operate states district_of_columbia puerto_rico subsidiary provides products services mexico headquarters downtown galveston largest privately owned texas based banks trust department established billion dollars assets largest state addition regional headquarters iowa based located city health care galveston home largest teaching hospitals state located campus branch galveston prior hurricane university employed people significant growth 1970s 1980s uniquely qualified management medical faculty including severely damaged bed causing cut nearly hospital staff storm committed spending million restore campus construct new medical towers return bed pre storm capacity approved construction new story hospital located construction begin fall demolition old hospitals continue completion facility room operating intensive care beds new hospital complete renovations complexes beds university reopened level trauma center august closed months hurricane september reopened hospital beds city home bed acute burns hospital children galveston galveston hospital chain non profit hospitals provides acute burns care damaged hurricane national convention held july voted repair reopen hospital tourism late 1800s galveston known playground south today retains shared claim title major cities gulf_coast states galveston popular tourist destination brought million local economy attracted million visitors city features array lodging options including hotels historic vintage bed breakfast resort city tourist attractions include botanical park downtown neighborhood historic buildings known strand historical museums miles beach west end pocket parks strand plays host yearly festival victorian themed christmas festival called strand honoring works novelist especially christmas carol early december galveston home historic ships tall ship official texas park nearby galveston ranked number cruise port gulf_coast fourth united_states arts culture museums non profit non collecting arts organization center exhibits contemporary art texas based artists offers educational outreach programs notably produces museum entry free public cash donations welcomed membership options range volunteer opportunities available october celebrate relocation original home historic strand style storm survivor extensively damaged hurricane fortunately weeks landfall installed support entire structural load building repairs likely preventing collapse heavy winds storm surge lengthy fundraising campaign restoration nearing completion events takes place approximately weeks saturday evenings year organized releases featuring map participating venues descriptions shows exhibits venues include artist studios galleries additionally art shown walls example outdoors musicians perform outdoors venues old quarter acoustic cafe events concentrated downtown number participants island galveston symphony home ensemble amateur professional musicians formed direction musical director conductor galveston ballet regional pre professional ballet company academy serving company presents length classical ballet spring year mixed program fall presented grand grants studio space living space visual artists year resident artists work variety exhibit work located renovated industrial structures west downtown hosts performances public events developed property featuring seven live work units designated affordable housing artists project brought new life historic left abandoned years originally built structure extensively renovated serve functions offices stores building housed galveston office storm property manager creative director unused retail space building found new purpose art music venue despite undeveloped state newly renovated space reopened unique bar gallery provides common area neighborhood residents cultural hub broader community visual art events live music regularly hosted space architecture galveston contains largest historically significant collections 19th century buildings united_states galveston architectural preservation efforts decades earned national recognition located grand restored historic revival style currently operated profit performing arts theater known castle ornate victorian house located broadway 14th street galveston texas listed significant buildings united_states classified fourteen representative victorian structures nation historic hotel opened building named honoring madrid count city named hotel added national_register_of_historic_places april house built oldest galveston designed greek revival style house bought police chief city storm family owned home 1970s red brick home constructed brick structures texas listed national_register_of_historic_places recorded structure site holiday known june union general standing balcony read contents general order slaves state texas joseph church built german immigrants oldest wooden church building galveston oldest texas church dedicated april patron saint laborers building wooden gothic revival structure rectangular square bell tower window began construction completed occupied building american civil war site ceremony officially ending civil war galveston modern architecture include moody plaza north towers breakers pyramid moody gardens known moody plaza media founded city primary newspaper oldest continuously printed newspaper texas currently serves newspaper record city serves newspaper record county radio station air previously served local media outlet television station signed air march originally licensed galveston second television station launch houston area original investors station actor small group galveston investors june changed sign moved main office houston local hip hop galveston town sculpture statues sculptures found city known sculptures resignation texas heroes monument notable people galveston home important figures texas history island earliest history domain famed pirate american hero war represented galveston senate assisted drawing constitution grandson founding fathers united_states_of_america african american galveston civil rights leader rose head important southern black leaders century noted portrait landscape artist moved galveston day hurricane survived studio portfolio destroyed survivor hurricane hollywood director directing debut film hurricane galveston later nicknamed galveston giant black world heavyweight boxing champion half 20th century established business empire includes major national founded largest charitable organizations united_states nationally known organized crime boss help family largely responsible making galveston major tourist destination 1920s 1940s texas seventy years longtime executive vice president early given nickname wrong way claiming mistakenly ocean crossing refused permission flight grammy award winning singer songwriter born island later moved los_angeles pioneer hydraulic technology developer woodlands texas born raised galveston recently established corporation owns numerous restaurants entertainment venues texas nevada senior senator texas female texas senator incoming republican member born galveston lived early childhood israel convicted sentenced life jail born galveston film television actor native vancouver british_columbia lived galveston died notable people include second baseman wide receiver actress fashion designer creator house mother beyoncé grammy award winning jazz legend born galveston government infrastructure local government hurricane city originated form city government known galveston plan city adopted council manager form government galveston city council serves city legislative branch city manager works chief executive officer municipal court system serves city judicial branch city council mayor promote establish municipal policies consists elected positions derived specified electoral district city council member elected year term mayor elected year term city council city manager city secretary city city attorney municipal judge city determined city council city manager hires employees promotes development presents budget city council policies mayor having replaced term limited thomas grandson scandal 1970s city services provides fire protection services fire stations pieces apparatus provided city police protection years authorized officers serve divisions city served successor founded oldest public library state texas library serves headquarters galveston county library system librarian functions librarian county state federal government galveston seat second largest city texas population houses county judicial functions jail located street seat civil administrative functions located near city downtown galveston county patrick serves commissioner operates law enforcement headquarters jail operates galveston located represents district galveston district represents district portion galveston represents district galveston texas 14th congressional district represented republican texas federal court texas based galveston jurisdiction counties housed federal building downtown galveston operates post offices galveston including addition post office contract postal unit campus west galveston contract postal unit located west end community transportation international airport galveston runway airport galveston airport primarily general aviation offshore energy transportation limited military operations nearest commercial airline service city operated houston hall emergency room galveston railway originally established named galveston wharf class iii terminal switching railroad primarily serves transportation cargo port galveston railway operates miles yard track galveston acre facility island transit operates manages city public transportation services bus service galveston previously operated following company acquisition service operated regular bus service discontinued galveston served amtrak connecting bus service texas interstate southern terminus galveston serves main galveston mainland houston farm market road locally called connects galveston known locally broadway street connects island ferry project construct proposed bridge link galveston peninsula cancelled education colleges universities established building fewer students today campus grown buildings enrollment students acre campus includes schools medicine nursing allied health graduate school sciences advanced studies medical major medical library seven hospitals network provide range primary specialized medical care numerous research facilities galveston home post secondary institutions offering traditional degrees higher education junior college opened galveston ocean oriented branch campus primary secondary schools city galveston served includes elementary schools middle schools high school middle school serving grades galveston state funded charter schools affiliated local school districts including 8th grade pre 8th addition knowledge power program opened galveston auspices private schools exist galveston operates roman catholic private schools including 8th private schools include seaside galveston media literature galveston popular song written sung main characters series grew galveston theater film man galveston original pilot episode proposed nbc western television series cast lawyer youngest son legendary time real temple houston county attorney texas temple houston series lasted episodes television season short story bought little city unnamed man fortune buying galveston sell galveston setting fantasy novel galveston flood magic takes island city resulting strange adventures tied declare won award preliminary nominee novel exploration island galveston texas histories families reside mentioned galveston island book twilight series eclipse galveston novel creator hbo series true detective sister cities galveston sister cities designated japan | Galveston, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
68_Sarnia | city canada population largest city located eastern bank junction upper lower great lakes flows forms canada united_states border directly michigan city natural harbour attracted french explorer named site horses men pull tonnes short tons long tons barque knot current august time canoe powered vessel sailed voyage development commercial shipping great lakes located natural harbour port remains important centre lake ships carrying grain petroleum products natural port salt exist surrounding areas oil discovered nearby led massive growth petroleum industry area place canada north_america drill commercially oil knowledge acquired led oil travelling world teaching nations drill oil complex chemical companies called located south downtown city highest level air pollution canadian city reliance industry percent matter comes neighboring united_states lake cooler air summer warmer air winter humid continental climate makes temperature extremes hot cold rare winter experiences lake effect snow arctic air blows warmer waters form snow land culturally large artistic presence city renowned area won outstanding community orchestra award given stage production driving miss largest event happens popular music festival takes place summer organizers cancelled event money troubles look forward combining presenting joint event latin sir governor appointed lieutenant governor capacity visited small settlements laid shores named consisted frame houses log houses brick dwellings stores villagers wished change unable agree alternative english settlers favoured buenos_aires scottish new glasgow sir suggested port january formally adopted vote named nearby village moore british military hero sir adopted nickname imperial city visit canada governor general daughter princess history nations peoples lived hunted traveled area years shown archaeological evidence peoples drawn amalgamation clans formed called clans came common links language culture developing self sufficient society tasks responsibilities equally shared members fires confederacy controlled area known hub great lakes included canadian shore located time maintained relations nations including countries great_britain france fact trading partners welcomed sailed erected sign blue water bridge commemoration voyage shown photo sign beginning europeans area members confederacy helped shape development north_america 18th century center trade culture great_britain supported strengthening tribes area set allies french people sided french seven years war peace great_britain treaty fort fought british war broke treaties united_states prior finally signed treaty september year ceased hostilities directed united_states survived intact middle late 19th century modern political systems began evolve war europeans area french settlers loyal moved north detroit successfully traded contributed growth area foundation expanded 19th century june residents passed act incorporate town officially changed effective january act mentioned inhabitants wealth adjoining stands timber discovery oil nearby arrival great western railway stimulated growth rail lines later linked directly united_states opening railroad tunnel constructed river tunnel engineering marvel day achieved development original techniques compressed air environment formed previous companies waters companies founded april residents passed act incorporate city population grown officially city grain elevator sixth largest currently operating canada built harbour short years later grain shipments important economy grain elevator rises harbour slip numerous bulk carriers ships shipping industry includes vessels world detroit world busiest indicated average tonnes short tons long tons shipping annually travelled river going directions period lake ships known pass river rate seven minutes shipping season period paul tunnel named retired president bored began operation double stacked rail cars located original tunnel sealed petroleum industry area establishment manufacture synthetic rubber world war great success began rise major centre importance industry appeared list possible soviet targets nuclear strike strategy cold war january neighbouring town amalgamated new city amalgamation originally slated include village village residents resisted eventually permitted remain independent city january city reverted population experienced continual growth population population declined approximately population growing slowly population count despite modest gains april report labour market states large companies community main economic drivers recent past plants operation increased led significantly fewer workers resulting loss jobs population workers search employment contribute general decline shown august study shows population decline years study cited outlines plan restructuring city based hybrid areas bring work opportunities closer neighborhoods people live implementing economic development plan emphasis energy geography located eastern shore extreme southern point flows surrounding area flat elevation ranges metres metres sea level soil comprises clay despite high percentage clay soil remarkably rich cultivation prior ice age glaciers covered area seen existence great lakes sand deposits terminal rich oil reserves entire area submerged plant animal matter formed layers sediment settled waters canadian shield located southernmost reaches kilometres west toronto kilometres north detroit woodland oak acres begins immediately north ontario highway terminates shore coronation park tree streets south highway village built house workers families construction point nearly residents residents relocated way expansion chemical industry village demolished remains historical marker corner street avenue neighbourhood largely forgotten historian penned books instrumental dedication plaque climate humid continental climate climate classification winters cold short lasting arctic air masses dip far south bring daily high temperatures lower located southwestern ontario receives large quantities lake effect snow averages snow year london averages lake creates seasonal compared rest canada inland ontario noticeably longer warm period following summer cooler temperatures tend prevail longer winter lake create large temperature differences city spring early summer particularly hot days late early june finally extreme temperatures particularly lows rarely seen daily lows seen average days year days year summers warm hot usually humid readings high times late late september fact second greatest number high days days average year days days average year canada thunderstorms severe april september destructive weather rare area occurred tornado event demographics census population increase land area km2 population density km2 overwhelmingly white population visible minorities representing largest group called english mother tongue listed french stated languages said language mother tongue median age older canadian median indicative aging population according christian population catholic members anglican christian muslim jewish professed religious preference median income counting persons years old older median family income slightly lower ontario respectively cost living significantly lower ontario median value dwelling instance compared ontario economy infrastructure workforce development board states march labour market report employment agricultural industries declined significantly recent years industries remain central drivers economy world war threatened tropical sources natural latex rubber selected site development synthetic petroleum based war materials built request large bring alberta oil oil production city economy operate large salt beds found city source significant ingredients contributed success chemical companies operating include ceased operations site plant decommissioned land sold neighbouring produces power steam industry largest natural gas generation plant canada created site produces tonnes short tons long tons rubber annually location sole producer regulatory approved food grade rubber manufacture boundaries plant created industrial surrounding area home facilities industrial complexes heart infrastructure economy directly employ nearly contribute additional jobs area canadian government deemed area important economic development country printed image oil reverse canadian note huge industrial area cause significant air water pollution airborne matter pollution regulation cubic metre percent air pollution comes rest neighbouring united_states form known air pollution location facility went commercial operation december power september plant largest solar power generation facility world putting acre campus established joint initiative park location canada centre industrial began construction north_america acid plant industrial park company announced plans double original size million plant developing square foot demonstration facility company captures waste gas water streams process value added products canadian company producing ultra low cost drugs opened office began work pilot plant park summer production retail large mall stores stores government medical services large combine smaller shopping centres stores dollar stores convenience stores collection antique specialty stores form retail business travellers choose branded family owned hotels transportation links neighbouring village point edward city port united_states spans connects lake lake bridge original lane span opened july making bridge fourth busiest border crossing ontario blue water bridge border crossing makes use frequent traveler program fast program linking highway american interstate bridge forms important north south truck routes public transportation including conventional bus transit transportation people disabilities transportation support major events charter services provided city local airport operates services behalf rail travel western termini windsor windsor corridor service departs station morning arrives evening health care served hospital acute care beds complex continuing care beds rehabilitation beds hospital opened following amalgamation smaller facilities recently recognized country largest hospital continued improvement patient safety care quality culture music theatre arts musical theatrical presence significant plays annual season lasting september april addition symphonic concerts offers year round dramatic productions played lead driving miss theatre frontman returned hometown occasion play concert including visit popular competition local amateur share recipes ribs compete canadian composer music educator born developed radical techniques musicians groups kiss played past preceded festival bay annual concert festival features big rock country bands typically second weekend july marked fifteenth anniversary annual festival financial problems caused event cancellation prior december organizers stated end planned coming solid financial future december organizers indicated planned merging joint event single museum proper museums local area document history including legacy home offers annual art exhibitions opened international category art gallery christmas season city presents annual celebration lights event created committee funded retail chain national telecommunications company modest beginnings event garnered numerous awards grown including second place competition celebration incorporated national year run voluntary attractions parks largest covers acres shore word means park opened park haven different species birds migration routes park maintains children animal farm commitment wildlife annual christmas farm weekend event held farm early december popular community event enjoyed families parks southern ontario feature outdoor fitness equipment installation largest recreational park incorporates baseball diamonds soccer fields outdoor pool community gardens memorial canadian gave lives world war remaining canada display park opened dominion day canada centenary celebrations decided close discovery toxic lead soil remaining museum city limits stones bones houses exhibits collection includes rocks artifacts fossils bones world previous museum converted historic house built recognised testament construction city sandy fresh water beaches popular tourist attraction sheltered harbour houses recreational sailing race port north end lake highlight sailing season drawing sailors year fresh cut popular tourist attraction thousands visitors annually visit chip trucks parked blue water bridge based author food magazine publisher visited chip trucks august stated blown away city waterfront chip trucks located chip trucks published article magazine ontario table recognizing outstanding quality fresh cut based travel writer recognized quality piece boasts best world officials created special reach chip trucks period construction realizing popularity chip trucks includes campaign food labelled dangerous manner cigarettes sports home sting junior ice hockey team player owner team sting player selected overall entry draft followed home ice hockey team plays team successor won western championships cups seasons successful tradition canadian football members local team twice won grey cup modern semi professional team playing born world champion played alternate tim winning times government consists elected members mayor members city members county mayor council members elected year terms members serve county city_council current mayor held position december currently second longest serving mayor province ontario past city included second prime minister canada provincial level located provincial electoral district represented member federal level located federal electoral district represented past years voters moderate party affiliation members parliament provincial federal swung forth largely parties new democrat elected provincial wave education kent district school board responsible elementary secondary public schools located boundaries responsible city seven elementary secondary catholic schools christopher merged patrick site represents french catholic schools city operates french public schools elementary secondary independent christian elementary schools offers year programs ontario colleges applied arts technology time time city post secondary school media radio stations originate stations signal notably nations produced station respectively country news sports fox adult contemporary active rock network television station community channel cable television provider cable systems pipe stations toronto city main daily newspaper observer owned purchased million weekly newspaper called began distribution march distributed households bright grove community publications week owned monthly business oriented newspaper monday owned operation november runs line news website delivering local news services area magazines currently published business trends report industry business trends distributed city hall report industry sent executives surrounding businesses report industry articles available online notable people distinguished residents retired astronaut flew nasa space shuttle missions served canadian commander expedition nobel moved native hungary join known star trek actor attended high school harmonica lives tours world notable extensive work youth notable athletes associated sports star retired referee current star champion masters champion won bronze medal floor exercise world cup event march honourable second prime minister canada buried cemetery monument erected 1910s 1930s actress born comedian writer presenter actress born resides london england | Sarnia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
445_MiddleColonies | middle colonies comprised middle region thirteen colonies british_empire north_america area british exerted control region english captured area war dutch majority conquered land duke york later grant ownership land province new_jersey delaware colony later separated pennsylvania founded lots rich soil allowing area major wheat grains lumber industries enjoyed success abundant forests pennsylvania saw moderate success textile iron industry diverse british colonies north_america settlers coming parts europe civil unrest europe colonies saw influx immigrants 18th century new arrivals came religions protected written freedom religion laws tolerance unusual distinct british colonies history explored journey hudson_river delaware bay dutch soon claimed land dutch fought land ultimately dutch claimed land calling english largely conquered land dutch renaming area new_york colony land periodically granted split province new_jersey king charles_ii renamed land west gave region new_england maryland brother duke york later king england colony later granted land hudson_river friends loyal english civil war sir lord berkeley land grant province new_jersey concession agreement written effort settlers new_jersey document provided religious freedom taxes assembly approval governor appointed governor appointed way founded colonists required pay annual quit rent taxes march encountering difficulty collecting taxes lord berkeley sold share colony businessman london sale divided new_jersey border agreed deed colonists new_york new jersey line war disputed colonial boundaries april united west province new_jersey 3rd earl royal colony governor recalled england charges corruption governor new_york charged new_jersey finally king appointed separate governor run new_jersey elected delegates formed january govern colony congress royal governor arrested june declaring enemy liberties country july new_jersey enacted soon having empowered delegates june join declaration independence united_states declaration independence ended colonial status province pennsylvania king charles_ii granted land pennsylvania colony march payment debt crown owed family penn wrote pennsylvania departing colony called religious tolerance groups including local natives colony penn governed pennsylvania citizens subject english crown laws penn cousin served colonial deputy governor 42nd parallel north 39th parallel north pennsylvania bordered colonies new_york maryland new_jersey dutch land given penn duke york separated delaware colony revolution england deprived penn governance colony took opportunity request expanded power elected officials led visiting colony penn eventually agreed allow charter privileges added constitution british banned western expansion fighting colonists natives ordered arrest officer commanding troops armed settlers loyal pennsylvania revolutionary sentiment continued grow philadelphia largest city america soon meeting place publication locally elected revolutionaries concluded history colony began province new_york dutch settlements new_york area appeared english captured new colony dutch renaming province new_york king brother duke york later king dutch recaptured colony july anglo dutch war gave english treaty westminster exchange duke york governed colony instead appointed governors councils officers run government served governor new_york province new_jersey split new_york new_york new jersey line war continued final borders decided approved king respectively convened october making new_york colony assembly constitution drafted passed october giving colonists rights including rights taxation representation learning constitution declared void duke york king england new_york royal province province briefly overthrown citizens new_york rebelled royal governor rebellion governor march rebellion crushed leader arrested tried executed treason new_york charter constitution reinstated soon april american patriots formed replace assembly governor royal officials forced colony october colonial status ended new state united_states declaration independence july delaware colony delaware changed hands dutch dutch maintained control delaware sir took duke york renaming new castle deputy duke governed delaware received land grant pennsylvania received delaware area dubbed lower counties troubles governing diverse delaware territory penn agreed allow separate colonial assembly geography partly enjoyed fertile soil vastly different nearby contained rocky soil large grain exports resulting soil colonies came known pennsylvania leading wheat corn making leading food producer colonies later states years broad rivers relaxed current like hudson_river attracted diverse business fur moved rivers flow enable water wheel power industry abundant forests attracted industries industries presence deep river led appearance important ports like new_york philadelphia far industry rival industry new_england pennsylvania abundant textile industry grew quickly colony major producer pig iron products including pennsylvania long rifle wagon important industries included printing publishing related industry politics middle colonies political groups began small groups narrowly focused goals eventually grew diverse large political organizations evolving especially french indian war generally run elected middle colony guaranteed freedom religion forbade taxation representation royal governors arrested overthrown occasion notably new_jersey arrested governor rebellion new_york growing unrest eventually led region meeting place center revolution numerous pockets loyalists demographics tended mix aspects generally farms acres hectares owned family worked new_york dutch operated large landed estates rented land tenant farmers diverse british colonial regions north_america tended socially tolerant example new_york christianity awarded citizenship leading diverse populace consequence early german settlements americas concentrated region especially common pennsylvania new_jersey new_york eighteenth century fewer worked agriculture german immigrants favored german immigration greatly increased immigrants began coming erroneously labeled german word german comprised population time american revolution industry farming skills brought helped prosperity noted tight religious communities lutheran including smaller irish began waves primarily pushed farther western frontier colonies repeatedly confronted indians groups included dutch swiss english colonists english took direct control rhode_island pushed region businessmen settled philadelphia new_york_city settled pennsylvania welsh colonists like left found rhode_island founded seed settlement new_york rhode_island initially counted new_england having excluded later joined definition changed overlapped rhode_island colonial boundaries joining rhode_island permanently thought new_england colony new_york initial possession parts maine ensured close relationship new_england colonies like vermont continuing new_england influence colony lords baltimore encouraged irish protestant immigration hoping obtain servants work estates colonial developments areas displayed prevalent irish cultural influence labor labor short supply common solution young whites teenagers britain germany parents arranged work families colonies age exchange ocean passage great majority farmers farm wives mid eighteenth century african american slaves comprised population new_york house servants manhattan dutch estates religion diverse british_empire high degree tolerance penn family colony favorite destination group german numerous small mention irish strong upstate new_york new_jersey important long_island great awakening helped stimulate growth methodist baptist churches non british colonists included dutch swedish historiography wayne themes directions colonies historiography william july vol issue wayne myth middle colonies process early america biography vol douglas middle colonies recent american historiography william july vol issue | Middle Colonies | Geography and places | Places | North America |
689_Spokane,Washington | washington pronunciation city state washington northwestern united_states seat located west foothills eastern washington miles south canadian border approximately miles washington idaho border miles east seattle interstate city wider region served international airport miles west downtown according population making second largest city washington largest city united_states humans live area people meaning children sun arrived years ago living plentiful game known birthplace father day officially nicknamed city explored area westward expansion establishment house trading post long term european settlement washington completion northern pacific railway brought settlers area year officially incorporated city added falls dropped late 19th century gold silver discovered inland northwest local economy depended mining timber agriculture 1980s hosted environmentally themed world fair expo older revival style buildings downtown area designed architect great fire city features parks affiliated culture fox theaters serves seat newly appointed bishop washington represents anglican community city center washington established private moved north sports collegiate basketball team competes division level professional semi professional sports teams include indians arena football junior ice hockey major daily newspaper daily circulation history humans live area arrived years ago hunter societies lived plentiful game tribe city named meaning children sun believed direct descendants descendants people great plains asked early white explorers said ancestors came north early 19th century sent white fur west rocky_mountains search fur white men met believed sacred set valley winter trading post explorer working head european explore called inland northwest crossing canadian border british_columbia thompson wanted expand south search establishing trading posts idaho montana thompson attempted expand west sent construct fur trading post washington trade local indians post established confluence rivers enduring european settlement significance washington state known simply operation operations run later hudson bay company post headquarters fur trade rocky cascade mountains years business absorbed major operations eventually shifted north fort reducing post significance reverend visited area reported native americans living medical mission established marcus cater indians oregon trail south killed indians reverend established city memory built church baptist episcopal churches started presbyterian church years establishment governor initial effort treaty chief far campaign war brought close actions col won decisive victories confederation tribes engagements battles lakes cessation hostilities opened inter mountain valley pacific_northwest safe settlers american settlement joint american british occupation effect treaty eventually led large influx american settlers american settlers cattle established claim built small claim near south bank falls passing region recognized value falls purpose water power realized investment potential bought claims acres downing scranton total knew received government charter build main line northern route amid delays construction uncertainty completion railroad exact course sold interest claim held claim successful business owner second mayor later came known father officially incorporated elected mayor city council seven mayor served pay fort established troops col miles northwest junction columbia protect construction secure place settlement june railway reached city bringing major european settlement area city added falls dropped officially incorporated city residents november marketing campaigns transportation companies affordable fertile land sell trade routes lured settlers region dubbed country discovery gold silver lead region northern idaho lured inland empire erupted numerous mining rushes mining emerged major onset initial gold rush nearby mining district popular offering low prices horse pan status subsequent rushes region trade center status accessibility railroad infrastructure growth continued august fire known great fire confused great fire happened nearby began destroyed city downtown commercial district technical problems pump station water pressure city fire started desperate bid fire firefighters began buildings dynamite eventually winds fire died blocks downtown core destroyed person killed despite experienced building boom downtown rebuilt city present according historian late 1890s great construction created modern urban profile office buildings banks department stores hotels commercial institutions stretched site railroad tracks rebuilding development city far smooth bridges destroyed floods completion 1890s city subject migration african americans looking work closure area mines african american churches founded years fire great northern railway arrived chosen site hill rail yards newly created township annexed important rail shipping transportation hub connecting mines agricultural areas region city population arrival additional railroads population hit eclipsed commercial center time city came known capital heart vast tributary region arrival chicago milwaukee railroads important rail centers western early 20th century expansion abruptly stopped 1910s followed period population decline large slowing economy control regional mines resources increasingly dominated national corporations local people organizations capital outside decreasing growth investment opportunities city time unrest prevalent area unemployed job sharks charged fee signing workers logging camps job sharks employment agencies known cheat workers paying bribes periodically fire entire work crews generating repetitive fees crime 1890s 1900s violent activity involving unions known free speech fights begun garner national attention grievances concerning practices employment agencies initiated free speech fight september purposely breaking city ordinance encouragement union members western states came publicity stunt incarcerated including feminist labor leader published account local mining declined turn 20th century agriculture logging primary influences economy population explosion building homes railroads mines northern idaho southern british_columbia fueled industry overshadowed importance vast areas coastal regions west rail freight rates stiff competition noted leader manufacture doors window mill products rail freight rates higher rates coastal cities seattle portland minneapolis merchants ship goods seattle shipping directly rail line ran way coast local morale affected years collapse early morning december killed people injured new bridge built eventually replaced census showed net increase individuals actually indicates thousands left city considering natural growth rate population growth 1920s 1930s remained slow drastically forcing city market city quiet comfortable place suitable raising family dynamic community opportunity heavily dependent natural resources goods produced mines forests farms experienced fall demand situation improved slightly start world war aluminum production commenced area cheap electricity produced regional dams increased demand second half 20th century decades slow growth businessmen formed early 1960s organization sought downtown recreation park showcasing preferred option successful negotiation relocate railroad facilities island hosted environmentally themed world fair expo smallest city time host world fair event transformed downtown removing century railroad infrastructure urban core expo acre growth witnessed late 1970s early 1980s interrupted recession silver timber farm prices dropped period decline city lasted 1990s marked loss steady family wage jobs manufacturing sector tough period economy started benefit measure economic growing companies research marketing assembly plants technology companies helped dependence natural resources 21st century trying transition service oriented economy face prominent manufacturing sector developing city strength medical health sciences fields seen success resulting expansion medical school branch city faces challenges high paying jobs pockets poverty areas high crime opening sparked downtown rebirth included building arena expansion major projects include building big easy concert house renovation historic cutter designed vacant years home yards development west downtown largest construction projects city history directly downtown blend residential retail space walking trails august city entered legal battle international agricultural giant alleging company pumped harmful products decades insist company responsible cleanup costs city announced spend hundreds millions dollars harmful products river coming years geography topography located eastern washington elevation feet sea level miles idaho miles south canadian border miles east seattle miles southwest calgary lowest elevation city northernmost point city limits feet highest elevation northeast near community closer beacon hill feet inland northwest region consisting eastern washington northern idaho northwestern montana northeastern oregon according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water lies columbia plateau eastern edge plain eventually rises sharply east rugged rocky mountain foothills transition area barren landscape coniferous forests east south lush rolling hills highest peak elevation feet located eastern prominent water feature area mile tributary originating lake northern idaho river flows west washington state line downtown meeting turns northwest joined way north area numerous large lakes lake lake formed ice end ice age south closest natural reserve closest national park national park approximately hour drive away climate dry summer continental climate classification rare climate elevation significant winter precipitation adjacent classified cool summer mediterranean climate average temperature month area typically hot arid climate summer months short spring fall seasons average july august equally warm month december july averages december averages daily temperature ranges large summer exceeding small winter range reason opposite weather existing extremely sunny summers extremely overcast winters record high low temperatures rare temperatures occur average days annually temperatures occur average day annually average days year location range west rocky_mountains east north protects weather patterns experienced parts pacific_northwest form barrier eastward flow moist relatively mild air pacific_ocean winter cool air summer result rain shadow effect area inches average annual precipitation half seattle inches precipitation occurs december summer time year shield winter season air masses traveling southward canada administration politics operates mayor council form government executive legislative branches elected mayor non partisan candidate taking office business day year previous mayor succeeded recalled voters reelected mayor incumbent granted second term city elected african american mayor retirement elected city woman mayor county seat position democrat elected governor washington federally washington 5th congressional district represented republican represented nationally senate democrat democrat general election favored president barack_obama percent state ballot county supported recreational marijuana ballot measure percent opposed sex marriage percent native democratic speaker house served representative washington 5th district years enjoying large support narrow defeat republican revolution time voters turned sitting speaker house today slight democratic tilt county surrounding metropolitan area conservative result governed strong republicans crime crime rate people metropolitan area higher washington state average violent crime rate property crime rate exceed statewide averages respectively crime rate higher violent property crime communities shows crimes reported city tend focused downtown city center half property crimes localized percent city individual chance victim motor vehicle theft arson fourth highest rate auto theft according drive drug use particularly crack cocaine use worse early 1990s drive recorded december 1990s special gang unit established officer collecting intelligence gang activity street officers 1990s saw prolific serial killer killed thirteen prostitutes red light district confessed washington transition community model successful crime rates introduction downtown expanded received national publicity scrutiny 2000s 2010s officer involved use excessive force high profile incidents death mentally challenged man initially suspected theft convenience store later found committed crime struck officers increased pressure prompted independent review commission organization use force policies internal culture purchase body cameras high crime rate related major dumping ground washington state prison system utilities provides municipal water management solid waste management operates washington waste energy plant solid waste transfer stations collaboration electricity generated waste energy plant operate facility excess energy sold draws water prairie square mile km2 sole source water supply washington counties idaho natural gas electricity provided local utility provide television internet telephone service hosts hydroelectric generation facilities upper falls dam monroe street dam owned operated generates electricity needed operate municipal water supply pressure pumps power generated excess sold monroe street dams owned operated respective generation capacities demographics according median income household median income family males median income females median income capita income city families population poverty line including age aged older census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female according metro area membership report evangelical protestant black protestant mainline protestant orthodox catholic jewish congregations congregation erected state washington september city mosque opened like washington pacific_northwest region region characterized low church membership rates religious participation city serves seat established washington criticized derided lack diversity offerings city diverse recent decades people countries soviet_union especially russians form comparatively large demographic result large influx immigrants families collapse soviet_union according census number people russian ukrainian ancestry reported residing city amounting percent county fastest growing demographics ethnic group estimated largest minority group county russian ukrainian community home sizable asian community japanese centered district called early days city western railway towns asian community started laborers working railroads asian community 1940s population decreased integrated dispersed losing asian character urban preparations leading expo led eventual demolition metropolitan area metropolitan area consists stevens counties census estimates metropolitan area population directly east metropolitan statistical area consists idaho anchored city urban areas largely follow path interstate area suffered urban past decades despite washington use urban growth boundaries city ranks low major northwest cities population density smart growth metropolitan statistical areas included single residents economy important rail shipping center location mining farming areas early 1880s gold silver discovered regional shipping center city furnished supplies miners passed way mineral rich districts mining districts considered productive north_america natural resources historically foundation economy mining logging agriculture industries providing region economic activity mining declined turn 20th century agriculture logging replaced mining primary influences economy working hundreds mills railroads rivers lakes northern washington idaho agriculture important sector local economy surrounding area especially south productive agricultural region supports early 20th century primarily commercial center industrial center wood food processing printing publishing primary metal electrical computer equipment transportation equipment leaders manufacturing sector gold mining company fortune company forest products company operates real estate investment trust headquartered city proper mining forestry remain important local regional economy economy include industries including high tech sectors service oriented economy face prominent manufacturing sector particularly medical center fortune technology company instance headquartered area holding company company listed fortune ranked list companies head offices area include technology company maker commuter cars employers public schools providence sacred heart medical center children hospital air wing largest military facility employer air wing stationed near leading industries employed population years older educational services health care social assistance percent retail trade percent arts entertainment recreation accommodation food services percent metropolitan center inland northwest parts southern british_columbia alberta serves commercial manufacturing transportation medical shopping entertainment hub gross metropolitan product billion economic development area primarily focuses promoting following industries manufacturing especially manufacturing health sciences professional services information science technology finance insurance clean technology digital media aid economic development eastern branch state supported business placed city despite new industries economy struggled recent decades ranked worst city jobs america ranking additionally forbes named capital america widespread business fraud trends fraud noted far continuing neighborhoods neighborhoods range victorian style addition contemporary neighborhoods neighborhoods gaining attention history illustrated city home recognized prominent neighborhoods riverside addition riverside neighborhood consists primarily downtown central business district neighborhoods south downtown generally known downtown contains city public facilities including park site expo arena river historic neighborhood city icon connects areas east downtown adjacent international district west downtown oldest neighborhoods addition national historic district west downtown addition prestigious address notable array old built early elite queen anne early american styles area houses culture northeast neighborhood began chosen site great northern railway yard placed outside limits avoid taxes downtown located market street neighborhood listed national_register_of_historic_places town houses built house railroad workers mainly immigrant laborers working local yard gave independent blue collar character home growing russian ukrainian southeast asian communities architecture commercial public buildings neighborhoods contain architectural styles distinct identity illustrate changes city history notable buildings landmarks riverside neighborhood downtown commercial district buildings rebuilt following great fire style examples include clock tower cathedral lady principal architect buildings period cutter self taught came began designing residences family working bank structures designed cutter include monroe street bridge featured city seal built renaissance spanish revival style cost million dollars complete included new technologies time opening september water elevators air cooling represented architectural styles downtown include art city hall center city ramp garage renaissance revival steam plant square theater chicago school liberty building tallest building city feet modernist note building seal riverside south perry residential early affluent neighborhood addition neighborhood residences contain largest variety residential architecture city residences lavish featuring architecture styles popular pacific_northwest late 19th century victorian styles high demand following firms design idaho building chicago world fair cutter found work constructing mining railroad patrick clark daniel older neighborhoods early 20th century logan lower feature large concentration style intact neighborhood percent buildings historic city expanded mainly north middle 20th century minimal traditional style commonplace 1930s 1950s tend northwest neighborhoods architectural style occupies neighborhoods integrity street grid pattern largely intact especially areas north downtown south houses backyard deliveries refuse collection contemporary suburbs architecture prevalent north south edges new neighborhood north downtown parks recreation board park commissioners retained services draw plan parks park land acquired city prior world war establishing early leader western cities development city wide park system system parks totaling acres km2 includes neighborhood aquatic centers notable parks system park created expo occupying site acres downtown site largest events park views falls holds number civic attractions including rebuilt lift carries visitors falls high river gorge park includes historic hand carved created features classical style garden japanese garden designed close downtown site outdoor activities hiking mountain area trails rail trails notable features miles paved trails running idaho border trail continues miles alternative transportation recreational use summer long popular visit lake country lake lake priest lake nearby bodies water beaches winter public access ski resorts couple hours city closest park trails cross country skiing dog culture arts theater main art districts located friday occurs friday month dedicated local vendors performers displaying art downtown important dates friday february october attract large crowds art districts largest concentration art galleries home main performing arts venues including concert house serves setting mainstream touring musicians acts martin theater fox restored original art state years derelict home restored renamed honor theater provided resident professional company amateur community theaters smaller groups host large traveling exhibitions shows tours awarded offers array musical performances catering variety interests local music scene considered somewhat lacking ages music initiative critics identified need legitimate ages venue music performances presents season classical music jazz orchestra season jazz music jazz orchestra formed piece orchestra non profit organization museums museums city notably culture located blocks center downtown addition amid late 19th century age affiliate museum houses large collection native american artifacts regional national traveling art exhibits related downtown seek generate interest science technology engineering math youth hands experience features square feet exhibition space contains sizable collections prints collections museum houses glass art bronze sculptures paintings photographs wide range gifts including iris collections campus childhood home houses memorabilia room world largest collection pieces events activities known birthplace national movement started led proposal eventual establishment father day national holiday observation father day june conceived idea listening mother day sermon run held summer sunday mile race competitive runners attracts international competition festival honors military celebrates youth showcases region nickname city refers flowering flourished introduction area early 20th century june city hosts basketball tournament largest kind popular local events pig park annual day food entertainment festival attendees eat variety foods listen free live music concerts featuring local regional national recording artists park notable events include comic con japan week held annually september japan week held april celebrates sister city relationship demonstrating shared cities students campus area schools organize array japanese cultural events gay lesbian held june education serving general educational needs local population public library districts city limits library district founded funding philanthropist system comprises downtown library overlooking falls branch libraries special collections focus history include reference books periodicals maps photographs archival materials government documents public schools district largest public school system second largest state serving roughly students high schools middle schools thirty elementary schools public school districts area include north outside city limits variety state approved independent charter schools private elementary secondary schools augment public school system manages schools home higher education institutions include private universities public community colleges system variety technical founded italian born priest founded affiliated students studying different undergraduate degree programs larger cities lack main campus state supported university city limits operations campus university district adjacent downtown campus health sciences campus houses school nursing main campus located miles southwest nearby located miles south addition health science presence year medical school branch affiliated program international branch campus located sports close dozens lakes rivers people use swimming boating fishing nearby mountains provide skiing hiking professional semi professional sports teams include indians indoor football junior ice hockey collegiate sports focus local teams compete ncaa pirates playing regional teams including class short season baseball team farm team texas_rangers indians play home games seat stadium won seven titles short season debut prior indians played triple level team achieved considerable success early 1970s winning championship having record 1920s 1930s baseball league teams reached peak indoor football franchise awarded city august league team quickly placed winning championships seasons league setting league records attendance shock crowned champions inaugural season defeating season owner shock decided team leave join order geographic rival decided retain rights shock franchise forced team beginning season major junior ice hockey team play play home games regional rivalry americans won prize memorial cup times club history veterans memorial arena city premier sports venue years arena opened played host major sporting events major event memorial cup championship game years later city hosted america figure skating competition figure skating championships arena event set attendance record selling nearly tickets later hosted figure skating championships ending eighteen days start winter olympics vancouver british_columbia transportation city streets streets use street grid oriented cardinal directions generally east west roads designated avenues north south roads referred streets major east west city include francis mission 29th avenues major north south include hamilton market north ray south streets divides city east west avenue splits city major retail corridor avenue serves purpose vehicles day average daily traffic interstate north junction busiest corridor average walk score indicating require car average transit score extensive system covers thirteen blocks downtown area largest united_states pedestrian travel cold weather retail space freeways highways primarily served interstate freeway highways interstate runs east west seattle suburban areas east onward idaho montana known connects region south intersects interstate west near creek enters west concurrently splitting continues northward canada route designation limited access completion project enters west runs concurrently reach north branches northeast continuing newport tasked improving local highways region growth try prevent congestion problems plague larger cities constructing completed corridor mile long limited access highway run vicinity interchange northward meeting existing south golf course mass transportation influx automobiles electric lines played dominant role moving people goods installed early pulled horses older streets visible rails embedded service reduced declining beginning august lines abandoned converted motor buses mass transportation area provided operates fleet buses service area covers roughly square miles km2 reaches percent county population large percentage bus routes originate central hub downtown rail bus service provided amtrak center city stop amtrak way chicago route seattle portland amtrak service seattle portland legacy old portland seattle railway major railway junction western terminus airports international airport serves primary commercial airport second largest airport state washington recognized small hub service air cargo carriers acre km2 airport located miles west downtown approximately minute drive away international airport letter designation result legacy days prior airport named army aviator major field general aviation airport serving area located east south bank aviation field dates strip served primary airport commercial air traffic field world war strip western receive official recognition airport named honor pilot healthcare area major hospitals service facilities healthcare industry large increasingly important industry city provides specialized care patients surrounding far north canadian border city healthcare needs served primarily non profit seattle based profit tennessee based run biggest hospitals sacred heart medical center respectively hospitals major health care facilities located south downtown known medical district opened originally beds january later moved present location west eighth avenue beds emergency room visits annually time staff doctors registered nurses medical center smaller main hospitals beds hospitals area include northwest town north specialty located washington state psychiatric hospitals located miles away media newspaper service provided major daily newspaper daily circulation sunday circulation formed merger spokesman published present june later absorbed competing afternoon paper significant newspaper historically existed merger specialized publications include weekly alternative newspaper weekly business journal student run bulletin monthly view northwest monthly newspaper parents kids newspaper city community magazines monthly paper covering neighborhood monthly home lifestyle magazine according largest radio market listeners aged radio stations broadcast city listened stations classic rock news talk country adult contemporary hot primary sources non commercial community radio include affiliate station power community radio station largest television market accounting total households city television stations representing major commercial networks public television television broadcast center eastern washington tri cities area northern idaho northwestern montana northeastern oregon parts southern canada cable television receives broadcasts weekday prime time beginning montana alberta canada receive broadcasts hour later local time major network television include cbs abc nbc television station air december fox pbs pbs operating idaho notable people sister cities current sister cities designated japan september sister city south_korea ireland | Spokane, Washington | Geography and places | Places | North America |
770_Missoula,Montana | montana city state montana county seat located near rivers western montana convergence mountain ranges described hub valleys estimated city population population 1990s overtook montana second largest city home public research university founded settlement moved east miles upstream renamed later shortened mills provided supplies western settlers traveling road establishment protect settlers stabilized economy arrival brought rapid growth maturation local lumber industry chose city site state university headquarters founded lumber university remained staples local economy years 1990s lumber industry gradually disappeared city largest employers hospitals city governed mayor council government city council members acres miles trails nearly acres open space conservation land adjacent home grazing deer winter city home montana largest oldest active strongest college football programs ncaa notable residents include woman congress longest serving senate majority leader history archaeological artifacts date earliest inhabitants end ice age years ago settlements early bce european settlements began years later primarily land located confluence mountain valleys heavily traversed local distant native tribes periodically went eastern montana plains search leading conflict narrow valley eastern entrance human bones repeated french fur later refer area translated gate hell hell gate remain area renamed lewis brought citizens area twice stopped south traveler rest camped time westbound trip september stayed return june july clark left heading south lewis traveled north east established miles west present day downtown trading post serve travelers recently completed road wagon road cross rocky_mountains inland pacific_northwest desire convenient water supply power lumber flour mill led movement settlement modern location mills replaced hell economic power valley replaced county seat came roughly translates place frozen water established help protect arriving settlers growth accelerated arrival town chartered year chosen location state university need lumber railway bridges spurred opening multiple saw mills area turn beginning lumber industry remained area economy years continued economic railroad construction lumber mills led boom population copper kings marcus competed fiercely region lumber share investments work began home headquarters site nationally regions region headquartered logging remained industry groundbreaking pulp mill resulted protests resultant air pollution article life magazine thirteen years later speaks needing drive day navigate county labor income came wood paper products sector lumber industry hit hard recession early 1980s economy began early 1990s disappearance region log yards legislation helped clean skies dramatically education healthcare leading industries city hospitals largest employers founded region level trauma center undergone major expansions 1980s likewise grew built renovated buildings expected industries expansions business professional services retail main engines future growth geography located western edge montana approximately miles idaho border city elevation feet sea level nearby rising feet feet respectively according figures city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water approximately years ago entire valley expected lake layout relatively flat surrounded steep hills evidence city lake past seen form ancient horizontal wave cut nearby location present day lake depth feet enters east joining nearby river site dam multiple smaller tributaries join clark fork western edge city sits convergence mountain ranges range described hub valleys flora fauna located typical rocky mountain ecology local wildlife includes populations white tailed deer black bears bald eagles winter rapid steep slope leaves grass available grazing deer rivers provide nesting habitats bank northern rough winged spotted seen foraging insects gravel bars species include song species rivers provide cold clean water native fish trout bull trout streams attract beaver wood ducks parks host variety snakes snakes rubber native plant life includes montana state tree pine prevalent native plants include wetland species shrubs plants like douglas western local farmers home multiple programs set eliminate notable ones include spotted norway line older streets declared invasive species climate semi arid climate climate classification cold moderately snowy winters hot dry summers short crisp springs winters usually rest state location west allowing influenced mild moist pacific air avoiding worst cold means precipitation strong minimum winter winter snowfall averages inches average occurring october april rest state summers sunny average temperature variation late june late september relative monthly daily average temperature ranges december july average days temperatures days temperature rise freezing days temperatures demographics median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age residents age older bachelor advanced college degree census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female economy began trading post 1860s situated military road advantage route plains designation county seat location hastily built ensured status regional commercial center status consolidated arrival railroad expanded trade area cover mile radius location railway division point repair shops provided hundreds jobs railway began expanding increased freight shipments came city arrival milwaukee road regional office opening indian reservation settlement couple years beginning economy began rapidly expand lumber mills originally built provide construction grade materials homes business expanded meet demands railroad increase demand railroad expansion nation large mill owned largest producer lumber northwest location major lumber producer regional commercial center helped land city regional office newly establish created help manage nation timber supply century lumber industries consolidated entities 1970s 1980s control creek timber demand timber dropped downward spiral lumber industry began closure plant closure closing stone container pulp mill opening major impact development economy addition economic advantage student body gave city educated workforce available state university close relationship city largest employer millions dollars school brings city visitors school sponsored sporting cultural events university houses business start businesses timber education economic regional trade center immediate trade area approximately residents hub economic area includes lake lincoln mineral listed economic area population key businesses sectors serving area include health care retail shopping transportation financial services government social services education events arts culture health care particular fastest growing industries western montana center city second largest employers university employment service retail sectors export industries concentrated heavy civil engineering construction production technical services truck transportation wood related industries addition nearly million state visitors annually makes tourism significant aspect economy home vibrant sector alternative healthcare ranked nationally gross metropolitan product output billion city total personal income ranked billion increase capita personal income ranked year national average metropolitan area unemployment rate june dropping nearly months prior culture considered cultural center montana location state university eclectic mix college students sports fans community events generally place downtown outdoors downtown buildings listed event august music beer food art generally attracts crowds longest standing event downtown founded provides outlet western montana produce saturday october tuesday evenings july early september arts crafts clark fork market run concurrently downtown hosts friday gallery walk friday month feature local art museums galleries celebrates night new year eve includes food live entertainment festival book celebrate literature american west montana book festival historic theatres hold annual film festivals hosting established wildlife film festival world largest film event montana performance arts held performances musical non musical plays affiliated theatre acting international touring program visits nearly communities year world state museum montana oldest cultural reserves having begun permanent collection original works housed library features contemporary art annually features group solo exhibits home dedicated preserving history constructing opened oldest active brewery montana big sky opened production barrels far montana largest brewery produces best selling beer montana brown home draught works opened big sky represent second largest respectively state montana nearby opened pub houses downtown locations city holds annual garden city periodically hosts celebration outdoors seen notable non profits based city hunting organizations attempt reduce harmful emissions non profit motion promotes environmentally sustainable transportation options walking public transportation non profits headquartered illustrate city liberal reputation montana promoter marijuana law reform state headquarters forward montana left leaning officially group seeks engage young people politics founded charitable organization helps access civil legal aid supports community peace center focuses social justice environmental largest emergency homeless shelter soup kitchen montana located sports plays host variety youth amateur sports organizations addition minor league baseball team football basketball teams highest attendance football team successful program ncaa level home games washington stadium near winning percentage average spectators attendance games televised montana men basketball teams successful conference level rank near attendance respectively play home games arena home rookie affiliate plays based play home games park allegiance field competing roller derby team competes adam center held festival style rugby tournament hosted weekend non elimination tournament focuses fun aspect game attracting teams male female united_states canada regular season play compete alongside local rugby team parks recreation city acres miles trails nearly acres open space located confluence rivers area popular white water thanks largely novel subsequent film river runs native known fly fishing additionally aquatic parks multiple golf courses home hosts runner world called best overall marathon ski areas miles discovery ski area lost trail powder mountain slightly farther away pass system public parks developed donation lumber baron wife gave acre tract land condition land forever park park purposes people find comfortable romantic poetic retreat follow years later letter stressed interest having park remain close native state possible request discovery non native norway growth native trees shrubs led controversial decision remove norway park hope returning natural state created estate near university park today multiple athletic fields courts addition band shell band summer club set park downtown making string parks line sides parks southern bank river created funds surplus highway land parcel land donated kate estate acre park named washington wife home park center free bike check children fishing pond popular parks include island bark park designated area dogs play veterans memorial rose garden living laboratory garden utilizing water conservation techniques park park located south historic theatre downtown located land reclaimed widened lanes divided create island north channel bank extending nearby buildings south channel deepened increased water flow land later park events park common early 1980s permanent fixtures like lunch began took management park improvements park event friendly seating event circles brick storage structures added large temporary tents events permanent pavilion constructed park hub city festivities including include lunch night offered intimate concert settings artists jewel located park wooden hand carved volunteer built children recreational area adjacent government politics system government changed times form government approved town charter city adopted commission council form government opening new city hall council manager government returning form government january governed accordance city charter calls mayor council system government current system comprises mayor city treasurer elected vote city council members reside elected ward having council members positions nominally council members mayor elected year terms council member elections allow member ward election term limits position state legislative delegation second largest represented districts districts having thirteen democrats republicans state legislative delegation known liberal area rest state political unique college town initiative marijuana possession lowest priority law enforcement symbolic resolutions calling congress withdraw iraq amend constitution declare corporations human beings odds rest state montana legislature republican house majority attempted marijuana law ability anti discrimination ordinance included lgbt community marijuana repeal vetoed governor attempt repeal died senate education school opened late sixteen students region teacher come month trip horseback railroad boat baltimore invitation brother resigned years later marrying couple married replaced later married mayor public high school opened converted grade school opened expansions stanford_university commissioned create master building plan manage future growth suggested purchasing land building additional campus garden city airport field gradually replaced southwest town new school opened initially campuses separated upper lower upper new school campuses separate high schools private sacred heart catholic high school created merger girls sacred heart academy est boys est public high school established public schools districts public elementary schools 5th grade public middle schools 6th 8th grades public high schools 9th 12th grades public schools serving 8th grade private schools including international school religious affiliated schools step prep theater academy high school operated theatre dominates higher education university established montana state second largest enrollment students campus houses colleges schools including montana law school university location state houses state established known offers fast track learning programs multiple programs affiliated university ranging photography truck driving presence media broadcast single broadcast air television media market largest montana ranked nationally second population montana single broadcast air television media market includes granite mineral lake counties densely populated western region montana serves television homes home local affiliate channels founded channel nbc founded channel abc fox founded channel based montana pbs founded channel seventeen radio stations radio stations licensed city print main sources print media primary daily alternative weekly college digital progressive founded weekly publication remains popular newspaper circulation making read daily newspaper montana gazette founded largest weekly newspaper montana states member readers twice circulation second place newspaper distributed free locations hamilton south north founded likewise distributed free parts heavy student traffic newspaper printed monday friday school year founded left leaning generation media company focused culture environment economy politics infrastructure health care primary health care facilities founded sponsorship sisters providence level trauma center region largest medical facility undergone major expansions 1980s hospital acute care beds admitted patients changed patrick hospital patrick hospital health sciences center reflect increasing involvement national medical research education adjacent medical facilities located near modern complex includes nursing home private offices founded doctors current location facility providing newborn care hospital separate center partnered nearest level trauma center seattle washington utilities earliest drew water directly nearby water system consisted native american known eyed riley friend filling water hauling door door cart city founder began construction log pipe wooden main system flowed creek miles north city addition small covered municipal water system begun intake dam built settling basin capacity million gallons creek continued meet demands city wells added respond increased summer fall demand system maintained emergency backup discontinued primary source outbreak relied valley sole source water electrical plant built power major downtown properties owned purchased water system consolidated vast electrical holdings create year later electricity water remained bundled sale sold water utility holdings california subsidiary legally granted right acquire water system exercising power eminent domain june decision appeal following montana electricity market began energy business sold substantially electrical generating assets december energy transmission distribution business february despite filing bankruptcy subsidiary primary provider electric natural gas service addition local telephone service area provided major cell phone providers include sprint mobile trash collection handled handles recycling program customers purchase special blue bags designate recycling offered offers offers drop recycling sewer service handled city layout development began plotting town military road ran parallel downtown route road street avenue bridge clark fork added intersection streets default center city remains numerical center city street addresses arrival led housing boom tracks particularly northern railway workers reside replaced debated bridge continue southwest earlier south attorneys laid plots land years earlier hoped new town streets perpendicular judge owned land south river preferred north south plan want result block area west avenue commonly referred centered avenue avenue traverse city rest city exception downtown streets follow angle river newer expansions hills strictly follow grid plan establishment announcement defunct milwaukee road located south river houses began spread quickly university south districts area near university promoted high end luxurious homes appeared hammond avenue nicknamed row known today arrival interstate mid-1960s forced removal homes including north isolated interstate tracks moved golf course converted restaurant prevailed north feeling neglected city neighborhood release latest master plan increased emphasis directed north rail yard area south tracks city divided neighborhood councils residents member city contains historical districts campus trail system extensive trail system recreation extends miles city actively trying connect sections city recreational trails extending city heart commuter bike network trails link downtown surrounding neighborhoods university city parks outlying open space smooth surfaces bicycle pedestrian bridges southern milwaukee trail follows path milwaukee railroad continues east town nature trail connects trails west downtown completed provide trail downtown mall near branch trail connected south avenue trail west reserve street connects nearby athletic fields neighborhood system trails approaching meeting larger network transportation rural location highway access especially important interstate runs east west northern edge base small portion city located south highway completed expense homes garden city brewery city exits makes connections route montana highway original approved extend west montana include highway rerouted state route october extended west road crosses southwest northeast serves major economic corridor western montana connecting communities south lake national park north montana longest state highway united_states enters east provides access direct route public transportation began early horse drawn system electrified operated connected replaced buses cost bus service today provided public transit agency created public vote began operation december operates bus routes square mile km2 area serving target range airport additionally line offered services assist disabled senior van park ride lots special bus service offered city park ride lots addition late night shuttle offers service january year pilot program zero fare transportation began goal increasing use percent direct ground travel needs provided bus carriers rail travel available began service amtrak discontinued route southern montana built station terminus avenue national_register_of_historic_places feasibility study commissioned congress examine merits reopening nearest rail station station amtrak miles north air air travel began served international airport public airport run largest airport western montana serving passengers current building contains jet bridges ground level boarding gates direct flights year round denver las_vegas minneapolis phoenix portland salt_lake_city seattle atlanta chicago los_angeles oakland san_francisco operate addition cargo carriers airport home fixed base operators fuel provider phillips fuel provider notable people produced home number notable individuals varying fields natives residents referred politics woman congress born raised senators longest serving senate majority leader montana longest serving senator established careers joined politics living city noted athletes born resided include olympic quarterback coach actor filmmaker award winning biologist born connor attended composer musician musician reside academically home nobel prize winners 20th century montana historian noted names literature include native american poet crime novelist head creative writing program river runs chronicles life early 20th century sister cities sister cities designated germany north relationship north new_zealand began resident later professor returned obtaining phd relationship official meeting president officials celebrates honor relationship rugby food entertainment second relationship began delegation led mayor visited following sponsored faculty exchange september holds annual celebrate german culture relationship portrayal media author grew wrote autobiographical work adapted motion picture directed starring rape college town title book looked investigation pattern indifference alleged victims law enforcement sexual assault cases involving football players interviewed npr book stated don mean single rape rate little national average think problems dealing rape pretty typical lengthy study title essay driving home american journey despite writing arrival powerful impression driven deep rocky_mountains arrived overall effect city oddly unsettling streets open comfort town closed inducing mild time notes literary heritage city reputation town evidenced place odds ends naturally collected portrayed episode cbs episode aired november portrayed movie released starring cuba | Missoula, Montana | Geography and places | Places | North America |
789_Bellaire,Texas | texas city southwest texas united_states metropolitan area city population surrounded cities houston west university place known city homes owing residential character offices loop city limits history founded president baldwin native iowa known vice president founded acres km2 ranch baldwin surveyed eastern acres km2 ranch small truck farms named farms farms baldwin started middle farms serve residential neighborhood agricultural trading center advertised farmers baldwin stated town named good air named ohio town served baldwin rail lines miles prairie zone houston originally town bounded sixth streets moved nursery missouri implement landscaping plans incorporated city general charter years founding population time incorporation houston incorporate territory city limits houston annexed surrounding areas unincorporated population reached rapid population explosion post world war building boom december city houston annexed land city stopping city land growth remained independent houston adopted home rule charter council manager government april city residents numbered high school established according resident quoted prior tax base city decreasing neighbor eased restrictions developers new houses constructed city gained larger tax base decided development restrictions allow new development growth building permit process according vice president sales manager prices land reached square foot area home buyers began consider average price square foot said comparable attributes independent fire police departments recreation facilities parks schools best houston president said bargain added affordable compared similar american neighborhoods proximity business districts excellent municipal services superior schools affluent families increasingly moved price average house increased city attempted acquire acres nursery oldest business oldest nursery park development company fought city attempt year owners sold acres rear property home developer owner said option buy remaining acres denied application sent june nursery filed lawsuit city commission lawsuit settled court hurricane evacuation bus filled residents nursing home caught fire exploded city september explosion killed people residents employees bus resulting lawsuit settled june march tour bus carrying singer crashed increasing number houses sold december police officers confronted son major_league_baseball player house block officers suspected unarmed stealing sports utility vehicle shot chest family owned vehicle hospitalized injuries lung liver incident sparked allegations racial members minority groups reported police racially people son baseball player stopped vehicle missing license plate arrested police spent night jail law enforcement told warrant arrest houston_chronicle said police decision arrest mistake january accused police racial mayor said unaware racial police announced city investigate racial hire independent consultant look traffic stop data local branch said established pact people report civil rights violations branch people wish contact branch provided city civil rights violations april grand jury indicted police officer aggravated assault public servant convicted cotton face life prison addition family sued police department police officer upcoming trial criminal charges cotton began january jury selection scheduled begin officer found guilty criminal trial nursery closed company president intended property redeveloped single family houses nursery business going new location december family bought property family planned donate community purposes property historic buildings handled negotiations family described lot largely undeveloped tract city frankly inner loop city houston people city mayor said thrilled able preserve historical property important piece history january announced oppose plan locate permanent privately funded houston stadium intersection near april announced stadium known built houston geography climate located according city total area square miles km2 land city surrounded houston west university place place housing lots feet feet allowing houses larger built typical feet feet lots lot accommodate house detached garage swimming pool typical lot accommodate newly constructed georgian house described lot inexpensive housing lots prompted area home consider original housing stock typically consisted bedroom bathroom post world war houses described attributes developers tear houses build new houses individuals chose houses instead having torn individuals houses decisions land value increased cases land value higher value structure lot subdivisions larger houses particularly subdivision south boulevard subdivision rice houses subdivisions built 1950s early 1960s acres lots vice president sales manager said houses attractive similar large homes smaller lots today money larger lots today money today money article journalist said parts downtown certain 1950s charm example boring stated article growth dominance houston municipal services including little neighborhoods streets holly maple pine named trees word means small grove forest trees community south developed developer south originally developed late 1940s bedroom houses houses marketed world war veterans houses times expensive today money wood houses subdivision named broad acres demographics census people households families residing city population density people square mile racial makeup city non hispanic white african american native american asian races hispanic latino people race comprised population households children age living married couples living children female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population spread age years age older median age years females males government infrastructure local government currently city manager style government home rule government established april replacing general law form government city council mayor city council members elected large mayor elected year terms city council member elected year terms mayor serve terms position council members terms city council member types structures uses sections city mayor council members order position housed street fire station includes fire engines main engine volunteer backup engine units main unit backup unit shift commander vehicle vehicle chief assistant chief cascade unit hazardous materials trailer fire department operates fire life safety program citizens held saturdays old fire station demolished december demolition continuing monday december operations temporarily relocated building new fire station scheduled location previous fire station groundbreaking new station held december housed street chief police police department patrol division organization largest division includes patrol detention motorcycle bicycle units support services division includes court records communications divisions police department offers interested residents allow police check houses away vacation local politics land use controversies common history resulted recall mayor council members voted banning smoking bars restaurants monday january mayor council member voted ban members including voted ban asked consider adopting smoking ban city houston adopted similar ordinance december city voted ban driving driving passed texas hours city voted ban feeding cats public property establish rule requiring permission owner piece private property order feed cats private property city received negative mail feedback locations including switzerland elected new mayor long time city manager retired replaced county state federal government serves commissioner constable heads constable located district represents district district texas 7th congressional district representative designated office boulevard received post office transportation member city texas metro city served bus lines located boulevard south rice avenue lines metro proposed build early history historic street car line connected houston street car line ran mile stretch central houston main street started construction line consisted railway track overhead electric wire waiting pavilion turnaround loop located terminus simultaneously constructed south end line eagle avenue street connect line service required transfer eagle avenue began december nicknamed september line abandoned replaced bus line frequent caused worn track advent automobile similar acquired portugal brought permanent display economy property light industrial commercial mixed use residential commercial uses high rise office buildings interstate houston area offices located operates houston area headquarters office building west loop south building absorbed previously greater southwest houston assists economy activity main offices previously located acre campus place headquarters business units prior merger facility belonged built square feet square foot facility corporate headquarters general sweden moved point general honduras houston located suite general located houston employed civilians census including females civilian workers private profit wage salary workers total civilian workforce employees corporations private non profit wage salary workers worked local governments state government workers federal workers self employed worked agriculture forestry fishing hunting unpaid family workers parks recreation parks city limits operated city acre park given current honor houston journalist originally named includes neighborhood pool tennis courts picnic area trail open playground includes meeting rooms acre consists entirely open green space acre includes neighborhood pool playground picnic area acre includes adult field playground tennis courts scout house acre includes play structure swings green space acre avenue holly street includes baseball fields youth soccer football fields ball field acre consists playground picnic area acre includes playground picnic area open play area officer dog park dog park acre consists open play area shaded picnic area acre consists open green space acre includes playground area picnic shelter youth baseball field tennis courts acre boulevard includes special event area acre loop includes baseball fields soccer american football field track basketball tennis courts acre includes playground area sheltered picnic area self guided nature trail dedication ceremony future park held june prohibits smoking public parks dogs non dog public parks year smoking public parks brings fine ordinance adopted vote holds annual fourth july annual snow park christmas celebrations baseball team entered team lost team venezuela little league team placed league team previously played separate leagues education primary secondary public schools city served live inside loop elementary school students outside loop houston addition pupils place neighborhood addition middle school called built located students choose attend pin oak instead students attend named opened chinese language school building chinese school future school area houston early childhood center closest public early childhood center city closest school tuition based early childhood program economically students homeless students students proficient english children active duty members military parent killed injured missing action active duty enrolled tuition free students eligible attend early childhood center houston free students eligible tuition based programs building new campus campus designed architects capacity students groundbreaking ceremony held november history school opened school moved new site addition opened addition opened school renamed horn opened opened high school opened opened current campus opened january current horn buildings scheduled open august horn houston cost million billion bond program approved voters boundary drew excess students apartments west houston relieve schools houston west opening gordon served neighborhood school closure gordon temporarily housed later served administrative offices opened relief school schools scheduled open september year april attendance boundary hearing committee residents small portion school houston block away city limits advocated facility mile away section white middle class student body hispanic board voted portion early 1990s portions west loop portions inside loop decade basic formed improve reputation improve area schools committee opened failed attempt acquire property relief school attempt buy land street newcastle drive school relieve failed officials parents living complained learned new school losing described prime property formation basic installed gifted talented school school board member author winning lessons houston described school unacceptable residents white added new program parents long going acceptable overwhelming hispanic presence proposal convert gordon small middle school school space students white popular residents particularly outside loop inside loop want lose access service middle school white attendance boundary committee met december march wrote committee war sides february persons argued purchase commercial building north long elementary school relieve schools wrote staff members superintendent liked idea unfortunately close examination building proved inadequate april board declared gordon campus continue elementary school wrote gordon supporters residents furious primary secondary private schools independent private schools including located opened fall campus previously housed congregation sisters word roman catholic school operated sisters word current campus opened school previously housed campus located south holy ghost school catholic private school located houston adjacent city limits private schools near areas houston include jesuit college preparatory francis episcopal day school texas thomas community colleges served community college district operates located drive area houston square foot campus building owned opened sold building dollars owned campus opened spring houston close proximity west loop campuses district public libraries city operates library street non profit organization established support media houston_chronicle area regional newspaper residents receive west river oaks local section oldest local paper currently published offices spruce street newspaper distributed free residents buzz monthly magazine people products services community free charge residents week month community web site surrounding neighborhoods online newspaper covering community community magazine delivered monthly homes city notable people gallery | Bellaire, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
879_HulettsLanding,NewYork | new_york hamlet town dresden northern new_york united_states community eastern shore located entirely park roadway access hamlet county route routes head north south geographically located approximately centuries written history hamlet derives family resided area generations revolutionary war soldier moved near began farming descendant built boat landing general store post office opened scenic corner lake steamship traffic tourism suffered major setback hamlet largest hotel burned foundation tourism remained important factor local economy town dresden population according estimates history family appears french origin came north_america avoid religious persecution beliefs founder born connecticut served private general american revolution years unit served fought mainly upstate new_york oral history asserts fought battle refused leave field despite injury neck family settled near possibly land grant offered veterans lieu wages service new_york new_york landing place names relating connecticut brigade landing area known successive generations family lived farming area began develop area 1870s building steamship landing submitting application build post office post office application earliest document use existing lake george company delivered mail passengers probably required post office tourism facility order justify adding new stop schedule influential published praised effects picturesque wilderness railroad service region built 1870s application received approval built post office shortly afterward housed building community store served death sold property according history area property sold businessman bulk real estate pass executive delaware hudson railroad entrepreneur finally early 20th century owner hotels successive owners saw primary role marketing property tourist attraction inn constructed acre km2 lot direct access ferry combination train coach ferry normal period grew expansions original farmhouse fire destroyed november hastily rebuilt tourist season questions arson arose led trial tourism continued community economy park originally established eastward expansion brought communities park boundaries geography located coordinates located northern shore mile lake entirely situated park largest state park united_states nearly thirds property park formal range privately owned land use restrictions climate diverse average month january july highest monthly precipitation area average occurs august lowest recorded temperature highest transportation remote hamlet accessible car washington county route branches nearby new_york state route main road known routes reach different parts county route better known heads southward better known brings traveler northward locations airport approximately hour drive eastern section park located smaller airport park regional airport tourism area sees tourism summer fall foliage season virtually shutting winter nearby attractions include lake cruises golf hiking historic attractions included hunting local late nineteenth early twentieth centuries provided weekly fireworks displays tourist season | Huletts Landing, New York | Geography and places | Places | North America |
1091_CoralSprings,Florida | florida officially city florida approximately miles northwest united states census city population city miami metropolitan area home people city officially chartered july master planned primarily developed known division city derived company selected earlier proposals considered rejected despite springs city florida springs found central northern portions state 1970s 1980s 1990s young city grew rapidly adding residents decade notably strict building codes designed maintain city distinctive aesthetic appeal city government effective fiscal management maintained high bond ratings city won accolades overall low crime rate family friendly orientation history planned community prior incorporation city july area acres km2 lands bought floods florida created canals drained area built land drained cleared area farm death heirs changed focus cattle post world war real estate boom attracted interest developers coral ridge properties developments bought acres km2 land family december million chartered july names considered new city included springs company developed master plan city residents july sale building lots million landmark covered bridge built year promote town bought additional acres km2 family increasing city land area square miles km2 city government elections held city added nineteen public schools regional mall shopping centers parks decades twentieth century response rapid population growth construction expressway brought growth museum theater opened 1990s city reached residential build close commercial build city historically low crime rate marred early 1990s teen gang violence headlines fights murders reported violence subsided city returned previously peaceful state ranked 27th best city united_states live named 10th city multiple recipient america promise best cities young people award identified group time winner state local government nation receive listed 44th best place live united_states geography climate located according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water bordered cities north east southeast south west lies city tall prominent structures tallest building city story buildings topping stories including office buildings lining city main roads buildings include preferred exchange tower originally tower towers coral ridge properties established strict landscaping sign laws city question original version noted city hosted mcdonald distinctive golden arches sign restrictions commercial signs exterior paint colors materials recreational vehicle boat storage landscaping specifications strictly enforced consequently real estate values city significantly higher county median price single family home median price county wide city downtown focus extensive redevelopment plan estimated cost close million plan city core started open air shopping entertainment center walk progressed construction charter place opened april completed redeveloped downtown area offer office retail new government center encompassing approximately million square feet floor space addition approximately residential units new hotel operates municipal parks including water park park encompassing acres km2 coral springs largest park acres conservation areas city biggest acres climate average monthly rainfall higher april september january february months average monthly rainfall ranges inches january february inches june hurricane season june november september month hurricanes likely occur powerful hurricane strike incorporation eye hurricane passed directly city city estimated result numerous hurricanes storms hit especially result tree canopy coverage city reduced demographics households vacant households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city age distribution follows residents age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age spoke english home accounted residents languages spoken home included spanish french portuguese french italian city population haiti population colombia population cuba government infrastructure uses commission manager form municipal government governmental powers resting legislative body called commission commission composed elected commissioners mayor city vice mayor mayor vice mayor serve year term commissioners serve year terms offices non partisan candidate allowed declare party affiliation role commission pass resolutions adopt regulations appoint city officials including city manager mayor serves presiding officer commission city manager administrative head municipal government responsible administration departments city commission holds regular meetings mayor vice mayor commissioners city manager city buses provided free charge local government regional transportation provided closest passenger airport hollywood international airport located miles southeast limited access highway expressway state road borders city northern western edges major roads city include university drive sample road coral springs served home bed hospital received ranking surveyed hospitals coral springs water supply comes south florida primary source drinking water different water districts city providers coral springs improvement district north springs improvement district provides flood control protection water supply protection local residents controls water shortage management efforts assigns water restrictions necessary collection disposal city trash garbage provided electric power service distributed economy residents aged years labor force employed unemployed population worked management professional related sales office service construction extraction maintenance production transportation material moving farming fishing forestry industries inhabitants worked educational health social services retail trade professional scientific management administrative waste management services finance insurance real estate rental arts entertainment recreation accommodation food services manufacturing construction wholesale trade transportation utilities services public administration information public administration agriculture forestry fishing hunting mining workers worked private sector government self employed unincorporated businesses unpaid family workers predominant method driving car accounting trips followed methods worked home moody rate bonds aaa report noted vibrant regional economy average wealth levels consistently low unemployment praised city administration city industrial commercial base represented city higher previous decade city tax rate lowest cities people city twice received excellence administration data largest companies offices headquartered city biggest shopping mall city coral square opened october square feet retail space stores largest office building city floors education according conducted adults age obtained bachelor degree compared national average adults residents age earned high school diploma compared national average approximately students charter schools offer primary secondary education higher education offered partnership public primary secondary education handled operates high schools middle schools elementary schools city limits received florida sterling award efforts awarded public schools city exception grades based performance received school received public elementary middle charter schools city received received north preparatory school maintains satellite campus campus boarding facilities playground gymnasium school main campus sports professional sports teams amateur sports leagues players season playing teams separate leagues divided age group sex classic golf tournament played bay short lived professional soccer team based city regional path aquatic center tennis courts ice dog park official home conduct training international tennis championships international series men tennis tournament held number professional athletes soccer player soccer player nfl football players major_league_baseball player chicago_cubs pro youngest winner tour event born athletes participated olympic games beijing currently living including beach gold medalist swimming silver medalist resides neighboring florida trains track field bronze medalist media culture miami fort hollywood media market twelfth largest radio market seventeenth largest television market united_states primary daily newspapers south florida spanish language counterparts city home local weekly newspapers town news publications focus local issues human interest stories founded local high school students publication sold graduation local residents later company subsidiary south florida sun sentinel publisher arts opened originally planned gymnasium million renovation added seat theater theater presents program popular shows yearly broadway series square foot small number exhibits focuses art classes programs local community currently public library city affiliated county wide system band new found glory formed city town festival continuously held sponsored promoted non profit organization event car beauty carnival rides festival attracted attendees city estimated visitors event parade added event parade run separate event christmas season festivals held year coral springs hispanic culture celebration festival arts 25th anniversary party largest broken july measured feet diameter weighed pounds record stood year designated sites structure built city steel bridge feet length covered bridge florida public right way provided historical designs bridge sides structure appear aged depicted seal started real estate office built outside city limits single room wooden structure moved administration building later police station moved city dump fire department training site smoke drills inadvertently set fire public outcry prompted building relocation restoration housed city history museum exhibits museum historic items city models sister city costa_rica | Coral Springs, Florida | Geography and places | Places | North America |
1190_Moncton | city located southeastern portion province new_brunswick canada situated lies geographic centre city earned nickname hub city central location region history railway land transportation hub city proper population land area km2 population making largest new_brunswick second largest largest atlantic_canada includes neighbouring city town adjacent suburban areas albert counties area originally settled considered officially founded arrival immigrants philadelphia initially agricultural settlement incorporated city named col british officer captured nearby fort century earlier significant wooden industry developed community allowing civic incorporation economy collapsed 1860s causing town lose civic charter regained charter community economy rebounded mainly growing railway industry chosen headquarters remained railroad town century closure locomotive shops late 1980s economy twice collapse industry 1860s closure locomotive shops 1980s city able rebound strongly occasions city adopted motto rebirth railway town present city economy stable primarily based traditional transportation distribution commercial heritage supplemented strength educational health care financial information technology insurance sectors strength economy received national recognition local unemployment rate consistently national average history settled head reference river map settlement river valleys began gradually extending inland reaching site present day settlers area established farming community chose settlement elbow allusion bend river near site settlement nearby fort captured english forces command col region including river valleys subsequently fell english control later year governor issued decree ordering expulsion population nova scotia including recently captured areas action came known great reaches upper valley came control pennsylvania dutch settlers arrived establish pre existing farming community settlers consisted families plaque dedicated honor mouth hall creek renamed settlement bend bend remained agricultural settlement nearly years households community time road open year round travel regular mail coach service established halifax bend important transfer rest station route decade important industries area turning point community took expanded shipyard bend expanded shipyard ultimately grew employ workers bend subsequently developed service based economy support shipyard gradually began acquire amenities growing town prosperity wooden industry allowed bend incorporate town town named col clerical error time town incorporated resulted community present day mayor years later european north american railway opened line nearby followed line opening time arrival railway popularity steam powered ships forced end era wooden shipyard closed resulting industrial collapse caused surrender civic charter economic depression long second era prosperity came area selected headquarters railway canada arrival seminal event community years history city firmly linked railway able town adopted motto latin rise year later line quebec opened railway boom associated employment growth allowed achieve city status april grew rapidly early 20th century particularly provincial lobbying helped city eastern terminus massive project merged federal government newly formed system shops major locomotive repair facility headquarters maritime division catalogue warehouse moved city early 1920s employing seven people transportation distribution increasingly important economy middle 20th century airport opened quickly important fixture community second world war canadian army built large military supply base city service maritime military establishment continued dominate economy city railway employment peaked nearly thousand workers 1950s beginning slow decline placed network early 1960s route built northern perimeter city subsequent development saw route built city time river causeway constructed founded institution important resource development culture area late 1970s 1980s saw period economic hit city major employers closed catalogue division locomotive shops facility closed time throwing thousands citizens work early 1990s saw rise information technology led centres use city bilingual workforce late 1990s retail manufacturing service expansion began occur sectors decade closure locomotive shops employment losses dramatic turnaround fortunes city termed miracle growth community continued 1990s actually accelerating confidence community bolstered ability host major events rolling_stones concert memorial cup athletics neutral site regular season football game recent positive developments include later renamed achieving university status relocating new campus greater airport opening new terminal building designated international airport opening new bridge canada officially bilingual city census officially designated census metropolitan area largest metropolitan area province new_brunswick geography lies southeastern new_brunswick geographic centre city located north bank point river bends west east north south flow geographical feature contributed significantly historical names given community language translated meaning bends like bow early settlers region named community means elbow subsequent english immigrants changed settlement bend simply bend river valley broad relatively flat bounded long ridge north rugged highlands south lies original head navigation river causeway constructed resulted extensive river channel downstream rendered area april causeway gates opened effort restore laden river tidal bore river exhibits north_america tidal regularly occurring wave travels river leading edge incoming tide bore result extreme tides originally bore impressive metres height extending kilometre width area wave occur twice day high tide travelling average speed mph producing bore popular early tourist attraction city causeway built 1960s river channel quickly reduced bore rarely exceeds centimetres height april causeway gates opened effort restore laden river recent tidal bore opening causeway gates measured foot high wave unseen years nearby natural features natural attractions near major national parks hour drive city salt water beaches north virginia found minutes away nearby town new_brunswick signature natural attraction half hour drive river valley located near alma includes historic lighthouse fossil cliffs scenic adventure tourism includes nature trails freshwater marsh viewing platforms nearby attractions hour city include centre site beach nova scotia world heritage site climate despite climate tends continental maritime summer winter seasons maritime influences somewhat transitional seasons spring autumn warm summer continental climate climate classification uniform precipitation distribution winter days typically cold generally sunny solar radiation generating warmth daytime high temperatures usually range degrees freezing point major result easter ocean storms moving east coast north_america major typically average frequently mixed rain freezing rain spring frequently delayed sea ice forms nearby previous winter requires time melt cool onshore winds extend inland far ice burden gulf diminished considerably course decade consequence global warming cooling effect weakened result daytime temperatures freezing typical late february trees usually leaf late summers hot humid seasonal prevailing westerly winds strengthening continental tendencies local climate daytime highs reach rainfall generally modest especially late july august periods drought uncommon autumn daytime temperatures remain mild late october usually occur late november consistent snow cover ground happen late december coast new_brunswick occasionally experiences effects post tropical storms weather year greatest precipitation strongest winds usually occurs fall winter transition november mid january generally remains low rise city city skyline encompasses buildings structures varying architectural styles periods dominant structure city metres microwave communications tower built constructed tallest microwave communications tower kind north_america remains tallest structure neighbouring metres bell tower tallest free standing structure atlantic provinces assumption place story office building headquarters building metres height tied square tallest building province large story building downtown stories tall building distinctive encompasses city block largest office building city terms square footage home half dozen buildings range stories height including terminal plaza office complex urban parks popular park area contains artificial beach cross country skiing hiking trails city largest playground lawn bowling tennis facilities boating pond adventure course city owned seat football stadium artificial turf home city main parks city north end largest urban nature parks canada located numerous neighbourhood parks metro area include bore view park downtown features flower gardens fountain city extensive system hiking trails trail trans canada trail system monuments found length population census halifax maritime cities register population increase recent years majority residents native english speakers city substantial french speaking population speak english french languages speak languages language speak language city population bilingual understands english french canadian cities approach level linguistic ottawa montreal officially bilingual city country adjacent city benefited ongoing rural areas northern eastern new_brunswick town heavily census metropolitan area grew fastest rate metropolitan area atlantic_canada census metropolitan area population national census makes largest metropolitan area province new_brunswick second largest halifax estimated population includes city population town salisbury migration areas new_brunswick especially north nova_scotia ontario new arrivals city people living city population visible minorities blacks south largest visible minority groups comprising city population respectively growing korean community economy local economy based heritage commercial distribution transportation centre central location largest area atlantic_canada million people living hour drive city insurance information technology educational health care sectors major factors local economy city hospitals employing thousand people garnered national attention strength economy local unemployment rate averages national average named best city business canada magazine named fifth business friendly small sized city north_america number nationally prominent corporations head offices including assumption life insurance atlantic centres city employ people larger centres include ing direct ups growing high tech sector includes companies test arms corporation head offices major operations greater include master packaging farms subsidiary opened main distribution centre group companies employs thousand people region large industrial parks metropolitan area operations concentrated industrial park industrial park city west end expanded opened brewery new brewery years industrial parks large concentrations regional facilities new lane bridge opened connecting downtown directly downtown bridge connects extension serve catalyst economic growth downtown area evident expansion completed opened new regional law courts assumption opened construction begin new downtown seat events centre arena site square shopping centre connects new ring road town expected serve catalyst development east retail sector important pillars local economy major retail projects place trinity drive major destinations locals tourists alike tourism important industry historically owes origins presence natural attractions tidal bore optical illusion tidal bore phenomenon attraction construction causeway 1960s effectively attraction city northwest outskirts city famous attraction area includes addition phenomenon golf course major water park zoo outdoor concert facility million casino hotel entertainment complex opened arts culture seat restored 1920s era house main street main centre cultural entertainment city theatre hosts performing arts series provides venue theatrical performances adjacent offers space smaller performances casino new_brunswick provides seat venue major touring artists performing groups based tours mainly atlantic_canada tours nationally internationally occasion live theatre company auditorium performance space street based nearby university town private dance music metropolitan area including performing arts school major cultural cooperative containing multiple studios galleries tenants centre houses principal private art gallery city city main museums place mountain road reopened following major renovations expansion include discovery centre includes hands exhibits highlighting city transportation heritage city recognized historical sites free meeting house built new_england style meeting house located adjacent home city industrialist built maintained period style serves research centre home organizations located adjacent bore view park dated architectural style surviving building pennsylvania dutch era oldest surviving building province new_brunswick home festival annual bilingual literary celebration held honour world renowned literary critic favourite son event attracts noted writers poets world takes place month april held july largest annual gathering classic cars canada notable events include august comedy festival world wine festival held spring sports facilities seat arena serves venue major concerts trade shows home major recreational facility built property includes soccer fields indoor complex ice surfaces indoor air supported multi use building sports dome large allow year round football soccer golf activities newly constructed near extensive weight training facilities indoor pools contains indoor track metres swimming pool diving towers new stadium located campus built world junior track field championships permanent seating capacity events professional canadian football atlantic_canada metro area total indoor hockey clubs public sporting recreational facilities scattered metropolitan area including new million aquatic centre opened new seat downtown arena events centre approved expected open facilities hole golf courses census metropolitan area residential courses housing developments existing construction golf clubs considered championship courses jones designed golf course canada notable courses include valley golf club sports teams play major junior hockey won president cup championship played baseball won canadian senior baseball championship known member number active university sports programs including hockey soccer teams canadian sport program historically home professional franchise won defeating began play seven charter franchises professional began play formed merger major events hosted large sporting events held hometown losing championship final rival hosted canadian sports held second time event taken place city hosted world junior championships athletics largest sporting event held atlantic_canada athletes countries attendance new seat capacity built event campus construction new stadium led directly awarded regular season neutral site game held september neutral site regular season game history played capacity crowd additional regular season games held canadian cities chosen host women world cup major sporting events hosted include tourism entertainment shopping northwestern outskirts city famous attraction gravity hill optical illusion local topography gives impression going fact going downhill magnetic hill illusion popular tourism draw city province built major tourism developments surrounding properties capitalize complex includes nationally award winning zoo animals displayed themed exhibit areas largest zoo atlantic_canada developed popular educational program ranked fourth best zoo canada site largest water park atlantic_canada half dozen large water lazy river wave pool children splash pool hole mini golf course adjacent amusement park construction completed magnetic hill concert site large outdoor concert facility holds large concerts year located nearby rolling_stones performed fans eagles played summer fans played hill crowd concert exceeding magnetic hill concert site developed reputation holding largest concert productions entire country played final concert worldwide tour july casino new encompasses hotel seat entertainment venue opened performance space casino new hosted acts casino circuit present major destinations shopping enthusiasts place square feet largest shopping mall atlantic_canada stores services bass pro complex adjacent managed includes chapters cinema complex includes bass pro shop government municipal government consists mayor city elected year terms office council non partisan mayor serving chairman casting ballot cases tie vote additional selected large general electorate day day operation city control city manager greater area contains new_brunswick provincial electoral districts centre albert members represent greater belong belong federal riding portions federal riding portions riding current federal parliament members metropolitan area belong current federal liberal federal election education school boards administer greater public primary secondary schools schools area schools high schools metro area harrison high school high school area high schools universities campuses greater region publicly funded provincial comprehensive university largest french language university canada outside quebec campus students offers variety undergraduate post graduate degree programs including number health sciences disciplines including degree program offered conjunction private undergraduate liberal arts university affiliated students offers degrees arts science education business religious studies million expansion campus began new buildings constructed allowing enrollment increase students small satellite health sciences campus located hospital offers degrees nursing medical ray technology students medical training program conjunction sees medical students residents based hospital publicly funded principally undergraduate liberal arts university mount traditionally ranked magazine canada undergraduate universities taking honours years located half hour downtown nearby nearly students offers degrees arts fine arts music commerce science including master degrees biology chemistry provides year extension university courses developed formal affiliation flight college allow bachelor degree aviation produced rhodes scholars comparable university commonwealth home campuses system english language college largest campus system enrollment time students hundreds time students provides training different trades technology disciplines major million expansion refurbishment campus recently completed things allowed construction new academic building business program smaller french language provides similar training trades technology sectors private schools offer practical training variety fields offers variety business programs operated school providing training primary home program known campus operating years offer different programs seven different campuses atlantic_canada programs offered areas art design trades canada oldest largest prestigious flight schools visual arts institution specializing graphic design digital media animation new_brunswick oldest private college provides training variety business dental sciences youth care programs new campus constructed central media daily newspaper highest circulation daily newspaper new_brunswick percent city households daily percent residents read week city publications include french newspaper published northern new_brunswick broadcast radio stations city covering variety genres interests stations english french provincial headquarters main production facilities broadcasts community channels cable french cable english french language arm maintains atlantic canadian headquarters broadcast television stations represent major national networks transportation served new airport terminal international arrivals area opened majesty queen elizabeth_ii handles passengers year making second busiest airport maritime provinces terms passenger volume 10th busiest airport canada terms aircraft movements regular scheduled destinations include halifax montreal ottawa toronto hamilton scheduled service providers include seasonal direct air service provided destinations cuba mexico dominican_republic jamaica florida operators including ups atlantic canadian air cargo bases facility home flight college largest pilot training institution canada base regional air service regional transport canada hangar depot second smaller near drive private general aviation operates province nationally certified sports parachute club facility seven regional air traffic control centres canada centre monitors flights year entering leaving north american railways freight rail transportation provided presence diminished greatly 1970s railway maintains large classification yard facility west end city regional headquarters atlantic_canada located passenger rail transportation provided train ocean serving railway station days week halifax montreal downtown station refurbished serves terminal maritime bus bus service lies route leads nova scotia east quebec west route intersects route eastern outskirts heads northeast leading northern new_brunswick route connects route leads route intersects route approximately kilometres west city leads border route serves internal ring road extending exiting city heading inside city expressway bounded end traffic circles urban transit served operated city operates buses routes bus maritime bus provides service region largest hub system major centres new_brunswick served terminal military aside locally formed militia units military significant presence area beginning second world war large military supply base later known constructed railway spur line north downtown shops base served main supply depot large wartime military establishment addition training plan bases built area war service flying training school raf operated supply depot naval listening station constructed help coordinating radar activities north_atlantic military flight training area terminated end world war naval listening station closed remained open supply maritime military establishment end cold war closure early 1990s military presence significantly reduced northern portion base property turned slowly redeveloped southern base remains active property termed affiliated resident components garrison include engineer support unit regular force garrison houses reserve force brigades constituent units 8th canadian princess armoured reconnaissance regiment area support unit provide logistical support base regular forces units left base reserve units remain active remains headquarters health facilities major regional teaching hospitals approximately active treatment beds affiliated home northumberland family medicine residency training program site fourth year clinical training medical students medicine new training program hospital hosts degree programs nursing medical ray technology professional fields specialized medical services hospital include peripheral surgery surgery trauma burn unit medical intensive care adolescent million expansion hospital completed contains new laboratory care centre provincial level trauma centre new clinic built hospital opened late managed beds hosts medical training program local distant degree programs nursing medical ray technology medical laboratory technology administered medical services include medical radiation surgery cardiac lab studied hospital new installed future million expansion care expanded surgery medical training planned hospital location hospital managed magazine stated best health care facilities smaller sized regional cities canada notable people home number notable people including scoring champion world olympic champion distinguished literary critic theorist governor general canada supreme_court justice cleveland developer canada representative commission actor plays showcase hit comedy trailer park boys indie rock musician actress plays series noted canadian conductor musician educator journalist author born graduated author recipient highest honour literature france acclaimed novelist playwright born resides noted pioneering use literature recipient governor general novel pour translated english sure canadian hockey star graduated | Moncton | Geography and places | Places | North America |
1652_Chambersburg,Pennsylvania | pennsylvania borough region pennsylvania united_states miles miles north maryland mason line miles southwest county seat according population combined surrounding hamilton population core statistical area includes surrounding population settlement began water mills built confluence creek run center town history includes episodes relating french indian war raid american_civil_war borough major northern community burned confederate forces war located pennsylvania pennsylvania maryland skirts borough east town lies approximately route pittsburgh philadelphia local geography reflecting areas like philadelphia mountainous areas like pittsburgh history european settlement native americans living hunting area 18th century included falling spring settled scots irish immigrant started mill saw mill foot high joined creek creek provided power mills settlement known falling spring march chambers issued license acres representative penn family european settlement area questionable legality treaty ending french indian war indian tribes land claims signed treaties penn family encouraged settlement area order strengthen case border dispute maryland colony resulted hostilities known war dispute settled surveying border known mason line chambers traveled england testify support penn claims maintain peace indians european settlers removed nearby area participated removing settlers nearby took incident area officially lancaster cumberland newly established great wagon road connecting philadelphia passed nearby completed harris ferry local militia formed protection indians named colonel frontier french indian war area population dropped start war settlers returning peace treaty signed built private stone fort war equipped pounder cannons fighting occurred nearby chambers fort lightly defended authorities attempted remove cannons prevent captured indians forts attempted removal unsuccessful cannons celebrate independence day forbes road trails going fort passed nearby developed main road connecting philadelphia later developed transportation hub crossroads forbes road great wagon road fighting continued area war notably brown school massacre rebellion black boys rebellion british troops fort settlers german came soon afterward english large proportion early pennsylvania settlers far west blacks lived start settlement owned black female slave french indian war slaves recorded property earliest church established scots irish chambers gave land congregation requiring single rose annual rent later land given lutheran church organized agreement churches came known catholic community organized jewish cemetery dates dates town laid lots advertised sale july pennsylvania given public town laid sides great falling spring falls said creek lots reasonable terms granted said chambers day appointed drawing said lots 28th day june thursday situation town good water stone free marble sand spot country adjoining said town good going water articles town shall read day appointed drawing lots terms sale published june soon local troops raised fight british american revolution command eldest son captain 1st pennsylvania regiment troops join siege boston arriving august fought seven years revolution reaching rank colonel continental troops september brothers william benjamin served war reached rank captain commanded local troops battle long island princeton rear guard covering retreat brooklyn wounded battle facing troops general local citizens raised liberty pole support rebels protest conscription soldiers rebellion citizens town meeting removed pole day president george_washington leading united_states troops rebels came town way staying overnight october according tradition washington lodged surgeon pennsylvania line revolution march times sitting president personally commanded military field president fled british occupation washington war sending troops pittsburgh general henry light horse harry lee washington returned october appointed brigadier general militia incorporated march declared county seat established formal government courthouse tavern diamond town square permanent courthouse built county jail built old jail built survived fire oldest jail building pennsylvania originally sheriff residence longest continuous use jail state operating today old jail museum home franklin county historical society county stand jail courtyard town growth position transportation center starting point forbes road pittsburgh postal road road rebuilt built area center economic activity nearly years completion main line fastest route pittsburgh philadelphia pittsburgh train philadelphia civil war era underground railroad stop underground railroad stayed upstairs room boarding house june october preparing raid fellow raiders stayed house escaped capture briefly visited house raid house stands east king street posed iron developer bought stored weapons guise mining equipment brown met abandoned quarry outside town discuss raid august according account brown described planned raid detail advised provided supporter helped green future locate brown confederate selective american civil war october confederate raided destroying railroad property taking guns hundreds horses young colored men boys failed accomplish main targets raid burn railroad bridge creek scotland miles north town early days virginia cavalry brigade brig occupied town burned warehouses structures bridge scotland june passed route established headquarters nearby farm burning entire town following year invaded time cavalry dispatched arrived july large portion town burned brig failing provide ransom currency gold buildings left standing temple guarded orders confederate mason home republican politician editor burned north main fire black resident killed refused allow leave burning house man asked educated burned house subsequently remember soon union battle cry civil war legacy general early accused war crimes flees united_states lieutenant general early accused war crimes ordering burning surrendered april early escaped texas horseback hoped find confederate force holding proceeded mexico sailed cuba canada living toronto wrote memoir memoir year war independence focused book published reconstruction town town rebuilt combination state private funding new buildings erected quickly initially built original standards took years fully restore town housing stock standards formation school orphaned children soldiers killed civil war incident children dead union soldiers came begging food doors residents school pennsylvania created serve children veterans orphaned war governor state eventually established additional schools state original school renamed 1890s school remained open graduated children lifetime early civil war memorial fountain built center diamond honor civil war soldiers dedicated july thousand people attendance statue union soldier stands fountain facing south guard return southern raiders contemporary day civil war burning remains town historic identity yearly memorial events held recently subject study people historically perceived responded war national_register_of_historic_places following places national_register_of_historic_places historic images photographs taken series views geography according total area square miles km2 land elevation feet sea level located sits right outside acre park fishing hunting areas hiking trails including section outside acre forest places provide recreation residents noted trout stream runs center town tributary northernmost reach watershed miles north town cold climate according area receives inches precipitation year falls characteristics summer humid subtropical climate bears characteristics average january low average high average july high average low demographics census people households families residing borough population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup borough white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size borough population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household borough median income family males median income versus females capita income borough families population poverty line including age age population stood estimated people january economy surrounding area large farming population including families largest crop corn farms cover acres land franklin wheat farms farms combined cover acres manufacturing includes machinery production metal food processing according economic census largest sectors payroll manufacturing companies cranes retail trade health care social assistance despite suburban growth economy area largely based agriculture retail stores serve population jobs basic needs anchor stores smaller stores located unincorporated village scotland miles north town interstate retail sector grown quickly opening target michaels near newly built exit interstate restaurants new region opened including sonic tuesday texas olive garden city location interstate miles washington baltimore maryland encourages distribution businesses miles north town major employer camp david employs residents capita personal income national average culture small town america recreation includes hunting sports events baseball games field high school football games town hosts professional football team plays people area speak pittsburgh english accent provides area outdoor activities park especially busy july opened movie palace main street reopened home arts ranked magazine list uniquely american cities towns piece written current travel editor determining ranking cited home local school offering private instruction musical instruments offers wide range lessons classes workshops summer camps presenting numerous concerts hall sponsors children chorus community band community orchestra concert jazz band adults age older journalist republican according brooks little obvious income inequality people don define place society income level value work ethic anti union anti welfare pro free market religious social conservatives government municipal government operates pennsylvania borough code holding legislative executive authority elected ward year terms mayor cast tie breaking votes council departments administered borough manager mayor january january town council president council vice president 9th congressional district pennsylvania represented house_of_representatives senate education private presbyterian related liberal arts women college founded named major donor college students known women children medical technician equestrian programs women school currently education school opened green campus building building science technology department features length lobby begins floor ends basement building public schools senior high school public school students grades drawn borough surrounding hamilton occupied current facilities principal recognized high school principal year august public junior high school eighth ninth grade students served students middle school area students north north 6th 8th grade middle school august south 6th 8th grade school year recognized highest award american school receive franklin county career technology center located school designated students adults learn trades learning core subjects school school offers training different concentrations currently different school districts students attending school district includes seventeen elementary schools school upgraded rebuilt closed date buildings lack space july current president members include seat currently filled resignation previous board president state owned school offered tuition free residential education programs children pennsylvania residents veterans currently serving armed forces original founding date founded result orphaned children going door door begging food knocked door governor governor wife realized forgotten group people resulting american_civil_war orphaned children soldiers governor set schools state known soldier students graduated student bodies schools began decline schools closed saved located scotland changed purpose changed provide education child veteran veteran living deceased new purpose subsequent change founding date school changed located miles north unincorporated village scotland students grades school established students educated school acre campus contains buildings including residential cottages governor removed funding school year state budget forcing school close private schools private schools include catholic school students teachers private christian twelfth grade academy located affiliated approximately students private schools include grade non affiliation elementary schools baptist religious library free library roots going library books organized local member club left construct library building building completed located corner second later library franklin county library began receive funds afternoon club donated funds building currently occupies post office media newspapers daily newspaper published town weekday circulation founded owned television radio television reception poor surrounding mountains family oriented station broadcasts pbs station low powered translator included stations available air cable network affiliated television station establish bureau broadcast nearby maryland shares radio market largest united_states pennsylvania maryland sister city japan notable people texas politician inventor railroad sleeping car united_states_navy officer american businessman united_states_army officer briefly commander mlb player detroit_tigers mlb player played base world series champion detroit tigers revolutionary war soldier known captain publisher african american field officer educated 1830s major_league_baseball pitcher dean princeton_university mathematician born lived west town surviving member lewis clark expedition born outside falling spring virginia newspaper editor confederate army general civil war born raised later president princeton_university served pastor renowned scholar born archbishop new_york lived going family buried journalist author spent portion childhood father pastor james church editor representative died disease born african american inventor abolitionist moved | Chambersburg, Pennsylvania | Geography and places | Places | North America |
1769_JuniataCounty,Pennsylvania | pennsylvania county located state pennsylvania census population county seat county created march named mountains include agricultural land forested land county area major rivers creeks county include west branch creek borders counties county lies different rock formations different soils relatively low population density population dense parts county mifflin common races county white residents black residents population grew faster counties pennsylvania fastest growing population borough township county time period livestock farming largest industry county industries including crop farming tourism manufacturing jobs common jobs county county median household income year median family income year poverty rate unemployment rate median house value county main roads pennsylvania route pennsylvania route pennsylvania route route route route pennsylvania route pennsylvania route thirteen county served school districts areas protected natural heritage sites county european settlers arrived county historically history historically later formed march parts named word word means people standing stone blue waters county settled settled port royal mifflin settled respectively borough incorporated march incorporated february arrived county removed considerably earlier land county issued earliest landowners opposed settlers indian raid county constructed family earliest families inhabit county settlers arrived western built county public road built county location near constructed known physician county settled formed october township early formal boundaries original divided total began serving closed reached county late 1840s county closed hurricane total acres flooded families displaced flooding county pennsylvania develop modern comprehensive plan construct comprehensive plan survey respondents found desirable living place similar survey respondents found county desirable living place historic places locations listed national_register_of_historic_places listed include book site port royal bridge east oriental north oriental covered bridges additional places eligible listing national_register_of_historic_places historical markers commemorate path fort known built feet wide feet long making longest remaining covered bridges pennsylvania geography according county total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water located major metropolitan areas northwest county southeast county route route lane highway leads county metropolitan areas parts fairly flat areas county slopes greater development county confined areas slopes county slopes grades located edges county slopes generally found mountainous ridges similarly steep slopes middle county county slopes grade near slopes found county hilly mountains occupy county borders forms county border runs locations county comprehensive plan describes outstanding unique scenic features pennsylvania route seen narrows narrow water gap flows past period found water gap rivers major streams rivers include creek acres area watershed including borough port royal acres county area watershed area includes parts county acres creek watershed similar county watershed acres counties area west branch creek watershed land use residential land makes acres fifth area bulk residential land single family dwellings seasonal homes mobile homes significant portions county residential land concentrated occurs roads villages county multi family residential land comparatively rare county land acres manufacturing purposes approximately acres transportation utilities roughly acres transportation communication acres utilities businesses county land acres acres devoted retail businesses acres devoted wholesale businesses services occupy county area land devoted recreation makes acres area agricultural land comprises acres county total acres approximately thirds county area forested land large portions southwestern county forested county land undeveloped acres unused land vast majority rural land rural villages housing units acre scattered county area termed high growth area comprehensive plan near mifflin housing units acre comprehensive plan areas near port royal rural growth area areas housing units acre adjacent counties borders pennsylvania northwest pennsylvania north pennsylvania northeast pennsylvania southeast pennsylvania south pennsylvania pennsylvania southwest geology lies different rock formations contain limestone rock formations come period period period northernmost county contains rocks undivided formations formations primarily consist sandstone south formations lie formation undivided consist mainly composed rock formations southwestern county include undivided irish valley member eastern county lies entirely irish valley member rock formations found include formation undivided undivided old port formations undivided undivided rock formations found come period seven come period seven come period seven soil associations association deep fairly drained soil found county found county forested areas found county found county area deep association drained soil found agricultural lands forested areas soil association county association drained soil occupies county deep drained soil makes county pope holly association county respectively deep occur gentle slopes poorly drained drained association drained makes county area different soil types considered prime farmland area agricultural soils northern southern edges county main rock formations mifflin undivided irish valley member rock formations found borough port royal northwest southeast borough respectively irish valley member found near borough climate climatic region summer highs generally occasion exceed lows summer typically slightly high temperatures winter usually average receives inches precipitation year average inches snow fall county winter county rarely experiences long term experience short term demographics census people households families residing projected population county population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup county white black african american native american asian indian chinese korean races races filipino people vietnamese people population hispanic latino race include puerto highest percentage hispanic people township borough county hispanic population county increased population german american irish english ancestry according census reported speaking pennsylvania german german dutch home speak spanish housing density population density considerably average pennsylvania county administrative subdivisions highest population density density people square mile mifflin density people square mile density people square mile township highest population density county people square mile highest density housing units county square mile followed mifflin square mile square mile lowest population density administrative division people square mile second lowest density people square mile lowest density people square mile lowest density housing units county square mile second lowest density square mile lowest density square mile population fastest growing population county pennsylvania populations growing faster time period county population increased people 1980s county rate population growth times higher rate population growth pennsylvania county rate population growth 1970s higher population fastest growing population administrative division increase fast growing populations county include populations mifflin administrative divisions county populations decreased time period rate respectively administrative divisions experienced decreasing populations borough township county experienced increase population census average household size average family size county households inhabited single individual males females males females highest percentage males administrative division county highest percentage females township borough county census population spread years age years age percentage years age county inhabitants years age years old years old years old people years age comprised population year olds comprised population population consisted year olds people years age population people years age comprised year olds population people years age county population people years age population people years old population people older years population infrastructure industry economy agricultural hunting fishing forestry mining industries industry livestock farming popular county crop cultivation egg industry county generated million sales 7th highest pennsylvania counties dairy industry generated million sales 23rd highest pennsylvania counties pig industry generated million cattle industry generated million sales 10th 27th highest pennsylvania counties respectively county grain industry generated million 35th highest pennsylvania counties county fourth prolific producing county pennsylvania addition aforementioned industries small scale clothing manufacturing businesses county farms occupying total acres farmland farms acres farmland public library approximately materials annual circulation materials celebrating 50th anniversary hospitals county served hospital established county emergency medical services units fire companies volunteer fire departments county police force served economic employment statistics common occupation manufacturing employed people years old county performed manufacturing jobs employed people older worked health services worked services work construction retail worked public administration worked transportation occupation field education similar number worked finance insurance real estate worked agriculture fishing forestry mining worked wholesale trade worked communications utilities related fields total households year households year households year households year households year households year median household income county year median family income year figures lower average pennsylvania capita income county year county poverty rate average poverty rate pennsylvania mifflin highest poverty rate township borough county lowest poverty rate county unemployment rate according comprehensive plan economic situation county suggests fairly healthy county economy highest household family income respectively borough mifflin lowest household family income respectively houses facilities pennsylvania average presence houses permanently inhabited mifflin highest percentage houses facilities township borough county lowest percentage houses facilities public sewer companies county largest rate gallons day county public water companies including port royal municipal authority water company county serving gallons water day average generates tons solid waste day receive electricity remaining given electricity energy inc provide cable services county housing houses built built 1940s built 1950s county houses built 1960s built 1970s built 1980s houses built 1990s majority houses mifflin built houses vacant county houses vacant seasonal recreational reasons county vacancy rate higher average pennsylvania lowest vacancy rate township borough county highest vacancy rate county houses occupied owner occupied houses southwestern county occupied houses cost cost county houses cost cost houses cost cost houses county cost cost cost administrative divisions county highest percentage houses costing numerous county houses costing mifflin highest percentage houses costing lowest percentage houses median house value rose crime common crimes committed november property crimes recorded offenses common crimes county assaults offenses alcohol related crimes offenses crimes county include drug violations offenses sex offenses offenses arson offenses county years recreation municipal parks boat launches county near golf courses central county southern county transportation roads main roads eastern pennsylvania route pennsylvania route pennsylvania route main roads western route route pennsylvania route pennsylvania route experiences traffic considered major arterial roads pennsylvania route pennsylvania route northeast route minor arterial roads major rural collector roads county include pennsylvania route pennsylvania route pennsylvania route southwest route minor rural collector roads include pennsylvania route numerous prominent roads local roads county northeastern central parts approximately miles roads road system miles roads locally owned miles owned miles owned pennsylvania united_states miles local roads miles minor collector roads miles major collector roads miles minor arterial roads miles major arterial roads daily traffic arterial roads ranges dozen thousand vehicles day pennsylvania route carries vehicles day southwestern county vehicles day northeastern county pennsylvania route carries vehicles day county heavily traveled road route carries vehicles day major rural connector road state route vehicles day major rural connector road pennsylvania route gets vehicles day traffic minor rural collector roads ranges vehicles day vehicles day roads volume vehicle traffic county changed little late 1990s allow residents access numerous locations new_york pennsylvania maryland receives approximately vehicles day county pennsylvania route allows access mifflin locations county pennsylvania route trucks county access road intersections site crashes january december bridges state owned bridges considered structurally longest bridge street bridge port royal feet long built second longest bridge county crosses station feet long built bridges county feet long transportation air travel served privately owned airport runs route education schools school districts public school districts schools serves parts serves rest elementary schools junior high school high schools school year students school district largest high school district students largest elementary school district elementary school students smallest students elementary school middle school high school students respectively additionally private schools religious schools run groups types nearly based based port royal largest private school county students smallest private school breezy hollow school students colleges county general vicinity statistics residents years age ninth grade education residents years age ninth grade education twelfth grade education graduated high school residents attended college degree associate degree residents aged years bachelor degree graduate professional degree percentage people ninth grade education decreased percentage ninth grade twelfth grade education decreased percentage people graduated high school decreased percentage people attended college degree increased percentage people associate degree increased percentage people bachelor degree increased percentage people graduate professional degree increased highest percentage people high school diploma lowest percentage people high school diploma highest percentage people higher education biology areas protected preserve gregory preserve preserve addition port royal wetlands combined area lands acres state game lands northwestern county state forests county northern southern portions streams considered high quality fisheries class wild trout waters northern western parts county lists natural heritage sites considered exceptional significance considered high significance considered notable significance considered local significance sites inventory found township county largest remaining intact wetland cedar spring run wetland considers exceptional significance site numerous wetland plants rare area inhabit wetland including wetland red maple black ash forest community wetland list exceptional significance sites run wetlands delaware township wetlands consist large groups temporary pools permanent ones county system consist dozens temporary pools inhabited contain spotted serve breeding ground amphibians sites tributaries exceptional significance list located creek township contains silver maple forest home species rare pennsylvania tributary home plant species animal species emperor butterfly species known triangle supports downstream plant species animal species creek valley downstream home woodland known located listed exceptional significance site contains red cedar community rare pennsylvania limestone exceptional significance site county located contains grassland described important natural feature located home number rare species live slopes narrows bats feed narrows exceptional significance site according communities pennsylvania law types incorporated municipalities cities cases towns include county seat port royal include census designated places census designated places geographical areas designated purposes compiling demographic data actual jurisdictions pennsylvania include east population ranking population ranking following table based census county seat | Juniata County, Pennsylvania | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2259_Coquitlam | census population city british_columbia canada mainly suburban city sixth largest city province municipalities comprising metro vancouver current mayor history coast people live area confirms continuous occupation territory years said derived coast term meaning red fish river came region 1860s europeans gradually started settling area began place construction mid-19th century provide access year round port facilities port moody young municipality got boost opened state art lumber mill north bank incorporated mill town houses store post office hospital office block barber shop pool hall grown mill mill manager residence built later years contingents french canadian mill workers arrived quebec born named father young france largest centre west past recognized today street names education system french programs french language guides scouts celebrations festival following world war rest experienced substantial population growth continues today opening city accessible set stage residential growth amalgamated gave city larger industrial base mill closed residential area geography situated east vancouver connects extends northeast lakes borders west southwest southeast tall form northern boundary city area square kilometres communities times larger like vancouver winter utc summer utc geographic shape thought larger parcels land smaller central section connecting comprises original core city industrial sector giving way large residential areas colloquially referred bump high flat plateau topography older residences larger property dimensions increasingly torn replaced newer larger homes street area city original recreational centre sports fields located previously located south area contains renowned urban fishing recreation area watershed watershed represents urban supports wild stocks salmon species risk coastal trout sea run resident bird species great blue green contains largest urban parks metro vancouver area provincial government sold hectares acres attached shortly afterward land subdivided single family homes remaining acres km2 active mental health facility subject controversy developers city task force hospital lands rejected idea housing lands declared lands buildings protected remain mental health facility designated regional town centre metro vancouver region strategic plan concept town centre area dates intended high concentration high density housing offices cultural entertainment education facilities serve major growth areas region served rapid transit service town centre public buildings found including city hall branch station main fire hall david campus city centre aquatic complex town centre park town centre currently undergoing update town centre plan provincial government sold hectares acres second growth forested land south slope known locally developer resulted closure creation developed homes golf courses development completed opening david avenue connector primary urban development shifted northeastern portion city total km2 acres acres industry acres harvesting research acres residential single family acres rural acres town low rise acres high rise acres commercial acres industrial acres institutional acres transport utilities acres acres open undeveloped acres acres climate like rest metro vancouver maritime temperate climate enjoying mild temperatures sufficient precipitation warm drier summers wet mild winters unlike cities area precipitation especially heavy proximity mountain slopes westward air moving pacific_ocean air forced flow causing cool fall precipitation process known precipitation effect mainly responsible massive annual average precipitation receives year falling rainfall fall winter months november summer usually sunny minimal precipitation august mild temperatures allow rain fall winter months occasionally snow fall slightly higher elevation compared rest metro vancouver receive average snow year rarely staying ground day adding intermittent snow cover winter season december snow fell hours recent snowy winters weeks december cold temperatures arctic way lower mainland collided moist air pacific centimetres snow fell resulting extreme snow cover christmas resulted major traffic flight issues week january sudden warmer temperatures starting heavy wet snow later transitioning heavy rain express resulted flooding low lying areas near river slightly higher elevation communities metro vancouver precipitation fell week january heavy wet snow transitioned rain later resulting deeper snow pack notably residents elevation sea level winter ended snow fallen located region canada average mean annual temperature temperatures warm summer months average high average low august winter months average high average low january relatively mild climate canadian standards caused warm alaska current offshore mountain ranges preventing cold arctic air rest canada reaching southwest corner british_columbia occasionally fall freezing day winter demographics census statistics canada originally reported population living total dwellings change population subsequently amended census results population living total dwellings change land area km2 population density km2 according canadian census people living municipality private dwellings households contained married couple children contained married couple children person households reported families married couples average persons family lone parents average persons family common law couples average persons family median age population years slightly younger british_columbia median years residents years age older provincial average south pocket french speakers census residents foreign born higher foreign born british_columbia respondents claimed visible minority largest visible minorities included chinese korean south asian west asian filipino respondents list english mother tongue state having knowledge english according census median income families compared provincial average respondents years age older claim post secondary certificate diploma degree compared province wide census found residents protestant catholic belong christian denominations adherents religions religion residents work outside home work city half provincial average residents work municipality residents public transit bicycle walk work close provincial average languages commonly spoken mother reported census korean economy bedroom community majority residents work vancouver suburbs main industrial area lies southern area near largest employers approximately employees art motion approximately employees approximately employees major employers include sony marine propulsion division retail businesses provided jobs jobs city retail businesses concentrated centre town centre area big box retailers areas remainder city retail outlets centered sectors members including businesses professionals residents community groups governed person volunteer government represented federal fin new democratic party represents riding represents provincial represented provincial british_columbia represents riding represents represents municipal civic election elected mayor elected contracts garbage recycling services city residents local businesses responsible garbage recycling arrangements provides residents mountain fed water source city maintains sewage management system judicial nearest supreme_court british_columbia venue british_columbia cases handled closed moved new port provincial court education served offers public secondary schools seven middle schools dozens elementary schools education offered home student offers university transfer career training academic upgrading programs programs housed original main campus building million opened state art facilities nursing health career programs major universities located nearby municipalities neighbouring provides education grants degrees fields vancouver home branches city centre library collection items annual budget million infrastructure transportation served responsible public transit major roads regular bus service numerous lines running city connecting municipalities metro vancouver major exchange express bus service connects central city station neighbouring stop provides commuter rail service west downtown vancouver east far mission operates monday friday excluding holidays trains day running vancouver morning peak hours returning evening peak hours additional runs morning trains evening trains departures direction saturdays sundays beginning served long extension system technology cost billion run area entering finally joining existing system town centre expected replace motorists provides freeway access vancouver surrey municipalities alternative route entering past area centre turns sharply east begins centre area heads directly east port moody downtown vancouver bike routes including dedicated bike lanes drive plus additional routes city parks future bike routes identified highway southern area near served international airports vancouver international airport located city richmond west second busiest canada provides air access region international airport located east sixth busiest airport canada nearby meadows airport provides services smaller aircraft boundary bay airport airport small aircraft bus depot south passenger package service residents visitors wishing travel destinations inside passage use ferries car passenger ferry service communities south north vancouver respectively operates queen class ferry capable carrying cars passengers launched received million rehabilitation november currently operates secondary vessel departure bay bay route health care served operates bed opened doors operates hour emergency department long term care acute care programs centre excellence surgery hospital offers public education diabetes rehabilitation services programs children grief recovery youth crisis response early prevention operates bed south residents served privately owned health care operates residential care beds home large mental health facility operating governance opened patients peak advances treatment funding resulted fewer people receiving mental health care facility closed decades police fire emergency services contracts police service main police station adjacent city hall town centre community police stations areas detachment serves municipalities fire service known fire halls uses names numbers halls fire halls town centre near like municipalities british_columbia ambulance service run rescue volunteer search rescue team operating responsible urban wilderness search rescue area indian arm lake encompasses local communities team based town centre fire hall culture contemporary life close proximity vancouver surrounded rest residents access virtually unlimited choice cultural leisure activities city numerous venues bring choices closer home designated arts entertainment seat multi purpose venue opened million expansion operates seat movie complex screens partnership city arts community private business senior governments town centre area venue arts culture civic facility designed host wide variety community events features seat black box theatre rehearsal hall art studios art gallery serves home venue nearby theatres include seat seat place des arts non profit teaching arts centre founded offering programs visual arts music acting dance features specialized programs school students home presents concerts exhibitions public studios offered pottery arts ballet drama piano drawing painting place des arts offers faculty concerts year numerous presentations students ongoing basis place community centre providing leisure activities age groups programs french language culture physical activities heritage square offers visitors wealth historic sites gardens bike path outdoor home parks community considerable number open green spaces total area hectares acres municipal parks natural areas located roughly centre city biggest located highlands near city northern edge northern eastern border city restricted area metro vancouver watershed border north park boundaries offering walking trails rich wildlife gardens town centre park large city park located central area city provides city residents recreational activities popular local residents beaches city limits offers freshwater beaches neighbouring beaches numerous yearly festivals staged locations including festival weekend march weekend march sunday highland games saturday june canada day celebration town centre park july mid july sports recreation professional sports teams area include vancouver baseball winter olympics staged areas city responsible maintenance numerous sports recreation fields including grass sand soil sports fields fields ball diamonds weather surfaces bowling green court cricket pitch city operates leisure complex privately owned features additional ice found city manages age community centres centennial summit senior community centres baseball reds premier play home games park reds famous alumnus national_league mvp home finished 3rd little league world series hosted junior league home formed serves players grades program steve nash youth basketball program administered open boys girls operates school area cricket home club consists members adult teams playing premier club affiliated games played park youth formed aim promoting growing game cricket cricket team open boys girls aged football home member players range years age play teams home tri city golf addition courses neighbouring communities home golf facilities located southwest hosted major tour events senior tour event highest rated golf courses canada plateau golf academy golf centre designed executive learning courses play leisure complex home aaa club area members juvenile home play leisure complex july perry stadium hosted world championships home canada purpose built permanent road course located race held years hosted different professional series including notable drivers raced include indianapolis winners track finally closed development racing moved soccer city home major soccer associations including ford soccer club players range adult teams including women premier team plays swimming city centre aquatic complex indoor aquatic centre built town centre area cost million opened features olympic size swimming pool wave pool square foot fitness centre clinic opened area cost million replacing older pool nearby features swimming pool lap pool leisure pool fitness room operates outdoor swimming pools rochester outdoor pools outdoor splash pads town centre track field home track field club train perry stadium named coach died media addition metro vancouver media outlets radio station dedicated area took air served weekly newspapers significant number movie television productions partly completely filmed recent years including eclipse twilight series x-files day earth stood romeo die city maintains coordinate permits traffic crowd control insurance film television productions notable residents rock musician graduated centennial secondary lead singer canada successful alternative rock bands 1990s centennial secondary featured alert status red video squad recorded giant matthew good band dissolved good pursued solo career established political activist blogger author book previously published actor graduated went star movies battleship television series friday night lights premier league attended centennial secondary appeared games games games earned caps canadian national soccer team team history earned clean sheets country history elected canada soccer hall fame canadian national soccer team canadian women national soccer player attended centennial secondary national_basketball_association player raised played high school basketball centennial secondary member team elected model host attended centennial secondary started journalism career writing school student newspaper american political analyst host raised area resided years member jersey numbers retired lions voted players modern era canadian sports network actress raised attended year appeared movies including laughed murdered estranged husband portrayed twice biographies life star spoken word poet raised based ottawa captain ottawa spoken word team won canadian festival spoken word championships placed second overall paris france iconic filipino pop jazz singer musician lyricist songwriter resident spearheaded fundraising efforts tickets shows donation sister cities currently relationships following south_korea | Coquitlam | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2515_SaintPaul,Minnesota | minnesota abbreviated paul capital second populous city state minnesota city estimated population county seat smallest densely populated county minnesota city lies east bank mississippi_river area surrounding point confluence minneapolis state largest city known form core minneapolis saint paul 16th largest metropolitan area united_states million residents founded near historic native american settlements trading transportation center city rose prominence named capital minneapolis better known nationally contains state government important institutions city known home business hub headquarters companies minneapolis known high literacy rate city united_states population increase circulation sunday newspapers settlement originally began present day known pig eye pig eye established popular tavern catholic pastor region established shortly location known settlement called applied town city appropriated short sounds good understood christian denominations history burial present day suggest area originally inhabited native americans thousand years ago early 17th century tribe lived near fleeing ancestral home advancing called area dan little white rock exposed white sandstone cliffs following officer named negotiated approximately acres land local tribes order establish fort negotiated territory located banks mississippi_river starting present day minneapolis confluence saint river built territory confluence mississippi formed natural barrier native american nations treaty ceded local tribal land east mississippi chief little crow moved band river south fur traders explorers missionaries came area fort protection settlers french canadians lived nearby whiskey trade flourished military officers banned settlers fort controlled lands eye retired fur trader turned particularly irritated officials set tavern pig eye near present day landing early 1840s community important trading center destination settlers heading west locals called area pig eye french pig popular tavern father sent minister catholic french canadians established chapel named favorite saint paul intended settlement adopt honor new chapel new_york educator named moved area opened city school named capital territorial legislature voted capital territorial legislator stole physical text approved bill went hiding preventing minnesota admitted union thirty second state capital year service making city gateway settlers minnesota frontier natural geography primary reason city landing area accessible point boats coming stone period called city east industrialist constructed expanded network railways great northern railway headquartered today collectively railway august severe thunderstorms tornadoes damaged hundreds downtown buildings causing usd million million present day damages city spans 1960s urban renewal razed western neighborhoods close downtown city contended creation interstate freeway system fully built landscape western neighborhood demolished construction interstate brought attention racial segregation unequal housing northern cities annual days celebration commemorates african american community downtown short skyscraper building beginning 1970s tallest buildings jackson saint paul city tallest building constructed late 1980s 1990s 2000s tradition bringing new immigrant groups city continued nearly city population recent immigrants vietnam thailand location geography history growth landing port tied water city defining physical characteristic confluence mississippi carved region ice age steep river dramatic city built glaciers forced water glacial river river valleys city situated east central minnesota mississippi_river forms municipal boundary city west southwest southeast sides minneapolis state largest city lies west north lying east cities south saint paul south river city city largest lakes pig mississippi according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water neighborhoods divides seventeen planning districts created allow neighborhoods participate governance utilize community development block grants funding agreement directly city councils share pool funds councils significant land use control voice guiding development organize residents boundaries adjusted depending population changes overlap established neighborhoods neighborhoods changed overtime historically significant structures saved city seventeen planning districts climate continental climate typical winters snowy summers hot humid consequence continental climate experiences greatest ranges temperatures earth major city climate classification falls hot summer humid continental climate zone city experiences range precipitation related weather events including snow ice rain thunderstorms tornadoes fog northerly location united_states lack large bodies water moderate air subjected cold arctic air masses especially late december january february average annual temperature gives metropolitan area annual mean temperature major metropolitan area continental demographics earliest known inhabitants members tradition buried dead river known inhabitants 17th century fled ancestral home central minnesota response westward expansion nation later occupy north east bank mississippi_river french canadian explorers came region attracted fur traders area nearby pig brought yankees new_england english irish scottish immigrants enlisted army settled nearby discharge early settlers built houses heights north river wave immigration came irish settled mississippi named home irish prolific politics city governance public safety germans french grown majority groups swedish immigrants passed way farming communities northern western regions territory large group settled later home poles italians swedish presence moved east avenue 1950s terms people specified european ancestry city german irish norwegian swedish english visible community people sub african ancestry representing population 1980s area austro hungarian known german home vietnamese people left war torn country soon settlement program came saint paul largest urban contingent united_states mexican immigrants settled west 1930s grown mexico opened foreign majority residents claiming religious affiliation christian split roman_catholic_church protestant denominations roman catholic presence comes irish german scottish french canadian settlers time bolstered hispanic immigrants jewish relatively small populations muslims city dubbed large population conducted white americans population non hispanic whites blacks african americans population non hispanic blacks american indians population non hispanic asian americans population non hispanic pacific americans population individuals race population non hispanic individuals races population non hispanic addition population people households families residing city racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female economy minneapolis saint paul area employs people private sector july percent work private service providing related jobs major corporations headquartered include chemical cleaning product company named eighth best place work twin cites companies time minnesota employees retailer sporting goods operates stores states cited companies located adjacent minnesota employs people minnesota medical manufacturer medical devices directly municipal border little canada company address listed city home opened closed end plant mississippi_river adjacent lock dam mississippi_river generates hydroelectric power site cleared buildings tested contamination prepare redevelopment culture winter months hosts saint paul winter carnival tradition originated new_york reporter called siberia attended visitors annually event showcases ice annual treasure hunt winter food activities ice palace adjoining popular year round historic landmark center downtown hosts cultural arts organizations city notable recreation locations include regional park lake lake areas mississippi_river minnesota held annually island pavilion area country largest american sports festival freedom festival held weekend july near park city associated nearby north midway neighborhood southeast saint paul campus minneapolis mississippi_river bluff area including fort state park managed headquartered city birthplace cartoonist lived infancy cartoon inspired giant decorated sculptures city promotion late 1990s notable residents include writer playwright august wilson premiered plays pittsburgh cycle local painter photographer center hosts theater productions founding tenant attached serves city convention center city contributed music minnesota music scene venues great jazz musicians passed influential artists quarter established 1970s minneapolis moved downtown artists quarter hosts home national poetry slam champions black dog french european jazz musicians met musicians started new groups touring europe groups performers regulars midway music scene landmark 1940s home base internationally acclaimed irish stronghold city boasts popular irish live music internationally acclaimed nation time professional chamber orchestra mississippi_river began minnesota centennial celebration hosts number museums including alexander james hill house sports saint paul division runs organized sports teams addition department responsible parks recreation centers hosts number professional semi professional amateur sports teams minnesota wild play home games downtown energy center opened wild brought minnesota time minnesota north stars left state dallas texas played citing history hockey teams levels sports_illustrated called new entertainment sports venue host concerts accommodate nearly sporting events occupies site demolished saint paul civic center hosts minnesota high school boys hockey tournament minnesota high school girl tournament concerts year named best overall sports venue espn city independent league baseball team different teams called saints years originally founded shut moved brought independent baseball team moving home games played open air downtown noted baseball players natives hall fame outfielder hall_of_fame pitcher catcher black paul colored played seasons national premier soccer league play home games stadium club founded current club founded largest club united_states minnesota flat track roller derby league based minnesota oldest athletic organization resides mississippi_river home largest circus arts school north_america march announced awarded 23rd franchise team lower level north american soccer league ownership group includes intended build privately financed soccer specific stadium downtown minneapolis near plan met heavy opposition minneapolis mayor said city suffering stadium fatigue building year span july failing reach agreement city minneapolis partners turned focus october paul mayor announced privately financed soccer specific stadium built vacant metro transit bus barn site neighborhood near intersection avenue university avenue stadium open seat team hopes play twins play minneapolis government politics variation strong mayor council form government mayor chief executive chief administrative officer city seven member city council legislative body mayor elected entire city members city council elected seven different geographic approximately equal population mayor council members serve year terms current mayor relation mayor ninth irish american mayor aside republican second term elected republican mayor city county seat named state governor county spanned present day metropolitan area originally named city today geographically smallest county densely populated home rule county minnesota seven member county manager office combination city hall county courthouse nearby law enforcement center houses county sheriff office state federal capital state minnesota city hosts capitol building designed resident house senate office buildings minnesota governor residence state functions summit avenue minnesota democratic affiliated democratic_party headquartered numerous state departments services headquartered city includes districts districts city latest election federal level city minnesota 4th congressional district represented democrat minnesota represented senate democrat attorney democrat comedian district includes education second united_states number higher education institutions capita higher education institutions home include public private colleges universities post secondary institutions known colleges universities include focus non traditional students based law schools law saint paul public schools district state second largest school district serves approximately students district extremely diverse students families speaking different languages languages school communication english spanish district runs different schools including elementary schools middle schools seven high schools alternative schools special education school employing teachers staff school district oversees community education programs adult including language programs learning opportunities community members ages saint paul public schools celebrated anniversary students attend public schools school districts chosen families minnesota open enrollment statute variety private public charter schools represented city city sponsor open charter school found states nation currently home charter schools private schools saint paul public library system includes branch locations media residents saint paul receive broadcast television stations broadcast daily newspaper weekly neighborhood newspapers owned monthly neighborhood papers serve city media outlets based neighboring minneapolis serve community including home format system broadcasts nearly stations midwest locally delivers news information classical current plays wide variety music station regional members listeners week largest audience regional public radio network operating programming reaches million listeners notably hosted lives city renamed native novelist home transportation interstate roadways residents utilize interstate running north south interstate running east west trunk highways include highway minnesota state highway unique roads road warner road follow particular geographic features city gaining popularity creation paved bike lanes connect bike routes metropolitan area creation nice ride minnesota operated nonprofit bicycle sharing rental system stations minneapolis downtown saint paul mile enclosed system city blocks mile avenue saints connects missouri layout city streets roads drawn complaints governor minnesota appeared late david_letterman remarked streets designed drunken later apologized people complaining fractured grid system century point city road design result curve mississippi_river hilly topography conflicts developers different neighborhoods early city grand plans half realized outside downtown roads confusing roads named numbered increasing difficulty non natives navigate mass transit metro transit provides bus service light rail minneapolis area mile light rail line connects downtown downtown minneapolis stations runs west university avenue campus links shares stations downtown minneapolis construction began november line began service june roughly people rode day average riders expected day metro transit opened line minneapolis arterial bus rapid transit line avenue ford parkway line connects blue line 46th street station center connection station line series planned arterial bus rapid transit lines set open early railroad amtrak chicago seattle stops daily direction newly renovated train increasing fiscal year increased prompted southern minnesota leaders plan expansion amtrak service area site pig major freight classification yard yard handled freight cars day run trains yard classified pig eye operates large minneapolis handles cars day small yards located city airports served minneapolis saint paul international airport sits acres km2 southwest city west mississippi_river minnesota state highway interstate minnesota state highway minnesota state highway airport serves international domestic seven charter regional carriers hub home base served located south downtown mississippi_river airport known airport run airport houses minnesota tailored local corporate aviation serve resident aircraft flight training school national_register_of_historic_places sister cities sister cities designated | Saint Paul, Minnesota | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2557_Norman,Oklahoma | norman oklahoma norman city state oklahoma miles south downtown metropolitan area population census norman estimated population makes largest city oklahoma city serves county seat norman settled land run opened american pioneer settlement city named honor area initial land surveyor formally incorporated economically city prominent higher education related research industries home largest university state approximately students enrolled university known sporting events teams banner nickname people routinely attending football games university home museums including fred jones museum art contains largest collection french art given american university located norman houses unique collection university state federal private sector organizations work improve understanding events related earth atmosphere norman lies geographic region activity particularly frequent intense metropolitan area including norman tornado prone area world branch located forecasts severe storm tornado nationwide additionally research conducted located includes field research operates experimental weather radars cnn ranked norman sixth best small city united_states live history oklahoma region united_states prior american_civil_war united_states government began relocating tribes native american tribes united_states officially recognized treaty oklahoma treaties assigned area known today norman creek nation following civil war creeks accused aiding confederacy result ceded region united_states early 1870s federal government undertook survey lands year old surveyor kentucky hired oversee project norman work crew set camp near today corner streets men jokingly carved sign tree read norman camp honor young boss began service area later opened settlement early settlers decided norman april land run saw founding norman residents spending night makeshift morning downtown constructed immediately prominent norman businessmen railroad freight agent railroad station chief began lobbying territorial government locate university norman interested growing city reasoned try influence locate heavily contested territory capital norman sense attempt secure state university instead far controversial december successful passage council bill establishing norman approximately years oklahoma formally incorporated city continued grow decades downtown district contained banks hotels flour mill businesses residents living norman decided extend running moore norman additional population growth rail lines eventually transitioned freight 1940s united_states numbered highway system developed city population reached norman city officials established university leased naval flight training center training center training combat pilots world war second training center known naval hospital later established south years following world war transferred university control today called following war remaining military presence post war veterans came norman education grew city population navy utilized bases lesser capacity support korean war effort completion interstate june norman found role bedroom community increasing rapidly norman population end decade grown 1960s norman land mass increased square miles km2 surrounding areas city growth trends continued early 21st century population reaching law government council manager government place norman adoption city charter june city council elected office years serving term years elected respective based voting system ward serves mayor elected entire voting population norman serves large mayor serves term years council acts legislative body city government aims pass laws approve city budget manage efficiency government city_council professional city manager responsible day day administrative activities city approximately employees working departments boards commissions help oversee implement policies services city city_council meets weekly city hall located gray street downtown norman boards commissions meet accordance schedules present mayor norman elected city manager appointed accordance charter city norman city elected positions municipal state laws enforced norman crime index national average murders assaults city serves county seat twin towns sister cities accordance organization began president norman given international sister cities attempt foster cross cultural understanding france col japan geography reported norman geographical coordinates appears geographical center city limits include lake virtually norman development west point city geographical coordinates shown location downtown norman city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water center large incorporated area miles center separated primarily moore metropolitan area topography norman surrounding areas flat elevation near feet terrain western section norman prairie eastern section including area surrounding lake consists acres km2 lakes forest lowest point city limits approximately feet sea level located highest point approximately feet sea level located climate norman falls temperate humid subtropical climate region identified class climate classification average norman receives inches precipitation year june months temperatures average year average daytime highs range january nearly august average lows range january july august summers extremely hot evident historically hot summer temperatures climbed days mid june early september climate look june july august data consistent winds averaging near mph usually south southeast help temper weather summer intensify cold periods winter norman averages growing season days plants withstand short periods colder temperatures additional weeks winter months tend summer months percentage possible sunshine ranging average winter nearly summer norman lies region united_states activity frequent city tornado season lasting march june reported tornadoes occurring months metropolitan area including norman tornado prone area united_states recently tornado outbreak occurred southeastern norman resulted loss multiple homes businesses friday april norman struck weak tornado wednesday northwestern norman hit weak tornado demographics census people households families residing city population norman largest city oklahoma largest city united_states population density people square mile racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age married couples living female husband present non families individuals living households living years age older average household size average family size age distribution age years age median age years males population females median household income city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age religious information collected census according survey population norman affiliated religious institution catholic_church assembly god churches christ day saint churches christ disciples christ presbyterian church christian denominations religions economy employs personnel campuses making significant driver norman economy campus center scientific technological research having contributed million programs norman home cooperative research effort houses number climate related organizations city proposed location future result going academic public weather research private meteorological businesses present city including inc associates inc inc inc addition weather norman center scientific ventures public private conducts geological research public private alliance energy technology aim establishing viable applications city home producer single walled carbon supplier small wind turbines major employers city include norman public schools lifestyle center planned development million square feet km2 land 24th corridor robinson street road begun project feature miles parks offices high end retail completed cnn ranked norman sixth best small city united_states live highest ranking city oklahoma fair trade norman 17th city united_states adopt council resolution giving status resolution states city norman supports purchasing goods local community goods purchased locally city support buying producers abroad meet standards standards include supporting quality life developing countries planning environmental neighborhoods norman wide variety neighborhoods area approximately square miles km2 surrounded primary streets include area consists restaurants art galleries businesses home oldest buildings oklahoma area northeast downtown norman originally independent township annexed norman neighborhoods area home middle class suburban homes historically important advertised electric town president ronald_reagan executive general_electric attended grand opening ceremonies named town honorary mayor area surrounding home historically significant neighborhoods university unique gothic inspired architecture known gothic named architect churches houses surrounding neighborhoods described neo gothic style norman city designated historic preservation districts area miller historic district bounded historic district bounded residential neighborhoods contain houses designed mixture architectural styles dating majority miller neighborhood style homes external changes repairs homes areas approved area immediately north university known campus corner contains mixture businesses bars restaurants neighborhoods east campus home students residential housing high rise apartments norman enjoys tree lined landscapes participating norman programs education higher education colleges universities largest university state oklahoma approximately students enrolled university founded prior oklahoma university includes norman campuses main campus located norman princeton review named best value colleges school ranked capita public universities enrollment national merit scholars seen rhodes scholars graduate program inception magazine rated wired colleges research university high research activity school known athletic programs having won awards including seven city norman served school established awarded multiple occasions franklin road campus consists buildings totaling square feet classroom meeting office space school time staff primary secondary schools public schools public school districts oklahoma independent local governments districts overlap municipal boundaries norman public schools largest district serving norman elementary schools middle schools high schools district students enrolled district making largest state school district serves southeastern portions norman adjoining cities noble parts consists elementary schools intermediate school middle school high school little serves eastern area norman consists elementary junior high school school districts territory city private schools private schools serve area pre 8th grade 10th grade 12th grade pre 7th grade 12th grade pre discovery school 2nd grade pre 6th grade pre 12th grade libraries norman served spanning southern suburbs library inter library agreement allows patrons check books library books reserved shipped local library free charge addition books library maintains collection periodicals videos audio books research materials largest library state oklahoma containing million volumes addition books library maintains feet length manuscripts archives million photographs million maps library houses books printed year culture museums theater norman enjoys cultural attractions funded university fred jones museum art national international news given collection largest collection french art given american university collection includes works museum containing square feet exhibits ranging native american studies exhibits intended visitors state long history museum features complete collections dinosaur fossils noted collection considered largest important existence queen anne style home built prior prominent norman home builder purchased city norman today serves city historical museum located architecture representative norman victorian era maintains collection rare books documents artifacts archives located inside house features orchestral jazz performances offer student programs year city home privately funded galleries performance sites parks recreation norman neighborhood community parks recreation centers golf course driving range disc golf courses complete swim complex pool tennis courts special services centers offer cultural arts senior citizen activities includes soccer fields baseball fields football fields media widely circulated norman based newspaper city daily newspaper covering events cleveland counties oldest continuous business norman founded shortly land run april july student run newspaper published years university founding paper received numerous awards journalism excellence including associated collegiate press award service public radio station licensed station serves norman greater metropolitan area news talk jazz format programs norman government access television station airing cable television channel broadcasts programming provided city norman including video city council meetings sports sponsors collegiate sporting events norman school known football program having won seven addition best winning percentage team introduction poll played football season football program contributes significantly norman economy game day weekends norman sees influx town traffic country people routinely attending football games norman local businesses especially areas campus benefit greatly game day traffic program ranks espn college football money makers home games generating revenues approximately million game day operating expenses million baseball team won ncaa national championship women team won national championship teams won national championships university men sports include basketball cross country golf football tennis track field wrestling women sports include basketball cross country golf football rowing soccer tennis track field non profit professional association men collegiate golf coaches located norman community events norman hosts free festivals community events occur year celebration medieval themed games art culture highlights human combat shows musical dance acts event typically held weekend march weekend april near university held annually norman originally forum largest weekend event held state oklahoma people attendance growing yearly named events united_states annual weekend music festival held april downtown norman established event people attendance festival originally day event festival quickly grown large weekend concert series festival highlights local musicians internationally acclaimed artists features forms styles music music festival hosted annually park sunday september music festival held help raise awareness human rights event established chapter chocolate festival fundraiser year city ranked food festivals america festival offers chocolate sessions chocolate art competitions exhibits chocolate competitions annual tradition jazz june music festival held weekend june venues norman festival features jazz blues musical performances jazz educational taught professional musicians appearing festival post concert jam sessions local venues bring local artists jazz june major cultural events state attracts combined concert audience drawn state region nation enjoy performances post festival broadcasts public radio stations state region nation fair arts festival held year weekend park features area performers fine art crafts food series concerts held spring fall park venues norman series sponsored nighttime arts festival held evenings june fair features art music food held outside located norman parade celebration occurring saturday closest fat tuesday parade held downtown norman features themed costumes christmas holiday parade celebration christmas holiday season held december downtown norman parade features holiday themed costumes infrastructure health systems multi campus system provides medical services norman south central oklahoma campus located north downtown norman bed general hospital providing wide range services including acute care october norman regional campus opened west norman provides bed state art facility specializing services women children services transportation airports scheduled air transport major commercial air transportation available rogers world airport located approximately miles northwest norman airport serves million passengers year norman served locally general aviation airport run airport airports metropolitan area designated airport rogers world airport capable handling aircraft including executive class jet aircraft buses operated provides bus service square mile km2 norman area cart provides service offices moore metro transit hub downtown metro transit maintains fleet buses serving greater area including rogers world airport cart 39th public transportation system united_states featured google transit website allows transportation users plan travel routes cart buses modified include gps tracking system allows riders location buses predicted arrival times cart google websites cart buses transport million travelers annually rail inter city passenger train service available amtrak amtrak provides daily round trip service downtown texas norman currently light rail commuter rail service growing interest incorporating services city future transportation plans metro area regional transit system roads highways predominant form transportation norman roads highways residents driving work taking public transportation interstate handling vehicles day major highways include portion serves vehicles day highway serves vehicles day busiest roads norman vehicles day 12th avenue northwest vehicles day vehicles day norman served major federal highways interstate highway norman served major oklahoma state highways state highway utilities electric utility companies norman include headquartered utility cooperative natural gas provided city offers water recycling services parts city solid waste telephone networks internet cable television service available companies including drinking water controversy study published deemed likely lab animals consumed large quantities drinking water prior study study found likely cause lung cancer humans test results released california non profit group known showed norman tap water concentration level parts billion highest level detected cities sampled study group studying levels water supplies attempt prove link element cancer humans result improve country water standards currently require testing set limits levels american cities water supplies require total levels exceed recently completed studies element lab animals expected determination maximum allowed levels june current status assessment completion dates listed website official total level present norman drinking water ranged proposed source wellington known elevated levels heavy metals issue levels gained national attention film release detailed california woman legal fight allegedly hometown excessive levels element past norman water supply criticized presence excessive levels city attempting combat problem building new wells removing older ones notable people | Norman, Oklahoma | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2623_Columbia,Missouri | columbia missouri columbia city county seat missouri united_states founded county seat home estimated population principal city state fourth populous metropolitan area college town city reputation progressive politics public art powerful journalism establishment long city center education culture athletic competition schools surround east south north center avenue columns connects originally agricultural town cultivation mind columbia chief economic concern today major center manufacturing city depends healthcare insurance technology businesses companies cds games founded city cultural institutions include missouri annual true false film festival state major athletic program play football field basketball arena members sec city built forested hills rolling near valley begin transform plains limestone forms rain caves springs water creeks surrounding city rock bridge memorial state park big muddy national fish wildlife refuge form preserving sensitive rare environments humans nomadic hunters entered area thousand years ago later woodland tribes lived villages waterways built high places nations expelled exploration french traders rapid settlement american pioneers arrived hailed slave owning culture especially virginia kentucky tennessee giving little american civil war german irish european immigrants soon joined modern populace unusually diverse percent foreign born white black remain largest largest group today remarkably highly educated culturally traces southern past remain city called athens missouri reference classic beauty educational emphasis commonly called history columbia area culture home european explorers arrived area populated missouri indians claimed missouri france lewis passed area early june sons established salt miles northwest columbia giving area early wound present day group settlers incorporated purchased acres km2 established village mile current day downtown columbia settlers moved lack water flat branch plateau flat branch creeks downtown district renamed settlement columbia poetic united_states roots columbia economic foundations education medicine insurance traced incorporation original plans town set aside land state university opened later distinct today later founded state legislature decided establish state university columbia raised times money competing city donated land today francis soon educational institutions founded columbia college women west mississippi later current city benefited stop oregon trails later missouri kansas texas railroad hospital set newspaper began theater state opened state agricultural fair held population wealth exceeded missouri time included columbia infrastructure relatively untouched civil war missouri slave state southern sympathies remained union majority city surrounding agricultural areas rest central missouri decidedly pro confederate base union troops operated battles fought city presence union troops confederate attacking major battles occurred nearby civil war race relations columbia followed southern pattern black man columbia home headquarters today serves students system today serves students insurance industry important local economy companies established headquarters columbia including missouri employers mutual regional office columbia addition defunct large local employer columbia transportation crossroads route route present day interstate routed city soon city opened 20th century saw tremendous growth population nearly city proper early columbia embarked plan manage continued growth city passed population city continues grow especially east newly opened downtown district maintained status cultural center undergoing significant development residential commercial sectors tremendous economic impact city experienced record enrollment undertaking significant construction geography columbia located northern mid missouri miles away kansas_city miles north state capital city near trees mainly oak maple common trees include eastern flowering areas forested mainly american residential area city planted large native shade trees autumn changing color trees notable species typical according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water topography city generally slopes highest point northeast lowest point southwest prominent tributaries river creeks area found large valleys cliffs cave systems south city creeks largely responsible numerous stream valleys giving columbia hilly terrain similar having prairie typical northern missouri columbia operates trails parks town animal life large mammals found city includes numerous deer eastern gray abundant rabbits nocturnal large bird species abundant parks include canada duck including great great blue common wooded areas occasionally seen recreation trail populations bald eagles found city migrating birds large variety small bird species common eastern tree introduced species limited north_america counties surrounding columbia large areas forested open land areas home wildlife frogs commonly found especially extensive wet periods common species include american species chorus frogs commonly called spring found nearly pond years common insect windows nearly universally fitted screens screened common homes area climate columbia climate marked sharp seasonal contrasts temperature falling humid continental humid subtropical climate respectively located monthly daily average temperature ranges january july high reaches exceeds average days year days nights lows expected precipitation tends greatest frequent half spring severe weather common snow averages inches season december march occasional november accumulation falls april historically seasonal snow accumulation ranged extreme temperatures ranged february july readings uncommon occurrences january july columbia commonly recognizable architectural attributes reside downtown university campuses widely icons city hall neo gothic example academic village concept historic districts listed national_register_of_historic_places city street downtown skyline relatively low dominated story story tower downtown columbia area approximately square mile surrounded south east north area serves columbia financial business district topic large initiative draw tourism includes plans capitalize area historic architecture bohemian characteristics city historic residential core lies ring downtown extending especially west broadway south neighborhoods city government recognizes neighborhood associations city dense commercial areas primarily located interstate route stadium boulevard parkway downtown area demographics census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population spread residents age ages years age older median age city years gender makeup city male female census census people households families residing city population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city white black african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age economy columbia economy historically dominated education healthcare insurance industry jobs government common columbia half hour south city common city day time population connect region trade transportation far city largest employer economy columbia metro area slightly larger bahamas gross metropolitan product billion columbia economy makes missouri insurance corporations headquartered columbia include organizations include companies inc longer existent cds games founded columbia employers according columbia comprehensive annual financial report employers city culture arts columbia largest fine arts venues annually hosts known true false film festival filmmaker completed filmed entirely columbia displays works art archaeological objects galleries charge public libraries include million volumes missouri swing jazz series bring country finest jazz blues columbia central missouri remaining traditional arcades country popular destination gamers columbia progressive music scene thanks large acts come university indie band formed members students moving brooklyn record gain higher profile musical artists columbia compiled anthology series das release hip genre continues columbia music recognition progressive psychedelic heavy metal music scene garnered attention local punk hip hop scenes gaining momentum locally country music singer songwriter native columbia song whiskey bottle rumored city columbia makes specific reference sign displayed columbia tackle shop sign read liquor guns sign displayed downtown location shakespeare pizza sports sports teams play significant role city sports culture field memorial stadium capacity host home football games concerts center large sport event venues home arena basketball team host baseball team regional host ncaa baseball championship men women collegiate sports teams columbia hosted lady participated columbia hosts non profit program missouri governor largest state games united_states games consist missouri amateur athletes total ages ability levels compete olympic style sports festival july august year recently espn list things sports fans experience die situated midway kansas_city professional sports teams housed held columbia year lucrative shooting sports championships media city daily newspapers morning afternoon directed professional editors staffed students reporting design copy editing information graphics photography associated spanish english bilingual publication magazine daily circulation nearly widely read newspaper central missouri independent official student newspaper called printed weekly defunct published columbia fall launched operations entirely student run news organization airs daily pulse city radio stations television channels government politics current government established home rule charter adopted voters november established council manager government invested power city_council city_council seven members elected columbia plus large council member mayor elected city voters mayor currently receives annual remaining council members receive annual elected year terms mayor addition voting member city_council recognized head city government ceremonial purposes chief executive authority invested city manager oversees day day operations government columbia county seat county court government center located city located missouri 4th congressional district 19th senate district covers districts city columbia home attorneys serves legal hub testing grounds new laws efforts principal law enforcement agency providing fire protection patrols areas campus jurisdiction city coordinates efforts organizations operates population generally supports progressive causes extensive city recycling programs medical recreational use municipal level scope restricted city state offer medical benefits sex partners city employees new health plan extends health benefits unmarried domestic partners city employees october city_council approved ordinance prohibit smoking public places including restaurants bars ordinance passed protest amendments ordinance reflect today unusually highly educated half citizens possess bachelor degree quarter hold graduate degree making thirteenth highly educated municipality united_states education columbia surrounding area lies district students revenue nearly million school year state average attendance percentage graduation rate city operates public high schools cover grades rock bridge high school rock bridge missouri high schools receive silver medal putting high schools nation newsweek magazine list schools country past years named presidential scholars public high school united_states private high schools including newly constructed father city institutions higher education surround city headquarters operates campuses kansas_city founded state university west mississippi_river prepares students leaders rapidly changing world engages lifelong educational experience characterized intellectual creative expression professional practice offering innovative career focused programs sound liberal arts focuses creative arts sciences offers day evening classes extension courses nationwide campuses ties military bases including cuba online courses infrastructure transportation provides public bus transit service owned operated city passengers boarded system fixed routes shuttle routes boarded transit service system constantly experiencing growth service technology million project expand station rail depot built converted city transit center mid-1980s completed summer transit master plan created address future transit needs city county comprehensive plan add infrastructure key phases year plan intends add service southwest southeast northeast sections columbia develop alternative transportation models adults children students valid handicapped recipients senior citizens age columbia transit offers electronic fare cards issues electronic transfers accuracy convenience transit way trip service area includes columbia buses operate monday saturday monday wednesday thursday friday saturday buses operate sunday city mayor largely favor non transportation system seen riding bicycle city columbia known trail spur trail state park allows foot bike traffic city state consists soft gravel surface excellent running columbia preparing embark construction new bike paths street bike lanes thanks million grant federal government city served columbia regional airport commercial airport mid missouri concurrent main freeways travel columbia city state highways routes providence stadium rail service provided city owned railroad runs north columbia connection health systems health care big columbia economy nearly people working health care related profession physician density times united_states average columbia hospitals supporting facilities large center state medical related trips city common hospital systems city hospitals total beds operates hospitals columbia administered operates locations memorial veterans hospital located administered large number medically related industries columbia uses university owned facilities teaching hospitals largest research united_states produces nuclear medicine center serves sole supplier active ingredients approved produces pet imaging sister cities accordance operates conjunction paired international sister cities attempt foster cross cultural understanding | Columbia, Missouri | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2744_Edmonton | capital alberta canada centre surrounded alberta central region city population census alberta second largest city canada fifth largest municipality population represents percent total population census metropolitan area canada fifth largest population northern north american city metropolitan population million resident known historic growth facilitated absorption adjacent urban municipalities series ending serves northern anchor calgary known gateway north city staging point large scale oil sands projects occurring northern alberta large scale diamond mining operations cultural governmental educational centre hosts year round slate festivals reflected nickname canada home north_america largest mall world largest mall canada largest living history museum history earliest known inhabitants settled area early ice free corridor opened glacial period ended timber water wildlife available region explorer working european enter area expeditions mainly seek contact population purpose establishing fur trade competition fierce hudson bay company established north bank river major trading post new fort suggested london home town deputy governor sir coming southern alberta helped economy building calgary railway resulted emergence railway south south river arrival facilitated arrival settlers eastern canada britain continental europe parts world fertile soil cheap land area helped attract settlers establishing major regional commercial agricultural centre people participating gold rush passed northernmost railway point north_america travel difficult majority took steamship north vancouver incorporated town population city population capital alberta province formed year later september november arrived accelerating growth early 1900s grew rapidly causing speculation real estate amalgamated city south result city extended south time prior world war boom ended city population declined sharply years later impoverished families moved farms outside city fled provinces recruitment canadian army war contributed drop population city slowly recovered population economy 1920s 1930s took world war opened licensed airfield canada originally named field honour mayor pioneering field major base distribution mail food medicine emergence gateway north world war saw major base construction alaska highway geography located sits elevation metres northerly city north_america metropolitan population million latitude hamburg germany dublin ireland manchester united_kingdom russia north south geographic centre alberta located near terrain generally flat gently rolling deep river valleys valley canadian located southwest originates columbia national park city construction near mountains flood river valley notably flood lake runs southwest northeast fed numerous creeks city creates numerous urban surrounds city acts transitional area prairie south forest north woods forests long reduced farming human activities oil natural gas exploration climate humid continental climate climate classification falls city winters regina south latitude average daily temperatures range low january summer peak july average maximum july minimum january annually temperatures exceed average days late april mid september fall average days highest temperature recorded june july record high recorded unusually humid day temperature record high point lowest overall temperature recorded january january temperature recorded wind making lowest temperature including wind recorded typically summer lasts late june early september humidity seldom high winter lasts november march varies greatly length severity spring autumn short highly variable growing season september averages frost free days year summer receives seventeen hours minutes daylight hour minutes civil twilight average receives hours bright sunshine year canada cities summer particularly warm temperatures reached higher times year early mid early september winter particularly warm december till march occasions saw temperatures city centre airport fairly dry climate average receives millimetres precipitation millimetres rain millimetres melt centimetres snowfall precipitation heaviest late spring summer early autumn month july months february march october november july mean precipitation dry spells uncommon occur time year extremes occur rainfall fell july summer thunderstorms frequent occasionally severe produce large hail damaging winds funnel clouds occasionally tornadoes tornadoes recorded tornado struck july killing unusual respects including severity duration damage casualties commonly referred black friday characteristics emotional shock generated mayor cited community response tornado evidence city champions later unofficial slogan city massive cluster thunderstorms occurred july large hail rain reported space hour places year event flooded major intersections damaged residential commercial properties storm caused extensive damage small glass section roof collapsed weight causing water drain mall indoor ice result mall forced undergo evacuation measure environment river valley constitutes longest stretch connected urban north_america highest capita canadian city river valley times larger new_york_city river valley home parks ranging fully serviced urban parks like facilities amenities main ribbon green supplemented numerous neighbourhood parks located city total km2 acres acres river valley park system lakes major parks city accessible bike walking trail connections trails walking trail named parks honour famous streets contain largest remaining concentrations healthy american trees world unaffected dutch disease wiped vast numbers trees eastern north_america jack pine pine white spruce white birch mountain ash maple russian olive green ash flowering tree maple abundant oak silver maple ohio increasingly popular introduced tree species include white ash blue spruce norway maple red oak sugar maple common horse chestnut apple evans cherry species black survived golf courses public private located river valley long summer daylight hours northern city provide extended play early morning evening golf courses park system winter recreation area season cross country skiing skating popular long winter downhill ski slopes located river valley city immediately outside variety volunteer opportunities exist citizens participate river valley volunteer programs include clean partner parks river valley clean engages volunteers pick hundreds bags litter year divided geographic sectors mature area sector includes essentially built prior surrounding suburban sectors located city mature area inner city surrounding street oliver queen form oliver city populated densely populated respectively mature area sector contains urban municipalities annexed city history larger residential areas suburban sectors comprising multiple include southwest sector west place west sector northwest sector north sector northeast sector meadows southeast sector divided town centre community surrounding communities having transit oriented developments begun appear line future developments planned old town fort road redevelopment project called constructed site heritage mall southern end line eventually house residents planned redeveloped sustainable community people comprising transit oriented mixed use town centre low medium high rise apartments neighbourhood retail service uses major park major industrial districts emerging alberta northwest northeast southeast districts smaller industrial areas city established business zones street area alberta avenue downtown fort road area old plain road metropolitan area centre canada sixth largest census metropolitan area includes municipalities surrounding area larger urban communities include urban service area cities towns devon major employment areas outside include international airport including planned inland port logistics support facility support port alberta initiative row alberta portions alberta extends northeastern boundary portion individual economic development interests costs service delivery certain municipalities region led competition strained relationships overall region attempts city absorb surrounding municipalities annex portions neighbours city absorbed municipality town place joined august city annexed land neighbours january years mounting pressure early 21st century formed april consists member municipalities outside city subsequently announced march intent annex square kilometers land including demographics population city according municipal census change municipal census population census captured detailed demographic information residents including age gender marital status employment status length residency prior residence employment transportation mode citizenship school residency dwellings properties including ownership structure status municipal census policy city municipal census scheduled census city population living total dwellings percent change population land area km2 population density km2 census reported percent population female percent male average age city population years average people household census metropolitan area sixth greatest population canada second greatest alberta largest land area canada population census compared population year population change percent second calgary land area km2 population density km2 latest estimate population july population centre core core includes cities park portion portions population centre fifth largest canada population percent increase population people european formed largest cluster ethnic groups included english scottish german irish ukrainian polish french origin according census percent white percent visible minorities accounted percent population religion according census percent residents protestant percent catholic percent belong christian denominations percent muslim percent jewish percent adherents religions percent religion centre located mosque established canada mosque founded situated mosque city hosts catholic church avenue street services english saturdays arabic sundays community community centre north city dedicated december served north indian temple society alberta south indian temple community served served region served home alberta congregations located calgary red deer economy major economic centre northern central alberta major centre oil gas industry estimated value major projects billion billion oil gas oil sands pipeline sectors traditionally hub industries earning nickname oil capital canada 1940s supply service industries drive energy extraction engine research develops new technologies supports expanded value added processing alberta massive oil gas oil sands reserves reported second largest world saudi_arabia growth technology sectors reputation canada premier research education centres research initiatives anchored educational institutions government initiatives underway campus home 1970s 1980s major financial centre regional offices canada major banks locally based institutions opening turmoil economy radically changed situation locally based operations fail regional offices moved cities 1990s saw economy home publicly traded schedule chartered bank headquarters west toronto major financial centres include financial birthplace companies grown international stature local retail market seen creation successful store concepts brick pizza includes liquor running room juice earl fountain tire cargo geographical location ideal spot distribution logistics north american operational facility located city major facility handles incoming freight port prince british_columbia retail home shopping including canada mall largest mall north_america considered 10th largest mall world include combination centre centre mall centre big box shopping centres power centres major ones include south common north_america largest open air retail development centre meadows corner construction started power centre contrast suburban centres urban retail locations largest old includes independent stores street street avenue area downtown small handful shopping districts previously mentioned mall avenue street street home significant number retail stores canadian testing ground american retailers arts culture events anchored downtown centred churchill square named honour sir winston_churchill south river university district avenue contain theatres concert halls live music venues performing arts francis centre music opened years planning fundraising described perfect concert halls canada home hosts wide variety shows year seats patrons houses million largest concert organ canada avenue named started largest theatre complexes canada halls specializing different kinds productions grounds seat northern alberta jubilee auditorium undertaken year heavy renovations carried province centennial celebrations southern twin calgary constructed province golden jubilee hosted concerts musicals opera uses jubilee base operations building quote found city built brick left built marble old neighbourhood home holds headquarters base operations theatre companies including shadow theatre die nasty named cultural capital canada ukrainian helps preserve ukrainian musical culture parameters canadian identity festivals plays host large festivals year contributing nickname canada downtown churchill square host numerous festivals summer takes place late june early july showcases canadian international art design known award winning artists emerging student artists festival takes place mid july showcases street performance artists world main summer festival days capital originally exhibition founded exhibition originally annual fair exhibition eventually adopted gold rush theme days 1960s operators renamed festival capital conducted poll festival resulted changing days activities include carnival rides music trade shows daily fireworks popular event later november plays host significant event canada circuit second las_vegas prestige held mid august largest fringe theatre festival north_america second worldwide august host successful popular folk music festivals north_america major summer festival festival takes place heritage day long weekend festivals exist free shakespeare festival dragon boat festival museums galleries museums sizes largest ram known renamed honour alberta centennial visit ram houses million objects collection showcases culture practices diverse tribes region main building overlooking river valley west city centre neighbourhood opened early stages large scale redevelopment located neighbourhood northwest city centre opened expanded times contains permanent galleries additional gallery temporary exhibits theatre observatory amateur radio station river valley southwest city centre located hangar city centre airport built training plan collection includes civilian military aircraft largest boeing missiles canada home museum dedicated preserving military heritage sacrifices people alberta general museum features galleries smaller exhibits collection includes historic firearms uniforms memorabilia military large photographic archival collection spanning pre world war period present museum features exhibit role canada days offensive telephone museum located central addition collection artifacts tracing history telephone museum theatre featuring brief film led robot located rural northeast portion city contains variety locomotives railroad cars different periods includes working steam locomotive exhibits outdoors open victoria day labour day canada largest living history museum located river valley southwest city centre heritage displayed historical buildings originals moved park historical authentic artifacts total covers region history approximately represented followed streets recreation 1920s midway steam train automobiles horse drawn vehicles seen operation utilized public park historical area operates internal museums collections service alberta city largest single gallery housed 1970s building downtown collection pieces art building demolished july way construction new facility designed stout estimated cost million donated construction met controversy officially opened january independent galleries found city especially street avenue corridor known gallery walk music city early days music performed churches community halls history opera classical music performance genres historically supported variety clubs associations major radio station began broadcasting music city centre music instruction began music department opened jazz musical theatre program festivals jazz folk classical music popular entertainment events city existed incarnations amalgamated form member modern version orchestra performs francis centre music city vibrant popular music scene genres including hip hop reggae rock pop metal punk country electronica notable past present local musicians include second epic shout wet secrets numerous key areas city popular avenue avenue strip located street street highest number heritage buildings bars clubs restaurants located west gateway boulevard street heart town annexed february fell disrepair middle 20th century beginning 1970s coordinated effort revive area establishment business zone produced area rich restored historical buildings pleasant proximity led high number establishments ranging restaurants clubs hosting wide variety retail specialty shops day area contains independent movie theatres princess theatres live theatre music comedy venues downtown undergone continual process renewal growth mid-1990s buildings demolished oil boom starting 1960s continuing 1980s way office towers numerous pub type establishments hotel restaurants past decade seen strong resurgence mainstream venues high demand pub crawl tours city clubs found main street avenue city centre mall houses movie theatre featuring screens nonprofit shows variety alternative unreleased films week holds hour establishments addition stores attractions street numerous eating establishments clubs found complex known west end mall theatre features screens sports recreation number professional sports teams including junior sports clubs include venues professional junior sports teams include rogers place oil kings prospects teams rivalries calgary teams games calgary teams referred past notable hockey teams include original junior hockey incarnation multiple league national memorial cup championships playing multiple national past notable sports teams include women basketball team local provincial national international titles world champions years row triple level baseball team multiple division league titles box team league championship local university level sports teams include local amateur teams include flat track roller derby leagues roller derby hosted annual circuit known addition hosts regular sprint car national events facility past sporting events hosted include commonwealth games world university games world championships athletics world world master games women rugby world cup women world cup women world cup shared hosting duties calgary world junior ice hockey championships government incorporated town mayor established school board later municipal police service mayor good relationship federal liberals helped maintain political prominence rival settlement south bank incorporated city capital alberta unions radical organizations struggled progressive social change early years reformer elected followed official labour following year thousands workers participated general strike strong block labour representatives council election labour representation city council near majority great depression majority city female mayor elected municipal politics represented mayor july city council adopted electoral system divides instead previous system came effect following election october recent election held october elected members year term provincial politics capital province alberta holds main provincial areas government region represented provincial electoral district boundaries changed adjusted renamed city grown current 29th alberta legislature districts represented members governing members cabinet ministers premier alberta crime city police force founded approximately officers experienced decrease crime 1990s increase early 2000s end decade census metropolitan area crime severity index higher national average crime severity index fifth highest canada regina vancouver fourth military home army brigade group units include lord horse combat engineer regiment regular force battalions princess headquarters service support elements tactical helicopter squadron field ambulance located brigade group units located lancaster park immediately north city major air force base fixed wing aviation units transferred cold lake located city 1980s component units calgary occurred described cost saving measure brigade existed calgary 1950s lord horse traditionally calgary garrison unit dating world war large army reserve element including princess 20th field squadron south alberta light horse alberta oldest army reserve units despite far canada coasts home naval reserve division numerous cadet corps different elements naval army air force infrastructure transportation aviation major air transportation gateway northern alberta northern canada main airport serving city provides passenger service destinations united_states europe mexico caribbean located adjacent direct air distances places london europe shorter main airports western north_america working establish major container shipping hub called port alberta rail serves major transportation hub north american operations management centre located offices tied network provides service calgary south extends northeast serve alberta inter city rail passenger rail service provided rail premier train canadian travels vancouver british_columbia toronto ontario passenger trains stop railway station days week directions train connects multiple stops british_columbia alberta ontario public transit city public transit agency operating line fleet buses approximately people proper use day approximately bus riders average day 1990s early cities canada operating buses vancouver june city_council decided abandon bus system bus ran scheduled service began april extensions single line completed original line considered modern light rail line north_america built scratch upgrade old system introduced use german designed rolling stock subsequently standard light rail vehicle united_states proof payment fare collection system adopted modelled european ticket systems north american transit industry preferred approach subsequent light rail projects year south extension opened april sees trains travelling located avenue street making stops centre way line north central high floor technology existing system opened september expanding southeast west low floor technology roads largely system forms street road network address system numbered streets running south north avenues running east west built areas built 1950s local streets major roadways generally conform grid system major roadways include highway city connected communities alberta british_columbia highway west east queen alberta highway south trail system extensive multi use trail system pedestrians city river valley system electricity water power company established installed city main avenue avenue power company bought town remains municipal ownership today charge water treatment installed world largest water treatment system waste disposal largest type world largest steel building north_america city divert percent city household waste innovative uses city waste includes christmas tree recycling program trees collected january material addition process addition wood chips absorb produced providing element trap causing results process treatment plant known research partners include health care main hospitals serving area hospitals include health centre dedicated psychiatric care provided alberta hospital offers hour emergency room ward services centre larger complex hospitals located adjacent university campus comprises children hospital health research including located site similar set evident connected hospitals administration run separately education secondary publicly funded school boards districts provide grades vast majority students attend schools large english language boards separate minority community school board based includes surrounding communities city number public charter schools independent board school boards public charter schools funded provincial grants property taxes private schools exist including private schools alternative programs public schools provide support resources wishing children post secondary post secondary institutions based publicly funded include alberta publicly funded campuses board governed institution annual revenue billion dollars university students enrolled nearly undergraduate graduate professional programs students enrolled faculty extension home second largest research library system canada total student population students including nearly time students enrolled programs offering bachelor degrees university transfers certificates approximate total students enrolled programs approximately students enrolled time time continuing education programs post secondary institutions include seminary nations college media seven local broadcast television stations shown basic cable air oldest broadcasters city conventional television stations switch air digital broadcasting cable television providers radio stations based large circulation daily newspapers journal established owned daily circulation sun established owned circulation journal longer publishes sunday edition july free daily newspaper city metro magazine published weekly basis focuses alternative news city wide community based paper published weekly number smaller weekly community newspapers sister cities sister cities american city listed quebec canada china nashville tennessee united_states south_korea bergen netherlands | Edmonton | Geography and places | Places | North America |
2898_St.John's,NewfoundlandandLabrador | newfoundland local capital largest city newfoundland canada incorporated city considered oldest english founded city north_america located eastern tip peninsula island newfoundland population july second largest atlantic_canada halifax 20th largest metropolitan area canada world destinations according attributed feast day john baptist believed sailed harbour fishing town history 16th 17th centuries oldest settlements north_america year round settlement beginning seasonal long oldest surviving english settlement north_america canada having preceded colony founded bristol hope colony harbour grace founded fact english fishermen begun setting seasonal camps newfoundland 16th century forbidden british government urging fishing industry establishing permanent settlements english controlled coast town established permanent community earliest permanent english settlements americas include bermuda virginia declares latin text original map earned father venetian explorer europeans sail harbour morning june british french historians stating feast day baptist exact locations disputed series expeditions portuguese azores took place early 16th century french spanish portuguese ships crossed atlantic annually fish waters peninsula common belief given fishermen bay similar fishing towns called spanish san_juan earliest record location appears portuguese map visited found norman portuguese ships harbour august wrote letter king henry findings voyage north_america known letter sent north_america shown world map found time water street developed making oldest street north_america august dog sir claimed area england overseas colony queen permanent population gilbert lost sea return voyage ending immediate plans settlement located waterfront purported site gilbert landing proclamation fishermen england controlled newfoundland east coast called principal prime chief lot country population grew slowly 17th century largest settlement newfoundland english naval officers began population grow summers arrival migratory fishermen fishing ships set fishing rooms bringing hundreds irish men port operate fishing boats town significant defences likely erected commercial interests following temporary seizure dutch admiral june inhabitants able fend second dutch attack time defended english merchant captain martin landed cannons vessel constructed battery near chain rock commanding narrows leading harbour men martin beat attack dutch warships english government planned expand fortifications actual construction didn begin french admiral captured destroyed town english reinforcements arrived late found rubble town fortifications stood 18th 19th centuries french attacked siege john captured devastating civilian structures fire instance harbour remained fortified 18th 19th centuries final battle seven years war north_america french indian war fought following surprise capture town french early year british responded battle signal hill french surrendered british forces command colonel 18th century saw major changes newfoundland population growth beginnings government establishment churches reinforcement commercial ties north_america development seal salmon fisheries john population grew slowly primarily fishing station garrison centre government commercial hub john served naval base american revolutionary war war core city destroyed fire times famous great fire 20th 21st centuries received wireless signal december wireless station cornwall starting point non stop aircraft flight modified bomber june departing field ending near ireland july flight american aviator replica aircraft international airport field urban residential city second world war harbour supported royal_navy ships engaged anti submarine warfare site base fort established lend lease agreement united_kingdom united_states base transferred canadian control known john knights fire december saw military civilian lives lost province affected 1990s collapse northern fishery driving force provincial economy hundreds years decade high unemployment rates city proximity oil fields led economic boom spurred population growth commercial development result area accounts half province economic output contains national historic sites canada serviced major airport daily direct service toronto ottawa montreal halifax seasonal service direct calgary dublin london geography located coast atlantic_ocean northeast peninsula southeast newfoundland city covers area square kilometres easterly city north_america excluding greenland kilometres closer london england alberta city located distance air kilometres france lies nearly precisely identical latitude atlantic french western coast city largest province second largest halifax nova scotia downtown area lies west north rest city expands downtown north south east west coniferous trees black spruce white spruce fir dominate native vegetation largest deciduous tree white birch species lesser stature include cherry mountain ash introduced tree species maple abundant norway maple common blue spruce common european beech non native species grown climate humid continental climate lower seasonal variation normal latitude despite maritime average january high temperatures actually slightly colder british_columbia inland city near marine air pacific demonstrating cold nature mean temperatures range february august showing somewhat seasonal climate city areas country prone tropical cyclone activity bordered atlantic_ocean east tropical storms hurricanes travel united_states city canada outside coastal british_columbia partly tropical storm activity moist atlantic air frequently blowing ashore creating precipitation major canadian cities days mph average speed hours sunshine john experiences temperatures winter season comparison canadian cities winter canadian city outside british_columbia precipitation frequent heavy falling year round average summer season occasional thunderstorm activity months october january december single month nearly millimetres precipitation average winter precipitation maximum unusual humid continental climates commonly late spring early summer precipitation maximum example heavy precipitation events product intense mid latitude storms migrating new_england states common intense october march bringing heavy precipitation commonly centimetres rainfall equivalent single storm strong winds winter types precipitation rain freezing rain snow fall passage single storm snowfall heavy averaging nearly centimetres winter season winter storms bring changing precipitation types heavy snow transition heavy rain melting snow cover possibly snow ice briefly storm resulting little net snow accumulation snow cover variable especially early winter season slow develop extend deeply spring months march april area subject freezing rain called silver worst paralyzed city day period april highest temperature recorded august temperature recorded february downtown architecture architecture distinct style rest canada major buildings remnants history british colonial capitals buildings took variety styles according means available build structures starting fishing outpost european fishermen consisted homes fishermen sheds storage constructed wood like cities time industrial revolution took hold new methods materials construction introduced landscape changed city grew width height great fire destroyed downtown core residential wood frame buildings date period compared san_francisco hilly terrain steep maze residential streets housing typically painted bright colours city council implemented strict heritage regulations downtown area including restrictions height buildings regulations caused controversy years city experiencing economic boom lack hotel rooms office space seen proposals forward meet current height regulations heritage advocates argue current regulations enforced believe regulations relaxed encourage economic development meet need office space downtown city heritage city council amended heritage regulations originally restricted height metres area land water street steer cove create commercial central retail west zone new zone allow buildings greater height metre storey office building includes retail space parking garage building approved area demographics census inhabitants urban area newfoundland largest city canada 20th largest apart includes communities city towns conception bay south paradise portugal cove philip cove population july members visible minorities city largest visible minority group south followed chinese canadian blacks comprising city population nations people city population comprised population religion information population divided catholic protestant lines recent years declined significantly longer commonly acknowledged life seat major christian showed decline large increase religion economy economy connected role provincial capital newfoundland ocean civil service supported federal provincial municipal governments key expansion city labour force stability economy supports sizable retail service business sector provincial government largest employer city followed collapse fishing industry newfoundland 1990s role ocean tied lies beneath oil gas opposed travels city centre oil gas industry headquartered companies major regional operations city major offshore oil developments production coast city fourth development expected producing oil economy growing quickly recent years metro area gross domestic product led metropolitan areas country according recording growth cent cent respectively city capita second highest major canadian cities economic forecasts suggest city continue strong economic growth coming years oceanic industries mentioned tourism new home construction population continues grow city unemployment rate fell cent second lowest unemployment rate major city canada known city report communities boom canada cities ranked best major city atlantic_canada 19th overall canada providing good environment small business development arts culture downtown area cultural hub major tourist destination newfoundland atlantic canada water street known brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings housing numerous tourist shops clothing restaurants downtown street western end water street predominant home city street holds numerous annual festivals including george street festival august held october street credited kick starting careers musical acts busy nearly night week city symphony orchestra string quartet addition including chamber orchestra plays host festival chamber music held august opera puts performances opera days summer hall home arts hall hosts vibrant diverse arts community regarded backbone artistic infrastructure development downtown careers known newfoundland artists launched including houses art gallery libraries seat theatre city major venue entertainment productions john independent film festivals held annually attractions museums located building designated heritage site museum newfoundland moved rooms rooms newfoundland cultural facility located downtown area transportation museum located year old newfoundland train station building water street geological interpretation centre located signal hill centre designed teach public history earth unique complex geological history newfoundland showcases years newfoundland floors memorabilia culture located downtown urban parks park urban park located east end city acres km2 land canada largest urban parks park contains range recreational facilities including golf courses newfoundland largest serviced walking skiing trails protected habitat plants animals home environmental education centre offers cross section view located scenic parks entrance park bridge road passing duck pond statue park land donated city sir behalf 100th anniversary commerce newfoundland park officially opened duke july park victorian style park located near downtown park officially opened sir governor colony newfoundland donated land create park today park contains public swimming pool playground baseball diamond large open grassy areas park plays host festivals sporting events notably newfoundland folk festival peace chord park finishing location annual mile road race murray premises national historic site located downtown buildings served fishery premises facilities drying packaging fish warehouses fish barrels items oldest buildings facing built fire time served shop house murray premises renovated contains office restaurants retail stores hotel hill city location tower built commemorate anniversary discovery newfoundland queen_victoria wireless transmission received december today national historic site canada remains incredibly popular tourists locals alike tourists visit signal hill popular attractions showcasing foot grants impressive view atlantic_ocean surrounding coast sports home professional hockey franchises currently home minor league affiliate maple city team placed team lost season toronto ontario desire parent team reduce travel costs tenant shortly replaced john fog team left seasons poor lease arrangement city use mile centre poor attendance rugby union team rock eastern canadian entry rock play home games rugby park champions newfoundland rock city hosted rugby world cup qualifying match canada usa august canadians heavily defeated usa qualify rugby world cup finals france age grade held city home north_america oldest annual sporting event dates event important life city day wednesday august weather permitting civic holiday weather dependent holidays world annual mile road race starts paradise finishes park race draws excess runners began makes oldest road races canada canada men national soccer team qualified world cup september defeated king george park gained prominence years scott tournament hearts canadian women championship held mile centre february olympic gold medalist men team based city clubs john local football team compete canadian events law government governed mayor council system structure municipal government stipulated act city_council legislative body composed mayor deputy mayor mayor deputy mayor elected large represent geographical city mayor members city council serve year terms term limits elections held years tuesday september current city council elected municipal election held september mayor served position city hall located housed municipal offices officially opened served capital city colony newfoundland canada tenth province city serves capital newfoundland provincial legislature located city confederation building located confederation hill home offices members ministers city represented members governing belong belong leader represents district signal hill represented house_of_commons members parliament represents east elected represents south newfoundland office regional federal minister located downtown regional offices federal government departments agencies located city crime services city provided serves primary body metropolitan area division headquarters located neighbourhood primarily operate rest newfoundland traditionally cities canada live recent years crime city steadily increased nationally crime decreased total crime rate saw increase time violent crime city decreased compared decrease nationally total crime severity index city increase national average violent crime severity index increase national average seventh highest metropolitan crime index twelfth highest metropolitan violent crime index country according reports metropolitan area reports average homicide rate approximately population average year time high rate reported figure far national average ranks lowest rates metropolitan area canada infrastructure transportation substantial harbour things harbour base following ships ann harvey patrol vessel offshore fishery science vessel longer multi role sir multi role served international airport located minutes northwest downtown core roughly passengers travelled airport making second busiest airport atlantic_canada passenger volume regular destinations include halifax montreal ottawa toronto destinations province international locations include dublin london new_york_city glasgow scheduled service providers include air saint eastern terminus longest national highways world divided highway known outer ring road city runs outside main city exits memorial drive road team highway road road portugal cove road road providing relatively easy access served streets memorial drive runs conception bay south city downtown interchanges hamilton avenue new street john cycling master plan officially launched july phase consist kilometres road painted bike lanes signs additional kilometres roadway installation bicycle parking facilities addition bike racks fleet responsible public transit region total routes buses annual destinations include village shopping centre confederation building downtown drive business park drive hospitals city important areas eastern terminus newfoundland railway abandonment closure railway september medical centres hospitals served newfoundland largest health authority city major hospitals include education served largest school district newfoundland student population currently primary elementary secondary schools city including private schools includes school province wide public school district contains private schools atlantic_canada largest university located provides comprehensive education grants degrees fields historical strengths engineering business geology medicine comprehensive universities canada fisheries simply post secondary ocean marine located affiliated offers lowest tuition canada academic year public college province operates main campuses city provides career trade university transfer programs residents city hosts number private colleges post secondary schools largest schools local media daily newspaper telegram local papers include muse gazette scope current john receives nationally distributed newspaper globe_and_mail known air independent station station entertainment programming global news programming global purchasing primary broadcast rights provincial headquarters community channel rogers airs local shows fog chef critic newfoundland headquarters city television station broadcasts city home radio stations french language stations canadian city served radio stations letters begin letter prefix assigned province joined stations kept existing letters commercial radio stations went air use range currently use canada exception permitted adopt corporate association station bore remains use amateur radio city daily online newspaper focuses business news province notable people sister cities ireland | St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador | Geography and places | Places | North America |
3000_Ashland,Oregon | oregon city lies interstate approximately north california border near south end bear creek valley arm july city population estimated city home oregon shakespeare festival important economy depends restaurants galleries retail stores cater visitors creek historic buildings paved bike trail provide additional tourist attractions originally called named ohio original home founder kentucky founders family connections mayor council government assisted citizen committees historically liberal politics differed sharply rest southwest oregon history prior arrival settlers mid-19th century people lived valley creek approximately located hunters following trail passed site 1820s late 1840s settlers american following began passing area early 1850s donation land act brought white settlers conflict native people violent clashes continued gold discovered tributary tent city developed banks area later known jacksonville settlers arrived area january including filed donation land claims built called later renamed turn timber lumber settlers built second mill grind local wheat flour community mill known post office established 1860s 1870s community grew establishing school churches businesses large employer produced clothing blankets local wool dropped mills reverend opened college predecessor portland oregon san_francisco california joined rail rail service began taking different route east avoid steep grade rail trade local products including women petitioned creation park creek discovery water near time led plan establish mineral spa park voters approved bonds pay project included mineral water source town engaged landscape architect san_francisco golden gate park design park renamed later shortened park popular mineral spa plans proved expensive local abandoned took selling mineral waters area springs fourth july celebration angus arranged performances oregon shakespeare festival festival grew 20th century award winning internationally known regional theater company historic buildings preserved restored city individual structures historic districts railroad addition district national_register_of_historic_places structures include building home contained largest establishment sacramento portland geography feet sea level foothills cascade ranges miles north california border interstate miles south miles north california border feet highest point miles south miles south portland according city total area square miles km2 land tributaries begin flanks feet sea level south city upstream south city boundary streams flow mainly national forest creek flows city meet roughly parallels east streams flows generally northwest join near flows generally west mouth pacific_ocean oregon route running roughly parallel passes downtown enters east intersects route near city center climate lies oregon southwest interior climate zone higher elevation sites rain shadow west largest urban areas zone addition north mountain peaks zone receive inches precipitation year urban areas valleys lie generally inches valley climate particularly good growing fruit especially producing crops farm goods hay grain beef cloud cover nearby varies average percent july percent december average precipitation falls days year totals inches average annual snowfall inches average relative humidity measured daily percent varying percent july percent december according climate classification system warm summer mediterranean climate month december average high temperature month july average high highest temperature recorded observed august record low occurred december demographics census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages rounded nearest number years old years age older gender makeup city male female median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city population families poverty line total population age older living poverty line government mayor council government consisting mayor council members elected city voters serve year terms term ends current mayor citizen committees assist mayor council setting legislative goals democrat represents oregon house district state legislature oregon senate district represented democrat federal level republican speaks rest oregon 2nd congressional district united_states house_of_representatives democrats serve state oregon united_states senate historically political southwest oregon presidential election favored abraham_lincoln neighbors strongly preferred pro slavery candidates early 1900s voters supported women suffrage prohibition generally step rest region recent elections liberal supported tax environmental regulations opposed voters jackson nearby counties critics refer city economy income tourism important economy large number restaurants galleries retail stores cater thousands visitors attend plays year oregon shakespeare festival festival sold tickets theater productions town largest employer faculty staff addition university health service providers significant contributions economy businesses related outdoor recreation transportation technology light manufacturing important shakespeare festival employed people hospital public schools produces uncle john bathroom reader books based san_diego specializing battery electric based moved talent arts culture oregon shakespeare festival grown summer outdoor series 1930s season stretches february october incorporating plays theaters largest regional theater united_states features musicals comedy year opened dinner theater occupies built mission revival style shows international domestic films genre takes place april downtown films shown days festival setting movie version annual nonprofit organization encourages develop new work public readings year holds international competition hundreds submissions plays read live audiences professional actors day festival october museums points interest national fish wildlife laboratory world laboratory dedicated solving crimes wildlife forensic science experts laboratory help wildlife officers investigate possible crimes animals establish links victims suspects cases court laboratory assisted foreign agencies concerned cities city band organized late 19th century brass band band octagonal style butler memorial band shell built gives public concerts summer june august parks acre park including acres national_register_of_historic_places begins near downtown shopping area extends upstream creek near center city includes ponds japanese garden tennis courts public outdoor stage miles hiking trails comes natural mineral water found area strong mineral taste slight water found town plaza frequently tourists behest residents frequent visitors use cheap humorous initiation rite hiking path begins near intersection close confluence creek flows mile path follows passes talent phoenix education public year university founded offers courses study degrees liberal arts science business education students focus major fields programs minors enrollment fall urban university offers graduate level programs acre campus percent university students women percent men popular major fields include related business psychology visual performing arts social sciences protective services law enforcement student faculty ratio tuition year oregon residents oversees elementary schools school focused science arts middle school high school community learning center ranked best nation public high schools 15th best oregon media published monday saturday morning daily published monday sunday serves radio stations operate region including independent non profit broadcasting student run radio station letters nickname radio free shut february years broadcasting rogue based serves jackson counties commercial television stations nearby seven infrastructure public services general medical surgical hospital health network based beds public library building expanded city original library historic portion library restored budget problems led closing april library event lasted october largest library closure history services handled private company services branch remains network public libraries rogue route route provides bus service city routes running minutes providing combined service frequency minutes route provides service passengers connect routes southwest point daily shuttle operated carrying passengers amtrak station falls amtrak station serves long haul passenger train track owned municipal airport foot asphalt runway offers general aviation services international airport miles serves city moved improve local internet access late 1990s creating building fiber ring inside city boundaries city faced difficulties debt load approaching million city hired new director suggested scrapping cable television service retaining profitable high speed internet access october cable television service transferred local company city retained infrastructure wholesale internet business sister city sister city mexico notable people | Ashland, Oregon | Geography and places | Places | North America |
3503_Albany,NewYork | albany new_york albany capital state new_york seat roughly miles north new_york_city albany developed west bank hudson_river miles south confluence population according census albany constitutes economic cultural core comprises albany including nearby cities suburbs census estimated population populous metropolitan region state 38th united_states fortune companies headquarters albany include general_electric key bank stores 21st century emerged major anchor moniker describing focused region eastern european settlement state settled dutch colonists built fur trading formed successful relations peoples major native american nations region fur trade attracted settlers founded village called near fort orange english took dutch settlements renaming city albany honor duke albany future england james vii scotland city officially chartered english rule capital following united_states gaining independence american revolutionary war albany oldest surviving settlements original british thirteen colonies longest continuously chartered city united_states charter possibly longest running instrument municipal government late 18th century 19th albany center trade transportation located north end hudson_river original eastern terminus connecting great lakes home earliest railroad systems world albany main exports time beer lumber published works beginning albany populous cities united_states distinction held census albany cities world installed public water sewer lines natural gas lines electricity infrastructure utilities attracted supported substantial new industry city surrounding area 19th century 20th century city opened commercial airports world precursor today albany international airport 1920s powerful political machine controlled democratic_party arose state capital connected politics new_york_city power immigrants descendants cities city skyline changed 1940s 1950s construction office towers campus mainly direction governor albany experienced decline population urban historic neighborhoods saved destruction policies mayor 2nd longest serving mayor city united_states early 21st century albany experienced growth high technology industry great sector albany center higher education century remainder economy dependent state government health care services city rebounded urban decline 1970s 1980s noticeable development taking place city downtown neighborhoods albany known rich history commerce culture architecture institutions higher education albany won history colonial times albany oldest surviving european settlements original thirteen colonies longest continuously chartered city united_states hudson_river area originally inhabited speaking called meaning fireplace nation based west speaking referred pine woods referring path took strong trading partners dutch english likely albany area visited european fur traders early extent duration visits determined permanent european claims began englishman exploring half moon dutch reached area claiming built fur trading post documented european structure present day albany commencement fur trade provoked hostility french colony canada natives control trade flood ruined fort rebuilt fort orange forts named honor dutch royal surrounding area incorporated village english beaver district early decades trade dutch developed relations reflected differences cultures captured english changed albany honor later england james vii scotland duke albany scottish title given generally younger son king scots ultimately derived scotland dutch briefly regained albany august renamed city english took permanent possession treaty westminster november split counties largest time county included present north counties addition present day vermont theoretically stretching west pacific_ocean city albany county seat albany formally chartered municipality provincial governor july virtually identical content charter awarded city new_york months earlier created albany strip land mile wide miles long years albany lose land west annex land north south point albany population people representatives seven british north american colonies met albany city hall pennsylvania presented formal proposal unite colonies adopted parliament important precursor united_states_constitution year french indian war fourth series wars dating began ended french defeat resolving situation constant threat albany held growth colonies midst revolutionary war home political arm local revolutionary movement took operation albany government eventually expanded power control prisoners war jailed alongside common criminals albany native signed declaration independence independence hall philadelphia revolutionary war saw great increase real estate transactions win upper generally peace war prosperity soon seen upstate new york migrants vermont connecticut began flowing noting advantages living hudson trading albany days sail new_york_city albany reported population national census increase state capital new_york moved permanently albany date legislature frequently moved state capital albany kingston city new_york albany tenth oldest state capital united_states second oldest state capital city new_mexico albany center transportation history late 18th early 19th centuries albany saw development albany center state developed grid block system renamed streets birds mammals previously honored british royalty grid major coming albany cut city unexpected angles construction state conjunction canal railroad systems albany hub transportation pioneers going buffalo mid-19th century initiated line new_york albany successful enterprise kind people albany 10th largest urban place nation town village known north albany annexed canal completed forming continuous water route great lakes new_york_city unlike current ends nearby original ended albany lock located north canal emptied acre man called albany main port port albany opened working professor widely regarded foremost american scientist 19th century built electric motor years later discovered electromagnetic self induction unit henry went secretary albany ranked 9th largest urban place nation 10th time city largest urban places nation albany significant history rail transport location major regional railroad headquarters delaware hudson railway headquartered albany noted industrialist albany mayor consolidated railroads stretching albany buffalo headquartered albany moved new_york_city companies formed hudson railroad railroad state successful steam railroad running regularly scheduled service country key albany economic prosperity 19th century transportation industry business played role largely thanks city dutch german roots beer biggest originally known quinn mayor albany remaining time closed city location east end gave access raw products captive customer base west albany known publishing houses extent albany second boston number books produced 19th century iron north south ends city brought thousands immigrants city day intricate wrought iron details older buildings iron industry waned 1890s increased costs associated newly workforce opening mines minnesota albany major exports 18th 19th centuries wheat meat lumber saw mills albany area albany lumber district largest lumber market nation city home number banks second chartered bank new_york city original home founded founded founded originally founded albany express mail business northwestern portion albany west magazine street annexed neighboring town town refused annexation said territory return loss portions added albany land annexed ceded albany setting current western border albany opened commercial airports world municipal airport united_states originally located polo field road moved remained jointly owned city county moved current location mayor sold city stake airport county citing budget issues known massive upgrade modernization project albany international airport albany northern southern borders reached modern courses south second annexation occurred present day 2nd arguably albany notable mayor great grandson mayor elected longest serving city united_states history death historian describes tenure long years short accomplishments cited preference maintaining status quo factor held potential progress tenure brought stability office mayor said admire greatly come sizable list major concrete achievements given credit saving albeit somewhat unintentionally albany historic architecture 1950s 1960s time federal aid urban renewal plentiful albany growth economy infrastructure lost percent population years people moved newer housing suburbs followed downtown businesses moving cities country similar issues problems albany interference democratic political machine hindered progress considerably governor tried stimulate city monumental architecture large government sponsored building projects drove construction campus republican chairman governor best mayor albany opposed project responsible negotiating payment plan want limited legislature power purse devised plan county pay construction state sign lease ownership agreement state paid bonds viable option agreed gained situation able convention center restaurant plans ideas originally vetoed county gained million fees city received million lost tax revenue having state offices located city enabled good jobs major project 1960s 1970s interstate construction began early 1960s project main results regretted separating city hudson_river source development described respect use waterfront influence change location cuts city original plan came fruition wanted pass project required underground trumpet interchange connecting eventually cancelled day evidence original plan visible hamlet annexation city taken town died assumed reelected twice encouraged redevelopment historic structures helped attract federal dollars purpose saved destruction refurbished continued new uses created effort increase number festivals artistic events city including year long celebration credited cycle commercial investment development albany aggressive business development programs prior recession 1990s downtown albany home fortune companies death retirement congressman political environment changes long term office holders rare 1980s local media began following drama surrounding county politics specifically newly created county executive position loss eventually machine led lack interest city politics election surprise served mayor retirement end tenure essentially ended political machine place 1920s 1990s approved million albany plan building renovation project ambitious building project affect area era albany plan renovation new building projects initiated downtown area state workers relocated downtown helping retail businesses decade 21st century progress long discussed controversial august authorized state legislature purchased land needed build downtown project geography albany located miles north new_york_city hudson_river total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water city bordered north town village west town south town hudson_river represents city eastern border northern border kill southern border major streams city exist diverted underground 19th century lakes city limits buckingham lake mouth formed reservoir connected formed beaver kill highest natural point albany near birch hill road feet sea level lowest point sea level hudson_river average water elevation feet technically estuary albany affected atlantic tide interior albany consists rolling hills area pitch pine oak arid sandy soil remnant ancient development pine bush original acres today preserve set located western edge city sizable inland pine sand ecosystem united_states home endangered species including butterfly climate albany located humid continental climate zone climate classification cold snowy winters hot wet summers city experiences distinct seasons albany located plant zone near downtown shore hudson western end albany receives inches rain year days precipitation year snowfall significant totaling inches annually accumulation lake effect areas north west albany close atlantic coast receive heavy snow city occasionally receives alberta winters cold fluctuating conditions temperatures drop nights summers albany contain stretches excessive heat humidity temperatures days year record temperature extremes range january july crime new_york effective statewide crime rate people albany violent crime rate nearly par rochester violent crimes population rochester lower buffalo comparison new_york_city violent crime rate neighborhoods albany neighborhoods varied geographically historically downtown albany city oldest neighborhood centered state street albany oldest streets original main street today downtown consists office buildings inhabited state agencies recent push bring permanent residents led proposed apartments north south downtown old residential communities consisting row houses north south super neighborhood south end consists multitude smaller neighborhoods including mansion district delaware avenue neighborhoods tend minorities lower income residents western sections city west downtown effectively cuts downtown neighborhoods center square street collectively referred mid town neighborhoods compared new_york_city eclectic mix residential commercial uses including bars night clubs restaurants unique stores albany gay culture vibrant area block area surrounding new scotland avenue undergoing urban renewal existing housing units removed renovated new office commercial apartment buildings added new construction includes expansion largest employers albany nearby united campus consisting albany college western neighborhoods delaware avenue tend larger lots suburban surroundings eastern section popular living choice college students proximity campuses west neighborhoods affluent dominated exclusively single family dwellings neighborhoods campus closely resemble neighboring areas suburban towns downtown parts city west main campus parks recreation albany public parks recreation areas organized current location public property charter gave city title property privately owned designed opened public use following year original lake house designed added park previously cemetery graves moved albany rural cemetery popular place exercise play sports winter people watch attend plays summer parks albany include preserve pine bush southwest organized originally known beaver park today park pool open summer months buckingham lake park route buckingham pond neighborhood contains pond playground picnic tables preserve seat hosts events non winter months notably alive summer concert series preserve visitors center details ecology hudson_river local environment park bike trail boat launch effectively separated downtown interstate opening public parks include today small circular grassy patch downtown hudson avenue albany oldest park municipal golf course albany constructed later renamed albany architecture collection state agency office buildings dominates view albany built hand governor architect complex powerful example late american modern architecture remains controversial building project displacing city residents architectural style recognizable aspect complex tallest building new_york outside new_york_city north end plaza 19th century capitol seat home governor office albany initial architecture incorporated dutch influences followed soon english dutch colonial brick mansion built georgian style mansion built oldest building currently standing albany van house hudson avenue albany housing varies greatly row houses older sections town closer river housing type quickly changes travels westward beginning family homes late 19th century family homes built world war western end city designed opened capitol opened years construction cost million making expensive government building time albany major design construction time opened styled opened washington avenue near capitol classical exterior features block long white marble 1920s brought movement illustrated alfred smith building albany tallest high rises architecture 1960s 1970s represented city especially state office building campus 1950s 1960s campus state office campus planned 1950s governor offer parking easier access state employees campus built 1960s governor site city owned popular open campus layout centralized building layout administrative classroom buildings center surrounded student housing towers design called use concrete glass style slender round topped columns pillars reminiscent new_york_city downtown seen revival recent decades considered begun renovation corporate headquarters originally slated suburban instead built downtown opened development downtown includes construction headquarters broadway building iconic green dome broadway headquarters state street pedestrian bridge connecting broadway broadway privately owned downtown office building generation demographics city immigrants historically albany population mixed dominated dutch germans overtaken english early 19th century irish immigrants soon outnumbered mid-19th century followed italians poles mid late 20th century saw rise african american population historian puts dutch yankee german irish polish italian black chinese centuries albany heritage reflected succession immigrant streets echoed dozen languages neighborhoods adapting distinctive life style changing economic fortunes new group revolution albany population consisted ethnic dutch descendants settlers moving new_england tipped balance british ethnicity early 19th century jobs canals railroads brought floods irish immigrants early 19th century especially 1840s irish potato famine city irish base albany elected irish catholic mayor years boston polish italian immigrants began arriving albany wave immigration 19th century numbers smaller eastern cities mainly found manufacturing jobs general_electric jewish community jewish members community saw rise population late 19th century jews immigrated eastern europe period influx chinese east asian immigrants settled downtown section city descendants moved suburban areas immigration halted immigration act albany destination internal migration african americans moved north great migration rural south world war fill industrial positions percentage black community grown substantially african americans percent population percent percent percent change proportion related middle class white families moving suburbs black families remaining city limits time period growing number refugees karen ethnicity estimate residing albany modern overview census people residing city population census area estimated population density square mile housing units average density square mile units vacant racial makeup city residents white black african american native american native asian native hawaiian pacific races races total population hispanic latino race population compared census ancestry groups city irish italian german english polish population reported albany home language speaking community mexican americans population age years age older median age years females males females age males population completed high school earned diploma households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median income household city median income family male year round worker female year round worker capita income city families population poverty line including age age rate reported violent crimes incidents residents double rate similarly sized cities reported property crimes incidents residents somewhat lower speaking population albany mirrors characteristics united_states consumer population better major municipality country according study conducted albany ranked standard test market new business retail products albany rochester syracuse scored culture entertainment albany geographic situation roughly new_york_city south montreal north approximately hours east buffalo hours west boston makes convenient stop nationally touring artists acts egg provide mid sized forums music theater spoken word performances filling small sized niche serves city largest musical venue nationally internationally prominent bands hosts trade shows sporting events large scale community gatherings praise cultural contributions albany greater suggest city cultural identity crisis massive geography need car driving time experience area offer necessity seen larger metropolitan areas like new_york boston recent years city government invested resources venues neighborhoods attract hours business madison avenue delaware avenue street serve active entertainment areas city restaurants clubs bars opened mid-1990s numerous areas abandoned establishments reclaimed old row houses businesses pump station bar scene generally incorporates main strips downtown scene focused pearl street stretching blocks past business district street strip home smaller bars fit neighborhood artistic eclectic style lastly strip bars located western centers campuses downtown campus strip generally draws younger crowd popular local college students albany nightly new_york law sets time state default counties set earlier time individual municipalities half state counties earlier closing time counties retained time festivals festival albany largest festivals set celebrates city dutch heritage traditional albany event marks beginning spring thousands bloom park early attendance festival approximately alive free weekly concert series held downtown summer concerts total attendance roughly price fabulous fourth fireworks festival empire state plaza celebrates independence day musical performances region largest fireworks display run women kilometer run city draws participants country annual event began arts annual festival hosts people days festival showcases craft beer pavilion competitions signature chef rising star chef grand gala reception featuring albany net proceeds held thursday saturday preceding smaller events include august empire state plaza held august preserve albany jazz festival annual end summer event held preserve music art festival held fall festival major gay pride event held june popular night celebrating new year holiday december replaced declining interest occurs year december museums historic sites albany historical political significance city numerous museums historical buildings historic districts albany home facilities located south end empire state plaza free public uss decommissioned world war destroyer escort restored museum ship docked hudson_river street ship kind afloat located corner clinton avenue broadway square hosts museum gift shop early opened downtown albany museum home exhibits highlighting contributions irish people america art located washington avenue near center square neighborhood state capitol dedicated collecting preserving interpreting promoting interest history art culture albany region museum notable permanent exhibits include extensive collection paintings exhibit featuring institute albany home listings national_register_of_historic_places national historic landmarks federal style mansion later renovated greek revival style built mayor albany currently historic house museum headquarters added later known hill gave current neighborhood literature film albany subject inspiration location written cinematic works non fiction works written city city notable claims fame pulitzer prize winning book albany native series books kennedy known albany cycle elusive author grew albany wrote pearl street neighborhood pearl street book considered semi autobiographical memoir author wicked life times wicked witch west inspiration broadway hit wicked grew graduated film version premiered palace theatre movie starred nominated academy_awards performances filming location albany recently downtown area site filming action thriller salt starring action comedy guys starring lived albany heroine james novel portrait lady albany education operates city public school system consists schools learning centers addition charter schools school year students enrolled public school system district average class size percent graduation rate percent rate district budget million considered state lowest achieving high schools new_york albany high listed nation best high school washington_post report albany number private schools including boys girls albany prominent history higher education ranked forbes survey called best places best education ranked forbes campuses list cheap places live series private today founded private oldest law school new_york fourth oldest country opened president alumnus private second oldest school new_york fifteenth oldest united_states oldest teachers colleges united_states opened later known eventually evolved known public inherited original downtown campus western avenue center campus moved current west end city unit university centers system colleges universities albany include sage college albany nearby fills community college niche albany area effect campuses city population substantial combining student bodies aforementioned campuses results students percent estimate albany permanent population economy albany economy general heavily dependent government health care education recently technology typically steady economic bases local economy relatively immune national economic past percent city population works government related positions current recession difficult deal issues wall street state government receives tax revenue march albany area lowest unemployment rate major metropolitan area new_york compared new_york albany estimated daytime population companies based albany include harbour 2000s economy albany surrounding high technology focus marketing eastern encompassing albany originated promote greater albany area high tech competitor regions boston grown represent counties extending counties plants south canadian border north area high technology ecosystem supported focused academic institutions including encompasses counties sides heavy state experienced significant growth computer hardware high technology industry great sector digital electronics design electricity dependent integrated circuit manufacturing albany area listed fourth annual best cities jobs list noting job losses state local government overcome expansion high tech field government albany mayor council form government currently functions charter adopted charter completely original 17th century effort effect new charter applied strictly amendment meaning technically effect giving albany distinction having oldest active city charter united_states arguably longest running instrument municipal government mayor elected years heads executive branch city government current mayor elected replaced mayor mayor years represents legislative branch city government council members elected ward large president current president began term january albany city government seat county formation capital new_york city home branches county state governments albany city hall sits eagle street opposite state capitol state street state government offices scattered city albany 20th congressional district represented united_states house_of_representatives city represented united states senate state level city 44th district new_york senate represented western portion city district represented eastern portion district represented iii seat city location county courts including supreme_court albany site united_states district court new_york courthouse politics albany politics dominated democratic_party 1920s daniel established political machine city election mayor prior william billy barnes set republican machine 1890s barnes success attributed fact owned newspapers albany grandson influential newspaper publisher political boss organization overcame barnes survived 1980s death machine forth candidates electorate voted instances votes outright bought uncommon machine buy poor folks loyalty trust upset democratic mayoral primary democratic_party formal endorsement recently county chairman cited end era albany albany continues dominated democratic_party enrollment city compared republican enrollment gives democrats advantage general election elected city position held democrat november woman elected mayor albany religious life like cities comparable age size albany established orthodox christian roman catholic protestant jewish communities albany home oldest christian congregation upstate new york christian june churches religious buildings city listed national_register_of_historic_places state street established congregation church albany reformed known located second oldest cathedral conception eagle street madison avenue built cathedral diocese led south swan street street built cathedral episcopal diocese led city home catholic churches episcopal churches significant jewish presence existed albany early today includes conservative orthodox reform albany home outside israel city membership exact numbers religious denominations albany readily available demographic statistics united_states depend heavily ask religious affiliation census national statewide religious statistics representative city size albany report offers religious according data residents identified christian roman catholic mainline evangelical eastern oriental orthodox christians residents practice judaism population muslims represent note values county wide city values significantly different media albany primary daily newspaper based close city headquarters moved city limits suburban 1960s dispute mayor land needed expansion circulation totals sundays serving albany lesser degree based record alternative area publishing thursday business weekly published friday weekly newspaper focuses exclusively issues related legislature state government albany media market 63rd largest country terms radio 57th largest terms television audiences broadcast market historical significance pioneering influence general_electric directly contributed area emerging birthplace station based television station affiliate nbc region home independently owned operated commercial radio station united_states second commercial radio station new_york twelfth nation home abc affiliate cbs affiliate operating affiliate fox affiliate nbc affiliate operating affiliate hosts area local hour news channel area numerous radio stations transportation interstate north connects albany car canada continues quebec linking albany montreal interstate connects albany buffalo boston respectively use partially fully south albany ends interstate albany literally creating junction buffalo boston montreal new_york interstate links albany way route connects offering residents direct albeit route albany rush hour albany long important hudson_river port today serves domestic international ships barges port albany located sides river port largest mobile harbor crane state new_york ultimate successor use today largely tourist private boats closure area passenger rail service provided amtrak albany station station saw passengers making amtrak second busiest new_york new_york low cost bus service albany campus station provided direct service new_york_city albany nearest airport albany international airport major service albany local fixed base operator albany highest average new_york mile cost busiest routes second lowest state provides bus service albany surrounding area including city served urban service maintained american cities advent automobile light rail services declined albany replaced bus taxi services lines short line vermont buses serve downtown terminal provides commuter service sports albany major league professional sports teams minor league teams low support minor league team currently active albany ice hockey team moved city season play affiliated replaced played relocated charlotte north_carolina played second team originally known albany conquest later played developmental league short season minor league baseball team played joseph stadium campus prior arrival albany diamond dogs played heritage park financial pressures facing impending competition franchise folded local basketball team play basketball teams played folded financial problems large number local colleges universities albany college sports popular currently play division level sports football team member sports teams play members affiliated school send team hosted new_york_giants training camp seen rise popularity men basketball team march madness saints teams division play campus nearby men basketball team plays center sister cities albany official sister city agreements twin city relationships city netherlands connected albany following world war help catholic university albany rebuilt partly destroyed library books donated dutch university gratitude post war assistance city sent albany act led establishment annual festival connections 1980s mayor term office cultural expansion program official sister cities nassau bahamas netherlands quebec russia italy additional twin city relationships region spain | Albany, New York | Geography and places | Places | North America |
3989_EbenezerAveryHouse | originally located street thames street connecticut united_states date house construction unknown believed house location british brought injured soldiers september house moved fort battlefield state park restored stands state park historic house museum continues maintained history constructed room house owned ensign originally located street thames street connecticut tailor answered battle september went defend british attack ended american defeat deaths leader lieutenant colonel resulted nearly families left homeless town waterfront history came battle owner absent wounded battle unable walk including taken prisoner placed wagon taken fleet british men allowed wagon run hill stopped struck tree throwing men wagon aggravated injuries wounded set beach preparation boat trip new_york brother offered hostage british took wounded house placed wounded inside house later set fire men inside difficulty extinguished battle shot neck cut left dead said thirty men laid floor british left uncovered arrived recovered lost hearing continued live house death january age blood visible time centennial battle longer present placed memorial tablet site restoration danger torn construct apartments purchased purchased property intention turning architect assessed house need extensive reconstruction association discussed plan house fort battlefield state park meeting held association july held discuss movement plan involved house new location project house shared cost meeting total cost relocation act provoked interest house donated use historic house museum association debated sale land cover costs restoring maintaining total cost listed expected year intention serve income generated interest cover cost house association owned acres reserve acre located opened restored original condition filled period items including lieutenant sword cousin ensign killed according bricks house located bluff point state park reclaimed reconstruct chimney house sixteen room mansion fell disrepair destroyed fire opened memorial day weekend labor day weekend saturdays sundays | Ebenezer Avery House | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4364_SanDiego | san_diego san_diego spanish saint major city california coast pacific_ocean southern_california approximately miles south los_angeles immediately adjacent border mexico estimated population july san_diego eighth largest city united_states second largest california san diego second largest bordering country detroit windsor population people san_diego birthplace california known mild year round climate natural deep water harbor extensive beaches long association united_states_navy recent emergence healthcare development center historically home people san_diego site visited europeans west_coast united_states landing claimed entire area spain forming basis settlement california years later founded formed european settlement california san_diego newly independent mexico reformed mexican republic years later united_states following mexican american war admission california union city seat economic center region san diego metropolitan area san_diego main economic engines military defense related activities tourism international trade manufacturing presence affiliated helped area center research history pre colonial period original inhabitants region known people area san_diego inhabited people spanish period european visit region portuguese born explorer sailing flag sailing flagship claimed bay named site san november sent map california coast arriving flagship san_diego surveyed harbor point named area commonly known november christian religious service record california conducted member expedition celebrate feast day san_diego established hill near settlement europeans state california july year mission san diego founded mission boasted largest native population california living mission proper mission san_diego southern anchor california historic mission trail real mexican period mexico won independence spain san_diego mexican territory mexico began attempting extend authority coastal territory fort gradually abandoned town san_diego grew level land hill mission mexican government mission lands sold wealthy settlers residents town petitioned governor form elected municipal magistrate defeating vote list pre san_diego san_diego losing population 1830s town lost status size dropped estimated residents town mexican land grants expanded number california added local economy united_states went war mexico sent naval land expedition conquer easy time capturing major ports including san_diego southern struck following successful revolt los_angeles american garrison san_diego driven firing shot early october mexican partisans held san_diego weeks october americans recaptured months americans blockaded inside skirmishes occurred daily shot town night drove cattle away hoping americans supporters december americans garrison learned general warner ranch commodore sent mounted force captain march north meet joint command men returning san_diego encountered ensuing fought city san_diego americans suffered worst losses campaign subsequently column led arrived san_diego rescuing battered blockaded command went recover los_angeles force capitulation treaty january result mexican american war territory including san_diego ceded united_states mexico terms treaty mexican treaty tried retain san_diego mexico americans insisted san_diego commercial purpose nearly equal importance san_francisco mexican american border eventually established league south southernmost point include entire bay united_states american period state california admitted united_states year san_diego designated seat newly established incorporated city san_diego elected mayor years later city bankrupt california legislature revoked city charter placed control board trustees remained city charter established today city charter adopted original town san_diego located foot hill area location ideal miles away water promoted new development bay shore called new san diego miles south original settlement decades new development consisted houses pier army depot late 1860s promoted area called new town downtown san_diego promoted area heavily people businesses began relocate location convenient shipping soon eclipsed original settlement known day old town economic governmental heart city san_diego remained relative town arrival railroad connection early 20th century san_diego hosted world panama california exposition held spanish baroque style buildings built remain day central features park buildings intended temporary structures remained continuous use progressively fell disrepair eventually rebuilt original retain architectural style exotic animals featured exposition provided basis 1950s festival called del highlighting area spanish mexican past 2010s proposal large scale celebration 100th anniversary plans abandoned organization tasked putting celebration went business southern portion peninsula set aside military purposes early decades army set series coastal artillery batteries named area fort significant presence began establishment point expanded greatly 1920s city host naval base san diego naval training center san_diego san diego naval hospital camp city early center aviation early world war san_diego proclaiming air capital west city home important airplane developers manufacturers like later founded later founded plane spirit built san_diego world war san_diego major hub military defense activity presence military installations defense manufacturers city population grew rapidly world war doubling final months war japanese plan target multiple cities biological attack starting san_diego plan called operation cherry night called planes filled infected plague crash civilian population centers city hoping spread plague city effectively kill tens thousands civilians plan scheduled launch september carried japan surrendered weeks earlier world war military continued play major role local economy post cold war took heavy toll local defense industries resulting led san_diego leaders seek city economy focusing research science tourism start 20th century 1970s american fishing fleet canning industry based san_diego capital world san_diego founded mid-1930s employed people large fishing fleet supported staffed immigrant fishermen japan later italy influence felt neighborhoods like rising costs foreign competition closed early 1980s downtown san_diego decline 1960s 1970s experienced urban renewal early 1980s including opening revival quarter construction opened geography according professor emeritus surface expression north south rose canyon fault zones system miles east bay ranges backbone american continents city lies approximately deep hills separating creating small pockets natural open space scattered city giving hilly geography traditionally san built homes businesses leaving urban relatively wild parts city feel creating gaps neighborhoods contributing low density car centered environment runs middle san diego east west creating river valley serves divide city northern southern segments river flow fresh water focus earliest spanish explorers mission trails regional park lie separate developed areas city notable peaks city limits include highest point city feet feet feet rise east city mountains desert areas half hour drive downtown san_diego numerous farms found valleys northeast southeast city ranking reported san_diego 9th best park system populous cities ranks city park systems formula access service investment communities neighborhoods city san_diego recognizes individual areas given planning area distinct neighborhoods altogether city contains identified neighborhoods downtown san_diego located encompasses northeast surrounded older dense urban communities including east southeast lie north lies interstate communities north valley freeway south include stretching north northern suburbs far northeast portion city encompasses holds agricultural preserve valley occupy northwest corner city south business center golden triangle south beach coastal communities occupies peninsula downtown communities located mexico united_states border physically separated rest city cities narrow strip land connects southern neighborhoods rest city san_diego neighborhood boundaries tend understood residents based geographical boundaries like street patterns city recognized importance neighborhoods organized general plan concept city villages san_diego originally centered old town district late 1860s center focus relocated belief new location increase trade new town present day downtown waterfront location quickly developed eclipsed center san_diego development feet san_diego attributed construction tallest building city time went multiple buildings claimed title san_diego tallest skyscraper including currently tallest building san_diego standing feet tall completed downtown skyline contains super regulation place 1970s set feet limit height buildings mile radius iconic description skyline includes compared tools climate san_diego best climates farmers best summer climates america scored climate classification system san_diego area variously categorized having semi arid climate original classification modified classification mediterranean climate san_diego climate characterized warm dry summers mild winters annual precipitation falling december march city mild climate year round average days low rainfall inches annually summer months range climate san_diego like southern_california varies significantly short geographical distances resulting san_diego city topography bay numerous hills mountains frequently particularly gray june period thick marine layer cloud cover keeps air cool damp miles coast yields bright sunshine approximately miles inland june lasts july causing cloudy skies san_diego entire day absence june inland areas experience significant temperature variations coastal areas ocean serves influence example downtown san_diego averages january lows august highs city miles inland downtown san_diego averages january lows august highs sign global warming scientists average surface temperature water pier increased degrees rainfall coast averages inches precipitation annually average mean rainfall inches median inches rainfall occurs cooler months months december march supply rain february month averaging inches rain months september tend completely dry wet days month rainy period rainfall heavy fall rainfall usually greater higher elevations san_diego higher elevation areas san_diego receive inches rain year rainfall extreme years inches fell city whilst years little inches fallen year month record december inches snow city rare observed times century half records kept snow stayed ground hours higher locations like occasions involved accumulation ecology like southern california majority san_diego current area originally occupied plant community drought resistant shrubs endangered pine bulk population san_diego stretch protected coast steep varied topography proximity ocean create number different habitats city limits including tidal marsh coastal sage habitats low elevations coast prone rates fire increased 20th century primarily fires starting near borders urban wild areas san_diego broad city limits encompass number large nature preserves including mission trails regional park coastal strip continuing north constitute location rare species found steep topography prevents building efforts preservation large number city limits serve nature preserves including canyon natural park number small parks preserves highest counts animal plant species appear endangered species list counties united_states diversity habitat position recorded presence bird species region country san_diego scores high number bird species observed annual christmas bird count sponsored known areas united_states san_diego subject periodic october san_diego site cedar fire called largest california past century fire burned acres km2 killed people destroyed homes addition damage caused fire smoke resulted significant increase emergency room visits respiratory problems eye smoke poor air quality caused schools close week years later destroyed areas particularly communities demographics city population according census distributed land area square miles km2 urban area san_diego extends administrative city limits total population making largest urban area state los_angeles metropolitan area san_francisco metropolitan area riverside san form metropolitan areas california larger san_diego metropolitan area total population census people living city san_diego represents population increase people households families reported estimated city population population density inhabitants square mile km2 racial makeup san_diego white african american native american asian filipino chinese vietnamese indian korean japanese thai pacific native hawaiian races races ethnic makeup city hispanic latino race total population mexican american puerto rican december san_diego largest homeless population united_states city homeless population largest percentage homeless veterans nation january estimates revealed household median income san_diego rose city population rose population non hispanic whites pacific blacks american indians races median age years compared years overall years non hispanic whites largest group ages non hispanic whites constituted population older households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals account living years age older average household size average family size reported san_diego residents median age quarter residents age age ages constitute san_diego population second highest percentage major city regional planning agency provides tables breaking city population year age groups median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city according forbes san_diego fifth wealthiest city families population poverty line including age age nonetheless san_diego rated fifth best place live united_states money magazine san_diego named ninth lgbt friendly city city seventh highest percentage gay residents additionally city prominent universities named lgbt friendly campuses nation according study population city identified christians attendance variety churches considered protestant roman catholic beliefs claim religious affiliation study says religions including judaism buddhism islam collectively population economy largest sectors san_diego economy defense military tourism international trade research manufacturing respectively san_diego designated forbes columnist best city country launch small business company defense military economy san_diego influenced port includes major submarine yards west_coast major national defense contractors started headquartered san_diego including cubic san_diego hosts largest naval fleet world home ships tenant commands sailors soldiers civilian employees contractors percent civilian jobs county military related businesses rely contracts military bases san_diego include navy facilities marine_corps bases stations city home majority surface combatants navy west_coast amphibious ships variety vessels tourism tourism major industry owing city climate beaches numerous tourist attractions amusement park san diego zoo park san_diego spanish mexican heritage reflected historic sites city old town san diego state historic park local craft industry attracts increasing number visitors beer tours annual san diego beer week november san_diego called america craft beer capital hosted million visitors collectively spent estimated billion locally visitor industry provides employment people san_diego cruise ship industry second largest california numerous cruise lines operate san_diego cruise ship business steady decline peaking port hosted ship calls passengers number ship calls fallen estimated local sight seeing cruises offered available whale watching cruises observe migration gray peaking mid january sport fishing popular tourist attraction san_diego home southern_california biggest sport fishing fleet international trade san_diego commercial port location border international trade important factor city economy city authorized united_states government operate foreign trade zone city shares mile border mexico includes border crossings san_diego hosts busiest international border crossing world neighborhood san port entry second primarily commercial border crossing operates area largest commercial crossing california baja california border handles highest volume trucks dollar value trade land crossings port san diego cargo facilities located tenth avenue marine terminal terminal facilities containers bulk cargo frozen storage handle import export port san diego handled short tons total trade foreign trade accounted short tons domestic trade amounted short tons historically fishing canning san_diego major industries american fishing fleet longer based san_diego companies chicken sea headquartered companies san_diego hosts major producers wireless cellular technology founded headquartered san_diego largest private sector employers san_diego wireless industry manufacturers headquartered include wireless largest software company san_diego security software company san_diego headquarters security company san_diego designated innovation center collaboration potentially wireless life sciences presence research institutions helped fuel growth san_diego second largest cluster united_states boston area companies area particular nearby areas home offices research facilities numerous companies major companies like headquartered san_diego companies offices research facilities san_diego san_diego home contract research organizations provide variety contract services companies employers according city comprehensive annual financial report employers city real estate san_diego high real estate prices median price house san_diego february median home price significantly dropped san_diego metropolitan area worst housing metropolitan areas united_states consequently san_diego experienced negative net migration significant number people moved adjacent daily jobs san_diego leaving region altogether moving affordable regions country san_diego home prices peaked declined nationwide trend december home prices percent peak median home price declined culture popular museums located location located branch located downtown downtown branch consists building opposite streets columbia district downtown home historic ship exhibits belonging headlined unrelated featuring uss midway aircraft carrier performs regular basis directed civic center plaza directed ranked opera companies united_states old globe theatre park produces plays musicals annually directed produced world plays musicals gone win nominations broadway seat state art theatre hosts music dance theatre performances produces variety plays musicals hundreds movies dozen shows filmed san_diego tradition going far sports san_diego home major professional teams national_football_league play stadium major_league_baseball san_diego_padres play park san_diego hosts ncaa universities men women basketball games played arena prominent sports include college football soccer basketball teams members san_diego hosted sports events nfl super bowl championships held stadium college football annual bowl games held stadium holiday bowl parts played park hosts international soccer games events soccer american football track field played stadium city stadium constructed rugby union developing sport city begins play pro rugby competition major international rugby event held san_diego represented home club captain san_diego participate starts located city annual golf tournament occurs golf course course site open golf championship hosted yacht races times period amateur beach sport line invented san_diego annual world line championships held mission bay year government local government city governed mayor member city council city form government changed council manager government strong mayor government change brought vote mayor effect chief executive officer city council legislative body responsible police public safety streets water sewer service planning similar services borders san_diego sanctuary city participant program city employee residents payroll greater million members city council elected single member districts city mayor city attorney elected directly voters entire city mayor city attorney council members elected year terms term limit elections held non partisan basis california state law identify democrats republicans registered democrats outnumbered republicans city democrats currently hold majority city council current mayor republican san_diego includes 1st 2nd 3rd 4th districts county officers elected city residents include sheriff district attorney areas city immediately adjacent administered port san diego quasi governmental agency owns property responsible land use planning similar functions san_diego member regional planning agency public schools city managed funded independent school districts state federal representation california state senate san_diego split 38th 39th 40th districts represented respectively san_diego split districts represented respectively united_states house_of_representatives san_diego split california 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd congressional districts represented respectively major scandals san_diego site san_diego free speech fight city restricted speech tortured killed member blamed million damages accused causing san_diego worst flood japanese american farmers died mayor forced resign post found guilty count conspiracy counts related alleged failure report campaign contributions series appeals counts dismissed based claims misconduct remaining conspiracy count reduced dismissed scheme city employees led san_diego pension scandal resulted resignation newly elected mayor criminal indictment pension board members charges finally dismissed federal judge november congressman resigned convicted federal charges represented california 50th congressional district includes northern portion city san_diego sentenced month prison sentence city council members deputy mayor briefly took acting mayor murphy resigned convicted wire fraud conspiracy commit wire fraud taking campaign contributions strip club owner associates allegedly exchange trying repeal city touch laws strip clubs subsequently resigned sentenced months prison judge acquitted seven counts granted petition new trial charges remaining charges eventually dropped july supporters mayor asked resign allegations repeated sexual harassment ensuing weeks women came forward publicly claim sexually harassed multiple individuals groups called resign agreed resign effective august subsequently pleaded guilty count false imprisonment battery charges sentenced house arrest probation crime san_diego ranked 20th city america according forbes magazine san_diego ninth city list cities like major cities san_diego declining crime rate crime san_diego increased early 2000s san_diego sixth lowest crime rate city half million residents crime rate overall dropped evenly category violent crime decreased period property crime increased total property crimes people lower national average according statistics compiled fbi violent crimes property crimes violent crimes consisted aggravated assaults motor vehicle acts arson defined property offenses san_diego lowest murder rate largest cities united_states education public schools san_diego operated independent school districts majority public schools city served second largest school district california includes schools elementary schools middle schools alternative schools high schools charter schools adjacent school districts headquartered outside city limits serve schools city include san union high school district union high school district addition number private schools city colleges universities according education rankings released percent san ages older hold bachelor degrees census ranks city ninth educated city united_states based figures public colleges universities city include includes private colleges universities city include usd san_diego campus san diego campus san diego campus satellite campus medical school city law schools city include thomas jefferson school law law school libraries city run system headquartered downtown branches city libraries reduced operating hours city financial problems city increased spending libraries million new story park boulevard street opened september addition municipal public library system nearly dozen libraries open public run governmental agencies schools colleges universities noteworthy love library media following published city daily newspaper online portal alternative times san_diego free online newspaper covering local news metropolitan area non profit online news outlet covering government politics education neighborhoods arts business oriented daily newspaper san_diego led local markets percent penetration according san_diego television station began broadcasting licensed seven television stations los_angeles channels available san_diego relative proximity larger city began licensing channels making possible cities san_diego acquire stations stations based mexico serve san_diego market television stations today include cbs abc regional pbs nbc america gala independent fox san_diego percent cable penetration rate ratio mexican licensed stations san_diego largest media market united_states legally unable support television station power stations regulations metropolitan areas fewer power television stations require unique station owners remain formed seven power stations california san diego market owns considered legal definition common ownership power low power television stations market permitted regardless number stations licensed area mexico san diego market owns owns owns license holder run california based subsidiary san_diego television market limited san_diego county market extends western arizona neighboring orange riverside counties los_angeles market past missing network affiliate available cable san_diego radio stations san_diego include nationwide broadcaster clear smaller stations networks stations include star news talk free radio san diego rock station number local spanish language radio stations infrastructure utilities water supplied residents city receives water california gas electric utilities provided division street lights middle 20th century city mercury street lamps city decided replace efficient lamps proposal triggered outcry observatory miles north city said proposed lamps increase light pollution interfere astronomical observation city altered lighting regulations limit light pollution miles city announced plans upgrade street lighting new energy efficient street lights use induction technology modified form lamp produces broader spectrum lamps new system predicted save million year energy maintenance costs city stated changes neighborhoods safer increase light pollution san_diego announced plans city install controlled street lighting intelligent lighting system control led street lights transportation automobile primary means transportation percent residents san_diego served network freeways highways includes interstate runs south north los_angeles interstate runs east arizona interstate runs northeast las_vegas salt_lake_city interstate splits near mexican border major state highways include connects downtown connects downtown northeast city intersects merges connects connects valley spans san diego bridge passes connects stretch passes san_diego oldest freeway called america beautiful san_diego roadway system provides extensive network routes travel bicycle dry mild climate san_diego makes cycling convenient pleasant year round option time city hilly canyon like terrain significantly long average trip distances brought strict low density laws somewhat restrict cycling purposes older neighborhoods downtown tend utility cycling oriented partly grid street patterns absent newer developments farther urban core suburban style arterial roads common result vast majority cycling related activities recreational cycling efforts san_diego rated best city cycling cities population million san_diego served san diego light rail system bus system commuter rail northern san_diego county served light rail line primarily serves downtown surrounding urban communities east county coastal south bay planned extension operate freeway planned operation amtrak coaster trains currently run coastline connect san_diego los_angeles riverside amtrak stations san_diego downtown san_diego transit information public transportation available web phone area city primary commercial airport san known busiest single runway airport united_states served million passengers dealing increasingly larger number year located miles downtown maintains scheduled flights rest united_states including hawaii mexico canada japan united_kingdom operated independent agency addition city operates general aviation airports montgomery field brown field border terminal direct access passengers walking mexico border catch flight mexican numerous regional transportation projects occurred recent years congestion san_diego notable efforts improvements san_diego freeways expansion doubling capacity cruise ship terminal port freeway projects included expansion merge rush hour spot freeways meet expansion interstate underway addition high occupancy vehicle managed lanes connecting near mexican border according assessment percent streets san_diego acceptable driving condition proposed budget fell million short bringing city streets acceptable level port expansions included second cruise terminal broadway pier opened airport projects include expansion currently construction slated completion summer notable people sister cities san_diego sister cities designated | San Diego | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4466_Omaha,Nebraska | nebraska largest city state nebraska county seat located miles north mouth anchor metropolitan area includes iowa according census population making nation 43rd largest city according population estimates population including suburbs formed 60th largest metropolitan area united_states estimated population residing counties nebraska combined statistical area according estimate nearly million residents greater area comprising mile radius downtown city center pioneer period began city founded neighboring iowa city founded crossing called lone tree ferry earned city nickname gateway west introduced new west world played host world fair dubbed 19th century central location united_states spurred city important national transportation hub rest 19th century transportation sectors important city railroads 20th century world largest plants gained international prominence today home headquarters fortune companies mega packaged food giant world largest construction companies insurance financial firm mutual largest railroad operator headed local investor richest people world according decade worth rankings ranked high home fortune headquarters west corporation headquartered largest privately held bank united_states nation largest architecture engineering firms inc poll fame began taking smaller houston company form moved permanently houston modern economy diverse built skilled knowledge jobs forbes identified nation number ranked number america list tourism benefits city economy greatly annual college world series providing important revenue city serving attraction nebraska named best zoo world hosted olympic swim trials speculation swim trials serve major tourist attraction place notable modern include bobby pin pink hair tip sandwich conceived chef hotel 33rd cake mix developed division forerunner today center pivot irrigation company known developed ski lift radio format pioneered head use format dinner developed character essay claimed invented man invented fortune history native american tribes lived land including 17th century people originated lower valley migrated west early 17th century missouri word actually means bluff lewis passed city built july august members expedition including lewis met tribal leaders council bluff point miles north present day immediately south area americans built fur trading outposts succeeding years including fort lisa built fierce competition fur traders created monopoly built town called park area temporary settlement provided basis development future separate treaties united_states federal government native american tribes nebraska gradually ceded lands currently comprising state treaty involving area occurred tribe ceded east central nebraska interpreter treaty played essential role proceedings pioneer legal claim land indian country operating lone tree ferry bring settlers iowa area brown generally credited having vision city sits passage kansas nebraska act claims area residents neighboring july city informally established picnic current site soon formed provide justice claim land city founding fathers land downtown later legislators area called territorial capitol located nebraska state capital relocated lincoln miles south west later ruled numerous landowners violent actions condemned baker founding figures stayed douglas house important early city early commercial history street developed independently business districts early pioneers buried prospect hill cemetery cedar hill cemetery closed 1860s graves moved pioneers later joined soldiers african americans early european immigrants historical historical jewish historical christian churches dating pioneer era city pioneering history celebrated sculpture parks spirit nebraska 19th century economy early years stopping point settlers heading west overland missouri river sank north way massive collection artifacts display nearby district brought new jobs followed railroads groundbreaking railroad provided essential developmental boom city authorized begin building westward railways january commenced construction equally important founded years founding major companies united_states located 1950s half city workforce employed processing railroads responsible growth city late 19th century early decades 20th century immigrants soon created ethnic city including irish germans joined european jews black migrants south little beginning late 19th century upper class lived city including south north neighborhoods traveled city park system designed renowned landscape architect horse railway carried passengers city later cable similar companies built douglas street bridge pedestrian wagon bridge gambling drinking prostitution widespread 19th century rampant city later controlled political boss criminal elements enjoyed support perpetual mayor nicknamed terms mayor great flood slow city violence camp dump strike pitted state militia drawing national attention labor troubles governor nebraska troops nearby protect bringing guns cannon defense event ended man dead wounded mob hanged african american porter accused white girl riots civil unrest events period leaders guidance held trans mississippi touted celebration agricultural industrial growth midwest drew american indians country held simultaneously million visitors attended events located neighborhood 20th century dramatically increasing population 20th century major civil unrest resulting competition fierce labor struggles center national kidnapping son local magnate city labor management clashed bitter strikes racial tension escalated blacks hired ethnic strife broke major riot ethnic whites destroyed city greek town completely driving greek population civil rights movement roots extend chapter people west mississippi_river founded city sunday tornado destroyed city african american community addition years later city caught riots thousands ethnic whites marched courthouse lynch black worker suspect alleged rape white woman mob burned douglas county courthouse prisoner causing damage hung shot brown burned body troops called quell riot prevent crowds gathering protect black community culture 1920s 1950s creative figures including emerging vibrant near north musicians created world joined national bands groups toured appeared city tumultuous great depression 1930s rebounded development south city operated factory 1940s produced including atomic bombing japan world war construction spurred development controversy particularly neighborhoods new routes hosted early civil rights group sit strategies integration public facilities national movement starting following development bomber manufacturing plant beginning world war relocation suburb provided major economic boost area 1950s 1960s insurance companies headquartered including world mutual late 1960s city surpassed united_states insurance centers connecticut new_york_city boston massachusetts surpassing chicago meat processing late 1950s suffered loss jobs railroad industries city struggled decades shift economy workers suffered poverty entrenched families remained 1960s major race riots destroyed economic base recovery slow decades tower completed tallest building major skyscraper feet sign renewal 1970s continued expanding growing available land west home majority city population populations continue centers new immigrants economic racial diversity major tornado major caused million damages dollars downtown numerous ways starting development late 1970s 1980s fruit warehouses converted shopping area called old market demolition canyon led creation campus nearby buildings including nash block converted taken surviving building converted multi use listed national_register_of_historic_places historic preservation movement led number historic structures districts designated listed national_register_of_historic_places push preservation came gained notorious designation having demolished largest historic district united_states record stands new headquarters campus company threatened relocate allow city historic district canyon warehouses allowed deteriorate scene fires set homeless population come live abandoned buildings time plans place buildings 1980s 1990s saw major company headquarters leave city including founded city taken houston notorious large credit card founded headquarters atlanta founded technology company computer systems large businesses fortune list filed bankruptcy affiliate northwestern states headquarters founding moved denver west level communications large tier network provider founded division fortune construction mining company headquartered level moved denver world founded merger started backed ceo purchased largest internet world billion infamous purchased larger billion world moved headquarters merged company mississippi 21st century start 21st century new downtown cultural institutions built completed surpassing tower tallest building state feet creation city new included construction center development construction new began completed area near center new construction occurred city start 21st century important retail office developments occurred shopping center business parks including parks downtown seen development significant number recent years significant mixed use projects underway site ben arena redeveloped mixed use development january nebraska announced plans build new story million headquarters completed spring currently building new corporate headquarters major mixed use development turner park developed mutual development includes towers retail businesses built turner park opened near gene mall opened developments missouri river waterfront downtown bob pedestrian bridge opened foot bicycle traffic september started place phase completed fully occupied second phase opened development attributed prompting development time line forward summers swimming trials held event highlight city sports community showcase redevelopment downtown area geography geography metropolitan area located according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water situated bank eastern nebraska built significant bodies water metropolitan area include city land altered considerably substantial land grading downtown scattered city sits flood plain west area location lake lake site dried 1920s metropolitan area consists counties nebraska iowa metropolitan area includes mills counties iowa washington douglas nebraska area referred consisted counties iowa washington douglas nebraska combined statistical area comprises metropolitan statistical area statistical area population census bureau estimate ranks 42nd largest city united_states core city 60th largest metropolitan area currently consolidated city counties area city studied possibility extensively concluded merge municipal county work commence immediately functional begin immediately departments possible including limited parks fleet management facilities management local planning purchasing personnel geographically considered located united_states important environmental impacts natural habitat area include spread invasive plant species restoring oak habitats managing deer population home hospitals located dodge county seat location county courthouse neighborhoods generally divided geographic areas downtown includes boys town regency gateway areas small community city wide range historical new neighborhoods suburbs reflect diversity early neighborhood development happened ethnic including little little mexico according data european ethnic existed expanding start 20th century city annexed surrounding communities including florence time city annexed including road neighborhoods annexation recent controversial annexation continually eye growth starting 1950s development highways new housing led movement middle class suburbs movement designated white flight racial unrest 1960s newer poorer migrants lived older housing close downtown residents established moved west newer housing suburbs communities edge cities recently downtown areas redevelopment designation commerce historic district landmark preservation home dozens nationally locally significant landmarks city dozen historic districts including fort depot historic district field club park historic district main street historic district notorious demolition buildings represents date largest loss buildings original building surviving complex nash block individual properties listed national_register_of_historic_places including christian building castle properties designated national historic landmarks locally designated landmarks including residential commercial religious educational agricultural socially significant locations city honor cultural legacy important history government body works mayor protect historic places important history organizations community include climate latitude location far bodies water mountain ranges displays humid continental climate hot summers mild cold relatively dry winters july averages moderate high humidity leads relatively frequent thunderstorms temperatures reach days days annually january daily average lows reaching days annually lowest temperature recorded city january highest july average yearly precipitation inches falling warmer months precipitation fall winter usually takes form snow average seasonal snowfall inches based year averages obtained months december january february ranked 5th major city demographics census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female census census people households families residing city limits population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races population hispanic latino race median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city population families lived poverty line total population age older living poverty line people native americans residents area city established european americans neighboring arrived years earlier early population yankee stock years numerous ethnic groups moved city reported population white black irish immigrants originally moved area present day called lived dirt population followed polish immigrants neighborhood immigrants recruited jobs industry german community largely responsible founding thriving beer industry including founding ethnic groups city north south downtown early days nature new frontier city included crime illicit gambling riots early 20th century jewish immigrants set numerous businesses north 24th street commercial area suffered loss industrial jobs 1960s later shifting population west city commercial area center african american community concentrated african american community maintained social religious base currently experiencing economic neighborhood grew south downtown italian immigrants came city work shops came settlers florence neighborhood strong political cultural voice involved variety trades businesses including banks wholesale houses funeral homes residence today legacy city early european immigrant populations evident social cultural institutions downtown originally immigrated work rail yards today compose majority hispanic population taken jobs meat processing significant early ethnic populations included poles growing number african immigrants homes years approximately living comprising largest population refugees united_states immigrated warfare nation different tribes represented including people speak language immigrated nigeria significant populations kenya expansion railroad industrial jobs attracted new immigrants migrants major city nebraska historically racially diverse rest state times rapid population change housing job competition aroused racial ethnic tensions start 20th century violence new immigrants erupted suspicions fears greek increased greek immigration greeks working killing irish policeman provoked violence earlier immigrants ethnic irish mob violence forced greek immigrant population flee city residents residents foreign born parent born outside america years greek mexican immigrant named killed mob near town metropolitan area event occurred officer investigating criminal operation selling goods stolen nearby railroad yards racial targeted culprit escaping city trapped mob including policemen shot times afterward discovered unarmed reliable time murder indicted fall following red summer postwar social economic tensions earlier hiring blacks job uncertainty contributed mob ensuing trying defend brown city mayor surviving quick rescue similar industrial cities suffered severe job losses 1950s total railroad industries packing plants located closer union achievements lost wages declined surviving jobs workers left area jobs poverty deepened areas city residents depended jobs specifically time reduced revenues city financial ability respond longstanding problems despair assassination april contributed riots including logan housing project nebraska evolved black nationalism involved tensions late 1960s organizations popular city african american youth tension culminated cause trial rice officer killed bomb answering emergency whites followed white flight pattern time late 1990s early 2000s gang violence incidents black residents undermined relations groups recent hispanic immigrants concentrated struggled earn living wages adapt new society deal discrimination economy according usa_today ranks eighth nation largest cities capita fortune companies industries including banking insurance telecommunications architecture construction transportation economy grown dramatically early 1990s newsweek identified high tech nation national fiber networks converge prominent businessman nicknamed regularly ranked richest people world based companies mutual fortune headquarters major corporations including large technology firms major operations operational headquarters including data city home largest architecture firms united_states including inc inc fifth highest percentage low income african americans country forbes named list employers according largest regional employers tourism tourist attractions include history sports outdoors cultural experiences principal tourist attractions college world series old market downtown major attraction important city retail economy city tourist destination years famous early visitors included british author general hosted official performance wild west thousand attendees city hosted visitors united_states world fair lasted half year research leisure tier tourists neighboring cities iowa kansas kansas_city missouri oklahoma denver colorado recent study found investment million cultural tourism generated approximately state local taxes provided support hundreds jobs metropolitan area turn led additional tax revenue government culture city historical cultural attractions lauded numerous national newspapers including boston_globe new_york_times home largest community theater united_states modern opera theater form backbone performing arts community opened significant art collections inception place children challenge discover world works learn play nation premier urban artist colonies founded traveling exhibits city home largest singly funded mural nation fertile ground annual jazz gospel festival celebrates local music overtook chicago meat packing center legacy reflected cuisine renowned recently closed retail chain henry zoo widely considered premier world zoo home world largest nocturnal exhibit indoor swamp world largest indoor world largest indoor desert largest dome world stories tall zoo nebraska number paid attendance attraction welcomed million visitors past years old market old market major historic district downtown listed today warehouses buildings house shops restaurants bars coffee shops art galleries downtown location commerce historic district art galleries restaurants features acres variety landscaping new park recognizes long history historical cultural attractions including love jazz art center annual river city celebrated neighborhood florence celebrates history florence days native days event celebrating near north heritage religious institutions reflect city heritage city christian community historical churches dating founding city sizes congregations including small medium hosts church jesus christ day saints temple nebraska significant jewish community parishes orthodox christian congregations city music rich history rhythm blues jazz gave rise number influential bands including rock roll pioneer jazz great preston love drummer city talent late 1960s band born indie folk singer songwriter raised today diverse culture includes variety performance venues museums musical heritage including historically significant jazz scene modern influential sound contemporary music groups located originally include faint ray wall late 1990s nationally known birthplace subsequent sound born bands collective style fledgling hip hop scene long time time graffiti artist professional competitor currently local hip hop radio host known number single college radio stations united_states number hits local hip hop station respectively titled lose control recently known released single called believe featuring nationally known hip hop group single produced producer record released based music publishing companies consisting worked songs participated summer concerts long heritage ethnic cultural bands come celebrates city long history african american music pipe band carries scottish legacy internationally renowned composer wrote ninth new world symphony based impressions region visiting robust czech community period surrounding world war peter encouraged germans celebrate rich musical heritage influential brewers beer gardens kept german bands active popular culture world premiere film held nebraska accompanying day celebration drew people special train hollywood carried director stars boys town famous movie boys town featured recent years handful relatively big budget motion pictures city extensive exposure native oscar nominated director shot parts election city suburbs built called demolition unpopular objections local historical cultural groups world lone surviving single screen movie theater shows films recent development film scene addition film streams screen theater facility features new american foreign films documentaries classics themed series director new theaters opening addition venues opening including located 32nd mall opened new movie theater screens operated songs include indie rock band counting celebration sung greater ready nebraska popular young adult novel eleanor park takes place winner named traveling world horse eventually retired farm south city horse promotional appearances ben 1950s following death buried circle champions sports recreation sports important century city currently plays host minor league professional sports teams known home college world series played host kings nba franchise called kansas_city home kansas_city kings split time cities playing kansas_city municipal auditorium civic auditorium solely kansas_city team moved current home sacramento quasi governmental nonprofit organization coordinates professional amateur athletic activity city including olympic swimming team trials building new stadium commission hosted national collegiate athletic association ncaa division women championship december year big baseball championship played college world series stadium quasi governmental board created city voters responsible maintaining center home time known minor league baseball team aaa affiliate hosted annual ncaa college world series men baseball tournament mid june closed tenants moved new venues april moved moved downtown home diamond spirit collegiate summer baseball team plays league home new expansion team play beef indoor football team played civic auditorium moved new compete number sports members baseball played park soccer played morrison stadium basketball played seat annually rank attendance year averaging people game representing play basketball baseball soccer members men ice hockey team plays national collegiate ice hockey popular spectator sport area teams united_states team play arena play campus thriving running community miles paved running trails city surrounding communities involves half marathon kilometer race place annually september history including multiple junior national champions city historic originally designed work parks create seamless flow trees grass flowers city boulevard remnants system boasts miles trails pedestrians include american discovery trail traverses entire united_states lewis historic trail passes travels miles westward illinois oregon trails area included comprehensive plans city metropolitan area long distance coordinated plans municipalities southeast nebraska government politics strong mayor form government city council elected seven districts city current mayor elected longest serving mayor history cowboy jim served years terms regarded mayor america number bars tenure close associate political boss tenure city switched original strong mayor form government city commission government city switched city clerk departments including finance police human rights libraries planning legislative branch seven members elected districts city council local city budget government priorities activities established budget ordinance approved annually council takes official action passage resolutions nebraska constitution grants option home rule cities residents meaning operate charters cities nebraska use option eligible currently considering consolidating government registered republicans outnumbered democrats 2nd congressional district includes democratic presidential candidate barack_obama opened campaign offices city staff members cover state fall democratic mayor said took deliver district electoral vote obama obama campaign considered district play nebraska senator senator campaigned city obama november obama won district electoral vote exceptional win nebraska split electoral vote system obama democratic presidential candidate win electoral vote nebraska nebraska moved town area large minority population based 2nd district shifted republican heavy suburbs expected city urban democratic vote crime rate violent crimes residents lower average rates dozen united_states cities similar size unlike cities experienced increase violent crime overall rates property crime decreased peer cities time period ranked 46th cities united_states population major industrial city mid-20th century shared social tensions larger cities accompanied rapid growth new immigrants migrants 1950s center illegal gambling experiencing dramatic job losses unemployment dramatic restructuring railroads industry sectors persistent poverty resulting racial discrimination job losses generated different crimes late 20th century drug trade drug abuse associated violent crime rates climbed los_angeles gangs city gambling significant city history founding 1850s 1930s city known wide open town meaning gambling sorts accepted openly closed quarters mid-20th century reportedly illicit gambling capita city nation 1930s 1970s city gambling controlled italian criminal element today gambling limited betting leaving drive iowa legal numerous businesses operating currently recently controversial proposal tribe nebraska approved allow tribe build casino iowa sits geographically west adjacent illegal education education provided private public institutions largest public school district nebraska students schools contentious period uncertainty approved plan create learning community area school districts central administrative board maintains numerous private catholic schools students elementary schools high schools street western earned national distinction received award home grade independent college preparatory school state nebraska colleges universities higher education institutions including located home designated united_states located campus ranked 7th country news world report primary care medical education ranked non doctoral regional university world report maintains acre km2 campus outside downtown new district jesuit institution enrollment undergraduate graduate medical law schools colleges universities metro area media city focus designated market area largest united_states weekly newspapers major daily newspaper nebraska largest employee owned newspaper united_states city include weekly business publication american weekly classified newspaper reader founded star nebraska african american newspaper television networks cable television news stations found represent city racial composition study provides cable television services metropolitan area infrastructure magazine ranked best city united_states live work play growth required constant development new urban infrastructure influence allow encourage constant expansion city retail natural gas water public utilities provided nebraska public power state nation electric utilities non profit customer owned electricity city provided public housing governed public transportation provided metro area transit cox provide local telephone internet services maintains modern sewage treatment plants portions corporation began northern currently provides natural gas lines owned inc division inc currently serves surrounding communities metropolitan area including hospitals research hospitals include boys town facility known researchers hearing related research treatment hosts world renowned cancer treatment facility named honor transportation central role history transportation america earned nickname west despite president lincoln decree iowa starting point construction began eastern portion railroad middle 20th century served major railroad today commerce historic district celebrates connection listing housed corporate headquarters company began new headquarters opened downtown amtrak national passenger rail system provides service lines terminal jackson downtown stop crossroads mall dodge provides service chicago metro transit previously known metro area transit local bus position transportation center finalized opening linking railroad railroads terminating road bridge opened 1890s opened largest bridge type world road bridges entering second generation including financed called added national_register_of_historic_places announced joint plans build opened today primary mode transportation automobile route freeway providing freeway service metropolitan area expressway road route nebraska link upgraded freeway standards city owned metro transit provides public bus service hundreds locations metro study ranked 21st largest cities extensive trail system city runners pedestrian modes transportation laid grid plan blocks mile north south house numbering system location historic boulevard system designed cleveland sought combine beauty parks pleasure driving cars historic modern parkway important elements system airport serves region million passengers serve airport direct connecting service situated users driving iowa getting view getting general aviation airports serving area municipal airport continues serve military located southern edge turn lies immediately south notable people sister cities sister cities veracruz japan | Omaha, Nebraska | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4480_HydeParkTownship,CookCounty,Illinois | illinois park township civil township illinois united_states existed separate municipality annexed city chicago borders 39th street north state street west lake michigan indiana state line east south region comprised known south chicago chicago initial explosive growth developed adjacent rural area developed residential commercial resort community infrastructure limitations legislative incentives lure better municipal services numerous adjoining agreed annexed city chicago creating largest city united_states time history early years township founded paid survey south city following advice senator bought acres km2 speculative property 51st street 55th street set developing chicago railroad suburb area miles south mouth miles south downtown chicago 1850s chicago urban area contained miles radius center selected park associate area elite neighborhood new_york famous royal park london began acquiring large land tracts lots sale 1870s incorporated 1870s surrounding followed suit divided basic governmental entities designated result new illinois constitution illinois incorporation law empowered community resident citizens petition illinois legislature incorporation municipality municipal charter extensive powers provide services tax local residents created empowered township better govern provision services increasingly suburban residents annexation current status following june elections suburban voted annexed city offered better services improved water supply fire police protection installed new north street nonetheless majority voters supported annexation city water system fire prevention belief township government annexation chicago able leverage largest united_states city area second largest population township current governmental structure functions office taxation record keeping purposes offers middle school high school awards eligibility based historical boundaries site location university_of_chicago founded years annexed chicago location included entirety following community areas map right east heights southern oakland eastern parts grand boulevard chatham west demographics created township residents creation changed evolutionary path neighboring industrial center middle class population township grew years later population reached | Hyde Park Township, Cook County, Illinois | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4622_Wilsonville,Oregon | oregon city primarily oregon united_states portion northern section city originally founded ferry crossed river location community city incorporated population population census grew census slightly residents census white largest minority group located portland metropolitan area city includes planned community south river city interstate includes bridge public transportation provided city includes operated students public schools attend schools west school districts including traditional high school campuses city council manager form government operates library public works parks department fire police protection contracted regional government agencies city home technology companies including largest employer city contains distribution manufacturing buildings adjacent interstate regional distribution facilities retail centers include square north town center shopping center south media consists portland area broadcast stations regional newspapers local newspaper history grandson settled later established ferry ferry gave rise community eventually grew originally area transferred current post office established community june named year school opened single room building railroad reached town community contained depot hotels saloon tavern bank commercial establishments school districts vicinity lake merged create single district railroad bridge built river beginning bridge completed year service south salem began new methodist church built community standing years later new room school replaced old room school turn replaced modern school mid 1900s property wooden railroad bridge caught fire burned ferry decommissioned opened carrying freeway today interstate mental hospital opened west community house oregon designed architect built near moved oregon garden flooded fire station built incorporated city population planned community south river annexed city year development began built campus city beginning later sold following year city hall relocated ferry park trailer year city manager hired standalone post office built ferry roads city police protection added city reached population library opened year new city hall opened replacing trailer served city hall city opened library building replaced room library located space leased school district population grew census road opened growth west school board approved building new high school located author owned estate death widow sold property developer housing development built property landing bears children section bear themed park located landing contains life size foot tall wooden statue famous literary creation living center members headquartered church closed year problems including money church leaders led church closed state oregon site proposed location opened different site north old hospital grounds protest construction prison specifically effect property values began school buses property grounds state hospital development primarily residential complex opened west school district high school city history lack adequate long term water supply forced city suspend adding new developments city new water treatment plant opened address need expanded nearly times size square foot building expansion finished closed june later sold property turned shopping center anchored supermarket september opened new million story brick steel city hall controversy concerning location led unsuccessful attempts recall elected officials city including mayor geography located southern edge portland metropolitan area sitting elevation feet sea level primarily southwestern northern section located north established ferry neighboring cities north northwest aurora southeast approximately miles west road separates majority city planned community neighborhood city limits south according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water waterways addition include creeks account runoff west city includes coffee lake wetlands foothills lie west land city level ground divides city neighborhood groups designated planning areas individual neighborhoods occasionally neighborhood spans groups instance development covers areas individual neighborhoods include town center old town old town neighborhood oldest neighborhoods located south road ferry road adjacent landing old contains original portions town climate valley marine west coast climate zone summers generally warm temperatures year round marine influence pacific_ocean receives precipitation mild cool winter months period november march july august months average high temperature december month average low december average month inches highest recorded temperature occurred august august august september lowest recorded temperature december demographics city significant population families use halfway point jobs different cities mainly salem portland incorporated estimated residents grew people census placed population rose counted approximately inmates opened city census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female census census people households families residing city population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city white asian african american native american pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median home cost grown city population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family income level higher county state national median income levels males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age economy jobs city residents location interstate location led city headquarters major local national companies home facilities national companies companies headquarters city include design software maker imaging systems manufacturer shoe retailer sporting goods automotive parts retailer based bankruptcy chain bought video rental retailer subsidiary bankruptcy printer manufacturer operates large facility city largest employer company acquired color printing imaging division corporation adjacent north road parkway avenue maker headquartered city december located founded employees home business located industrial parks interstate filled manufacturing distribution facilities city largest employers employ people large employers city additionally operates plant city distribution centers closing retail concentrated mainly road near interstate interchange includes related developments town center loop includes largest employers city opened square foot store space businesses old town square roads meet north end town acre shopping center opened includes target store anchor tenants south small commercial center shops culture media consists radio stations television stations broadcast portland media market regional newspapers local paper spokesman published week circulation single movie theater operated contains screens theater opened featured stadium style seating northwest founded member annual circulation library located adjacent memorial park largest oldest city parks includes water feature athletic fields barn meeting space amenities town center park water feature visitor center operated oregon korean war memorial parks city park park ferry park located landing defunct ferry holds classes community programs community meeting space holds annual arts fair called festival arts annual event started replaced ferry days farmers market started development held sundays october golf course city farms south east respectively series open spaces trails setting film government home rule charter council manager governed municipality city manager runs day day operations current city manager mayor person city council elected year terms mayor term ends council members fire protection police protection contracted area governmental agencies fire services provided agency operates fire stations city police service contracted lieutenant serving chief police officers vehicles marked city parks runs parks memorial park largest acres provides water supply treatment system built water system upgraded new treatment plant water drawn built cost million conjunction previously city wells provide drinking water began run dry late 1990s plant initial capacity million gallons day expanded million gallons day neighboring begin receiving water plant city single library branch square foot building road majority city west area public transit provided city smart connections buses northern limits city commuter rail federal level primarily oregon 5th congressional district represented portions lying 1st district represented city represented house city represented house district addition lies metro regional government education west school district portions south areas west lie primary schools serve students students grades attend high school students attend arts technology high school districts operate schools city satellite campus town center loop opened campus originally known private profit operates campus main campus city interstate near opened students mascot ferry replaced old students largest primary school district known opened students known home student school opened charter high school students opened transportation interstate runs north south middle city crosses bridge interchanges freeway north river road south ferry road meets road north end town south river interchange crosses southern limit city street crosses links western eastern parts road avenue ferry road northern portion town center loop french prairie drive road parkway avenue main roads city transit service provided city decided opt operates area regional transit smart smart connections salem transit service transit service commuter rail line began operations february southern terminus nearly mile line operated station hub smart services freight rail service provided tracks connections tracks run north south cross city airport south closest public field portland international airport miles north closest commercial airport located river port facilities marina located south notable people city home variety notable people ranging politicians athletes authors famous politicians home include governor federal judge mayor state representative athletes note included football player professional baseball player manager prominent legal field include children author businessman baseball coach actor sister city sister city relationship city established relationship province japan northern estimated population mayor visited japan attend ceremony honoring 40th birthday mayor visited celebrate twentieth anniversary relationship | Wilsonville, Oregon | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4777_FalknerIsland | called island acre crescent shaped island located miles coast connecticut united_states island visited native americans thousands years meaning place great fish hawks founders purchased island tribe transaction land east purchased stone family remained family sold government island light constructed commissioned president light second oldest connecticut listed national_register_of_historic_places lighthouse automated continues operate navigational aid nearby island stewart national wildlife refuge fifth largest colony nesting northeastern united_states island land mass lost erosion acres original acres reinforced eastern boundary slow advancing deterioration origins recorded coined native americans island meaning place great fish hawks refer possession instead usage resources island identity european explorer unknown likely dutch explorer sailed united_states government credits block early english settlers called likely stemming native american writes island probably named english translation falcon suggesting presence falcon simple ignorance island dutch maps later evolved result family lived island island transferred government deed states changed established island change universally recognized popular usage island lighthouse use including publications history site human activity thousands years archaeological survey performed island found point triangle variety dates study conducted erosion control project required law island national_register_of_historic_places findings published bulletin history indians identifies site ceremonial religious practices practices unknown according thirteen turtle island permanent settlement likely fishing hunting trips summer european contact occurred half map possession reverend deed shows island founders purchased island tribe transaction land east acquired land married daughter point owner island purchased island remained stone family sold distant relative named equivalent sold island government equivalent historian notes government likely openly communicating island united_states congress appropriated march lighthouse prior government acquisition property inhabited family war british forces landed island told keeper wife fear long kept light burning later keeper light order new london customs inspector british threatened blow lighthouse stone got order lighthouse generator house light renovated summer house united_states study endangered erosion control project completed hurricane sandy greatly reduced breeding habitat square metres erosion threatens island existence believed acres reduced acres total area fallen acres projected lose inches year disappears sea constructed commissioned president lighthouse keeper houses service life erected rebuilt keeper house burned lighthouse repaired automated undertaken restoration preservation lighthouse major restoration work completed march access light restricted nesting season august second oldest extant lighthouse connecticut listed national_register_of_historic_places wildlife island stewart national wildlife refuge acquired according currently supports nesting connecticut site largest pairs colonies regular nesting location federally endangered species state living island american breeding pairs noted year erosion control project completed hurricane sandy greatly reduced breeding habitat square metres spring dock damaged scheduled rebuilt | Falkner Island | Geography and places | Places | North America |
4795_BlackfordCounty,Indiana | indiana located east central portion state indiana county named judge speaker long time chief justice created divided county seat incorporated cities incorporated town located county county site numerous unincorporated communities ghost towns occupying square miles km2 fourth smallest county indiana census county population people households based population county 8th smallest county indiana interstate highways located indiana state roads cross county additional state road located county southeast border county railroad lines north south route crosses county intersects second railroad line connects communities west arrival european american settlers 1830s northeastern portion future briefly site indian reservation chief miami tribe european american pioneers typically farmers settled near rivers land drainage suitable agriculture originally county land available farming marshes cleared drained years small communities slowly developed county county rail lines constructed 1860s 1870s additional communities evolved railroad stops beginning late 1880s discovery natural gas crude oil county surrounding region caused area undergo economic boom period known manufacturers relocated area advantage low cost energy railroad facilities boom period lasted years reflected population peaked new construction associated additional prosperity boom period caused significant upgrade county appearance wooden buildings replaced structures brick stone infrastructure built time remains today including historic buildings agriculture continues important county important loss large manufacturers 20th century today percent covered corn fields additional crops wheat hay grown geography according census total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water making fourth smallest county state county located miles south indiana miles northeast indianapolis north county eastern county separates indiana border state ohio located southern border west county land flattened glaciers millions years ago glaciers responsible rich farmland available county cleared drained early 20th century known statewide quality cattle horses county small streams lakes lakes man flowing indiana east crosses northeast corner big little flow westward jackson southern half county early settlers attracted nearby land suitable drainage farming county lakes include lake blue water spring fed stone quarry located mile east lakes group lakes created lake originally intended water supply farmer cattle harrison original county named president george_washington created june county commissioners thought named president created commissioners september communities incorporated cities located county small portion city occupies county southeast corner largest city county seat located southern half county population peak incorporated city located southern banks northeastern county population peak achieved half unofficial peak estimated city oil boom small portion city known located portion located population entire city incorporated town achieving status community indiana years population road maps typically unincorporated communities named roll named post office named communities listed ghost towns nearly businesses communities closed residences maintained communities listed populated places roll post offices 19th 20th centuries extinct settlements communities exist anymore cases church farm single residence remains extinct community location communities post offices 19th century post office lasted community railroad stop southern post office 1870s community railroad stop post office 1870s community church school bestowed community condition area school began lasted greenland located north east little chicago located northwest corner community 1890s railroad stop grain elevator post office general store oil fields located nearby north east community railroad stop housing farm employees located 1890s 1920s listed populated place population farm washington township land community purchased original owner established church school general store established location owner community namesake decade 20th century general store closed contributing demise community community located southeastern exact location known post office town luck located harrison township north east south miles east history following thousands years varying cultures indigenous peoples historic miami delaware indians recorded permanent settlers area living reserve treaty site located east allotted miami indian chief francis allowed stay miami tribe powerful group indians region half french chiefs sold reserve indians migrated west european american enter future land owner entered july sons built county mill located family farm brief period land western act approved january created effective march december motion review dividing resolution adopted communities originally existed communities located northeast portion founded arriving village oldest community site county largest water mill mill constructed considered finest state community located west led community started groups settlers vermont vermont natives named settlement capital home state county oldest community sources claim created law finalized indiana bill house originally creation county named windsor windsor replaced house_of_representatives january act formation county approved february act intended county open business monday april april county organized finally january original february act amended stating shall enjoy rights privileges independent county act appointed commissioners corrected defined southeast corner new county years political battle continued location county seat tiny community repeatedly selected commissioners decisions challenged individuals favoring township location community populous township county community county oldest community fourth act finalized location county seat construction courthouse began discovered community indiana named eventually renamed years county grew slowly plans roads railroads drained railroad line authorized plan connect indiana cities running north south communities work constructing railroad line began 1850s completed connecting delay caused second railroad operate time railroad began operations named acquired railroad railroad operate crossed somewhat east west county southern half railroad named time entered line proposed completed running communities small community renamed communities established line railroad eventually named pittsburgh cincinnati names railroad time include panhandle division portion line abandoned track removed south state road gas boom natural gas discovered counties adjacent discoveries small community south railroad line city portland east formed early successfully natural gas later year company organized spring natural gas found crude oil found county somewhat successful oil located south began producing thought heart greatest natural gas oil field world oil found parts including thought phenomenal america natural gas companies companies headquartered county including communities roll june people held manufacturing jobs transformed region manufacturers moved area utilize natural gas railroad system indiana state visited manufacturing facilities companies employed people compare decades earlier additional manufacturing employees county small communities glass factory added count county largest employers glass factories american window glass plant number glass company resources low cost energy railroads workforce especially favored glass factories lists addition economic transformation gas boom upgrade appearance county landmark buildings constructed gas boom including current courthouse surrounding buildings courthouse square historic district city built period additional buildings include historic buildings downtown historic district constructed gas boom historic constructed early 1900s near end gas boom post gas boom gradually came end decade 20th century end gas boom meant prosperity county gas oil workers left manufacturers moved service industries forced close cut operations fewer customers adding county problems machines labor intensive method originally producing window glass obsolete causing county skilled glass workers large american window glass plant lose jobs window glass plant county largest employer closed according population peaked returned years later end gas boom especially difficult smaller communities county loss single business impact communities town businesses case community major manufacturer glass factory closed communities loss gas oil workers meant local post office waste time consumer demand general store significantly diminished improvements automobile highways coincided end gas boom contributed decline county smaller communities automobile changed business shopping patterns expense small town merchant small town residents began drive larger communities purchase goods wider selection improved quality automobiles roads competed passenger service railroads lines causing decline passenger traffic rails small towns associated railroad stations suffered loss traffic passenger service line owned time discontinued train ran january natural gas oil workers left area gas oil boom population eventually stabilized grew manufacturers remained county largest cities lack better alternatives major employer continued operations 1950s leaders attracted businesses overhead door replace companies left area overhead door major employer years major setback community involving overhead door occurred 1980s began 1960s 1960s overhead door moved headquarters dallas texas manufacturing plant continued major employer 1980s overhead door cut local operations facility finally closed county lost major employer key plant closed people lost jobs agriculture continues important factor county economy percent land occupied corn fields additional crops livestock raised good returns agriculture reflected economy nearby towns industrial agriculture reduced number workers needs family farms declined small towns corn belt communities continue decline size demographics united states census population density inhabitants square mile km2 average indiana inhabitants square mile km2 people households families residing borders racial makeup county percent white percent black african american percent native american percent asian percent races percent races hispanic latino origin percent population average household size average family size families accounted percent county households percent families included husband wife living children age living percent family households non family households accounted percent total households percent occupied living people years older living accounted percent non family households percent types households terms age distribution percent population age percent years age older median age years females males females age males median income household county median income family males median income versus females capita income county percent families percent population poverty line including percent age percent age terms ancestry percent german percent american percent irish percent english government county government constitutional body granted specific powers constitution indiana indiana code county council legislative branch county government controls spending revenue collection representatives elected county districts council members serve year terms responsible setting salaries annual budget special spending council limited authority impose local taxes form income property tax subject state level approval taxes service taxes county approximately million district schools million county operations services total annual budget approximately million executive body county board commissioners commissioners elected county wide terms serves year term commissioners typically senior serves president commissioners charged executing acts council collecting revenue managing day day functions county government president board commissioners county maintains small claims court handle civil cases judge court elected term years member judge assisted constable elected year term cases court decisions appealed state level circuit court county elected offices including sheriff treasurer recorder surveyor circuit court clerk elected officers serves term years oversees different county government members elected county government positions required declare party residents county trustee rural fire protection ambulance service provides poor relief manages cemetery care duties trustee assisted duties member township board trustees board members elected year terms based census results indiana 6th congressional district district district climate weather typical humid continental seasonal climate climate classification distinct seasons winters cold moderate snowfall summers warm humid recent years average temperatures county seat ranged low january high july record low recorded january record high recorded june average monthly precipitation ranged inches february inches june march april considered tornado season indiana endured category storm palm sunday april storm occurred midwest day category maximum speeds miles hour crossed farmland east roll fatalities tornado people killed neighboring county experienced recent occurred rated category scale dangerous category record hail hail inches diameter fell april tie city hail stones largest recorded state indiana biggest recorded snow storm great occurred january federal state emergency declared indiana time indiana governor authorized use national_guard equipment facilities personnel state low temperatures high winds deep snow caused look like ghost town schools businesses closed wind gusts miles hour caused feet high making travel type truck automobile impossible viable means transportation volunteers provided emergency assistance economy economy supported labor force approximately workers unemployment rate june percent industrial parks located cities served railroad line owned employers varying size located county employees locations currently largest manufacturer county located purchase business employing people located leading employer people working facility categories employment account percent employment county manufacturing government retail trade health care largest category manufacturing accounts percent county employed workforce addition local businesses larger local economies populous counties south west offer employment commerce particularly city city counties employ workers local workforce provide agriculture significant impact county farm workers account percent county workers county farms occupying acres roughly percent farmland nearly acres devoted cultivation corn wheat hay grown livestock include pigs transportation interstate highways interstate passes miles west county western border route shares portion route area enter state road enters county south passing neighboring passes directly north leaves county near roll continuing north state road runs west east north end county way ohio border passes state road runs west east entering neighboring passing crosses state road going enters way ohio border state road runs eastern border county miles goes north terminates reaches state road norfolk railroad line enters county south leaving runs mile east state road reaches northeast passes continues north owns east west line located southern half county mile section line abandoned decade track removed line service north state road october indianapolis pursued agreement operate east west line line currently appear indianapolis system map education health care county public schools administered school year total students attended schools county school system reorganized county wide vote favored single school system entire county result decision graduated classes new high school serving entire county constructed time school year like county new high school named called school located miles north somewhat near center county school designed students initial enrollment totaled students serving grades current high school enrollment students grades attend county served elementary schools 1980s decreased number elementary schools serves grades classes hosts grades students grades attend universities located close located adjacent counties miles largest known located south home ivy private school located west private school miles west cities public libraries built building known library possible grant philanthropist business magnate library added national_register_of_historic_places public library possible grant built required local towns fundraising match grants commit operating libraries construction women groups instrumental organizing fundraising libraries time construction library located belongs museum housed building located staff people serves county blood pressure provided addition educational services emergency county hospital bed facility located north facility opened january includes medical office building ambulance garage media newspaper started ran drug store print shop times source considers started later county newspaper possibly times advertising county published newspaper predecessor town long time newspaper herald county daily newspaper evening news started newspaper eventually renamed cox death 1930s cox family sold owners combined entity changing ownership years continued operations 20th century 21st century newspaper began calls county daily newspaper major television markets reach indianapolis lower powered stations located closer cities stations typically broadcast range covers radio stations based plenty nearby areas stations broadcast range includes indianapolis plenty stations broadcast range radio stations located portions county rural areas internet access available notable people born portland indiana family moved indiana graduated ford holds academic degrees retired active duty colonel united_states_air_force pilot space shuttle discovery august flight logged hours outer space october ford began voyage outer space time journey aboard russian spacecraft destination president lived indiana died pioneer development garage doors holds numerous patents johnson notable electric operator upward acting doors johnson overhead door corporation major employer years employing people peak years born august small farm graduating college indiana served superintendent schools superintendent schools representative indiana general assembly elected indiana lieutenant governor won election governor served single year term allowed law public service indiana served administration president worked agriculture related offices legacy directing school buses painted yellow safety identification purposes idea spread nationwide decorated female athletes history earning big player year awards big women golf champion native indiana later competed inducted | Blackford County, Indiana | Geography and places | Places | North America |
5070_SilverReef,Utah | utah ghost town utah united_states miles northeast mile west leeds established nevada discovered vein silver sandstone formation uncertain find silver usually found sandstone salt_lake_city sent site stake mining claims claims influx miners came work claims stake accommodate miners established town called property values high miners settled ridge north named settlement town renamed silver mines nearby closed businessmen arrived people living town mile long main street businesses office rice building adjacent settlements majority residents town meeting house day saints catholic church fire destroyed businesses residents rebuilt mines gradually closed worldwide price silver dropped buildings town demolished moved leeds mining operations resumed direction organized area mines mines purchased company minimal work result great depression purchased mines began mining area operations long sold mines today office rice building numerous foundations walls remain town site dozen homes constructed area geology geography sandstone formations gets formed stresses forced long aligned sections stand sides giving appearance ocean reefs long periods time silver ore sediments vegetation carried water runoff white east reefs ore settled deposits vegetation resources consist mainly silver deposits smaller deposits copper gold lead iron deposits soil rocks cause red coloration dinosaur tracks early period found area close western border miles northeast mile west leeds white reef lie directly west sage mountain brush pine coniferous trees pine interstate mile miles east respectively miles north ghost town reef south elevation feet feet climate located hottest parts state utah summer temperatures rise temperatures occur winter nighttime winter temperatures occasionally drop receives inches precipitation annually unusual inch snow winter july average temperature december average temperature highest recorded temperature july lowest recorded temperature january demographics settled people living local census taken gave population mines closed population dropped mines living organized miners moved work lived town wife 1950s departure completely abandoned subdivision land planned 1960s finalized census people lived today considered leeds history area inhabited native americans followed migration animals hunted typically deer mountain sheep farmers growing corn wheat pottery found abandoned villages usually constructed temporary dwellings sticks leaves bark roofs occasionally built permanent dwellings rocks usually mountain large accommodate families storage pits placed rock dwellings settlements typically small food scarce group lived red cliffs recreation area silver discovered area 1860s commonly accepted story named came area montana staying home settlement decided soon located vein silver yards southwest home find ore interest left nevada years later returned area mining claims organized union mining district abandoned returned group miners reorganized claims mining district began developing later discouraged claims sold according accepted story man known murphy nevada brought piece sandstone area miners performing tests sample murphy stated contained silver ton investigation murphy discovered samples come area record murphy claim allegedly attract attention miners miners refused believe news silver found sandstone brought actual sample area called interesting fake news silver discovery reached walker brothers known salt_lake_city hired previously mining claims stake claims behalf claims published article claims article mentioned area abundance rich silver mines set silver rush late established town called businessmen came area property values miners businessmen looking inexpensive land set tent city north called mines nearby closed november miners business owners worked came area known silver settlement changed construction labor opportunities workers available pine valley mills supplied lumber construct buildings year result silver ore mined taken salt_lake_city immediately following initial silver rush town site town built permanent business building established store intersection roads white east reefs town business district consisted hotel boarding houses stores restaurants bank dance halls newspaper called later silver reef dry goods stores catholic protestant located south business district businesses situated mile long main street mining district consisted mines stamp mills leeds mills surrounded settlements large populations town meeting house catholic church church located town railroad completed chinese workers hired build work returned china remained utah group workers set level area south chinese mayor businesses population reached town horse race track brewery brass band shooting matches members residents nearby towns took place horse race track residents good relations residents nearby settlements lot cotton agricultural items produced area transported wagon town buildings constructed labor workers reverend invited mass george catholic church constructed assist choir learned latin chants politics involved good relations forgotten members people members grew townspeople wanted change county seat silver reef alarmed members main figures territorial legislature legislature moved county line eastward maintained majority transferring farming communities good relations towns usual labor disputes mining camp wage laborers owners major dispute formed support wages gambling prostitution commonplace shootout involved town marshal johnny diamond guard tensions diamond temporarily shut hired colonel wall owner guard told diamond went serve closure warrant refused allow diamond forced diamond leave property immediately started court proceedings room saloon diamond argued wearing hat inside continued argument outside diamond asked gun shot diamond diamond returned fire men died men held saloon found bodies contained bullet wounds caliber powder burns caused proximity shootout caliber bullet wounds indicating somebody shot shootout shootout occurred december known exactly happened believed dealer saloon clark regular patron previously argued gambling matters shooting began argued clark bet arguing minutes pulled pistol clark shot witnesses said clark pulled pistol shot witnesses said clark shot patrons saloon including clark father beat shot instance murder occurred october stabbed california fired day account violent nature murder occurred near boarding house initially pistol away drew knife instead got feet died soon stab wound inflicted residents angered murder soon lynch threats delivered arrested soon murder committed transferred jail safety prior moving lynch mob gathered followed sheriff escort jail sheriff took cell tried hang telegraph pole pole broke took tree hung residents shocked sight hanging man reputed said observed tree growing years time seen bearing fruit decline fire discovered restaurant hundreds residents threw water nearby leeds creek fire wet blankets adjacent business buildings fire spread town prominent buildings fire destroyed businesses main street finally extinguished reported state panic felt fire extinguished residents rebuilt businesses destroyed town soon began decline decrease wages day day mines savage property response decrease wages formed february union members began talking striking mines word potential strike spread discharged miners response discharged union members escorted company superintendent allen immediately went beaver filed lawsuit union members went court union members held meeting decided shut savage led president walked rows arriving savage men went works ordered engineer duty shut pumps kept water water table pumps shut group went savage ordered days later sheriff accompanied men arrested members including jail small hold prisoners jailed rice building rice building hold prisoners line drawn building crossed line threatened shooting members transferred beaver tried riot conspiracy false imprisonment thirteen members sentenced imprisonment sent sentenced days prison charged fine years strike world silver market dropped causing mines compensate drop prices mines reduced wages miners instead striking miners accepted addition miners inadvertently dug water table shafts began filling water faster pumped mines idle closed officially closed mines continued operate past year merchants went bankrupt left town mines produced million worth silver ore worth mined people attempted restart mining operations attempts successful mines closed buildings purchased lumber building stone buyer dismantled building bought discovered gold coins news find spread quickly buildings demolished hopes discovering gold found organized owned area mines purchased mines sank compartment shaft white reef new connected flooded savage water pumped minimal work ore operation profitable great depression ownership mines passed western gold corporation purchased claims mined sandstone deposits shipment came ann pride total pounds shipped region claims bought company operate long tourism popular culture following closure district mines office residence alex 1950s placed national_register_of_historic_places march currently serves art gallery museum rice building burned rebuilt reconstructed appear 19th century served european cuisine closed remnants houses buildings markers indicating buildings stood area preserved history office powder house contains models town town major mills catholic church catholic protestant restored visited original buildings remain including story mining buildings mile long yards long surrounded private homes exploring ghost town visitors explore red rock country surrounding camping fishing mountain hunting activities available visitors located south picnic designated area trees half mile hiking trail leads remains mile red reef trail leads dinosaur date early period found area nearby allows visitors study pioneer history appeared american films late 1960s area scouted corporate executives fox use film kid served backdrop film featured documentary treasure house utah mining story | Silver Reef, Utah | Geography and places | Places | North America |
6335_London,Ontario | london ontario london city located canada windsor corridor city population according canadian census london confluence non thames river approximately halfway toronto ontario detroit michigan separated municipality politically separate remains county seat london thames named lord proposed site capital european settlement village founded incorporated london grown largest municipality canada 11th largest municipality having annexed smaller communities surrounded london regional centre health care education home hospitals city hosts number musical artistic exhibits festivals contribute tourism industry economic activity centred education medical research insurance information technology london university hospitals employers london lies junction connecting toronto windsor international airport train bus station history founding prior european contact 18th century present site london occupied neutral villages archaeological investigations region indicate people resided area past years current location london selected site future capital intended settlement honour renamed river choice capital site midst extensive hardwood forests rejected governor skirmish war southwest london reservoir hill village london named english capital london founded capital envisioned administrative seat area west actual capital york toronto locally named colonel chief area oversaw land surveying built government buildings administration region rest village benefited provisions building maintaining roads assignment access priorities main routes productive land time crown clergy reserves receiving preference rest ontario new settlement suffered outbreak cholera london proved centre strong support upper canada rebellion notwithstanding brief rebellion led consequently british government located ontario garrison increasing population soldiers business support populations required london incorporated town april fire destroyed london time largely constructed wooden buildings casualties town fire engine fire burned nearly acres land destroying buildings burning later day fifth london destroyed province million dollar fire january london incorporated city residents 1860s spring discovered drilling oil springs popular destination wealthy turn 20th century textile factory built site replacing spa long established proposals military colleges canada staffed adult male students underwent month long military courses london established militia general order school enabled officers militia promotion militia learn military duties drill discipline command company battalion drill internal economy company duties company officer school retained confederation development sir london gave events explain development london speech location court administration london arrival military garrison arrival railway london iron bridge street bridge constructed replaced succession flood failed wooden structures provided city northern road crossing river rare example bridge remains open pedestrian bicycle traffic currently closed indefinitely traffic structural problems amidst river distance brewery historic park including major mill linked london western suburb named community joined southern subdivision formally incorporating municipality changed inclusive london west remained separate municipality voted amalgamation london largely repeated flooding flood july resulted loss life property area retains original maintained 19th century workers housing including georgian cottages larger houses distinct sense place london eastern suburb remains industrial centre incorporated attaining status town continued separate municipality concerns expensive fiscal problems led amalgamation southern suburb london including collectively known incorporated south annexed city village retains distinct sense place contrast settlement city north end clear identity university annexed ferry victoria capsized drowning approximately passengers worst disaster london history years later july devastating floods london history killed people second major flood april destroyed thousand houses caused million damages particularly repeated floods built dam control downstream rivers financing project came federal provincial municipal governments natural disasters include tornado led damage streets area london role military centre continued 20th century world wars serving administrative centre western ontario district london built housed private investor purchased historic site built new hotel place preserving shell historic building 1950s reserve battalions amalgamated london unit continues serve today remains london barracks oxford street barracks home militia regiment annexation present london annexed surrounding communities including adding people doubling area amalgamation suburban growth accelerated london grew outward directions creating expansive new subdivisions london annexed nearly entire township westminster large primarily rural municipality directly south city including police village massive annexation london doubled area adding thousand residents london stretches south boundary annexation london largest urban municipalities ontario intense commercial residential development presently occurring southwest northwest areas city opponents development cite urban destruction rare zone forest farm lands replacement distinctive regions generic standard transportation pollution concerns major issues facing london currently eleventh largest urban area canada eleventh largest census metropolitan area canada sixth largest city ontario geography area formed retreat glaciers ice age produced areas notably actually productive areas farmland ontario thames river dominates london geography branches thames river meet centre city location known fork thames north thames runs man located northeast london created constructed protect areas catastrophic flooding affected city climate london humid continental climate location relative elevation changes city virtually hot summer boundary favouring climate zone southwest confluence south north thames rivers zone northeast including airport location continent london experiences large seasonal contrast tempered point surrounding summers usually warm hot humid july average temperatures occur average days year temperatures occurred total times city affected frequent thunderstorms hot humid summer weather convergence originating convergence zone responsible spawning funnel clouds occasional tornado london located canada spring autumn long winters cold witness frequent annual precipitation averages winter snowfall totals heavy averaging year majority comes lake effect snow snow originating northwest occurs strong cold winds blow direction december december london experienced record snowfall snow fell parts city schools businesses closed days bus service cancelled second day snow highest temperature recorded london august lowest temperature recorded january parks london number parks downtown london major centre community events attracting estimated million visitors year major parks include pioneer village city maintains number gardens demographics according census city london population people increase population children accounted approximately percent resident population london percentage resident population london retirement age percentage canada average age years age compared years age canada population metropolitan london grew percent compared increase percent ontario according census majority christian faith accounts percent population roman catholic protestant christian religions include islam buddhism judaism percent population reporting religious affiliation according census percent population london european percent latin american percent arab percent black percent south asian percent chinese canadian percent percent southeast asian percent west asian percent korean canadian percent filipino percent belong groups census predominant ethnic origins english canadian scottish irish german french dutch italian polish portuguese ukrainian february published population estimate london july economy london economy dominated medical research insurance manufacturing information technology life sciences related research conducted supported adds billion london economy annually headquarters canadian division located london founded founded london second largest credit union ontario employs people founded london tower tallest buildings london home nesting decade builds armoured personnel carriers city year billion deal supply light armoured vehicles saudi_arabia workers canada million expansion project temporarily canada london plant advanced manufacturing facilities late announced closure plant end resulting jobs lost production belleville michigan plants portion city population work factories outside city limits including automotive plant toyota plant ford plant casualties economic crisis introduced slot machines currently slot machines operate fair grounds year round founded currently employs london city centre mall renamed plaza suffered collapse loss store large space left departure bay filled london central library sections lost businesses replaced campuses london major post secondary education schools downtown mall demolished replaced parking lots december minister state announced new million cargo terminal london international airport culture city home festivals funded including folk festival expressions chalk street painting festival rock park london rib ribs cooked served second largest rib festival north_america pride london festival 11th largest pride festival ontario world music festival second biggest canada toronto summer destinations north_america musically london home noise music pioneers canada london home museums including located thames museum london exhibits art wide variety local regional national artists london home owned main feature canada going excavation partial reconstruction prehistoric village museums include london regional children museum secrets museum closed public collection remains london london home art gallery campus professional theatre involved promoting cultural activities london hosts art exhibitions author readings home london chapter canada artist run centres residence prominent oldest surviving building london entire property donated city london heritage site erected province commemorate house role ontario heritage house sir thought idea led discovery lived practiced london months july london site flame hope intended burn cure diabetes discovered famous people born london ontario list people london ontario sports london currently home london knights play gardens previously known knights memorial cup champions summer months play park canadian soccer league highest level soccer london club founded oldest active professional soccer franchise north_america squad plays cove road stadium sports teams include london silver swim team london city soccer club london football teams include london basketball team london lightning plays gardens members finishing inaugural regular season lightning win canada championship defeating finals games number sports teams moved folded london baseball teams london monarchs canadian baseball league london international association sports teams include london canadian soccer league london nationals western ontario hockey league march london hosted world figure skating championships teams play university football team plays western rowing team rows lake teams play team won consecutive canadian national championships program cemented program win men women national team titles coach year acres harness racing track centre operates year round grounds include coin slot casino theatre sports complex world oldest continuously baseball grounds established renamed london field flooded rebuilt twice including orientation bases flood located indoor cycling track ontario built north_america opened current franchises law government london municipal government divided fourteen representing london fourteen mayor elected mayor municipal election officially taking office december prior brown election london recent elected mayor following resignation june city councillor served acting mayor councillor selected interim mayor june elections consisting controllers mayor elected city wide composition challenged ballot questions civic election proposal municipal government seen council reduced eliminated council come determination result decided questions ballot fall election city council reduced size eliminated yes votes prevailed instances voter turnout failed exceed cent insufficient decisions binding municipal act council voted retain status quo citizens group petitioned change ward composition city seven roughly radial pattern downtown core defined communities interest ruled december city sought leave appeal decision courts leave denied february decision justice response city conceded change asked special legislation province ensure councillor new june ontario bill received royal guarantees london councillor ward london ties separated overlap exception courthouse jail judiciary administered directly province provincial government london represented london north centre jeff middlesex london armstrong london london west federal government london represented conservative middlesex london liberals london west london serial killing london contained largest concentration serial killers world city murders time period serial killers operating london convicted killings london chamber maid slayer mad murders august civic initiatives initiatives helping create renewed sense specific initiatives include creation ontario heritage act special building code policies london home heritage properties representing variety architectural styles including modern protective trees city protesting unnecessary removal trees city_council tourist industry created projects trees city begun erect metal trees colours downtown area causing controversy transportation road transportation london junction connects city toronto detroit nearby ontario provides ready access hamilton area smaller lane highways pass near london including kings highways historical names provincial 1980s 1990s responsibility provincial highways municipal governments roads continue provide access london nearby communities locations including 1970s london improved urban road eliminated established traffic patterns 19th century street lack municipal freeway city presence significant railways attendant switching yards passes primary causes rush hour congestion construction heavy snow traffic times significantly variable major traffic jams rare wellington road commissioners road road london busiest section roadway vehicles span average day city council rejected early plans construction freeway instead accepted serve east end expressed concern absence local freeway hinder london economic population growth voiced concern freeway destroy environmentally sensitive areas contribute london suburban road capacity improvements named airport road highway east end parkway received criticism built proper highway recent city run study suggested upgrading replacing intersections interchanges london public transit system run bus routes city improving bus service years cope city growing number riders peak periods bus service currently mode public transit available public london ground light rail rapid transit networks like canadian cities london taxi hire services recently london constructed major order encourage reduction automobile use transport london canadian main line toronto chicago secondary main line windsor main line toronto detroit rail operates regional passenger service london station windsor corridor connections united_states rail london terminal fourth busiest passenger terminal canada london destination inter city bus travellers london seventh busiest canada terminal terms passengers connecting services london american cities detroit michigan chicago illinois transportation transportation company based city operates bus service transit bus routes kings main campus london international airport 12th busiest passenger airport canada 11th busiest airport canada offs landings served including provides direct flights domestic international destinations including toronto chicago las_vegas orlando ottawa calgary plans city london considering light rail bus rapid transit high occupancy vehicle lanes help achieve long term transportation plan additional planned integration road widening projects need sufficient space routes expressway freeway network possible eastern western ends city western route past potentially highway joining city north end interchange wonderland road planned traffic efficiently city southwest end probably built widens lanes highway outdated cloverleaf interchange nearby colonel construction begin assessed entire length identifying areas interchanges constructed grade occur placed completion longer expressway freeway majority length high speed rail station proposed london connecting future high speed rail line quebec city windsor corridor run canadian national rail right way city education london public elementary secondary schools governed school boards thames valley district school board french language school boards providence satellite office london private schools city london home highest ranking academic school ontario city home post secondary institutions college applied arts technology founded time faculty staff members undergraduate graduate students placed tenth magazine rankings canadian universities formed ranked best business schools country affiliated colleges founded canada university level women college founded founding college founded liberal arts colleges religious king roman_catholic_church london home kind enrollment approximately students including international students countries students time continuing education courses key performance provincial average years increasing year year london founded offers recording studio experience audio engineering students located london private career college founded offers diploma programs sister cities london currently sister city china | London, Ontario | Geography and places | Places | North America |
6611_Norfolk,Virginia | norfolk virginia norfolk local independent city united_states census population population estimated making second populous city virginia neighboring norfolk located core metropolitan area named large natural harbor located mouth chesapeake_bay cities seven counties constitute metro area officially known city bordered west north chesapeake_bay shares land borders independent cities south east oldest cities norfolk considered historic urban financial cultural center region city long history strategic military transportation point largest navy base world naval station norfolk located norfolk nato headquarters city corporate headquarters north_america principal class railroads manages world largest fleet flag vessels city bordered multiple bodies water norfolk miles property including beaches chesapeake_bay linked neighbors extensive network interstate highways bridges tunnels bridge tunnel complexes bridge tunnels united_states history colonial years governor virginia colony sir incorporated jurisdictions termed developed portion colony formed basis colonial representative government newly norfolk incorporation king charles reorganized colony system people settle colony immigrated virginia king norfolk england granted large land holding system portion separated suggested birthplace newly formed year later split counties incorporated present day city norfolk chiefly recommendation area virginia known place including men london norfolk developed late 17th century half fort constructed acres acquired local natives exchange pounds tobacco established lower norfolk county final county subdivision took place split form included present day cities norfolk parts portsmouth princess present day city norfolk incorporated tobacco inspection site located according tobacco inspection act inspection fort land landing princess anne inspection granted royal charter borough norfolk developed contemporary observers argued prosperous city virginia important port goods british isles merchants numerous trading ties parts british_empire norfolk served strong base loyalist support early american revolution fleeing colonial capitol lord royal governor virginia tried control colony norfolk secured small victories norfolk forced exile american rebels commanded colonel departure brought end years british colonial rule virginia new year day lord fleet ships shelled city norfolk hours damage shells fires started british spread patriots destroyed buildings thirds city patriots destroyed remaining buildings strategic reasons february walls survived bombardment subsequent fires bombardment fired liverpool remains wall nineteenth century following recovery revolutionary war burning norfolk citizens struggled rebuild fire city waterfront destroyed buildings city suffered economic setback 1820s communities american south suffered prolonged recession caused families migrate areas moved west kentucky tennessee migration followed exhaustion soil tobacco cultivation primary crop generations virginia attempts phase slavery increased decades war gained passage resolution gradual abolition state time increased demand development created large internal market slavery invention cotton late 18th century enabled profitable cultivation short staple cotton widely proposed free blacks freed slaves africa establishing new colony paying transportation african americans wanted stay birthplace united_states achieve freedom rights period virginia north_carolina embarked port norfolk free person color native norfolk emigrated later elected president establishing powerful family june vessel repairs sailed west_indies outbreak yellow fever port health officer ordered ship days second inspection found issues allowed dock days later cases yellow fever discovered norfolk died disease july august people dying day city population fled hopes escaping epidemic understood disease transmitted norfolk portsmouth infected new_york banned traffic sites neighboring cities banned residents norfolk epidemic spread city poor affecting family causing widespread panic number infected reached september second week died norfolk portsmouth weather cooled outbreak began leaving final tally dead took city time recover early norfolk voters instructed delegate vote virginia voted union spring took place northwest shore city marking fight ironclads uss monitor virginia battle ended stalemate changed course naval warfare warships fortified metal norfolk mayor surrendered city union general forces held city martial law duration civil war thousands slaves region escaped union lines gain freedom quickly set schools norfolk start learning read write years end war 20th century present brought large naval review exposition demonstrated peninsula favorable location laid world largest naval base southern democrats congress gained location commemorating anniversary founding exposition featured prominent officials including president members congress diplomats countries built enter world war constructed exposition grounds half 20th century city norfolk expanded borders annexation city annexed incorporated town making city cross city expanded include town area city included navy base miles beach property chesapeake_bay smaller annexation land swap city assumed current boundaries dawn following world war new highways constructed region series bridges tunnels constructed years linked norfolk peninsula portsmouth opened connect norfolk city portsmouth highways stimulated development new housing suburbs leading population spreading additional bridges tunnels included norfolk expressway interstate state route new complex opened new system multiple lanes highway interchanges connecting downtown norfolk interstate tubes supreme_court ruled brown segregated public schools unconstitutional public system supported ordered integration virginia pursued policy massive resistance time black citizens state turn century constitution practices related voter registration elections prohibited state funding integrated public schools united_states district courts virginia ordered schools open time racially integrated basis response governor ordered schools closed declared state law conflict state constitution ordered public schools funded integrated days later asked general_assembly massive resistance laws september black children entered previously segregated norfolk public schools editor massive resistance earned pulitzer prize new suburban developments white middle class residents moved city new highway routes norfolk population fell pattern repeated numerous cities postwar era independently segregation issues late 1960s early 1970s advent newer suburban shopping destinations freeways spelled demise fortunes downtown street commercial corridor located blocks inland waterfront opening large shopping centers drew retail business street norfolk city leaders began long push revive urban core underwent decline norfolk city leaders focused waterfront collection decaying piers warehouses obsolete shipping facilities demolished place planners created new boulevard drive high rise buildings norfolk skyline erected city developed festival marketplace attract people waterfront downtown redevelopment facilities opened ensuing years including baseball stadium home minor league baseball team park named finest facility minor league baseball norfolk efforts downtown attracted acclaim economic development urban planning circles country downtown rising fortunes helped expand city revenues allowed city direct attention neighborhoods geography according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water norfolk located city located southeastern corner virginia junction chesapeake_bay officially known 37th largest united_states estimated population area includes virginia cities norfolk portsmouth suffolk counties gloucester isle york north_carolina counties gates city norfolk recognized central business district resort district primarily centers tourism populated city functions suburb additionally norfolk norfolk includes north_carolina statistical area 32nd largest nation estimated population addition extensive property norfolk miles resort property beaches spit ocean view communities low lying largely surrounded water norfolk particularly vulnerable rising sea levels addition land built slowly areas flood regularly high tide city commissioned study investigate address issue future reported cost dealing sea level rise foot billion dollars scientists estimated current trends hold sea norfolk rise feet end century norfolk settled homes wood frame construction similar medieval english style homes homes wide chimneys roofs decades town laid georgian architectural style popular south time brick considered substantial construction patterns brick laid flemish bond style evolved include projecting center windows roof decks story homes warehouses stores workshops began dot norfolk streets norfolk burned revolutionary war revolution norfolk rebuilt federal style based roman ideals federal style homes kept georgian symmetry refined decorations look like homes federal homes features narrow embracing doorway giant flat roofs projecting bays exterior walls rooms oval elliptical octagonal federal remain standing today majority buildings wood simple construction early 19th century architectural elements began appear federal style row homes iconic columns classic motifs windows federal style row houses modernized placing greek style porch greek roman elements integrated public buildings old city hall old greek style homes gave way gothic revival 1830s emphasized pointed arches steep roofs towers lead windows examples elements emerged 1840s including ornamental corner norfolk simple wooden structures ornate buildings high rise buildings built late 19th century structures current building constructed form initial norfolk skyline past styles revived early years 20th century apartment buildings popular living city great depression wore emerged popular building style evidenced building downtown consisted streamlined concrete faced appearance smooth stone metal consisting glass colored tiles neighborhoods norfolk variety historic neighborhoods neighborhoods cities towns ocean view long history tied chesapeake_bay today neighborhoods downtown transformed city undergone climate norfolk humid subtropical climate moderate changes seasons spring arrives march mild days cool nights late temperature warmed considerably herald warm summer days summers consistently warm humid nearby atlantic_ocean exercises slight cooling effect daytime high temperatures slight warming effect nighttime low temperatures compared areas farther inland norfolk occasional days temperatures rare occur occasion average july month august year month frequent summer thunderstorm activity combined rising frequency august tropical activity hurricanes tropical storms bring high winds heavy rains usually brush norfolk occasionally area highest risk period mid august end september fall marked mild warm days cooler nights winter usually mild norfolk average winter days featuring lows near slightly freezing highs upper mid 50s average month year january norfolk record high august july record low recorded january snow occurs sporadically average annual accumulation inches demographics census people households families residing city population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races race population population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size age distribution age years age older median age years females males females age males large gender military presence city notably naval station norfolk median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age year norfolk total crime index residents national average year city experienced murder rate residents total crime decreased compared year city total crime index highest murder rate norfolk experienced 21st century rate residents year norfolk experienced murders assaults automobile according city crime rankings crime metropolitan america norfolk virginia ranked dangerous city larger inhabitants economy norfolk serves commercial cultural center unusual geographical region political structure independent cities difficult separate economic characteristics norfolk region waterways completely surround region play important local economy strategic location mouth chesapeake_bay protected deep water channels serve major trade import export goods mid-atlantic internationally addition commercial activities major military center particularly united_states_navy norfolk serves home naval station norfolk world largest naval installation located northwest corner city station headquarters known active duty personnel ships aircraft base serves headquarters nato region plays important role defense contracting particular emphasis ship repair businesses city norfolk major private shipyards located norfolk area include norfolk shipyard inc navy portsmouth contracts fulfilled shipyards issued navy private commercial repair takes place gross regional product includes entire defense spending regional growth increases defense spending military second largest important industry norfolk based economic impact region cargo ports headquartered norfolk commonwealth virginia owned entity turn owns operates major port facilities break bulk container type cargo norfolk represents facilities home world largest fastest container cranes handled total million tons cargo making second busiest port east coast north_america total cargo volume port new york new_jersey addition norfolk home point docks largest coal trans shipment point annual approximately million tons coal primarily sourced mountains western virginia west_virginia kentucky coal loaded trains sent port large cargo ships destined new_england europe asia operated manufacturing plant located produced model station wagons building pick trucks closed plant employed people square foot facility major shipping lines permanent presence region combination sales distribution logistical offices located norfolk addition largest international shipping companies chosen norfolk north american headquarters companies located building constructed buildings lake wright executive center office park french firm israeli firm subsidiary world largest shipping line north american headquarters norfolk major companies headquartered norfolk include parent company traditionally centers tourism region rebirth downtown norfolk construction cruise ship pier foot downtown driven tourism increasingly important city economy number cruise ship passengers visited norfolk increased april city completed construction million state art cruise ship terminal alongside pier partly construction passenger counts dropped expected rebound higher later years unlike cruise ship located industrial areas downtown location norfolk terminal received favorable reviews tourists cruise lines enjoy proximity city hotels restaurants shopping cultural amenities home fortune companies representing food industry transportation retail companies located norfolk employers according report published employers norfolk arts culture norfolk cultural heart region addition museums norfolk principal home major performing arts companies norfolk plays host numerous yearly festivals town point park downtown located district region foremost art museum considered new_york_times finest state particular note extensive glass collection moses house american marble sculptures museum main building undergoing expansion renovation expected reopen april renovation remain open art displayed venues community opened downtown waterfront features hands exhibits interactive theaters digital high definition films extensive variety educational programs home battleship uss wisconsin battleship built united_states served briefly world war later korean gulf wars memorial located 19th century norfolk court house city hall downtown contains tombs late general wife museum vast research library personal belongings including famous pipe short film chronicles life famous general army people world largest animal rights organization based norfolk located early 20th century tudor style home acre estate features eclectic collection asian western art including chinese bronze persian ivory carvings norfolk variety performing groups regular seasons founded norfolk artistic director inception conducted 100th opera production performances staged statewide company principal venue district founded country leading regional theaters produces season plays downtown company shares facilities founded directed regular staple regional fine arts scene norfolk performances place hall scope complex downtown orchestra provides musicians performing arts organizations area large scale concerts held arena provides intimate atmosphere smaller groups norfolk cultural venues include george performing arts expanded cinema downtown norfolk helped improve cultural scene particular large number clubs representing wide range music interests line lower area norfolk celebrates rich ethnic diversity population sights sounds attractions special events pay tribute city long heritage sports norfolk serves home highest level professional franchises state virginia plays triple baseball international_league play ice hockey norfolk universities division sports teams old dominion monarchs provide sports including football basketball baseball norfolk served home court richmond regional professional basketball franchise defunct played norfolk home games november virginia played norfolk home games new arena team league folded norfolk built entertainment sports complex featuring seat indoor arena located northern section downtown served venue major events including second known norfolk home parks recreation town point park downtown plays host wide variety annual events early spring late fall region largest annual festival celebrated 30th year held weekend june celebrates region proximity attachment water parade sail numerous tall sailing ships world form line sail past downtown docking marina music concerts regional food large fireworks display highlight day festival celebration people culture small beginnings day festival week june largest region addition serving cuisine features music norfolk fourth july celebration american independence contains spectacular fireworks display special navy ceremony norfolk jazz festival smaller comparison big city jazz festivals manages attract country jazz performers held august showcase virginia produced enjoyed increasing success years virginia burgeoning wine industry noted united_states international level festival grown industry sampled purchased bottle case directly event takes place weekend october spring wine festival held second weekend nearby museum ship uss wisconsin wisconsin square day annual parade city ocean view neighborhood celebrates rich irish heritage norfolk variety parks open spaces city parks system city maintains beaches north shore area additional parks contain picnic facilities children city community pools open city citizens opened acre km2 botanical garden located near norfolk international airport open year round opened acre zoo hundreds animals display including critically endangered tiger threatened white city known parade public art program launched place statues city tourists walking tour downtown locate found government norfolk independent city services counties cities virginia provide sheriff social services court system norfolk operates council manager form government norfolk city government consists city council representatives seven districts serving legislative oversight capacity popularly elected large mayor city manager serves head executive branch city departments executing policies adopted council citizens elect council representative serve year term additional council members elected city wide city council meets city hall weekly consists mayor ward vice mayor ward ward ward ward city government infrastructure create close working relationships citizens norfolk city government provides services neighborhoods including service centers civic leagues interact directly members city_council services include preserving area histories home rehabilitation centers outreach programs university trains citizens neighborhood clean event planning neighborhood leadership financial planning norfolk police department provides support neighborhood watch programs including citizens training academy security design police athletic program youth business watch programs norfolk federal courthouse virginia norfolk judges magistrate judges bankruptcy judges additionally norfolk general district circuit courts downtown norfolk located virginia 2nd congressional district served representative republican virginia 3rd congressional district served representative democrat education public school system comprises high schools middle schools elementary schools special purpose won million broad prize urban education award having demonstrated greatest overall performance improvement student achievement reducing achievement gaps poor minority students city previously nominated number private schools located city oldest founded religious schools located city include christ norfolk city hosts holds performances classes norfolk home public universities private hosts community college campus downtown old founded mary independent institution offers degrees undergraduate masters doctoral graduate degree programs founded community medical school surrounding jurisdictions noted research reproductive medicine located region major medical complex district founded largest virginia offers degrees wide variety liberal arts nursing engineering small private liberal arts college shares eastern border neighboring city offers year degrees specialized training programs located downtown additionally profit schools operate city virginia public library consists main library anchor library branch libraries library local history room contains government documents dating 19th century libraries offer services computer classes book reviews tax forms online book clubs media norfolk daily newspaper alternative papers include defunct online serves regional business community local business news local universities publish newspapers crown serves monthly regional magazine norfolk area serves online magazine norfolk area norfolk served variety radio stations towers located area cater different interests including news talk radio sports eclectic mix musical interests norfolk served television stations designated market area 42nd largest homes total major network television cbs nbc abc fox station norfolk residents receive independent stations broadcasting channel broadcasting channel major motion pictures filmed norfolk including filmed ocean view amusement park mission impossible iii partially filmed bay bridge tunnel controversy moved property communications engineering firm businesses residential properties eminent domain turn land response hung square foot banner reading years street years norfolk workers threatened eminent domain city cited sign code infringement ordered banner removed held city attempt business properties illegal ruled favor city sign removal january affirmed district court ruling april asked hear case amendment free speech issue infrastructure transportation norfolk linked neighbors extensive network arterial interstate highways bridges tunnels bridge tunnel complexes major east west routes interstate route ocean view avenue major north south routes known street main roadways norfolk include drive military highway makes loop norfolk norfolk primarily served lid region major commercial airport airport located near chesapeake_bay city limits neighboring seven provide nonstop services destinations passengers land facility pounds cargo processed facilities provides commercial air service area airport region direct international flights february provides general aviation services located miles outside city limits norfolk served amtrak service norfolk station located downtown norfolk adjacent stadium line runs west paralleling route corridor richmond high speed rail connection richmond northeast corridor southeast high speed rail corridor study provides service central bus terminal downtown norfolk april construction new million half completed downtown adjacent providing state art permanent structure cruise lines passengers wishing embark norfolk previously makeshift structures embark passengers supplies crew passes norfolk norfolk extensive frontage port facilities portions western light rail bus ferry services provided regional public transport system headquartered buses operate norfolk peninsula way routes travel ferry service connects downtown norfolk old town portsmouth additional services include express bus norfolk naval base services park ride lots provides service downtown area tide light rail service began operations august light rail starter route running southern portion norfolk commencing road passing stations serving areas going heart downtown norfolk terminating norfolk general hospital white norfolk norfolk utilities water sewer services provided city norfolk receives electricity local sources including gas power plant coal fired plants norfolk headquartered subsidiary natural gas city storage plants norfolk water quality recognized water systems united_states ranked fourth best united_states city norfolk tremendous capacity clean fresh water city owns lake burnt mills lake taylor virginia area grown faster local freshwater supply river water fresh longer available areas currently water cities pumped virginia north_carolina border reservoir system diverted city treatment city portion water treated water treatment plant pipeline miles long inches diameter follows right way abandoned portion railway capable pumping million gallons water day partners project city provides services residents transports regional treatment plants healthcare prominence naval medical center portsmouth norfolk strong role medicine norfolk served city home norfolk home known specialists diabetes achieved international fame march opened clinic country test tube baby born december international headquarters operation smile nonprofit organization repairing facial children globe located city physicians peace non profit focuses providing training education medical professionals developing world based norfolk notable people sister cities norfolk sister cities | Norfolk, Virginia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
6678_Danebod | pronounced dan historic district south edge railway town tyler southwestern minnesota founded danish evangelical led district comprises group buildings dating minnesota oldest danish immigrant settlement remains day predominantly close religious community annual celebration named days held fourth weekend july celebrates danish heritage culture includes parade goes town main street neighborhoods basis cultural architectural significance buildings added june historic complex etymology honors denmark queen queen consort tenth century danish king old thought directed building stone wall danish peninsula jutland protection foes south gratitude given originally meant danish saves history native inhabitants area later people establishment september danish pioneer established small organization wisconsin later danish evangelical lutheran church america churches conventions clinton iowa danish farmer iowa suggested danish church help families living cities prefer living countryside find fitting spot danish colony committee appointed purpose finding piece land scattered danish immigrants settle committee consisted evangelical lutheran son committee soon arrangements purchase acres km2 land southeastern minnesota agreement land agent stipulated years land sold danish people land rolling prairie hills south community tyler minnesota june seventy settlers states towns communities area home pioneer settlers faction represented liberal religious tradition staunch contrast inner mission denmark believed celebrating life lived present nicknamed happy salvation gift christianity saved focus bible holy book taken literally creed bible source christianity nationalists wanted appreciation identity founder quoted writing christian stressed true people common land common language common history common culture songs folk dancing language cuisine etc established save total colony written spoken language remained danish decades establishment sunday june pioneers arranged festival celebrate new colony population grew rapidly early 1890s year people lived danish colony late 19th century july meeting held home congregation formally organized members church council consisted president secretary treasurer regular church services resident pastor instead people met homes sing danish hymns listen reading sermon pastor minnesota ministers occasionally conducted services town congregation later hired danish pastor michigan arrived family april humble upbringing denmark later studied folk high school america preacher involved community activities area quickly assumed leadership sense founder pastor children described arrival autobiography morning committee stood platform bid welcome new pastor wife trailed children rear held hired man count flock forgotten friends invited breakfast home merchant committee guided small house corner west present day chevrolet dealer businessman brought automobiles area early committee left small house soon discovered kitchen range place claimed able manipulate provided street large general store father sent given old boxes break soon arms fire minutes september decided convention iowa congregation acres km2 land dedicated sunday june died reverend succeeded pastor like early received training folk school convinced success new congregation colony depended establishment danish speaking folk school opened december president teachers students danish immigrants educated denmark helped pastor building built native rock farmers hauled rocks shores swan lake south split shaped rocks finished fall public gathering funeral november quickly center new colony sunday services conducted numerous weddings students folk school building gym hall young people meet meet friends participate singing games years later small worship services decided build new church dedicated sunday june early 20th century ladies aid society established july board members sunday school conducted hour prior church services sunday decided hold sunday school time worship service early discussed possibility establishing children home tyler november children home opened residence temporarily moved minnesota organized early colony organized danish elementary school children use travel diary entitled big adventure hazards motor touring local described average school day hour religion learned read write danish history hour girls learned work taught english writing reading previously daughter danish pioneers hold place history bringing vehicles tyler early 1900s sunday february burned grown fortunately fire burned slowly students quickly summoned neighbors time rescue furniture items high value nearby buildings saved rescue fall months disastrous fire new larger folk school dedicated speakers exercises terrible epidemic swept county churches schools temporarily closed effort halt deadly disease people died followed august devastating tornado tore fourth deadly tornado minnesota history took lives people injured dozen culture continued haven danish culture 20th century 21st elementary school university library newspapers church services remained danish language decades remained widely spoken language 1940s remains predominantly danish american town customary fly danish flag danish cuisine music cultural celebrations language literature evangelical lutheran religious tradition remain important parts life inhabitants church services held solely danish language offered weekly service danish referred home reference mythological folklore sign tyler street saying welcome tyler home 1930s combination financial pressure low enrollment forced danish language based close building opened offered annual summer family camps folk camp offers danish cuisine danish folk dance danish art danish cultural experiences spirit danish folk school system camp attendees sing danish songs dance traditional danish folk dance work crafts danish based lectures day annual danish inspired celebrations town including town parade danish constitution day days traditional danish distinctive spherical shape days town attractions held annually danish descendants years day festival held 4th weekend july celebrates danish heritage community festival parade inspired danish traditions culture goes main street neighborhoods traditional danish foods cream sticks kisses danish coffee liver popular festival activities days include traditional danish folk dancing danish art displays danish folk song singing children activities fair called tradition singing dancing christmas tree takes place center gym hall christmas time families tradition celebrating christmas eve december town fair danish constitution day june danish speakers especially elders recognized architectural cultural significance listed june complex includes historic buildings built rebuilt lutheran church buildings survived disastrous fire burned rebuilt year buildings stood devastating tornado killed people community structures built simplified floor plan religious purpose closest lake stands story wooden building stands street stands gym hall iconic twin towers lutheran church located town main street appropriately named tyler street shape greek cross outside known dedicated sunday june building square placed center tower middle carried degree angle arms cross outside interior detailing church built largely volunteer labor money pledged early settlers little points interest include altar chairs lamps architectural structure walls ceiling windows ship hand carving altar pulpit altar cloth hand carved stone font star ceiling statue christ celtic cross pictures church located church established organization later danish evangelical lutheran church america organization later merged largest lutheran church america lutheran church remains today stone hall built single floor stone building form latin cross entrance wing features medieval inspired rest building windows closer greek revival built native field rock hauled farmers split shaped danish named church later gymnasium assembly hall points interest outdoor old bell children school gym hall old old photographs field stone structure museum housing collection photographs publications objects important history venue activities lectures discussion groups typically open public viewing family camp sessions erected building sides entrance arm project forward sides plus small roof entrance originally built space danish folk dancing music theatrical performances larger social gatherings worship folk school students locals year gym hall lutheran church danish tradition dancing christmas tree basement commonly crafts stained glass enlarged stage basement home talent plays presented occasional play camps folk dancing points interest statue original canvas curtain advertising bars years ago south wall original walls built year burned ground february soon rebuilt months later current school building completed story brick building ends carried story corner tower pointed arches entrance gothic native danish architecture renovated camps meeting place local groups clubs points interest hand carved podium lecture hall picture podium hand carved wooden cross podium collection plates lecture hall sitting rooms pictures sitting rooms small podium dining room early settlers colony founded residential school danish tradition folk high schools fostered concept learning living individuals sought thoughtful citizens stands testament values continues serve place fellowship lifelong learning dormitory style room unique plan decoration large kitchen dining area provide perfect setting group meals activities lecture hall classrooms allow ample space programming | Danebod | Geography and places | Places | North America |
6914_Gladstone,Oregon | oregon city located oregon united_states population census approximately square mile km2 suburban community miles south portland largest city oregon located confluence rivers held important cultural social events hosting inaugural county fair moved locations secretary state presidential candidate given public speeches city history indians prior european settlement native american groups living area president commissioned lewis clark expedition explore expedition passed near locality way pacific_ocean natives people told area subsequent years successive waves explorers traders introduce cholera smallpox heavy toll native peoples contributed substantial reduction population founded european settlers began moving area petitioned governments remove local natives land settlers use farming housing government allocated reservation natives appropriated redevelopment extant remnant natives large maple tree called wow tree listed tree stands boulevard said marked place different native tribes mainly met trading agreements settle community affairs conduct wedding ceremonies location set county fair following year parade ring marked entrance tree celebrated wow festival early earliest area recipients families settlers receive donation land claims family owned land portland avenue came oregon serve oregon territorial legislature owned area equal size east portland avenue unsuccessful early formally founded small settlements established vicinity natural disasters fires floods survived incorporated cities today community originally named nest settled robert built flour lumber mills banks warehouses homes mills steadily added fire destroyed buildings efforts rebuilding small town entirely ceased great flood struck remaining buildings ill fated settlement located near falls prospered great flood swept town falls reconstruction town importance river commerce ended completion ships longer needed dock goods passengers falls remaining town officially survived annexed founding founded judge formally incorporated january named british statesman judge cross laid city streets cross home built late 1840s cross purchased later currently service occupies space small park named cross located place indian tribes camp movement movement way judge cross established year lease event convinced author city people beginning july newly formed held annual summer assembly offered performances lectures concerts event annually park grew largest permanent assembly park united_states drew crowd acre park hear popular lecture prince peace stressed christian theology individual group morality solid foundation peace equality advent radio improved transportation appearance traveling acts portland attendance began valley association went bankrupt judge cross died august shortly including buildings sold seventh day geography according city official area square miles km2 adjacent communities city immediately bordered following communities listed descending order population county seat sits south entirely separated river west west census designated place unincorporated area lake west north lodge south census designated place unincorporated area runs census designated place unincorporated area similar exists north south northeast unincorporated area census designated place resides greater small incorporated city approximately residents northeast similar city oregon acre city tried unsuccessfully annex cities generally considered larger portland metropolitan area possess population production right relatively dense sub region contains combined population exceeding people despite proximity city point share political boundaries major street grid bordered rivers sides primary city interstate runs north south eastern edge city oregon route runs north south western taken suggestion surveyor judge decided number streets american colleges number united_kingdom universities university exeter earl earl portland avenue main street divergence naming convention named electric line traversed street transported passengers portland climate annual average temperature annual average precipitation inches according system warm summer mediterranean climate abbreviated climate maps demographics census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population arts culture annual cultural festival parade early august commemorates status popular destination festival held max memorial city park despite relatively small geographic size city recognizes separate parks recreational areas spanish language radio station broadcasts city public services public safety quality life polling data suggests citizens satisfied city services receive large majority consider particularly good excellent place live reflecting support police fire medical services levy renewal measures overwhelmingly approved voters november education schools served includes bond passed allow approximately million worth construction schools majority million money applied high school district later bond saving percent total savings begin tax year library city operates library city council approved plans new million library ballot measures backed group blocked financing construction pending specific voter approval city placed new measure november ballot million option public transit transportation district transit service city provided bus routes king road river road oregon city rush hour express route notable people american labor activist grew went secretary treasurer woman youngest person hold position secretary treasurer | Gladstone, Oregon | Geography and places | Places | North America |
6981_WashingtonParkHistoricDistrict(Albany,NewYork) | washington park albany new_york albany new_york city premier park site festivals gatherings public property dates city charter seen uses including gunpowder storage square parade grounds cemetery park mistaken designed incorporate philosophical ideals designed manhattan park acres size acre roughly foot long foot wide lake southwestern corner park historic residential surrounding neighborhood architectural works line streets facing park designed famous architects late 19th century including governors new_york lived buildings facing outside term office historical architectural significance park neighborhood included park named nation important parks boston based composer wrote orchestral piece inspired park entitled history cemetery parade grounds public property charter granted albany incorporating city charter specified land privately owned time property mayor city albany including land site portion land set aside structure built house gunpowder areas streets state street madison avenue land west south state street hudson avenue taken cemetery sections albany churches separate sections african americans strangers west cemetery house farm grounds renamed later washington parade ground remains cemetery removed albany rural cemetery churches years leading creation park leading citizens newspapers albany pushed grand public park company hired plan park plan envisioned centerpiece string parks similar designed buffalo boston brooklyn company involved actual design park broad vision followed detailed designs including idea beaver kill beaver creek form grand lake construction park passed law authorizing creation large public park spot creation washington park later commissioners drew plans worked new_york later chief engineer chief engineer charge drafting plans supervision construction assistant took charge formal garden settings planted work washington parade grounds streets begun july finished end year cemetery area reopened park section lexington robin streets focus work including form focus shifted roughly acres madison avenue lake robin built lake acres row houses street north madison purchased destroyed included area site king memorial fountain large house grounds park purchased site tennis courts northwestern corner cut park rectangular shape park plots owned barnes family developed urban facing process buying improving land criticized improvement raised value existing land needed purchased increase property value shown value lands surrounding doubling years majority park improvements properties robin street renamed increased value commissioners given state additional powers build maintain approaches park parks allowed commissioners build series city western avenue northwestern corner location toll gate commissioners work road began late finished year total construction cost park including purchasing real estate improving western avenue northern boulevard today manning boulevard constructed commissioners extended western end jurisdiction western avenue north east intersection clinton central avenues state legislature gave commissioners authority lake avenue park corner madison avenue south albany addition commissioners gained control existing parks built new ones city including hudson avenue park clinton square beaver park later grounds observatory board commissioners transformed later bureau separate department modern times lancaster street previously ended street opposite park extended today associated extension widened lancaster state streets turned ways entrances closed turning dead end streets western avenue washington park road renamed honor colonial congress held albany proposed closer ties support northern boulevard intersection madison avenue north park continuing avenue renamed honor african american world war hero 1950s dutch disease killed populated park crab planted replace pedestrian mall deteriorating decades saw revival 1990s 2000s flower beds restored original specifications pedestrian mall removed pavement widened original dimensions disease resistant planted form canopy night border periphery park restored structures originally included buildings shelters logs pavilion shelter landscape wooden lake house replaced modern brick structure time succumbed age changing use patterns park longer stand remaining original structure erected lake lamps bridge originally gas burning electrified current washington park lake house built replacing original stick style structure constructed constructed spanish revival style brick tile area lake house site performance plays years seat faces lake house allowing comfortable seating people visit year proposal city turn lake house seat restaurant seat banquet hall expanded dock boat cross country ski ice failed lack interest private business sector monuments bust founder erected memorial park bronze statue erected panels base installed famous scottish poet statue sculpted panels base burns poems carved saint andrew society funded conservation statue king memorial fountain fountain erected monumental bronze statue moses rock water mount figures slaves statue mountain represent stages life infancy youth adulthood old age fountain center formal gardens laid gift sculpted sculpted philip statue stands center intersection eagle street washington avenue city hall statue moses cleaned applied wax coating protect weather arm statues fountain monument colonel commemorating combat character french indian wars consists pound boulder scenes conflict fought plaque dedicated patriotic services defense albany people boulder placed sons american revolution facing entrance park corner state streets entrance longer exists boulder faced scene accidents drivers missed sharp curve anniversary park boulder moved yards corner state soldiers sailors monument marble monument sitting granite base bronze statue representing nation holding victory monument built tennessee marble seat remainder granite feet high feet long feet deep surrounded seat resting platform feet long feet deep sits entrance state street park monument represents nation peace won victorious war finished american sculptor erected republic monument civil war veterans monument restored renamed unveiling year old women year olds unveiled monument erected bust world war hero traffic island intersection street near madison avenue erected activities activities open visitors residents maintained city spontaneously set individuals open spaces visitors play games tennis basketball courts maintained city park ice skating permitted swimming prohibited popular roadways closed traffic legal park monuments ball courts park fall city wide ban public monuments statues tennis basketball courts site festivals concerts special occasions festival held year highlighted park african american tradition origins traced dutch festivities later incorporated included mother year award latin festival italian festival ethnic festivals held year park city sponsor capital holiday lights winter displays park proceeds benefit juvenile crime prevention programs fund held year park run women run silver label race draws professional marathon runners kenya australia united_states locals largest women races world served national championship historic district streets surrounding state street north east madison avenue south west residence western avenue northwest included washington park historic district existing properties date 1880s creation park state street state street way eastbound street northern border sit state street facing park brick stories tall homes built railroad executives politicians notable national architects stanford white local ones buildings fine details decorative tiles stone corner state located designed church noted windows new_york governor lived state street term office owned state street benjamin buildings albany designed stanford white street street northbound way street comprising blocks stretching southeastern corner park intersection madison avenue northeastern corner street historic district including approximately buildings street entirely residential built corner state street different styles including spanish revival classical revival georgian larger apartment buildings built break continuous row older apartment buildings story building built spans street building sits site predecessor burned oldest building maintain original facade built nearby street home owner publisher state governor new_york catholic new_york governor longtime albany resident reach position madison avenue madison avenue cross country route lanes wide busiest street district roughly buildings madison avenue face park east intersection madison urban 19th century west robin street dominated large detached residences converted medical offices buildings madison park improvements occurred street taylor property later basketball tennis courts madison home currently administrative offices facing consists modern apartment building converted carriage house apartments built classical revival architecture style stories tall art style built row yellow brick designed place terrace place terrace constructed commissioners maintained time half maintenance cost assessed private property facing street restrictions placed prevent fences uses preserve park like appearance robin street receiving current 1870s laid lots large carriage houses built place designed designed place residence president developed decade residence bishops owned central administration prior moving commerce plaza | Washington Park Historic District (Albany, New York) | Geography and places | Places | North America |
7942_Basin,Montana | basin montana basin census designated place montana united_states lies miles southeast high narrow canyon interstate halfway flows roughly north south basin enters settlement south population census archaeologists discovered evidence human years ago site near miles basin bce mid-19th century nomadic tribes hunted grassy valleys trend east away rocky_mountains plains time miners found gold streams near basin tribes indians forced reservations government basin rests host rock valuable mineral found montana town hub gold silver mining basin population peaked decade 20th century gradually declined mines depleted abandoned mining equipment closed ruins ore remain basin 21st century historic buildings basin form core small business district includes fire station post office restaurants bar commercial gallery small specialty shops basin small elementary school water system low power radio station local volunteers elected trustees provide limited services settlement relies government montana law enforcement services basin home geography geology basin lies elevation feet sea level interstate miles north miles south narrow canyon small river community largely surrounded flows south center basin confluence larger stream flows east south basin paved roads interstate highway runs river canyon connect basin towns miles upstream lies continental divide according total area square miles km2 land late cretaceous roughly million years ago rock rose earth surface near later eventually formed body rock miles thick miles diameter body known extends host rock valuable mined region granite cooled cracked hot solutions cracks form mineral veins bearing gold metals millions years later allowed gold veins wash creeks near basin periods roughly million million years ago late cretaceous cut history peoples think likely people live montana crossed asia north_america existed major ice age years ago middle continent covered sheets ice people migrated south trails edges glaciers melted seasonal warming trail called great north trail thought followed montana passing close miles north basin continuing east central state evidence early indians people found sites site near miles north basin age artifacts estimated years people thought disappeared bce montana climate dry support animal populations needed survive years ago new prehistoric people known late hunters appeared montana thriving buffalo population living open grassy areas plains river valleys earliest tribes thought stayed west ventured east mountains east country miles southeast basin 17th century crow entered montana east south pressed tribes retreating west white european settlers moved montana acquiring horses firearms numbering formed alliances incoming tribes century dominated state white explorers lewis clark traveled found allies heavily dependent nomadic life came abrupt end early 1880s buffalo extinct 1870s years white miners began looking gold near basin large scale battles government indians took place montana known baker massacre occurred miles northeast basin fought miles basin southeastern state peoples moved reservations far basin camp town basin began 19th century mining camp near confluence gold deposits mouth miles downstream basin reported early claims built years mining extended lengths settlement established basin buildings mouth creek gradually moved basin camp abandoned searches veins creeks succeeded 1870s eventually led significant mining mines district hope mines district settlement basin local source supplies mines miners boom bust mines hope owned different companies contributed basin prosperity basin organized brothers named glass began expanded operations mines flooding fires caused mines close glass brothers lost control property mines went idle despite ups downs local mines despite disastrous fires town basin prospered led owned mines took properties left glass brothers improved basin population houses drug store hotels bath house grocery stores bank newspaper unpublished manuscript file describes life basin great detail railroads north great northern south served city depots warehouses basin carried passengers freight glass brothers set north process concentrated ore delivered rail town mills south infrastructure included weight scale ore cars overhead carry ore river reduction mill massive unit equipped machinery ready operation turned wheel sat idle mining activity continued south river hope complex hope mill crushed separated ore basin reduction works carried water upstream creek storage reservoir town supplied water mills town fire separate carried water mills upstream basin reduction works steam engines driven coal fired boilers provided power run mill machinery electric generator powered water wheel electricity factory lights arc lights basin street intersections surplus discharged river dam built purpose downstream basin addition homes basin structures included dance pavilion baseball diamond playground near confluence river connected playground picnic area south river meeting places included churches union hall story building shared town businesses hardware store stables units shop brewery specializing basin beer dairy barn milk delivered pound covers abandoned properties basin buildings machinery site treat ore new process called sued patent infringement company shut basin plant mining engineer worked superior obtained license process ran smaller extraction plant basin wife described basin mining camp subject recurring periods boom bust tiny telephone office died end era boom town old mill finished skeleton projected extensive successful mining hope vein began began work property company acquired mines comprised feet workings years expanded feet company largest gold producer montana year combined mines produced gold silver pounds copper pounds lead properties passed mining company trustees creditors production declined basin mining small scale mining reworking old mining continued region years merry widow health basin similar mines nearby attracted people seeking relief health problems limited exposure radioactive water practice controversial documented ill effects high dose radiation body basin community formed water sewer districts federal grants cover percent costs built water delivery sewage waste handling system interstate replaced entire length state centerline interstate followed track great northern railway town added basin mining area mining waste problems near town mining area comprised basin included copper lead metals cleanup mining enterprise crystal mines completed removal waste basin completed individual mines opposite hope complex south basin extension north produced ore hope displaced feet north mines miles basin included mile west town route interstate miles north town boulder miles northeast basin south slope mantle south mantle miles north town creek miles east town near road later interstate climate july august typically months boulder miles east basin december january june months total inches precipitation falls weather observations recorded basin june november contained precipitation snowfall data demographics census people households families residing population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup white native american asian races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household median income family males median income versus females capita income families population poverty line including age arts culture group professional artists established basin nonprofit organization offered artist historic buildings bank meeting hall dry goods store converted apartment studio space organization sponsored annual art events including held types artists including painters musicians dancers singers writers basin refuge closed october education business government public elementary school serves students pre sixth grade older students attend school boulder town small business district includes bar restaurants traveler inn center small specialty shops pottery gallery low power radio station owned emergency services broadcasts basin county state federal agencies provide government services available basin local residents serve elected trustees volunteer fire department elected trustees oversee sheriff department provides law enforcement county departments offer trash removal recycling emergency management services road maintenance county health department clinic boulder miles east basin county courthouse district court nearest branch county library boulder post office basin | Basin, Montana | Geography and places | Places | North America |
8097_GalvestonBayArea | known region surrounds galveston bay estuary united_states houston woodlands sugar land metropolitan area normally term refers mainland communities bay galveston houston originally pirate kingdom area played role early history texas having site early rebellions mexican rule site victory texas army mexican army texas revolution interests early economic drivers bay nearby cities galveston houston developed commercial centers communities principal commercial corridor cities location nasa houses mission control center city houston official nickname derived addition large tourist attraction area visitors space center houston landscape bay features mix swamps beaches industrial facilities tourist attractions historic sites area developing population diverse growing international community communities host cultural events ranging ballet musical theater bay supports commercial fishing industry features highest concentrations nation land area holds numerous historic sites parks nature preserves boundaries shores galveston bay home different municipalities communities region larger houston sugar land metropolitan area term sense refers communities near shoreline sources use limited definitions referring specifically clusters communities nearest houston municipalities following communities lie shores proper main components complex excluding gulf_of_mexico morgan point clear lake area chamber commerce include following additional communities membership clear lake houston includes clear taylor lake village additional communities adjacent treated communities sources subdivisions sub divided based histories economic connections different communities area including world wars defined heavy industry shores towns distinct histories having tied oil industry earlier having longer history tied agriculture came dominate modern times fortunes closely tied heavy industry clear lake area includes numerous communities municipalities surrounding houston bay area largely owes recent growth prosperity directly indirectly traditionally characterized large white collar workforce prolific upper middle class neighborhoods area seen heart spite relative youth history area includes surrounding communities recently area galveston treated federal government metro area distinct houston area prosperity revolves great degree port heavy industry region encompasses shoreline northeast bay complex area includes largest community area remains semi rural oriented agriculture commercial fishing petroleum chemical processing significant industries urban development limited giving area small town rural atmosphere area history somewhat distinct areas bay crucial commercial corridor galveston houston history spain mexico prior european settlement area galveston bay settled tribes lived gulf_coast region spanish explorers expedition charted bay gave pirate established settlement soon succeeded pirate transformed galveston bay pirate kingdom establishing bases hide outs locations clear lake united_states_navy ousted colony largely abandoned following declaration independence spain new nation mexico moved northern territory texas offering land grants settlers mexico nearby united_states small settlements gradually established bay mexican authorities created customs garrison post commanded conflicts settlers region led prelude larger texas rebellion come following coup mexican government freedoms previously enjoyed revoked causing texas revolt declare independence number battles texas army leadership general finally defeated near modern new grew rapidly shores bay initially home farms famed new communities modern established annexation texas succeeded bid join united_states helped launch texas annexation brought people texas interests bay began grow 19th century galveston remained texas dominant metropolis communities bay strongly tied economically culturally city houston began develop ties construction galveston houston spurred growth area american civil war texas united_states area served limited role conflict new fortifications like fort chambers near constructed ward mainland invasion union forces protect supply routes galveston sat middle conflict important battles texas occurred galveston conflict moving area houston galveston fall aftermath war texas economy declined period interests major economic drivers area spawning economic enterprises hide processing plants shipping concerns success enterprises growth galveston prime commercial centers south southwest helped promote construction gulf colorado houston northern railroad area course 19th century railroads running southwest shore bay spawn new communities later new communities develop initially stop points travelers rail lines end century declined communities turned increasingly agriculture farming community established time galveston hurricane devastated city galveston heavily damaged communities bay according estimates death toll high bridges galveston mainland destroyed communities shoreline declined time economic growth moved inland houston dominant economic center region region received population boost galveston refugees relocated mainland following 20th century sparsely populated transformed 20th century following hurricane donations newly established red_cross helped revive area farming communities newly established community opened port railroad junctions shipping cotton grain commercial fishing particularly shrimp grew significant area industry early 1900s discovered launching oil boom galveston bay creek acquired offshore oil drilling site state soon opened largest houston area wealth brought boom transformed region population manufacturing expanded rapidly tourism resort communities developed bay shoreline communities morgan point world wars created new manufacturing opportunities factories bay area population grew faster houston air force base built major air field flight training center wars war area economic brought war effort helped transition peacetime economy nasa established helping spur explosive growth mid-20th century especially 1970s 1980s remainder communities southwestern shore development connected area houston tourism recreation emerged particularly area nearby shoreline struck causing substantial damage environmentally economically destructive event proposal build system protect bay discussion geography located gulf coastal plain vegetation classified temperate grassland marshes municipalities built reclaimed marshes swamps visible undeveloped areas local terrain proximity bay gulf flooding recurring problem area region relied needs land forced region turn ground level water sources geology land beneath consists layers sand clay great depths layers created river borne sediments gradually incorporated plant animal matter creating petroleum deposits gulf_coast known region numerous faults considered active produced significant earthquakes recorded history faults tend smooth rate termed fault reduces risk earthquake bay coastline estuary bay composed major sub bays proper smaller bays lakes connecting complex waterways include bay clear lake moses lake shallow average depth feet fed numerous local incoming tides gulf_of_mexico unique complex mixing waters different sources supports types marine life including crabs shrimp varieties fish supporting substantial fishing industry additionally system rivers marshes ring ecosystems allowing diverse wildlife enabling freshwater farming areas near bay shore fact higher diversity habitats nearby gulf_coast bay receives fourth highest level toxic chemicals state industrial discharge addition washing major industrial complexes bay contribute substantially bay pollution result storm run commercial agricultural residential sources recent decades conservation efforts enacted improved water quality bay climate climate classified humid subtropical climate classification system spring thunderstorms create extent found tornado alley prevailing winds south southeast bring heat mexico moisture gulf_of_mexico summer temperatures regularly exceed area proximity bay winds generates moderate area temperatures ease effects humidity creating pleasant climate inland communities like houston average july high mph winds mph winds houston winters area temperate typical january highs lows near snowfall rare annual rainfall averages range inches depending community excessive levels occur industrial activities nearby houston ranked cities united_states industries located ship channel bay major cause pollution hurricanes substantial concern fall season provide faces danger houston inland communities particularly storm surge economy diverse economy built high tech industries region economy closely tied rest houston area mix local businesses somewhat unique median household income area compared houston area texas overview major employment sectors chemical processing high tech software electronics etc tourism employment region supported industries smaller independent industries exist widespread economic activities area revolve petroleum largely centered industries houston account nearly half manufacturing approximately petroleum capacity home largest complexes area majority processing capacity nasa important pillar economy businesses core include broad range high tech development enterprises engineering software electronics tourism industry attracts millions visitors year attractions ranging space center houston bay particular growing sector destinations employs nearly workers area smaller growing industry area enabled large houston commercial fishing older industries region significant economic sector outlying areas bay remain semi rural cattle agriculture remain staples local economies shrimp fishing farming economic major economic include following industrial district large complex chemical processing facilities comprising companies business impact million central facility nasa site manages billion annually contracts numerous private companies involved space programs related ventures gives highest concentrations businesses expertise nation additionally research helped create growing industry area area home houston galveston area jobs world largest industrial complexes complex largest employer largest area located site largest united_states capable processing barrels oil day industrial complex complex includes texas city state second largest shipping terminal largest operated port houston authority handles excess million tons cargo annually airport mixed use military civilian airport houston airport system home airfield traditionally major contributor local economy government scaled base military role years demographics home diverse set communities demographic distribution varies greatly individual communities based data available area demographic statistics follows table details total population approximately median household income white population african american population asian population populous community region houston larger city portion region smaller far highest median household income lowest largest african american populations houston largest asian populations education colleges universities contains institutions higher education largest clear lake located adjacent separate distinct larger university offers wide spectrum programs including complete graduate programs state schools texas handful nation provides training students state community colleges serve communities area including college mainland primary secondary schools covers multiple municipalities multiple school districts communities served nearby areas served communities area served deer park area served area served communities near served districts excluding total primary secondary schools clear creek evaluated recognized districts second highest ranking tea evaluated academically acceptable exception evaluated academically unacceptable schools ranked highest ranking ranked recognized ranked academically acceptable ranked academically unacceptable rated tea notably schools clear creek schools highest districts overall schools rated schools districts compared entire state transportation coordinates planning transportation needs collaborative efforts local communities helped push forward development regional infrastructure ground transportation interstate freeways act linear connecting communities ship channel freeways region provide access centers heavy industry region communities relies surface highways interstate major freeway core areas linking houston galveston highway coastal highway linking communities gulf freeway main linking communities highway highway important fred bridge highway crosses ship channel connecting galveston causeway gulf freeway crosses bay connecting outlying north interstate links communities nearby connecting houston rest highway provides access houston metro bus system provides service southeast houston connecting communities central houston remaining communities communities served mass transit bus lines provides service cities nationwide stations air travel nearest airport providing regular domestic service southeast houston near provides service destinations international service provided north houston branch houston airport system mixed use airport acts airport hobby addition use nasa military public aviation system performed significant expansion airport recent years expecting significant growth usage coming years near provide public air access respective communities shipping shipping administered port houston authority port major freight shipping points railway shipping station station station major access points healthcare medicine collaboration health care providers coordinating health care services west bay communities galveston network include clear area galveston numerous health care facilities exist region notable facilities outside area covered include culture racially diverse region industrial centers particular large international communities events celebrate area diversity annual events place festival celebrates role iconic fruit played rescuing town economy following hurricane blessing fleet boat parade annual event celebrates history shrimp fishing town annually showcases independent films local regional international artists categories ranging short films documentaries annual events include wings field festival oak tree festival annual celebrates semi rural culture course spirit state area belongs annual features traditional events area spectators arts theatre substantial community artists artistic programs houston ballet theatre group league city ballet offer performances genres ranging ballet american musicals clear lake symphony offer multiple performances year ranging classical pops performances arts theatre programs exist area clear lake group area arts organizations regularly schedules arts exhibits musical performances arts programs community theater groups offer variety regularly scheduled performances regular free concerts cultural events place venues league park plaza parks landmarks contains parks landmarks oldest landmarks marks site battle san holds nearby governor residence edge texas largest urban wilderness preserve nation features marshes numerous nature trails boat tours offering views natural habitats animals ranging butterflies located ship channel texas city prairie preserve located bay largely undeveloped nature preserves views wetlands coastal wildlife addition variety park facilities includes parks offers primitive access natural habitats numerous species sites larger core northeast bay sits acre km2 federal nature preserve coastal habitats park offer opportunities viewing species ranging american bird species duck yellow rail major area parks include clear creek nature park urban attractions space center houston tourist arm visited tourist attractions texas visitors tour space center grounds view space artifacts find numerous educational activities including theater waterfront attraction featuring variety rides restaurants shops entertainment venues hosts annual events offers indoor outdoor educational exhibits featuring wetlands wildlife habitats exhibits range science site includes hiking trails primitive habitats museums area include west farmers markets area including provide opportunities area residents connect local producers businesses historic districts creek historic district morgan league city historic district available providing views early area architecture addition unique shopping venues area contains boating fishing enthusiasts clear lake shores shoreline greatest concentration recreational boats texas ranks nationwide claims nation largest sports area minor league baseball team play home games robinson stadium minor league basketball team plays home games high school houston park holds regular drag racing events year park seating capacity holds regular events bay bay cup performance cup season events year offering entertainment spectators stadium complex offering dog racing exhibitions park largest kind features state largest restaurant amenities media major daily newspapers serving area include sun houston_chronicle smaller local newspapers serving communities available including deer park progress online publications providing area interest stories information area receives radio stations including licensed area country gospel spanish religious television stations received area stations licensed area include spanish language | Galveston Bay Area | Geography and places | Places | North America |
8234_Alamogordo,NewMexico | new_mexico county seat economic center south central new_mexico united_states city bordered east west city nearest population census known connection trinity test explosion atomic bomb video game burial humans lived area years present settlement established support construction early example planned community city incorporated tourism important economic factor creation 60s unofficial center research pilot safety developing space program charter city council manager form government city government provides large number recreational leisure facilities citizens including large park center city smaller parks scattered city golf course network walking paths public library senior citizens center nonprofit shared military civilian facility hospital history inhabited years signs previous inhabitants area culture culture peoples archaic period formative stage living spanish came oral history says lived spanish built chapel miles future site settled city founded june headed extended railway town influenced design community included large wide tree lined irrigation canals brother named new city large fat spanish grove fat remembered area laid east west streets given numerical designations north south streets named states present day white sands boulevard called pennsylvania avenue government buildings constructed government program created response great depression include style building originally constructed main building listed national_register_of_historic_places main entrance features completed moved building succession federal agencies known federal building federal agency occupy headquarters october agency moved newly constructed building ownership building transferred government government offices moved courthouse new administration building february briefly international news late christ held public book burning books harry potter series series december geography total area square miles km2 land city located elevation feet western flank eastern edge rift northernmost activity low plants native area typical southern new_mexico foothills include bush desert willow species closed basin water flows geology region water basin hard high total dissolved concentrations excess laboratory research development water located crystals formed lake water drains mountains carrying dissolved collects lake water winds pick crystals distribute basin demographics census people households families residing city housing units racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific race races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age july population estimated respectively economy economic center nearly half population living city limits today little manufacturing primarily service retail economy driven tourism large nearby military installation concentration military capita income versus capita income new_mexico economic history founded company town support building portion railway constructed late 19th century initially main industry railroad ties railroad founders eager found major town persist railroad completed formed develop area making early example planned community owned land streets built houses commercial buildings donated land college placed restrictive deed prohibiting manufacture distribution sale liquor tourism important local economy creation construction began present day federal government strong presence education important local economy addition local school system home founded branch founded largest non government employer city employees military impact located approximately miles west city limits largest employer residents major effect local economy according estimates accounts half economy according 49th fighter wing public affairs office january directly employs personnel gross payroll million indirectly creates jobs payroll million estimated spent community including payroll construction projects supplies services health care education million estimated military live area counting personnel active military military living base active military military living base future wide ranging modernization project army work fort bliss white sands missile range air force base expected economic benefit proximity bases economic development nonprofit organization founded focus generally job creation recruiting expanding businesses including helping satisfy business regulations new_mexico lining funding role expanded passed economic development gross receipts tax continues work attract businesses helps develop incentive packages paid new tax portion tax receipts fund operating expenses formal economic development plans adopted recruited new employers financial incentives flowers center opened november received million city rent reduction property taxes plant training funds state new mexico factory opened received job training incentives state company went business took factory received interest free loans job training incentives partial forgiveness job creation branch office company performing background checks health care workers opened received million high wage job creation tax credits million job training subsidies million capital money roads infrastructure allocation city upgrading sewer lines area aces land developer office promotes film making potential locations county new_mexico film financial incentive programs recruiting extras film productions sponsors desert light film competition middle high school students encourage learning film industry film spent million new_mexico million arts culture amateur theatrical groups music theatre produces musical productions annually theatre hill produces annual spring performance young audiences campus annual fall performance general audiences annual cultural events earth day fair held annually saturday april park zoo features butterfly release science fair activities children information local health agencies held annually early august corner white sands boulevard road features animal judging food game carnival rides nonprofit government agencies set information exhibit hall crafts festival labor day weekend primarily vendors items features music entertainment food white sands balloon held annually late september hot air balloons launch street float celebrated annually late september hosted air force base public invited shuttle buses run base visitor attractions state museum located seat theater created movie theater hosts concerts live theatrical performances touring groups venue local amateur group collects artifacts related history private museum operated notable items collection star flag new_mexico 47th state admitted union flags stars month arizona admitted museum shop large collection local history books publishes series local history pioneer museum planned location white sands boulevard historic building corner white sands boulevard tenth street end july plan stalled lack money building museum route near florida avenue opened collects displays kinds military memorabilia wars military engagements located white sands mall showcases sized lit photographic transparency religious believed burial cloth jesus christ feature working world walk interact old analog computer town founded year took photograph started modern investigation highlighted museum held conference resulted study scientists new_mexico state displayed photograph created photographs displays include historical background materials scientific information variety information videos available viewing exhibit electronic image analysis interesting artifacts oldest zoo located city battles fought near sports desert amateur football team formed organized limited liability company owned local sponsors expenses team agreement public schools practice play home games school district receives home gate nicknamed pound play team members airmen nearby air force base white sands professional baseball team play started season lady held december race consists half marathon corporate cup relay raises money needs based lady fun run walks popular shot affairs larger event recurring event mile walk held october park zoo incorporates health fair live music fun events kids informal approach ballroom dancing form physical exercise meets year programs run path local nonprofit encourages measures good health number annual sports events tommy memorial basketball tournament annual event held march adult tournament raises money scholarships students basketball tournament national program holds tournament year prior hosted city receives entry fees gross proceeds taken vendors event held annually conjunction saturday park armed forces day teams participated tournament golf tournaments held year including robert hamilton charity parks recreation numerous small parks scattered city larger ones mentioned notable parks city park lying west white sands boulevard tenth street indian wells road park shaded trees south end park park zoo north end railroad toy train museum city park center town bounded washington running street indian wells road city buildings located park north end park children play area giant jungle gym public athletic fields located corner florida avenue road called walker field located corner route walker road family recreation center oregon avenue city owned facility offering weight room swimming pool open year round basketball gym outdoor tennis courts north building senior center city facility senior citizens provides social center exercise room serves meals meals wheels city owned golf course located south end town desert lakes road hole course houses restaurant pro shop golf pro duty course inside city nearby national state parks miles south route offers camping hiking located miles southwest route area mountain valley area comprises southern square mile km2 field white sand dunes composed crystals headquarters mountainous area starts miles northeast offers hiking fishing camping paul gordon shooting range located miles north town rock cliff road supervised range rifle pistol ranges competitions held range month government incorporated charter city called home rule city charter included code council manager government form government called commission manager new_mexico seven city commissioners elected district city year terms city manager considered chief executive officer city tasked enforce implement city_council policy mayor member city_council holds position mayor fiscal year ends june year fiscal year runs july june budget projects income expenditures sources city government income gross receipts tax miscellaneous grants user fees property tax education year community college established currently approximately students high schools middle schools elementary schools prior private schools legacy father private school opened august provides classical christian education eighth grade taught plans gradually expand 12th grade german government operates german school children personnel stationed german tactical training center air force base state school located serves library open public media main newspaper owned published days week monday appear subscribers receive publishes free weekly newspaper distributed nearby air force base covering base alternative newspapers published ink free las monthly newspaper devoted arts distributed city city government publishes monthly print newsletter households city published city web site blog city news television station broadcasts religious format weekly local news magazine broadcast thursday saturday cable television service provided baja commercial radio broadcast companies operates stations formats listener supported radio stations carry advertising depend donations gospel music radio format live coverage local events including remote broadcasts civic events low power station carries variety radio format network news hour local news hours station npr affiliate local npr outlet reaches local relay major motion pictures filmed near film shot primarily white sands missile range additional filming sequel revenge fallen prominently featured military bases film year shot partly white sands national monument near fourteen cities documentary days america maintains list films shot partly wholly approved deal canada based film production company site partnered documentary massive game burial games said gaming culture greatest urban legends april video game archaeologists began years trash old batch games discovered hours digging hundreds found trash dirt deal excavation given games percent found infrastructure transportation city accessible highways scheduled commercial air service white sands regional airport major highways major surface routes highways lane roads major north south street city white sands boulevard designated bypass road constructed west city relieve congestion white sands boulevard route route traverses north south ends city south end city white sands boulevard major named street merges route running south texas south city route splits route southwestern direction white sands missile range north end city white sands boulevard merged route route running north route starts point runs east mountain communities split heads east mountains heads north keeps going north heads east starting transportation white sands regional airport municipal airport located primarily general aviation longer scheduled commercial service previously operated program lines offers bus service daily shuttle van service mass transit system providing scheduled service city center white sands mall inn trans unusual privately owned non profit local state subsidies city government building network bike routes walking routes information maps comprehensive plan operates rails trails project convert old railroad beds walking trails trail system planned eventually surround utilities electric power supplied city provides electrical power member cooperative serves areas county natural gas supplied city trent operates water sewage treatment facilities trent maintains water storage facilities pump stations city wells treats waste water city water parks sold construction companies dust control rural houses individual wells dark sky ordinance reduce light pollution night skies ordinance passed promote growth scientific productivity point observatory city high pressure lamps healthcare private profit bed general hospital serves area hospital shared military civilian facility hospital nearby prepares detailed health profile year facts figures health ranked middle health rankings state new_mexico near national rankings example 38th report slowly improving 40th health promoting features considered instead population ranked places live united_states new_mexico civic ranking notable people scientists physicist past director born grew lives nearby politicians past governor united_states senator new_mexico born past member cia case agent allegedly gave classified material russians later defected soviet_union native perennial new_mexico state champion native performed alto new_mexico sports professional soccer player jockey professional american football born crowned miss new_mexico miss usa represented city miss | Alamogordo, New Mexico | Geography and places | Places | North America |
8301_Bacliff,Texas | texas census designated place north central texas united_states miles northwest galveston population census originally called began seaside resort town located western shore galveston bay largest unincorporated communities mainland home school created land donated history established local landowners area developed seaside weekend resort included parks hotels summer homes open air pavilion built pier water telephone service came sea grand avenue main street hurricanes galveston recovery hurricane rapid transportation diminished popularity hurricane destroyed improvements area pavilion restored summer residents returned community fire destroyed pavilion rebuilt hosted numerous summer concerts galveston houston hurricane caused major damage area pavilion rebuilt home residents businesses home residents businesses world war area expanded home workers nearby plants expansion area required establishment post office refused allow length use texas town residents chose subdivision center business replacement postal new seven letters miller publisher small newspapers monthly magazine entertainment magazine said 1950s bought large parcel land awarded free lots subscribers people canceled lost given subscribers miller said resulted confused titles lack large business miller said retailer wish buy land discover individual claimed title land began construction generating units company expansion units boiler design new technology power plant originally known plant renamed plant honor company president plant eventually grew units total electrical generating capacity 1970s 1980s dispute power plant said plant worth million board said worth million legal dispute ensued agencies 1980s measures incorporate area failed wide margins april residents considered incorporation proposal judge signed order election place april freeing area population jurisdiction residents rejected incorporation proposal vote tallied favor proponents wanted local police force ability pass opponents said tax base small support municipal services including police road drainage improvements community bedroom community workers jobs area year community residents businesses residents considered incorporating general law city supporters said incorporation establish local control affairs area police department ability pass opponents said area tax base sufficiently support municipal service including police protection road drainage improvements time area square miles km2 considering incorporation people judge signed order setting date election saturday august releasing area jurisdiction area received water sewer services municipal utility districts incorporation measure passed districts likely remained vice president supported incorporation measure officials overseeing election described turnout heavy officials announced incorporation proposal failed count formed member board prepare communities incorporation time combined population board members area members area large members prompted suddenly annexed commercial parcels year board hoped convince reverse annexation power plant plant newer gas fired merchant plants texas robinson units plant decommissioned demolished began construction unit electrical generation peaking plant plant scheduled service june hurricane hit texas september officials offered debris removal program residents unincorporated areas including flooding hurricane relatively high elevation feet geography climate census class code populated area located according total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water east miles south miles northeast galveston miles southeast downtown houston area east communities form area demographics census people households families residing represented growth approximately census population density people square mile racial makeup white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size population spread age years years years years age older median age years females males residents largest unincorporated community mainland portion population outreach coordinator boat people said vietnamese families origins crab shrimp fishing operations according vietnamese house boat insurance insurance english developed read terms policies families hand boats constructed years owner money said vietnamese community tradition self reliance outsiders vietnamese moved 1970s established businesses borrowed money early 1980s native residents area angered conflict started groups media groups portrayed white residents words residents suspicion media said media exaggerated importance involvement conflict conflict local residents gained anti government feelings present year said vietnamese differences remains crime originally started 4th street street gang consisting gang originates headquarters documents filed federal court stated gang formed people mid-1990s houston_chronicle said gang makes money selling crack cocaine identify members wore red read 4th street fbi agencies started investigation gang year people arrested accused drug charges united_states arrested men accusing gang charging crimes related crack cocaine distribution people accused members faced drug charges federal judge houston sentenced men prison pleaded guilty crimes infrastructure utilities municipal utility districts serve sections served mud sections served mud november mud requested received million dollar bond issue expansion water services currently provided water bond issue funded residents increased property taxes addition water sewer service mud responsible trash collection february provides fire protection services fire department got loan grant department buy newly built fire truck january resident general manager mud fire chief county state federal representation community boundaries commissioner primary provider law enforcement november elected constable replacing galveston county justice peace court located april justice peace january new law enforcement center located grand avenue 12th opened building illegal gambling hall confiscated serves local base operations office located represents district represents district texas 14th congressional district represents district located grand avenue republican_party strength grew media local newspaper published weekly distributed free charge circulated monthly basis published economy like originated fishing community stated area economic influence moved corridor economy adjusted growth retail food service outlets bars like residents work houston employed civilians census including females civilian workers private profit wage salary workers total civilian workforce employees corporations private non profit wage salary workers worked local governments state government workers federal workers self employed total workforce worked agriculture forestry fishing hunting unpaid family workers education areas fall boundary northern areas community north bay avenue represented portion community unincorporated current square foot facility acre campus classrooms capacity students architect building construction company construction began year completion scheduled june cost million classrooms arranged pods organized grade level pod area school lighthouse motif reflecting proximity school entrance dome previous school building located site portions original building demolished students moved new school facility residents portion pupils unincorporated clear previously residents clear creek high school residents community college parks recreation galveston bay boat ramps operates recreational facilities 11th street acre baseball fields boat ramp historic site picnic areas pier playground practice acre park originally owned years county operated park according agreement donated park county families use park place recreation purchased cleared new acre tract new park area boat ramp located located aka drive nearest service marina fishing camp located march voted unanimously approve earnest money contract associated purchase approximately acres vacant land million new county park popular restaurant refers original said known great spots eat houses pleasure boats nasa employees proximity johnson space center notable residents | Bacliff, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
9141_PointLoma,SanDiego | san_diego seaside community city san_diego california geographically hilly peninsula bordered west south pacific_ocean east north peninsula peninsula defines separates pacific_ocean term describe neighborhood peninsula estimated population including according includes comprises approximately acres historically important landing place european expedition come ashore present day california peninsula described california began today houses major military bases national cemetery national monument university addition residential commercial areas history spanish word hill original peninsula san diego translated later permanent indigenous settlements lack fresh water people visit periodically harvest discovered europeans september portuguese navigator portuguese departed mexico led expedition spanish crown explore west coast united_states described good enclosed port historians believe docked flagship east shore probably ballast point landing european present day california described california began years pass permanent european settlement established san_diego mission san diego san_diego river valley port beach called spanish beach historic trail oldest european trail west_coast led mission ships anchored small boats route present day street book years mast describes sailors 1830s camped beach accumulated cattle hides export hunted wood hills beach continued serve san_diego port establishment current downtown 1870s got practice ships ballast arriving taking ballast left open ocean constructed ballast point grounds naval base point longtime association san_diego military began southern portion peninsula set aside military purposes early decades army set series coastal artillery batteries named area fort significant presence san_diego began establishment point commissioned naval training center closed world war entire southern portion peninsula closed civilians military purposes including battery coast artillery following war area retained multiple navy commands including submarine base eventually consolidated naval base point portions fort national cemetery following death founder moved headquarters campus overlooking ocean facility unusual architecture unusual lifestyles important source music culture residents san_diego producing food society experimented widely planting trees crops giving barren current heavily wooded character site campus 1920s dirt known midway neighborhood tested flew airplane spirit built san_diego located site contains historic plaques commemorating prevailing sea long north south ridge known site superintendent construction spirit resident built american flew aircraft west establish new american endurance records later refined designs hours near students hours establish unofficial world record soaring endurance landmarks best known landmark lighthouse icon occasionally represent entire city san_diego incorrectly referred old spanish lighthouse fact built california admitted united_states atop southern point creates entrance bay small story lighthouse completed lit november feet sea level entrance bay seemingly good location lighthouse soon proved poor choice fog cloud marine layer obscured beam ocean going vessels march lighthouse ceased original purpose new lighthouse built nearer sea level southern point partially open public refurbished historic 1880s interior located named european explorer lighthouse listed national_register_of_historic_places addition lighthouse sites listed national_register_of_historic_places historic district naval training center san_diego recognized record flights took place plaques honoring accomplishments near entrance geography geology west peninsula sandstone cliffs ocean called sunset cliffs cliffs known contain fossils including dinosaur fossils late cretaceous period million years ago formation represents sites containing dinosaur fossils state california late cretaceous deposit called crops areas peninsula fairly flat reaches elevation capped younger sandstone deposits pleistocene era million years age flat lying beds lie directly gently formations gap record called angular represents million years non deposition erosion cliffs ocean peninsula sheer undergoing constant erosion wave action east land slopes gradually homes developments right water edge northern end peninsula cliffs hills lower disappearing entirely midway area san diego river flows midway area filled development fact san diego river flow midway area san_diego fears river diverted present course north built parts liberty station point village fill land reclaimed sand wetlands surrounding bay remnant extensive wetlands aside city owned nature preserve called branches river near mouth neighborhoods distinct neighborhoods peninsula neighborhoods consist primarily single family homes commercial retail heart peninsula called retail establishments serve local residents sport fishing interests streets lined hundreds trees result community efforts newest commercial retail area found site naval training center san diego residential educational sections midway district northern end peninsula adjacent freeways primarily commercial industrial small residential developments connected point village causeway actually island shelter island developed 1950s built dry land material bay control port san diego contains hotels restaurants public residential area called lies somewhat north original beach commercial military ships anchored early days city includes expensive homes san_diego homes private piers small boats hills known bay boulevard called mature trees area ocean proximity sunset cliffs neighborhood west ocean known views pacific_ocean named san_diego pioneer encompasses oldest settled peninsula originally separate town later absorbed san_diego portuguese fishermen fishing boat owners settled years ago people refer area association fishing fleet hilly area known named developer son hills street north boulevard known distinctive feature neighborhood location street lights middle street intersections instead lies directly takeoff pattern planes making home conversation temporarily airplane noise east west streets known author streets streets named authors order second partial cycle northwest corner peninsula san diego river flows ocean separate community known southern entirely federal land including naval base point fort national cemetery fauna area contains multiple species wildlife federal lands southern end peninsula managed ecological reserve developed suburban areas mammals include bats rabbits california ground gray occasional species birds observed lies migration route economy main economic engines military facilities neighborhood serving retail marine recreation particularly deep sea fishing tourism marine activities located peninsula yacht clubs including home half dozen small boat bay commercial dock services sport fishing cruises seasonal whale watching expeditions point hosts biggest sport fishing fleet southern_california bay hosts numerous businesses related fishing marine supply stores yacht boat repair yards hotels catering fishing enthusiasts restaurants hotels docks customers arrive boat tourists locals visit cliffs western peninsula views ocean sunset spots cliffs cliffs unstable dangerous woman died fall cliffs december falls resulted injuries point area number hotels restaurants local businesses located business district near frequented travelers world concert venue located midway neighborhood military home major military installations including navy program navy controls approximately acres provides employment military personnel civilians naval base point southern end street area home submarine squadron nuclear fast attack submarines including class ships naval base houses extensive electronic communications operations including serving southern end peninsula historic site world war world war includes uss monument naval training center san diego served basic training facility new navy recruits years hosting specialty schools providing advanced career training sailors april base closed schools moved illinois site base acre km2 mixed use redevelopment project includes residential office retail educational civic arts cultural districts developed companies includes hole golf course acre waterfront park acre km2 historic district listed national_register_of_historic_places culture annual events day docks festival april highlights sport fishing industry spirit religious festival large portuguese community staged annually san_diego oldest ethnic tradition festival october weekend long commemoration landing june september nationally known musicians perform outdoor concert venue free outdoor concert series features local musicians friday evenings local park summer year held saturday december tour typically includes significant homes decorated holidays accompanied tea tours hosted souls said oldest home tour west mississippi_river noted neighborhood christmas decorations blocks garrison street near particularly known elaborate decorations neighborhood wide lighting christmas eve area sundays december parade lights brightly decorated boats sailing bay viewed shoreline civic organizations civic organizations include nonprofit group dedicated civic improvement service clubs include lions parks libraries contains small neighborhood parks large waterfront park contains hole golf course ocean frontage peninsula public shoreline park called features plants flowers native san_diego area federal historic park southern end peninsula opened replacing smaller public library new library built partly funded donation family close ties area particular visit old point library tuesday read children library located square feet holds books includes kitchen area community meeting room outdoor sitting lower floor largest children library featuring simulated ship reading shaped like art space story time zone connecting place library architectural style features nautical theme operating salvaged submarine visitors surrounding neighborhood floor entry lobby features map library holds scheduled events story time children thursday school movies arts crafts demonstrations government point community city san_diego district currently represented government divided district california state legislature currently represented senate district represented senator federal level 52nd represented congressman portions peninsula jurisdiction city including federal military lands governed port san diego approximately community included subject regulation advisory board makes recommendations city planning land use similar matters area separate planning boards midway area education public charter private schools elementary middle high school levels multiple private adult school university point public schools neighborhood public schools include middle schools seven elementary schools public charter school campus liberty station area encompasses high schools middle schools elementary school collectively known high tech high point educational facilities include religious school religious elementary middle school private elementary middle school post secondary education offered christian liberal arts college ocean view campus home peninsula branch campus infrastructure interstate freeway follows northern edge point peninsula paralleling terminates blocks pacific_ocean north south avenue serves bay north south avenue ocean streets run parallel boulevard crest hill followed southern end point sports west point boulevard harbor drive boulevard major traffic streets coastal sections bay ocean laid rough grid pattern blocks larger grid breaks hilly center particularly west east boulevard streets terrain following patterns streets broken multiple disconnected sections intervening hills presence hills restraints imposed long narrow peninsula result routing traffic great deal direction travel notable people woman physician san_diego female president society physician physician civic activist member president city_council founder director years time female zoo director world yacht author wrote early 19th century san diego internationally recognized fitness consultant mayor san diego fleet founder singer dutch composer author best selling book dad says member connor female mayor san diego founder jack box fast food chain builders early developer founder aviation pioneer founder founder sports equipment company founder author | Point Loma, San Diego | Geography and places | Places | North America |
9480_Streeterville | neighborhood near north community area chicago illinois united_states north bounded river south portion michigan avenue west lake michigan north east according sources recognizes small portion region described magnificent mile plus land east majority land neighborhood reclaimed neighborhood contains combination hotels restaurants professional office centers residential high rises universities medical facilities cultural venues area undergone increased development early 21st century numerous lots converted commercial residential properties especially southern neighborhood neighborhood earlier experienced following world war world war history american settlement chicago area lake shoreline fluctuated year year storm waves eroded parts shore built shore american troops started construction fort bar blocked mouth river causing southwards enter level present day madison street surveyed lake michigan shoreline north river ran approximately east michigan avenue number failed attempts cut mouth river foot pier built protect channel cut bar sand accumulated north pier creating usable land later nicknamed sands vice district district causing angst property owners chicago mayor evicted land late 1880s claimed newly acquired boat struck chicago shoreline storm dumped effort create land build lake shore drive created acres km2 new land lake attempted claim claimed newly created land independent territory called district lake michigan decades persisted claims supporting criminal means witness land fraud trial testified purposely set contest claims wealthy shoreline owners contractor told court asked fill portions shoreline order create confusion land titles according said owners shoreline buy million motivated profit gained selling land claimed local press story personality self proclaimed district mayor tried selling liquor attempts gun battles landed jail courts ruled claim sovereignty today district home expensive real estate chicago opening michigan avenue bridge efforts enact plan economic boom 1920s brought wealth eastern sector paved way luxury shopping district investors built high rise apartment buildings elaborate hotels bridge connected avenue served replacement pine street hosted warehouses factory buildings near river large northward sections neighborhoods magnificent mile architecture economic boom 1920s emphasized architectural styles gothic revival vertical style buildings chicago skyline stylistic variation gave new meaning urban context design compatibility post world war construction surge occurred area 1950s city pursued plan urban renewal local real estate developer named led banner magnificent mile success effort spurred erection high rise apartments new investment development led michigan avenue buildings sides street tower creating urban canyon today general agreement bounded west magnificent mile claim boundary extends block west rush street includes chicago tallest stores hotels restaurants main campus chicago campus chicago campus adjacent closely affiliated hospitals including opened october opened located construction replacement facility begun nearby chicago avenue lake shore drive adjacent lake shore park park chicago downtown campus setting south east portion michigan avenue navy pier visited attraction chicago eighth visited attraction chicago area east michigan avenue north split personality 20th century northern portion residential retail university uses area near navy pier dedicated shipping factories end 1960s residential complexes lake point tower began appear warehouses end century residential retail dominated entire area neighborhood reputation residential strip industrial western portion construction started chicago tallest skyscraper located southeastern corner neighborhood lake shore drive originally supposed completed later cancelled early 21st century southern neighborhood previously contained warehouses lots undergone development including east columbus drive serves primary retail hub apart magnificent mile south currently numerous proposed construction new tower hosts landmarks places designated historic districts consists row early 20th century luxury apartments sits northern edge district opposite located michigan avenue meets border chicago neighborhoods chicago avenue water tower district contains public buildings survived great chicago fire michigan historic district lies southern end magnificent mile contains numerous high rises built 1920s neighborhood hosts individual landmarks neighborhood hosts point home chicago properties neighborhood listed national_register_of_historic_places include lake shore drive apartments drake hotel navy pier building chicago landmarks neighborhood include notable buildings district include magnificent mile john center feet north michigan feet feet park tower feet feet magnificent mile feet chicago place feet feet neighborhood include following feet feet feet feet feet east ontario feet feet feet feet notable buildings district designated building museum contemporary art chicago neighborhood hosts hotels including star hotels historic drake hotel star hotels seasons star hotels located neighborhood near rush street hotels host highest rated illinois economy operates office suite john center offices 15th 16th floors lake shore drive countries include bulgaria chile denmark greece japan lithuania switzerland transportation accessible lake shore drive multiple direct exits directions addition chicago stops chicago grand stations runs state street immediately west neighborhood kennedy expressway ohio street exit feeds bus routes run neighborhood notably michigan avenue grand avenue chicago avenue warm weather months water boats south edge neighborhood navy pier handles similar water traffic | Streeterville | Geography and places | Places | North America |
9492_Beatty,Nevada | nevada pronounced bay unincorporated community census designated place state nevada route runs lies miles north las_vegas miles southeast state route connects miles west arrival non indigenous people 19th century region home groups western established community named murray old man settled ranch arrival las_vegas railway center including mining towns nearby starting 1940s federal installations contributed town economy tourism related rise las_vegas entertainment center home businesses catering tourist travel ghost town open air museum sculpture park miles west miles east history arrival non indigenous explorers settlers western area hunted game gathered wild plants region estimated 19th century population density indians near person square miles km2 middle century european diseases greatly reduced indian population incursions newcomers disrupted native traditions camps total population near survivors descendants continued live near moved reservations walker lake named old man civil war veteran bought ranch north future community community laid bob montgomery owner decided build montgomery drawn area known gold rush began west year wagons pulled teams horses hauled freight district included towns nearest railroad las_vegas middle horses engaged business october las_vegas began regular service april reached community line added railroad october ceased operations railroads abandoned lines served mines area including east newspaper began publishing went business region important paper starting reaching circulation ceased publication area newspaper bulletin supplement published population grew slowly half 20th century rising reliable electric company community began supplying electricity phone service arrived world war installed community wide sewer system 1970s new opened west population briefly end closing population fallen near level geography climate lies route miles north las_vegas miles southeast state route connects miles west miles east densely populated extends urban center according total area square miles km2 land populated area lies feet sea level bare mountain east west intermittent river ends flows surface counted water statistics nevada main climatic features bright sunshine low annual precipitation heavy snowfall higher mountains clean dry air large daily temperature ranges strong surface heating occurs day rapid cooling night usually hottest days cool nights average percentage possible sunshine southern nevada percent sunshine low humidity region account average measured inches water year receives inches precipitation year precipitation inches falls average days annually year year monthly daily average temperature ranges december july average days highs days days high remains average window freezing temperatures november april snow uncommon amounts occur seasons highest recorded temperature june lowest february demographics census people households families residing population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup white african american native american asian races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household median income family males median income versus females capita income families population poverty line including age age census people lived government terms unincorporated town government law nevada governed assisted local board acting liaison citizens commissioners consists elected members meet twice month manages community parks swimming pool putting course recreational grounds county commissioners county departments administration works roads building code compliance sheriff animal control planning property assessment health human services senior centers including lower courts including things office handles dispatch provides ambulance services republican represents rest district represented republican republican represents rest nevada second congressional district united_states house_of_representatives term runs january democrat republican represent nevada united_states senate term runs january january economy early businesses included built owner freight businesses centered horse drawn wagons later railroads serving mining towns district economic center large sparsely populated region aside mining activities sustaining community 1920s 1930s included retail sales gas oil distribution construction production sale illegal alcohol prohibition nevada gambling establishment rise las_vegas entertainment center brought visitors increasingly tourist oriented underground mining declined region federal defense spending starting contributed local economy open pit mill began operations miles west acquired continued extract process ore known peak employed workers lived closed federal named closed site slated pilot projects national land initiative local group discussions suggested solar power generation potential use site later transferred acres land february new_york_times published article suggesting economic money billion finance project studies area best solar energy potential united_states high potential wind power generation story said web site describes community small rural locality desert visitor needs including recreational vehicle sites aside tourism businesses contributing local economy include mining retail trade public administration gambling world championship wild race local held annual races successful competitors came united_states canada far away iran national attention brought race wrote feature article race playboy magazine story appeared issue featured stories town contestants tourists attended eventually races discontinued organizers decided visitors attracted good image infrastructure culture community home ghost town open air museum sculpture park miles west bailey miles north addition highways general aviation airfield airport miles south downtown opened provides family medicine services member online catalog combined elementary middle schools serving eighth grade grades supplies drinking water wells residents treats community | Beatty, Nevada | Geography and places | Places | North America |
9512_Manhattan | manhattan manhattan densely populated borough new_york_city economic administrative center city historical birthplace borough founded november original counties state new_york borough consists bounded east hudson includes small adjacent islands marble hill small neighborhood mainland manhattan described cultural financial capital world hosts anchored wall street new_york_city called economically powerful city leading financial center world manhattan home world largest stock exchanges total market multinational media based borough historically documented purchased dutch colonists native americans today manhattan real estate expensive world value including real estate estimated exceed residential property sale prices manhattan typically exceeded square foot second smallest county land area larger hawaii densely populated county densely populated areas world census estimated population living land area square miles km2 residents square mile km2 higher density individual american city business days influx increases number million people square mile km2 manhattan largest population new_york_city brooklyn queens smallest borough terms land area districts landmarks manhattan known new_york_city received record nearly million tourists manhattan hosts world visited tourist attractions times square borough hosts world renowned bridges brooklyn bridge tallest world parks historically significant places manhattan incorporates highest concentration chinese people considered birthplace modern gay rights movement founded southern tip manhattan borough houses seat city government numerous colleges universities located manhattan including columbia_university ranked world etymology manhattan derives word written officer yacht map depicts twice west east sides later named hudson_river word manhattan translated island hills language prefers mail addressed manhattan use new_york manhattan history colonial era area manhattan long inhabited native americans explorer sailing service king francis france european visit area new_york_city entered tidal known narrows aboard ship named land new reference family king francis derived france sailed far harbor sight hudson_river referred report french king big river named bay santa elder sister king voyage englishman worked area mapped hudson came native people living continued river later bear hudson_river arrived site present day albany permanent european presence began founding dutch fur trading settlement construction started citadel later called amsterdam establishment fort amsterdam southern tip recognized birth new_york_city according letter dutch colonists acquired manhattan unnamed native american people believed indians exchange trade goods worth said worth accounting inflation actually amounts according writer conducted transaction chief happy accept valuable merchandise exchange island actually controlled appointed dutch director general colony formally incorporated city february english conquered renamed new_york english duke york albany future king dutch director general successfully negotiated english produce articles provisional transfer sought retain extant citizens previously attained liberties including freedom religion new colonial english rulers regained august fleet ships renaming city new orange ceded permanently english november treaty westminster exchange long link dutch trading monopoly indonesia american revolution early united_states manhattan heart series major battles early american revolutionary war continental_army forced abandon manhattan november city british political military center operations north_america remainder war manhattan greatly damaged great fire new york british military rule followed british occupation lasted november george_washington returned manhattan british forces left city january fall new_york_city fifth capitals united_states meeting tavern new_york capital newly enacted constitution united states march august site met time united states bill rights drafted ratified adopted establishing measures adding new states union 19th century new_york grew economic center result policies practices secretary treasury later opening connected atlantic port vast agricultural markets canada new_york_city confined manhattan surpassed philadelphia largest city united_states democratic_party political machine began grow influence support immigrant irish culminating election mayor dominated local politics decades opened public public park american city new_york_city played complex role american civil war city strong commercial ties growing immigrant population prior largely germany ireland beginning late 1850s waves italian central eastern european jews began flowing anger conscription resentment afford pay avoid service led resentment lincoln war policies plus racial element paranoia free blacks taking poor immigrants jobs culminated day long new york draft riots july intense war time riots counted worst incidents civil disorder american history estimated participants rate immigration europe grew civil war new_york stop millions seeking new life united_states role acknowledged dedication statue liberty october gift people france new european immigration brought social city packed poorly paid laborers dozens nations city revolution including communists opening brooklyn bridge established road connection brooklyn western portion present transferred remainder present annexed new_york_city consolidated neighboring counties form city greater new york manhattan county established separate january new_york state legislature created reduced present boundaries 20th century construction new_york_city subway opened helped new city additional bridges brooklyn 1920s manhattan experienced large arrivals african americans great migration southern united_states larger boom time prohibition era included new competing skyline new_york_city populous city world overtaking london reigned century manhattan majority white ethnic group declined march fire killed workers disaster eventually led city fire department building codes workplace regulations period world wars saw election mayor fall hall years political dominance city demographics stabilized labor brought new working class city government infrastructure underwent dramatic overhaul despite great depression world tallest completed manhattan 1930s including numerous art city skyline today notably building building returning world war veterans created postwar economic boom led development huge housing developments targeted returning veterans largest opened relocated headquarters near queens riots series spontaneous violent demonstrations members gay community police raid took place early morning hours june neighborhood widely considered constitute single important event leading gay liberation movement modern fight lgbt rights united_states 1970s job losses industrial restructuring caused new_york_city including manhattan suffer economic problems rising crime rates resurgence financial industry greatly improved city economic health 1980s new_york crime rate continued increase decade beginning 1990s 1980s saw rebirth wall street manhattan reclaimed role center worldwide financial industry 1980s saw manhattan heart aids crisis organizations aids coalition power act founded advocate behalf stricken disease 1990s crime rates started drop dramatically revised police strategies improving economic opportunities new residents american new immigrants asia latin_america murder rates reached crack epidemic associated drug related violence came greater control outflow population turned city destination immigrants world joining low interest rates wall street bonuses fuel growth real estate market important new sectors emerged manhattan economy 21st century september planes flown twin towers original towers subsequently collapsed collapsed fires structural damage caused heavy debris falling collapse buildings complex damaged repair soon demolished collapse twin towers caused extensive damage surrounding buildings resulted deaths people addition planes restored controversy surrounding rebuilding rescue workers residents area developed life threatening illnesses led subsequent deaths memorial site opened public september museum opened new feet known freedom tower tallest building construction site protests began september receiving global attention spawning occupy movement social economic inequality worldwide october hurricane sandy caused extensive destruction borough portions record high storm surge severe flooding high winds causing power outages hundreds thousands city residents leading gasoline shortages disruption mass transit systems storm profound impacts prompted discussion constructing coastal barriers borough metropolitan area minimize risk destructive consequences event future geography components borough consists small islands including south according total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water northern segment represents geographic panhandle square miles km2 area miles long miles wide widest near 14th street loosely divided downtown lower manhattan fifth avenue dividing manhattan east west sides bounded hudson_river west east north divides mainland united_states early 19th century expand natural hudson shoreline street building million cubic yards material excavated site dumping sea fill material expand manhattan shoreline creating result foot extension river running blocks feet covering acres providing mile acres parks marble hill neighborhood mainland marble hill time dug improve navigation separated remainder manhattan island remainder manhattan world war section original channel separating marble hill filled mainland marble hill example manhattan land considerably altered human intervention borough seen substantial land dutch colonial times natural variation topography smaller islands smaller islands shared island liberty island smaller islands include north south joined legally geology bedrock bedrock underlying manhattan known manhattan strong competent rock created formed suited foundations tall buildings occur large example predominant feature manhattan underlying bedrock base island rises considerably closer surface near lower 29th street rises surface widely believed depth bedrock primary underlying reason areas absence intervening territory areas research shown economic factors played bigger locations updated seismic analysis according updated analysis seismic hazard july revealed slightly lower hazard tall buildings manhattan previously assessed scientists estimated risk based lower likelihood previously thought slow shaking near new_york_city likely cause damage taller structures earthquake vicinity city locations adjacent counties new_jersey west northwest new_jersey west southwest north northeast queens east brooklyn south southeast southwest national protected areas grant national memorial governors island neighborhoods manhattan neighborhoods named according particular convention geographical descriptive triangle canal street south houston far recent italy north madison square park harlem dutch colonial era city netherlands comprises avenues refers simple names hell kitchen alongside official lesser title case clinton neighborhoods commercial known shopping long associated bohemian neighborhood large gay population recently center new_york art industry vibrant neighborhood immigrants dominican_republic dense population people chinese descent roughly bounded 5th 6th avenues 31st 36th streets rose hill features growing number indian restaurants shops stretch lexington avenue 25th 30th streets known manhattan means north precisely north northeast direction island street grid system oriented downtown means south south southwest usage differs american cities downtown refers central business district manhattan central business districts southern tip island term refers northern manhattan street downtown southern portion 14th street covering area definitions fluid depending situation fifth avenue roughly acts line east west designations east 27th street street addresses start fifth avenue increase heading away fifth avenue rate block streets south place fifth avenue terminates broadway east west line grid start 1st street north houston street southernmost street divided west east portions pronounced grid fully hold north 14th street nearly east west streets numerically identified increase south north street highest numbered street island streets usually way exceptions 14th 23rd 34th 42nd example rule thumb odd numbered streets run west numbered streets run east climate climate classification month january new_york_city including manhattan experiences humid subtropical climate located latitude northernmost major city north american continent winters cold damp prevailing wind patterns blow offshore minimize effects atlantic_ocean atlantic partial colder air city warmer winter inland north american cities similar lesser latitudes pittsburgh cincinnati indianapolis helping moderate snow averages inches year spring fall new_york_city mild summer warm humid temperatures higher recorded days average season city long term climate patterns affected year long warming cooling cycle atlantic influences frequency severity hurricanes coastal storms region location record borough climatic data temperature records set high july low february summer evening temperatures elevated urban heat island effect causes heat absorbed day night raising temperatures winds slow demographics census people living manhattan increase manhattan population estimated increased representing new_york_city population population census population density square mile highest population density county united_states census estimates accurate population density people square mile height european immigration new_york manhattan population density reached peak people square mile according estimates population white black african american american indian asian races manhattan population hispanic latino origin race manhattan second highest percentage non hispanic whites new_york_city non hispanic whites residents projects manhattan population increase people increase period second rest city projected grow period school age population expected grow contrast small decline city elderly population forecast grow borough adding persons ages compared growth according average household size average family size approximately population age bachelor degree higher approximately population foreign born population age speak english home people irish ancestry population italian americans population german americans russian americans population respectively people living manhattan white black races asian native american races hispanic race households married couples living female husband present non families children age living households individuals living years age older average household size average family size manhattan population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males manhattan highest income places united_states population greater million manhattan cost living highest united_states borough contained country profound level income inequality manhattan united_states county highest capita income sole county capita income exceeded new_york_times reported income gap manhattan wider country sub africa wealthiest fifth times lowest fifth reported widening gap times year surpassed developing countries lower manhattan experiencing baby boom overall birth rate manhattan area south witnessing greater twice number born witnessed growth population approximately nearly double recorded census religion manhattan diverse largest religious affiliation catholic_church adherents constitute persons population maintain congregations jews comprise second largest religious group persons congregations followed adherents muslims languages manhattan residents ages older spoke english home spoke spanish chinese french japanese russian korean german italian hebrew african languages main language total manhattan population ages older spoke language english home landmarks architecture theater district broadway times square columbia_university wall street harlem located densely populated island manhattan energy efficient green office buildings tower rebuilt skyscraper designed attain platinum certification architectural history skyscraper shaped manhattan distinctive skyline closely associated new_york_city identity end 19th century world tallest building manhattan gap title held different buildings holding title title standing feet demolished construct new ramp brooklyn bridge nearby park row building stories standing feet high took title story constructed headquarters eponymous machine manufacturer stood feet high tallest building demolished standing feet foot madison avenue title tower reminiscent venice building distinctive gothic architecture took title topping feet saw race sky separate buildings pursuing world tallest title span year stock market days developers publicly competed crown feet wall street completed astonishing months headquarters secured title lexington avenue 42nd street auto executive architect developed plans build structure trademark foot high secret pushing building feet making tallest world completed buildings soon surpassed completion story empire state building tower soaring feet building foot high pinnacle later added bringing total height building twin towers located feet story buildings world tallest surpassed construction tower known tower located chicago replacement twin towers world trade center currently tallest building unveiled plans tear old replace new madison square garden office building complex organized protests aimed preserving white designed structure completed widely considered masterpiece style architectural new_york_city despite efforts demolition structure began october loss called act irresponsible public vandalism historian led directly enactment local law establishing responsible preserving city historic aesthetic cultural heritage historic preservation movement triggered demise credited retention million structures nationwide including nearly new_york_city borough total acres km2 devoted manhattan space devoted parks located outside including basketball courts amenities bordered north west street west eighth avenue south west street east fifth avenue park borders streets usually referred respectively fifth avenue retains eastern border park designed acre km2 park offers extensive walking tracks ice skating wildlife sanctuary grassy areas sporting pursuits children park popular oasis migrating birds popular bird mile road park popular especially weekends evenings automobile traffic banned park looks natural entirely contains artificial lakes construction 1850s era massive public works projects workers crafted topography create english style pastoral landscape sought create workers moved nearly cubic yards soil planted trees shrubs preserves site containing remains buried 17th 18th centuries remains found construction square federal office building economy manhattan economic engine new_york_city million workers drawn entire new_york metropolitan area accounting thirds jobs new_york_city quarter average weekly wage manhattan representing highest total large counties united_states manhattan workforce overwhelmingly focused white collar manufacturing nearly extinct manhattan highest capita income county united_states manhattan daytime population swelling million adding net million people population visitors tourists students commuter influx million workers coming manhattan largest county city country triple headed second ranked washington financial sector manhattan important economic sector lies role headquarters financial industry known wall street borough industry jobs august continues form largest segment city financial sector important economic engine manhattan accounting percent private sector jobs new_york_city percent billion city tax revenue percent city total wages including average salary wall street investment banking fees totaled approximately billion senior new_york_city bank officers manage risk compliance functions earned annually lower manhattan home wall street broadway representing world largest second largest stock exchanges respectively measured overall share trading value total market listed companies located downtown july operator took administration london offered rate corporate sector new_york_city home corporate headquarters city nation overwhelming majority based manhattan manhattan contained million square feet million office space making largest office market united_states nearly million square feet million largest central business district world global advertising agencies based manhattan combined annual revenues approximately billion reflecting new_york_city role global center advertising industry referred madison avenue technology sectors alley centered manhattan evolved sphere encompassing new_york_city metropolitan region high tech industries including internet new media telecommunications digital media software development game design financial technology fields information technology supported area ecosystem venture capital investments new_york_city hosted employees tech sector generated billion venture capital investment based manhattan brooklyn queens region high technology companies employment growing manhattan new_york_city bolstered city emergence global creativity social tolerance environmental new_york position leading internet hub telecommunications center north_america including vicinity fiber trunk lines city intellectual capital extensive outdoor wireless headquartered final stages completing billion telecommunications upgrade new_york_city october new_york_city hosted employees tech sector significant proportion manhattan sector growing manhattan based city strength academic scientific research public commercial financial support investment firm raised million investors including initial funding create alexandria center life science encompasses square feet east 29th street promotes collaboration scientists center nearby academic medical research institutions venture capital partners including committed minimum million help launch ventures life sciences mayor announced choice build billion graduate school applied sciences manhattan goal transforming new_york_city world premier technology capital tourism tourism vital manhattan economy landmarks manhattan focus new_york_city tourists nearly million visitors according shows broadway sold approximately billion worth tickets season increase billion season attendance stood million representing increase season million manhattan track estimated hotel rooms end increase real estate real estate major force manhattan economy city total value new_york_city property assessed billion fiscal year manhattan home nation world valuable real estate including highest listed market value city billion subsequently surpassed october expensive hotel sold purchased based china billion park avenue sold july million square foot broke barely month old record american office building square foot based sale madison avenue manhattan home codes united_states median housing price manhattan approximately million square feet million office space making largest office market united_states manhattan largest central business district nation based office space largest chicago loop media news manhattan served major new_york_city including new_york_times new_york_daily_news new_york_post headquartered borough nation largest newspaper circulation wall_street_journal based daily newspapers include new_york new york amsterdam news based harlem leading african american weekly newspapers united_states village_voice leading alternative weekly based borough television radio film television industry developed new_york significant employer city economy major american broadcast networks abc nbc cbs fox headquartered manhattan cable channels including mtv hbo new_york black owned radio station crown jewel founder manhattan borough president long city powerful black leaders began broadcasts african american community regularly interviewed civil rights leaders like aired live broadcasts conferences influential known hot claims premier hip hop station united_states comprising signal largest public radio audience nation listened commercial non commercial radio station manhattan news information programming socialist radio stations operating united_states oldest public access television cable channel united_states founded offers eclectic local programming ranges jazz hour discussion labor issues foreign language religious programming local news channel known beat coverage city hall state politics education scholarly activity education manhattan provided vast number public private institutions public schools borough operated largest public school system united_states charter schools include harlem public prep best known new_york_city public high schools high school high school high school fashion industries manhattan center science mathematics high school math science engineering located manhattan hybrid school created serves students city prestigious private prep schools located manhattan including school prestigious scholarship catholic high school boys country borough home private schools known diverse nation manhattan official italian american school manhattan residents age bachelor degree fifth highest counties country residents college graduates earned advanced degrees giving manhattan nation concentrations highly educated people manhattan colleges universities including columbia_university affiliate campus schools include jewish theological seminary america new_york union theological seminary private institutions maintain manhattan presence college new municipal college system new_york_city largest urban university system united_states serving degree students roughly equal number adult continuing professional education students college graduates new_york_city graduate institution half college students new_york_city senior colleges located manhattan include criminal justice graduate studies doctoral granting institution community college located manhattan borough represented manhattan manhattan world center training education medicine life sciences city receives second highest annual funding cities bulk goes manhattan research institutions including manhattan served largest collection public library system country units mid manhattan library donnell talking book library science industry business library located manhattan branch libraries located borough culture contemporary life manhattan scene important american cultural movements workers quarter women marched washington square park commemorate fire killed workers march women wore fitted like manufactured clothing style working woman uniform symbol women liberation reflecting alliance labor suffrage movements 1920s established african american literary canon united_states manhattan vibrant visual art scene 1950s 1960s center american pop art movement gave birth giants artist associated downtown pop art movement late 1970s clubs like studio broadway theatre considered highest professional form theatre united_states plays musicals staged larger professional theatres seats times square theatres feature productions venues seats lincoln square manhattan home influential arts organizations including new_york_city opera manhattan home extensive art collections world contemporary historical including frank lloyd wright designed art galleries downtown neighborhood known art galleries home modern art upcoming established artists manhattan borough closely associated new_york_city non residents natives new_york_city outside manhattan describe trip manhattan going city borough place american phrase new_york minute meant convey short time form faster believe possible refers rapid pace life manhattan term melting pot popularly coined describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods play melting pot adaptation william_shakespeare romeo juliet set new_york_city iconic building said source phrase shout men tried women dresses blown winds created triangular building dates 1920s reporter heard term new_orleans refer new_york_city named racing column big apple jazz musicians adopted term refer city world jazz capital 1970s campaign helped term sports manhattan home nba new york liberty play home games madison square garden major professional sports arena borough proposed west stadium home field proposal eventually defeated june leaving stadium new_jersey today manhattan borough new_york_city professional baseball franchise yankees american_league queens national_league major_league_baseball brooklyn cyclones play brooklyn play major league teams play new_york_city played manhattan new_york_giants played incarnations polo grounds street eighth avenue inception split time played headed west season new_york_yankees began franchise named played creation team moved polo grounds season officially christened new_york_yankees remaining moved yankee stadium new_york_mets played polo grounds seasons stadium completed departed polo grounds demolished april replaced public housing national college level basketball championship held new_york remains city started play national_basketball_association original teams playing home games making madison square garden permanent home shared garden creation league original teams harlem playground court famed style play nba athletes played summer league new_york_city football teams play today hudson_river stadium new_jersey teams started playing polo grounds new_york_giants played baseball time entered national_football_league crossing yankee stadium originally known started polo grounds staying seasons joining queens played locations madison square garden founding season rangers new_york americans started play garden previous season lasting team folded season season played garden played home games downing stadium seasons starting team signed officially recorded world greatest soccer player million contract drawing capacity crowd watch lead team victory playing pitch facilities downing stadium condition team popularity grew left yankee stadium stadium demolished way million seat stadium includes olympic standard meter running track legacy includes approved soccer stadium hosts matches youth teams manhattan soccer club government new_york_city consolidation manhattan governed new_york_city charter provided strong mayor council system revision centralized new_york_city government responsible public education institutions libraries public safety recreational facilities water supply welfare services manhattan office borough president created consolidation balance local authority borough president powerful administrative role derived having vote responsible creating approving city budget proposals land use supreme_court united_states declared unconstitutional brooklyn populous borough greater effective representation populous borough violation fourteenth amendment equal protection clause high court man vote decision largely powerless borough president acted advocate borough mayoral agencies city_council new_york state government corporations manhattan current borough president elected democrat november vote replaced went democrat district attorney manhattan city_council members largest contingent administrative districts served local community boards representative bodies field complaints serve advocates local residents host borough home world largest international corps comprising general honorary home seat new_york_city government housing mayor new_york_city mayor staff thirteen municipal agencies located nearby manhattan municipal building completed largest governmental buildings world politics democratic_party holds public offices registered republicans minority borough approximately electorate registered republicans electorate neighborhoods democrats hold registered party voters manhattan divided congressional districts represented democrats represents 8th district based west covers hell kitchen sections represents 14th district called silk district political base covers portions western queens brooklyn queens based 12th district represents heavily puerto rican sections including republican won presidential election manhattan won vote democrat recent republican presidential candidate win majority manhattan vote vote presidential election democrat received vote manhattan republican received borough important source funding presidential campaigns united_states home seven codes nation political contributions code generated money united_states presidential election presidential candidates including bush election federal offices operates post offices manhattan new_york_city main post office located eighth avenue 31st street 33rd street post office stopped hour service decreasing mail traffic new_york located lower manhattan square attorney federal offices agencies maintain locations area crime public safety starting mid-19th century united_states immigrants seeking escape poverty home countries arriving new_york new arrivals ended living points neighborhood area broadway northeast 1820s area home gambling known dangerous place visited area appalled living conditions seen area notorious caught attention abraham_lincoln visited area speech predominantly irish points gang country major organized crime entities italian immigration grew early 20th century joined ethnic gangs including got start crime mafia known developed mid-19th century sicily spread east_coast united_states late 19th century following waves southern italian emigration established manhattan forming alliances criminal enterprises including jewish mob led leading jewish gangster period prohibition helped create thriving black market liquor mafia quick capitalize new_york_city manhattan experienced sharp increase crime 1960s 1970s crime manhattan categories tracked profile borough saw murders seen drop nearly robbery period auto theft reduced seven major crime categories tracked system overall crime declined year date statistics continuing declines based data new_york_city lowest crime rate largest cities united_states housing manhattan early history wood construction poor access water supplies left city vulnerable fires shortly continental_army evacuated manhattan left british massive fire broke destroying city houses rise immigration near turn 20th century left major portions manhattan especially densely packed recent arrivals housing usually stories high constructed typical lots exploiting new immigrants fire codes increased use elevators residential buildings impetus new housing code effectively ended form new construction buildings survive today east borough manhattan offers wide array public private housing options housing units average density square mile manhattan residents lived owner occupied housing second lowest rate counties nation city new_york highest average cost rent united_states simultaneously hosts higher average income capita rent lower percentage annual income american cities manhattan real estate market luxury housing expensive world infrastructure transportation public transportation manhattan unique intense use public transportation lack private car ownership americans nationwide drive jobs public transport mass transit dominant form travel residents manhattan borough residents public transport work drove according manhattan households car mayor proposed congestion system regulate entering manhattan south 60th street state legislature rejected proposal june new_york_city subway largest subway system world number stations primary means travel city linking borough subway stations manhattan construction stations second subway path system connects stations manhattan northern new_jersey passengers pay pay ride valid city buses path trains day day allow unlimited trips path bus routes express buses phased having replaced testing smart card payment systems replace commuter rail services operating manhattan connects manhattan new_york_city long_island metro north railroad connects manhattan southwestern connecticut transit trains points new_jersey dollar heavy rail transit projects construction manhattan include second avenue subway project multi billion dollar projects completed billion having completed november billion subway extension having completed september offers wide variety local buses manhattan brand new_york_city bus extensive network express bus routes serves travelers heading manhattan bus system served million passengers placing bus system highest nation double second place los_angeles system commuter cable car systems north_america manhattan minutes serving island system north_america island ferry runs hours day days year annually carries million passengers mile run manhattan weekday vessels transport passengers boat trips ferry fare free cent fare eliminated metro region commuter rail lines converge west east sides respectively busiest rail stations united_states users mass transit thirds railway passengers country live new_york suburbs amtrak provides inter city passenger rail service philadelphia baltimore washington upstate new_york new_england cross canadian border service toronto montreal destinations southern new_york iconic yellow number city wide authorizing pick street borough private transportation network companies compete manhattan city manhattan tens thousands bicycle streets roads commissioners plan called numbered avenues running north south roughly parallel shore hudson_river feet wide avenue east twelfth avenue west intermittent avenues east avenue including additional avenues running avenue eastward avenue area known manhattan numbered streets manhattan run east west generally feet wide feet pair streets combined street block adding feet exactly blocks mile typical block manhattan feet according original commissioner plan numbered streets later grid extended northernmost corner manhattan numbered street street manhattan numbering system continues north manhattan despite fact grid plan regular numbered street street streets designated feet wide including 34th 42nd 57th borough significant transportation shopping venues broadway notable exceptions grid starting lower manhattan continuing north manhattan northern tip broadway runs diagonal grid creating major named intersections union square park avenue south fourth avenue 14th street madison square fifth avenue 23rd street herald square sixth avenue 34th street times square seventh avenue 42nd street street traffic refers primarily traffic manhattan east manhattan west trip frustrating drivers heavy congestion narrow local streets laid commissioners plan absence express roads far north end roads travel street street proposals build express roads city neighborhoods lower manhattan expressway forward congestion makes manhattan buses perennial winners awards slowest service new_york_city consequence strict grid plan manhattan grid approximately degrees phenomenon referred analogy separate occasions late early july sunset aligned street grid lines result sun visible near western horizon street level similar phenomenon occurs sunrise january december drive designed controversial new_york master comprise single long limited access parkway east manhattan south henry hudson parkway corresponding parkway west north 57th street river crossings primarily island manhattan linked new_york_city outer numerous bridges sizes manhattan fixed highway connections new_jersey west way new_york_city northeast brooklyn queens long_island east south direct connection fifth new_york_city borough island ferry free charge ferry terminal located near manhattan southern tip possible travel land way brooklyn narrows bridge world busiest motor vehicle bridge connects new_jersey numerous bridges listed north south known officially robert kennedy bridge known street bridge manhattan connect manhattan long_island tunnels link new_york_city outer new_jersey carries vehicles day hudson_river new_jersey busiest tunnel world tunnel built instead bridge allow passage large passenger cargo ships sail hudson_river manhattan piers connecting new_jersey world tunnel built relieve congestion bridges connecting manhattan queens brooklyn largest non federal project time completed president person drive runs underneath connects southern tip manhattan brooklyn manhattan public east 34th street known east 34th street owned new_york_city run owned new_jersey run west 30th street privately owned owned helicopter offered regularly scheduled helicopter service connecting international airport queens new_jersey going business utilities gas electric service provided manhattan electric business traces roots investor owned electric utility company started service september generator provide volts direct current customers light square mile area pearl street station operates world largest district steam system consists miles steam pipes providing steam heating hot water air conditioning manhattan customers cable service provided telephone service provided available manhattan surrounded rivers limited supply fresh water satisfy growing population city new_york acquired land constructed old system went service superseded new opened interrupted construction underway billion water plant supply estimated million gallons daily completed representing addition city availability water addition going manhattan water comes manhattan tunnel tunnel completed manhattan supply respectively manhattan witnessed doubling natural gas supply delivered borough new gas pipeline opened november responsible garbage removal bulk city trash ultimately disposed mega pennsylvania virginia south_carolina ohio transfer stations new_jersey brooklyn queens closure small trash processed transfer sites new_jersey waste energy facilities like new_york_city new_jersey relies trash far areas new_york_city largest clean air diesel hybrid compressed natural gas bus fleet operates manhattan country hybrid operate manhattan address address manhattan commonly find address major street manhattan commonly found telephone new_york_city guide books bus maps | Manhattan | Geography and places | Places | North America |
10074_SouthJordan,Utah | utah city state utah city lies foot peaks foot peaks salt_lake_city metropolitan area flows middle valley city mile section contains fishing ponds trails parks natural habitat fair grounds equestrian park acre lake parks located inside city census population city founded miles south salt_lake_city banks jordan river settlers town history today rapidly growing bedroom community salt_lake_city land development company recently begun construction master planned community entire western half potentially double population city world temples jordan river utah temple city light rail stops commuter rail stop history pre european known inhabitants members nomadic hunter people settled villages farmed corn changes climatic conditions cooler drier period movement area ancestors led disappearance people european settlers arrived permanent native american settlements area bordered tribes territory north band south west recorded lead party area french canadian october party lured indian camp north utah lake people responsible attack planning revenge party earlier unexplained incident involving escaped men caught guard killed early settlement july advanced party pioneers entered valley immediately began land explore area view establishing new settlements ontario canada moved family area trade south helped dig ditch divert water jordan river flour mill moving family jordan river lived cut west river flood plain jordan level cleared farming ditch constructed divert river water base west bluff created mile ditch parts use branch organized branch giving branch consisted families school built served south jordan branch grew new larger building constructed east site present day cemetery upper lower entrance granite foundation left materials brought granite quarry mouth little canyon upper story bricks main hall pulled section hall classes served ward school held fall winter months came known mud temple use work completed took water jordan river brought river time result new canal families moved away river flats river utah completed runs parallels west today completion canal system greater farmed led area population increasing twentieth century late 1890s hay introduced took place tougher native grasses point feed livestock good years produce crops stored winter sugar introduced farmers liked sugar sold cash utah idaho sugar company factory sugar farming integral region region high school mascot named big celebration held january commemorate arrival electrical power addition water tank supply system indoor pumping new park 1930s area needed water tank store water residents living west way federal grant incorporate city citizens voted incorporate november immediately issued bonds obtain money water tank city initially governed responsibilities parks water cemetery city moved mayor council form government assumed local supervision police fire road building worst school bus accidents united_states history occurred december bus loaded students crossed oncoming train obscured fog snow bus killing bus driver students concern bus safety accident led changes state eventually federal law buses stop open doors proceeding railroad crossing railroad crossing site crashes following years deadly crash occurring december teens died crossing tracks car crossing finally closed crashes occurred acres devoted farming increasing population land devoted farming decreased acres result economy went bedroom community salt_lake_city began development called acre planned community contain homes includes commercial retail space jordan river utah temple completed completed second temple built city world jordan river utah temple second city utah geography according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 percent water located southwestern portion city lies west north sandy east southeast south southwest relative sediments pleistocene lake called lake existed years ago peak years ago lake reached elevation feet sea level surface area square miles km2 elevation ranges approximately feet near jordan river east rises gently foothills feet notable exception bluff western edge old demographics census people residing households population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races hispanic latino race population racial makeup white african american native american asian pacific races hispanic race racial makeup utah white african american native american asian pacific races hispanic race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size compared utah city population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city utah males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age population poverty line population utah poverty line people years older city high school graduates compared utah attaining college degree population people employed age people working private sector government sector self employed unpaid family workers mean travel time work minutes people employed educational services health care social assistance people employed professional scientific management administrative waste management services people employed finance insurance real estate rental people employed retail trade construction manufacturing crime year city violent crimes reported law enforcement reports property crimes violent crime rate people compared national average utah property crime rate compared national rate state fbi defines violent offenses include rape robbery murder non aggravated assault property crimes defined include arson motor vehicle theft statistics published showed steady trend crime rate rate index crimes group comprising combined violent offenses property crimes stated rate index crimes entire state utah total total law enforcement employees rate employees residents city police officers total arrests total crimes reported total crimes contain categories include murder rape assault drug offenses prostitution parks recreation city municipal parks ranging size acre north west city acre jordan river acre city park city park includes baseball fields football soccer fields courts tennis courts park includes fishing ponds stocked rainbow trout acres natural habitat recreational facilities owned include center providing senior programs miniature golf hole executive golf outdoor ice skating city hall trails creek trail starts northwest city travels miles reaches border mile section jordan river parkway trail runs city northern edge city way southern edge trail combined bike path plus equestrian path operates acre sits adjacent park grounds contain horse racing track polo field indoor arenas stables held august park acre lake sits inside acres park wetlands located community recreational opportunities include fishing sail boating lake stocked trout bass channel fish catch trout lake surrounding park land privately owned open public future plans turn addition lake community includes miles trails community gardens tennis courts basketball courts pocket parks community swimming pools privately owned open public course inside city limits owned mountain view golf course miles north sandy owned river oaks golf course borders sandy government council manager form government council city legislative body consists members mayor serving year term council sets policy city manager oversees day day operations current mayor city council meets month republican represents utah 4th congressional district united_states house_of_representatives republican represents 10th utah senate district announced step december republican represents 50th utah house district hoping replace senate education lies district elementary schools middle schools south jordan middle high schools high school valley high alternative school serving students addition public charter high school public charter elementary private schools academy located boundary offers general education classes college health science courses located campus located sandy border home college corporate training programs training facilities private university houses schools online accelerated nursing program transportation interstate lane freeway located eastern edge city provides interchanges inside city limits south south highway state route lane expressway traverses center city interchanges south south south mountain view corridor eventual lane freeway located western edge south jordan served bus system light rail connects line running downtown salt_lake_city stations park ride lots located inside located approximately south shared park ride spaces located south park ride spaces stations located inside city boundary west station west station travel time downtown salt_lake_city approximately minutes commuter rail system station eastern edge south extends north south infrastructure electric service residents provided natural gas service provided handles local telephone service long distance service available providers offer high speed internet connections city owns water distribution system drinking water provided secondary water non water landscaping provided canals running city owns bills sewer system south contracts household garbage picked week owned bed service hospital includes satellite facility primary children medical center owned bed service hospital located economy principal employers according comprehensive annual financial report principal employers city notable people current resident short track speed skating athlete decorated american winter olympic athlete time medals current resident sculptor western themes inventor invented technology automatic dependent surveillance broadcast ads ads tracking finding aircraft positions satellites nfl player lives south jordan resident wide receiver nfl curtis graduated played football basketball resident time summer olympic competitor parker youngest member summer olympic team age won bronze medal parker chief executive officer national governing body sport current resident girl football player highlight video football season viewed million times days female football player cover box interviewed espn conan brien fox friends sam nfl commercial super bowl commercial invited super bowl nfl commissioner december | South Jordan, Utah | Geography and places | Places | North America |
10272_SheetHarbour,NovaScotia | nova scotia rural community canada lies approximately kilometres northeast halifax commercial employment educational hub people community located shores arms northeast arm rivers flow harbour little minor river flows large lake west atlantic_ocean adjacent community sheet harbour industrial port important regional deep water port majority land granted colony established forestry prominent early years pulp mill constructed closed high prices pulp mill constructed destroyed hurricane august community today relies forestry fishing tourism trunk runs directly route route junctions new bridge built named predecessor construction started september opened december bridge walk commemorate event hospital named connected community located minutes northeast schools plan currently proposed replace schools area defunct school politician member resides location small rural community located eastern area major community area commercial employment educational hub people located slightly northward compared coastal communities area shape harbour population census tract includes large land sheet harbour land borders census tracts small subdivisions land usually population census tract numerical designation population community immediately west small reserve topography community located shores harbour arms northwest arm northeast arm western wider arm referred eastern arm known arms connect southeast meets harbour continues southeast ward southward atlantic_ocean northwest arm extends northwest meets mouth northeast arm extends north curves northeast meets mouth small island arm named harbour arms meet atlantic_ocean referred wider arm approximately metres deep low tide gradually widens flows southward atlantic_ocean flows southeast ward past sheet harbour industrial port west small community curves flows southwest ward southward atlantic area heavily forested rich lakes coastline rocky eroded atlantic_ocean typical average tides rivers major rivers minor river small streams harbour flows northwest arm formally begins near main branch river named kilometres long river secondary branches kilometres long kilometres long smaller streams flow river progresses southeast ward flows downstream river flows sheet ends trunk passes falls carry water metres elevation sea level river river area prone flash flooding community north_america use lime limestone water lower acid rain levels starting september successful river healthy level salmon aquatic life large lake west northwest arm river northeast arm formally main river flows large past falls power plant generating station narrows river short flows head northeast arm history present land area granted settlement established loyalist refugees british veterans american revolution prosperous centre lumber industry settlement translates flowing wildly named port north published settlement called alternate names settlement manchester named lord captain general governor chief decided port north descriptive changed starting white flat rock looks like sheet named rock located entrance harbour known town decades fell known present built tide head lumber company succeed financially dissolved years later october built pulp mill canada time discovery process happened earlier news traveled lumber manufacturer halifax decided try method head acres hectares km2 woodland sheet harbour rivers mill closed january high costs united_states mill bought residents floated harbour community ground wood pulp mill owned albany began operation head purchased rhodes previous owners lumber company produced ground wood pulp october remained operation destroyed hurricane august steel arch bridge built 1950s named replaced new bridge december industry economy primarily based fishery forestry tourism lesser extent formed years ago known comprise businesses operate situated site ground wood pulp mill east trunk crosses entrance community museum collection interpreting life plastic 1990s government nova scotia built common user deep water dock industrial park west named sheet harbour industrial port purchased currently operated currently ships wood chips pulp industry imports wind turbine segments transported nova scotia rest north_america port service natural gas pipes processed coating plant making suitable placement ocean floor port closest marine terminal fields distance kilometres approximately kilometres west great circle route major shipping lane north_america europe docking area metres long metres wide metres draft connected concrete pad transportation community situated junction route route trunk community run main opened cost replacement new bridge built september december replace bridge built previous bridge built nearing end life span proposed minor repairs decided entirely new bridge cost effective new bridge designed unlike predecessor large overhead steel arches twice costly build new bridge constructed site old bridge predecessor constructed south bridge cost build construction began september contractor poured cubic metres cubic feet concrete new bridge relies pillars set granite near completion december deck laid construction completed bridge opened december pedestrians opened day traffic road modifications sheet harbour bridge result new bridge trunk aligned riverside drive slightly modified access road slightly modified minor loop extended old trunk households shortly new bridge opened old closed currently demolished july demolition expected complete mid late amenities home hardware store liquor store post office run public library owned operated convenience store small park police station run fire station churches ground search rescue hosts apartment building gas stations operated run chain gas stations respectively grocery store banks operated respectively located minutes west run restaurant located named serves surroundings built wind turbine small community immediately east outcome favourable wind data obtained meteorological tower near site wind turbine constructed producing power october produces power powers approximately households stands metres tall august seaside festival hosted local based originally formed october disbanded december years later corps reformed february active today earned fame winning cup times cup award given best performing cadet corps nova scotia hospital located construction began opened owned operated amalgamated sixteen beds patients gardens site stood hospital offers services connected nursing home corridor built replace nearing end life span minutes west sheet harbour trunk provincial park beaches entire park located peninsula atlantic_ocean hunting firearms forbidden park park contains hiking trails kilometre beach park open october year near outside park located owned operated education schools school students graduate students enrolled school school offers canadian french teaches grades primary school built high school area consequently schools located located closed zero student enrollment school offers integrated french grades teaches grades seven students enrolled school school built early plan works close possibly demolish schools replace larger modern grade school new school teach students serve large area sheet harbour april site project chosen new school built site duncan high school occupies school steering team established cooperate work design team new school government departments design planning phases notable residents politician member | Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
10295_Plymouth,Massachusetts | plymouth massachusetts plymouth historically known town massachusetts united_states plymouth holds place great prominence american history folklore culture known america hometown plymouth site colony founded pilgrims passengers famous ship plymouth new_england established oldest municipality new_england oldest united_states town served location prominent events notable thanksgiving feast plymouth served capital founding colony merger colony plymouth named english city plymouth largest municipality massachusetts area population according demographics plymouth county seats plymouth located approximately miles south boston region massachusetts known 19th century town center fishing shipping held world largest company continues active port today major industry plymouth tourism plymouth served contains oldest continually operating museum united_states country settlements plymouth known united_states historical value events surrounding history plymouth united_states particularly relating pilgrims thanksgiving town popular tourist spot thanksgiving holiday plymouth home old colony club oldest gentlemen clubs world history pre colonial era prior arrival pilgrims location plymouth village native americans called region plymouth visited twice european explorers prior establishment sailed calling port louis captain leader colony virginia explored parts credited naming region afflicted coastal new_england possibly transmitted british french fishermen natives shore concrete evidence exists prove connection plague killed local inhabitants near disappearance tribe site left cleared areas vacant pilgrims occupy meant indians condition resist arrival colonists colonial era plymouth played important role american colonial history final landing site voyage location original settlement plymouth colony plymouth established december english broken away church_of_england believing church completed work today settlers better known pilgrims term coined anchored harbor massachusetts november ship headed mouth hudson_river near manhattan colony virginia time eventually reached new_england settlers realized patent settle region signed compact prior pilgrims explored parts eventually sought suitable location permanent settlement westward pilgrims eventually came sheltered waters plymouth harbor december appealing protected bay led site present day chosen new settlement days surveying settlers officially disembarked december traditionally said pilgrims set foot america site historical evidence prove claim settlers named settlement historically known archaic english spelling major port city devon england ultimately sailed plymouth devon united_kingdom named location mouth winter plymouth faced difficulties winter notable risk starvation lack suitable shelter beginning assistance indians vital journal reports marched place called found corn place seen dug found corn bag beans seed god help found corn meeting indians trouble earlier exploration cape pilgrims come indian burial site contained corn taken corn future planting occasion found house taken corn beans occupants months later greater assistance came better known indian sent chief ambassador technical adviser kidnapped english slave sold spain learned english escaped slavery returned home taught colonists farm corn catch fish helpful skills instrumental survival settlement years guide sent named helped colonists set trading posts chief later formed peace treaty pilgrims growing plentiful harvest fall pilgrims gathered ninety men celebration thanksgiving god plentiful harvest celebration known today thanksgiving commemorated annually downtown plymouth parade thanksgiving observed federal holiday united_states plymouth served capital plymouth colony consisted modern day bristol founding colony merged territories form plymouth holds unique distinction permanent settlement new_england oldest settlements united_states 19th century 1800s plymouth remained relatively isolated town depended fishing shipping town eventually regional center fishing principal industry world largest manufacturer rope products company founded point longest world quarter mile length found site waterfront 1960s forced business competition synthetic fiber ropes refurbished factory known home numerous offices restaurants stores modern history years plymouth experienced rapid growth development south shore towns plymouth accessible boston early 1970s improved railroads highways bus routes furthermore town inexpensive land costs low tax rates factors town significant population rise plymouth population grew residents residents increase years population continued expand recent years plymouth surpassed massachusetts cities population town officially regarded town chartered city continues governed board mayor plymouth emerged major economic tourist center largest towns massachusetts plymouth spans exits main highway route plymouth boasts larger shopping nearby independence mall kingston built past years grown additional access possible recent extension plymouth second largest highway route geography latitude plymouth according town total area km2 km2 land km2 water largest land area municipality massachusetts plymouth consists neighborhoods geographical sections larger town include plymouth makes entire western shore bordered land southeast southwest west kingston north shares small border land entrance plymouth border makes line plymouth counties town located roughly miles southeast boston exactly miles east providence rhode_island located town plymouth distinct geographical features town atlantic coast characterized low plains western sections extremely hilly forested plymouth contains small ponds scattered western quadrant largest great herring pond partly town major feature town southwestern region operated lies adjacent state forest lands smaller town forest parks recreation areas beaches plymouth public beaches largest guards consists mile long significant barrier beach clark island small island island plymouth coast summer houses year round inhabitants climate plymouth climate transitional humid continental cold humid subtropical marine type predominant climate massachusetts location atlantic_ocean humidity levels high year round plymouth coastal location causes experience warmer temperatures inland locations new_england summers typically hot humid winters cold snowy plymouth month july average high temperature average low month january average high temperature average low like rest plymouth receives ample amounts precipitation year round average summer months receive slightly precipitation winter months plymouth averages inches rainfall year plymouth like coastal massachusetts towns vulnerable easter weather systems town vulnerable atlantic hurricanes tropical storms threaten region early autumn months demographics census people households families residing town population second largest town massachusetts 21st largest municipality state population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density km2 racial makeup town white black african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size town population spread age years age older median age years median income household town census median income family males median income versus females capita income town families population poverty line including age age government plymouth represented twelfth plymouth districts town represented plymouth district includes state level primary shared patrolling responsibility town limited access highways falls seventh barracks troop national level plymouth massachusetts 9th congressional district currently represented state senior class member united_states senate state current junior class senator local level town uses representative town meeting form government led town manager board current town manager plymouth plymouth centralized municipal police force town professional fire department seven spread town post offices town codes downtown area near near town forest village green shopping area town public library branch location libraries old colony services libraries additionally seat county facilities located plymouth include county farm county courthouse economy plymouth economic tourism center major industry tourism healthcare technical scientific research real estate telecommunications primary industries largest employer town plymouth experienced commercial industrial success downtown area commercial centers industrial park opening outside town center large commercial project titled colony place located near completed late consists large retail stores chain restaurants contains largest outdoor designer outlet large retail development recently finished construction route exit shops nuclear power plant massachusetts located plymouth plymouth recently seen development residential projects consists residential units golf courses country club shopping village completed expected contain homes education plymouth operates large school system enrollment students largest state operating fourteen schools larger massachusetts average schools school district operates school buses contract student bus company schools plymouth include elementary schools cold spring south generally serve students fifth grade middle schools serve grades high schools plymouth south high schools play schools share rivalry students decide receive technical education option attending home educated children plymouth charter school town rising tide charter public school serves middle high school aged students special education schools located town town institutions higher learning campus located plymouth campus opened college main campus campus northern edge building campus opened main campus located campus plymouth offers courses location healthcare plymouth home israel plymouth hospital largest hospital southern region major healthcare provider town hospital community medical center serving towns plymouth counties consists departments patient beds hospital offers rehabilitation center region israel plymouth hospital hospital plymouth operates offices physician largest hospital southeastern massachusetts transportation highways plymouth lies portion route major route boston town accessed exits highway municipality plymouth eastern terminus route route changed recently new divided highway section linked route heading south exiting old location terminating route closely follows shoreline passes route western terminus intersection old route route goes remote section town north bay exit finally short plantation highway allows easy access routes exit allows direct entry parking area highway north south rail plymouth termini kingston plymouth old colony line commuter rail providing non peak service far north boston plymouth station near route terminus kingston frequent train arrivals departures station independence mall railroad lines pass town ferry seasonal ferry excursion lines offer cruises cape bay ferry operated offers round trip daily june september ferry leaves addition ferry offers service harbor whale watching tours deep sea fishing bus offers scheduled service logan airport downtown boston buses boarded commuter parking lot exit route mcdonald rest stop greater regional transit authority operates public transportation buses known pal plymouth kingston air town home lies border plymouth founded offers scheduled service private service airport features local restaurant gift shop site traffic control tower municipal airport offers additional scheduled carrier service airport offers scheduled flight services martha boston new_york_city approximately plymouth nearest national international airport logan international airport boston roughly away state airport located rhode_island away sports plymouth home new england collegiate play home games field points interest promoted america hometown plymouth tourist destination noted heritage town home notable sites plymouth famous attractions traditionally rock said site pilgrims historical evidence support belief identification actual landing site year old father arrived plymouth years arrival rock located roughly feet initial settlement thought built famous identification supposed landing site pilgrims subsequently moved location process rock split later moved location granite victorian canopy easily accessible subject hunters rock finally moved original location town waterfront large boulder sits historic structure designed highly influential architectural firm white designers rhode_island state house new_york_city built existing granite replaced earlier style monument designed designed national monument listed national_register_of_historic_places rock centerpiece park smallest park massachusetts state forest park system heavily visited plantation plantation living history museum located south consists creation plymouth settlement replica 17th century museum features role playing tour guides large crafts center replica farming homestead plymouth museum farm features animals found rare modern times museum opened guidance wealthy boston grew plymouth museum originally consisted house exhibit expanded large fortified town native american village size replica ship brought pilgrims plymouth located state pier ship open museum pilgrims historic voyage plymouth england considered faithful replica original officially ship built england sailed plymouth atlantic_ocean famous ship routinely takes plymouth harbor year celebrated 50th anniversary arrival plymouth sites historic interest addition plymouth rock memorial monuments constructed celebration plymouth include statues containing bones pilgrims died winter rests atop cole hill founded oldest continually operating museum united_states located plymouth features national monument dedicated standing feet tall tallest free standing solid granite monument united_states notable historical sites include mill working replica original mill built oldest house standing plymouth edge town route acre site notable containing remains slaves fought american revolutionary war families historic houses include locations plymouth appear national_register_of_historic_places including cole hill parks recreation commonwealth second largest state forest located plymouth camping hiking destination contains freshwater lakes ponds harbor state park located extreme southern portion town contains natural beach inside plymouth home public private golf courses include course runs series actively maintained entertainment plymouth home vibrant music arts community including plymouth center arts free summer concert series wednesday night series son thursday night series notable people television producer writer born railroad official resident publisher born plymouth amy adult film star nude model born plymouth political commentator author born plymouth actor born plymouth died plymouth nancy coach current resident united_states representative maine born plymouth shortstop manager single team currently resides plymouth bassist born plymouth preacher theologian resident leader born comedian activist current resident founder died lucas brooklyn museum director author scientific papers born plymouth united_states representative new_hampshire born plymouth violet silent film actress died plymouth inducted taught plymouth professional won masters tournament chris member crew film actress lead vocalist lead rhythm guitars resident president massachusetts provincial legislature prominent colonial era politician twin sister cities plymouth shared twin city status plymouth devon united_kingdom addition plymouth shared sister city status japan | Plymouth, Massachusetts | Geography and places | Places | North America |
10345_ShawneeonDelaware,Pennsylvania | delaware pennsylvania delaware unincorporated community pennsylvania situated south foothills miles southwest miles west new_york_city white arrived home fort french indian war hall later known built village home originally built course designed early 20th century largest red cedar tree state situated standing feet high inches trunk history tribe refugees ohio settled area white new_york arrived bought acres land local tribe indians french indian war home fort known fort village given surveyor sent mistakenly thought local indians ferry began operate traveling new_jersey operating store built stone log church ministers cornerstone church remains farming community grew steadily river transport produce post office built brick church erected foundation old stone log church original beams remain original sounding board judge moved new_jersey end decade opened general store village built near stone sporting roof framing system wood iron members successful businessman owner late 1890s began spend increasing time country home delaware retired live built hall later known added national_register_of_historic_places building listed demolished following fire caused arson june rebuilt help people delaware community development block grant established society dedicated directed society caught grounds months geography village south foothills miles southwest forested valley route miles west new_york_city lies miles northeast pennsylvania village separated main channel downstream island location golf course miles upstream site proposed controversial dam project following flooding river largest red cedar tree state situated standing feet high inches trunk feet crown government delaware unincorporated community municipal governmental structure subordinate local government county government pennsylvania profit voluntary organization functions state law dedicated preserving quality life delaware surrounding areas economy lime produced burning limestone improve fertility soil area local farmers built lime slope property preserved listed historic place son judge farmed hundreds included land present day golf course barn feet long feet built hold tons grain room store acres wheat acres stone mill built vicinity flour mill ground loaded boats sold philadelphia built exclusive resort eighteen hole golf course designed later course completed won open golf tournament delaware ahead trying unsuccessfully shape grazing sheep designed gang moving wheels launched manufacture depression inn business suffered building properly maintained family sold inn famous choral master inn base 1950s radio programs featuring broadcast hall 1940s early 1950s produced string hits selling millions records choral hits include sleep republic smoke gets eyes button white christmas tired poor dancing dark friends founded moved company renamed company major publisher sacred secular music acquired celebrity friends visited inn played golf president golf architect expanded course holes sold inn philadelphia real estate developer expanded operation exclusive introducing adding skiing water activities hope established contributes income received area employing medalist director ski operations media low power radio station broadcasting variety music format issued construction permit station february station assigned sign march received license cover november licensed delaware station serves pennsylvania area currently owned | Shawnee on Delaware, Pennsylvania | Geography and places | Places | North America |
11135_NewportNews,Virginia | virginia independent city located state virginia census population population estimated making fifth populous city virginia included metropolitan area southeastern end northern shore extending southeast creek miles waterfront river mouth harbor area known original virginia formed british colony virginia order king charles county largely composed farms undeveloped land years later years explosive development began leadership new peninsula extension ohio railway richmond opened transportation peninsula provided new railroad bring west_virginia coal port coastal shipping worldwide export new railroad came terminal coal piers loaded years associates built large shipyard new incorporated town briefly replaced county seat population mutual consent referendum consolidated separate city rejoining approximately geographic size widely known selected formed virginia largest independent city population residents employed expansive joint installation military bases suppliers city economy connected military location harbor large boating industry advantage miles waterfront serves junction rails sea located east end city served major east west interstate highway linked cities crosses harbor bridge tunnels city limits etymology original area near mouth referred early source newport news known certainty versions recorded subject popular speculation locally probably best known explanation holds early group colonists left return england time winter aboard ship captain encountered fleet supply ships new governor 3rd baron reinforcements men supplies new governor ordered turn return theory community named newport good news possibility community derived old english word news meaning new town source claims new arose original settlement rebuilt fire source gave original new port named person town place new namesake sir english soldier originally settled ireland established near county sailed virginia sir october granted acres land died days later brother given acres called partner completed founding settlement writes old maps given way saying fact appeared newport news verified numerous early documents maps local tradition change came usage sanctioned new port news words post office approved newport news current form history european settlement 17th century shortly founding virginia english settlers explored began settling areas adjacent sir took possession nearby native american village known time settlers began clearing land called plantations including present area area included huge corporations known extended west way creek currently border included present day english colony virginia consisted population approximately inhabitants divided virginia renamed counties shortly area river county seat short time mid-19th century county seat moved restoration rural area plantations small fishing village american civil war construction railroad establishment great shipyard brought thousands workers associated development cities virginia newly established earlier incorporation town virginia independent city political subdivision served city mayor area formed present day southern end long established unincorporated town reconstruction period american civil war new essentially founded california merchant big associated california formed western country recruited confederate general major investor guiding light southern railroad helped complete ohio railway knew railroad transport coal eastbound west_virginia natural resources agents began acquiring land 1880s oversaw extension new extended richmond southeast peninsula company developed coal piers harbor project develop world largest shipyard opened intended build boats transition goods rails seas president declaration create great white fleet company entered warship business building seven sixteen warships today shipyard holds dominant position american warship construction business 1900s addition members family played major roles nephew assumed leadership shipyard developed world war near northern terminus named son wife sculptor developed beginning created natural park community process major feature grown largest finest maritime museums world cities voted referendum consolidate cities choosing assume better known merger created largest city population virginia square miles km2 area boundaries today essentially boundaries original river traditional exception minor border adjustments neighbors city original downtown area waterfront changed rapidly farm trading town new city quarter 19th century development railroad terminal coal piers harbor related facilities shipyard brought new jobs workers area fashionable housing businesses developed downtown increase industry development new suburbs pushed pulled retail residential development west north world war suburban development aided national highway construction national trend newer housing july united_states_navy commissioned naval vessel named city entry los_angeles class nuclear submarine uss newport news built active service ship initially commanded city held public celebration event attended vice president united_states conjunction milestone song written city native formally adopted july lyrics appear permission author verse harbor thousand ships nation fleet gateway ocean river meet chorus strength wrought steel people timeless legacy place called second verse blessed land gifted special view forever home man spirit proud true repeat chorus fade 2000s despite city efforts large scale beginning 21st century downtown area consisted largely coal export facilities shipyard municipal offices bordered harbor related smaller businesses lower income housing grew population 1960s 1990s city began explore new way develop areas developed small portion opened phases city invested million public funding project closely following opened urban residential community new business district people reside port area includes acre city square festivals events place geography located according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water city located peninsula region virginia bordering atlantic_ocean officially known 37th largest nation population estimate area includes virginia cities norfolk portsmouth suffolk counties gloucester isle york north_carolina counties gates serves business centers peninsula city norfolk recognized central business district resort district primarily centers tourism shares land borders northwest north northeast east shares water borders portsmouth southeast suffolk south southwest west northwest city downtown area earliest developed area initially incorporated independent city earlier city portions included southeast community predominantly african american north end shipyard coal piers world war public housing projects lower income housing built improve housing came known east end locals city expanded primarily westward land available highways built shipyard coal facilities smaller harbor oriented businesses remained vibrant downtown area went substantial decline crime problems plagued nearby lower income residential areas west traditional downtown area early portion city developed modern times called developed primarily features wealth architectural styles eclectic vernacular building designs extending west approaches includes scenic views river preserved community historic district listed national_register_of_historic_places merger mutual agreement city removed political boundary adjacent major north south roadway carries route area adjacent time county rural boulevard north mercury boulevard developed world war planned community point west city takes suburban nature neighborhoods developed number small towns miles waterfront tributaries occupied higher end single family homes sections wooded land farms gave way subdivisions northwestern reaches traditional downtown area residential development occurred land set aside natural protection recreational historical considerations newer residential areas major features northwestern end include include expansive number public schools military installations fort small portion extreme northwestern edge adjacent creek border lee hall community retains historical features including station served tens thousands soldiers based nearby fort world war world war larger normal rural story frame depot highly valued rail fans rail downtown victory arch built commemorate great war sits downtown waterfront arch cast 1960s hand crafted founder president downtown area number landmarks interesting buildings time abandoned favor building new areas northwest areas city strategy aided tax incentives postwar years city leaders working bring new life area building new homes attracting businesses completion interstate restored area access traffic largely rerouted completion ferry service time larger capacity monitor memorial bridge tunnel rebuilt james river bridge restored accessibility traffic downtown area newer commercial development boulevard corridors newer planned industrial commercial mixed development downtown area long area city offered traditional urban layout city supported number new projects named fictional city novel lie darkness includes housing broad variety citizens retired persons campus housing students included high end restaurants shopping point located near touted new downtown new geographic proximity retail business nucleus city etc locally called simply city center nearby recently completed million expansion plan home small korean ethnic boulevard near neighborhood northern end city lacks density character larger established referred little seoul commercial center korean community neighborhoods distinctive communities neighborhoods boundaries including hunter ivy farms north end roughly 50th 75th street jefferson avenue park morrison known old center area riverside neighborhoods located city climate located humid subtropical climate zone cool mild winters hot humid summers inland location year highs warmer lows cooler areas southeast snowfall averages inches season summer months tend slightly geographic location city respect principal storm tracks fair weather south average path storms originating higher latitudes north usual tracks hurricanes major tropical storms demographics census people households families residing city population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population puerto rican mexican cuban dominican households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size age distribution age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age crime experienced murders giving city murder rate people murders giving city rate people city murders rate people total crime index rate united_states average according city crime rankings crime metropolitan america ranked dangerous city larger inhabitants neighborhood highest crime rates east end economy city major industries military owned large coal piers supplied railroad giant modern fortune successor ohio railway miles waterfront seen automobiles crossing monitor memorial bridge tunnel portion linking city major cities interstate interstate defensive industry suppliers based nearby military bases employ residents addition working shipyard harbor related plays role maritime industry end csx railroad tracks lies covering acres km2 terminal heavy lift cranes warehouse capabilities container cranes location rail network provided advantages city city houses industrial parks enabled manufacturing distribution root city technology oriented companies flourished 1990s regional center technology companies additional companies headquartered include serves city largest employer employees fort employs making second largest employer city creates jobs acts city largest employer established world war historic large base fort modern times hosts important activities adjacent military facilities include naval weapons station harbor world largest naval base naval station norfolk installations located research education play role city economy housed employs people scientists world conduct research facility named stated mission provide forefront scientific facilities opportunities leadership essential discovering fundamental structure nuclear matter partner industry apply advanced technology serve nation communities education public outreach culture virginia associated larger people grown area unique accent sounds different stereotypical southern accent longer pronunciation typical southern accent near city western end historic railroad station american_civil_war battle sites near historic lee hall route 19th century plantations protected located roads leading sites civil war significance modern duel ironclad warships took place far recovered artifacts uss monitor displayed notable museums type world museum collection totals approximately artifacts international scope include ship models maritime paintings decorative arts engines museum owns maintains acre park located trail acre covers american military history museum collection includes weapons vehicles artifacts uniforms posters periods american history collection include section berlin wall outer wall contains rotating gallery art exhibits center maintains permanent hands kids gallery designed children families interact center describes fun educational environment encourages participation art materials concepts united_states_army museum vehicles transportation related equipment memorabilia located grounds fort museum reflects history army especially includes close military vehicles land vehicles rolling stock including stock officially dedicated general star general lead transportation command extends acres land air sea vehicles indoor exhibits exhibits cover transportation role army operations including topic areas american revolutionary war operations afghanistan theater concert hall campus complex fully opened september contains distinct separate concert halls port area hosts annual port art sculpture festival art vendors gather square sell art judges chance art work best festival outdoor living museum combining aspects native wildlife park science museum botanical preserve sports home sports franchises including semi pro football captains field fourteen sports compete division iii ncaa high school sports especially football play large role city culture sporting stars city stadium houses high schools worth football games usually spread thursday friday saturday nights stadium holds schools track field meets additional sports options found outside collegiate level offer athletics provides sports level peninsula pilots play outside city limits war memorial stadium pilots play summer baseball league norfolk international_league field men women professional soccer teams atlantic conference headquartered parks recreation responsible maintenance city parks smallest half acre largest acres km2 second largest city park united_states scattered city northern end city southern end near monitor memorial bridge tunnel parks offer services visitors ranging traditional park services like camping fishing activities like disc golf northern city city golf course lies park camping outdoor activities miles trails complex miles multi use bike path park offers bicycle helmet rental requires helmet use children offers range disc golf course flying field remote controlled aircraft complete runway city supplies public boat ramps citizens park boat ramp park allows access tributary offers small fishing pier offers small beach addition trout fish primarily caught summer months pier accessible visitors media daily newspaper papers include port weekly publishes newspaper serves monthly regional magazine area serves online magazine cities counties served variety radio stations towers located area served television stations designated market area 43rd largest homes total major network television cbs nbc abc fox station residents receive independent stations broadcasting channel broadcasting channel government independent city services counties cities virginia provide sheriff social services court system operates council manager form government consists city council representatives districts serving legislative oversight capacity popularly elected large mayor city manager serves head executive branch city departments executing policies adopted council citizens elect council representatives serve year term city council meets city hall twice month july consisted mayor vice mayor city manager time history female majority city council federal courthouse virginia new courthouse constructed future additionally general district circuit courts downtown city virginia 1st congressional district served representative virginia 3rd congressional district served representative education main provider primary secondary education city school system includes elementary schools middle schools high schools high school high school middle high schools elementary schools fully example elementary school offers talented gifted program fifth rising sixth offers stem program students district preparing careers math high school widely known program prepare students grade levels college course levels thinking private schools located area including city contains public university nearby public universities include mary private university sits miles city limits operates school teaching shipyard related trades serves community college located neighboring nearby offers college career training programs institutions areas home variety students commuter students large portion infrastructure transportation elaborate transportation network including interstate state highways bridges bridge tunnel freight passenger railroad service local transit bus bus service commercial airport miles waterfront docks port facilities served airports norfolk richmond international airport cater passengers primary airport experiencing 5th year record double digit growth making fastest growing airports country january airport reported having served passengers february airport announced new airline direct flights denver colorado undergoing million expansion project home airline launched headquarters airport inaugural flights took place june includes seven destinations lid lid serves region airport near chesapeake_bay city limits norfolk seven provide nonstop services destinations passengers land facility pounds cargo processed facilities provides general aviation services amtrak serves city trains day line runs west richmond points connecting buses available norfolk high speed rail connection richmond northeast corridor southeast high speed rail corridor study bus service provided bus station boulevard area transportation city major cities served regional bus service connecting service local routes serving upper operated lee hall utilities begun project development lower peninsula ohio railway coal piers harbor massive shipyard major sources industrial growth helped found new independent city included initially western later expansions included including creek walker dam regional water provider modern times owned operated serves people cities portions city provides services residents transports regional treatment plants healthcare served acute care hospitals largest facility second known regional hospital began serving community moved present acre location heart city completed million expansion improvement project opened doors faith based hospital peninsula acute care hospital relocated area city offers wide range services including invasive surgery services women services sister cities sister cities japan germany | Newport News, Virginia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
11244_RiversideandAvondale | riverside riverside adjacent closely associated neighborhoods alternatively considered continuous neighborhood jacksonville florida area primarily residential includes commercial districts including points king street district riverside annexed jacksonville greatest growth occurred great fire failure 1920s florida land boom period included creation original development today riverside notable particularly diverse architecture emphasis planning historic preservation florida varied neighborhood neighborhoods listed geography riverside located southwest river neighborhood boundaries roughly interstate north river east south line west borders brooklyn neighborhoods north west south boundary riverside clear cut living neighborhood given road avenue northern limit historic district alternately author puts avenue history riverside riverside developed plantation land area plantations granted spanish florida government tract eventually known granted changed hands times american civil war owner sold southern plantation editor boston developer original riverside development northern price developed jacksonville brooklyn neighborhood riverside brooklyn saw modest growth city jacksonville annexed established line following great fire destroyed displaced residents moved riverside wealthy citizens built close river purchased modest plantation house inland neighborhood grew steadily development continuing original bounds south collapse florida land boom late 1920s period architects working wide variety contemporary styles experimented riverside diverse neighborhood florida largely riverside plantation house jacksonville likely largest number structures state notable section riverside subdivision developed african americans initially isolated largely white riverside east eventually absorbed growing neighborhood residents black plantation house owners riverside period segregation story wood frame houses area date original development including plantation house owned woman daughter 1980s developed later new area riverside land northern developers planned community area called land largely undeveloped hunters pursued game 1910s investment group led purchased surrounding land develop exclusive subdivision named cincinnati neighborhood plantation house owner development billed riverside residential ideal desirable right kind people recognized worth wrong kind people find property liking restricted whites development extensively planned community jacksonville seen contrast architectural diversity rest riverside featured uniform architecture predominantly style following success adjacent developments sprung eventually later history preservation mid-20th century brought change riverside including construction interstate fuller establishment construction office buildings riverside avenue time number riverside historic buildings demolished allowed decay neighborhood advocates fought trend forming historic preservation organization lobbying creation historic districts neighborhood result riverside historic district jacksonville historic district added national_register_of_historic_places comprises acres contains historic buildings added following year established order protect historic structures grown largest organizations country result focus preservation planning country neighborhoods commercial districts riverside chiefly residential commercial including commercial centers integrated rest neighborhood points points small commercial district centered way intersection park area originally residential transitioned commercial uses world war retail buildings constructed italian renaissance revival structure marked variant set architectural tone district completed notable features include opened movie theater florida equipped talking pictures decades points known edgy bohemian character independent shops restaurants businesses king street district king street district originated group commercial buildings intersection king park street built brothers beginning buildings included novelty electric exterior lights white way notable buildings corner structure built designed prominent architect subsequently commercial development spread king street cross streets decades decline king street experienced revival following successful project popular beer bar opened year set tone later establishments craft beer oriented subsequently district plantation house bars restaurants stores night clubs arts district craft north result growth king street district emerged jacksonville beer hub 2010s shopping center comprising avenue like points dates 1920s developed small scale buildings designed blend residential neighborhood notable designed partnership avenue center renovated jacksonville town center program allocated funds neighborhood commercial districts features city parks riverside include riverside park memorial park situated river features statue winged figure youth sculpted located riverside founded contains world comprehensive collections large collections american european japanese art acres italian english gardens listed national_register_of_historic_places neighborhood plantation house city oldest schools use jacksonville institution oldest campus | Riverside and Avondale | Geography and places | Places | North America |
11291_HiltonHeadIsland,SouthCarolina | south_carolina referred simply resort town located island south_carolina united_states miles northeast savannah georgia miles southwest charleston island named captain identified near entrance port royal sound named head island features miles atlantic_ocean popular vacation destination estimated million visitors pumped billion local economy year round population census peak summer vacation season population swell past decade island population growth rate primary city head island metropolitan area island rich history started seasonal occupation native americans thousands years ago continued european exploration trade important base operations union blockade southern ports civil war island fell union troops hundreds slaves home native descendants freed slaves known managed hold ethnic cultural identity town incorporated municipality known friendly development town impact development style buildings situated existing trees result enjoys unusual tree cover relative development approximately island including tourist areas located inside communities town maintains public beach access points including exclusive use town residents approved dollar land buying bond control commercial growth offers unusual number cultural opportunities community size including broadway quality plays member chorus highly rated largest annual outdoor wine event east coast annual community festivals hosts heritage golf classic tournament played harbour town golf links sea resort history discovery sea shell ring seen near east entrance ring existence feet diameter believed years old believe ring refuse created indians lived interior ring kept clear common area shell rings destroyed shells removed roads buildings green shell enclosure shell rings listed national_register_of_historic_places protected law beginning recorded history new world waters known occupied fought turn english spanish french scots spanish expedition led explored area initiating european contact local tribes captain sailed adventure barbados explore lands granted king charles_ii england travels identified near entrance port royal sound named head stayed days making note trees crops sweet water clear sweet air 17th 19th centuries granted county kingdom ireland son appointed island retail agent time known trench island trench sold land named john island land later came known island owner south_carolina provincial half stationed cove southern tip guard spanish point cove named captain commander captain note colonial times earlier placed command georgia schooner norfolk founder georgia helped chase spanish failed invasion relocating savannah served terms earning living highly active drew known chart florida keys venture chart library congress small episcopal church called constructed plantation owners chapel old cemetery located near corner drive field remains prominent island revolutionary war buried shot captain location home oldest intact structure built grew crop south_carolina civil war confederate fort port royal plantation fort station confederate troops guns helped protect mile wide entrance port royal sound fed slow moving rivers vital trade southern economy october largest fleet assembled north_america moved south seize fort came attack november fell union troops fort renamed honor secretary navy tremendous significance civil war important base operations union blockade southern ports particularly savannah charleston union built military hospital head island foot frontage floor area square feet hundreds slaves buy land school live government housing serve called beginning recruited point bayonet community called honor general constructed north end island house built 1870s southern edge august landfall near savannah storm surge feet swept north south_carolina killing thousand leaving tens thousands homeless 20th 21st centuries experimental steam cannon guarding port royal sound built port royal plantation cannon fixed propulsion system allowed long range shots time wall street physicist patron scientific research brother law partner purchased acres km2 island total land mass private game reserve atlantic coast island large concrete gun platforms built defend possible invasion axis powers world war platforms like found mounted beach patrol dog training center trained personnel use horses dogs protect southeastern coastline early 1950s lumber mills contributed logging acres km2 island island population residents prior access limited private boats state operated ferry island economy centered cotton fishing built lane toll swing bridge constructed cost million opened island automobile traffic mainland swing bridge hit barge shut vehicle traffic island built manned bridge bridge repaired swing bridge replaced current lane bridge beginning resort started developing soon developments followed dunes plantation shipyard plantation port royal plantation imitating architecture landscape continued stand creating unique locality plantation called harbour town anchored recognizable lighthouse committed changed configuration marina harbour town save ancient live oak came known known generations children watched singer songwriter perform tree years buried tree died heritage golf classic played regular stop successfully fought development chemical complex shores soon association concerned citizens south broad fought development shore oil platforms division story tall natural gas shipping spheres events helped community started drumming support town incorporate municipality built referendum incorporation passed town passed disney opened opened january indoor smoking ban bars restaurants public places took effect fish haul archaeological site green range rear light sea listed national_register_of_historic_places government town head island incorporated municipality jurisdiction entire island cove town council manager form government town manager chief executive officer head administrative branch responsible municipal council proper administration affairs town exercises powers specifically delegated town manager mayor powers duties responsibilities member addition mayor establishes agenda meetings calls special meetings contracts deeds resolutions designated town manager represents town ceremonial functions town departments include code enforcement finance town budget fiscal year consists separate fiscal accounting funds operating fund town accounts financial resources town acquire land facilities improve public facilities including roads bike paths fire stations vehicle replacement drainage improvements park development accounts accumulation resources payment debt june approved budget fiscal year reading vote recent budget fiscal year office holders december council mission statement provide excellent customer service come contact town manage utilize financial physical resources town government promote policies programs assure long term health community encourage job satisfaction town staff develop enhance professional growth staff members geography topography shoe shaped island lies miles air northeast savannah georgia miles south charleston exact coordinates according town total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water barrier island referred second largest barrier island long_island actually barrier island glacial technically half barrier island north end island sea island dating pleistocene south end barrier island appeared recently actually land locked tidal marsh separates halves island terrain barrier island determined dynamic beach system offshore bars pounding surf shifting beaches grassy dunes beach maritime forests wetlands interiors salt tidal marshes lee facing mainland typical barrier island beach surf zone sand spit climate humid subtropical climate culture organizations entities showcase professional performing visual arts cultural festivals educational outreach offers community education including workshops classes located offers variety programs activities indoor outdoor exhibits year round visitors permanent exhibitions natural history cultural heritage gift store kids zone temporary gallery space museum offers tours acre property includes salt marsh trails native butterfly habitat gardens open monday saturday sunday head choral society founded non profit organization open community members love sing enjoy good fellowship known diverse musical repertoire including classical pops concerts lighter fare patriotic gospel musical theatre voice chamber choir youth choir member chorus presents major programs season fall pops concert christmas concert musical concert pair memorial day concerts celebrating art american choral singing patriotic tribute head symphony orchestra started years ago handful musicians classical music dreamed bringing big city culture transformed small group classical music lovers highly rated symphony orchestra main performance hall branch formed head symphony orchestra head youth orchestra helping young musicians county love music mission promote foster arts including vision position maintain vibrant arts community destination active marketing service current arts organizations artists advocacy arts programs include art emerging artist initiative print publication arts free quarterly exploring business art located north end island main street non profit community theatre dedicated lives island youth providing true theatrical experience year performs broadway quality shows run months time tourist season major tourist attraction local hot spot year round organization provides acting dance vocal instruction school summer head island offers adult community collection educational fun classes covering subjects history arts current events outer space exploration semester promises choices topics annual membership fall winter terms limit number classes member head island history premier ancestry research center non profit member library open public small daily fee offers history programs classes special programs year annual events threatened rapid increase tourism culture seen annual island held february summer acclaimed present concert series annual largest outdoor wine east_coast featuring domestic international annual draws people annual held event operated proceeds benefit 26th season held tuesday night june august shelter cove marina features arts crafts live entertainment fireworks sunset special celebration july annual heritage classic golf tournament held april harbour town golf links sea resort annual held celebrity golf tournament annual held golf club run robert trent jones course harbour town golf links tournament contributed million children charities celebrates talent local industry provides attendees spectator events including best drink making contest race annual held community festival annual community festival features haunted trail haunted forest presented head island high school festival world class automobiles center stage november annual festival festival features country finest collector automobiles including classic cars wheeled machines wooden boats beach dove street festival lights begun dove street festival lights takes place december homes dove street holiday lights ohio residents holiday songs town volunteers collect donations money food toys festival given deep project local charity wildlife head island area home vast array wildlife including deer sea turtles hundreds species birds conjunction patrols beaches october purpose project inventory monitor nesting locations necessary suitable locations summer months museum sponsors special tour designed educate public endangered species protect sea turtles town ordinance artificial lighting shielded seen beach turned october year waters places earth routinely use technique called strand feeding schools fish mud banks lie feed sliding water particularly prominent ocean waters surrounding serves fascination painful natural encounter beach small inhabit shallow region ocean floor break surf typically buried beneath thin layer sand type fish common south_carolina coast areas atlantic shoreline typically avoid contact humans accidentally stepped situation ending injury human poisonous injuries extremely painful usually life threatening long properly attended medical professional complaint shared tourists maintain poor alert system swimmers numerous sighted specific stretch shore lack days multiple sightings reported end high number injuries avoided people treated injuries feeding grounds breeding grounds species game fish sport fish marine mammals dense population gives coastal water brown green coloration support marine life including shrimp invertebrates bait fish species including turn support larger fish species local waterways popular sport fish head island area include red drum spot tail bass spotted sea trout shark species demographics census people households families residing town occupying land area square miles km2 population density people square mile housing units average density square mile town occupies land area island small near main access road mainland incorporated town island slightly higher population census defined head island urban cluster larger land area km2 town head island metropolitan statistical area includes counties estimated year round population racial makeup town white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size town population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males according estimate median income household town median income family males median income versus females capita income town families population poverty line including age age emergency services began operations july consolidation beach head island fire district head island career department provides fire suppression emergency medical services advanced life support level special operations capabilities include urban search rescue confined space rescue trench rescue rope rescue department seven fire stations providing professional fire protection emergency medical care station parkway shipyard plantation near pope avenue entrance station lighthouse road sea resort harbour town station port royal plantation station pope road near gate station crane way near gate station queen road water tower station road toll fire rescue headquarters summit drive general aviation entrance airport road convenience center island works agency south_carolina designated special teams state regional urban search rescue response teams police services contracted island equipped enhanced system economy according comprehensive annual financial report employers town facilities structures communities spanish spanish wells plantation plantation harbour victoria square cove bermuda yacht cove public beach access spaces access spaces parking free parking reserved annual beach passes beach park long term parking spaces parking reserved annual beach passes parking free field spaces annual beach pass parking parking free island parks schools notable people popular culture popular television series different world parents summer home big trouble little episode american dad birth parents nick live book order president president united_states maintains home meets president time movie parental guidance starring parents visit conference aerial harbor town shown science fiction franchise headquarters telecommunications organization located season television mystery thriller series pretty little main character mysterious stay resort island shortly disappearance | Hilton Head Island, South Carolina | Geography and places | Places | North America |
11568_WallkillValleyRailTrail | valley rail trail mile rail trail linear park runs rail corridor new_york stretches new kingston city line trail separated state prisons plans bypass facilities connect regional rail trails plans create rail trail began early considered uses defunct corridor railroad ceased regular traffic begun remove tracks local land trust purchased mile section rail corridor new conveyed new section town village trail formally opened new purchase section trust length trail effectively doubled county land seizure extending walkway north kingston extension included foot bridge bridges carry trail long trail serves horseback riders cross country passes historic districts street historic district estate trail traverses route concurrent state route state routes natural features visible clearing trail ridge west creek trail passes dense vegetation frequented types animals birds history stretching miles montgomery kingston operated regular freight run december 1980s owner began salvage corridor steel rails sell sections rail bed state law mandated sales offers state involved counties municipalities state bought mile portion rail bed november construction hamlet montgomery purchased sections railroad miles respectively eventually creating mile towns initially declined purchase sections rail line town evaluating plans bypass state prison connect trails connection listed project county wide transportation plan latest proposal involves trail birch road seventeenth rail trail created new_york state new converting corridor rail trail considered environmental report commissioned town study considered corridor road cars determined right way lend ing multiple simultaneous people oriented transit suited use trail hiking running cycling cross country skiing invited local non profit acquire portion rail line new turn requested assistance purchase completed january town village immediately purchased sections roughly miles respectively purchase mile section later portions new section informally open june formal opening ceremony mile trail new took place october section state disrepair closed received grant december purchase completed state provided additional maintain trail purchasing section allowed fix drainage problems deteriorated surface trail ban use motor vehicles section worth sold movement held protests section trail november received grants state organization fund rail trail related projects included create link new section trail nearby turn extended eastward bridge connection bridge completed october considered connection bridge opened built grants included create feet accessible trail connect parking area local park named rail trail town intended connect parking area trail late 1990s concerns traffic state requirements added time cost path completed june connections county wide plan create bicycle path link regional rail trails portion rail bed runs miles kingston contains foot rises feet state route spans delaware time construction highest span bridge united_states sold section including bridge private businessman dollar maintained purchase granted right restore rail service line joint ownership installed guard rails southern half bridge opened public intended allow jumping bridge january court order held violated laws entrepreneur run jumping hot air companies tried unsuccessfully venture failed pay property taxes period years acre property april placed bid land parcels comprising section april agreed pay outstanding taxes receiving ownership july intention adding following engineering survey bridge closed public june repairs renovations compete length bridge open green development company massachusetts owns portion rail bed agreed establish right way trail allow public access private swimming pool bypassed preserve open space given state grant march maintain portion trail kingston end summer outstanding trail segment extension opened public completing entire mile rail trail regional business association proposed link trail series regional rail trails proposal create mile network rail trails towns rochester involved towns working connection route trail begins road southern town movement farther south impossible corridor south road barbed wire roughly miles crosses sand hill road approaching hamlet mile mark hamlet trail intersects route concurrent state route located hamlet defunct dairy site railroad station built opened following year transported products new_york_city way originally property family closed 1920s renovated apartment complex railroad station ceased operations rail line closed sporting goods store video store early 1990s antique store station burned october trail crosses phillies bridge road mile north hamlet carrying trail forest road mile farther road originally supported stone foundation rebuilt construction reconstruction removed added concrete foundation local legend holds bridge originally built response death prominent woman forest railroad crossing likely built maintain rail line consistent grade little mile bridge site forest station trail crosses bridge creek road old ford road mile bridge respectively entering town shortly entering trail crosses bridge masonry bridge completed late june work july originally wood bridge accidentally set fire ashes sparks passing train prompted railroad coat rail ties tin replacing wooden bridges ones stone bridge original rebuilt crosses creek height feet ridge visible bridge plains road shortly bridge trail continues mile crossing cedar lane crosses plains road miles reaching truth park village trail connected park small constructed alexandria minnesota based construction company weight limit short tons able withstand earthquakes edge park trail crosses water street enters restored area galleries crosses state route passes railroad station refurbished depot originally built rebuilt fire sold private interests building state disrepair early 1980s renovated converted italian restaurant mile trail passes street mile trail traverses street historic district containing colonial era stone houses houses date late mile street trail reaches foot bridge spanning bridge originally wood completed middle december rebuilt iron rated superintendent safe rail traffic fast miles hour bridge benches place volunteers members nearby community hamlet design bridge influenced better accommodate horses immediately bridge road trail continues west roughly miles bridge trail crosses road mile farther reaches boundary line continuing miles private property hamlet completed bridge opened public june added miles kingston crossing interstate terminating state route extension passes town includes small bridges kingston recreation road railroad station site new town system opened march new system pedestrians use flags placed containers signal traffic trail connects truth park access april featuring miles combined reached past students nearby trail legend massive parties opportunities romantic august art exhibit depicting concealed weapons laws placed pieces exhibit areas expected heavy pedestrian traffic including rail trail trail connects historic district district location local opened region discovery rocks capable producing cement nearby hamlet peak district producing barrels year employed people rail station historic district located close road hit repeatedly trucks fell apart station subsequently demolished county highway department historic district runs section mining site major regional cement producers site numerous wedding person tried jumping bridge cord visible trail views ridge west tower mountain house visible cliffs parking trail provided municipal lot farmers parking lots truth park road historical society conference center trail runs parallel state routes park rides route spot lot spot lot bicycle shops trail flora fauna flora northern end trail includes shrubs american trail approaches south occurrences sugar maple american beech tree black birch trees common trail include red maple northern pin oak eastern red cedar white ash eastern white pine animals pass trail leaving tracks includes bears deer dogs cats rabbits bird species region observed trail mourning dove blue jay cardinal american black capped purple | Wallkill Valley Rail Trail | Geography and places | Places | North America |
11930_Snyder,NewYork | new_york originally hamlet town new_york united_states buffalo metropolitan area hamlet established named operated store corner known new_york state route main street known hamlet retail activity demand created transportation route buffalo points east 19th early 20th century hamlet commercial districts including modest business district main street includes original town focal point main street educational institutions educational institutions public private range college community average education compared buffalo region hamlet hosts structures listed national_register_of_historic_places serve architectural artifacts early residential developments hamlet traditional definition hamlet postal service area merged code based data necessarily align exactly old postal boundaries modern definition includes parts neighboring hamlet history area later subsequently married marriage record moved log cabin farm main street location family moved corner main street arrived pennsylvania moved frame house late 1830s son michael rose prominence cousin built hamlet house later built store year hamlet established established regularly scheduled public means transportation buffalo albany operated buffalo road later renamed 1850s economy agriculture pottery brick factory 19th century evolved small scale business community catering surrounding farmers line main street began receiving newspaper service bee continues exist beginning 21st century weekly newspaper opened hotel electric ran bailey avenue known route connected city buffalo system accessible desirable city residents interested expanding estates country caused growth development main harlem area served center town new suburbs fire burned buildings area including shops businesses critical economy livestock stores grain 1920s town began develop converting farmland subdivisions residents began live closer new subdivisions geography located southern located new_york united_states hamlet formal boundaries originally defined area served post office traditional boundaries hamlet west drive known new_york state route north known known east town line drive east avenue south defining community market area census data western boundary extends little include parts hamlet built intersection western boundary north south highway known new_york state route road road main street road defined way includes main street origin starting northwest quadrant moving clockwise census block groups census tract census block groups census tract census block groups census tract census block groups census tract center town main street harlem elevation feet business district located drive east campus drive west main street region branch main street main street location office code includes neighboring hamlet located post office code located main street address harlem road crosses business district connects hamlet commercial districts adjacent commercial property located north end harlem drive intersect southern portion harlem commercial region extends harlem commercial district historic fourth commercial district located eastern edge hamlet intersection main street avenue near entrance extended community additional commercial areas highly commercial transportation bounded interchanges eastern edge hamlet interstate highway mile main harlem center town provides direct access continuing south harlem little mile provides access community serviced provides different bus routes connecting directly light rail main street west routes connect parts east provide connections north campus transit road new york state route hamlet serviced route downtown buffalo avenue main street service continues northeast destinations historically transportation town active main street street toll road april line opened business main street bailey avenue east end miles east later extended miles transit road landmarks hamlet national_register_of_historic_places listings main street drive drive main street boulevard built added national_register_of_historic_places december stone wall entrances residential developments common main street serve residential developments appearance having entrances similar grand estates previously common main street area built lord main street near interchange main street colonial architectural motif local main street businesses economy affluent educated community residential population consists large single family homes individual lots average household income today far exceeds buffalo regional average population declined number households increased decade number children age adults age grew significantly young adults age adults age declined sharply number housing units grew housing single family housing busiest entire buffalo region traditionally defined portion businesses january town theatres musical fare theater profit corporation campus starting 1950s laws required new buildings set street private site parking 21st century laws date government formal government hamlet like rest town served town government receives municipal services town serviced entities fire department town highway department main street serviced residents including pay taxes town town tax solely school tax county collects remaining town taxes municipal services education town public high school located main street west business district school started new school district created late 1920s previously students attended main street buffalo called main street listed national_register_of_historic_places senior high school located high school main street town public middle school located blocks south kings highway additionally main street offers undergraduate degrees found business district schools located district include christ king school pre park located public park private christ king roman catholic school | Snyder, New York | Geography and places | Places | North America |
12447_Teaneck,NewJersey | new_jersey township new_jersey united_states suburb new_york metropolitan area united states census township population reflecting increase counted census turn increased counted census second populous municipalities population created february act portions defunct despite existing municipalities similar names portions independence followed result referendum held january voters favored incorporation margin address concerns leaders new municipality formed township borough sweeping time june portions transferred lies junction interstate eastern terminus interstate township north south portions route east west commercial development concentrated main shopping areas cedar lane queen commonly known plaza location crossroads river road train geographical features site events centuries american defeat battle fort washington george_washington troops continental_army retreated new_jersey british_army traveling crossing new bridge landing turned state park historic site commemorating events early colonial life voluntarily public schools approved plan vote diverse population large jewish african american communities growing numbers hispanic asian residents history early history origin meaning known speculation come dutch english words native american origin meaning woods alternative dutch neck meaning neck dutch meaning willow earliest uses word reference series camps near ridge formed chief leader settlement called existed creek area near neighborhood variously called new established ridge east bank site native american trail followed river path earliest known buildings constructed dating far early european settlements established site number dutch stone houses remain standing construction added national_register_of_historic_places revolutionary war period november general george_washington passed aftermath hasty retreat colonial forces fort lee hudson_river wake successful british invasion defeat continental_army forces manhattan opposite river battle fort washington early morning november washington rode horseback headquarters watched british troops travel river boat troops abandon position poorly organized retreat supplies abandoned washington troops moving inland creek new bridge landing crossing bridge available time soldiers poorly dressed ill equipped shoes faced cold rain leading compose pamphlet captured depth defeat describing days words times try men souls war british american forces occupied local times citizens played key roles sides conflict war returned quiet farm community fruits vegetables grown locally taken wagon markets nearby new_york_city new growth development spurred mid-19th century establishment railroads area wealthy new purchased large properties built manor houses traveled daily work new_york_city suburban largest estate built belonged son wealthy railroad magnate new_york_city merchant arrived enlarged old farmhouse large victorian mansion site present municipal government complex farm eventually encompassed nearly acres km2 property central trees planted subsequent development house construction focused township central community remaining large property roads trails township formed established february composed portions choice incorporate township unusual era flood new municipalities formed borough form government municipalities formed addition formed county referendum held january voters approved incorporation borough challenged creation borough accepted new municipality township given rural character bill supporting creation february new_jersey senate day governor signed bill law independent municipality incorporation population estate selected chairman man focused early years construction streets street lamps originally lines avenue speeding traffic growth early 20th century opening estate led substantial population growth completed connection route brought thousands new home buyers population nearly rapid growth led financial turmoil town government resulted adoption new council manager form government municipal manager law referendum september time town manager father future chairman appointed handle day day business affairs year term implemented financial management practices development plan included comprehensive regulations civil service system municipal employees professional fire department issued ruling ordinance banned machines grounds gambling devices form amusement development world war selected communities america model community photographs taken film produced life shown occupied japan united_states_army education program democracy action world war second major building population growth african american population northeast corner grew substantially starting 1960s accompanied white flight triggered efforts township real estate agencies struggle address facto segregation housing education community nation white majority voluntarily voted school integration court order requiring district implement change sequence events subject book titled triumph white suburb written township resident new_york inc facto racial segregation increased tensions residents northeast members predominantly white male evening april responded resident complaining teenager gun initial confrontation near subsequent chase african american teenager shot killed white police officer said thought gun turning shoot witnesses said unarmed shot protest marches violent ensued african americans believed killed cold blood residents insisted justified actions testimony trial claimed shot carrying gun police officer testified finding modified starter pistol jacket pocket ultimately acquitted charges reckless shooting months cleared decided retire law enforcement incident international news event brought reverend community inspired book color lines troubled dreams racial harmony american town neighboring communities drawn large number modern orthodox jews established fourteen high schools young men functional center northern new_jersey orthodox community nearly shops restaurants minutes driving time new_york_city community tends involved religious causes offers strong support israel historic homes homes date colonial era period subsequent preserved survive day sites national_register_of_historic_places historic homes include river road constructed house lone pine lane 18th century added road added river road constructed draw bridge new bridge main street old new bridge road constructed added road constructed added road constructed added house road constructed added house river road added house designed constructed geography according township total area square miles km2 including square miles km2 land square miles km2 water bordered west river edge lie north east south park unincorporated communities place names located partially completely township include demographics english spoken residents languages accounting residents include spanish hebrew russian census united states census people households families residing township population density square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup township white black african american native american asian pacific races races race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size township population age years age older median age years females males females age males showed inflation adjusted dollars median household income margin error median family income males median income versus females capita income township families population poverty line including age age sex couples headed households increase counted census people households families residing township population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup township white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size township population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household township median income family males median income versus females capita income township families population poverty line including age age ancestry information reported census reflects diversity residents single country accounting small fraction population residents listed italian german russian irish polish common countries ancestry additional listed united_states residents identified west indian ancestry jamaica historical population founding township saw rapid growth population half 20th century changed sparsely populated rural area suburb particularly development property estate started late 1920s population grew rapidly far growth world war census showed growth pacing overall starting substantial decline rate growth compared occurred reached limits land township neared peak population population growth census small positive reaching historical maximum absolute declines population followed data showed recovery population growth smaller overall land left develop housing population likely remain stable future reluctance permit high rise development means increase population density places limit growth changes family size possibility changes allow construction influences affect population time crime according fbi uniform crime report crimes township violent crimes non violent crimes previous year total crime rate thousand residents compared statewide violent crime rate thousand previous year rate county new_jersey gang violence hit july death teenager shot outside house party member gang attended party june approved hiring additional officers chief police requested addition new officers existing member police force establish gang unit received attention media sexual crimes committed minors new_jersey principal pleaded guilty official child june sentenced year prison white charged year old student subsequently acquitted award winning eighth grade teacher charged sexual assault misconduct june pleaded guilty december charge aggravated sexual assault faces years prison sentenced january december murder children solved police reported unable identify years thousands hours spent investigating crime pair killings hit council software engineer killed homes cases solved year incidents economy major institutions include holy medical center largest private university state home 50th major multinational provider high technology services maintains global headquarters operations located largest single group commercial entities includes room square feet class office space intersection interstate interstate main commercial districts north road west avenue plaza queen cedar lane underwent million project completed designed attract additional business area new paving brick bump outs allow easier pedestrian crossing old fashioned lamp posts street division constructed design architect vacated building facility acquired renovated building use butterfly exhibition aimed families arts culture leading supporters producers art plays art exhibitions location home founded member organization presents series outdoor band concerts park summer annual series sponsored mark season performs auditorium having founded defunct organized community wide cultural events including annual night community celebration arts held years new year non profit professional theatre company stages fully professional productions members youth productions campus founded performs productions cultural arts center theater group based congregation relationship bergen actors children teens ages year old workshop adult workshop performances presented weeks january weeks june drama musical theatre summer camps offered township lone movie theater hosted live performances stage local performance groups closed doors november theater operator citing costs run projection systems screens use digital technology film new owner signed lease april undertook extensive renovations included new seating modern digital projection systems digital signage hosting november reopening renamed delayed december added time needed complete work needed add modern features retaining art character theater constructed site films including family man film starring films including sweet interior scenes got mail non fiction volumes appeared dealing inter orthodox jewish community lament writer describes living finding jewish community contrast life present tense describes close community gift couldn imagine living manhattan sports nba pro basketball team founded new_jersey americans season charter members team played home games season scheduled play game playoff circus booked week game relocated court new_york game season team relocated long_island renamed following long_island run nets moved new_jersey named brooklyn nets portions located school athletic facilities located river school home men women soccer teams lies north route seat stadium hosted soccer tournament games recent years natural grass field resurfaced family baseball complex situated route received million alumnus founding owner establish seat stadium artificial turf lighting site current facility parks recreation municipal parks developed township largest covers acres surrounded avenue court street including baseball fields soccer fields township swimming facility park renamed honor mayor opened southern end includes synthetic turf size soccer fields lined use football friends river work preserve develop miles border south north border encouraging growth native plants providing area river residents visitors series signs created artist details history flora fauna river series called river stories installed fourth national recreation trail state received designation interior ceremonies held june established conjunction restored plot degraded land east near intersection removing decades debris creating network miles trails shores tributary acres km2 size donated portions government local government governed act formally known council manager form government plan implemented direct petition july following founding traditional township form government led member later expanded seats elected partisan basis september residents voted establish council manager form government terms municipal manager law members elected concurrently large basis council expanded current size seven members position deputy mayor created referendum alter form act council manager form government approved providing terms council change council elections place years second tuesday council seven members elected large elections serve year terms office seats elected seats took office etc serves governing body setting policies passing adopts annual budget contracts agreements services council manager clerk attorney magistrate council seven members members statutory advisory boards members mayor term mayor ends june term council member ends june deputy mayor women ran incumbent newcomers elected completed year terms ran election elected mayor deputy mayor respectively resigned position october appointed position continues serve township voted elect council votes lost bid election falling votes running mate leading voting votes elected took office july filling seats left mayor run election municipal elections elected office taking seat vacated mayor run second term july reorganization meeting council selected serve mayor making state muslim chosen deputy mayor municipal election won second term office votes incumbent win election taking seats lost bids election came fourth fifth respectively came sixth july following municipal election holds organizational meeting candidates elected elected serve council sworn begin terms office newly inducted council members serve mayor serve deputy mayor absence mayor mayor elected council members election serves year term office selection mayor subsequent reorganization meeting mayor meetings votes issue regular member mayor member mayor members member mayor bonds notes contracts written obligations township empowered perform marriages municipal manager appointed council serve time professional chief executive officer manager council policies coordinates activities departments employees responsible preparing submitting budget council manager makes recommendations council relevant matters removes township employees investigates acts complaints manager members member member federal state county representation split 5th 9th congressional districts new_jersey 37th state legislative district prior census 9th congressional district change took effect january based results november general elections making municipalities split districts split census took effect residents placed new 5th district remaining residents areas township east south avenue placed 9th district new_jersey fifth congressional district represented new_jersey ninth congressional district represented new_jersey represented united_states senate newark term ends bob session senate general_assembly 37th represented general_assembly governor new_jersey lieutenant governor new_jersey governed directly elected legislative functions performed seven member term ends december seven elected large partisan elections basis seats coming election year chairman vice chairman chairman selected members reorganization meeting held january vice chairman chairman river edge serving term office occupied sworn county executive constitutional officials sheriff politics march total registered voters registered democrats registered republicans registered voters registered parties township census population registered vote including ages presidential election democrat barack_obama received votes ahead republican votes candidates votes ballots cast township registered voters turnout presidential election democrat barack_obama received votes ahead republican john_mccain votes candidates votes ballots cast township registered voters turnout presidential election democrat received votes ahead republican votes candidates votes ballots cast township registered voters turnout county gubernatorial election democrat received vote cast ahead republican votes candidates votes ballots cast township registered voters ballots turnout gubernatorial election democrat received ballots cast ahead republican votes independent votes candidates votes ballots cast township registered voters yielding turnout county taxation determined highest median property tax burden nation new_jersey median national median fourth highest level property taxes percentage median income statewide nationally based analysis data conducted counties united_states residents effective tax rate value 12th highest municipalities median effective rate ranging low alpine high property owner real estate taxes goes support local school system goes municipal taxes including open space tax remaining cover county services open space tax decade municipal taxes risen annual rate school taxes consumer price index northern new_jersey long island area gone time span tax rate set assessed value overall increase composed school taxes municipal taxes increase library tax county taxes plus municipal open space tax county open space tax unchanged owner median valued home assessed paid property taxes include school taxes municipal taxes county including open space underwent privately owned real estate required periodically state adjusted property values market prices ensuring taxes allocated average property assessed approximately increase prior year average new took effect tax year wake implemented wave tax appeals hit township resulting loss million costs township million tax year township agreed complete october effect awarding contract perform necessary home visits determine property values budgetary pupil cost budget higher average year districts grouping grades enrollment ranked highest districts state students april school elections voters rejected proposed million budget school year margin based recommendations specified approved cuts school budget rejected council cutting million million originally proposed school budget failed removed million million budget proposed school district increase school tax levy school board eliminated positions meet cuts approved council education public schools public schools serves students pre twelfth grade school year district schools enrollment students classroom teachers basis student teacher ratio schools district enrollment data students students grades school closed elementary schools closed prior included total spending district total spending pupil based students ranking highest districts statewide students average district spending pupil based budget district planned spend budgetary pupil cost measure district tuition payments special education transportation costs legal certain expenditures ranking highest grouping districts compared statewide average budgetary student allocated classroom instruction highest districts state students statewide average student ranked average ranked average ranked average district median classroom teacher salary ranked state grouping salary median administrator salary child left report satisfied adequate yearly progress measure graduation rate class compared statewide average partial proficient proficient advanced proficient statewide averages partial proficient advanced mathematics partial proficient proficient advanced proficient statewide averages partial proficient advanced community charter school enrollment students eighth grade classroom teachers basis student teacher ratio charter school operates independently public schools charter granted commissioner renewed years admission open public available slots returning students siblings existing students entered offers school program summer camp school public school tuition charged funding comes public schools home districts non resident students provides cost pupil district balance funding comes directly state new_jersey school moved new building chestnut avenue school year space rented avenue total spending total spending pupil based students ranking 51st highest charter schools statewide average district spending pupil based budget planned spend budgetary pupil cost ranking 54th highest districts compared statewide average budgetary student goes classroom instruction 57th highest charter schools state statewide average student ranked 14th average ranked 4th average ranked average district median classroom teacher salary ranked 57th state grouping salary 54th median administrator salary 56th public school students township eligible attend secondary education programs offered include campus district offers programs shared time time basis admission based selective application process tuition covered student home school district private schools home campus served graduate students private orthodox jewish day schools include boys grades completed million expansion project start school year doubled size school adding new classrooms additional gym accommodate record enrollment students room expansion years ahead serves girls grades high school opened september jewish center initial enrollment students private school founded serve bright child learning disabilities lower school high school home conservative jewish high school closed doors august fundraising problems religious day school seventh twelfth grades founded located serving muslim community greater area school relocated larger facility wayne opened doors students september facility serve students pre grade media licensed oakland community radio station operating maintains studios road operates studios defunct carrier current version time 1980s public services sworn officers addition civilian employees parking enforcement officers school crossing guards total authorized positions named chief july filling acting chief role previously held deputy chief serving position departure department hired officers african american officer joined department september female officer began serving january received following year long process documented department compliance standards established organization best practices department ninth state receive career fire department members total authorized positions including officers firefighters fire stations staffed clock paid time fire fighters municipalities paid fire department joining named chief department june retired march succeeded department operates engine companies strategically placed additionally tower ladder rescue truck command vehicle responds main fire headquarters road reserve apparatus include engines rescue ladder truck manned required high service demands department responds approximately calls year involving structure fires vehicle fires electrical natural gas releases carbon incidents explosions rescues outside fires vehicle medical calls department celebrated 100th anniversary october box unit provides support services fire scenes offering water coffee firefighters extended presence unit created volunteer ambulance corps created serve residents emergency ambulance service includes volunteers serving residents clock pay responded emergency calls routinely saving lives reducing suffering rapid response application skills years charged patient patient family service services corps entirely free charge patients residents visitors individuals need medical service passing town corps renders service nearby towns mutual aid system charge richard community center located near route south end square foot community recreation center completed facility includes sized dance studio kitchen rooms different sizes offers educational sports arts programs year home offers educational fitness activities adults ages serves hot lunch daily provided provides access point resulted police investigation january identifying changed racist fully profit community hospital founded sponsored hospital grown comprehensive bed medical center affiliation brings advantages large urban hospitals community access clinical trials expanded education physicians undertaken ambitious effort provide comprehensive health care services korean patients wide area growing including attracting people annual seventh annual korean health fair accommodate township orthodox jewish community hospital offers elevator room prepared families patients staying hospital jewish holidays lounge offering food transportation roads highways situated number major transportation routes including portion interstate interstate township total miles roadways miles maintained municipality miles miles miles eastern terminus interstate stretches west san_francisco dedication segment salt_lake_city august marking completion portion second longest interstate route highway stretches nearly coast coast miles shorter interstate easternmost miles interstate runs junction interstate route traverses east west running miles unlike municipalities situated highway commercial development billboards open space highway maintained route narrows lanes direction section avenue causing rush hour traffic extend miles discussed series proposed replacement projects bridges highway pending completion feasibility studies design work township indicated willingness space lane lack space shoulder creation lane route november informed officials plans widen highway need focus limited funds available replacing repairing deteriorating bridges infrastructure implementation widening project interstate heads north miles park new_jersey main trunk route garden state parkway reached miles west access new_york_city available motorists way route interstate county roads include queen river road fort lee road county road crosses connects public transportation bus service available frequent service road route frequent service main streets bus service offered manhattan routes upper manhattan routes new_jersey communities served routes scheduled bus service available new_york saddle river tours provides service route operators provide frequent service route new_jersey currently passenger train operation train service available new bridge landing station river edge anderson street station runs north south connections path train path station connecting service transfer station connections available ferry service destinations system serving locations hudson_river split east west railroad tracks currently provide freight service passenger train service provided tracks stations cedar lane commuter service available stations passenger trains operating daily hudson_river ferry service available new_york_city 42nd street lower manhattan train service available north albany west shore river efforts ongoing restore passenger train service line heading new_york_city including extension service closest airport new_jersey scheduled passenger service miles away minutes new_york_city airport miles away queens estimated minutes ideal conditions international airport queens miles minutes airport offers general aviation service mile drive minutes notable people | Teaneck, New Jersey | Geography and places | Places | North America |
12536_IgboLanding | landing alternatively written historic site georgia setting mass suicide captive people taken control slave ship refused submit slavery united_states event moral value story resistance slavery symbolic importance african american folklore literary history history captive west surviving middle passage landed captors savannah slave ship auctioned local slave markets ship enslaved passengers included number people nigeria known fiercely independent resistant slavery group slaves bought agents forced labor plantations slaves packed deck small vessel named shipped island sources voyage took place aboard voyage slaves rose rebellion taking control ship drowning captors process causing grounding site locally known landing following sequence events unclear versions concerning revolt development considered mythological apparently went ashore subsequently direction high chief walked creek singing language water spirit brought water spirit home accepted protection god death alternative slavery white nearby pierce butler plantation wrote contemporary accounts incident states soon landed took swamp committing suicide walking 19th century account event written identifies captain surname names person recovered bodies drowned letter describing event written savannah slave dealer states walked marsh drowned salvaged bounty hunters received head according sources survivors rebellion taken cannon historical context landing final scene events amounted major act resistance events enduring symbolic importance african american folklore literary history mutiny people referred freedom march history america centuries authorities considered accounts american research verified factual basis legend historical content site included historic resource county survey site bears official historical marker sewage disposal plant built historical site 1940s despite local opposition african americans site routinely visited historians tourists event recently incorporated history curriculum coastal georgia schools mythology folklore story slaves chose death life slavery recurring story taken deep roots african american folklore typical oral histories facts evolved time cases taking mythological aspects myth water walking elderly african american interviewed 1930s recorded saying heard landing place bring slave ship ain like start singing march right river march africa ain able gets typical telling events incorporating themes common myths related recorded west assessing situation resolved risk lives walking home water submit living death awaited american slavery tale tribes people ship group turned walked water traveling opposite direction arrival port took march west joined song reported sung hymn lyrics assert water spirits home versions story vary courage rebellion displayed enslaved myth flying popular legend associated known myth flying recorded oral sources 1930s members cases reputed grown wings turned flying home freedom africa african american born interviewed asked heard landing states ain heard time blue blue morning long whip whip good good got stuck field rose sky turned flew right africa everybody knows professor notes flying african probably historical roots collective suicide newly imported slaves group variously captives survived middle passage sold near savannah georgia small ship bound coast island enslaved cargo suffered rose confinement small vessel revolted crew forcing water drowned ship ran aground took marsh drowned act scholars understood deliberate collective suicide site fatal named fate gave rise distinctive regional folklore place reported haunting local people claim surrounding marshes haunted souls dead slaves legacy september simon african american heritage coalition organized day commemoration events related history procession site attendees came states nigeria belize haiti similar resistance taken place gathered designate site holy ground souls rest account curriculum coastal georgia schools representation media historical events pertaining slave escape associated myth inspired influenced number african american artists examples include nobel myth flying novel song solomon story book roots marshall novel widow inspired events context descendants feature film daughters dust directed contemporary artists integrated complete tale work include imagery love drought portion visual album beyoncé album said inspired daughters dust story | Igbo Landing | Geography and places | Places | North America |
13159_Utica,NewYork | new_york pronounced city county seat new_york united_states tenth populous city new_york population census located foot approximately miles northwest albany miles east syracuse neighboring city rome metropolitan area cities represented influenced commercial educational cultural characteristics syracuse metropolitan areas river settlement inhabited tribe confederacy attracted european american settlers new_england american revolution 19th century immigrants strengthened position city albany syracuse canals 19th 20th centuries city infrastructure contributed success manufacturing center defined role worldwide hub textile industry 20th century political corruption organized crime gave nicknames later city god forgot like belt cities economic beginning mid-20th century consisted industrial decline closure textile mills population loss caused relocation jobs businesses suburbs syracuse poverty associated stress decreased tax base low cost living city melting pot refugees war torn countries world encouraging growth colleges universities cultural institutions economy etymology theories exist history surveyor stated named village accepted theory involves meeting resting place travelers passing village picked hat holding suggestions included city antiquity upstate new_york cities adopted classical mediterranean city names earlier new_york rome new_york later syracuse new_york history natives european settlement established site old fort built english colonists defense french indian war north american seven years war france prior construction fort tribes occupied area south region early largest powerful tribe eastern colonists longstanding fur trade exchange firearms tribe dominating presence region prevented expanding past middle american revolutionary war forced lands allies defeated british land housing old fort acre portion granted king new_york governor january fort located near trails including great indian position bend shallow portion important point called bend hill word appears city seal american revolution border raids british allied tribes settlers frontier george_washington ordered enter suppress threat villages destroyed winter stores causing starvation aftermath war numerous european american settlers migrated state western region new_england especially connecticut state road built west year contract awarded extend road northeast albany extended key development replacing worn paved road village rest supply area goods people moving great lakes boundaries village defined act passed april expanded borders subsequent charters april village eastern western boundaries expanded april separated west completion city growth stimulated municipal charter passed state legislature february city growth 19th century indicated increase population ranked 29th largest country residents populations chicago detroit cleveland respectively century chicago based resource extraction processing midwest railroad center industry trade slavery location canals encouraged industrial development allowing transport northeastern pennsylvania local manufacturing distribution economy centered manufacture furniture heavy machinery lumber combined effects act local investment enabled expansion textile industry like upstate new_york cities mills processed cotton slave society new_york economy closely involved slavery period half new_york exports related cotton addition canals transport bolstered railroads running city mile connection developed right way previously railway later lines syracuse railroad merged form originated 20th century forest railway 1850s known aid fugitive slaves played major role station underground railroad city slave escape route canada way albany syracuse rochester route travel buffalo guided slaves pass right way route canada methodist preacher 1830s 1840s scott formed abolitionist group despite efforts local pro slavery riots wanted protect cotton mills forced abolitionist meetings cities 20th century present early 20th century brought rail advances miles track city syracuse line connected rome mile electrified line 1950s known extent corruption hands democratic_party political machine late 1920s rose power ran office originally republican power enhanced support new_york governor waves italian polish immigrants worked city industries early 20th century 1980s organized crime strong role city strongly affected took place belt cities suffered major reduction manufacturing activity second half 20th century opening bypassed city declines activity railroads united_states contributed poor local economy 1980s 1990s major employers general_electric began close plants syracuse city jobs moved towns villages postwar period led expansion nearby town village lack quality academic educational choices compared syracuse hour away contributed decline local businesses jobs economic activity moved syracuse 1990s population fell population county increased reflecting statewide trend decreasing urban populations outside new_york_city residents remain city struggle handle poverty issues stemming social economic conditions caused partially smaller tax base adversely affects schools public services despite city economic decline benefited low cost living attracting immigrants refugees world new waves immigrants buddhist vietnamese city commercial educational cultural ties syracuse metropolitan areas focus local regional statewide economic efforts developed comprehensive master plan half century geography according total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 percent water city located new_york geographic center adjacent western border new_york southwestern base suburbs bound south north city feet sea level city miles northwest albany miles east syracuse topography city hill refers bend flows city elevated position seen north pass northern northwest downtown group wetlands partially town variety animals plants birds 1850s roads built surrounding city suburbs hills cliffs city located forms wide city generally sloping flat topography architecture features styles visible comparable areas buffalo rochester syracuse including modernist floors feet city tallest early settlers property owners contributed development city families individuals remembered street names streets laid village irregularities built later 19th 20th centuries result city location adjacent streets parallel river run strictly east west north south remnants early electric rail systems seen west south neighborhoods rails set streets neighborhoods neighborhoods historically defined residents allowing develop racial ethnic groups social economic separation development infrastructure new means transportation shaped neighborhoods groups shifting result west historically home german irish polish immigrants neighborhood city center significant jewish population east cultural political center dominated italian immigrants north downtown triangle neighborhood home city african american jewish populations neighborhoods dominated groups saw groups arrive latin americans italian neighborhoods welsh square west historic centers northeastern portion downtown street west street south following listed national_register_of_historic_places house baptist church fort club building globe company mills grace church building building lower street historic district memorial church holy cross house new century club park historic district joseph church stanley theater baptist church union station parkway historic district public library state hospital climate continental climate distinct seasons humid continental climate warm summer climate zone characterized cold winters temperate summers summer daytime temperatures range average winter daytime temperature city plant zone native vegetation tolerate temperatures winters cold snowy receives lake effect snow colder average great lakes cities location valley north winds temperatures single zero uncommon winter nights annual precipitation based year average inches falling average days demographics population predominantly european american 1990s new immigrants refugees included displaced war russians vietnamese languages spoken city low cost living industrial economic decline posed difficulties people trying new start city tenth populous new_york seat focal point county region according estimate rome metropolitan statistical area decreased population july population density people square mile counties combined population population percent population european american percent non hispanic white percent african american percent american indian percent city population percent percent vietnamese percent percent indian percent chinese percent asian numbers add percent rounding percent race percent percent puerto rican percent dominican percent mexican percent percent percent cuban percent hispanic latino races percent individuals percent population median income household capita income percent population poverty threshold economy mid-19th century canals railroads supported industries producing furniture locomotive steam firearms lumber world war sparked growth savage arms produced lewis gun british_army city prospered wealthiest capita united_states early 20th century local textile industry began decline significant impact local economy adversely affected southern cotton crops period late 1940s air mills opened southern united_states jobs lost factories moved south labor costs lower right work laws weakened unions industries moved city general restructuring older industrial cities new industries rise city electronics manufacturing led companies general_electric produced radios machinery equipment food processing city struggled transition new industries second half 20th century city longer national average exodus defense companies formed merger electrical manufacturing industry played major role recent economic distress city economic growth rate similar buffalo upstate new_york cities rochester early 21st century economy based logistics industrial processes machinery industrial services rome remained regional employer technology center tourist destination number expansions 1990s 2000s larger employers include surgical device manufacturer city primary health care system construction project supports public sector job market passenger commercial traffic declined greatly 19th century barge canal allows heavy cargo travel low cost bypassing providing freight transport railroads law government politics democrat elected current mayor common council consists members elected single member districts including president elected large council standing committees issues including transportation education finance public safety relative balance democratic republican parties change predominantly single party politics 20th century 1950s democrats ran city council new_york 22nd congressional district represented republican city served new_york offices alexander federal building according office governmental expenses totaled million net increase previous year budget proposes general fund spending million city taxes collected tax rate thousand according city police department murders assaults increase previous year representing violent crime rate percent motor vehicle decrease representing property crime rate percent compared cities new_york crime rate generally low patrols city law enforcement jurisdiction coordinates engines truck companies rescue medical operations person crew culture position northeastern united_states allowed blending cultures traditions city shares characteristics cities including dialect english present belt cities buffalo pennsylvania shares cuisine mid atlantic states local regional influences city melting pot immigrant refugee including dutch italian german irish introduced dishes community staple foods include chicken half mushroom pie popular dishes long ties industry family owned resisted plant came industry consolidation national brands ranked 15th largest brewery sales united_states annual kilometre road race organized city conjunction attracts runners region world including kenya romania opened museum partnered nasa featuring exhibits events agency williams arts institute founded features program cooperation permanent collections rotating exhibits housed greek revival structure insane asylum birthplace device frequently asylum mid-19th century mid sized concert performance venue designed today features theatrical musical performances local touring groups hotel designed nursing residential care facility 1970s notable guests included restored hotel sports home team affiliated team moved began playing season seat memorial auditorium opened home college pioneers played members city home new_york baseball team affiliated later miami baseball teams included area collegiate teams parks recreation parks system consists acres parks recreation centers city parks community centers swimming pools designed new_york_city delaware park buffalo designed parks parkway historic district designed memorial parkway mile tree lined boulevard connecting district parks city southern neighborhoods district includes acre parkway city municipal golf course designed golf course architect southern city near town ski urban ski slope featuring skiing outdoor skating south smaller neighborhood parks district include infrastructure transportation international airport rome primarily serves military general aviation albany international airport provide regional domestic international passenger air travel rome metropolitan area amtrak empire maple leaf trains stop union station bus service provided syracuse public transport operator runs lines downtown hub bus service provided weekday saturday service syracuse stop 1960s 1970s new_york state planners envisioned system arterial roads include connections interstate community opposition parts highway project completed including running west city highways digit interstate highway digit interstate highway pass new_york state route state route east west running northern southern borders respectively eastern terminus city alternate routes state route state route east west roads pass western terminus route eastern terminus route city route interstate auxiliary highway interstate state route form utilities electricity provided british energy corporation acquired city electricity provider near crossroads major electrical transmission lines town expansion project planned city businesses including medical center developed explored possibility public city owned power company natural gas provided municipal solid waste collected disposed weekly solid waste authority public benefit corporation coordinates single stream recycling waste reduction disposal hazardous materials demolition debris treated capacity million gallons day treated water tested including drinking water comes stream fed foothills miles city health care primary health care provided nonprofit organization operates luke hospitals total acute long term beds acute care beds luke surgical centers trauma surgical center prefers construct new hospital consolidating operations existing hospitals education like syracuse mix public private colleges universities state colleges private colleges rome metropolitan area acre campus students technology colleges doctorate granting universities largest college syracuse albany nearly students location serves rome satellite campus year private liberal arts college students established nursing partners regional institutions grant nursing degrees offers local year fine arts course business related programs locations enrollment nearly racially diverse school district upstate new york district schools include elementary schools original public high school closed city home small catholic high school founded media served stations affiliated major television networks nbc cbs abc fox pbs member station syracuse operates translator analog channel digital channel low power television stations broadcast area cable television viewers served syracuse office offers local news service local sports channel public access channels provide satellite television customers local broadcast channels main daily newspaper phoenix established alternative city radio stations stations major station owners area include galaxy communications addition minor popular culture references partially filmed city featured series office serves chartered library system operates libraries including madison counties notable people | Utica, New York | Geography and places | Places | North America |
13172_Lewisville,Texas | texas city texas united_states northwestern suburb dallas placed city population placed making fastest growing city populations united_states 33rd populous texas occupies square miles km2 land includes square miles km2 originally called prairie origins date early 1840s arrival town railroad initial growth expansion area transportation infrastructure spurred development early 20th century incorporated construction completed 1950s city began expand rapidly consistently warm climate proximity recreational hub dallas city municipal government led city council focuses recreational cultural investments facilities toyota area transportation infrastructure evolved corridor interstate diversity population industry created stable economic climate provides area public education programs history settlement chartered colony land grant company named publisher song settle area wife settled east prairie city lies baptist settlers missouri settled west john named area prairie south established church called confusion land ownership war purchased prairie renamed fox family owned dozen slaves buried slave child called family farm eventually town cemetery black residents named fox cemetery plot exists today fallen disrepair local residents businesses gathered restore abraham_lincoln ballot area presidential election residents listed election results gave majority electoral fusion option reconstruction home cotton built produce day thirteenth chartered dallas railroad later missouri kansas texas terms requiring miles track running order july paid company come city promise completion company fulfilled deal completing railroad tracks point south morning deadline line began running time republicans passed law april prohibiting alcohol miles town residents ignored law city retained point population unincorporated town progress january residents voted margin votes incorporate established official boundaries city population increased making fourth populous municipality city economy relatively great depression residents including business leaders supported new deal programs operated city provide temporary jobs unemployed residents extension prominent early 1910s residents formed lobby state federal officials funding create better streets celebrated paving route dallas coming mud ceremony new pavement closed gap cities stretch dirt road city muddy travel new road led indirectly downfall area public transportation system electric commuter rail service ran dallas operated station business leaders welcomed service time citing city progressive citizenship area low population density sustain venture line went business immediately halted service april gang robbed residents chased howe texas captured transferred growth rapid growth began construction little dam finished expanding little reservoir lake city adopted home rule charter council manager style municipal government home rule cities texas population september days city hosted drew spectators featured performances dedicated historical event marker train station commemorate event dallas fort worth international airport opened south city opened intersection interstate round grove road began undergo rapid suburban growth population increased making 40th populous city texas early 1990s marketed city slogan population reached geography located elevation feet total area square miles km2 km2 land lies southern end northern end dallas eastern region texas grand prairie small plateau southeast corner lowest feet found city sits geological formation containing large quantity natural gas water constitutes km2 city total area including fork trinity river local tributaries fork zone encompasses portion city southeast intersection lake given rise delta southern end lake extending miles south labeled area surrounding delta zone meaning area subject year flood precautions climate weather climate classified humid subtropical climate classification means temperate climate dry season hot summer according located zone city seldom affected extreme weather hurricane brought mile hour winds caused foot swells lake heavy rains timber creek overflow banks rare occasion flood surrounding homes national_weather_service defines official borders considered surrounding municipalities arts cultural life grand theater known informally located east interstate old town functions hub arts able films host meetings provide venue kinds artistic performance project began aimed fulfill long term goal building arts center coincide opening facility opened january series performances children shows concerts exhibits presented theater contribution begin fundraiser place piano theater newspaper named best events venue libraries city government created naming director structure built city hall stands new library facility built municipal building main street voters approved tax package dedicated building new library facility children wing dedicated bennett million renovation opened received libraries award year temporary home library media served mainly media dallas area number niche publications focus local news enterprise merged leader paper publisher editor time staunch conservative supported racial integration received anonymous threats members sold paper star newspapers owned leader purchased communications newspaper based texas designated portion weekly section city official newspaper record parks recreation operates public recreation facilities including parks recreation centers approximately miles trails million built revenue quarter cent sales tax increase largest capital project city history time renamed toyota railroad park deal worth million park baseball complex football complex soccer fields concession buildings perimeter walking trail man lakes dog park park park hosted regional amateur tour annual series competitions held country venue hosted annual event lake park comprises acres city park includes amenities including athletic fields designated fishing barge indoor outdoor fishing facility opened located lake park hosts cross country running meet organized year track field team february city began review development proposal build resort hotel convention center acre km2 parcel land lake major hub northern golf corridor dallas golf facilities located city include hank golf ranch located southeast edge city lakes designed course opened late 1990s critics rated course highly praising amenities difficulty level lake park golf course located near noted friendly design hole yard course opened home professional winner tour championship proposed new master plan city parks recreation facilities major overhaul city trail system including miles street trails miles enhanced miles bicycle routes mile trail fork trinity river major minor area connect trail networks plan includes numerous crossings interstate pedestrian safety march began reviewing new master plan address years park development city government operated home rule city council manager style municipal government residents elect large members serve city_council including mayor council elections texas members elected year terms term limited mayor vote issues come council case tie different female woman served city_council upgraded city general obligation bond rating aaa lowest municipal property tax rate dallas fiscal year city government operating funds totaled sworn police officers number increased department included time employees administrators included time employees administrators september attacks fire department chief attracted national attention raised large donations victims families reward visited department promote release film ladder residents approved sales tax increase create public safety districts revenue increase fund investments city police fire departments including new officers vehicles new fire station eastern city located 26th congressional district texas represented united_states house_of_representatives city represented city split districts district represented represented voluntary member purpose coordinate individual collective local governments facilitate regional solutions eliminate unnecessary enable joint decisions transportation primary freeway running interstate runs north south city built highway mill street main route connecting city north dallas south carried examine possibility expanding section interstate interstate primary focus mile stretch bridge crossing lake project scheduled add general purpose lane direction addition managed toll lane project expected allow city substantially portion construction phase project projected begin summer finish late runs intersects interstate southeastern edge city farm market road known city main street runs east west middle city business highway interstate farm market road runs east west northern city encompasses runs east west flower mound residents voted special election held september member authority began running regional bus service november old town stations opened commuter stops route train route continues north south connects green line dallas owns rail operation maintenance facility demographics recorded population recorded census making fastest growing city populations united_states population households families racial makeup white african american native american asian races races population considered hispanic latino origin children age households average household size persons average family size persons median age years median income household capita income population poverty line compared texas economy city diverse commercial tax base employers include automobile flourished including ranked new economy magazine lake city location contributed largest boat sales market state volume state second nation overall boat sales city proximity dallas number food distribution companies branches including companies largest food distribution companies relocated filed chapter bankruptcy announced company hiding massive losses operates chartered schools nationwide headquartered education operates area public school system including district middle schools feed high school campuses school year campuses served city ninth tenth grade students main campus intersection valley parkway primarily eleventh twelfth grade students district operates career center conducts night high school according survey results city population aged older graduated high school held bachelor degree higher held graduate professional degree survey estimated residents age enrolled schools | Lewisville, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
13510_RiverOaks,Houston | houston residential community located center houston texas united_states located loop downtown community spans acres established 1920s brothers william community publicized national model community planning wealthiest expensive community texas united_states real estate values community range million million named expensive neighborhood houston community home includes golf course designed architect history william sons texas governor attorney established 1920s potter obtained option purchase acres following year established order support development community brothers promoted sale lots subdivision apiece brothers sister oversaw construction southern style home banks development plans ensured parks planted oaks shrubs flowers detail development planned establish integrated community advertised distinguished experiment fine living river oaks national model community planning planning standards residential architecture landscape design publicized 1920s 1930s national newspapers real estate media design journals deed restrictions time restricted home prices specified architectural styles gentlemen agreement excluding blacks jews minorities homes drive restricted american colonial english tudor style architecture 1920s effectively organized planned restricted expensive neighborhood houston annexed community adding acres land city limits bus service downtown houston opened year world war houston experienced greatest growth haven wealthy city subject matter scholarly studies primarily significant contributions houston history development elite suburban community community site murder later described novel blood money home began serving year prison sentence involvement scandal river oaks garden club forum located listed national_register_of_historic_places forum october county building currently administrative center river oaks garden club ranked seventh expensive housing blocks united_states geography located loop downtown spans acres community located region bounded north east west south road river oaks located northeast north district west near freeway system major road drive river oaks boulevard road runs center community lined sides estates located away street square mile area subdivision comprises approximately homes detached single family homes houston_chronicle said streets probably river oaks boulevard lazy lane houses taste grace lovely gardens demographics division includes surrounding subdivisions neighborhood residents white hispanic asian black native american native hawaiian people races according united_states census residents years age white hispanic asian black native american native hawaiian races neighborhood housing units occupied units rental units owner units families total individuals lower average family size average city houston family size average city average wealthiest communities texas united_states residents predominantly successful professionals real estate values range million million culture parks recreation adjacent community river oaks shopping center houston shopping center constructed designed architect center originally known automobile oriented retail centers united_states design arcs retail space considered model future development portions historic shopping center demolished september site parking garage landmark theatres operates theater located center theater historic movie theater houston originally designed home member orchestra composed musicians united_states guest world located community northern end river oaks boulevard country club includes golf facility designed architect ross considered significant golf course designers history opening country club hosted assists economic activity headquarters training facilities pre professional school located near river oaks shopping center parks municipal parks serve operated city houston block west includes mile road trail located park boundaries tennis courts playground sports ground includes carriage intended evoke carriage restored carriage said park provides outstanding resources neighborhood children wonderful playground community center offering sports activities crafts classes june entered agreement city houston agreed maintain upgrade parks right spend funds improve municipal parks assisted include education primary secondary schools operates public schools serving river oaks community vii represented property taxes originated residents attendance boundaries include opened opened opened author second edition houston wrote children attend prior children parents removed children river oaks elementary school far capacity neighborhood component school closed time mainly older families time remaining families children money send children private school preferred admitted school students areas city community divided attendance zones opened closed opened closed summer river oaks elementary prestigious elementary schools houston waiting list year new families established interested sending children public school parents petitioned establish neighborhood program allows non students residing school boundaries attend parents opposed believing program reduce racial diversity school added neighborhood program school grades 2nd grades phased subsequent year period closest public early childhood center program closest tuition based program economically students homeless students students proficient english children active duty members military parent killed injured missing action active duty enrolled tuition free students eligible attend early childhood center houston free students eligible tuition based programs independent private schools serve community 1970s children sent private schools catholic schools operated include males north north edge south shepherd private schools area private schools marketed families include area point village received blue ribbon award colleges universities boundaries closest campuses year universities colleges close proximity include libraries community served opened september library established closed august demolished february previous branch visitors fiscal year original plans called library million renovation group proposed new site near upper period group began raising funds replacement library costing million twice staff half times size previous facility raised million dollars months million total help fund new library square feet library designed houses books city certified facility includes seat meeting room seat private conference room library reading areas including teenager reading area periodical reading area exterior designed match visual cues buildings surrounding area emily scott library exterior includes garden book archive works art gallery schools media houston_chronicle area regional newspaper residents receive west river oaks section covers events specific neighborhoods local newspapers distributed community river oaks buzz monthly magazine free charge residents river oaks buzz people products services community government infrastructure local government operates station west alabama near fire station station moved current location station underwent renovation opened northern hemisphere spring community headquartered lowest crime rates houston offices san road community operates private security force force guard alarm investigation company community recognized council established october super neighborhood represents group civic clubs places worship businesses institutions community interests county state federal government county commissioner justice constable located district represented republican represented democrat community texas 7th congressional district representative operates supporting codes post office sits square feet property gross building area square feet addition near january announced property sale october year announced sell post offices texas metro operates bus services lines serving include west gray politics politicians political parties conduct fundraising campaigns desired qualities including location location secret service familiarity location residents gave million political campaigns gave million political campaigns middle year described houston richest republican neighborhoods notable residents businessman governor texas professional basketball player businessman philanthropist primary figure scandal wife businessman reality star philanthropist art collector journalist author mayor arabian oil figure businessman politician pastor investor forbes primary figure scandal philanthropist oil baron gallery | River Oaks, Houston | Geography and places | Places | North America |
13856_BarringtonCivicCenterHistoricDistrict | center historic district civic center historic district historic district rhode_island county road district consists prince located prince hill near center prince purchased later expanded present size half story town hall completed originally served seat town government library high school completion high school moved adjacent building library space story style designed shaped plan features access main entrance second story later fifth sixth grade elementary students public library located district civic center historic district added national_register_of_historic_places serves historically significant example civic natural environment planning late nineteenth century overview located rhode_island county road civic center historic district includes town hall sports field tennis court wood pond prince hill cemetery cemetery dates early 18th century stones dating rhode_island notes april town voted approved appropriation land build town hall town hall completed originally town government offices library school high school students transferred newly completed adjacent town hall half story town hall designed constructed stone providence rhode_island appropriation town hall officially dedicated december constructed north south axis ridge prince hill town hall design self described medieval architects morgan describes town hall having flank units varying height depth circular towers facade varying height morgan notes town hall institutional functions given domestic architectural character building suggests expansive house half style basement portions second story town hall constructed stones inscribed memorials stone claimed originated second story half center building features planned large projecting chimney left projecting entrance porch southern facing projecting southern tower topped copper weather elaborate mast ship according morgan town hall designed multiple uses evident plans exterior building largest section center section serves government function municipal offices floor right leads second floor functions town meeting room secondary entrance western facade northern section building previously library southern section building previously high school separate entrances boys girls second floor southern section meetings collections original library moved southern section following completion additions town hall expand library additions consisted parallel units matched original material form town hall addition second school library school donated town memory husband leader committee formed oversee project construction began spring designed rhode_island constructed rhode_island story school red brick indiana limestone trim topped roof designed shaped plan main entrance accessed second story terrace reached large double flanks large projecting include offices principal superintendent central hallway feet width lined class rooms floor second floor assembly room rooms basement school includes gymnasium locker rooms building opened september additions school east 1970s additions stage elementary school fifth sixth later school renamed uses lower level museum storage records prince hill cemetery located northwest half historic district prince hill cemetery according morgan town meeting january committee empowered purchase land prince hill lay burying ground recently erected earliest stones located narrow northern end cemetery date cemetery expanded december purchase half acre pounds sterling expand times encompass acres cemetery morgan describes presently rural cemetery tradition nineteenth century drives natural landscape planting markers note include ward family marker consisting large rugged cross ethereal angel stone marker dedicated slaves families classical revival dating importance according national_register_of_historic_places significant represents historical concentration public governmental functions prince hill area unit cemetery town hall school late nineteenth century interest planned natural environment transformed population going rural suburban environment development land regulated historic district serves evidence planning morgan notes train station south prince hill influenced decision construction civic buildings historic district imprint early civic pride planning added register | Barrington Civic Center Historic District | Geography and places | Places | North America |
13953_PullmanSquare | square square lifestyle center downtown west_virginia united_states 8th 10th street 3rd avenue veteran memorial boulevard located known large urban renewal project saw city square blocks history large project downtown block acre vacant site created large development problems besieged area decades master plan developed vacant site constructed parcel year later group wanted construct room hotel retail stores plan died wanted develop property took year lease project lease ran developers receive financial backing failure million urban development action grant request spring suggested track betting facility constructed idea died governor vetoed track betting bill critical project success companies presented plan million mixed use complex called feature story office tower underground parking garage harris park project failed large tenants found anchor project city grant help develop project revoked instance included outlet mall proposal announced months later reported project dead year history failure proposal april reported development tap followed article years later stated super development dream fails reality story shopping center proposed idea failed receive tenant support mexican restaurant constructed corner 3rd avenue 10th street developments suburban nature improvements downtown constructed adjacent 8th 9th street facility million facility appropriated congress additional million came state local funding governor promised local funding additional million additional million allocated state years proposed facility bus transfer station retail development associated parking structures occupy block surface parking lot 8th street 10th street 3rd avenue later study suggested retail parking structure spaces study suggested retail entertainment dining housing cultural educational aspects included project ground breaking ceremony planned early initial completion project order complete need evicted granted opportunity restaurant proposed development refused leave citing wanted upgrade restaurant allocated million federal appropriation bills project allocated feasibility study master plan facility square september announced negotiations unnamed columbus ohio developer early october president bill_clinton signed bill provided additional million funds facility october dropped favor developers columbus ohio developer downtown urban environments announced million retail entertainment complex 10th streets 3rd avenue veterans memorial boulevard resemble old time small town fit historic context existing downtown developers previously constructed similar developments newport kentucky completion newport town center columbus project include stores restaurants screen movie theater open fall parking structures constructed parking structure 8th 9th street levels include parking spaces expanded upward include office tower parking structure 9th 10th streets levels include movie complex broken project plan included retail restaurants office space entertainment seat theater plan included 3rd avenue lanes westbound robert bridge lane direction angled parking later revised lane direction parallel parking center variable lane road plan envisioned traffic measure january began eminent domain proceedings parent company refused sell property rejected city final offer october refused negotiations communications authority march refused offer property plus relocation costs value property company requested sale price million instead company went chapter bankruptcy reorganization march wanted sell property million including undisclosed costs relocation loss business later reversed deal wanted million november filed grant request received million infrastructure improvements lawsuit later filed west_virginia lawyer questioning legality committee work eventually grant process grants given march sold developers square april vacate demolished 29th opening date pushed spring summer court case considered july passed legislation square project approved grant committee grant money awarded august citizens lawsuits disputed process case stated state provide loans projects grants questioned legality state video lottery finance grants selling bonds profits video lottery october state supreme_court ruled state proceed sale bonds financing square projects state construction opening construction began square july excavation parking lot parking structures opened november games opened early december june funny bone comedy club opened followed july august months opening sued paying builders suppliers utilities soon changed headed winner closed february lawsuit filed complained owed thousands rent edible arrangements announced august retail store specializing fruit designer arrangements fruit opened fall months later january southwest closed quick casual restaurant later reluctantly announced fact moving nearby location 9th street march runway opened inspired featuring west coast inspired owned southwest maintained talks square protracted negotiations agreed corporate lease arrangements subsequently surrendered keys location november announced locate bank branch corner 3rd avenue 10th street include spaces retail currently negotiations construction began august pulled square june announced reopen franchise owns restaurants ohio retired nfl player restaurant sells chicago style pizza open july opened june second location columbus ohio based restaurant sells philadelphia style wings beer heels high end shoe store owned owner debut july tenants success square opening lifestyle center boasted successes number chain number sales games number sales region listed stores united_states | Pullman Square | Geography and places | Places | North America |
15247_GurdonBillStore | located connecticut land store purchased partner gray sold interest store bill operated store death store believed final transaction sold retaining historical integrity store feet feet half story structure built stone blocks unusual architecture form roof window describes store best preserved early 19th century store known connecticut bill store added national_register_of_historic_places april design bill store named born land originally purchased bill partner notes years later bill sole owner property record says gray sold interest store bill bill continued run store shortly death age bill went later went work merchants setting store later incorporated connecticut notes brief passage store bill family soon sold limited use store preserving historical integrity local historians speculate store final transaction store boarded left essentially unused built feet feet half story store walls extend higher ceiling attic additional storage space wood roof smaller roof facade projects foot wall unusual new_england architecture foundation store built stone blocks ground store cellar main facade large light sliding windows left covered main door dutch door plain frame right smaller window rear facade plain devoid windows north end windows attic south end windows attic interior consists large room south end main entrance smaller connecting rooms north walls main room wide board horizontal panels large shaped counter running parallel south west walls counter tiers pine west wall built simple wooden pulls open east wall bench connected rooms north similar having walls narrow board hooks simple sliding windows post brick diagonal importance writes bill store best preserved early 19th century store known connecticut earlier store buildings elegant ones appear bill store unique retaining original features intact particularly interior submitted criteria country store supplied items local farmers needed produce manufacture building submitted adapted preserved architectural integrity store unusual roof window purpose entirely known locally bill store rumored tavern inn evidence record indicates use apparently historical marker immediate vicinity ties store birthplace america episcopal bishop conclusive evidence claim exists | Gurdon Bill Store | Geography and places | Places | North America |
15377_FiveMilePointLight | mile point light mile point light known mile point lighthouse lighthouse connecticut united_states harbor entrance miles downtown new haven originally foot octagonal wooden tower built new foot octagonal tower constructed quarry light powered lamps located feet sea level constructed half story brick house replace existing structure bad state repair fourth order lens replaced lamps fog bell added 1860s light discontinued replaced lighthouse located light keeper house listed national_register_of_historic_places history american revolutionary war july battle took place site future lighthouse british troops anchored offshore staged invasion patriot forces launched defense attackers landed boats ensign adjutant king american regiment british soldiers killed skirmish shot attempting shoreline buried close lighthouse mile point eventually erected decades later british went burn nearby house residences area suffered heavy losses ultimately abandoned advance original tower united_states congress passed statute requiring secretary treasury build lighthouse mile point land obtained reasonable price year son man home razed british invasion sold suitable acre plot father coastal estate federal government march appropriation issued construction lighthouse late year foot octagonal wooden tower built southwest edge harbor mark path fixed white light oil lamps inches criticized dim lighthouse keeper quarters constructed keeper light period weeks report noted light feet water visibility improved removal trees lieutenant reported wooden tower keeper house poor state congress appropriate construct new stone lighthouse march current tower constructed new foot octagonal tower constructed quarry interior lighthouse lined brick step granite leads cast iron light powered lamps located feet sea level constructed new half story brick house replace bad state repair light replaced fourth order lens 1860s fog bell added lighthouse extinguished offshore southwest light replaced navigation keeper went keeper years returning live mile point light keeper quarters fly storm signal flags united_states weather bureau lighthouse transferred war improved named property split land given state connecticut buildings city years later purchased land state tower renovated restoration included repairing cracked mortar steam cleaning interior exterior removing accumulated decades importance note mile point lighthouse significant embodies distinctive characteristics american lighthouse construction half 19th century significant maritime history keeper dwelling currently private residence personnel modified addition porch lighthouse keeper residence listed national_register_of_historic_places list keepers | Five Mile Point Light | Geography and places | Places | North America |
15595_WolfPoint,Chicago | chicago wolf point location confluence north south present day near north loop community areas chicago fork river historically important development early chicago location chicago hotel ferry drug store church bridges said possibly derive native american chief translated wolf alternate theories exist historically west bank river fork called wolf point 1820s 1830s came denote entire area settlement grew fork specifically refer plot land north fork near north community area owned kennedy family larger complex today north bank fork parking lot construction site west bank includes high rise railroad tracks south bank serves transition point drive east west street north south street background origin unknown memoir states place called wolf point having residence indian named way wolf alternate explanations named landlord later called wolf point tavern killed ferocious wolf hung painted sign wolf outside tavern commemorate event named soldier fort place wolves gather night originally term referred west bank fork junction branches gradually came refer region modern usage specifically mean plot land north confluence branches river near wolf point provided inspiration chicago municipal device shaped city identification symbol seen buildings chicago city owned vehicles early settlement non indigenous trader named writing arrived chicago october stated told traversing annually wrote shown evidence trading house remains supposed belonged located west bank short distance early settlers named river son early built tavern west bank river wolf point tavern operated granted liquor license december year left chicago early landlord tavern turn succeeded tavern known wolf point tavern wolf tavern painted sign wolf hung outside tavern approximately brother john opened store north bank river enlarged store began operate tavern competition june authorized operate ferry ferry man crossing river miller tavern wolf point tavern built log house near brother tavern chicago recorded factory sold tavern moved away following death wife opened log cabin south bank added frame addition opened chicago hotel immediately adjacent hotel public bar chicago drug store left hotel continued operation destroyed fire site redeveloped site today designated built northeastern corner tavern went succession owners changes moved milwaukee avenue plans preserve building hotel collapsed work start project started church june members log cabin congregation floated log cabin rolled logs corner washington ferry river replaced bridge winter bridge river located lake added winter early settlers wrote letter fall bridges constructed logs feet wide cleared river feet development illinois michigan canal opened decreased accommodate turning basin ships autumn year opened chicago railroad depot southwestern corner site wolf point tavern lumber yard chicago earliest grain elevators built north tavern blocks west destroyed large fire september elevator survived great chicago fire burned september rebuilt year grain elevator paul elevator added immediately south original chicago milwaukee railway company purchased elevators million today demolished currently site occupied property north bank river owned businessman sold democratic_party figure kennedy family patriarch depending source kennedy family sold complex center property larger million million transaction family retained interest acres land area owned kennedy family bounded east west south north located northeast location currently parking lot numerous plans develop property dating late 1980s planned develop property high rises designs argentine american architect updated plans proposed target completion dates decade property real estate location redevelopment plans past construction began phase planned wolf point towers south bank redeveloped mayor plans extend located south bank extend intersection lake street design plans finalized spring completion targeted end pending funding currently plan include story retail space large park iconic bridge linking path | Wolf Point, Chicago | Geography and places | Places | North America |
15629_FortWayne,Indiana | indiana city state indiana seat located northeastern indiana city miles west ohio border miles south michigan border estimated population populous city united_states second largest indiana indianapolis principal city metropolitan area consisting allen wells counties combined population addition core counties combined statistical area includes noble counties estimated population direction statesman united_states_army built series forts near miami tribe village named wayne honor european american settlement developed confluence joseph rivers trading post pioneers village underwent tremendous growth completion advent railroad manufacturing town located known economy 21st century based distribution transportation logistics healthcare professional business services leisure financial services city center defense industry employs thousands america city award recipient city received outstanding achievement city award history early history native americans new france area confluence rivers long occupied successive cultures indigenous peoples miami tribe established settlement confluence joseph rivers capital miami nation related tribes appointed commander outpost french built group forts trading posts built quebec years death replaced census recorded population approximately miami british control increasing tension france united_kingdom developed territory area ceded british_empire french forces surrendered french indian war native american nations rebelled british rule retook fort rebellion miami regained control rule lasted years territory occupied native americans george_washington ordered united_states_army secure battles fought little turtle miami confederacy miami warriors defeated forces battles led expedition resulting destruction start peace negotiations general wayne refused negotiate tribe advanced defeated august october forces captured built named honor general white settlement permitted military garrison discontinued federal land office opened sell land ceded local native americans treaty mary village important frontier outpost incorporated town fort wayne population opening eased travel great lakes mississippi_river exposing expanded economic opportunities population topped town incorporated february pioneer elected city mayor summit city nickname dates period referring city position highest elevation canal route influential canal city earliest development quickly obsolete briefly competing city railroad pittsburgh chicago railway completed modern history turn 20th century city population reached nearly attributed large influx german irish immigrants urban working class industrial railroad related jobs city economy substantially based manufacturing era innovation notable developments coming city years gasoline pumps home video game console flood caused seven deaths left homeless damaged buildings worst natural disaster city history automobile prevalence grew fixture aviation arrived opening city airport airport served primary commercial airfield field fort wayne international airport transferred city serving military base world war hit great depression beginning factories cutting workforce stock market crash discourage plans build city skyscraper indiana tallest building time new deal residents work local infrastructure improvements including construction new parks bridges million sewage treatment facility post world war economic boom helped city homes built large subdivisions rural bypass opened north city followed city arena war memorial bringing new opportunities suburban expansion home nba fort wayne opening enclosed shopping construction interstate rural areas north west city proper drove exodus retail downtown 1960s according estimates percent new home construction occurred outside city proper 1970s like cities 1980s brought urban increased crime decrease blue collar manufacturing jobs downtown surrounding neighborhoods continued declining residents businesses rural flood forced evacuation residents damaging buildings costing million usd million usd 1990s marked turnaround city local leaders focused crime reduction economic downtown redevelopment crime rate decreased levels seen city economy recovered unemployment rate percent clearing buildings downtown resulted new public including premier community gathering space centerpiece city million flood control project celebrated city continued concentrate downtown redevelopment investment 2000s decade saw beginnings transformation renovations expansions grand wayne convention center million development launched creating suburban growth continued opening lifestyle center half billion dollar geography east north central region northeastern indiana miles west ohio miles south michigan according census total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water regional summit city situated flat land characterized little relief result wisconsin episode glaciers eroded land evenly distributed layer sediment glacial period distinguishable feature cedar creek canyon north city proper near follows city rivers joseph rivers converge form eventually land east includes plain formed flows southwest tributary remnant city lies separates gulf_of_mexico watershed urban tree canopy percent double state average percent national average percent canopy decreasing notably development ash designated historically divided unofficial northeast northwest southeast southwest street divides southwest southeast divides northwest northeast separates northeast southeast portions chicago separate northwest southwest century development influenced city beautiful movement centered park boulevard plan conceived urban finalized landscape architect master plan proposed network connecting city rivers dozens neighborhoods parks parks designed noted landscape architect original plan implemented fort wayne park boulevard system listed national_register_of_historic_places consisting public parks covering acres architecture 19th century dominated architecture examples greek revival architecture remain city gothic architecture found city prominent churches including trinity english lutheran church evangelical lutheran church popular century architectural styles found city include prairie buildings include designed notable examples architecture include architectural style closely related gained popularity city beautiful movement 1890s early 1900s reflected national historic landmarks city known baker street station designed style feet art style high rise indiana tallest building example architecture historic district includes examples colonial revival residential homes includes homes modern architecture found buildings constructed second half 20th century john house designed campus theological seminary designed architect commissions built city including demolished design inspired violin case notable buildings include tallest building city tallest building indiana outside indianapolis feet climate lies humid continental climate zone experiencing distinct seasons city located zones typically summers hot humid wet winters generally cold moderate snowfall average annual precipitation recorded fort wayne international airport winter season snowfall accumulation averages year lake effect snow uncommon region usually appears form light snow national_weather_service reports highest recorded temperature city recently june lowest recorded temperature january month record june precipitation greatest hour rainfall august month record january snowfall greatest hour snowfall march severe weather uncommon particularly spring summer months city experiences average thunderstorm days severe weather days annually tornado struck northern fort wayne injuring causing damage boulevard corridor subdivision experienced mph wind gusts june north american knocking power approximately trees costing million demographics according census people households racial makeup city white black african american native american asian indian vietnamese chinese filipino korean thai pacific races races population hispanic latino race hispanic population mexican puerto rican population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female largest american population estimated refugee settlement secondary migrants doubled city asian population religion referred city churches unofficial moniker dating century city regional hub catholic lutheran episcopal today churches city percent residents identify religious percent catholic percent lutheran percent baptist percent methodist percent jewish percent christian increasing religious minority found city immigrant communities including buddhism islam major churches include evangelical lutheran church reform judaism population served congregation oldest jewish congregation indiana founded construction began muslim mosque built worldwide mid-1970s december national christian denominations headquartered city including fundamental baptist fellowship association missionary church fellowship evangelical churches seat covering counties missouri encompassing indiana north central kentucky economy manufacturing deeply rooted economic history dating earliest days city growth important trade stop canal railroads introduced shortly canal arrival eased travel industrial centers great lakes chicago detroit cleveland early mid-20th century manufacturing dominated city economic landscape industrial output expanded percent total production valued million million total workforce increased nearly companies significant presence city include general_electric old producing goods washing machines automatic meat packing products garbage automotive parts motors trailers gasoline pumps trucks beer tents wire production especially vital component city economy center united_states wire industry home cable company superior essex operation general_electric producing nearly percent north_america wire 1970s 1980s times economic depression city manufacturing foundation eroded blue collar workforce joined cities economically time general_electric person workforce amid area plant coupled early 1980s recession city lost jobs reached percent unemployment rate arrival helped fill void manufacturers aided area recovery employing 1990s 2000s city economy manufacturing employs percent workforce sectors include distribution transportation logistics percent health care percent professional business services percent leisure percent financial services percent leisure sector especially grown million visitors spending million percent increase previous year city center defense industry employing thousands companies despite economic city significantly impacted great recession according report city lost nearly quarter manufacturing jobs economic status workforce unemployment rate percent companies based include best north american van lines wire fortune company headquartered city ranking founded based suburban philadelphia company maintains large presence city employing nearly culture performing arts seat performing arts theater hosts patrons annually founding hosted embassy located downtown campus contains seat auditorium establishment home city cultural institutions including houses fort wayne civic theater fort wayne dance collective houses fort houses independent film venue mainly exhibitions conventions hosts dance choir productions annual foundation art music education fame northeast festival seat hosts seasonal acts outdoor concerts warmer months located west downtown nonprofit community arts corporation focus live theater production annually hosting seven length theatrical productions museums attractions fort zoo lauded nation foremost covering acres containing animals different species zoo largest regional attraction regularly drawing visitors annually gardens cover square foot displaying plants different species types interactive science center contains permanent displays temporary exhibits drawing visitors annually established specializing collection exhibition american art annually receives visitors located manages collection artifacts recalling region history center overseen fort wayne historical society maintains national historic landmarks city replica fortification hosts scheduled tours historical year cultural museums include african african fort wayne firefighters museum second largest collection north_america collection contains printed volumes items festivals events city hosts variety cultural festivals events annually festivals commemorating ethnic food dance music art include greek festival japanese initiated fort wayne pride celebrates northeast indiana community showcases rib live entertainment attracting visitors annually certified half marathon mile run walk health fair participated half marathon debuted spring cycle bike fort included tours participants begins night lights thanksgiving eve lighting holiday display christmas ending fireworks finale field largest annual events city rivers festival johnny festival draws visitors festival held american folklore legend believed buried apple themed cuisine crafts historical demonstrations recalling 19th century american pioneering festival events rivers festival celebration spans days july attracting visitors rivers features events including parade midway hot dog eating contest bed race race arts fair fireworks spectacular annual events include national soccer festival sports home professional sports franchise fort wayne semi professional teams fort wayne mad ants fort girls teams compete allen county war memorial home fort wayne sports city include ncaa schools city home professional sports franchises including national_basketball_association fort wayne moved detroit michigan american girls professional baseball league fort precursor major_league_baseball notable events sports history occurred june hosted professionals evening baseball games recorded credited birthplace nba coach merger alexander street home march chamberlain player nba reach points single season competing war memorial ranked best place issue dropping second place parks recreation fort recreation maintains public parks totaling acres public private golf courses located extensive city park covering acres home notable parks include home grave home grave located downtown near largest body water popular enthusiasts sailing fishing lakes located miles city located downtown river offers canoe stand board boat recreation rivers starting 1970s city developed system recreational trails known aim promoting active lifestyles residents designated expanded additional trails encompass miles city county expansion trails recent years cycling emerging mode transportation residents city bicycle lanes established installation bike parking places rated bronze level providing safe accommodation facilities encouraging residents bike transportation recreation fort wayne trail network people increase percent previous year government mayor council government mayor city clerk city council members serve year terms mayor democrat elected henry succeeded democrat chose run election terms mayor henry elected term appointed deputy mayor elected city clerk elected members representative city council districts large members serving year terms city represented senate districts seven house districts state senators include 14th district 15th 16th representatives include 50th district 52nd federally indiana 3rd congressional district represented republican position held provision city county consolidation automatic population exceeded class city indiana nearly met state requirements class city designation january square miles km2 neighboring township small section including people annexed legislative change raised population requirements ensured indianapolis status class city indiana houses indiana authorized congress municipal state laws enforced organization officers crime rate people slightly national average murders appointed position police chief appointed position director public safety york previously served police chief includes firefighters fire stations appointed fire chief politics education primary secondary education fort wayne community schools largest public school district indiana students academic year operate facilities including elementary schools middle schools high schools student body diverse spoken languages district operate schools total enrollment operate seven elementary schools middle schools high school total enrollment southwest allen county schools operate elementary schools middle schools high school total enrollment private primary secondary education offered largely indiana schools eighth grade rural eastern higher education home indiana fifth largest public university students home branch private universities located city including theological seminary private universities regional branches include theological seminary colleges include ivy libraries composed branches largest public libraries ranks academic libraries million volumes library foundation nation largest million assets entire library system underwent million overhaul million materials borrowed patrons million visits library system media major broadcasting network include cbs abc wise nbc fox pbs member station religious broadcasters include access fort wayne maintains public access capabilities serving stations based city new soon coming online served primary newspapers pulitzer prize winning news sentinel separate editorial departments joint operating agreement printing advertising circulation handled inc infrastructure transportation includes municipal airports managed fort wayne international airport city primary commercial airport offering direct service domestic connections airport indiana busiest airport serving passengers fort wayne international home smith field northern primarily general aviation served single interstate interstate auxiliary interstate runs south indianapolis north canada united_states border port michigan routes city including indiana state roads meet city including state road state road state road state road state road airport expressway lane divided highway links fort wayne international airport directly percent residents personal vehicle percent unlike cities comparable size urban freeway system planners proposed million federally funded freeway crossing east west north south downtown opponents successfully campaigned proposal demolition nearly homes time post world war housing shortage playing fears project force displaced minorities white neighborhoods residents voted referendum allowed construction dubbed beginning construction commenced suburban fort wayne southern eastern fringes constructed largest public works project history million amtrak chicago washington closest passenger rail service located miles north station movement bring direct passenger rail service form amtrak high speed rail service feasibility study published outlining impacts proposed columbus chicago high speed rail corridor miles route cost billion generate billion economic benefits region freight service provided class railroad class iii railroads headquarters main operations hub triple crown services subsidiary largest fort wayne mass transit system managed providing bus routes cities downtown debuted free shuttle service students faculty general public traveling ivy tech north campuses student housing campus shopping residential areas debuted connecting campus despite annual million percent residents public transportation served bus providers indianapolis detroit chicago columbus city introduced bike sharing program including stations health care served hospitals indiana encompassing patient beds hospitals belong health networks serving region healthcare systems city second largest employers respectively total employees fort provides medical services utilities water sewage treatment municipal services supplies residents million gallons water day private utility providers serving residents include electricity natural gas recycling solid waste collection telecommunications television northeast contains billion gallons water event drought disaster rivers notable people sister cities sister cities designated japan poland germany china friendship city burma | Fort Wayne, Indiana | Geography and places | Places | North America |
15999_SouthDakota | locally state located region united_states named native american tribes comprise significant portion population historically dominated entire territory 17th expansive 5th populous 5th densely populated united_states southern portion state november simultaneously state capital population largest city bordered states minnesota iowa nebraska wyoming montana state dividing geographically socially distinct halves known residents home state population fertile soil area grow variety crops west missouri predominant agricultural activity economy dependent tourism defense spending native american reservations located black hills group low pine covered mountains sacred located southwest state major tourist destination located experiences temperate continental climate distinct seasons precipitation ranging moderate east semi arid west ecology state features species typical north american grassland humans inhabited area dominant early 19th century late 19th century european american settlement intensified gold rush construction railroads east miners settlers triggered number indian wars ending wounded knee massacre key events 20th century included dust bowl great depression increased federal spending 1940s 50s agriculture defense agriculture reduced family farming democratic senators represented multiple terms federal level state government largely controlled republican_party nominees carried presidential elections historically dominated agricultural economy rural lifestyle recently sought economy areas attract retain residents history rural character strongly influence culture state geography situated north central united_states considered midwest great plains region culture economy geography western common west midwest total area square miles km2 making state 17th largest union elevation state highest point shoreline lowest elevation bordered north south nebraska east iowa minnesota west wyoming montana geographical center miles west north american continental pole located allen kyle nearest coastline largest longest river state major rivers include white rivers eastern south natural lakes created periods additionally dams missouri river create large lake lake lewis regions geology generally divided regions eastern western missouri river serves boundary terms geographic social political differences eastern western geography long considered sacred ground native americans differs surroundings extent considered separate rest western times combined rest western people refer resulting regions divided generally features higher precipitation lower topography western state smaller geographic regions area include till plains des plateau bordered east west west low flat highly eroded land following flow north south till plains area rolling hills fertile soil covers iowa nebraska extends southeastern corner layers deposited pleistocene starting million years ago cover eastern youngest rock sediment layers state product successive periods deposited large rocks soil known till area great plains cover western thirds west missouri river landscape arid rugged consisting rolling hills plains steep flat topped hills called south east lie south erosion marine skeletons fell large shallow sea covered area volcanic material contribute geology area southwestern extend wyoming range low mountains covers km2 peaks rise feet bases location sea level highest point highest point united_states east rocky_mountains billion year old formations oldest rocks state form central core formations form outer ring created roughly million years ago area features rocks limestone deposited area formed shoreline ancient inland sea ecology area dominated temperate grasses crops cover region deciduous trees common near rivers shelter belts mammals area include deer prairie dogs state bird ring adapted area introduced china growing populations bald eagles spread state especially near rivers lakes support populations pike bass species contains pre historic higher elevation level precipitation ecology differs significantly plains mountains types including mammals include deer sheep mountain goats pine mountain lions streams lakes contain species trout climate continental climate distinct seasons ranging cold dry winters hot semi humid summers summers average high temperature state close near night unusual severe hot dry spells summer temperature climbing times year winters cold january high temperatures averaging freezing low temperatures averaging state highest recorded temperature july lowest recorded temperature february average annual precipitation ranges semi arid conditions northwestern state inches semi humid southeast portion state inches small area centered lead highest precipitation nearly inches year summers bring frequent severe thunderstorms high winds thunder hail eastern state considered experiences average tornadoes year severe weather form ice storms occurs winter national parks monuments contains sites administered national_park_service national parks established located southwestern state established contains extensive cave network large herd national park created park features eroded brightly colored landscape surrounded semi arid established sculpture presidents carved sculptor areas managed national_park_service include lewis historic trail missile national historic site features decommissioned nuclear missile separate missile control area located miles away crazy horse memorial large sculpture near constructed private funds site near privately owned attraction working dig site contains largest concentrations remains world history humans lived today thousand years inhabitants hunter disappeared area semi nomadic people known lived central eastern 14th century crow creek massacre occurred men women children killed near settled valley european contact area began brothers explored region group buried plate near site modern day claiming region france greater louisiana entire region spanish louisiana early 19th century largely replaced dominant group area united_states purchased area included president organized group commonly referred lewis clark expedition explore newly acquired region american fur trading post set present day beginning continuous american settlement area bought fort abandoned favor fort south settlement americans europeans time increasing rapidly signed treaty present day eastern united_states land founded eastern largest present day cities established united_states government initially included parts montana wyoming settlement area people eastern united_states western northern europe increased rapidly especially completion eastern railway link gold discovered military expedition led miners explorers began illegally entering land promised expedition took place despite fact granted entire western half present day treaty declined grant mining rights land war broke failed stop white miners settlers entering region eventually defeated broke reservations settling areas supreme_court congress ordered payment illegal seizure case remains unsettled refuse accept money instead insist return land growing population political concerns admitting states meant having new senators caused divided half president signed formally admitting union november harrison papers obscure signed order went december wounded knee massacre occurred pine ridge indian reservation commonly cited major armed conflict united_states massacre resulted deaths women children soldiers killed conflict 1930s economic climatic conditions combined disastrous results lack rainfall extremely high temperatures inappropriate cultivation techniques produced known dust bowl plains states fertile blown away massive dust storms completely ruined experiences dust bowl coupled local bank general economic effects great depression resulted south leaving state population declined economic stability returned entry world war demand state agricultural industrial products grew nation mobilized war pick plan passed resulting construction large dams partially located flood control recreational opportunities boating fishing provided dams recent decades transformed state dominated agriculture economy tourism industry grown considerably completion interstate system 1960s important destination financial service industry began grow state moving credit card operations new_york followed financial companies state eliminate caps interest rates site recently closed gold near lead chosen location new underground research facility despite growing state population recent economic development rural areas struggling past years locally declining populations emigration educated young adults larger cities states consolidation agriculture contributed greatly declining number smaller family farms resulting economic demographic challenges facing rural towns demographics population estimates population july increase united states census estimated population increase year population reported older females approximately population census ranked fifth lowest nation population population density people residing born born state born puerto_rico areas born abroad american parent born country center population located unincorporated county seat race ethnicity according racial composition population white non hispanic white american indian african american black asian american race races population hispanic latino spanish origin race population younger age minorities meaning parent non hispanic white largest ancestry groups german norwegian irish native american english german americans largest ancestry group parts state especially east large scandinavian descended populations counties nation largest population communal group emigrated europe primarily german speaking areas american indians largely predominant counties comprise cent population seven large indian reservations state occupy area diminished government allocated tribes highest proportion native americans state alaska new_mexico state counties wholly boundaries sovereign indian reservations limitations climate land isolation urban areas employment opportunities living standards reservations far national average ranked county nation unemployment rate crow creek reservation households lack basic kitchen study found homes pine ridge indian reservation telephone reservations isolation ability generate revenue gaming avenue proved profitable tribes closer urban centers languages legislature passed law english common language state census population aged older speak german home speak spanish residents aged older spoke english primary language population spoke language english population spoke spanish spoke spoke german languages spoken included vietnamese chinese russian growth rural flight decades population rural areas declined common states change characterized rural flight family farming declined young people moved cities employment trend continued recent years counties losing population census time counties population loss greater northwest corner state losing nearly population low birth rates lack younger immigration caused median age counties increase counties population age compared national rate effect rural flight spread evenly rural counties small towns lost population area larger counties interstate indian reservations gained population reservations exercised sovereignty returned urban areas near seventh fastest growing county percentage united_states growth areas compensated losses rest state total population continues increase steadily albeit slower rate national average religion largest denominations number adherents roman_catholic_church members america members members specific denominations broader terms lutheran methodist respectively results survey south asked identify religion include christian protestant lutheran methodist baptist presbyterian protestant non christian religious religions refused answer economy current dollar gross state product billion fifth smallest total state output capita personal income ranked 25th population poverty line list states business recognized seventh best state nation july state unemployment rate service industry largest economic contributor sector includes retail finance health care industries largest bank holding company united_states time established national banking operations advantage favorable banking regulations government spending important segment state economy providing percent gross state product near second largest single employer state agriculture historically key component economy industries expanded rapidly recent decades agricultural production important state economy especially rural areas valuable agricultural products cattle corn wheat agriculture related industries meat packing production considerable economic impact state sixth leading producing state nation important sector economy tourism travel view attractions state particularly region historic nearby state national parks largest tourist events state annual day event drew attendees significant considering state total population tourism provided estimated jobs state contributed billion dollars economy transportation miles highways roads streets miles interstate highways major pass interstate runs east west southern half state interstate running north south eastern portion state corridor features generally higher rates population economic growth areas eastern interstate located state shorter spur central loop southern eastern major highways pass state routes travel east west routes run north south montana states sharing land border traversed paved road contains located runs north central state scenic include railroads played important role transportation mid-19th century miles railroad track built late 19th century early 20th century miles active currently largest railroad minnesota eastern state major carrier rail transportation state confined freight states amtrak service largest commercial airports terms passenger traffic commuter brand affiliation major serve largest airports cities state commercial air service regional airport regional airport regional airport program government politics government like states structure government follows separation powers federal government executive legislative judicial branches structure state government laid highest law state constitution amended majority vote houses legislature voter initiative governor occupies executive branch state government current governor republican state constitution gives governor power sign law veto bills passed state legislature serve commander chief appoint cabinet criminal sentences pardon convicted crimes governor serves year term serve consecutive terms state legislature bodies senate members house_of_representatives members divided legislative districts voters representatives senator district legislature meets annual session begins second tuesday january lasts days meets special session called governor judicial branch levels state supreme court justices chief justice highest court state supreme court circuit courts circuit judges serve seven judicial circuits state circuit courts magistrate courts deal minor criminal civil actions state taxes lowest capita total state tax rate united_states state levy personal corporate income taxes inheritance taxes taxes personal property state sales tax rate percent voted come effect june local areas rate percent state sales tax apply sales indians indian reservations reservations compact state businesses reservation collect tax state indian tribes percentage sales tax collections relating ratio indian population total population county area affected property taxes local taxes large source funding school systems counties municipalities local government units taxes including cigarette alcohol related taxes federal representation represented federal level senator senator representative republicans seven states seat house_of_representatives united_states presidential elections allotted votes states maine neighboring nebraska electoral votes granted winner system politics politics generally dominated republican_party republicans carried state electoral votes presidential elections alaska carried fewer times democrat presidential candidates democratic nominee native able carry state additionally democrat won governorship republicans hold voter registration advantage democrats hold large state house_of_representatives senate despite state general republican conservative democrats found success statewide elections notably involving congressional representatives washington american indians active state county electoral politics election american indian voting carried democratic candidate margin votes electoral defeat senator senate minority leader briefly majority leader democratic control senate voted republican nominee democratic president barack_obama margin incumbent republican governor won second term democrat incumbent defeated democrat large seat house governor republican defeated democrat senator senate seat vacated retiring democrat contemporary political issues include costs benefits state lottery relatively low rankings education spending particularly teacher pay recent legislative electoral attempts ban abortion state culture culture reflects state american indian rural western european roots number annual events celebrating state ethnic historical heritage place state days czech days annual festivities tribes hold annual reservations state non native americans invited holds annual volunteers horseback gather park herd medicine man life spanned transition reservations accounts 19th century indian wars ghost dance movement deep thoughts personal visions native american religion form basis book black speaks published editions premier edition published award winning children book author illustrator based semi autobiographical books based experiences child young adult frontier best known writers drew life growing homestead near basis novels shores long winter little town prairie happy golden years years gained renewed popularity united_states prairie adapted produced television series daughter known writer right born near produced notable artists grew homestead near manchester late 19th century worked career commercial illustrator famous works showed scenes frontier life completed near end career crow born crow creek indian reservation won fame paintings howe native american painters adopt techniques style heavily influenced mid-20th century movement relying traditional native american styles originally accomplished painter rural wildlife scenes works display cities towns largest city population metropolitan area population city founded located southeast corner state retail finance healthcare assumed greater importance economy originally centered business population metropolitan area population second largest city state located eastern edge founded economy largely based tourism defense spending close proximity tourist attractions largest cities state order descending population mitchell state capital locations state largest universities respectively population second smallest state capital united_states largest cities state located west media newspaper democrat began publishing today largest newspaper state sunday circulation weekday circulation sunday circulation weekday circulation second largest newspaper largest newspapers state founded newspaper local american indian community pine ridge indian reservation newspaper published new_york known indian country today currently available state country covers parts currently television stations broadcasting broadcasts number locations state stations broadcast largest television media markets viewership viewership markets rank largest united_states respectively television station state began airing early programs captain afternoon children program captain ran making longest continuously running children television program nation number south famous work fields television publishing nbc nightly news anchor author usa today founder host spent childhood mission entertainment news hosts brien education total primary secondary school enrollment students educated public school system public schools school districts giving highest number schools capita united_states current high school graduation rate average act score slightly national average adult population earned high school diploma earned bachelor degree higher average public school teacher salary compared national average lowest nation passed legislation modeled montana education native american tribal history culture heritage schools pre school college effort increase knowledge appreciation indian culture residents state reinforce indian students understanding cultures contributions members appointed governor controls public universities state largest university state enrollment usd state oldest university law school medical school private universities largest sports recreation organized sports low population host major league professional sports franchises state number minor league independent league teams play currently home teams falls baseball basketball hockey falls storm arena football play home field play nba league affiliated nba miami heat play pentagon storm share premier center play storm play hockey team named play rush began inaugural season plaza civic center universities host variety sports programs years states country ncaa division football basketball team years ago decided teams followed universities state compete ncaa division iii levels famous athletes include mills town competed summer olympic games tokyo american win gold medal meter event miller mitchell time nba champion played college basketball leading ncaa championship game sophomore year won nba rookie year award played mlb teams retiring played new york liberty san_antonio silver stars assistant coach nba heavy weight champion wwe nfl grew attended recreation fishing hunting popular outdoor activities fishing contributes million economy hunting contributes million hunting fishing sold state half hunting thirds fishing purchased south popular species game include white tailed deer deer canada snow targets include eastern glacial lakes salmon trout sports cycling running popular state state opened mile rail trail trail site portion annual marathon marathon entire course elevation feet events state include tour mile day cycling event covers eastern central annual draws hundreds thousands participants united_states state symbols official state symbols include state bird ring state flower american flower state tree spruce state nicknames official state sunshine state unofficial state motto god people rule state slogan great faces state mineral rose state insect honey bee animal fish state song hail south | South Dakota | Geography and places | Places | North America |
16100_Burns,Oregon | burns oregon burns city county seat state oregon according census population burns nearby city home percent people sparsely populated county largest oregon ninth largest united_states burns region high desert climate recent past largest depressions lakes formed southeastern oregon late pleistocene remnants ancient lake reached far north burns center south city ancestors hunter lived region thousands years arrival euro americans 19th century cattle forms agriculture dominated land use area logging mountains north burns led creation lumber company town timber industry remained important local economy 1990s addition variety private public enterprises support burns economy 21st century annual events include migratory bird festival county fair country music history tribal found evidence human general vicinity burns early years ago members contemporary descended mainly band hunter central southern oregon named seeds collected food near territory covered square miles km2 cascade range near southern south scattered 19th century clashes white settlers soldiers forced removal distant reservations eventually returned 1930s began buying land near burns holding tribal elections late 1960s tribe adopted constitution tribal formally independent tribe eligible enter contracts governments legal entities tribe owns acres north burns individual members tribe acres land county tribe members lived reservation cities arrival euro american settlers 19th century burns established 1880s formally incorporated creation splitting counties early merchant county commissioner named city scottish poet community stores post office hotels businesses town 1920s timber cutting brought newcomers region acquired rights cut timber near north burns winning timber contract built mile oregon burns company owner built lumber mill company town incorporated timber logging remained important local economy 1990s area lumber mill closed lack timber cattle region began early 1860s expanded passage desert land act act promoted development arid semi arid public land western united_states making acre plots available individuals willing reclaim land established 19th century exist 21st agricultural revenue totaled million percent came cattle sales percent sale hay rest crops sale horses geography largest county oregon ninth largest united_states covers square miles km2 total population population lives burns miles southwest burns burns residents total nearly percent county population city miles east bend miles west ontario oregon route intersection burns miles south runs burns communities southeast including crane princeton miles away fourth highway links city miles south south near according city total area square miles km2 land geology burns southeastern oregon near northern edge arid basin high lava plains region dominated late million years ago centered brothers fault zone runs southeast northwest bend high lava plains merge north south shallow basins formed stretching basin range province late pleistocene years ago 21st century lakes formed basins including southern high lava plains largest depression covering square miles km2 ancient 21st century remnants include covered square miles km2 extended far north burns remnant wetlands climate burns semi arid continental climate bordering continental mediterranean climate averages days precipitation year cloud cover varies average percent july percent january normal annual precipitation amounts inches millimetres including inches centimetres snow average relative humidity measured daily percent varying percent july percent december january normal monthly daily average temperature ranges december july average highs reach days annually stay freezing mark days lows fall average nights average occurrences freezing temperatures september june respectively allowing growing season days january series national_weather_service identified oregon weather events 20th century inches snow fell burns event occurred february temperature reached lowest recorded oregon highway miles north burns burns record temperatures range december july record low maximum january december record high minimum july demographics census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female median income household city median income family capita income city families population poverty line arts culture exists support music education performing visual theater arts burns region raising funds hopes creating performing arts education center seat auditorium art gallery film studio facilities students community originated burns performed burns support april burns hosts art annual spring migration birds area ducks birds wetlands stopping place named manager festival includes tours wetlands nearby classes topics building bird june host county edge burns players skill levels stages buildings admission free donations accepted concessions reservation camping tents recreational vehicles dancing entertainment times year gather locations city hold public jam sessions including folk country music played instruments guitar held annually september fair lasts week includes carnival talent horse races parade events including sponsored burns offers displays relics documents photographs region past established site brewery laundry yard museum open days week tuesday saturday april september times appointment government burns mayor council government seven elected members council mayor city public works department consisting director time workers maintains water lines streets burns police department includes chief police office assistant time officers work burns city officers employees include city manager city clerk municipal judge doubling utilities clerk office assistant tribal council immediately northwest burns tribe police court health services including tribal community center burns county officials include judge commissioners clerk treasurer district attorney justice peace sheriff circuit court judge voters voted heavily republican general election november republican won percent votes president percent democrat barack_obama candidates parties shared remaining percent contest congressional 2nd republican garnered percent vote races state offices republican candidates won percent vote education provides public education burns burns district sponsors offers home school program second grade online curriculum older students formed burns grown initial collection books items library offerings include public computers wireless internet video equipment meeting spaces public programs books magazines newspapers audio books videos dvds access loan media weekly newspaper city members staff formed bought newspaper state owners according staff newspaper oregon commercial radio stations licensed broadcast burns infrastructure transportation burns municipal airport provides general aviation services airport feet runway miles east city provides air freight service bus system includes service oregon departs burns daily direction buses wheelchair accessible seat passengers package delivery public transport health care burns general medical surgical hospital patient beds operate medical city burns clinic burns provides general medical services military veterans emergency medical services include helicopter airplane nearest appropriate treatment center notable people nfl quarterback oregon politician congressman speaker gene oregon politician businessman | Burns, Oregon | Geography and places | Places | North America |
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