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7996_ICorps(UnitedStates) | corps united_states corps america corps corps united_states_army headquartered joint base lewis washington major formation corps current mission involve combined joint military exercises japan korea thailand philippines australia corps objectives exercises certification support missions activated world war france corps oversaw army divisions repelled major german led germany corps following end war reactivated service world war corps took command divisions south pacific leading australian forces pushed japanese army new_guinea went principal leading elements philippines took charge commanding headquarters occupation japan deployed korea start korean war corps corps remained country entire conflict commanding british south korean forces years forth campaigns north korean chinese forces following end war remained korea years guarding korean zone active today corps acts subordinate headquarters seen deployments support operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom history world war following american declaration war germany april corps organized activated january france corps sized formations intended command divisions europe world war assisted headquarters organized trained january major general took command february corps consisted 1st 2nd 26th 32nd 41st february july german_army launched major attempting secure victory american forces mobilized final offensive started july attempt cross area corps formations american lines held attack rebuffed defeat german drives corps conducted offensive mission participating second battle july august resulted reduction important driven allied lines german brief period defensive sectors champagne august september corps took attack september reduced german days followed period defense preparations advanced final allied offensive war september corps troops began attack northward opened offensive day november war ended corps constantly moving forward corps shoulder sleeve insignia worn members corps approval december officially approved corps continued train france march time world war corps commanded 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 26th 28th 32nd 35th 36th 41st 43rd point assigned corps french 62nd world war august months later october redesignated corps corps headquarters remained inactive peacetime army buildup following outbreak war europe november corps reactivated columbia south_carolina months corps supervised training large scale divisional maneuvers new guinea campaign july lieutenant general took command corps lead majority service war summer corps ordered australia closing area october larger overall offensive south pacific region corps time comprised 41st 32nd divisions engaged defense british new_guinea beginning new_guinea campaign japanese advanced rapidly number factors slowed progress allied forces resistance australian brigades bought time corps reinforcements arrive terrain proved difficult japanese anticipated supplies insufficient japanese forces shortened japan high command diverted campaign japanese attack stalled threat japanese invasion australia corps launched offensive push japanese 32nd division 41st division offensive launched new_guinea force later augmented fought slowly advancing north enemy harsh weather terrain conditions japanese forces low supplies eventually overcome australian forces despite surrounded trapped outnumbered japanese forces continued fight completely wiped allied forces north coast island fell january campaign major allied victory corps received victory marked turn tide ground war japan campaign corps returned engaged training allied forces beginning arrive area coming campaigns february march corps prepared assignment mission capture north coast dutch new_guinea units allocated corps task 24th 41st infantry divisions established ashore successful amphibious assault april began offensive area remove japanese forces establishing air bases battle vicious swamps difficult fighting ground june area secured entire japanese 18th army cut bases force following campaign corps directed seizure island secured june complete advances necessary subsequent invasion august major general succeeded general commander corps corps assigned sixth united_states_army preparation offensive philippines assets recognized guerrilla units january corps successfully landed coast northern mission establishing base future operations north denying enemy northern access overall force men american forces faced japanese sustained drive thirty days covered miles corps crossed central separated japanese forces north southern destroying japanese armored units way additional landings conducted february reducing pressure forces corps following accomplishment corps turned northward began systematic reduction enemy positions approach breakthrough valley followed swift exploitation took corps north coast advance covered miles little days eliminating effective enemy resistance northern manila recaptured allies heavy fighting ravaged city intense fighting ensued cost killed wounded compared dead japan finished japanese south sent units philippines eliminate remaining japanese resistance islands tenth united states army north commenced securing okinawa defeat japanese places forces locations launch attacks mainland japan allied forces began preparing invasion mainland japan operation downfall corps assigned corps command strength divisions corps lead assault southern 25th 33rd opposing japanese 57th army assault launched japan surrendered following use nuclear weapons hiroshima nagasaki world war 6th 8th 9th 24th 25th 30th training 32nd 33rd 37th 41st 43rd infantry divisions assigned corps time 2nd 7th elements occupation japan end hostilities corps assigned occupation duty japan september corps assigned sailed japan landing island september weeks japan formal surrender years period terms surrender supervised enforced japanese military installations material seized troops disarmed discharged weapons warfare disposed duties occupation force included conversion industry foreign nationals supervision complex features phases japanese government economics education industry purely mission accomplished troops corps focused military training field exercises designed prepare combat force eventually mid army continued slow steady process post war march corps formally japan command consolidated units korean war months later korean war began units japan began streaming south_korea taking charge conflict requested activation corps headquarters growing command forces corps reactivated north_carolina august advance elements headquarters took place perimeter august headquarters designated task force jackson assumed control 21st regimental 9th infantry regiment september command lieutenant general corps operational took command south korean 27th defending area attacking north korean units amphibious landings hit north korean forces allowing break days later corps troops pushed northward enemy opposition establish contact forces 7th driving southward major elements destroyed cut aggressive penetration link effected south september offensive continued northwards past seoul 38th parallel october momentum attack maintained race north korean capitol ended october elements south korean entered city advance continued unexpectedly enemy resistance october chinese prisoners taken corps troops end october city miles border north_korea captured chinese intervention november china entered war north_korea chinese attacks immediately launched troops corps suffered heavy casualties ordering complete withdraw south 38th parallel having devastated overwhelming chinese force wake retreat disorganized formed corps relinquished command 27th taking command place january chinese troops attacked line forcing miles allowing chinese capture seoul chinese eventually advanced far supply lines adequately support attack stalled battered chinese assault began prepare spring retake lost ground following establishment defenses south capital city general ordered conduct general chinese forces operation february march corps participated operation killer pushing chinese forces north operation quickly followed retook seoul march operations rugged april saw forces advance north 38th parallel kansas line respectively corps troops approached iron triangle formed cities chinese resistance increased time 1st relieved corps assigned korean corps returned corps place late april chinese launched major counterattack 24th 25th infantry divisions able hold ground chinese 9th chinese people volunteers south korean 6th east destroyed 13th penetrated line threatened american divisions able drive 13th 24th withdrew april line pushed seoul managed hold stalemate september launched center line west flanked south korean 2nd 6th divisions 24th advanced past engaging 20th 27th armies november chinese attempted counter attack unsuccessful point successive saw sides fighting intensely ground sides started peace negotiations late depleted having suffered casualties far conflict relegated far_east reserve rebuild replaced newly arrived theater march corps grew size relieved command gained command south korean 1st division june day attack outposts repulsed september began renewed enemy attacks outposts protected main line enemy attacks regimental size garrisons platoon company strength turned corps troops outposts hook kelly old defended heavy fighting corps area responsibility enemy driven thousands casualties january corps underwent major reorganization war losing command 3rd 24th south korean 8th british 1st taking command 2nd 7th 1st january major action year initiated raid aggressive south korean 1st enemy positions months saw raids harassed enemy captured prisoners destroyed defensive works beginning march communists continually attacked corps outposts month troops old withdrawn orders corps suffering heavy casualties chinese april lieutenant general corps remainder combat assumed command fighting outposts continued 7th stopped wave wave troops chinese threw troops attached defended fierce hand hand combat ordered evacuate berlin position end 1st ejected chinese assault hook 1st troops ordered positions queen hill heavy enemy assaults tactical value closing days fighting saw 7th withdrawn 1st ordered evacuate berlin positions reason cold war armistice defense handled american armies eastern half border handled corps took charge west years corps oversaw forces seeing occasional incidents north korean army nixon policy withdrawn leaving army unit korea corps remained korea division formation reduced zero strength replaced washington notified major change structure corps headquarters activated march corps formally activated october earlier expected august corps expanded operational control active army units outside fort lewis include california alaska distinctive unit insignia approved corps fourth design held corps previous versions approved retracted gulf war following end cold war government conducted careful restructuring national priorities defense establishment located act base power projection pacific region military bases military overall army began grow tenant units attached corps remaining corps departure louisiana intervened middle_east operation intervention deployed active reserve component units saudi_arabia corps contributed command structure corps commander deputy corps commander assisting general commander corps expanded missions quick response corps months corps nation worldwide corps engaged gulf war caused good deal activity fort lewis post support corps new mission smooth rapid departure case needed world duty returned return united_states corps began convert permanently structured corps placed operational control entailed addition number active component corps units preparation new requirements began receive new corps support units coming europe 7th january immediately reactivated february europe activated 35th moved texas join air defense brigades corps fort lewis units area plans drawn emergency operations corps major conflict emerge pacific region plans exist corps rapidly deploy defense japan south_korea war terrorism events september corps began providing support army units deploying support war terrorism assets active providing combat support combat service support missions including operation enduring freedom afghanistan operation iraqi freedom iraq domestic operation noble eagle february corps forward headquarters deployed iraq element called task force deployed iraq january assumed mission form headquarters exercise command control coalition iraqi forces northern iraq coordinated efforts active attached engineers civil affairs signal supporting units iraqi security forces eventually numbering iraqi security forces included battalions battalions thousand members battalion year iraq corps forward headquarters handed responsibility northern iraq soldiers task force freedom 11th armored cavalry regiment february announced corps deploy iraq replace support operation iraqi freedom soldiers corps trained year preparation deployment began april corps filled role palace january integrated iraq form year deployment corps oversaw responsible major components forces iraq corps returned iraq march following operation enduring freedom corps headquarters deployed afghanistan serve headquarters period year commander corps served concurrently commander deputy commander afghanistan july july corps shifted mission corps commander announced change command ceremony late president barack_obama secretary signaled pivot trips region organization corps unique active army corps composed mixture active duty units states total active duty army reserve forces corps washington 7th artillery 16th 17th field honors corps awarded seven campaign service world war campaign unit decorations world war campaign unit decoration korean war unit award operation iraqi freedom unit award peacetime total campaign unit decorations operational history unit decorations campaign | I Corps (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8109_2/3rdMachineGunBattalion(Australia) | 3rd machine gun battalion australia 3rd machine gun battalion formed june 7th division served egypt syria new_guinea world war command lieutenant colonel raised battalion primarily south australian unit sub units formed victoria tasmania western australia completing training australia april battalion embarked middle_east june july saw action french forces syria lebanon campaign time battalion heavily involved supporting elements 7th division following japan entry war decision transfer large number australian troops middle_east early japanese advanced majority battalion captured small number battalion personnel returned australia subsequently raised later attached corps unit served campaign battalion disbanded january history formation training 3rd machine gun battalion machine gun battalions raised volunteer 2nd service overseas world war infantry units equipped wheeled motor vehicles tracked carriers machine gun battalions formed provide greater level support fire available ordinary infantry battalions peak 3rd equipped motor vehicles descriptions developed british_army concept australian_army genesis machine guns assigned infantry battalions initially later grouped brigade level help compensate lack artillery support course war western concept evolved establishment machine gun companies machine gun battalions similar formations established australian light horse units serving palestine campaign inter war years machine gun battalions deemed unnecessary army reorganised raised army looked expand fears war europe units raised time militia converting light horse units world war broke decision raise machine gun battalions 2nd allocated rate division 3rd machine gun battalion formed june south australia formation battalion commanded lieutenant colonel world war veteran received victoria_cross actions designated south australian battalion personnel recruited australian states south australians men victoria tasmania western_australia battalion staff officers senior non commissioned officers having served previously militia light horse regiments infantry battalions common australian machine gun battalions colours chosen battalion unit colour patch black gold presented triangular shape border grey initially battalion stretched locations companies formed victoria brighton tasmania western_australia western australians initially intended join 2nd machine gun battalion formative period companies completed basic training home locations concentrating south australia sailing melbourne link prior journey west western australians crossed point unit establishment completed battalion structure finalised structured lines 2nd machine gun battalions consisted personnel organised headquarters element consisting signals anti aircraft administration machine gun companies equipped vickers machine guns total entire battalion machine gun companies numbered starting headquarters company company light aid detachment electrical mechanical engineers attached fighting french palestine syria early april battalion company travelled west home leave near south_australia moved previous february battalion travelled overland sydney embarked france wharf bound middle_east large convoy sailing company rejoined battalion sailed reached late april repairs shore leave given battalion personnel departing early continued crossing red_sea week making landfall port troops endure day wait taken eastern suez_canal lighter transferred train arrival middle_east 3rd assigned 7th division 2nd second division infantry divisions militia time reserved service australia new_guinea subsequently joined palestine establishing camp hill north battalion undertook vigorous physical training regime regain fitness lost sea voyage final elements unit identity issued time colour patches finally began receive vehicles heavy equipment including vickers machine guns preparations battalion join fighting end 7th division committed syria lebanon campaign early june secure allied eastern flank attack presence french troops campaign politically sensitive result heavy censorship widely reported australia time nature fighting reported forces allies better equipped 3rd campaign saw heavily involved short sharply contested campaign machine gun companies supporting separate efforts elements 7th division british troops seeing action french requested armistice mid july 3rd casualties campaign amounted officer ranks killed wounded aftermath campaign 3rd stayed allied occupation force established syria lebanon defend possible drive south axis forces battalion defended position north east initially moved locations including turkish border remainder endured bitter cold snowy winter near tripoli punctuated leave drafts action japanese java captivity late japanese entered war attacking pearl harbor launching invasion malaya faced threat closer home australian government pressed return troops middle_east early 7th division began withdrawing garrison posts syria lebanon 3rd left village moved camp hill palestine january remained january boarded train took ferried canal continue journey majority battalion totalling personnel ranks boarded men hospital course subsequently 2nd machine gun battalion remained middle_east later seeing action board included battalion essentially vehicles baggage heavy weapons maintenance personnel embarked smaller vessels silver willow ships follow eventual destination time kept secret troops board fast transport capable knots set sail battalion baggage brought board february ship reached intermediate destination escorted cruiser situation pacific worsened fallen early february japanese steadily advancing allies decision hastily stand reached sumatra february troops ferried ashore tanker grouped boost force orders defence airfields providing protection civilians evacuated missing weapons troops equipped rifles shortly arrival ordered embark tanker eventually caught transferred personnel remainder journey fresh orders reached units aboard 2nd pioneers engineer field company anti aircraft regiment transport medical personnel ordered form hoc force squadron british 3rd king artillery battery field force promoted brigadier came known headquarters established company commander major promoted command battalion established force brigade formation pioneers machine gunners infantry battalions forming infantry battalion troops assigned garrison base logistics administrative personnel members able singapore fell presence large equipment wharf intended sent singapore fall able equip vehicles including carriers armoured cars guns thompson sub machine guns mortars machine guns concentrating civilian airport battalion formed defensive garrison tasked protecting airfields japanese company detached time defend military airfield shortly came air attack japanese february member 3rd killed wounded wounded later smuggled indies medical personnel australia rejoining battalion later year japanese began advancing indies sought orient troops machine gunners subsequently moved area miles west expected main avenue advance given task defence bridge following battle java sea japanese able land force bay western tip java subsequently began advancing east forcing east stand south march battalion went action time dutch troops began withdraw occupying positions support 2nd pioneers held bridge alerted advancing japanese presence fifth seen laying marking panels short time later force japanese light tanks attempted cross river rebuffed anti tank rifles small arms plan dutch troops stand faulty intelligence resulted rout dutch began withdraw flooding lines ensuing chaos dutch engineers blew bridge couple days battalion fought skirmishes company bearing japanese attacks suffering seven killed wounded inflicting casualties japanese allied defence island began collapse machine gunners ordered hold japanese day began moving march efforts reach southern coast island secure passage australia ultimately ordered surrender march following dutch capitulation day subsequently endure half years captivity japanese prisoners war sent camps south east asia including infamous thai burma railway forced endure brutal conditions worked labour camps provided casualties men high organisation garrison duties australia troops boarded went captivity java officers ranks transported smaller ships returned australia week march arriving port adelaide battalion vehicles weapons heavy equipment moved remaining personnel concentrated sandy creek april order passed form battalion lieutenant colonel battalion original second command reinforcements arrived locations including based new_south_wales came 1st machine gun battalion provide experienced personnel battalion moved victoria undertook range shoots planning exercises mid july 3rd received orders north road way stopped new_south_wales draft reinforcements received result second incarnation half battalion came new_south_wales instead south_australia battalion remained carried training months eventually proceeding north south east queensland based area north brisbane company deployed late june company embarked dutch vessel deployed netherlands new_guinea remaining defensive capacity company deployed remainder battalion moved mid august time battalion transferred command 6th division assigned corps unit direct command unit lieutenant colonel raised original company took command battalion february long period relative inactivity subsequently followed result inter allied service politics saw army assume operations pacific future role australian forces pacific campaign time battalion based south west battalion transferred tropical war establishment period army wide reorganisation intended units jungle warfare result change battalion required return vehicles intention guns largely carried battlefield soldiers moving foot 3rd remained december subsequently boarded transport cruise ship bound new_guinea undertake final campaign war final campaign intended deploy australians allied efforts recapture philippines instead australian troops tasked relieving forces new_guinea pacific subsequently assigned campaign followed words author essentially campaign division tasked security base area ensuring contact maintained japanese forces area tasks achieved large scale offensive action plans division deployed philippines event occur remained remainder war priority effort given campaigns philippines borneo arrival 6th division took place months initially camped defending airfield christmas majority battalion headquarters headquarters company machine gun companies assigned 19th brigade advanced west coast switching providing support 16th brigade early january drove open country coastal area machine guns proved effective took place companies assigned 17th brigade undertook mainly defensive role accompanying infantry patrols interior february australians began advancing thick hilly interior utility machine guns decreased behest brigadier commander 16th brigade 3rd machine gun battalion hastily converted standard infantry battalion achieved quick issue rifles sub machine guns mortars end war battalion took ground advance fighting series small scale patrol actions initially advancing finally town company assigned carried amphibious landing early battalion later moved areas tasked australian operations area japanese resistance plantations increased late july majority battalion moved companies remained vicinity operations area killed japanese loss men 3rd killed action wounded battalion final action war came august patrol killed japanese week later japanese surrender announced bringing combat operations officially end battalion final campaign war cost battle casualties disbandment late august following conclusion hostilities 3rd concentrated 19th brigade area final held education classes commenced prepare soldiers discharge return civilian life following conclusion hostilities battalion personnel slowly transferred units repatriated australia early december 3rd remaining personnel returned australia aboard british aircraft carrier arriving sydney following month january final obtained unit disbanded war battalion lost men killed died active service killed action died prisoners war seven accidents illness active service members battalion received following decorations distinguished service order military crosses military medals british empire medal mentions despatches addition member appointed commander order british empire appointed members order british empire war australian_army moved away machine gun battalion construct consequently similar units raised role support companies individual infantry battalions concept arguably misunderstood australian commanders war influenced decision away concept units established intent machine gun battalions provide highly mobile fire support largely applicable theatres principles open warfare applied focus australian_army combat operations shifted pacific machine gun battalions largely employed static defensive capacity short medium range targets tasks offensive fire support weapons employed provide long range fire support medium machine guns largely utilised manner light machine guns reasons identified concept limited use include distrust overhead fire commanders preference organic fire support attached sub units estimating difficulty transporting vickers guns jungle tendency ignore targets seen difficulties target acquisition dense jungle contributed 3rd syrian campaign campaigns employed wholly machine gun unit support infantry java utilised infantry battle honours 3rd machine gun battalion received following battle honours syria commanding officers following officers commanded war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel reed world war veterans later served militia 18th light horse regiment south_australia inter war years gordon served militia war serving 28th battalion swan regiment western australia gordon 6th battalion gordon later reached rank major general | 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8199_SpecialTroopsBattalion,10thMountainDivision(UnitedStates) | special troops battalion 10th united_states 10th special troops battalion united_states_army headquartered fort drum new_york organization command elements 10th battalion contains division senior command structure including communications intelligence operational support elements provide services units assigned headquarters time activated oversee division elements prior world war battalion fought italy year war served command element 10th training unit army reactivated 10th instead remained inactive division served numerous 1990s reactivated reorganization supported 10th command elements deployed operation enduring freedom afghanistan operation iraqi freedom iraq service received multiple deployments october redesignated 10th organization 10th subordinate 10th permanent formation division 10th command elements contained organized uniform structure special troops battalions united_states_army conform battalion consists companies division known company signal company 10th companies provide services elements 10th command formations mountain warfare qualified history activated november organizational structure command elements 10th activated camp swift texas division staging preparation deployment europe world war world war 10th light division alpine constituted july activated days later camp colorado division centered regimental commands infantry regiment infantry regiment infantry regiment assigned division field artillery battalions 10th 10th 10th 10th 10th unique division army field artillery battalions instead division trained year foot high camp soldiers trained fight survive brutal mountain conditions traveling shoes sleeping snow tents june division shipped texas prepare maneuvers louisiana later canceled period low altitude hot climate necessary prepare training november 10th division redesignated 10th point activated month blue white mountain authorized division new shoulder sleeve insignia italy battalion division sailed italy late arriving italy january army division enter combat world war battalion provided command division immediately entered combat near preliminary defensive actions followed february conjunction troops unit attacks mount sector peaks cleared days heavy fighting early march division fought way north moved miles maintaining defensive positions weeks division jumped april captured april entered seizing strategic points 10th crossed april reaching april ran heavy opposition amphibious crossing secured april german resistance italy ended german surrender italy division went security duty receiving surrender german units screening areas occupation near log pod day end war europe originally battalion division sent pacific theater operation downfall invasion mainland japan japan surrendered august following atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki division returned days surrender combat elements november camp colorado cold war june division rebuilt activated fort riley kansas serve training division mountain division served 10th years battalion rebuilt delegated commanding training units division charged processing training replacements large numbers mission expanded outbreak korean war division trained new army recruits fort riley division converted combat division regain mountain status equipment 10th deployed germany replacing serving defensive force division served germany years rotated replaced july battalion redesignated 10th administration company company moved division georgia june 10th reactivated organizational structure accordance new format reorganization objective army divisions plan return division headquarters afghanistan supporting operation enduring freedom 10th began process transformation division september division headquarters finished transformation returned active service 1st brigade 1st 10th 10th activated time january 4th 10th activated fort louisiana 10th transformed september pending deployment iraq time received including coat arms distinctive unit insignia division headquarters afghanistan staying country division brigade served eastern region country border pakistan fulfilling similar role previous deployment time deployment brigade extended 4th eventually replaced rerouted iraq year rest headquarters 10th deployed iraq time april 4th brigade combat team division headquarters served command element southern baghdad 4th operated 10th mountain participated larger scale operations operation phantom phoenix headquarters 10th currently deployed afghanistan support transitioning afghanistan honors 10th awarded campaign world war campaign war terrorism total campaign unit decorations operational history division brigades received fewer decorations depending individual deployments campaign | Special Troops Battalion, 10th Mountain Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8257_10thCombatAviationBrigade(UnitedStates) | 10th united_states 10th combat aviation brigade united_states_army based fort drum new_york subordinate unit 10th reactivated 10th supported division undertook numerous operations overseas 1990s including operation restore hope operation uphold democracy task force eagle disaster relief following hurricane andrew brigade involved war terrorism seeing deployments afghanistan support operation enduring freedom deployment iraq support operation iraqi freedom brigade currently fourth deployment afghanistan serving combined joint task force support operation enduring freedom organization 10th comprises principal battalions command brigade commands 1st 2nd 10th aviation regiment 6th squadron operate number aircraft including addition provides supporting services combat battalions deployed making brigade capable operating independently higher command headquarters capable taking additional battalions smaller units deployed necessary history brigade constituted april 10th activated fort drum new_york brigade activated rome 10th july brigade remained based august appears initially brigade 2nd 3rd battalions 25th aviation regiment brigade played key role division missions including support hurricane andrew relief south florida operation uphold democracy haiti missions bosnia recently operation enduring freedom operation iraqi freedom instance brigade demonstrated capability rapidly deploy conduct aviation missions arrival 10th assist 10th fight win environment operation restore hope operation continue hope 10th brought aviation task force support missions task force raven built 2nd battalion 25th aviation regiment task organized aviation unit total attack scout lift medical evacuation aircraft flew missions streets attack helicopter force lessons learned aviation task force particularly useful rest conventional aviation units fortunately commander task force raven ordered detailed action review unit return battle october moved casualties airfield 46th combat support hospital compound battalion returned home december january relieved fort haiti division formed nucleus haiti operation uphold democracy division troops deployed operation september 1st brigade conducted army air assault aircraft carrier force consisted helicopters soldiers occupied port prince international airport largest army air operation conducted carrier raid world war afghanistan deployments brigade deployed time afghanistan operation enduring freedom aviation brigade theater brigade provided air support units operating country brigade mission time focused close air support missions duties involving combat forces country brigade returned fort drum winter brigade deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom aviation brigade theater stationed air base afghanistan named task force falcon brigade mission conduct aviation operations destroy insurgents anti coalition militia effort help build capability allow government increase capabilities addition task force provided logistical aviation support forces country conducted tactical maneuvers performed security attack operations needed prior force structure reorganization 10th consisted 10th 10th aviation regiment united_states 25th aviation regiment 10th aviation regiment 25th aviation regiment 10th aviation general support 10th aviation regiment transformation reorganized brigade retained 17th cavalry 10th aviation 10th aviation aviation reactivated reorganized unit 6th squadron transition elements 10th aviation continued deployed operation iraqi freedom units returning fort drum reorganization tours complete elements 10th deployed iraq continued operations country honors brigade awarded unit army service afghanistan february army official lineage honors website says war terrorism determined | 10th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8451_AirForceoftheIndependentStateofCroatia | air_force independent state croatia air_force independent state croatia croatian air force croatia puppet state established support axis powers territory world war founded german authority april following german led axis invasion yugoslavia considered large air arm wider context world war nonetheless charge time aircraft april anti aircraft units humble beginnings providing measure air support fighter attack transport days world war europe maintained flying training school equipped trainers originally airfield near airfields parachute school located history establishment came early april days proclamation commander colonel captain defected germans april declared supporter task new air force backbone provided officers acquisition salvage aircraft weapons machinery equipment fuel survived fighting confiscated german italian forces following brief april war germans captured aircraft considered little use luftwaffe decided equip appropriate number aircraft aircraft scattered corner yugoslavia collected minor damage repaired stocks fuel spare parts stored airfield workshops naturally majority aircraft damaged action undertaken repair possible pilots croatian background personnel specialty approached offered instant rehabilitation german camps jobs safety families initiated formation early warning system anti aircraft batteries armed german czech weapons training departments ammunition stores workshop facilities fuel necessary operations supplied germans yugoslav stocks serbia early asked germany things instead got remaining largely obsolete aircraft time germany appropriated captured bombers supplied bulgaria romania received whilst finland received half completed manufacturing tools production equipment huge variety spare parts middle man power capacity fighter squadron medium bomber squadron sent eastern luftwaffe croatian german personnel territory late bomber squadron early fighter squadron help counter growing allied air threat personnel took activated airfields aircraft plants located june germans begun pass captured aircraft including bombers aircraft received repaired overhauled plant missions late aircraft distributed groups squadrons fighting yugoslav partisans air begun late june bombers proved suitable carry bomb load kilograms kilogram bombs whilst carry half types armed millimetre machine guns altogether eventually came possess operational use light bombers limited fighting partisans aircraft supply isolated surrounded army strong points emblem red white insignia croatian derived coat arms dating 10th century carried fin january replaced black white cross king aircraft numerous types inventory light trainers converted carry kilograms bombs aircraft bomb partisan troops positions northern bosnia faced anti aircraft fire missions cost aircraft crash landed hit partisan ground fire crews little chance survival hit flying suits helmets available time desperate crash landings similar actions continued flew missions support army troops limited scale operations partisans eastern western bosnia parts september introduced larger aircraft bombing partisan forces territory bombers derived available operations added advantage able carry kilogram bombs extensively bombing villages road communications soon established vintage aircraft suited missions partisan troop concentrations outdated certainly use question performance armament dangerous ill armed enemy partisans scattered villages forests mountains positions detected slow moving aircraft visual reconnaissance missions hand held cameras flown aerial reconnaissance supplied army vital data partisan movements positions situation partisan territory general important army desperately lacked radio equipment kinds light aircraft frequently liaison duties particularly connecting surrounding army garrisons higher command army requested aircraft temporarily attached particular army units closely operate ground troops fighter force poorly equipped respect consisting machines including seven ancient fury fortunately ill equipped force aerial opposition modern fighter aircraft received onwards colder october november weather limited aerial activities partisan operations spread eastern serbian territory squadrons based airfield appearance serbian border area partisans trying secure expand territory eastern yugoslavia liberated autumn flew daily supply missions lack aircraft land hastily prepared strips performed supplies surrounded garrison expansion fighting partisans intensified liberated substantial territory eastern yugoslavia encouraged rebellion country german italian governments aware danger means available destroy partisan forces planned large scale operations purpose air support played important role half marked deliveries new refurbished aircraft germany italy aside received received brand new medium bombers italy aircraft ordered paid service axis invasion yugoslavia prevented delivery purchased basic trainers fighters seat fighter trainer aircraft provide fighter pilots operational training modern aircraft overhauled aircraft arrived aircraft plant including bristol bombers attack aircraft fitted bomb racks carry kilogram bombs plus prague czechoslovakia german occupation received seven transports pre war czech suffered total lack transport aircraft immediately pressed service minor adjustments provide scheduled air line services fighters took june crossing border stopped order afraid pilots defect new aircraft aircraft wait june delivered 16th squadron course transferred 1st squadron stationed order strengthen defence capital deployment squadrons aimed fighter pilots sophisticated aircraft time fighters available numbers seven ancient wing fighters wing fighter trainers thanks extended aircraft park form new units january 1st group comprising 1st 2nd 3rd 19th squadrons formed 2nd group 4th 5th 6th squadrons 7th 8th 9th squadrons airfield whilst formed airfield june cover operations central croatia western bosnia reinforcements came time participate large german offensive partisan forces eastern bosnia initially participated campaign tragic incident italian bomber mistakenly attacked german positions near german command assigned responsibility providing entire aerial support mission formations ground time significant luftwaffe forces based territory support ground forces flew combat missions january missions february march axis ground forces generally succeeded operations january february march forced release pressure partisan units attacked solitary garrisons threatening destroy aside constant bombing sorties aircraft daily supply missions besieged army garrison land fire small improvised grass landing strip unloading ammunition supplies keeping engines running taking soon possible march shot partisans crew killed days later damaged whilst dropping ammunition managed return base safely result determined supply effort garrison succeeded holding relieved german forces april weather improved summer flying activity intensified missions flown april sorties including direct combat support reconnaissance supply missions dropping missions performed 2nd squadrons based strongest operational base time air base principally employed attacking partisan positions western bosnia new tried successive attacks partisan territory equally divided 3rd squadron 7th squadron september october 8th squadron 3rd 9th squadrons extensively attack partisan positions bosnia owing availability increased numbers aircraft formed comprising 13th 16th 17th 18th squadrons medium bomber force fly reconnaissance bombing missions partisan forces flew deep territory partisan control attacked railway stations road traffic agricultural depots food stocks partisan forces aware threat operations provided constantly trying improve anti aircraft defence relied mainly december saw return bomber squadron croatia service eastern flown sorties return squadron redesignated having flown bombers russia proved welcome addition strike power axis forces fighting partisans territory right end late second squadron formed provide operational training equipped italian designed built medium bombers course flew sorties combat missions aircraft lost losses partisan ground fire accidents deserted end year aircraft park consisted aircraft formed squadrons seen aircraft defected partisan forces army conducted intensive search aircraft response partisans produced scale model aircraft wood canvas duly destroyed bombers destroyed aircraft able perform number attacks army units armed hand pipe bombs shot june destroyed ground july occurred july october bomber case flying turkey january formed parachute unit known 1st croatian sat strength men based northern town near border hungary tri motor transport aircraft assigned unit permanent basis transports assigned required equipped rifles sub machine guns light machine guns light mortars period training demonstration mass tactical jump july airfield successful jump transports november brigades partisans supported artillery heavy machine guns mounted attack town took november held base days withdrawing hungary continuing battle german defending forces november received direct air support supplies light aircraft unable prevent loss base men parachute equipment transport aircraft lost bomber shot period unit deployed airfield june grew strength addition companies designated 1st croatian responsible ground defence important air base performed ceremonial guard duties late january unit equipped white winter jackets camouflage attached seeing action new sector south remained constant action advancing partisans unit surrendered austria week official end world war beginning axis forces complete control territory aerial opposition kind expected primary reason bomber force operate fighter cover notwithstanding fact total lack fighter force squadrons situation started change beginning headquarters plans arm group modern aircraft german italian origin italians refused supply requested fighters regia needed aircraft fill squadrons beginning situation began change favour allies landed north_africa soviets undertaking great winter offensive eventually defeating partisan movement yugoslavia aside smaller territories established large liberated territory extending west rivers direction cities partisan force grown stronger armed fighters called state trained supported artillery january yugoslavia launched offensive german intending regain lost territory attack supported aircraft luftwaffe aircraft 2nd 3rd groups involved bombing raids dropping missions air base reinforced newly formed end case white consisted air bases groups squadrons new aircraft continued arrive overhauled bombers delivered germany divided 13th 15th squadrons italy came long promised light trainers liaison aircraft dispatched air bases deliver mail fresh meat isolated surrounded towns garrisons brief role subsequent anti partisan offensive german fall main involvement central partisan resistance displayed frustrating effectiveness new events started influence fighting yugoslavia partisan forces aware constant threat air attack posed medium bomber force august undertook devastating night attack brigade airfield half hour assault airfield left bombers plus luftwaffe bombers transports destroyed aircraft damaged returned fire machine gun turrets aircraft partisan losses command complained german ordered dispersal aircraft airfield perimeter case air attack aircraft especially vulnerable type ground attack following capture southern italy allied aircraft started appear balkans military command aware danger trying persuade germans provide squadrons fighters instead reinforcement fighters came germany batch overhauled captured french fighters october plus dozen arrived december germans supplied beta minor sporting dispatched squadrons liaison duty lack radio communications equipment squadron level evident mid september saw dismissal command replaced lieutenant colonel initiated major reorganisation following capitulation italy september aircraft found airfields machines incorporated number included fighters fighters bombers added luftwaffe subsequently supplied fighter squadron captured german troops airfields balkans capitulation italy brought real threat invasion result september orders received execute coastal reconnaissance sorties central south adriatic morning afternoon october intercepted viii fighters squadron raf near coast italy fighters firing passes shot crew hit return fire crashed sea killing pilot reconnaissance sorties confined vicinity coast attacks partisan forces continued october seven caught 2nd battalion road hour concentrated aerial bombardment battalion sustained casualties including dead able mount credible threat insurgents new menace arriving adriatic june allied reconnaissance flights reported followed bombers bomber command deep penetration raid austrian city august defending managed shoot single bomber route target best aircraft defend homeland end fighters aircraft obsolete end strong equipped aircraft having lost shot destroyed ground accidents capitulation italy lost important source new aircraft tide turned significantly allied air raids targets balkans reality luftwaffe fighter squadrons stationed southern austria northern italy fought heavy battles stop american heavy bomber included defence newly formed croatian consisting 21st 22nd 23rd croatian equipped aircraft saw return fighter squadron service eastern redesignated operational fighter squadron redesignated soon arrival sent pilots collect brand new fighters direct plant near milan italy italian designed built fighter date fighter available aircraft retained luftwaffe markings whilst service unit second training operational conversion squadron formed designated equipped fighters period operational conversion squadron commenced operations frequent incursions raf aircraft period intensive activity summer squadron claimed allied aircraft shot time receiving brand new long obsolete fighter aircraft attempted intercept bomber formations stressing old engines limit match escorting fighters suffered heavy losses air ground end squadron handed remaining worn brand new german fighters total delivered year end allied aircraft specifically started targeting luftwaffe bases aircraft time result seventh anti partisan offensive including late axis aircraft fly inland long remained low altitude partisan units ground frequently complained enemy aircraft attacking hundreds allied aircraft flew higher altitude changed allied fighter bombers went low time establishing aerial superiority consequently luftwaffe forced limit operations clear weather early morning late afternoon hours june finally received germany long promised containers aerial resupply ammunition equipment constantly need besieged encircled garrisons immediately good use eased work proved especially suited tasks june saw returned previous position head end june received aircraft 19th 20th received remainder issued liaison duties transport fresh meat bosnia food shortage dive bombers extended range dive bombers known supplied flown operationally soviet troops late summer second half situation fronts rapidly worsened axis forces soviet bulgarian partisan armies liberated eastern yugoslavia partisan forces bosnia pressed attacks larger axis garrisons surprise attack september captured city airfield including aircraft total confusion attack airfield number crews managed escape moment starting runs barely clear open hangar doors suppressing fire provided machine gun turrets whilst took heavy partisan fire city taken days later heavy counter attack german troops germans continued supply second line aircraft including exotic torpedo bombers originally designed intended use aboard german aircraft carrier completed sold short field load carrying abilities ideal attack missions transporting ammunition supplies besieged army garrisons missions flown arrival september end war right conditions aircraft descend vertically mission near october attacked squadron raf crew piloted kill flying ace exploiting aircraft extreme distinction shooting shot possibly kills war catastrophic year aircraft losses amounted primarily ground entered machines including seven fighters multi engined bombers shortages fuel begun operations deliveries new aircraft germany continued early months replace losses end march included addition regular deliveries final dozen medium bombers january march despite losses fighter force included fighters finally able face raf equal terms squadrons equipped type late aircraft strength april medium bombers hitting december attacked raf squadron bomber ground partisan airfield near destroying bombs february bridge sortie river single caught marching open near yugoslav partisans known yugoslav army unit suffered dozen casualties late afternoon march bombers escorted fighters attacked positions near april force escorted destroyed partisan aircraft airfield despite attacking raids outcome war obvious personnel aircraft allies partisans intensified including italy april partisans april fighter delivery took place april day final croatian kills scored kill ace claimed shot confirmed attack mission flown ancient fighter trainers bombed railway bridge effort stop partisan advance south yugoslav built wing aircraft hit ground fire pilot crash landed near target captured shot spot evening partisan forces advancing capital commanding officer fighter group gathered men airfield released oath loyalty announced free flew aircraft crews including italy allied forces flew aircraft partisans including light aircraft whilst including yugoslav designed built sought sanctuary austria year campaign charge time aircraft ended capture ceased exist colourful collection vintage aircraft scattered deserted airfields received new markings red star formed basis new ranks commanders service types journal published weekly journal called croatian wings | Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8459_28thBattalion(Australia) | 28th infantry battalion australian_army raised early service world war formed 7th brigade attached fought final stages gallipoli campaign late western end war 28th disbanded raised time unit based western_australia second world war 28th undertook defensive duties australia majority conflict seeing action japanese campaign battalion disbanded march formed amalgamated unit raised battalion following national service remained australian_army order battle later raised remote area infantry battalion 28th reduced independent rifle company amalgamated 11th 28th battalion history world war 28th battalion came existence april raised camp western_australia formed volunteer formation raised overseas service world war 28th battalion batch volunteers came personnel originally allocated 24th raised victoria intended 24th raised states australia recruits travelling victoria form unit higher expected number volunteers time meant 24th raised victorian battalion western australians intended form sub unit 24th 28th subsequently raised mainly western australian recruits subsequently allocated 7th brigade 28th support units consisted 25th 26th 27th battalions drawn states queensland tasmania south australia completed training separately joining egypt authorised strength men battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel completing rudimentary training 28th embarked transport june sailed egypt red_sea 28th arrived egypt july concentrated rest 7th brigade near cairo assigned newly formed months training followed division action process hold september elements division dispatched gallipoli provide reinforcements australian new_zealand forces fighting cove april campaign decision evacuate confirmed dispatched early september arrival brigade temporarily attached new_zealand reinforcements occupying positions north east cove ridge remained peninsula months manning trenches improving defences defending evacuation mid december withdrawn casualties 28th brief involvement campaign described light battalion strength departing peninsula officers ranks spending christmas 28th returned egypt early january training followed 7th brigade deployed defence suez_canal time reorganised expanded preparation future operations new infantry divisions formed experienced troops 1st division deployed gallipoli start campaign division raised australia scratch largely left untouched complete formation interrupted deployment gallipoli 7th brigade subsequently returned command 2nd division 28th battalion rest 7th brigade remain formation rest war mid march 28th transferred france body australian troops deploy european battlefield early april 28th battalion entered line holding right hand sector 7th brigade line half years fight trenches western belgium france numerous battles 28th major action came late july early august took attacks attack 28th suffered heavily committed night time attack heights got held heavy wire preparatory bombardment failed destroy battalion losses heaviest 7th brigade amounting officers ranks follow attack undertaken august proved successful eventually securing objective following day australians subjected heavy withdrawn august 28th moved sector returning later taking fighting early germans began surprise withdrawal enabled hold line fewer troops gaining pool reserves allies discovered brief advance followed came strongly prepared defences series attacks followed 28th battalion utilised mainly supporting roles remainder year actions fought road time battalion belgium early transferred response late march april defended line allies fought defend vital providing support 6th brigade attack sur brief followed june july allies attempted regain initiative 28th involved minor action august allies launched days offensive initially engaged day offensive lieutenant performed deeds led 28th battalion victoria_cross recipient series advances followed allies exploited initial success sought break late august australian 2nd division advanced august 7th brigade attacked 28th assigned task capturing railway bridge following day forced way river subsequent battle joined 7th brigade advance continued fighting early october withdrawn line attack village fighting heavily depleted australian units unable good losses october entire withdrawn rest reorganisation battalion remained line war ended november began process slow personnel repatriated australia drafts consequently battalion disbanded march war casualties 28th totalled killed wounded battalion received battle honours war service bestowed inter war years completed early time australia time military force reorganised reflect divisional structure numerical designations result raised western_australia 13th brigade 5th military district formation new battalion drew personnel parts 11th 16th 28th infantry regiments territorial designations approved infantry battalions 28th adopted title swan valley regiment changed swan regiment battalion motto latin word approved headquartered perth detachments western_australia outset units maintained mixture voluntary compulsory service late scheme suspended government replaced volunteer militia scheme numbers fell sharply training opportunities volunteer limited 1930s activities period limited training consisting day annual camp augmented monthly half day amounting days training training hampered measures necessitated economic hardships great depression meant equipment provided time largely obsolete mainly world war vintage provided insufficient numbers second world war early second world war 28th battalion undertook brief periods continuous service providing training recruits enlisted following establishment conscription january improve nation overall readiness provisions defence act militia sent outside australian territory fight battalion personnel volunteered serve 2nd japan entry war 13th brigade units time service pressed home defence undertaking garrison duties defend western_australia possible invasion threat passed moved 28th battalion established mile creek late war 13th brigade reassigned 5th november committed campaign landing bay following month later established end war august 28th took campaign larger japanese force island australians attempted 28th kept program patrolling jungle little contact japanese war battalion remained island processing japanese prisoners war repatriated australia january disbanded months later process war 28th lost men killed active service wounded received battle honour service entrusted battle honours awarded 2nd 28th battalion australia wartime military forces time force established guise formed amalgamated 16th 28th battalion raised battalion existed august following national service raised right based sub units albany heart oak approved battalion regimental march replaced following year colonel following introduction organisation suspension national service battalion newly formed providing company sized elements regiment australian_army ceased organisation july time split smaller battalions early renumbered companies originally come 28th battalion allocated october national service reintroduced formed battalion known fulfilling role remote area battalion catering training needs men eligible wished exercise option serve instead parade regularly lived civilian occupation held national service scheme ended december joined time national service took discharge numbers fell significantly 28th battalion reduced independent rifle company continued october companies amalgamated form current 11th 28th battalion alliances 28th battalion held following alliances united_kingdom gloucestershire regiment battle honours 28th battalion received following battle honours including inherited 28th battalion world war road france flanders gallipoli egypt second world war north_africa defence line defence borneo commanding officers world war read second world war | 28th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8520_HellenicNavalAirService | greek air arm aviation units formed june following balkan wars military history use aircraft track bomb enemy fleet officially established world war participated allies missions participation turkish war long period peace followed reorganized upgraded especially establishment manufactured types aircraft merged formed branch confused current aviation branch includes helicopter equipped run jointly history aviation introduced greece february performed flight privately owned aircraft athens hour later second flight carried prime minister greece passenger impressed potential air warfare suggested greece advance new weapon following months french military mission took development greek aviation creating fleet june aviator modified giving mythical hero balkan wars broke october performed number reconnaissance bombing missions notable sortie ottoman fleet anchorage dardanelles lieutenant ensign spotted ottoman fleet dropped bombs mission regarded naval air operation military history widely commented press greek international process setting air arm bought fleet known world war beginning credits voted creation naval despite limited funds managed establish naval aviation school corps spring establishment independent incorporation greek naval air fleet ensured foundation disagreements king constantine prime minister greece enter world war lead political instability greece officially joined triple june anti royalist party country leadership formed supported allied military operations region december following years fighter bomber squadron known squadron greek created greek personnel direct command carried operations northern based joint flight school established activity squadron included anti submarine sweeps attacks targets vital importance significant missions night raids peninsula june heavy bombings enemy positions ottoman_empire squadrons aircraft counted aircraft commander acquired nickname british colleagues counted victories total greece world war ace occasion january fought enemy aircraft attacked british baby escorting way bomb turkish battlecruiser sultan german sms managed shoot interwar period following naval aviation formed squadron additional participated operations squadron greek initially consisted bombers fighters followed long period peace reorganized upgraded new types aircraft british mainly french manufacture delivered operation british company set near athens factory developed number aircraft designed built license like seat torpedo carrier hand new school established founded established unified independent branch prime minister sworn air minister assigned reorganisation branch veteran aviator notable personnel commander world war ace commander world war aviator awarded world war aviator world war aviator casualty distinguished turkish war aircraft | Hellenic Naval Air Service | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8542_No.1AircraftDepotRAAF | raaf maintenance unit royal_australian_air_force raaf formed july raaf point cook victoria moved nearby march aircraft equipment early years depot supported survey flights australia pacific region strength increased staff 1930s world war assembled tested repaired aircraft ranging flying fortresses depot engaged aircraft research development shortly war introduced jets raaf service ceased airframe maintenance continued service engines 1970s main focus ground based equipment handled aircraft components depot disbanded december functions having taken units private contractors time disbandment oldest raaf unit continuous operation history pre war years units formed royal_australian_air_force raaf new service established march original components known april unit formally come existence july prior comprised elements melbourne handling aircraft equipment responsible motor vehicle repair officially established raaf point cook victoria july component dissolved continued operate detachment unit inaugural commanding officer squadron leader overall charge january depot organised headquarters stores aircraft repair engine repair sections vehicle repair section transferred april seaside atmosphere deemed unsuitable long term location aircraft maintenance september government purchased land near railway station kilometres inland express purpose constructing dedicated home warehouse air_force depot staffed officers seventy seven ranks relocated new base march occupied large hangar included administration block living quarters buildings cost build receiving assembling testing maintaining raaf equipment responsible supporting research flights july departure point northern survey flight comprising northern central australia command chief air staff wing commander later air marshal sir following month formed survey flight consisting amphibious command flight lieutenant later air vice marshal photograph new coasts far north wing commander returned command depot april august handing wing commander served post december mid-1930s comprised staff range aircraft included dragon north american later augmented purchase advanced north american licensed built australia commanding officers decade included february april april january january cope new policy rapid expansion raaf recruit training section formed depot auspices march reorganised september acquired sub unit ongoing photographic survey work world war squadrons raised world war base prime focus continued aircraft depot following outbreak hostilities september began expanding handle raaf growing number training combat aircraft depot assembled tested new aircraft ferried operational areas northern australia new_guinea responsible maintenance service aircraft including engines instruments armament raaf equipment repaired damaged aircraft flying fortresses depot undertook research development types including ran comparative performance studies case example delivered testing july june soon aircraft started arriving depot commenced handling armament trials continued months identifying overcoming issues aircraft guns freezing high altitudes unusual levels carbon cockpit fighter aces pilot conducted comparative trials buffalo bell depot began operational units march following month performance tested version model entered production special duties performance flight responsible conducting performance trials early war years december separate organisation aircraft performance unit evolve depot wartime commanding officers wing commander held post december november tenure investigating crash vengeance designed clip prevent accidental release pilot safety harness later adopted january strength increased highest level staff post war years jet flight australia assembled jet australia maiden flight october year helicopter raaf service arrived depot received sole high performance engined built sent converted components scrapped depot took delivery australian built jet bomber july shortly modified long range flight prior unit taking london air race september year australian built sabre jet fighter delivered airframe maintenance transferred nos aircraft depots serviced different aircraft types existence continued maintain engines began supporting telecommunications equipment engine repair facilities closed staff transferred queensland prepare introduction swing wing bomber australian service concentrate maintaining new aircraft engines focus shifted ground equipment supported navigational aids air traffic control telecommunications motor transport air_force sections defence government presented queen colour november september following year strength staff pioneered support new technologies air_force fields electronics responsible developing testing components jets restructuring began impact heavily raaf technical services 1990s functions largely taken units private contractors disbanded december time oldest raaf unit continuous operation according oldest continuously operating maintenance depot air force | No. 1 Aircraft Depot RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8661_8thMilitaryPoliceBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states 8th military police brigade united_states_army based barracks hawaii responsible military police units pacific_ocean region activated vietnam war 8th specifically organized provide planning direction supervision criminal investigation work required vietnam took provisional formed november charge criminal investigative work vietnam metropolitan area july basis served region years earning campaign american forces region brigade reactivated korea 1980s provide command control military police forces moved hawaii located organization brigade subordinate unit falls direct command 8th currently 8th consists battalion contains 57th companies 39th 13th military police detachments history vietnam war 8th military police group originally constituted april regular army activated july fort riley kansas seeing months duty group december year august group activated time vietnam activation larger activation military police groups region provide greater command control military police operating region headquarters element took command military police units operating country brigade provided duties based military police group time subordinate unit 18th received distinctive unit insignia november group operated vietnam forces nation receiving campaign role conflict 8th military police brigade provisional constituted south_korea september response need cohesive command control element event war numerous non divisional military police units peninsula time consisted military police battalion seoul brigade remain provisional officially activated years operated capacity concept plan approved activation military police brigade headquarters korea 8th brigade officially activated april provide command control military police battalion armistice serve theater military police brigade hostilities day received shoulder sleeve insignia july 8th brigade headquarters battalion reassigned moved korea hawaii placed command newly created 8th command responsible preparing 25th 8th army units worldwide deployment global war terrorism iraq war subordinate units brigade deployed iraq october provide military police duties army formed clear schedule units coming going country operation iraqi freedom october brigade deployed elements battalion iraq months support operation iraqi freedom units suffered casualties including soldiers killed vehicle accidents brigade headquarters scheduled deploy iraq war fall operation iraqi freedom july 8th began iraq pre deployment site survey support upcoming deployment country brigade headquarters set replace 18th ended deployment fall 8th brigade continue training expansion national iraqi police force baghdad area december brigade officially took control 18th brigade began deployment honors decorations | 8th Military Police Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8832_AustralianArmyduringWorldWarI | australian_army world war australian_army largest service australian military world war army main expeditionary force formed august initial strength men following britain declaration war germany separate hastily raised man landed near german new_guinea september obtained surrender german garrison days later provided occupation forces duration war addition small military forces based pre war permanent forces time maintained australia defend country attack initially consisted infantry division light horse brigade contingent departed australia ship egypt november formed australian infantry division fought gallipoli campaign april december reinforced second division later raised light horse brigades evacuated egypt expanded infantry divisions forming committed fighting france belgium western march mounted divisions remained middle_east fight turkish forces later combined divisions france belgium operations playing significant role defeat german_army end war gained reputation highly effective military force following armistice november process began australian personnel repatriated late australians enlisted war served overseas sustained approximately casualties killed died wounds casualty rate highest war background founded january march colonial soldiers consisting professional soldiers paid militia unpaid volunteers transferred new australian_army units continued administered colonial acts major general sir commander appointed commander defence act brought state units piece legislation significantly prevented raising standing infantry units allowing establishment permanent administrative staff headquarters garrison artillery fortress engineers submarine mining engineers service medical ordnance units stipulated force maintained voluntary serve outside australia effectively established pre ensuring australian_army primarily consist time militia volunteer forces supported small permanent force limited filling staff training garrison roles equally ensured force sent overseas voluntary basis despite significant force increasingly seen dysfunctional inadequate suffering perceived institutional problems structure command administration limited financial resources poor training time led government decide adopt entirely new military system significant changes followed report lord following inspection local forces established train staff officers system universal national service began boys aged cadets men aged serving reforms process raising large civilian militia defend country feared attack japan force based conscription intended complete resources devoted plan greatly exceeded allocated preparations raise expeditionary force serve outside australia total peace time force citizen soldiers war time establishment raised include infantry battalions later increased light horse regiments subsequently raised field batteries seven batteries total guns field engineer companies seven communication companies support troops force organised brigades divisional headquarters raised envisioned divisions formed required infantry planned organised brigades later battalions light horse initially form seven brigades later field artillery organised brigades field batteries attached light horse brigades batteries small permanent force men operate support new scheme entailed reorganisation military districts 1st military district based queensland 2nd new_south_wales 3rd victoria 4th south_australia 5th western_australia 6th tasmania new_guinea initially later incorporated 1st military district steps taken expand network coastal defences provide protection raids japanese german warships prior world war defences manned companies australian strength men september government officially approved formation australian military air arm australia nations outside europe begin develop capability initially modest established victoria flying training begin immediately class pilots accepted flight raised 3rd military district july following britain declaration war august outbreak world war australia members british_empire automatically involved prime minister stating august empire war australia days brigadier general staff officer major completed plans creation white proposed expeditionary force men including australians new cook subsequently approved proposal increased offer men serve destination desired british government august london acceptance force asked sent soon possible recruiting offices opened august end volunteers accepted despite strict physical fitness guidelines additional british request assistance august australian government prepared expeditionary force known australian naval military expeditionary force destroy german wireless stations organisation despite progress incomplete numbering approximately men units raised stage august prior outbreak war units called guard key infrastructure essential points man coastal forts harbour defences militia fortress companies assisted permanent artillery engineers manning defence electric lights port jackson coastal defence batteries activated hours declaration war germany took place melbourne time august morning allied shots war fired garrison fort located opening examination battery fired shell bows german cargo ship ship failed stop accordance pre war plans mines ready laid protect risk attack considered sufficient justify establishment minefields ongoing maintenance initial man garrison artillery commanding officers militia units directed begin preparations raise infantry division light horse division home defence tasks end august government judged force size unnecessary given australia distant war zones instead decided maintain small number infantry battalions light horse regiments active duty time end home defence force comprised members rifle club volunteers despite fears sabotage uprisings german australians domestic threat skeleton garrisons maintained coastal forts personnel manning forbidden enlist ban lifted april presence german commerce australian waters caused february april occurred april reason june home service troops active duty australia alongside regular soldiers enlisted war australian naval military expeditionary force began forming following request british government august comprised battalion infantry men enlisted sydney known plus naval sailors serve infantry battalion militia queensland based dispatched garrison thursday island contributed volunteers force command colonel departed sydney august aboard halted new_zealand force escorted battlecruiser cruiser french cruiser occupied august moved port met queensland contingent aboard transport force sailed german new_guinea september left refused work soldiers kennedy regiment left port holmes felt trained equipped committed fighting expected following capture german possessions region september provided occupation forces duration war holmes returned australia early enlisted men replaced known specially enlisted service tropics start war australia military forces focused time militia small number regular personnel engineers generally assigned task coastal defence provisions defence act sending overseas outbreak war realised totally separate volunteer force need raised began forming shortly outbreak war officially coming august formation consisted 1st division 1st australian 1st division subsequently fought alongside combined new_zealand april december reinforced later raised light horse brigades evacuated egypt expanded infantry divisions committed fighting france belgium western march mounted divisions remained middle_east fight turkish forces palestine serving contrast static trench warfare developed europe troops middle_east experienced fluid form warfare involving manoeuvre combined arms tactics continuing grow war eventually consisted infantry divisions mounted divisions mixture units start infantry brigades making 1st division joined sole new_zealand infantry brigade form new_zealand formed egypt sent gallipoli august reinforce 1st division artillery having partially completed training gallipoli infantry underwent major expansion formed australia sent france new_zealand broken new_zealand elements forming original australian infantry brigades 1st 4th split half form brigades form 4th ensured battalions new divisions core experienced soldiers organised divisions subsequently deployed western 6th division commenced forming england february deployed france broken september year provide reinforcements divisions november australian divisions merged gallipoli campaign light horse brigades fought alongside infantry divisions march formed egypt named contained mounted brigade new_zealand likewise formed february originally named contained british 5th division consisted mounted light horse brigades consisted regiments following expansion august divisions formed consisted included number australian british new_zealand companies included consisted operational squadrons nos training squadrons nos women served mainly australian addition number specialist units raised including companies motor transport units railway ordnance workshops service units hospitals specialist medical dental units small armoured unit raised volunteer force duration war australia introduce conscription war south_africa system compulsory training introduced home service australian law extend overseas service australia conscription expand defeated october december preserving volunteer status stretching reserves end war ultimately voluntary system recruitment proved unable sustain force structure failing provide sufficient replacements heavy casualties sustained requiring number units disbanded end war infantry battalion originated geographical region men recruited area new_south_wales victoria populous states filled battalions brigades outer states queensland south australia western_australia tasmania combined assemble battalion light horse artillery recruited territorial basis hastily deployed contingent essentially suffered widespread equipment shortages early largely inexperienced force small percentage members having previous combat experience officers non commissioned personnel previously served pre war permanent time forces significant proportion enlisted personnel received basic military instruction australia compulsory training scheme predominantly fighting force based infantry battalions light horse regiments high proportion close combat troops support personnel eventually included large number logistics administrative units capable meeting force needs circumstances provided support nearby allied units division included range combat support service units including artillery machine gun mortar engineer pioneer signals medical administrative units corps troops included light horse army artillery regardless mainly relied british_army medium heavy artillery support weapons systems necessary combined arms warfare developed later war including aircraft tanks operationally placed disposal british administered separate national force australian government responsibility promotion pay clothing equipment feeding personnel administered separately home based army australia parallel system set deal non operational matters including record keeping finance ordnance personnel issues separate conditions service rules promotion graduation list officers responsibility initially fell bridges addition duties commander administrative headquarters later set cairo egypt following australian infantry divisions western relocated london additional responsibilities included liaison melbourne whilst tasked command australian troops britain training headquarters established salisbury end war gained reputation trained highly effective military force enduring years costly fighting western playing significant role final allied victory albeit smaller wider british_empire war effort like dominion divisions canada new_zealand australians viewed best british forces france operations exploits gallipoli western subsequently central national mythology commemorating celebrating entrenched tradition following world war forming remembrance war soldiers served known colloquially time paramount australian campaigns occupation german new_guinea following outbreak war australian forces moved quickly reduce threat shipping posed proximity germany australian naval military expeditionary force man volunteer force separate consisting infantry battalion plus naval sailors rapidly formed command colonel objectives force wireless stations german new_guinea force reached september occupied day encountering brief resistance german native defenders fighting german new_guinea surrendered september australian losses light including killed fighting gallipoli period rudimentary training australia contingent departed ship single convoy albany november originally bound england undergo training prior employment western australians instead sent british controlled egypt order pre turkish attack strategically important suez_canal view opening aiming knock turkey war british decided stage amphibious gallipoli following period training reorganisation australians included british indian french forces committed campaign combined australian commanded british general subsequently landed gallipoli peninsula april promising transform war successful ill conceived shortly landing blood stalemate developed ultimately lasted months allied commanders decided evacuate troops having achieved campaign objectives australian casualties totalled including killed egypt palestine withdrawal gallipoli australians returned egypt underwent major expansion infantry began france mounted infantry units remained middle_east fight turks australian troops saw action major battles playing pivotal role fighting turkish troops threatening british control egypt australians saw combat combined british forces successfully primitive pro turkish islamic sect heavy casualties subsequently saw considerable action august turks eventually pushed following victory british forces went offensive pace advance governed speed railway water pipeline constructed suez_canal captured january small turkish garrisons eliminated february advance entered palestine initial unsuccessful attempt capture march second equally unsuccessful attempt launched april assault occurred october november time took battle complete success british line capturing turkish soldiers critical moment capture day australian 4th charged miles turkish trenches overrun australians capturing wells securing valuable water contained prisoners loss killed wounded later australian troops assisted pushing turkish forces palestine took actions jerusalem turkish government surrendered october units light horse subsequently help nationalist revolt egypt efficiency brutality suffered number fatalities process total australian battle casualties campaign including dead western infantry divisions saw action france belgium leaving egypt march subsequently took positions quiet sector south april half years participated major battles western earning formidable reputation spared disastrous day battle weeks australian divisions committed positioned left flank action july suffering casualties single day entered line july assaulting time relieved 2nd division july suffered casualties attacked august casualties totalling men time withdrawn suffered casualties days march 2nd pursued germans capturing town april assaulted disastrous battle losing casualties captured april 1st 2nd divisions counter attacked near forced abandon town took second battle beginning succeeded taking sections holding relieved finally 5th division relieved 1st remaining line battle ended mid combined efforts cost australian casualties june british corps launched operation flanders order eliminate south attack commenced million pounds explosives placed underneath ridge destroying german trenches advance virtually unopposed despite strong german day succeeded australian casualties included nearly men took belgium campaign capture september november individual actions took place road wood course weeks fighting australians suffered casualties march german_army launched effort win war divisions mile allies fell 3rd rushed south offensive lasted months divisions france engaged attempt stem tide late germans pushed miles paris time australians fought commander lieutenant general successfully combined arms including aircraft artillery armour attack time german offensive ground halt mid july brief followed australians undertook series raids known peaceful allies soon launched offensive days offensive ultimately ending war beginning august offensive included australian divisions striking combined arms techniques developed earlier significant gains known black day german_army offensive continued months second battle australian corps fought actions final engagement war october actions successful australian divisions suffered considerable casualties september average strength infantry battalions percent authorised strength withdrawn rest reorganisation following engagement subsequently line armistice declared november artillery units continued support british american units november maintained flying operations end war total australian casualties western numbered including died men wounded approximately taken prisoners war theatres small numbers personnel served theatres australian troops 1st provided communications british forces participated number battles including march september year following russian revolution collapsed leaving open special force known commander formed hand picked british officers organise remaining russian forces civilians ready fight turkish forces australian officers served party captain instrumental protecting thousands refugees australian nurses staffed british hospitals india leadership position chief general staff established responsible maintaining war organisation army preparing defensive plans training examination officers collection interpretation intelligence addition incumbent sat military member responsible minister defence administration colonel appointed replacing brigadier general route britain war broken bridges occupied organising took organisation service new_guinea bridges departed overseas took responsibility training reinforcements originally formed commanded bridges commanded 1st division bridges death gallipoli australian government appointed boer war veteran replace bridges command british lieutenant general sir commander british troops egypt objected bypassing communicating directly australia australian government failed support deferred lieutenant general commander australian sent egypt command 2nd division representations australian government act commander australian government transfer bridges authority temporary basis september officially confirmed commander september september commanding western colonel appointed temporary replacing chief responsibility overseeing expansion training establishment australia provide reinforcements units overseas raising training 2nd division colonel took january following period ill health relieved command division returned australia resuming post october remained position position role primarily dealing politicians australia providing reinforcements overseas lieutenant general regular officer commanded 1st formation later australian command corps took command later given command formation november australian took command corps despite promoted command retained command time divisional commanders australian officers vast majority brigade commands held australian officers result policy appointing officers exclusively enlisted personnel later adopted majority company battalion commanders risen ranks number british staff officers attached headquarters predecessors shortage suitably trained australian officers equipment weaponry equipment australian_army british_army prior outbreak world war years prior war basic defence industries established australia production uniforms boots small arms explosives ammunition despite majority equipment initially issued came british_army stocks australian production able increased meet demand resulted rapid military expansion start war included items water bottles bits spurs provided local government manufacturer australia relatively limited industrial base war ultimately able supply majority army simple requirements remainder complex equipment purchased suppliers britain war equipment changed tactics evolved generally followed british developments standard issued rifle inch short magazine lee factory constructed local production limited rifles year proved insufficient result initially equipped stocks held production increased rifles year end number later supplied new_zealand forces ammunition supplied factories australia new_zealand britain speed initially raised meant suffered range equipment shortages especially artillery unable prior landing gallipoli later impacted conduct campaign artillery unable manufactured australia additional weapons able obtained britain short term time overcome additional divisions raised australian field artillery expanded equipped british_army depots arrival france pre war australian_army uniform formed basis worn adopted broad hat rising sun badge pattern light horsemen leather load carriage equipment large pack issued marching order issued long sword bayonet rifles manufactured hand grenades rifle grenades short supply gallipoli necessitating use improvised jam tin grenades grenade discharge cup issued fitting muzzle rifle projection mills bomb machine guns initially included small number maxim vickers medium machine guns subsequently included lewis light machine gun issued greater numbers war continued increase firepower available infantry response tactical problems trench warfare light horse units underwent similar process issued hotchkiss guns replace lewis guns early light trench mortar issued infantry replace range trench smaller trench mortars whilst battery brigade level provide organic indirect fire support addition individual soldiers range personnel weapons including knives clubs pistols western pattern sniper rifles sights light horsemen carried initially considered mounted infantry adopted cavalry swords late artillery included pounders equipped field batteries inch batteries inch inch equipped heavy siege batteries inch heavy mortar equipped heavy trench mortar battery medium trench mortar batteries equipped inch medium mortar later inch mortar light horse units supported british indian artillery main mount light horse draught horses artillery wheeled transport mounts transport pack animals training doctrine australian_army copied british_army doctrine existed semi officially form pre war planning largely seen australian army focus defending continent invasion relatively small force result future war thought likely highly mobile contrast offensive focus british european time despite influence local professional military debate result emphasis whilst recognition problems posed increasing firepower result continued development small arms artillery technology considered little requirement direct assault static defensive positions given room manoeuvre afforded australian continent order compatible british forces pre war agreements ensured australian_army units organised trained equipped accordance british_army doctrine establishment tables despite efforts compulsory training scheme years war men served previous military experience hastily equipped received rudimentary training prior departure days formation stop men went ashore day beach rocky ground bush terrain tactical manoeuvres able practice maintaining contact dense jungle skill later proved important fighting force remaining week training limited unlikely adequately prepared force seriously tested ultimately lack training end costly german resistance proved limited fighting day resulting fewer dozen australian casualties early stages formation training rudimentary performed mainly unit level formal schools volunteers proceeded straight recruiting stations assigned units process established arrival makeshift camps recruits received basic training drill officers non commissioned officers trained instructors appointed mainly previous service time forces units training took place period weeks spent little day live firing departing overseas following initial force middle_east training undertaken desert organised training provided australia rushed individual training consolidated progressed quickly collective training battalion brigade level training exercises marches drill practices followed standard exercises limited lacked realism meaning commanders benefit handling troops battlefield conditions soldiers received training compulsory training scheme served volunteers time forces war members british_army numbers limited contrast majority officers initially appointed previous military experience largely service pre war militia little formal officer training addition small junior officers trained permanent force numbers small outbreak war class graduated early order join placed mainly staff positions small numbers graduates january means commissioned ranks enlisted personnel initial senior officers members pre war military substantial experience managing brigade sized larger units field training exercises scale rarely conducted outbreak hostilities inexperience contributed tactical mistakes casualties transferred european battlefield training system greatly improved efforts formal training organisation curriculum consisting weeks basic training established egypt expanded early brigade established training battalion formations later sent united_kingdom absorbed large system depots established branch including infantry engineers artillery signals medical logistics completing initial instruction depots australia united_kingdom soldiers posted theatre base depots received advanced training posted reinforcements operational units like british_army sought rapidly pass lessons learned war progressed widely transmitted regularly updated training documents experience gained combat improved skills surviving officers men trained led force coming terms conditions played development new combined arms tactics offensive operations occurred defence employed patrolling trench raids tactics dominate man land manner ultimately developed tactical doctrine following deployment reinforcement system replace reinforcements received training australia sailing drafts joining assigned units provide officer reinforcements series officer schools established australia officer training eventually concentrated school near schools produced large number officers eventually closed concerns graduates inexperienced replacement officers drawn ranks deployed units candidates attended british officer training units theatre schools established france february issue training taken seriously schools established training initially weeks duration increased months deteriorated war given precedence manpower resources size force increased high proportion volunteered overseas service officers train recruits camp facilities equipment assigned expeditionary force greatly disrupted training activities units conducting camps late required undertake periods training active service october approximately called short period compulsory training ahead conscription close collapse best members transferred remaining personnel largely attempts revive months war initially successful german spring offensive began march led concerns japan attack australia response regular training camps militia units reinstated scheme set reserve force manned returned veterans attracted volunteers received training war units went camp began process involvement occupation german turkish territory limited prime minister requested early exceptions squadron participated occupation 7th light horse regiment sent occupy gallipoli peninsula weeks new_zealand regiment time armistice soldiers france england middle_east plus nurses india transported home australians decided delay departure instead joined british_army serving russian civil war officially australian government refused contribute forces campaign troops france men returned home come basis process overseen britain cairo soldiers undertook government funded training civilian awaiting australia australian soldiers remained england september senior australian commander repatriated december transport organised troops departed london april officially ceased exist april july military hospitals australia passed civilian hands volunteer force units end war australia time military force subsequently reorganised replicate divisional structure numerical designations units identities battle honours remained australian_army disbanded later forming basis royal_australian_air_force following end hostilities november role german colonies new_guinea primarily civil administration continued provide garrison half years military government continued australia received mandate govern territory despite having seen action following initial seizure colony years followed climate range tropical diseases malaria resulted dozens fatalities deployment concluded interrupted japanese occupation australian administration lasted gained independence war exposed deficiencies australia pre war military system emphasised creation large time militia despite considerable effort resources expended raising war major threat australia emerged expeditionary force volunteers raised scratch order fight overseas war senior military officers advised range legislative organizational reforms perceived success war general community military matters distrust funding constraints inter war years meant largely adopted government established instead similar system remained place world war resulted inefficient army system require raising separate volunteer force serve overseas outbreak hostilities casualties total men enlisted army war men sent overseas serve men served sustained approximately casualties killed died wounds represented total casualty rate percent highest war men captured majority casualties occurred infantry sustained casualty rate percent artillery percent light horse percent incurred significant losses | Australian Army during World War I | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8836_No.82SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron raaf royal_australian_air_force fighter squadron operated world war immediate aftermath formed june flying initially bell bases queensland new_guinea squadron operational september undertook ground attack missions japanese targets pacific theatre following end hostilities squadron equipped north american deployed japan formed remained october disbanded history world war royal_australian_air_force raaf received fighter aircraft arrival allowed service expand combat force forming new equipped squadrons join squadrons operated type area squadron formed new south wales june new squadrons established following squadron february squadron march squadron formed july squadron september commanded squadron leader squadron original complement including officers equipped wholly initially included flight bell squadron conducted training april personnel briefly moved queensland training squadron transferred port new_guinea end august mid september joined nos squadrons wing later australian tactical air force squadron crashed engine trouble staging operating strip squadron flew combat mission september bombing aircraft squadron october aircraft lost ground fire attack reported missing squadron found difficult remain operational ground crew remained moving forward following month meantime pilots took responsibility aircraft november dive bombed japanese airfields aircraft squadron squadron continued conduct ground attack missions new_guinea march relocated squadron conducted ground attack missions escorted allied convoys carrying troops bound liberation borneo areas operation bypassed main allied thrust philippines japan led poor morale culminating called mutiny april squadron leader commanding officer squadron senior pilots tended protest saw waste resources targets dubious military value officers persuaded continue operations grace oversaw squadron island june operation invasion flew support australian_army units end war mission august squadron mile round trip attack targets strike japanese aircraft destroyed taking transport destroyed damaged fighters attacked barges near fourteen members squadron killed operations war occupation japan shortly end war squadron selected join japan equipped north american fighters september january losing aircraft accidents process squadron deployed base march wing nos squadrons nos squadrons provided logistics maintenance support respectively squadron lost escorting bad weather route killing crew members april squadron conducted surveillance patrols japan participating routine exercises australians found far offering resistance japanese went way squadron commanding officer squadron leader remarked following dinner mayor felt treated visitors occupying force wing transferred april month federal government determined reduce australia contribution reduction nos squadrons slated disbandment leaving squadron sole raaf fighter unit country squadron conducted training exercises september disbanded october | No. 82 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8853_SpecialAirServiceRegiment | officially abbreviated commonly known elite special operations force australian_army formed originally modelled british sharing motto wins draws experiences independent companies special units world war based suburb perth western australia regiment direct command unit involved operations borneo indonesia malaysia confrontation vietnam war kuwait iraq afghanistan missions provides counter terrorist capability involved number domestic security operations role tasks capabilities direct command unit special forces unit australian_army tasked provide special operations capabilities support includes providing unique capabilities support sensitive strategic operations special recovery operations advisory training assistance special reconnaissance precision strike direct action primarily structured conduct covert long range reconnaissance surveillance small teams enemy controlled territory commando units utilised conduct raids larger groups addition conventional conflicts regiment tasked maintaining specialist counter terrorist capability capabilities include training local indigenous forces recovery australian citizens humanitarian assistance trained counter operations special reconnaissance long range reconnaissance role typically operates small patrols operators task enemy held territory providing intelligence enemy activities capabilities tasks seeks evade confront enemy soldiers direct fire support including air strikes destroy enemy installations disrupt kill enemy forces possible reconnaissance patrols inserted air helicopter standard parachute halo land foot vehicle sea including submarine small boats closed circuit breathing apparatus proven capable covering large distances staying concealed jungle desert mountain terrain patrols conduct sabotage short duration raids high value targets including headquarters airfields communications counter terrorism special recovery primary roles regiment provide counter terrorist capability element forming australia domestic west 2nd commando regiment provides east tag west maintains short notice capability conduct military operations scope state federal police tactical groups offensive counter terrorist operations include direct action hostage recovery capability board ships whilst underway shore oil platforms maintained tag kept high readiness period months replaced squadron role history early years draws experiences independent companies special units operated japanese world war units disbanded soon war australian military observing operations 1950s australian_army decided raise unit 1st established july suburb perth western australia strength officers ranks company given responsibility commando special forces operations organisation adopted australian_army time regiment primary wartime role divisional level reconnaissance august gained regimental status expanded sabre squadrons headquarters link raising squadron approved april overall expansion australian_army borneo saw action force stationed north borneo australian operated alongside british new_zealand counterparts operations aimed stopping indonesian malaysia taking operation squadron conducted reconnaissance patrols february july conducted cross border operations july suffered fatality june soldier elephant squadron completed operations august returned australia squadron arrived borneo january month deployment despite suspension operations conducted reconnaissance patrols cross border operations undertaking total patrols sides border march soldiers drowned river crossing july squadron relieved british squadron returned australia august despite deployed reconnaissance role killed indonesian soldiers series contacts soldiers killed operations vietnam based responsible providing intelligence 1st forces operating province provinces squadrons rotated vietnam year long deployments completing tours squadron withdrawn missions included medium range reconnaissance patrols observation enemy troop movements long range offensive operations enemy dominated territory operating small groups men moved slower conventional infantry jungle heavily armed employing high rate fire simulate larger force contact support withdrawal primary method deployment helicopter working closely squadron raaf regularly provided rapid precise extraction patrols jungle landing zones tree height occasion patrols deployed armored personnel carriers method devised location drop point despite noise moving jungle operational parachute jump undertaken fourth squadron raised later disbanded april operated closely troop attached australian squadron late completing final tour october squadron disbanded return australia training squadron raised place time vietnam proved highly successful members regiment known jungle stealth year period australian vietnam conducted nearly patrols inflicted heavy casualties including killed possibly killed wounded possibly wounded prisoners captured losses totalled killed action died wounds accidentally killed missing death illness men wounded period deployment men served vietnam remains australian soldier went missing action falling jungle suspended rope extraction found august australian personnel worked vietnam provided instructors training wing operated members regiment served units soldiers serving exchange counter terrorism australian withdrawal vietnam brought end doctrine forward defence involvement southeast asian wars instead australian military new focus defence continental australia external attack line change took lead developing australian_army capability conduct patrol operations role later taken army following formation early 1980s time continued train overseas special forces units exercise philippines special forces hercules crashed shortly february killing passengers including australians number americans new following sydney bombing february given responsibility providing australia military counter terrorism response force squadron raised addition able respond terrorist attacks australian cities counter terrorism unit required develop capability board ships underway shore oil platforms squadron alerted possible deployment fiji leave australia regiment involved operations gulf war troops placed standby deployment short notice elements remained high alert respond terrorist incident australia required units deploy active service vietnam war australian deployments small numbers personnel involved turkey assist refugees june personnel provided regiment australian contribution established oversee destruction iraq weapons mass destruction deployed weapons inspection teams times employed drivers personal protection tasks signal squadron deployed western september australian contingent contrary reports provide security team service qualified signals signal squadron deployed australian military contribution small number members regiment served exchange bosnia early 1990s including sergeant commanded detachment april april man team troop attached australian forces provide elite response protection force protection known small team operated toyota utility vehicles subsequently involved number actions including incident flown scene downed canadian civilian helicopter kilometres north protect crew august involved skirmish convoy resulted killed aimed australians returned australia november qualified medical deployed contribution present massacre april soldier australians awarded medal gallantry actions addition individual members attached wide range australian deployments observers including lebanon accident deaths training accidents majority fatalities worst accident regiment history occurred evening june helicopters 5th aviation regiment carrying collided live fire counter terrorism special recovery operation exercise fire support base barbara high range training area near queensland activity exercise day took place second day exercise requiring pilots use night vision aircraft approaching target area seconds landing zone helicopters right tail helicopter crashed immediately killing personnel board able crash landing burst flames killing crash survivors soldiers helicopters exercise staff flames exploding ammunition rescue comrades retrieve bodies dead members 5th aviation regiment lost lives accident fourteen personnel later officially recognised rescue evacuation operation july man team deployed short notice malaysia provide close protection communications australian ambassador embassy staff required preparation evacuation australian nationals wake civil unrest occurred following coup country evacuation operation subsequently completed successfully supported airfield defence guards military personnel evacuating australians nationals later following agreement truce october ended conflict australian personnel deployed new_zealand led officer included reconnaissance party later serving headquarters april australia took leadership mission renamed numerous personnel served year period operation headquarters positions monitoring teams kuwait squadron strength deployment vietnam squadron attached new_zealand troop deployed kuwait february american led operation force known fully integrated new providing squadron troop crisis resolved peacefully military action taken combat search rescue role recover shot iraqi air defences force returned australia june regardless operation represented time tactical headquarters deployed outside australia played key role australian led international force september february initially involved operation evacuate australian personnel result violence lead referendum independence subsequently involved intelligence gathering tasks prior landings provided initial forces secure point entry airport squadron elements special forces element known spearheaded operations conducted international force early days intervention vietnam served eyes ears force patrolling extensively militia controlled areas vehicles foot expanded control rest operations involved number significant contacts pro indonesian militia including october soldiers wounded later october tasks included protection special forces tasks required task force commander squadron later awarded unit citation march squadron replaced squadron december completed tour february domestic security controversy regiment formed key element security force place sydney olympic games lead event regiment underwent period acquiring new equipment capabilities including ability respond chemical biological threats developing techniques clandestine boarding moving ships night games squadrons available counter terrorist operations designated respond incidents sydney canberra standby incidents domestic security role increased prominence terrorist attacks united_states september formed security force events rugby world cup commonwealth games international events currently provides australia elite designated tag west tag provided 2nd commando regiment april fishing vessel south detected near heard following kilometre pursuit vessel boarded troop southern tip africa august involved tampa affair counter terrorist squadron ordered board tampa illegally entered australian waters members involved improve conditions tampa use elite military unit prevent asylum landing australia supported members regiment remains controversial controversial involvement boarding north korean freighter suspected drug smuggling newcastle april afghanistan october australian government announced sending special forces task group built squadron participate campaign afghanistan designated operation staging kuwait squadron arrived afghanistan december squadrons rotating approximately monthly intervals main role afghanistan conduct reconnaissance surveillance positions activities capabilities force elements conducted offensive operations arriving initially operated southern afghanistan marines task force conducting long range vehicle mounted patrols kilometres near iranian border february killed travelling hit land operation soldiers wounded incident later operated command task force moved eastern afghanistan played key role march operation teams provide location depth operational intelligence reconnaissance valley days prior operation saved lives soldiers 75th helicopter shot providing sniper guiding precise air strikes end enemy advance attempted overrun isolated americans fighters later estimated killed result called advisory liaison officers attached 10th help plan division air assault operations subsequently involved heavy fighting unit pinned took number casualties supported heavy close air support evacuated helicopter evening days operation elements identified potential escape route leadership coalition special forces attempted establish observation posts quickly discovered villagers australians inserted patrol monitor escape route metres high mountain patrol spotted group figures dressed russian camouflage wearing black carried advanced weapons normal insurgents appeared guarding white older man cane fled battlefield intelligence believed later revised identification second command called later doubt successful australian forces later uncovered number arms destroyed anti aircraft piece elements tasked screening possible escape routes south killed number fighters attempted withdraw initial task group replaced squadron march april squadron rotated afghanistan august withdrew afghanistan november sabre squadrons served country deployed afghanistan august september operating southern province consisted elements commando incident response regiment support personnel helicopters 5th aviation regiment deployed afghanistan march support forward operating base subsequently established task group withdrawn september year operations working closely special forces united_kingdom netherlands period task group patrol days involved contacts sustained soldiers wounded replaced engineers conventional infantry strong afghanistan support april including squadron commando company group integral combat service support team commando element conduct direct action tasks returning conducting strategic reconnaissance january awarded highest award gallantry australian honours system acts performed whilst serving afghanistan september patrol ambushed resulting wounding australians addition contribution regiment provided defence support teams protect agents afghanistan january corporal awarded victoria_cross single machine gun positions operation june march announced receive australian_army battle honour end vietnam war outstanding performance offensive afghanistan june battle honour titled eastern awarded recognition operational actions rotation collectively awarded unit citation unit citation gallantry actions afghanistan operation april corporal cut right hands corpses insurgents told military lawyer acceptable way obtaining incident reported senior australian command withdrawn operations week long operational pause soldier remained investigation incident august bulk withdrawn afghanistan late australian special forces remain small australian force country casualties afghanistan include soldiers killed action iraq provided majority ground force element australian contribution invasion iraq known moving quickly successfully enhancing australia standing allies built squadron platoon commando troop available support squadron operated western iraq successful securing area operations elements crossed iraqi border night march vehicle penetrating kilometres engaged actions war patrols inserted helicopter kilometres staging areas subsequently fought number actions following month australian patrols closest coalition elements baghdad number days observing key roads facilities conclusion day campaign secured huge air base approximately kilometres west baghdad capturing aircraft squadron withdrawn iraq replacement shortly end war subsequently awarded unit citation gallantry members continued operate iraq years number roles claims appeared media australian special forces involved counter operations inside iraq denied government team deployed iraq june effort free australian engineer kidnapped baghdad later recovered alive iraqi forces british media reports suggested elements operating iraq southern border iran targeting arms later small number personnel deployed iraq june protect australian embassy security baghdad threatened northern iraq offensive reported tasked providing security royal_australian_air_force aboard transport aircraft delivering arms munitions forces controlled northern iraq september philippines fiji troop deployed operation operating alongside following renewed unrest march personnel took battle rebels killed unsuccessful attempt rebel leader reported october operators southern philippines supporting filipino operations terrorist groups denied following tensions fiji military government australian government dispatched naval vessels november december operation preparation potential evacuation australian citizens november helicopter carrying crew soldiers crashed attempting land sank international waters fiji helicopter pilot soldier killed crash africa march sydney morning herald claimed operators squadron reportedly reformed based victoria operating africa specifically nigeria kenya gathering intelligence terrorism developing plans rescue kidnapped australian civilians professor quoted saying soldiers legal cover caught herald reported minister foreign affairs argued squadron libya civil war overruled minister defence chief general smith denied personnel operating outer reaches australian international law confirm deny operation africa organisation size classified reported strength varies figures personnel appearing different sources based battalion sized element known regimental headquarters sabre squadrons operational support squadron base squadron signals squadron sabre squadrons maintain regiment capability train operational squadron maintained rotation counter terrorist recovery operations support state federal police forces existence fourth sabre squadron reported media officially acknowledged regiment currently believed organised follows regimental headquarters squadron squadron squadron squadron base squadron operation support squadron signal squadron sabre squadron approximately strong divided troops free fall troop troop comprises patrols operators patrol commanded captain patrol commanded sergeant surveillance operations usually operates patrols operations usually employs larger force elements support personnel include mechanics technicians medical staff drivers specialists reported female soldiers trained united_states work squadron comprised troops military dogs designated new members seeing service afghanistan memorial regular army unit pool personnel soldiers regular army members specialists uniform equipment standard dress regiment new design camouflage standard issue special forces troops introduced australian_army soldiers afghanistan eventually standard operational combat uniform parade working field uniforms generally rest australian_army special uniforms including black depending tactical situation qualified members wear sandy coloured metal gold silver badge depicting sword flames issuing upwards blade inscribed regimental motto wins black shield differs wears woven cloth cap badge design parachute wings rounded straight worn right shoulder general duty ceremonial mess dress uniforms blue worn members regiment rank use names wear long hair operations field soldiers armed variety weapons systems depending mission include designated australia primary weapon shortened version known primary weapons complemented issued medium long range engagements rifle enhanced battle rifle support weapons include regiment uses number direct indirect fire support weapons including rockets calibre machine guns grenade mortars range different vehicles including high mobility purchased designated special operations vehicle special reconnaissance named warrant officer killed pre deployment training technical problems enter service replacing seen extensive service afghanistan iraq new logistics trucks acquired replace supply support recovery lighter protected vehicle akin advanced ground road long range strategic reconnaissance seeing service afghanistan wheel terrain vehicles seeing service afghanistan heavily modified armoured toyota wheel drive vehicles designated domestic counter terrorism special recovery selection training regiment high personnel standards selection regiment considered demanding entry test australian_army members required work small teams extended periods support specially selected ability work environment individuals selection open serving personnel initial screening candidates complete special forces barrier test tests physical fitness percent applicants pass phase successful candidates continue day selection course conducted western australia individual strength endurance mental physical overall fitness ability remain calm combat work effectively small teams course conducted staff established percent pass selection candidates progress month reinforcement cycle complete range courses including weapons basic patrolling combat survival heavy weapons method entry urban combat posting sabre squadron successful officers complete additional courses qualify officer regiment expertise operations administration command candidates generally average older soldiers despite possible reduction rank operators receive significant highest paid soldiers equivalent private earning members parachute qualified member patrol including explosive expert sabre squadrons works year training operational cycle system flexible accelerated varied depending operational requirements deployments year new members regiment develop individual skills practice new techniques taught experienced members undertake advanced courses second year mission skill sets conventional warfare trained year clandestine tasks practiced squadron online counter terrorist squadron counter terrorist training includes close quarters battle explosive entry tubular assault vehicles buses trains aircraft high rise buildings room building clearance training conducted range advanced facilities including electronic indoor outdoor ranges outdoor sniper range urban training facilities additional facilities include special urban complex vertical range method entry house simulated oil rig aircraft mock ups order provide realistic training environments potential operational scenarios personnel provide training weapons handling use explosives intelligence agents members elite police units victoria maintains close links special forces united_states united_kingdom new_zealand regularly participating joint exercises individual personnel exchange programs new zealand navy seals regiment regularly conducts exercises trains soldiers asian nations exercises regional special forces included close links relationship times politically controversial formation lost men training combat nature training regime regiment celebrated 50th anniversary period soldiers killed operations training accidents died circumstances wounded names killed recorded plaque memorial large piece granite outside headquarters campbell barracks known rock alliances | Special Air Service Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
8868_No.4OperationalTrainingUnitRAAF | operational training unit raaf operational training unit operational conversion unit royal_australian_air_force world war formed new south wales october train pilots wireless air gunners operate dive bombers school equipped aircraft accidents common operational conversion units suffered fatal crashes existence disbanded april handing operational training unit history world war royal_australian_air_force raaf established operational training units convert recently graduated air crews advanced trainers combat aircraft add fighting ability flying skills learned operational training unit formed october new south wales convert crews vengeance dive bomber ordered raaf eventually delivered inaugural commanding officer wing commander pilots wireless air gunner arrived squadron october undertook vengeance conversion course ran november end month strength stood seven augmented january unit students flew commencing vengeance conversion course employing advanced powerful trainers teaching combat techniques carried high risk generally suffered higher accident rates flying training schools march crashed near killing crewmen died vengeance crashed burned near cross country exercise august august vengeance flew trees apparently pulling late dive resulting fatalities vengeance blew flight dive bombing practice september killing crewmen october vengeance dive bombing exercise crashed sea near newcastle crewmen reported missing believed killed suffered fatalities vengeance struck hill near cross country flight november vengeance hit water exploded april failing recover dive killing man crew december squadron leader took command temporary basis handing flight lieutenant april withdrawn operations theatre having flown combat mission march disbanded april small detachment remained hand base advance party operational training unit following day rest transferred july time disbanded school accumulated flying hours hours | No. 4 Operational Training Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9190_SouthernAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed march initially controlled units based victoria tasmania south australia southern new_south_wales headquartered melbourne primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries operational responsibilities excluded new_south_wales area continued operate following end war formed october raaf new functional command control system history world war prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke september raaf began command structure expected increases manpower units initial direction create nos groups control units victoria new_south_wales respectively march raaf divided australia new_guinea geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary group established november formed area commands march headquartered melbourne given control air_force units victoria tasmania south australia southern district new_south_wales inaugural led group senior administrative staff officer group captain handed command adrian king cole november august raaf expanding program necessitated establishment overarching training organisations semi functional semi geographical basis accordingly august training group formed melbourne assume responsibility training units boundaries training group formed sydney training units disbanded control units divided convenient southern northern area commands held command september december april operational authority raaf combat infrastructure including area commands invested newly established headquarters considered large yielded responsibility operational maintenance units new_south_wales new area command control maintenance units transferred newly established maintenance group melbourne september september saw formation led air vice marshal oversee majority australian flying units exercised control air operations area commands continued hold overarching administrative authority australian units april operating combat units squadron flying maritime reconnaissance anti submarine missions raaf station victoria squadron flying fighters south_australia group captain commanded area march january handed group captain german submarine operated southern australia months combat units heavily engaged anti submarine patrols attempting unsuccessfully locate boats vicinity led command surrender japan september december post war reorganisation following end pacific war august dissolved assumed control operational formations including area commands september chief air staff air vice marshal proposed reducing extant mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland covering new_south_wales covering western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania proposal larger plan post war raaf federal government rejected plan wartime area command boundaries essentially remained place established victoria august area later included officer command area federal government retired jones replaced raf proceeded organise raaf command control system functional lines establishing home operational training formed existing considered facto operational organisation owing combat forces sphere second formed hub training services controlling new_south_wales queensland victoria south australia final functional command formed extant headquarters melbourne transition functional system completed february new commands assumed control operations training maintenance western aftermath functional commands established revised renamed training merged renamed years later split training command training command formed force element group order battle april order battle comprised | Southern Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9215_NewZealandDivision | infantry division raised service world war formed egypt early new_zealand renamed detachment australian personnel left reinforcements new_zealand basis division commanded duration war division saw service western france belgium fighting major battles notable successes new division suffered defeat october costly day war early division helped blunt german spring offensive allies went offensive august days offensive followed lead divisions army advanced kilometres days division major engagement war early november stages war strongest divisions dominion serving western armistice served occupation duties germany disbanded background following outbreak world war new_zealand government authorised formation command major general service abroad october sufficient volunteers form brigades formations formed main body australian 1st basis new_zealand fought gallipoli campaign turks december depleted new_zealand evacuated gallipoli placed reserve near suez_canal concerns turks attack canal envisaged division soon called serve commanded major general reinforcements australia new_zealand began program intensive training deployment main body numbers volunteers steadily increased point longer integrated existing brigades january commander egypt lieutenant general sir proposed number available new_zealand personnel establishment new brigades existing brigade form new_zealand infantry division service western new_zealand government initially concerned prospect maintaining infantry brigades concurred murray number personnel egypt sufficient new division strength short term formation officially came egypt march new_zealand renamed russell regarded senior officer performed appointed commander new formation infantry brigades division commanded led original brigade gallipoli formed reinforcements currently egypt commanded gallipoli veteran brigadier general infantry brigade known commanded division included squadron designated remaining squadrons integrated pioneer battalion alongside personnel brigades field artillery total division men ranks australian 1st form command early march assumed responsibility section suez_canal guarded began embark france weeks duty returned base shipped france early april western divisions commanded lieutenant general taking initially based sector undergo intensive training trench warfare western line regarded allies nursery sector new units undergo called intensive offensive operations easy introduction new arriving sector found defensive arrangements poor immediately set improving trenches wire bulk division personnel manned secondary defences line avoid german artillery forward areas constantly patrolled attack impression fully manned static nature war meant intended scouts redundant squadrons australian infantry divisions soon transferred new formation designated 1st light horse regiment july transferred newly arrived moved south new follow course meantime general sir commander called actions attract attention away allied preparations forthcoming offensive achieve new mounted trench raids time relieved august incurred casualties including dead battle period refit training september assigned time participating september 2nd brigade 1st brigade reserve participated battle attack planned capture number german held trench systems successive advances alternating battalions objective switch trench complex designated brown blue lines included trench network final objective trench complex designated attack preceded day preparatory bombardment division supported tanks time tanks assigned division sector advance new flanked corresponding movements neighbouring british 41st following artillery barrage laid divisional guns 2nd brigade advanced objective switch trench complex seized hour losses heavy left advance forward movement held exposed 2nd fire continued switch trench won division victoria_cross actions dealing machine gun posts briefly delayed advance planned benefit tank support 2nd brigade objective tanks suffered mechanical problems failed arrive time battalion moved regardless secured brown line tanks followed knocked action artillery fire remaining tanks moved blue line advance led 2nd 3rd beginning slow preparatory bombardment failed clear barbed wire ahead trench infantry gone ground await tanks arriving crushed wire allowed clear trenches garrison 5th taken prisoner efforts consolidate newly captured positions right flank reached portion captured 47th division new remained exposed fire left flank german artillery fire hampered attempts shore positions began attack final objective secured portion trenches midday despite heavy casualties able secure objective withdraw village left new exposed heavy machine gun fire flanks germans spotted advancing northeast captain senior surviving officer area gave orders strengthen corresponding section line platoon began moving effect order withdrawal remaining elements battalion began pull village able check withdrawal men opted dig try despite afternoon new managed hold line including village flanks remained exposed failure 41st 47th divisions reach hold frontage successful day division captured ground divisions involved battle reached objectives ended day possession plus actually 41st division sector strengthen division positions brought forward lines overnight day attack launched brigade supported artillery suppressed attack germans minutes start battalion advance captured evening weather deteriorated days rain filled trenches shell holes turned ground thick mud new continually harassed german artillery attacks spur overlooking despite conditions 1st brigade carried operations strengthen division exposed left flank remained vulnerable fire german positions attack planned september postponed poor weather september attack went ahead intended extend high ground known factory corner high ground 1st brigade easily captured cover barrage days later factory corner formed attack brigade neighbouring designated trench support time attack straightforward took extra day entire objective new_zealand hands october preliminary canterbury battalions captured near fell 47th division days later time withdrawal lines october suffered casualties killed action wounded missing fatal september opening day battle casualties men joined fighting restructuring division moved north mid october replaced remained patrolling sector mounting raids february men division service western 2nd soon recovered 1st brigade having gallipoli veterans continued struggle commander consequently russell sent leave reorganised brigades 1st brigade swapped battalions 1st canterbury battalions 2nd 2nd wellington 2nd brigade placed battalions 1st brigade formations 2nd brigade artillery brigades reduced distributing batteries fourth came direct control period saw formation england response request new_zealand government infantry division numbers insufficient new division personnel new_zealand arriving depots europe higher rate lost division casualties attrition early reserve men available draw new brigade adversely affecting ability replace existing troops field short term brigade core units infantry battalions designated canterbury newly promoted brigadier general appointed brigade commander rigorous training programme curtailed orders report france embarked infantry brigades strongest dominion formation fighting france personnel russell like division brigade structure remainder british dominion infantry divisions brigades continually fend requests use extra brigade work corps rear area meantime division moved flanders february initially based following month shifted north area south relieve planning offensive heavily defended region flanders plan involved series steps capture sector given task capturing began intensive training forthcoming battle close supervision russell extensive preparatory work carried transportation infrastructure laid ample supplies shells brought forward artillery plan attack broken phases called 2nd carry initial advance trenches western slopes ridge village second phase advance eastern slope ridge objective designated final phase involve 1st brigade push line metres series outposts designated outpost line serve starting point advance continue attack designated mile crest ridge following preparatory artillery barrage began june battle commenced early hours june explosion mines dug german lines million pounds explosive felt far away london new centre flanked marked time australians new fought alongside major engagement western 2nd quickly moved forward surviving german soldiers encountered initially mines quickly subdued prisoners war continued advance resistance opponents soldiers 40th saxon 3rd divisions soon dealt outskirts village sight attacking village slowed machine gun posts corporal led section successful foray deal later awarded planned 1st brigade reached shortly began preparing phase advance establishment cover artillery barrage brigade 2nd moved forward formed series outposts close dug midday placed fend german advance continued supported new_zealand artillery meantime consolidated positions evening aware germans likely lay artillery barrage russell ordered minimum number troops remain personnel moved original positions day expected barrage began new remained position june relieved successful operation division objectives achieved schedule germans field guns numerous machine guns trench mortars captured losses division amounted casualties actually incurred holding captured ground casualties inflicted despite russell attempts number soldiers line defences minimum rely artillery machine guns primary means defending day battle russell visiting captured artillery barrage opened killed brigade commander brigadier general general officer killed action june division manning lines southeast mounting raids pushing outposts forward german territory generally consolidating positions finally withdrawn sector end month rest division returned area mid july tasked minor operations intended german attention away sector north focus renewed fighting continued planned offensive russell brigades man division section rotation trenches spent time training period new captured village subsequently lost german counterattack end month retook village playing key role action later awarded efforts following weeks men division worked consolidate positions trenches rain having set casualties incurred period including killed sniper august new command offensive september detailed ongoing offensive known battle wanted british hands winter series limited actions carried september october initial role launch attack running known attack overall strategy capture ridges running prior attack village battle weeks leading battle division repeatedly practiced tactics employ attack moved line frontage approximately metres moved southern portion line october right left flank 1st brigade corps left 1st brigade 1st brigade tasked objectives 1st wellington battalions 3rd canterbury battalions advance secure running crest ridge battalions respective brigades predecessors blue line spur october preceded artillery barrage beginning division began offensive infantry advancing barrage caught mass german troops preparing attack open german infantry battered artillery fire swiftly dealt advancing new despite presence reached schedule limited operations conducted forward line parties advancing battalions having moved red line attacking forces phase advance began infantry remaining battalions 1st moved forward despite resistance machine gun nests pockets infantry shell holes reached rain began fall later afternoon ground quickly days protection heavy artillery support brigades consolidated positions established trench lines germans mounted small scale easily dealt october rain began set making movement men equipment line difficult october new relieved attack success brigades taking objectives schedule captured prisoners war loss men killed wounded 1st brigade killed wounded starting positions division gains metres russell pleased outcome pushed involvement ongoing offensive success october brought forward phase offensive day october british divisions involved initial attack followed advance october battle limited time prepare intended set good base attack capturing attack proved failure significant advancement lines british divisions involved 49th divisions battalions unable reach starting positions scheduled time attack began held mud german defensive positions sake metres casualties despite keen fall pushed ahead october attack erroneous reports headquarters attack achieved similar gains october concurred discovered error fall corps needing restore faith leadership disregarded warnings senior artillery engineer officers ground conditions favourable winter rain set following time constraints key factor compromised preparations attack attack scheduled october likewise hampered limited preparation time terrain attack involve 2nd reserve attacking right new attempted division left 9th scottish division plan required new_zealand brigades advance battalion frontage battalions brigade sequence capture objectives designated green lines new number preparatory overcome battle men previous weeks carrying engineering work ongoing rainfall affected roads division starting positions placement supporting artillery muddy ground provide stable platform guns furthermore artillery barrage targeting barbed wire protecting slopes failed destroy fact determined scouts october information reached brigade commanders took command following young wounding pressed russell cancellation attack refused early morning october germans alert bombarded areas new_zealand infantry assembling prior commencing advance rounds artillery fell short inflicted numerous casualties new completed barrage began moving forward advance slowed ground conditions machine gun fire flanks stalled reaching wire arranged belts following battalions began catch leading unit 2nd filling depleted ranks held wire parties led non commissioned officers managed breach wire attack german leaders killed survivors began dig line advanced barely metres mid morning apparent failure new advance section exposed left flank neighbouring secured objective pushing second likewise left 9th scottish division managed reach final objective issued new instructions abandoning hope getting push attack timed early afternoon flanking scots pushed australians failed gains withdrawing gunfire flanks warned battalion commanders capturing impossible twice pushed russell cancellation attack russell initial response continue shortly attack begin abandoned moved line relieve 2nd remained division withdrawn training area late october following relief division suffered heavy losses october men killed wounded worst defeat new_zealand military history russell blamed outcome attack wrote politicians new_zealand stating private correspondence clear planning preparation staff inadequate account poor ground conditions winter november transferred left sole representative divisions renamed renamed corps returned mid november holding mile village stream took right sector overlooked spur topped ruined occupied germans december 1st canterbury 2nd brigade mounted attack attack launched midday attempt surprise germans proved relative failure ground taken remained enemy hands action private henry dealt machine gun post holding advance company won having advanced metres brigade consolidated positions withdrawn days later replaced units stage war popular commander temporarily charge division russell leave brigade commanders embarked worn january evacuated england treatment recovery rejoined original british_army regiment returning division rumours soldiers division punishment refusal carry october attack february losses resulted disbandment originally formed new_zealand prime minister felt new_zealand contributing fair share war effort determined additional reinforcements sent maintain brigade needed broken supply divisional replacements consequently brigade personnel remaining formations bring strength surplus troops formed 1st 2nd brigade provided pool trained reinforcements division changes divisional machine gun battalion formed companies belonging brigade squadron leave unit solely personnel apart senior officers designated spring offensive march germans launched spring offensive involved divisions advancing kilometres allies quickly pushed gap formed germans penetrated line following tour duty trenches winter months deployed cover gap developed corps old battlefield moving rapidly positioned march linked days new dug multiple advances germans initially artillery support infantry able quickly artillery began arriving evening march supplies took longer arrive rain began fall march soldiers wet weather gear new defensive positions improved despite weather harassment german artillery killed original commander barrage targeted headquarters division undertook offensive action british forces spring offensive battalions seized high ground farm march success relatively trivial new morale rest army germans launched renewed effort push april armies attacking new experienced heavy bombardment began cut communications later day suffered separate attacks infantry second recaptured farm attempt push main trenches new rebuffed heavy losses inflicted april pressure decreasing new_zealand positions germans shifted offensive north area bulk remained consolidated defences artillery went reinforce british forces bearing renewed german attacks casualties period war high nearly division personnel killed march april wounded continued man trenches section regularly mounted trench raids amusement new german soldiers manning trenches opposite warned avoid captured eaten june division withdrawn new returned early july settled sector east included division previous stint trench raids carried raid mounted july performed actions led posthumous award killed day prominent soldier renowned scouting skills death division days offensive august major offensive western commenced began attack canadian rolled german lines kilometres day advance days germans began shore defences recognised time pressure german decided use army continually forefront advance army remainder offensive stage war strongest infantry divisions dominion serving western numbered men reinforcements england aided fact new_zealand introduced conscription august continuous supply reinforcements prevented suffering reduction number battalions affected british australian divisions manpower reserves dried division advanced usually brigade sized battalions forward field artillery brigade allowed rapid artillery support need arose brigades moved forward initial involvement offensive august joined divisions army attack kilometre albert railway role relatively minor action days division played significant known second battle battle began august nighttime advance 1st 2nd brigades clear approaches including progress delayed heavy machine gun fire artillery took toll supporting tanks august captured new heavy artillery barrage attacked town time germans withdrawing village fell following day continued advance capturing september following failed attempt previous day moved outer defences including overlooked german positions conjunction 37th division elements 38th division new attacked spur september crest spur captured trench system far action earned exploits leading patrol captured company germans weeks line division attacked september easily achieving objectives capturing prisoners new adjacent platoon managed cross reach village pinned 1st 1st brigade managed cross day capture village private member trapped platoon earned war efforts messages companions company commander demolition charges bridge spanning october attacked germans withdrawn abandoned defences contribution 2nd easily achieved objectives advance flanking units placed intervene germans mounted counterattack adjacent british 2nd division october division advanced nearly kilometres including crossing captured prisoners field guns casualties amounted men withdrew line brief rest returning october end october positioned west fortified town november phase allied advance began division tasked capture extending line past town encircled achievement scaling surrounded town pushed close day 1st brigade established line east division successful day western day fall elements division moved 1st canterbury 2nd brigade leading way covering kilometres attacked captured houses occupied german forces men killed contact enemy marked offensive action division relieved night days offensive advanced kilometres days moving reserve rear area armistice signed november occupation duties disbandment chosen form allied occupation force germany displeasure personnel expected return home mid december begun moving belgium cologne arrived december city suburbs division remained active duty educational programs implemented began end december departure enlisted unit leave division additional men sent england leave remained transportation new_zealand arranged russell taken ill late january departed warmer climate leaving division artillery commander brigadier general charge division artillery march division formally disbanded march occupation duties taken memorials war new_zealand government instituted national battlefield memorials honour new_zealand soldiers died western overwhelming majority fatalities men memorials designed located memorial includes words ends earth contrast names new_zealand soldiers known grave listed memorials missing gate instead policy new_zealand government establish smaller memorials missing near soldiers went missing new british cemetery | New Zealand Division | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9218_No.78WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf operational training wing headquartered new_south_wales comprises nos squadrons operating hawk lead fighter squadron technical training unit squadron located raaf base western_australia responsible converting new pilots fast jets squadron conducts introductory fighter courses units fly support missions australian_army formed fighter wing november wing comprised flying units nos squadrons operating theatre world war war equipped early 1950s wing based malta garrison duties royal_air_force operating squadrons jet fighters equipped deployed nos squadrons malaya flying sorties communist insurgents final years emergency 1960s tasked providing regional air defence indonesia malaysia supplied equipment personnel raaf contingent operating thailand wing disbanded november formed present role operational training wing february history world war wing established november queensland command wing commander later group captain wing came control mobile strike force formed support allied armies advanced theatre wing flying units originally consisted squadron operating fighters nos squadrons operating squadrons released duty planned nos squadrons took place making formation force wing flew combat air patrols ground attack missions operation reckless assault new_guinea april middle year wing flying hours new_guinea consistently higher counterparts formed australian tactical air force october wing constituted fighter contingent recently arrived wing operated areas operations bypassed main allied thrust philippines japan led poor morale late early april newly appointed officer commanding wing group captain helped bring called mutiny protest employment australian fighter squadrons apparently worthless ground attack missions subsequent inquiry cleared pilots involved finding motives sincere arthur retained command wing invasion commenced augmented squadron wing minute replacement wing delayed moving aircraft forward northern australia days prepare operation addition flying squadrons wing complement included medical clearing station repair unit arthur succeeded wing commander june july wing took assaults undertaking convoy escort joined squadron ground attack missions close support july flew sorties dropping pounds bombs rounds ammunition loss aircraft pilots killed missing cold war following end hostilities wing comprising nos squadrons departed australia arriving december formation based initially new south wales squadrons reduced status squadron disbanded july wing remaining squadrons relocated june raaf station new_south_wales august equipped group captain completed appointment officer commanding december base squadron formed wing june base squadron administrative logistical unit intended wing self supporting mobile case deployment maintenance squadron formed month responsibility aircraft equipment operated wing nos squadrons disbanded march april respectively nos squadrons disbanded april forming station headquarters remainder year wing aircraft staff gradually transferred units december reduced strength airmen officers declared non operative wing established january comprising nos squadrons wing raaf equip jet aircraft flying units took delivery fighters allocated wing subsequently equipped vampire leased royal_air_force exchange australia commitment support raf operations middle_east fighter squadrons base squadron maintenance squadron wing deployed malta duties wing commander later group captain raaf presence essentially symbolic gesture demonstrate commonwealth solidarity midst cold war combat squadrons half strength operating aircraft addition vampires trainers provided personnel departed australia july posting overseas minimum years families permitted journey operational control raf group wing circumstances combat express permission australian government airmen participated nato exercises stationed malta year took second place gunnery contest mason cup originally based royal_navy airfield south east malta wing moved june centrally located raf station command given group captain time plans form far east strategic reserve contain communist aggression british australian governments began discuss withdrawing wing middle_east planned year garrison complete handed command wing commander september wing flew sorties december returned australia following month following tour mediterranean wing reorganised march wing headquarters formed nos squadrons disbanded squadron remained wing augmented march nos squadrons april squadron absorbed maintenance functions squadron nos squadrons initially operated squadron based flew november wing equipped units stationed group captain took command wing deploying october february raaf base malaya flying units consisted nos squadrons squadron remained subsequently joining wing formed squadron aircraft wear air_force new based flew ground attack missions communist guerrilla forces stages emergency ground support aircraft provided maintenance squadron armed missiles responsible regional air defence indonesia malaysia combat took place october december detachment initially squadron later squadron based conduct combat patrols indonesian malaysian border borneo response communist squadron formed singapore wing aircraft personnel years squadron operated thailand manned personnel wing serving month year raaf careful acknowledge connection units malaysia policy neutrality war squadron disbanded july squadron equipped fighters relieved squadron wing disbanded november nos squadrons independent units command headquarters raaf squadron returned conversion replaced equipped squadron squadron formed squadron disbanding years later squadron october squadron disbanded month wing formed february charge technical training hawk headquartered comprised squadron squadron western_australia operating hawks operational conversion unit operating units previously wing squadron role convert graduates fast jets squadron conduct lead fighter courses convert pilots fighter february wing came control newly established formed merging merger expanded wing responsibilities took lead training wing july technical training unit squadron detachments added wing complement subsequently returned control wing wing strength consisted nos squadrons operating hawks squadron squadron continues provide fast jet conversion recently graduated pilots courses squadron conducts introductory fighter courses preparatory students undertaking conversion classic squadron squadrons fly close support missions australian_army | No. 78 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9450_Palestinianfedayeen | palestinian palestinian arabic nationalist orientation palestinian people consider freedom fighters consider terrorists considered symbols palestinian national movement palestinian drew inspiration guerrilla movements vietnam china algeria latin_america ideology palestinian mainly left wing nationalist socialist communist proclaimed purpose defeat claim palestine establish secular democratic state meaning secular democratic non greatly diverged factions emerging palestinian refugees fled expelled villages result arab israeli war mid-1950s began mounting cross border operations israel syria egypt jordan earliest access lands agricultural products lost result war attack israeli military civilian targets sole territory independent palestinian state declared october focal point palestinian activity attacks directed borders israel result israel undertook actions targeting targeted citizens host countries turn provoked attacks actions cited israel reasons launching war invasions lebanon palestinian groups united umbrella defeat arab armies day war group retained leader independent armed forces definitions term words palestinian different meanings different people points history according arabic english dictionary singular form means risks life voluntarily sacrifices book arab israeli conflict adopted literal translation translating term self essay palestinian leadership american media changing images conflicting results comments perceptions use terms palestinian 1970s writing palestinian synonymous terrorists term rarely translated added palestinian groups means freedom fighter jan encyclopedia united_nations international agreements defines palestinian resistance fighters arab israeli conflict defines palestinian terrorist groups refers simply work israel refer militant guerrilla groups palestinian describes palestinian modern revolutionaries fighting national liberation religious salvation distinguishing fighters fallen soldiers called contends political religious leftist fighters history palestinian immigration palestine emerged palestinian refugees arab israeli war living camps jordan including occupied lebanon egypt including egyptian syria initially economic nature crossing border seeking food recovery property lost war immigration israel opposed arab governments order prevent war problem establishing guarding line separating israeli held area proved largely presence palestinian arab refugees area terms armistice agreement restricted egypt use deployment regular armed forces strip keeping restriction egyptian government solution form palestinian military police force palestinian border police created december border police placed command egyptian air brigade commander member member palestinian volunteers started training march volunteers coming forward training december border police personnel attached military governor office guard public installations strip israeli raid egyptian military outpost february egyptian soldiers killed egyptian government began actively sponsor raids israel struggle palestinian launched syrian territory launched territory according head israeli military intelligence early limited incursions initially motivated economic reasons crossing border israel harvest crops villages gradually developed violent robbery deliberate terrorist attacks replaced innocent refugees perpetrators israeli prime minister tasked security chief setting new commando unit unit designed respond retribution operations month training patrol unit exercise encountered refugee camp opened fire rescue left killed arabs dozens wounded month existence unit responsible carrying massacre night october village cross border operations israel conducted egypt jordan teach arab leaders israeli government saw responsible activities directly conducted felt action israel way convince arab countries safety citizens work stop stated able protect man prove price jewish blood high according killed claims arab terrorist attacks figure characterizes pure nonsense morris explains gilbert fatality figures times higher figures given contemporary israeli reports based speech uses word refer casualties broad sense term dead wounded according israel killed wounded attacks dozens attacks today cited israeli government prior day war according attacks violated armistice agreements prohibiting hostilities paramilitary forces israel condemned united_nations reports indicate israel launched seventeen raids egyptian territory attacks arab towns military forces late onwards larger scale operations mounted egyptian territory egyptian government supervised establishment formal groups northeastern general commander egyptian army intelligence said founded palestinian units launch terrorist raids israel southern border nearly civilians speech august egyptian president said egypt decided dispatch heroes disciples sons islam land palestine peace israel border demand vengeance vengeance israel death reported israeli citizens killed wounded believe attacks contributed outbreak cited israel reason undertaking campaign argue israel engineered eve war lies israel excuse needed launch strike presenting group captured journalists fact israeli soldiers israeli troops entered egyptian controlled conducting house house searches palestinian weaponry operation killed additional killed israeli raids refugee camp israel claimed killings resulted refugee resistance claim denied refugees israeli casualties crisis october day israel invasion israeli forces attacked units towns days later destroyed water border began campaign mining area lasted november week november similar attacks occurred syrian borders jerusalem corridor region state armies countries suspected november israeli soldiers injured vehicle ambushed near city water bridges invasion israeli forces killed reserve lieutenant colonel told haunted killing israel took control dozens executed separate incidents killed screening operations area diplomat estimated captured killed war war israeli civilian military casualties arab fronts inflicted regular irregular forces including palestinian averaged month estimated total fatalities mid late 1960s emerged number independent palestinian groups sought liberation palestine palestinian armed struggle january commando israel plant explosives destroyed section pipeline designed divert water jordan river israel israeli military attacked controlled village response raids israel eastern border increasing tensions leading day war groups began joining framework groups operated organization leader armed forces retained autonomy operations dozen groups framework important headed headed headed affiliated syria backed iraq severe act sabotage occurred july single militant placed pounds explosives carrying oil result explosion temporarily commission fire destroyed tons refined oil late 1960s attempts organize resistance cells refugee population terrain mountains easy spot israeli collective punishment families fighters resulted pushed altogether months reportedly escaped arrest jumping window israeli police came door base prevented operating syria egypt concentrated jordan jordan influx second wave palestinian refugees war bases jordan began increased attacks israel fighters launched ineffective attacks israeli targets jordan river israeli destroyed villages farms installations causing people flee eastward increasing israeli directed raids israel growing cause concern authorities israeli town home headquarters emerging group called led warned large scale israeli military preparations groups including withdraw forces town advised pro divisional commander withdraw men headquarters nearby hills refused stating want convince world arab world withdraw flee remained agreed heavy fighting ensued night march israel attacked heavy weaponry armored vehicles fighter jets held ground surprising israeli military israel forces intensified campaign involved causing retreat order avoid scale war battle end killed wounded captured fatalities soldiers civilians wounded israeli casualties soldiers killed wounded tanks destroyed battle lost tanks half tracks armoured cars airplane shot forces battle raised profile regarded daring heroes arab world despite higher arab death toll considered battle victory israeli army rapid withdrawal developments prompted dub battle foundation myth palestinian commando movement failure overwhelming odds brilliantly narrated heroic triumph financial donations recruitment increased young arabs including thousands non joined ranks organization ruling authorities jordan grew increasingly alarmed activities established state state providing military training social welfare services palestinian population bypassing authorities palestinian criticism poor performance king army insult king regime palestinian groups radical left called overthrow arab including regime jordan arguing essential step liberation palestine week september forces british swiss german field jordan secure release passengers demand free held european met disembarked destroyed black september jordan september king ordered troops strike eliminate network jordan syrian troops intervened support turned armour israeli army thousands killed initial battle came known black september thousands security crackdown followed summer palestinian network jordan effectively dismantled fighters setting base southern lebanon instead emergence movement israel occupation territory war palestinian waged mini war israel years movement crushed israeli military orders defense minister proud role establishing movement movement existed time fighters housed refugee camps hid citrus wealthy landowners carrying raids israeli soldiers sites active groups enjoyed instant popularity socialist population come age egyptian president rule emergence armed struggle liberation strategy reflected larger ideological changes palestinian national movement political violence ideology armed struggle time broadly secular content asked arms free oppressed colonial regime vocabulary liberation distinctly secular radical left dominated political scene overarching slogan time liberate palestine rest arab world israel military campaign contain control estimated suspected fighters rounded deported detention camps dozens homes demolished israeli forces rendering hundreds people homeless according security policy successfully terror camps wiped bases destruction secular infrastructure paved way rise islamic movement began organizing early led lebanon november government signed cairo agreement granted right launch attacks israel southern lebanon coordination expulsion palestinian jordan series israeli raids lebanon government granted right defend palestinian refugee camps possess heavy weaponry outbreak civil war increasingly began act state state march led israel sea bus coastal highway killing civilians ensuing police israel invaded southern lebanon israel lebanon conflict occupying kilometres wide area end palestinian attacks israel rocket strikes northern israel continued israeli armoured artillery infantry forces supported air force naval units entered lebanon june operation code named peace encountering fierce resistance palestinian israel occupation southern lebanon siege constant capital lebanon war eventually forced palestinian accept internationally agreement moved lebanon different places arab world headquarters moved lebanon time new headquarters destroyed israeli september press conference united nations stated jesus christ palestinian carried sword path today carry cross november launched attack northern israel undisclosed syrian controlled area southern lebanon hang killed border proceeded land army camp initially killing soldier passing vehicle camp shot dead said judging commentary arab world raid seen boost palestinian national movement totally eclipsed iran iraq war began israeli soldiers chanting raid noted catalyst armed violence kept minimum favor mass demonstrations acts civil issue role armed struggle die altogether palestinian groups affiliated based outside historic palestine rebels lack operations main weapon criticism leadership time abortive attempts operations inside israel according parts palestinian left sacrificed golden armed struggle measuring degree revolutionary commitment number operations instead focusing positions power held inside major assets struggles particular political line particularly signing oslo steadily lost ground emerging forces represented initially prominently lost position political force secular nationalist movement represented generation palestinian resistance instead symbolic cultural force seen having failed duties second current situation dormant years palestinian reactivated operations second august palestinian penetrated electric fences fortified army base killing israeli major soldiers wounding seven killed tracked hours later shot head rest escaped attack produced sense nostalgia palestinian raids early days jewish state israel responded launching police headquarters intelligence building central town police building town head stated operation classic model soldier soldier gun gun face face technical expertise increased recent days courage people going better way resist occupation suicide bombs inside jewish state today eclipsed politically consists major factions militarily groups particularly strained relations collapsed entirely took leftist secular recent hostilities israel groups fought alongside coordination number factions previously sworn enemies brigades armed faction loyal controlled undermined palestinian president rockets southern israel concert rivals according researcher division organization current leadership joined fighting rival increase palestinian cooperation damascus based coalition composed representatives anti factions established war philosophical grounding objectives objectives articulated statements literature produced consistent reference aim destroying stated aim establishing palestine secular democratic state writes groups secular aspect struggle merely slogan world opinion concept meaningful content prior position jew renounced remain palestinian state created issue clear suggestions jews palestine prior invasion alternatively placed able remain impact israel arab world writes attempted study borrow revolutionary models available publications statements particular affinity cuban vietnamese chinese experiences movements post day war era individual movements issues recognition israel alliances arab states faction led split preferred approach new movement known approved drawn advisers proposed compromise program called palestinian national authority liberated palestinian territory referred areas captured arab forces arab israeli war present day perceived united_states concessions israel program fostered internal discontent prompted factions form movement came known civil war aligned communist initially backed syrian president switched sides conflict smaller pro syrian factions palestinian camp fought led partially reconciled loyalists refugee camps attempted force pro syrian movement formed instead forces overran loyalists camps bitter fighting received backing militia palestinian armed movements increasingly divided oslo rejected factions palestinian intellectuals refugees outside palestinian territories local leadership territories factions formed common culminating creation new alliance failed act cohesive unit revealed sharp divisions finding palestinian time main body increased charge foreign affairs voiced opposition negotiations israel members poet refugee leader resigned posts response acceptance oslo terms tactics tactics consisted largely hit run raids israeli military targets commitment armed struggle incorporated charter clauses stated armed struggle way liberate palestine commando action constitutes nucleus palestinian popular liberation war preceding day war carried campaigns sabotage israeli infrastructure common acts included consistent mining water irrigation jordan river tributaries israeli border locations acts sabotage involved bombing bridges mining roads cars destroying houses day war incidents steadily decreased exception bombing complex oil tactics onwards regularly included use home forms collective punishment effectively ability palestinian create internal bases wage people war tendency captured collaborate israeli authorities providing information led destruction numerous terrorist cells contributed failure establish bases territories occupied israel compelled establish external bases resulting host countries led conflicts black september primary objective bleeding israel airplane tactic struggle israel middle_east adopted palestinian according effectiveness raids military targets civilian passenger plane palestinian july forced route rome land renaming flight palestinian liberation publicly proclaiming negotiate terrorists negotiate passengers released unharmed exchange release sixteen palestinian prisoners israeli american conducted august describes response american veto resolution israel march aerial attacks villages suspected impending delivery jets israel flight route rome forced land damascus plane proclaimed operational aspects war support including united_states perfectly normal thing sort thing freedom fighters tackle passengers crew released immediately plane landed israeli passengers taken hostage held questioning syria women released days men released week intensive negotiations parties involved followed field writes seized armies cities theirs necessarily war arms war words war propaganda exploitation violence attract world attention regard field episode publicity leader explained view tactic interview stating plane effect killed battle stated decades ignored world talking attempts continue forced land black september demanded release fighters held israeli red_cross negotiating israeli disguised mechanics stormed plane shot killed captured remaining injured passengers tactics employed black september group subsequent operations differed sharply run mill attacks day unprecedented level violence evident multiple international attacks included mentioned assassination prime minister cairo massacre airport munich olympics massacre bell contends armed struggle message enemy doomed history operations violent message units designed accelerate history end bell argues despite apparent failure munich operation collapsed chaos murder gun battles basic intention achieved west appalled wanted know rationale terrorists outraged punished encouraged visibility ignored killings rebels felt acted helped history notes opposite true flight scored enormous tactical victory death expected die villains display skill guerrilla groups groups maintained contacts number guerrilla groups worldwide example long held ties volunteers trained bases lebanon palestinian helped arrange delivery sizable arms shipment way cyprus intercepted belgian authorities established connections revolutionary groups west_germany groups especially participated operations including airport massacre joined landed airport | Palestinian fedayeen | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9866_DemobilisationoftheAustralianmilitaryafterWorldWarII | australian military world war australian military world war involved men women military supporting transition civilian life reducing armed services peacetime strengths planning process began thousands servicemen women discharged years war response shortages labour domestic war economy general military began october completed february process largely successful military personnel stationed complained australia slow disposal surplus military equipment took place time size services reduced disposal process managed limit economic impact equipment transferred government agencies sold destroyed end planning planning australian military began end formed department involved drawing plans determining veterans assistance provided discharged personnel help settle civilian life included planning delivery training housing ensuring jobs available important consideration ensure civilian employment opportunities created appropriate rate size military reduced order achieve decided continue wartime economic regulations price controls order limit inflation direct resources believed needed australian war cabinet approved proposed principles govern june key element principles order personnel based points system service men women allocated points basis period service age marital status employment training prospects extensive plan developed inter service committee following consultation trade unions employers returned servicemen plan accepted basis planning war cabinet march rate personnel discharged set day days week capable increased event emergency final plan assigned differing scales points service men women service men allocated points year age based age points month service dependent children points service women received points year age point month service women children given priority followed married end war service women married war ask early discharge grounds men eligible early discharge health grounds skills important australian economy accepted time training course limited began final years war order meet needs war economy soldiers released australian_army october reductions took place august soldiers personnel royal_australian_air_force discharged government implemented policy service men women completed years service including years outside australia volunteer discharge post war plan action august day japan surrendered time military strength men women australia serving britain parts world personnel discharged august september prisoners war long period service general begin october intervening months dispersal centres established state territory capital city centres provide information employment land settlement housing training loans tools trades benefits service personnel processed lieutenant general appointed september prisoners war given high priority australia discharge planning recovery prisoners japanese held harsh conditions begun 2nd 3rd australian prisoner war reception groups established singapore manila respectively august end september prisoners recovered singapore java sumatra returned australia half recovered area transport shortages delayed australian prisoners japan korea way home mid september line plan approved september general conducted stages stage ran october january involved discharge personnel higher targets members soldiers airmen specified plan second stage personnel left military february june slightly lower target stage ran july december time services reduced personnel considered strength necessary military post war tasks remaining servicemen wish volunteer continuing service military released fourth stage began january end process military strength fallen personnel possible service men women placed leave allowed return home awaiting discharge military included disbanding female branches services women auxiliary australian air force formed enable women serve military disbanded military service restricted men service women provided similar assistance male members military placed pressure return traditional family roles return australian personnel delayed shipping shortages need maintain force area garrison duties military provided personnel training courses prepare civilian life courses basic subjects english run training began teachers instructors courses service personnel selected basis civilian addition sport competitions conducted men busy men believed process slow december men staged protest march demanding shipping available return australia soldiers complained having remain island war ended prime minister plane apparent protest visit december minister largely blamed military personnel result lost seat election comfortably retained office despite dissatisfaction men process generally proceeded smoothly men returned australia january percent middle year leaving military service men women attended dispersal centre naval depot provided medical examination interviewed rehabilitation officer provided information benefits eligible responsible placing discharged personnel employment providing identity documentation training courses available veterans completed university technical rural training courses training began training withdrew completing course included establishing arrangements medical care service personnel war responsibility medical treatment gradually transferred services army hospitals transferred commission meeting immediate need facilities proved necessary build new hospitals treatment tuberculosis mental disorders specialised army hospitals established treatment conditions respectively unsatisfactory returned government new south wales responsible providing assistance veterans disability caused military service led foundation disposal military equipment disposal military equipment materials key priority end war equipment civilian uses motor vehicles clothing housing needed counter shortages civilian economy timing equipment release carefully planned avoid employment creating manufactured goods planning disposal equipment began established oversee sale destruction equipment september commission established government decided military equipment offered government agencies available public sales public basis processed existing trade channels public auction fair market prices payment required cash special priorities established farmers given priority motor vehicles machine tools allocated servicemen training colleges special consideration given needs red_cross overseas domestic charitable associations preparations disposal equipment began second half war cabinet directed military survey stocks indicate general commander chief army hindered preparations believed premature army stocks needed maintained japan defeated position opposed acting minister army raaf ran attempts identify successful delaying work july result relatively little military equipment sold september june war ended rapidly disposed large stocks military equipment consumer goods raw materials immediately manufacturers items sold sales motor vehicles grew rapidly military vehicles important contribution meeting transport shortages rural areas dissatisfaction priority given agricultural sector way vehicles sold sales important meeting shortages clothing housing industrial construction equipment military stocks food donated sold export disposal military equipment particularly outside australia presented challenge end war inadequate preparations storage equipment new_guinea stores stolen soldiers native new salvage pirates damaged tropical conditions sales stocks areas completed end low prices equipment stolen specialised military equipment proved difficult dispose given civilian purposes bombs explosives destroyed scrap metal recovered large numbers combat aircraft scrapped worldwide training aircraft equipment sold public government agencies demand tanks converted greater expected activities peaked sales generally went smoothly accordance principles set government significantly disrupt normal commerce commission generally operated efficiently mistakes occurred clothing scrap metal sold beneath market value volume sales dropped rapidly disbanded july time commission sold worth equipment | Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
9968_BlackBrunswickers | german commonly known english translated black host black legion german military unit napoleonic wars corps raised volunteers german born duke duke harsh opponent occupation native germany formed war broke french empire corps initially comprised mixed force strong infantry cavalry later supporting artillery units corps wore black uniforms leading black nicknames unit light units wore green uniforms wore skull badge hats title originated claimed french abolished order incorporate lands french satellite kingdom earned reputation following decade taking significant battles including engagement june duke lost life recruiting replacement casualties finance problematic corps disbanded early 1820s exploits caught british victorian public imagination example found painting black completed painting depicts black uniform bidding goodbye unnamed woman formation early years war fifth coalition duke fatally wounded prussian defeat battle following prussia defeat collapse fourth coalition napoleon remained french control permit duke heir succeed father title napoleon seized incorporated newly created model ruled brother years later formed united_kingdom critic french domination germany seized opportunity seek austrian help raise armed force finance venture initial incarnation dated july strong free corps consisted battalions infantry battalion company mixed cavalry contingent including despite successful campaign austrian allies defeat battle july led july refused accept led black host germany succeeding briefly taking control city faced superior forces conducted remarkable fighting retreat germany twice holding pursuing armies battle finally evacuated royal_navy mouth landing england duke welcomed cousin brother law prince regent later king entered british service years earned sound reputation service british steady attrition battles skirmishes portugal spain combined lack political support financial difficulties led situation unit imminent disbandment looked likely war organized british service corps renamed represented large original officer corps enlisted men motivated german patriotism entered english service cut natural recruiting grounds compelled enlist men prisoner war camps fill ranks quality soldiers decreased worse king obtained best german recruits leaving desirable ones addition germans recruited poles swiss dutch war historian calls crew given records occasion men caught body shot rest gave good account war regiment single battalion arrived portugal early duke wellington distributed company companies remaining companies served newly formed remained organization end war april period served major battles including campaign following napoleon disastrous invasion russia subsequent retreat france able return reclaim title took opportunity ranks napoleon escape placed duke wellington command joined allied forces belgium corps called order battle formed division allied reserve strength given men composed infantry battalions light line battalions supported horse foot artillery battery guns included regiment single squadron attached allied cavalry corps battle hamlet strategic crossroads road brussels french control threaten city divide wellington allied army june initial main french force approached south came 2nd netherlands division formed line advance crossroads facing french infantry divisions cavalry brigade dutch nassau troops forced break reinforcements arrived dutch cavalry brigade followed closely regiment sent support dutch allied right western flank rest corps took reserve position brussels road inexperienced troops walking pipe french infantry attack halted allied line attacked turn french cavalry wellington moved infantry line subjected intense french artillery fire forcing fall short distance mass french infantry advanced main road led charge beaten swept shot short range broke rallied crossroads point duke reforming troops hit musket ball passed hand liver rescued men carried muskets died shortly duke final words aide dear colonel duke adjutant general assumed immediate command corps wellington ordered counterattack french light cavalry brigade driven heavy fire later battle french broke allied line prevented taking crossroads infantry formed squares allied reinforcements including newly arrived 3rd light regiments driven french starting positions losses day amounted killed wounded battle days later sunday june duke wellington positioned ridge near village order block napoleon advance road brussels formed wellington personal command capacity kept crest ridge avoided casualties opening french bombardment early afternoon moved slope reinforce fierce french attack brought forward place decided attempt break centre right allied line cavalry french horsemen charged hill allied infantry formed squares resist cavalry involved repeated attacks allied squares unable break including british officers regarded formed 7th attacks french retired eventually choice abandon attacks french capture fortified farm left gap centre wellington line infantry brought fill napoleon sent attacks effort break army faced veterans inexperienced broke line fell disorder rallied reached cavalry reserve rear fate british battalions finally guards halted thrown surprised flank attack dutch troops recovered sufficiently participate allied general advance swept french army field british sources number killed action day wounded missing following days escorted french prisoners brussels marched paris finally returned december uniform awarded nicknames contemporaries including black uniforms individual units comprised corps names suggest predominantly black varied details infantry units wore black polish coat type coat derived lithuanian called pairs black lace tall collar showed regimental colour trousers black blue stripe black shoes wore heads skull hunting horn badge light infantry black feather equipment austrian design manufacture companies wore dark green prussian style tall hat austrian origin elongated turned war replaced short black cavalry style equipment rank british pattern cavalry black light blue black black worn tight style wore black sword equipment originally austrian design squadron wore green jacket red traditional cap uniform copy austrian lance red yellow wearing black uniforms retained yellow topped wore similar clothing cavalry black colour black trousers additionally equipped standard sword need defend guns number speculative theories origin dark seemingly grim choice suggested black chosen duke late father sign respect duke mourning duke occupied homeland colonel served alongside reported black adopted mourning duke wife princess marie died black uniforms aside finally liberated inspired art black inspired exploits contrasts black pearl white moment tender conflict artwork took estimated months paint greatly admired time bought highest price received dealer publisher lucrative sum later purchased work private collection daughter kate model woman seen painting later years single infantry regiment maintained end napoleonic war uniform colour changed blue reverted black units integrated titles following prussian regimental numbering sequence units kept skull crossed bones helmets caps carried battle honours peninsula sicily end world war disbanded time collection artefacts uniforms napoleonic era presented officers corps seen today historic black retained dress parade uniform outbreak war august adopted dark blue prussian line infantry | Black Brunswickers | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10047_No.86WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf transport air air wing coming control headquartered queensland wing comprises squadron operating tanker transports squadron operating boeing iii heavy transports squadron operating light transports australian_army aircraft support australian military humanitarian operations worldwide formed year world war undertake ground attack missions theatre wing reorganised transport formation headquartered new_south_wales flying relocated new_south_wales began operating lockheed hercules disbanded wing established richmond flying boeing tanker transports hercules squadron converted squadron retired operational having previously flown squadron converted hercules transferred wing wing headquarters relocated richmond january history attack formation established march command group captain attack wing comprised flying units squadron operating squadron operating wing initially based island theatre order battle operation assault north west borneo commencing june included nos squadrons operational base unit medical clearing station repair unit total personnel delays getting aircraft operational forward base meant wing completed combat missions end pacific war conducting rocket machine gun attacks targets august squadron took operation squadron unit lost aircraft action wing originally augmented combat unit squadron flying formed squadron undergoing training war ended disbanded new_south_wales january december shortly end pacific war commanding officer squadron squadron leader crashed takeoff squadron parked airfield people ground died accident including officer commanding wing group captain january march escorted wing japan service august year nos squadrons disbanded new south wales initial transport formation formed new_south_wales july transport wing assigned control nos squadrons flying wing augmented base squadron maintenance squadron formed august initially flew supply missions australian administered territory new_guinea times weekly flights japan support schedule continued december service taken squadron disbanded february august year crews nos squadrons departed europe berlin commitment lasted year australians responsible delivering million tons supplies passengers squadron disbanded march formed station headquarters june wing comprising nos squadrons relocated nearby raaf station richmond following return crews berlin wing able release squadron participate control composite wing commencing june having passengers evacuated injured troops squadron left malaya november returned wing richmond month earlier wing flown supply observation flights connection british atomic test western australia squadron disbanded richmond march forming day transport unit japan composite wing controlled raaf units korean war immediate aftermath squadron returned australia wing years later following disbandment wing wing relocated canberra help satisfy federal government transport needs returned richmond years later leaving contingent flight july formed squadron left control wing independent unit directly administered tasked having earlier augmented complement december wing began operating lockheed hercules medium transports squadron took delivery remained service years accident free flying hours official history post war air_force described hercules probably biggest step aircraft capabilities raaf received considering roughly times effective taking account improvements range speed fighter wing squadrons deployed october february seven required ferry staff equipment squadron australia malaya compared hercules squadron training flight previously squadron responsible developing new techniques aerial transport came directly control wing headquarters december hercules troop carrying flights combat zone squadron joined commonwealth singapore borneo commencement indonesia malaysia similar missions undertaken years squadron received raaf canada tactical transports april replacing august service vietnam war vietnam month wing disbanded primarily support australian_army overarching wing headquarters hercules considered inappropriate squadron disbanded equipment staff divided nos squadrons independently operating units command headquarters raaf base richmond following establishment richmond squadron february flying hercules squadron formed provide maintenance hercules squadrons squadron mainly tactical squadron strategic owing longer range forming hercules units new wing deemed necessary continuing based richmond hercules provided long range transport medical evacuation services vietnam war squadron replaced models formed squadron june continued serve vietnam australian forces withdrawn based richmond relocated queensland squadron continued operate richmond transferred queensland vietnam post vietnam eras military transport duties hercules undertook disaster relief operations australia pacific current transport formation wing formed richmond february newly established replaced richmond commanded group captain wing flying units consisted squadron operating boeing tanker transports nos squadrons operating hercules respectively maintenance squadron development unit evolved control squadron responsible day day maintenance hercules squadron transport unit based canberra squadron flying air navigation trainers raaf base east sale victoria wing june july respectively hercules nos squadrons grand total accident free flying hours lockheed presented wing trophy commemorate milestone wing commanded later air chief marshal angus houston appointed chief raaf officer raised position australian armed services squadron transferred wing controlled wing received duke proficient wing squadron disbanded october year transferring functions nos squadrons nos squadrons flying respectively joined hercules squadrons wing nos squadrons transferred wing headquartered richmond later wing richmond squadron replaced models squadron transferred squadron formally march raaf operations concentrated squadron november squadron transferred prior boeing iii heavy transports relocating squadron retired end replaced light transports squadron transferred wing october aircraft operated wing known general public involvement disaster relief emergency transport australia region participation overseas efforts hercules employed federal government provide air transport pilots dispute curtailed operations domestic evacuated australian nationals middle_east gulf war transported australian troops operation end vietnam war raaf transport relatively routine nature involved humanitarian relief operation marked beginning shift wing combat ready operational focus hercules evacuated civilians following coup july detachments wing hercules supported operations september february wing operations staff accompanied hercules nos squadrons relief efforts following bombings october february rotating detachment hercules deployed support australian contribution wars afghanistan iraq operational flying hours march july july undertook reconnaissance transport missions solomon islands intervention took operation sumatra assist wake boxing day raaf contribution operation new guinea assist following november included hercules september undertook type evacuation raaf service transporting injured australian troops afghanistan hercules king airs employed flood relief queensland victoria early february year hercules transported medical staff equipment aid victims earthquake following month flew sorties japan supporting relief efforts earthquake delivered water cannon help contain damage nuclear power plant january wing headquarters relocated richmond renamed april wing current complement squadron operational tanker transport receiving fourth aircraft march squadron took delivery november squadron operating king airs australian_army units based exception squadron located | No. 86 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10165_26thBattalion(Australia) | 26th infantry battalion australian_army originally raised april service world war assigned 7th brigade consisted personnel recruited states queensland tasmania battalion fought gallipoli stages campaign withdrawn egypt late sent europe served trenches western france belgium rest war fighting battles australians took end war disbanded inter war years raised time unit known based queensland 26th merged queensland based infantry battalion 15th 26th battalion units subsequently new raised queensland australia war battalion assigned time garrison roles early world war detachment sent dutch_east_indies later war entire 26th battalion rest committed campaign saw action japanese late end hostilities august war guard japanese prisoners remaining march returning australia subsequently disbanded august history world war 26th battalion originally raised april volunteer drawing recruits tasmania queensland battalion concentrated queensland formed 7th brigade attached battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel authorised strength men short period basic training battalion draft consisting companies embarked overseas followed companies late june training undertaken egypt battalion sent gallipoli 2nd division peninsula reinforce troops fighting april 26th battalion landed september time campaign costly stalemate shortly arrival winter came conditions worsened decision evacuate peninsula result battalion major actions fulfilled defensive role defending positions steel post russell withdrawn peninsula december casualties campaign amounted killed wounded addition personnel evacuated sick half returning duty evacuation 26th battalion returned egypt reorganised expanded sent europe 26th arrived france march taking place trenches western following month early june alongside 28th battalion took raid undertaken australians france attacking german trenches major battle came july august battalion sent entire 2nd division sector belgium having suffered casualties november moved south month 26th participated attacks position known maze east attacks ultimately proved fruitless grinding halt muddy conditions resulting casualties end november lieutenant colonel took command battalion harsh winter spent occupying defensive positions training lines christmas spent trenches early january 26th battalion transferred later month german_army withdrew line 26th involved number actions march fighting captain led company village capturing positions helping hold german later awarded victoria_cross posthumously later joined second battle mainly support role initial attack held 2nd division reserve attack company 26th detached help bolster later thrust line help defend gains german counterattack fell 6th brigade left flank battalion moved belgium joined battles road ridge september october attack 26th support 28th battalion later led 7th brigade follow attack second line defences combined casualties battles killed wounded early fighting eastern ended following collapse russia germans transferred large number divisions western subsequently launched major offensive known spring offensive april allies pushed steadily 26th battalion transferred sector south committed fighting australian units 26th undertook defensive tasks april locations including time casualties suffered german offensive eventually halted june july battalion launched number peaceful penetration operations small amounts german line followed prior final allied offensive war came june undertaken near july raid lieutenant earned battalion second victoria cross war battalion credited capturing german tank taken allied forces similar operation days earlier months later august allies launched days offensive ultimately brought end war opening day offensive 26th led 7th brigade attack period reserve late august advanced brigade left attack saw allies push following month took attack experienced heavy machine gun fire crossed 26th joined attack october line final line line defences attack 26th followed initial gains 7th brigade sector attacked second line german defences suffering casualties including killed shortly 26th received batch reinforcements subsequently disbanded fighting line 26th battalion contribution war withdrawn rest shortly return line armistice declared november subsequently disbanded battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel took command battalion mid october remained command disbanded course 26th battalion involvement war lost men killed men wounded members battalion received following decorations victoria crosses member order british empire distinguished service orders including bar distinguished conduct medals military crosses including bars military medals including bars mentions despatches inter war years following completion process disbanded australia time military force responsible defence australia reorganised battle honours traditions renumbering units adopt numerical designations related units process partially commenced late introduction regimental system adjusted reorganised replicate divisional structure resulting formation single battalions regiment formation war units raised men drawn recruitment territory established units consequence units retained links units drew majority initial intake personnel result reorganisation raised time unit drawing personnel battalions traced history 9th logan formed territorial titles adopted units battalion adopted title logan albert regiment adopted motto non meaning unprepared initially maintained mixture voluntary compulsory service following election government compulsory training scheme abolished replaced volunteer force known militia decision suspend compulsory training coupled economic great depression meant manpower militia units dropped considerably decision number units initially affected merged 15th battalion form 15th 26th battalion battalions remained linked prior world war june split new 26th battalion raised queensland near 1st military district forming battalion placed command australian_army decorated soldiers lieutenant colonel world war victoria_cross recipient battalion second command victoria_cross recipient major world war following outbreak world war september 26th battalion undertook series training camps northern queensland began establish numbers september november based queensland moving february south following month time placed command 31st queensland based militia battalions battalion strength fluctuated compulsory service reintroduced drafts national servicemen marched short periods training volunteers released join 2nd services initial recruits came italian australian families north queensland battalion grew reinforcements australian states arrived early battalion undertook defensive duties locations queensland including charters towers august murray relinquished command replaced lieutenant colonel october 26th moved near reinforcements arrived began training prepare deployment overseas battalion moved embarked transport sailed company detached time dutch_east_indies militia unit serve outside australian territory dispatched islands august november defensive duties undertaken mainland battalion returned july withdrawn australia board transport leave began training operations unit meant deployed outside australian territory december battalion deployed australian troops relieved american forces australians subsequently launched drives island northern southern central areas initially 26th battalion committed fighting central sector island conducting patrolling operations withdrawn end january february year lieutenant colonel assumed command taking 26th deployed plantation area series amphibious landings clear area brief rest began clearing north taking 55th 53rd battalion determined japanese resistance resulted amphibious landing company 31st 51st battalion plantation effort following series company landed heavily engaged efforts evacuate 26th battalion rest 31st 51st battalion attempted break unable penetrate japanese lines came japanese defenders determined resist unable withdraw peninsula late june relieved 27th battalion sent rest hostilities ceased august following month 26th battalion sent garrison duty december lieutenant colonel took command battalion march 26th battalion returned australia battalion experienced high turn personnel men passing battalion time men discharged transferred units command battalion changed couple times lieutenant colonel taking march handed lieutenant colonel battalion finally disbanded august company remained existence holding company september member marched course battalion involvement war lost men killed action died active service wounded members battalion received following decorations british alliances 26th battalion held following alliances united_kingdom scottish rifles canada new_zealand south_africa rifles commanding officers following officers commanded 26th battalion world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel world war lieutenant colonel harry murray lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel battle honours 26th battalion awarded following battle honours world war road france flanders gallipoli egypt world war liberation australian new_guinea battalion longer australian_army order battle entrusted battle honours awarded 26th battalion service 2nd world war honours inherited time malaya | 26th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10227_HistoryoftheUnitedStatesNavy | history united_states_navy history united_states_navy divides major periods small respected force sailing ships notable innovation use ironclads american civil war result modernization effort began 1880s largest world 1920s united_states navy claims october date official establishment passed resolution creating end american revolutionary war disbanded president george_washington threats american merchant shipping pirates north african muslim states mediterranean led naval act created permanent standing original frigates authorized act years navy fought french_navy quasi war states second wars british war war peace mexican american war served combat piracy mediterranean caribbean seas fighting slave trade founded american_civil_war began fought small sailing ships ironclad ships forming blockade shut confederacy civilian shipping civil war ships laid reserve navy men consisted outdated ship designs decade congress approved building multiple modern armored cruisers battleships start 20th century moved twelfth place fifth place terms numbers ships winning major battles spanish american war navy continued build ships end world war men women uniform royal_navy recognized navy equal capital ship size royal_navy 1920s 1930s navy built aircraft carriers battleships navy drawn world war japanese attack pearl harbor december years fought historic battles including multiple naval battles largest naval battle history battle navy activity concerned support landings island campaign pacific european landings japanese surrendered large flotilla entered tokyo bay witness formal ceremony conducted battleship missouri officials japanese government signed end war navy warships world war ended entered cold war participated korean war vietnam war iraq war following collapse soviet_union soviet navy fell apart united_states world undisputed naval nuclear power missile technology led new ship propulsion weapon systems class aircraft carriers ohio class submarines number ships world war prompted ronald_reagan institute program modern ship navy today united_states world undisputed naval ability engage project power simultaneous limited wars separate fronts march reached smallest fleet size ships world war head raised concerns ability respond aggressive moves iran china foundations navy rooted american tradition produced large community sailors captains colonial era revolution states operated navies june passed resolution creating navy colony rhode_island day governor signed orders addressed captain commander sloop commodore armed vessels employed government formal movement creation continental navy came rhode_island merchants widespread smuggling activities severely harassed british frigates august rhode_island passed resolution single continental fleet funded resolution introduced october meantime george_washington begun acquire ships starting schooner paid washington pocket hannah commissioned launched september port massachusetts navy recognizes october date official establishment date passage resolution philadelphia pennsylvania created day congress authorized purchase vessels armed cruise british merchant ships congress december authorized building thirteen frigates months ships guns guns guns ordered construction navy vessels slow british fleet invading new_york canada british fleet destroy arnold fleet fleet managed slow british day battle known managed slow progression british_army number ships ranging including thirteen frigates approved congress construction effectiveness limited completely mighty royal_navy nearly captured sunk success letters issued congress individual states american agents europe caribbean issued commissions taking account commissions issued authorities british ships taken yankee amounting million significant sum time particularly notable american naval hero revolution john paul jones famous voyage british isles defeated british ship battle head battle rigging ships guns jones ship action captain asked jones struck colors jones quoted begun fight france officially entered war june ships french_navy sent spent year west_indies sailed near thirteen colonies caribbean hurricane season july november french fleet attempted landings new_york rhode_island ultimately failed engage british forces fleet commanded vice admiral assisted american forces attempting recapture georgia fleet troops commanded lieutenant general landed newport rhode_island shortly fleet blockaded british early washington planned attack british chesapeake_bay area coordinate arrival large fleet commanded vice admiral successfully british attack planned new_york washington marched virginia began landing forces near virginia september major naval action fought british battle virginia ending french fleet control chesapeake_bay continued british supply ships peace finally declared late revolutionary war ended treaty paris disbanded remaining ships sold frigate alliance fired shots american revolutionary war ship navy faction congress wanted ship new nation funds service general lack money factors navy loose confederation states change goals war peace domestic fewer foreign interests american revolutionary war brand new united_states struggled stay financially afloat national income desperately needed came imported goods rampant smuggling need immediate strong enforcement laws august urged secretary treasury created forerunner united_states_coast_guard enforce maritime laws initially ordered created armed maritime service united_states american merchant shipping protected consequence treaty paris united_states longer protection ships pirates fledgling nation funds pay annual tribute states ships vulnerable capture new constitution united states authorized congress create navy george_washington term little navy french revolutionary wars great_britain france began truce negotiated portugal ended portugal blockade kept pirates mediterranean soon pirates sailed atlantic captured american merchant ships seamen reaction seizure american vessels congress debated approved naval act authorized building frigates guns guns supporters northern states coastal regions argued navy result savings insurance ransom payments opponents southern states inland regions thought navy worth expense drive united_states costly wars establishment passage naval act work began construction frigates president congress constitution constitution launched famous nicknamed old like earlier hms thanks efforts existence today anchored boston harbor soon bill passed congress authorized obtain treaty ransom captives triggering amendment act halt construction ships peace declared considerable debate frigates authorized completed united_states constitution naval vessel sail uss time tensions france developed quasi war originated brought french revolutionary war united_states preferred position neutrality conflicts france britain nation odds britain france jay treaty authorized britain france began united_states seized american vessels newly inaugurated president took steps deal crisis working congress finish completed frigates approving funds build attempting negotiate agreement similar jay treaty france originated report distributed adams alleged french agents identified letters informed delegation bribe paid diplomats meet foreign minister resulting scandal increased popular support country war france concerns ability manage navy led creation established april war france fought entirely sea merchant ships victory united_states_navy july uss delaware captured french victory enemy warship february frigate captured french frigate end peace france declared prevent second navy outgoing administration rushed congress act authorizing peacetime navy time limited navy active frigates seven ordinary officers remainder ships service sold dismissed officers given months pay problems states gone away declared war united_states flag began captured set fire american raid led marines invaded shores tripoli capturing city time flag flew foreign conquest act induce rulers sign peace treaties subsequently navy greatly reduced reasons economy instead regular ships built intended coastal use policy proved completely ineffective decade president republican party opposed strong navy arguing small major nation needed defend proved useless wartime royal_navy continued illegally press american sailors royal_navy estimated sailors leopard affair demanded submit inspection ostensibly looking british citizens reality looking suitable sailors press royal_navy leopard severely damaged refused violent encounters affair fueled tensions june declared war britain war war expected fought sea hour announcement war american navy set forth battle opponent months uss constitution sank hms crew dismayed bouncing constitution unusually strong live oak hull giving enduring nickname old december constitution defeated hms java coast brazil java burned americans determined salvaged october captured battle captured entered american service uss essex commenced raiding venture british merchant industry essex known capture british transport previous year gained success capturing british british finally took action hms stop essex violating chile neutrality british captured essex capture british frigates led british deploy vessels american blockade june boston harbor frigate commanded captain captured british frigate hms shannon captain sir lawrence mortally wounded famously cried don ship despite earlier successes navy best ships blockaded port unable prevent british incursions land sea summer british fought amphibious assaults washington baltimore capital fell british fight ships burned including gun frigate baltimore bombardment inspired write star banner blocking channel prevented fleet entering harbor army ships ending battle american naval victories battle lake battle lake halted final british offensive north helped deny british exclusive rights great lakes treaty shortly treaty signed uss president captured british frigates days treaty signed constitution captured final naval action war occurred months treaty june sloop uss captured brig enemy ship captured world war war navy accomplishments paid form better funding embarked construction new ships expense larger ships stayed shipyards half completed readiness war age sail completely passed main force navy continued large sailing frigates number smaller decades peace 1840s navy began adopt steam power shell guns french british adopting new technologies enlisted sailors time included foreign born men native born americans usually social employment options trying escape punishment crimes men sailed merchant ships boston harbor men recruited navy unlawful black men serve navy shortage men acute law frequently ignored discipline followed customs royal_navy punishment typical european navies rarely prosecuted army abolished punishment navy kept war states took advantage weakness united_states_navy capture american merchant ships sailors treaty signed united_states looked ending piracy mediterranean plagued american merchants decades march congress authorized deployment naval power beginning second war powerful squadrons command stephen including gun ships line washington independence franklin dispatched mediterranean shortly departing gibraltar route squadron encountered flagship action june captured long afterward american squadron likewise captured brig battle cape june squadrons reached peace negotiated including return captured vessels men guarantee tributes right trade region piracy caribbean sea major problem estimated ships captured pirates congress authorized president deal threat pirates newly independent states latin_america decided embark strategy diplomacy backed guns navy agreement venezuela reached ships regularly captured military campaign command combination large frigates escorting merchant ships backed small craft searching small islands capturing pirate vessels campaign uss sea steam powered ship combat action isolated instances piracy continued 1830s frequent attacks ended region declared free commerce international problem slave trade african squadron formed deal threat politically suppression slave trade unpopular squadron withdrawn ostensibly deal piracy caribbean return african coast passage treaty britain treaty passed united_states fewer ships treaty required ordered ships based far coast africa ships large operate close shore united_states_navy captured slave vessels british captured vessels carrying captives congress formally authorized establishment took years approve similar school naval officers long period peace opportunities promotion obtained patronage poor quality officer training visible affair alleged mutiny aboard training ship uss subsequent execution appointed secretary navy decided work outside congressional approval create new academy officers formed council led commodore perry create new system training officers turned old fort new institution designated congress naval forces participated effort forcibly indians florida reservation west mississippi massacre army soldiers near tampa december marines sailors added forces fought second war fleet formed small craft transport mixture army navy personnel pursue swamps soldiers killed conflict agreed small group remained control area lake navy played role major operations mexican american war transported invasion force captured veracruz landing troops equipment day leading eventually capture mexico_city end war ships facilitated capture california commodore led squadron ships sailed japan establish normal relations japan perry advanced steam powered ships calm firm diplomacy convinced japan end centuries isolation sign treaty nominally treaty friendship agreement soon paved way opening japan normal trade relations united_states europe american civil war beginning war end commissioned officers warrant officers resigned dismissed united_states_navy went serve confederacy april union burned ships prevent capture ships completely destroyed screw frigate hastily scuttled hull steam engine basically intact gave south idea raising upper sides iron plate resulting ship named virginia similar ideas received funding build uss monitor commanding general beginning war devised win war little possible idea union blockade main ports weaken confederate economy capture mississippi_river split south lincoln adopted plan terms blockade squeeze death confederate economy overruled scott warnings new army ready offensive operation public opinion demanded immediate attack march initiated combat ironclads virginia successfully attacked blockade day monitor engaged virginia battle roads battle ended draw confederacy later lost virginia ship scuttled prevent capture monitor prototype monitor warship built confederacy built ironclad ships war lacked ability build purchase ships effectively counter monitors ironclad ships new technologies naval mines known torpedoes torpedo submarine warfare introduced war confederacy mines protect harbor sank union monitor sank admiral famously said damn torpedoes speed ahead forerunner modern submarine david attacked uss new torpedo union ship barely damaged resulting water fires submarine boiler rendering submarine submarine designed dive surface ultimately work sank occasions trials action uss submarine successfully sank target lost explosion operated number commerce raiders blockade runners alabama famous british investors built small fast blockade runners traded arms brought bermuda cuba bahamas return high priced cotton tobacco seized blockade runner ship cargo sold proceeds given navy sailors captured crewmen british simply released blockade south caused southern economy collapse war shortages food supplies caused blockade failure southern railroads loss control main rivers foraging union confederate armies standard living fell large scale printing paper money caused inflation distrust currency internal food distribution broken leaving cities food causing food riots confederacy union victory second battle fort fisher january closed useful southern port virtually ending blockade running end war decline navy war navy went period decline navy men uniform ships monitor type coastal ironclads second largest world royal_navy navy ships commission men ships shore facilities congress saw need spend money improve navy unprepared fight major maritime war expedition warships commanded rear admiral sent korea obtain apology murders american sailors secure treaty protect foreigners future small skirmish launched amphibious assault approximately men forts protecting seoul despite capture forts refused negotiate expedition forced leave start typhoon season sailors marines received medals honor acts heroism korean campaign actions foreign conflict 1870s ironclads civil war laid reserve leaving united_states virtually ironclad fleet affair broke spanish ironclad happened anchored leading uncomfortable realization ship capable defeating vessel navy hastily issued contracts construction new ironclads accelerated existing repair program uss class monitors subsequently built result war scare vessels later spanish american war time administration assumed office navy condition deteriorated review conducted behalf new secretary navy found vessels navy active list operational state mere iron ships including aging civil war era ironclads hunt recognized necessity navy set informal advisory board recommendations expected morale considerably officers sailors foreign ports aware old wooden ships survive long event war limitations monitor type effectively prevented united_states projecting power overseas 1890s united_states come badly conflict spain latin american powers new navy rebuilding recommendation advisory panel navy secretary requested funds congress construct modern ships request rejected initially congress authorized construction protected cruisers uss atlanta dispatch vessel known ships protected cruisers uss newark american cruiser fitted sail rig authorized congress authorized construction battleships navy uss texas uss maine ships proved excellent vessels cruisers organized popularly known color hulls train generation officers men book influence sea power history published influential naval program civilian government general public closing frontier americans began look caribbean hawaii pacific doctrine philosophical justification saw navy essential realizing doctrine limits american continent doctrine influenced navy secretary propose united_states start building ships types congress rejected proposal instead navy act authorized building battleships followed start 20th century class battleships illinois class battleships completed construction brought twelfth place fifth place world navies battle tactics especially long range gunnery central concern spanish american war united_states interested purchasing colonies spain specifically cuba spain refused newspapers wrote stories fabricated atrocities committed spanish colonies raised tensions countries riot gave united_states excuse send uss maine cuba subsequent explosion maine havana harbor increased popular support war spain cause explosion investigated board inquiry march came conclusion explosion caused sea pressure public blame spain sinking ship later investigations pointed internal explosion magazines caused heat fire adjacent coal bunker assistant navy secretary quietly positioned navy attack spanish american war declared april command immediately left hong_kong philippines attacking decisively defeating spanish fleet weeks later destroyed majority heavy spanish naval units caribbean navy experience war encouraging won enemy weakest worlds modern fleets manila bay attack extremely risky american ships severely damaged run supplies miles nearest american harbor realization profound effect navy strategy american foreign policy decades rise fortunately ardent political supporter president administration navy went sixth largest world second royal_navy administration involved politics caribbean central_america speech roosevelt said speak carry big stick far cornerstone diplomacy presidency roosevelt believed canal central_america vital strategic interest significantly travel times ships coasts roosevelt able reverse decision favor instead moved purchase failed french effort panama controlled colombia early signed nations control canal united_states failed treaty roosevelt implied rebels revolted navy assist cause independence panama proceeded independence november interference colombia victorious allowed united_states control panama canal zone february million naval base bay cuba built protect canal latest technological innovation time submarines developed state new_jersey irish american inventor submarine officially commissioned service fall russo japanese war launching following year lent impetus construction program end roosevelt sixteen new battleships great white fleet sent cruise world nominally peaceful valuable training exercise rapidly expanding navy useful politically demonstration united_states power capabilities port politicians naval officers potential allies enemies welcomed board given tours cruise desired effect american power subsequently taken seriously voyage taught navy stations needed world strategic potential panama canal completed required ships cruise fleet coal purchased british deny access fuel military crisis russia russo japanese war world war mexico united_states agents discovered german merchant ship carrying illegal arms mexico president wilson ordered navy stop ship docking port veracruz april naval brigade marines sailors occupied veracruz total medals honor awarded acts heroism veracruz largest number granted single action preparing war despite neutrality german submarine warfare british passenger liner sunk leading calls war president wilson forced germans suspend submarine warfare long debate congress passes naval act authorized million construction program years battleships battlecruisers scout cruisers destroyers submarines idea balanced fleet event destroyers important handle convoys end war destroyers ordered finished world war ended served world war war plans defense main american navy secretary journalist built educational resources navy essential experience alienated officer corps reforms wine officers mess ignoring nation strategic needs advice experts daniels suspended meetings years giving advice half recommendations new ships reduced authority officers navy yards ships built repaired ignored administrative chaos department innovative american naval history daniels aide recommended reorganization prepare war daniels refused instead replaced brought new post chief naval operations unknown captain chosen compliance proved interested preparing eventual showdown britain immediate germany daniels set headed obtain advice expertise leading scientists engineers popularized technology naval expansion military covered media daniels rejected proposals send observers europe leaving navy dark success german submarine campaign admiral charged war april percent navy warships fully manned rest lacked seamen ships fully ready light ships number noticed boat factor focus foreign policy years navy plan black plan assumed royal_navy exist german battleships moving freely atlantic caribbean threatening panama canal recent biographer concludes true daniels prepared navy war fight fighting world war america entered war april navy role limited convoy escort troop transport laying minefield north_sea united_states navy sent battleship group scapa_flow join destroyers ireland submarines help guard convoys regiments marines dispatched france victory navy war occurred november uss sank german boat world war navy branch united_states armed forces allow women non nursing capacity woman enlist march navy vast wartime expansion overseen civilian officials especially assistant secretary peacetime navy confined munitions lacked civilian uses including warships naval guns shells navy yards navy yards expanded enormously shells explosives chemical companies like hercules items available civilian market food uniforms purchased civilian contractors armor plate purchased market inter war expansion end world war united_states_navy officers enlisted men women terms personnel largest world younger officers enthusiastic potential land based naval aviation potential roles aircraft carriers chief tried abolish aviation conceive use fleet aviation roosevelt listened reversed decision short period major naval nations globe began programmes increasing size number capital ships wilson plan world leading set capital ships led japanese counter programme plan british build sufficient ships maintain navy superior american feeling economic concerns led outcome conference included known power treaty limitations use submarines treaty prescribed ratio capital ships treaty nations treaty recognized equal royal_navy tons capital ships tons aircraft carriers japanese power older ships scrapped nations meet treaty limitations new building capital ships limited consequence encourage development light cruisers aircraft carriers united_states carrier converted named commissioned soon joined uss designed battlecruisers treaty forbade formed naval referred members army challenged navy trying demonstrate warships destroyed land based bombers destroyed career publicly attacking senior leaders army navy incompetence administration national defense act set regular program ship building modernization bring navy maximum size allowed treaty navy preparation helped navy assistant secretary turned president naval limitation treaties applied bases congress approved building seaplane bases rejected additional funds bases guam philippines navy ships designed greater endurance range allowed operate bases navy presence far_east naval base owned philippines river china bombed machine japanese washington quickly accepted japan compensation african americans enlisted world war halted mustered navy starting 1930s recruited serve officers mess african americans recruited larger numbers roosevelt insisted naval act authorized new battleship uss north_carolina laid october second authorized increase size navy june ocean navy act authorized expansion navy chief naval operations asked increase amounting additional ships authorized congress month september destroyers bases agreement gave britain needed destroyers vintage exchange united_states use british bases reactivated navy shot anger came april destroyer uss dropped depth charges boat detected rescuing survivors torpedoed dutch freighter october destroyers torpedoed lost submarines submarines silent service terms operating characteristics closed mouth preferences looking new type warship influenced large germany nearly successful boat campaign early argued long range submarines accompany fleet scout enemy location new head captain argued submarines win war quicker effective method defeating japan cutting sea communications hart discover backward american submarines compared captured german boats mission public supported submarines coastal protection mission presumably intercept enemy fleets approaching san_francisco new_york navy realized mission congress fund actually old line said mission ought eyes battle fleet assistants battle surface submarines faster knots far slower knot main warships young commanders organized submarine officers conference argued best suited commerce raiding boats redesigned new boats german lines added new requirement capable sailing miles day mission submarine warfare led war germany vigorously condemned public opinion treaties including london treaty planned role warfare japanese merchant ships transports oil navy kept plans secret civilians admiral president roosevelt hours attack ordered warfare enemy ship pacific won navy equipment capable handling secret mission challenge designing appropriate new boats high priority solved new long range submarines launched better class salmon class launched successors class submarines class new models cost million feet length tons twice big german boats highly seconds crash dive feet superb mark analog computer took data readings target bearing range angle bow continuously set course proper angle torpedoes moment firing forward tubes aft ready fish carried cruising surface knots diesel engines maneuvering underwater knots battery powered electric motors circle slow moving merchant ships new techniques strengthened hull enabling dive deep feet order avoid depth charges expecting long cruises crewmen enjoyed good living conditions complete frozen air conditioning handle hot waters pacific new remain sea days cover miles resupply thought ready hidden flaws penny atmosphere 1930s produced commanders torpedoes replaced world war modern era world war command structure disaster pearl harbor roosevelt turned aggressive sailor available admiral experienced big guns aviation submarines king broad knowledge total dedication victory dominating admiral american naval history hated decisions command post washington avoided telling civilian secretary navy king kept dark changed secretary died roosevelt brought tough minded aide despite decision admiral concentrate germany king defeat japan highest priority example king insisted fighting despite strong army objections main strike force built carriers based pearl harbor command chester main battle fleet ships sailors command systems rotated months admiral admiral navy major advantage broken japanese code hawaii target june fleet strike midway island king carriers operation sent midway minutes sank japanese carriers gave americans advantage firepower grew rapidly new american warships came line faster japan build king paid special attention submarines use japanese logistics system built long range missions tropical waters set sink troop transports oil held japanese domains southwest pacific theatre based australia control army general king assigned fleet big carriers carrier warfare december japan carriers launched attack pearl harbor sinking entire battleship fleet defeat forced admiral king develop new strategy based carriers sunken battleships raised new ones built battleships played secondary role war limited chiefly bombardment islands scheduled amphibious landings big gun club dominated navy civil war lost helpless months japanese swept indian_ocean rolling philippines main british base singapore defeats navy stabilized lines summer start war united_states japan matched aircraft carriers terms numbers quality sides zero carrier fighter plane superior terms range american counterpart reverse engineering captured zero american engineers identified weaknesses inadequate protection pilot fuel tanks built superior weapon system late entered combat powered horsepower whitney cylinder radial engine service marine_corps allied fleet air arm faster mph quicker climb feet minute high altitudes better diving armor firepower machine guns fired bullets second zero machine guns pair carried ammunition designed shooting angle heavier shorter range zero proved far superior weapon japan carrier pilot losses midway crippled offensive capability america overwhelming offensive capability came shipyards increasingly produced japan produced high gasoline training fields produced better trained pilots japan commissioned new carriers lost commissioned lost turning point came added lost war end japan carriers tied port damaged lacked fuel lacked launched small carriers large added large escort carriers came new american carriers better designed far guns powerful radar sides sea air land battles japanese better night combat american destroyers trained attacks battleships japanese feed soldiers americans eventually won superior logistics navy built forces developed strategy island skip heavily defended japanese islands instead select islands seize forward air bases atlantic allies waged long battle german submarines termed navy aircraft flew bases greenland iceland hunt submarines hundreds escort carriers destroyer escorts built specifically designed protect merchant convoys pacific ironic twist submarines fought japanese shipping mirror image atlantic submarines hunting japanese merchant ships end war submarines commission lost submarines war actions pacific submarines effectively destroyed japanese merchant fleet january japan oil supply summer began gilbert campaign retake gilbert success americans went summer following defeat battle imperial_japanese_navy aircraft carriers sortied attack navy battle philippine sea largest aircraft carrier battle history battle sided known turkey shoot lost aircraft ships japanese lost planes carriers following victory began philippines october japanese fleet sortied attack invasion fleet resulting day battle largest naval battles history missions flown battle sinking uss damaging ships attacks effective anti ship weapon war battle okinawa major battle japanese ground units okinawa staging area eventual invasion japan miles south japanese mainland marines soldiers landed unopposed april begin day campaign largest land sea air battle history noted fighting high civilian casualties losing lives japanese pilots inflicted largest loss ships naval history sinking damaging total casualties dead wounded japanese lost men making okinawa battles history fierce fighting okinawa said played president decision use atomic bomb invasion japan japanese surrendered flotilla ships entered tokyo bay witness ceremony conducted battleship uss missouri end war navy warships cold war immediate postwar fate navy scrapping ships large scale ships active navy important postwar development navy gave women permanent status forces navy navy gradually developed reputation having highly developed technology services 1950s saw development nuclear power ships leadership admiral development missiles jets navy use construction uss enterprise world nuclear powered aircraft carrier followed class missile submarines grew deadly quiet culminating ohio class submarines tension soviet_union came head korean war clear peacetime navy larger imagined fleets assigned geographic areas world ships sent hot spots standard response periodic crises north korean navy large korean war featured naval battles navies served naval artillery country armies large amphibious landing succeeded driving north 38th parallel ended evacuation troops port program significant included authorization construction submarines largest order world war program included nuclear powered submarines guided missile submarine lead ship class final class attack submarines included diesel electric class diesel electric submarines built unlikely combination navy ships fought vietnam war aircraft carriers offshore launched thousands air strikes small brown water navy patrolled rivers despite naval activity new construction curtailed nixon save money carriers yankee station dated world war fleet surface ships submarines soviet fleet growing outnumbered fleet type carriers navy calculated probably defeated major conflict concern led reagan administration set goal ship navy fleet declined subsequent years iowa class battleships iowa new_jersey missouri wisconsin reactivated years storage modernized appearances shores lebanon united_states_navy conducted combat operations iran notably operation praying largest surface air naval battle world war post cold war present crisis confronts nation question asked naval forces available fast station following collapse soviet_union soviet navy fell apart sufficient personnel man ships money maintain sold foreign nations left united_states world undisputed naval naval forces undergo decline absolute terms relative rest world united_states nations naval power aircraft supporting battle groups 1990s united_states naval strategy based overall military strategy united_states emphasized ability united_states engage simultaneous limited wars separate fronts ships navy participated number conflicts end cold war diplomatic efforts failed navy instrumental opening phases gulf war iraq ships navy launched hundreds cruise missiles naval aircraft flew sorties carriers red_sea battleships missouri wisconsin fired inch guns time korean war targets kuwait early february hundreds navy marine_corps aircraft flew thousands sorties bases italy carriers adriatic targets serbia try stop ethnic day campaign serbia nato demands result large number command officers fired failing job properly chief naval operations ordered new method selecting command officers navy march reached smallest fleet size ships world war end cold war navy shifted focus preparations large scale war soviet_union special operations strike missions regional conflicts navy participated operation enduring freedom operation iraqi freedom major participant ongoing war terror largely capacity development continues new ships weapons including class aircraft carrier combat ship personnel died iraq war warships launched cruise missiles military targets libya operation odyssey dawn enforce resolution head raised concerns ability respond aggressive moves iran china pivot pacific defense secretary said navy switch split pacific atlantic percent split favored pacific chief naval operations admiral chairman general said mean big influx troops ships pivot continuation trend pacific saw cold war focus soviet_union percent american submarine fleet stationed atlantic shift split coasts percent submarines stationed pacific counter china pivot entirely numbers advanced platforms pacific focus capabilities needed single incident big fleet modest size global missions january iranian armed forces captured united_states_navy personnel boats entered iranian territorial waters coast released day following diplomatic discussions usa iran historiography navy companion american military history vol interwar christopher navy men ships governance companion american military history vol navy companion american military history vol | History of the United States Navy | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10402_No.91WingRAAF | wing raaf composite wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing operated korean war immediate aftermath established october administer raaf units deployed conflict fighter squadron flying north american communications flight flying base squadron maintenance squadron wing headquartered japan subordinate units exception squadron based korea came operational control united_states communications flight designated communications unit november transport unit year later forming transport squadron march undertook medical evacuation cargo troop transport flights squadron converted jets april july operated primarily ground attack role december year remained korea garrison duty following july armistice returned australia november squadron disbanded month squadron returned australia march leaving aircraft equip newly formed japan briefly came wing control following month squadron wing headquarters disbanded history origins formation korean war broke june fighter squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf based japan previous years equipped mainly north american served air component initially wing raaf wing disbanded november leaving squadron australia sole air unit japan largest squadron raaf comprising officers men squadron preparing return australia placed standby action korea began flying missions united_nations force week later squadron commanding officer wing commander killed action september chief staff temporarily took charge pending formation overarching organisation support administration base squadron leader arrived september assume command squadron following landing northward advance troops squadron relocated south_korea october left main support elements composite wing established base october term composite referred raaf formation disparate operational elements comprising single type bombers fighters commanded group captain dallas wing given administrative responsibility raaf units operating korean war squadron included newly formed base squadron maintenance squadron communications flight squadron communications flight initially comprising apart squadron wing units headquartered elements far east air forces command favoured establishment include squadron equipped squadron route korea south african government vetoed idea operations squadron controlled united_states time commenced operations korea arrangement affected formation wing moved forward near november continuing support forces advanced peninsula north_korea counter attack augmented chinese forces led squadron withdrawn december poor radio communications wing evacuation effected air_force support efforts believed based wing headquarters tune requirements dealt directly lieutenant general sir commander theatre senior australian officer raaf deputy chief air staff air vice marshal response threat jet fighters squadron withdrawn april equip royal_air_force officers experience wing assist training squadron returned action new aircraft july operating south_korea highly effective close support squadron main role raaf interception expected focus fighter duties according official history australia korean war unit proved value operationally having squadrons action comprised jet fighter force clashes alley height august convinced new commanding officer wing commander australian jets agreed offensive air air combat role favour escort local air defence squadron loss rate end year killed captured beginning december replacement wing commander squadron took offensive role ground attack constituted primary rest war flight lieutenant wing armament officer played key role developing tipped air ground rockets operations squadron remained korea garrison duty initially later following armistice july lost pilots killed war seven pilots prisoners war aircraft losses totalled including ground fire squadron flew sorties including credited shooting destroying buildings vehicles ninety locomotives carriages sixteen bridges communications flight included personal operating direction unit complement soon augmented australia november communications flight renamed communications unit month received squadron composite wing malaya giving strength unit supported australian forces korea key functions medical evacuation responsible supply drops search rescue reconnaissance mail delivery transporting cargo troops unlike squadron tasked instead operated australian control exercised headquarters japan communications unit formed transport unit november transport squadron march war transported passengers tons cargo wing records listed medical evacuations korea japan japan australia britain transportation unit lost crashes resulting deaths support korean war broke squadron self supporting added burden combat operations situation squadron went action korea leading formation base squadron time wing headquarters raaf base squadrons responsible administrative logistical medical communications security functions staffed mainly squadron members year existence squadron contend severe shortages winter clothing equipment problems arose following introduction british jet harder obtain raaf responsibilities squadron supported australian_army personnel travelling ran wing transit hotel accommodated business people military personnel squadron medical contingent heavily engaged preparation escort injured personnel korea destinations squadron formed tandem wing october headquartered responsible maintenance wing aircraft day day section attached squadron korea assist ground staff daily maintenance personnel regularly rotated section augmented additional squadron staff needed repair salvage work standard raaf working days technicians contrasted shifts sixteen hours near line korea korea climates raaf ground crews worked squadron leader recalled seeing maintenance staff tools frozen hands nos squadrons japanese technicians australian unusual time occupation japan following surrender world war raaf employed japanese workers tasks disbandment squadron stood october flew days later departed australia november operational new_south_wales january year absence australia beginning pacific world war continuing japan record raaf unit squadron disbanded december squadron ceased flying march returned australia leaving equipped japan formed following day wing squadron wing headquarters disbanded april transport flight japan flew service south_korea remained operational july raaf aircraft japan departed commanding officers wing commanded following officers | No. 91 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10476_SpruceProductionDivision | spruce production division unit united_states_army established produce high quality spruce timber wood products needed aircraft efforts world war division headquarters portland oregon main operations center vancouver barracks vancouver washington workers division members union specifically established support army wood production operations division produced nearly million board feet spruce months halting work soon war ended col trial accusations wasted millions tax dollars found guilty division large impact logging pacific_northwest logging companies adopted working conditions similar division took advantage new logging roads rail lines division built access timber activation beginning world war wood products great demand war production spruce important tree species combination strength ideal aircraft production addition long tough fibers splinter struck bullets united_states entered war pacific_northwest main supplier spruce aircraft production great_britain france italy northwest lumber mills able meet europe demand spruce government wanted monthly production million board feet spruce division activated million board feet produced monthly united_states entered war general sent army captain pacific_northwest determine local labor issues forest products industry quickly resolved met mill owners representatives union trying organize workers pacific_northwest studying situation months determined long standing labor management dispute resolved direct intervention army based report given job forest products industry pacific_northwest support united_states war production september brought army lieutenant colonel assigned develop plans army unit produce wood products war effort november promoted colonel given command newly formed headquarters new unit centre great spruce area pacific_northwest division induction training operations center established vancouver barracks vancouver washington employed soldiers production originally authorized troops including officers enlisted men quickly recruited thousand experienced mill workers military draft age division authorized grow personnel initially mill owners local unions army takeover lumber production mill owners disliked having army overseeing businesses unions saw soldiers labor form called support war production careful favor owners unions increased production helping sides achieve goals mill owners military manpower kept mills open running capacity addition prevented facilities equipment unions benefited military rules stabilized wages improved working conditions workers pacific_northwest improved conditions standard hour day counter influence union sponsored alternative union based patriotism labor management cooperation new union established leadership portland attorney captain later serve congressman union initially opposed labor mill owners strong advocacy months nearly mill owners agreed support union october members fact union lasted years longer established approximately military logging camps pacific_northwest usually near existing privately owned mills operated direction army december reported division meeting percent demand spruce said production increased million board feet million board feet meet demand early division opened vancouver barracks largest spruce world producing million feet spruce lumber day mill complex covered acres operated soldiers division army built oregon washington worker community washington designed company town architect square mile km2 laid dining recreation halls styled division built railroads miles track link logging areas peak construction soldiers building railroads oregon washington forests wire rope manufactured west shipped controlled spruce division colonel los_angeles_times reported february shortage wire rope col took charge spruce production campaign division lasted months produced total board feet spruce produced nearly million board feet aircraft construction oregon forests pacific_northwest began logging spruce war lumber came eastern united_states production amounted percent demand logging techniques east advanced efficient wood network roads railroads division built allowed future development forests facilitated growth lumber industry pacific_northwest remainder 20th century armistice ended world war signed november day spruce production division logging ended construction projects stopped operations curtailed government machinery equipment northwest shipped division personnel quickly discharged military service million worth logging equipment machinery property eventually sold government auction quickly war post war controversy cost operations brigadier general spent months answering charges division wasted money congress particularly critical million spent unfinished railroad located washington responded transporting spruce lumber eventually charges proved discharged army march appointed chairman export import branch headquarters new_york legacy col compiled history united_states_army published detailed record division operations helped general defend cost spruce production debate members congress seattle holds approximately cubic feet records related division complete roster military personnel november effects continued long unit division dramatically increase production forest products war effort transportation network built helped open pacific_northwest forests greater use decades followed addition division work rules standard logging operations pacific northwest 1930s | Spruce Production Division | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10523_AustralianArmyReserve | collective given reserve units australian_army reserve military force known names including militia unofficially current officially adopted consists number components based level commitment training obligation members required meet overview half 20th century widespread distrust permanent military forces australia reserve military forces primary focus australian military planning following end world war focus gradually shifted changing strategic environment requirement higher readiness force available support collective security goals australian defence policy focused considerable debate role defence planning circles strategic situation evolved post cold war era organisation structure training role undergone considerable changes members increasingly overseas deployments units units drawn entirely reserve units despite main focus australian defence planning based units primarily role home defence provide platform times war world war australia contribution fighting came forces raised outside citizens forces existence time citizen soldiers enlisted forces units remained australia outbreak world war similar situation evolved establishment volunteer expeditionary force entry japan war threat australia direct number militia units called fight new_guinea areas following end world war decision establish permanent standing defence force role reserve forces reduced point relevance called question recently develop capable reserve force australia overseas military commitments pacific middle_east highlighted importance reserves units deployed duties individual provide specialist capabilities fill formations sent overseas history following amalgamation military forces controlled separate self governing british colonies form unified force controlled commonwealth inevitable albeit slowly realised consequence given new constitution australia assigned defence power solely commonwealth process took time large extent matters defence necessarily priority new australian legislature time considerable diversity opinion composition size new national army role play home wider imperial defence system official transfer forces states commonwealth occurred march date today celebrated birthday modern australian army outset bulk commonwealth military force time volunteers arguably factors firstly widespread desire australian defence expenditure low secondly widespread suspicion surrounding idea large standing army initial transfer forces march progress slow administrative legislative instruments took time develop march defence act proclaimed providing statutory framework operate amidst background political personal military forces eventually reorganised unified command structure state based mounted units reformed light horse regiments supplemented transfer men number infantry units remaining infantry organised battalions engineers artillery organised field companies garrison artillery batteries provisions defence act provide establishment regular infantry force notion largely based time militia set legislation lack importance placed military matters australian political circles continued time size australian military time continued fall emphasis placed mounted units new command structure following number strategic political defence matters slowly began australian review defence needs field marshal lord result review need build credible defence force defend nation possibly contribute imperial defence system later remained little consideration paper review compulsory military training scheme introduced directly responsible expanding percent years prior outbreak world war undoubtedly scheme proved numerous benefits youths went serve world war expanded organisation allowed citizens forces officers experience commanding formed bodies men main factor contributing decision recruit basis voluntary army largely young men aged enlisted scheme provisions defence act sending overseas outbreak war necessary australian government raise separate force outside organisation service overseas regardless estimated subsequently enlisted war stage august units called guard essential points man coastal forts harbour defences australian shots sources report allied shots world war world war fired garrison fort june home service troops active duty australia alongside regular soldiers skeleton garrisons maintained coastal forts personnel manning forbidden enlist ban lifted april presence german commerce australian waters caused february april occurred april reason end world war australia home forces reorganised numerical identities units renumbering infantry regiments formed giving numbers units formed regimental areas total infantry battalions seen active service war infantry regiments result number regiments reorganised multiple battalions units converted pioneer regiments post world war following end world war units raised disbanded focus australian defence planning returned maintenance end review defence requirements established need australia able field force approximately men event war half maintained peacetime compulsory decided organised lines adopting divisional structure units maintaining battle honours officially ceased exist april new organisation adopted month later saw reorganisation infantry battalions pioneer regiments established scheme abolition infantry regiments establishment infantry battalions existed units light horse regiments little support compulsory military service public combined financial pressure government felt time reduce defence spending recommendations fully implemented compulsory training scheme retained decided focused populated areas essentially ending scheme rural areas result course year strength fell 1920s numbers decreased divisional structure maintained little skeleton force units found numbers dropping drastically following election government compulsory training scheme abolished place new system introduced maintained time voluntary basis time decided change force title militia adopted felt implied voluntary service forced force based divisions old decided limit overall number units force armed modern weapons equipment promise reality came fruition large extent continued trained equipped equipment right world war result change recruitment policy huge drop size army numbers fell year little prospect training financial difficulties great depression began felt result decision number units infantry battalions light horse regiments removed order battle following year infantry battalions disbanded number soldiers militia provide effective service force actual paper strength soldiers unable attend day annual camp fear losing civilian employment estimated cent militia ranks medically unfit numbers situation rare battalion able field men exercise units accepted men normally meet medical requirements stated men lame practically blind allowed join effort improve numbers illustrate largest battalion 30th 51st battalion personnel ranks 11th 16th battalion smallest men financially militia neglected despite economic situation early 1930s little financial respite militia time situation continued improve defence vote increased steadily government decided double strength militia war clouds began horizon late year recruiting campaign launched saw size militia increase men space months trend continued midway year men serving time voluntary basis shortage equipment result world war broke september militia means effective fighting force nation prepared war world war following outbreak war government immediate response announce september begin calling time provide sixteen days continuous service manning guard posts selected points country later expanded september include militia drafts men month continuous training suspension compulsory training introduced amended january september announced division raised overseas service large scale opposition concept conscription provisions defence act serving outside australian territory announced force raised volunteers raised directly militia required serve militia result militia ranks filled volunteers time case world war members militia serve second period time government attempted limit number transferring build defences home concerns britain able pledge defend singapore event attack japanese australia maintained policy armies years australia involvement war focused overseas theatres europe middle_east north_africa time involved fighting overseas units militia garrison duties australia new_guinea australian territory time militia units came derided men units labelled chocolate soldiers changed dramatically following entry japan war december attack pearl harbor british forces malaya suddenly war brought australia risk japanese attempt invade australian mainland april threat invasion australia real following loss malaya singapore subsequent japanese landings new_guinea seeing threat japanese posed australia government begun bring units middle_east bulk forces immediately available defence australia came militia stage organisation men organised infantry cavalry divisions despite earlier number militia units went perform distinction pacific war especially fought japanese forces new_guinea situation pacific worsened july japanese drove port members militia found lines reinforcements brought australia militia units sent new_guinea garrison troops earlier war called fight rearguard action delay japanese advance long reinforcements arrive time militia battalions 7th brigade played key role battle bay australian united_states forces defeated japanese large scale battle time war later war defence act passed change law allow transfer militia units percent personnel volunteered overseas service additionally changes act meant militia units able serve south equator excluding western java northern borneo result militia units saw action japanese forces dutch_east_indies later war despite remained australian_army main combat force war members militia transferred course conflict militia infantry battalions later organised militia divisions 3rd 5th 11th saw service participated following campaigns post world war vietnam war resources early war australian economy suffered badly manpower shortages early result government began process war finally come end government necessarily keen process completed quickly possible defence issues given high priority people tried rebuild lives war reformed subsequent reviews defence policy strategic situation war resulted formation regular infantry unit australian_army time tension region increased strength increased rapidly contrast signifying end australian military planners reliance citizen soldiers shift focus mistakes prior world war providing platform army event war initially plan men organised divisions units recruitment unable meet targets initially attempted achieve voluntary year existence actual strength personnel rose following year march system compulsory national service established conscription scheme saw numbers rise substantially management administration required allocation large number resources personnel time army heavily committed korea malaya scheme suspended significant blow strength fell half year men changes came introduction battle group division australian_army proved disaster wholesale changes units removed order battle seven artillery regiments disbanded original total infantry battalions reduced excluded university regiments new guinea volunteer rifles remained unchanged remaining battalions later merged battalions armoured units result change structure resulted change role 4th 19th prince wales changed armoured unit reconnaissance regiment armoured brigade headquarters disbanded time decided old local regional regiments existed new multi battalion state based regiments system eventually fell regiments endured maintaining battle honours previously existing militia units units serving valuable link traditions service earlier units soldiers felt introduction regiments reduced army links community away traditional based system result soldiers chose leave organisation system abandoned organisation undertaken existing battalions reduced additional battalions raised populous areas queensland victoria new south wales concerns regional identity units addressed old numerical designations army authorised raising remote area battalions state units offered special conditions service men meet training requirements normal attendance occupation place residence ultimately battalion formed subordinate relationship regular army national service scheme introduced albeit guise selective ballot previous incarnations system allowed national servicemen sent overseas definitions term new scheme implemented express purpose sending recruits overseas australia commitments region required large scale increase army additionally instead fill ranks scheme essentially expand terms service national servicemen required serve years time units required serve years despite potential given option voluntarily enlist prior date birth announced drafted overseas service desire avoid sent overseas result option estimated half men joined avoid drafted led widespread public perception refuge draft dodgers creation organisation majority members little motivation training obligations universal experience overall affected morale coupled decision government activate units service vietnam led decline genuine voluntary large extent government decision use time highlighted organisation increasing structural questions role play defence australia remain following end vietnam war armoured regiment gave tanks post vietnam war new millennium came power late poor state new government moved quickly end conscription caused strength fall roughly june committee inquiry announced subsequent report developed inquiry known far vehicle opponents predicted report highlight conceptual structural problems afflicted time way government chose implement recommendations way allowed lapse ultimately served partially justify voiced certain circles report committee found hollow shell self depleted numbers equipment unable adequately tasks found role play strategic environment existed time longer called provide base time war built instead augment step creating concept total force differing virtues citizen soldier regular soldier complement vein report recommended changed cuts defence spending government implement recommendations assist achieving goal units unable meet attendance requirements disbanded amalgamated community links units established local areas recruitment retention decision abolish old divisions role longer act skeleton force filled force provide individual sub units capability need arise augment training result recruit training hoc process managed mainly units issues pay conditions service protection civilian employment recruitment retention touched remained largely recently reviews came time defence planners attempted questions strategy following wars diplomacy previous decades emergence doctrine foundation australian defence policy based following review australia defence capabilities provide reserves definite role remained reluctance rebuild reserves despite major reviews late 1990s army managed develop structured reserve force continued competing demands maintaining large scale general readiness developing hard core capability reserves able provide army nucleus force times national emergency attempt scheme established scheme existing regular brigade based brisbane time converted ready reserve formation majority personnel undertook period months time service returning normal reserve status years scheme showed considerable promise cost constraints abolished newly elected howard government time opening phases operation began issue purpose resolved instead able provide formed units augment reserves reduced providing individuals round purposes result initial phase operation available fill positions specialist roles trouble providing deployment progressed second rotation april volunteered time service deployment highlighted limits need effectively provide capabilities individuals round times heavy operational commitment late government governments formation citizen force years earlier legislation enabled time service circumstances fell short scale defence emergency allowing deployment overseas protecting employment providing employers continuing high operational tempo army emphasised need develop capability increasing numbers deployed overseas varying capacities undertaking periods time service australia maintain capabilities regular units heavily committed deployments iraq afghanistan lower intensity areas formed units raised personnel drawn units deployed duties relieve pressure placed allowing focus higher intensity combat zones iraq afghanistan addition units deployed border security duties participating regularly multinational exercises role encompasses reinforcement round rotation total strength active personnel recruitment retention remain ongoing issue defence planners continue high training obligation september incentive sliding retention rates salaries streamlined regular forces reflection overall higher standard training initiative shows recent decades positions little training gap permanent force members total strength included active personnel addition members current structure components currently consists following components components basically categories service determined level training obligation commitment member required meet 2nd division majority units command 2nd division state based brigades establishment number integrated units essentially units company platoon sized reserve sub units large number reserve personnel serving alongside members serving time service units performing roles pay conditions regular soldiers currently following units victoria headquarters 4th brigade 4th 19th prince wales 8th 7th battalion royal victoria regiment melbourne university regiment 2nd 10th medium regiment 22nd engineer regiment signals squadron southern new south wales headquarters 5th brigade 1st 15th 1st 19th battalion 4th 3rd battalion 23rd field regiment 5th engineer regiment signals squadron 5th 8th brigade 12th 16th hunter river 2nd 17th battalion 41st battalion 7th field regiment 8th engineer regiment signals squadron 8th 9th brigade south australia 3rd 9th light horse south australian mounted rifles 10th 27th battalion 12th 40th battalion 16th field battery 48th field battery royal australian artillery 9th 11th brigade 11th brigade 9th battalion royal queensland regiment 25th 49th battalion royal queensland regiment 31st 11th engineer regiment signals squadron 11th western 13th 10th 11th 28th battalion 7th field battery royal australian artillery field squadron 13th reserve units following units reserve units integrated mixed regular army reserve formations queensland barracks taylor barracks 17th company barracks tasmania 2nd force support battalion barracks tasmania 3rd special operations barracks | Australian Army Reserve | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10633_No.81WingRAAF | wing raaf wing wing responsible operating multi role fighters royal_australian_air_force raaf headquartered raaf base new_south_wales wing comprises combat units nos squadrons based squadron based operational conversion unit wing headquarters oversees squadron training air air combat air ground tactics support australian_army tasked offensive defensive counter air operations deployed provided local air defence iraq saw action flying fighter escort close air support missions concert coalition forces employed patrol high profile events australia including visits foreign dignitaries acted support operations formed april wing comprised flying units nos squadrons operating fighters theatre world war following end hostilities wing converted based japan allied forces disbanded november formed january complement included nos squadrons operational conversion unit operating sabre jets deployed guard possible attack indonesian forces malaysia wing converted fighters disbanding december formed february operate wing controlled nos later squadrons flying lead fighters transferred wing history world war established victoria april wing operated fighters theatre world war group captain set headquarters august squadrons formation joined nos wings september group renamed tactical air force october month wing undertook offensive sweeps ground attacks targets november nos squadrons dive bombed japanese airfields wing flew sorties october november dropping pounds bombs loss aircraft pilots areas operation bypassed main allied thrust philippines japan led poor morale december wing new commander group captain produced balance sheet demonstrate formation combat results worth cost ordnance casualties setting train events called mutiny following year january number missions flown wing dropped previous month march carried patrols encountered enemy activity half wing slated operation invasion unable time new base dutch_east_indies squadron played battle undertaking patrols convoy escort following month wing flew close support missions operation invasion addition squadrons wing order battle included squadron flying repair unit detachment seven total personnel commander group captain wing provided squadrons support operation assault june airfield operate ready time wing based pacific war ended august calls soon came serve formation proposed commonwealth occupation forces japan personnel volunteered allied occupation japan wing began september maintenance squadron formed december elements units based base squadron established january utilised personnel equipment wing specialist units including operational base unit airfield defence squadron base squadron administrative logistical unit intended wing self supporting mobile leadership wing commander wing subsequently transferred new headquarters base formed australian air contingent japan raaf presence reduced units arrive japan december followed flying squadrons march squadron lost escorting bad weather route killing crew members wing strength augmented nos squadrons later making journey japan wing mascot flying officer later flight lieutenant small yellow dog combat seasoned veteran hours operational flying credit japanese offered resistance allied occupation wing prime operational duty surveillance patrols raaf personnel helped maintain law order supervised elections addition military construction contributed rebuilding local infrastructure generally maintained peacetime training regime late squadron providing technical support squadrons including britain new_zealand india raaf contingent group captain took command wing cooper september wing transferred april month federal government determined reduce australia contribution formation retaining squadron japan nos squadrons disbanded october subsequently emerging joining wing deployed malta wing headquarters squadron disbanded november followed january detachments squadron remained squadron new organisation called eventually disbanding february april respectively squadron personnel preparing return australia june placed standby action korean war broken unit began flying missions korea week later later formations january wing established new_south_wales flying complement included nos squadrons operational conversion unit formed maintenance squadron september nos squadrons deployed little publicised plan effect indonesia malaysia squadron armed missiles defend possible attack indonesian forces following recent establishment time world war raaf flying squadron positioned harm way australian territory squadron effectively action pending conversion deployment meant practically entire mainland fighter force committed north officer commanding wing group captain took role commander combat ensued interception canberra bomber operational conversion unit experience reveal deficiencies defence contributed decision maintain permanent detachment wing fighters darwin later wing converted commencing concluding squadron mentioned disbanded wing disbanded december squadron based raaf base malaysia relocated darwin following conversion transferred owing remote location largest squadron employing extensive maintenance section ensure readiness wing formed february squadron flying units consisted nos squadrons based converted mentioned prime operator seat trainers having continued perform fighter maintenance 1960s 70s squadron disbanded january formed day wing wing parent organisation consisted squadrons wing augmented nos squadrons operating lead fighters based raaf base western_australia employed forward air control july wing reorganised wing incorporating newly formed squadron weapon systems field training flight wing transferred functions wing flying squadrons july disbanding october year squadron split operated formed squadron wing established operational training formation taking nos squadrons returned control wing squadron flew previously operated squadron role subsequently assigned newly formed detachment wing consisting squadron squadron prepared support operations september february required following september attacks squadrons deployed air defence base combat ensued planes returned year squadron undertook combat air patrols connection queensland wing new merged february following year squadron deployed middle_east support invasion iraq escorting high value coalition aircraft later providing close air support ground troops air iraqi forces time raaf delivered bombs anger vietnam war led wing commander officer commanding wing commander subsequently air commander australia continued play air defence role securing high profile events australia including commonwealth games melbourne meeting sydney visit president barack_obama | No. 81 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10660_76thInfantryDivision(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom british_army raised second world war defend norfolk coast possible german invasion transformed training division late new recruits army assigned division complete training fully trained recruits allocated formations fighting overseas formation source reinforcements fighting normandy available british army troops left united_kingdom france division disbanded september addition actual formation phantom formed deception phantom division fictitious operation aimed germans believing allied landing occur northern german coast deception effort complete success managed divert german attention northern flank remainder war background early stages second world war following united_kingdom threat invasion nazi_germany summer threat year progressed size british_army increased dramatically new infantry battalions raised late possibility german invasion new battalions formed independent infantry brigades loaned newly created including men strong assigned defend coast threatened sections country undertaking defensive tasks including manning coastal artillery divisions largely static lacking mobility divisional assets artillery engineers reconnaissance forces new formations manner allowed pre war regular infantry divisions undertake training form important reserve counter attack possible german landing june germany launched operation invasion soviet_union attack removed german threat united_kingdom british consider threat invasion possibility soviet_union collapse german onslaught germany easily transfer troops west arrival winter late threat invasion subsided coupled production new equipment british army allowed begin steps better balance army large number infantry units formed preceding year half reform county divisions disbanded history home defence war divisions british_army divided higher establishment lower establishment formations intended deployment overseas combat strictly home defence static role november abolished reformed lower establishment division division like predecessor comprised day division assigned artillery anti tank regiment engineers reconnaissance troops joined division january paper strength infantry division time men major general commanded inception retained command division assigned maintained previous mission defending norfolk coastline comments division insignia red norfolk sail association division norfolk division training formation insignia worn permanent division members division involved establishing ability german military intelligence german published order battle british army based united_kingdom dated april captured document included division near perfect listing subordinate units exception including germans believed 18th replaced similar errors led british understand capability germans intercept wireless communications united_kingdom led operation plan exploit german ability intelligence community future allied operations like operation overlord training formation winter army overhauled training recruits divisions changed lower establishment unit december division renamed training formation process divisions supplemented fourth training formation raised january assigned moved soldiers completed corps training sent training divisions soldiers given weeks additional training section platoon company level undertaking final day exercise troops ready sent overseas join formations training handled manner relieve divisions replacements units allow train having handle new recruits example provided recruits battalions regiment period command division changed times december replaced turn replaced march june training divisions combined total men number immediately available replacements remaining men considered ineligible service abroad variety reasons ranging medical considered fully fit fully trained following months cent men deployed reinforce 21st army group following completion training having met required fitness levels comments september dry losses suffered leaving army britain exception 52nd young old men unfit september division disbanded assumed command took role deception creation fictitious division arose actual reorganisation british forces british_army facing manpower crisis army men replace losses line infantry efforts address transferring men royal_air_force infantry began disbanding divisions reduce size army transfer men units help close strength possible lower establishment divisions united_kingdom chosen disbanded force deception staff seized opportunity retain division phantom unit cover story established explain change division status claimed war nearing end divisions revert peacetime recruiting role release equipment resources units transfer equipment raised assigned reinforce 21st army group deception unit division assigned initially envisioned fictitious amphibious assault coast netherlands phantom exploit success authentic operation market garden failed invasion plan temporarily scrapped revived convince germans land near support imaginary assault launched west netherlands deception effort kept wound january despite british attempts germans possible landing germans believing reported germans remained anxious landing northern coast remainder war general officer commanding commanders included order battle | 76th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10691_2ndCommandoRegiment(Australia) | 2nd commando regiment australia 2nd commando regiment elite special forces unit australian_army combat capable units regiment established june commando renamed based 2nd commando regiment trains highly regarded coalition special operation forces abroad involved operations iraq afghanistan direct action role involved number domestic security operations including commonwealth games leaders summit role 2nd commando regiment combat capable units operates conjunction units services organisations joint combined operations according role regiment conduct special recovery strike operations created conduct offensive recovery operations range capability elements formed complement designed self contained flexible rapidly force structured domestic counter terrorism special operations regiment capable operating air land sea environment tasked conducting advanced force operations direct action missions australia overseas domestic counter terrorism role provides basis east tasked conducting high risk missions capability civilian authorities respond result decision longer maintain conventional parachute capability reorganised light infantry battalion role provided 2nd commando regiment history formation expansion number australian_army infantry battalions 2nd 4th battalion operating standard light infantry battalion separate battalions resumed original identities 2nd decision taken commando unit february unit renamed commando unit structured conventional operations domestic counter terrorism initial establishment battalion headquarters east commando companies support company support company operational support company signal squadron regular serving members given opportunity undertake special forces training provided commando training wing reserve 1st commando regiment elect posted conventional forces unit positions existed new structure reserve members discharged posted reserve units initial years busy unit creating structure recruiting members suitable commando training conducting sub unit unit training activities raised followed took months reach maturity elements involved evacuation australian nationals june later year regiment provided second tag augment provided support security arrangements sydney olympic games period rapid capability development equipment acquisition training subsequently followed unit developed result highly regarded coalition special operation forces abroad conducted operations iraq afghanistan awarded number bravery service june battalion renamed 2nd commando regiment regardless remains army order battle history colours traditions preserved ready raised regular infantry battalion future required awards battle honours received time passed 2nd commando regiment awarded transformation commando battalion retained renaming new badge chosen reflect history traditions served second world war including distinctive double diamond unit colour patch shape regimental badge traditional commando knife unit motto latin warning qualified awarded green commando distinctive commando parachute wings worn depicting parachute backed pair black wings green background australian army dagger worn ceremonial occasions 2nd commando regiment known deployed notified replace long previously raised commando battalion developing special forces capabilities supplement commitment continuing light infantry battalion deployment involved existing commando companies structure light infantry battalion companies growth unit personnel saw company remain commando qualified companies filled regular infantry soldiers posted unit strength growing men unit arrived april command lieutenant colonel taking area operations northern border region time deployed battalion established security partnership focusing strongly languages maintaining relationships previous australian battalions established transferring new technologies local security forces intelligence led people focused approach saw battalion group conduct majority operations close proximity border indonesian battalion saw contacts included violation intercepted section outbreak violence involving grenade attack militia members markets resulted people killed wounded shallow cross border militia raids june including attack section patrol company battalion withdrawn replaced october expansion domestic security following battalion return resume role company commando battalion australian government directed permanent establishment second tag based east coast australia company subsequently raised commando company following creation bombings october year resources available battalion subsequently involved security operations queensland elements battalion involved boarding north korean freighter suspected drug smuggling newcastle april fourth commando company subsequently raised formed later battalion tasked supporting security arrangements commonwealth games melbourne elements regiment deployed brisbane protect leaders summit held city november iraq battalion provided commando force element australian contribution invasion iraq known reinforced commando platoon formed element included squadron troop incident response regiment helicopters 5th aviation regiment formed quick reaction element task group operated western iraq successful securing area operations including huge invasion complete man commando element provided security humanitarian assistance missions security operations later providing close protection australian officials baghdad claims appeared media australian special forces involved counter operations inside iraq denied government commando element withdrawn later commando company group deployed operation relations east government military forces broke operated alongside tasked advanced force operations preparation arrival follow forces focusing airport march elements took battle rebels killed unsuccessful attempt rebel leader battle elements withdrawn request east government order start negotiations rebels afghanistan august deployed afghanistan operation operating southern province based similar structure deployed elements commando company troop incident response regiment helicopters 5th aviation regiment deployed afghanistan march support forward operating base subsequently established deployment involved resulted death fighters days fierce fighting district withdrawn afghanistan september replaced engineers conventional infantry period task group patrol days involved contacts sustained soldiers wounded strong subsequently deployed support april including commando company group elements integral combat service support team commando company conducted disruption operation province summit major coalition operation conducted support transport installation additional turbine dam hydroelectric facility march april killed fighters major week operation suffering casualties operations undertaken include april offensive june resulted heavy casualties bulk withdrawn afghanistan late australian forces special forces remained date small australian force maintained country regiment lost personnel killed deployed afghanistan killed pre deployment exercise regiment served afghanistan deployments ranging seven months actions regiment collectively awarded unit citation gallantry unit citation march announced receive battle honour awarded australian_army unit actions end vietnam war performance offensive afghanistan june battle honour titled eastern awarded recognition operational actions rotation number regiment personnel received individual decorations actions afghanistan posthumous victoria_cross australia awarded actions june addition october distinguished service crosses seven medals gallantry stars gallantry awarded personnel service afghanistan military intervention september deployed approximately personnel preparation operations assist advise following offensive forces soldiers expected deployed iraq legal framework covering presence country agreed australian iraqi governments majority reported 2nd commando regiment began moving iraq early november current organisation regiment consists headquarters commando companies logistics support company operational support company signals squadron believed currently organised follows signal squadron operations support company logistics support company incorporates role east rotation selection training member apply entry 2nd commando regiment applicants accepted selected screened civilians undertake accelerated day infantry training program prior commencing selection process candidate fails selection course returned unit transferred infantry battalions candidate candidates complete special forces screen test successful week commando selection training course conducted new_south_wales training undertaken known reinforcement cycle successful completion courses soldiers posted commando companies specialist training occurs | 2nd Commando Regiment (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10745_24thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | 24th united_states infantry division united_states_army october based fort stewart georgia later reactivated fort riley kansas formed world war disbanding division saw action pacific theater fighting new_guinea landing philippine islands driving japanese forces following end war division participated occupation duties japan division respond outbreak korean war months war division heavily engaged lines north korean chinese forces suffering casualties withdrawn lines reserve force remainder war returned korea patrol duty end major combat operations deployment korean war division active europe united_states cold war saw relatively little combat faced iraqi military years conflict post cold war military 1990s division reactivated october formation training deploying units october history 24th traces lineage army units activated hawaii activated march barracks division insignia based leaf hawaii division assigned 21st infantry regiment 22nd infantry regiment assigned 11th prior entire concentrated single location years allowing conduct effective combined arms training manned higher personnel levels divisions field artillery august september assets reorganized form divisions new brigade headquarters disbanded 27th regiments assigned new headquarters redesignated headquarters 24th october received approved division centered infantry regiments 19th infantry regiment 21st infantry regiment active duty force attached division 13th field artillery battalion 52nd field artillery battalion 63rd field artillery battalion 11th field artillery battalion 24th 24th 24th 24th 24th counter intelligence detachment world war 24th infantry division army divisions combat world war stop fighting division headquarters barracks japanese launched attack pearl harbor december unit suffered casualties attack casualties sgt killed truck miles north barracks killed friendly fire downtown honolulu 24th soldier killed division charged defense northern built elaborate system coastal defenses july replaced year later regiment replaced remained end war active component unit 34th easier deploy reserve component units trained 24th alerted movement australia completed camp caves near eastern coast australia september deployed began intensive combat training training division moved january prepare amphibious capture netherlands new_guinea indonesia 24th landed bay april seized important despite torrential rain terrain shortly landing division moved reinforce regiment captured returning division july 41st 24th divisions isolated japanese forces south landings despite resistance isolated japanese forces area 24th advanced rapidly region months 24th division crossed entirety new_guinea occupation duty area 24th division assigned sixth united_states_army preparation invasion philippines october division paired divisions assault landing initially encountering light resistance following defeat sea october japanese launched large 24th division drove advanced captured november heavy fighting final clearing operations continued 24th division 19th moved landed area december secured airfields patrol base operations elements 24th effected landing elements supported drive 24th division men sixth army moved recapture helped regular constable troops japanese 14th area army fought delaying actions island division landed san_antonio january ran furious battle suffered heavy casualties february took amphibious landing fought japanese defended island rest division landed february cleared remainder island engaged numerous actions following month operations complete march division moved south attack division landed april cut island april stormed cleared campaign officially closed june division continued clear japanese resistance july august military patrolled region official surrender japan ended war october division left occupation duty mainland japan soldiers awarded medal honor service world war members won distinguished service crosses division awarded distinguished unit participation campaign occupation japan end war division remained mainland japan occupied time army end world war contained divisions 24th active divisions force divisions occupation duty japan control 24th division retained 19th 21st 34th regiments formations ill equipped post war reduction military spending korean war june divisions launched attack south north overwhelmed advanced south preparing conquer entire nation ordered intervention prevent conquest south_korea president ordered ground forces south_korea closest korea division respond 24th division mission initial shock north korean assault try slow advance divisions arrive task force smith days later june man infantry force 21st infantry regiment supported man artillery battery 24th infantry division sent south_korea force nicknamed task force smith commander lieutenant colonel lightly armed ordered delay advance north korean forces rest 24th moved south_korea july task force set hills north prepared block advancing north korean forces day spotted incoming column troops ensuing battle rout anti tank weapons units match north tanks strength formations hours battle american north korean forces lost task force smith suffered killed wounded action dozens soldiers captured forces retook area prisoners discovered executed according recently documents troops captured taken thought murdered months later approximately percent task casualties task force delayed north korean forces advance seven hours rest 24th arrived south_korea port followed elements soldiers arrived 24th placed command corps month defeat task force smith 24th soldiers repeatedly defeated pushed south north korean force superior numbers equipment soldiers pushed south division 19th 34th regiments engaged north korean north korean 4th infantry division july suffered casualties men committed day north korean divisions attacked headquarters overran ensuing battle men 24th killed wounded committed soldiers missing action including division commander captured later won medal honor august 24th division 19th infantry regiment engaged north korean forces forced losing killed north korean officers battle claimed soldiers frightened fight managed delay advancing north days long significant numbers forces arrive begin establishing defenses south time 24th infantry division retreated reformed place division suffered casualties days fought 3rd 4th north korean divisions august perimeter established hills north city west including 24th surrounding north korean army forces concentrated north korean supply lines stretched 24th halted advance north 24th division south south korean forces north 24th division reinforced newly arrived theater 24th quickly sent block north korean 6th attempted attack forces southwest august north korean crossed river attempted penetrate perimeter days fighting forced north river late august 34th regiment original men remained regiment dissolved replaced 24th 5th survivors added ranks 19th 21st regiments effort bring strength remained 24th division division withdrew korea elements 24th moved reserve august replaced second larger north korean attack occurred august september 2nd 24th 25th infantry divisions beat north river time attacked striking north korean army rear attack routed surprised north september pushed perimeter advanced north advanced seoul army advanced north west coast korea october mid october completely destroyed president ordered general advance units north_korea quickly possible end war south korean moved left flank advancing moved north korea west coast 24th division moved north november division captured miles korea border china units spread attempted reach complete conquest north_korea quickly possible chinese intervention november chinese entered war defense north_korea force totaled troops flooded north_korea caught surprise chinese forces crushed south korean forces overwhelming numbers surrounding destroying elements 2nd south korean forces west coast korean peninsula hit soldiers 50th chinese field armies amid heavy casualties retreated south 38th parallel having devastated overwhelming chinese force january chinese troops attacked line forcing miles allowing chinese capture seoul reassigned replace 2nd 25th infantry divisions placed reserve heavy losses chinese eventually advanced far supply lines adequately support attack stalled stalemate general ordered conduct general chinese operation quickly 24th division advanced center peninsula corps ran heavy resistance fought region february february march 24th participated operation killer pushing chinese forces north operation followed recaptured seoul march operations rugged april saw division advance north 38th parallel previously established defense code named kansas utah respectively late april chinese launched major counterattack 24th 25th infantry divisions able hold ground chinese 9th army corps south korean 6th east destroyed 13th penetrated line threatened 24th 25th divisions able drive 13th 24th 25th divisions withdrew april forces line moved seoul managed hold september forces launched center line west flanked south korean 2nd 6th divisions 24th advanced past engaging 20th 27th armies november chinese attempted counter attack unsuccessful point successive saw sides fighting intensely ground sides started peace negotiations january 24th suffered casualties months fighting redesignated reserve pulled korea returned japan rebuild division returned strength year having replaced korea july division returned korea restore order prisoner war camps arrived weeks end war war soldiers division awarded medal honor medal awarded march years death suffered killed wounded korean war remained line duty armistice october patrolling 38th parallel event combat resume division returned japan remained short time cold war july division relocated germany replacing ceremony 24th organized combat forces organized battalions called battle groups intermediate brigade regimental headquarters considered infantry division 24th included airborne battle groups months 1st left division january 1st departed february july weeks reorganization iraq assassinated coup orchestrated pro egyptian officers christian president lebanon pressured muslims join egypt syria requested help administration lebanon crisis night july marines sixth fleet landed secured airport following day 24th division deployed turkey flew july joined medium tank battalion seemingly 35th support units assisted marines forming security city force stayed late october providing security making shows force including parachute jumps training factions government worked political settlement left 24th division lost soldier killed sniper 24th came international press focus commanding general removed command making remarks nature certain prominent americans linked persons institutions communism communist influence inquiry sparked walker pro blue program accusations walker information officer lieutenant colonel distributed john birch society literature troop information 24th construction berlin wall august began sending infantry units divisions west_germany rotating basis reinforce 24th division units participated action january 24th reorganized infantry division road replaced battle groups conventional sized battalions organized combined arms brigades previously assigned redesignated 1st brigade division redesignated 2nd brigade previously assigned 24th received distinctive unit insignia 24th remained germany specifically munich september 1st 2nd brigades kansas exercise division maintained germany army withdrew vietnam reduced forces brigades april fort riley september reactivated fort stewart georgia program build division army force field division fort stewart 24th 48th assigned round unit place targeted north atlantic treaty organization nato role 24th division reorganized division divisions equipped new tanks formed core heavily armored force years followed gulf war united_nations intervened kuwait units deployed arrived large cargo ships advance elements 24th division began arriving saudi_arabia august controversy erupted division round unit called service army leaders decided use national_guard forces unnecessary felt active duty force sufficient troops replaced 24th division saudi_arabia regular army 24th division assigned corps heavy armored division months followed 24th division played important operation providing heavy firepower large number armored vehicles including tanks elements division arriving september logistical chaos followed rapid arrival forces region soldiers 24th division housed warehouses airport desert sand 24th remained relatively stationary positions defense saudi_arabia additional american forces arrived operation desert storm aviation units division included 24th aviation regiment operation began extensive aerial bombing campaign january ground attack commenced february 24th formed east flank corps blocked valley cut iraqi forces kuwait little resistance time 24th division ranks troops battalions commanding helicopters tanks fighting vehicles vehicles performed exceptionally theater training desert warfare years conflict february 24th division advanced valley captured iraqi airfields airfields encountered entrenched resistance iraqi 37th 6th division iraqi republican guard despite fierce resistance war 24th destroyed iraqi formations captured airfields day 24th moved east engaged divisions iraqi forces defeated mandated withdraw iraq ending gulf war end combat operations 24th advanced miles destroyed tanks armored personnel carriers artillery pieces trucks aircraft missiles pieces engineer equipment division took iraqi prisoners war suffering killed wounded non combat casualties returning united_states spring 24th reorganized brigades fort stewart reactivated fort georgia replacing fall iraq threatened border brigades division returned southwest asia army reduction division force february brigades brigades training command wake cold war army considered new options integration organization active duty units training deployment active duty division headquarters activated training national_guard units 7th subordinate brigades divisions activate deployed combat divisions instead headquarters units focused time training june 24th reactivated time fort riley kansas 24th infantry division consisted headquarters separate national_guard brigades 30th clinton north_carolina columbia south_carolina georgia division headquarters responsible guard brigades called active duty wartime occurred brigade deployed individually division final operations included preparing fort riley return stationed germany expand concept reserve component national_guard components army activated commands responsible reserve units readiness exercises activated fort riley transformation overall restructuring army organizations overseeing training division east took control reserve units states east mississippi_river eliminating need 24th headquarters subsequently time august fort riley division initially identified highest priority inactive division lineage scheme numerous accolades long history division flags items moved fort georgia following decide activate divisions future following activation center likely suggest new division second 24th fourth honors 24th infantry division awarded campaign unit decoration world war campaign unit decorations korean war campaign gulf war unit award peacetime total campaign unit decorations operational history unit decorations campaign | 24th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10750_CadetNurseCorps | established june signed law president july purpose ensure country nurses care citizens home abroad world war non program allowed native americans african americans relocated japanese americans participate corps supervised duty train young women nurses war program open women ages good health graduated high school successful applicants eligible government paying tuition books uniforms exchange required pledge actively serve essential civilian federal government services duration world war state nursing schools eligible participate program needed agency state connected hospital approved cadet nurses came united_states backgrounds joined wanted nurses free education joined country needed attrition rates cadets comparable reported nursing schools period corps largest federal nurse training programs allowed young women serve country uniform discrimination credited cadet student nurses helping prevent collapse civilian nursing war unique feature program accelerated training nursing schools required traditional nursing program months months schools nursing country participated program corps operated period student nurses enrolled program graduated participating nursing schools enrollment included african americans native americans japanese americans federal government spent nursing program critical shortage nurses world war fulfilled congressional mandate process positively influenced way future nurses educated trained united_states history background nurses short supply united_states entered world war july meeting organized discuss role nursing play wartime attendance included representatives nursing organizations federal agencies involved nursing gathering resulted formation council acts survey nursing resources schools country determined nurses eligible military service found nursing schools ill equipped expand housing capabilities response council urged federal government appropriate public funds support nursing education subsequent fiscal years federal government partially funded education students nursing schools initiative inactive nurses received courses graduated nurses received training end students enrolled nursing schools meet country need point clear nurses trained quickly abreast civilian military needs need additional federal aid recruitment nurses apparent navy called new nurses month fiscal year supporters nurse training programs recommended doubling federal aid basic nursing education fiscal year representative ohio advocate nursing supported proposed increase federal aid told congress expansion nursing schools needed following year creation program march introduced bill provide training nurses armed forces government civilian hospitals health agencies war industries grants institutions providing training act stated nurses trained funding body amendment senate prohibited discrimination race creed color nurse training act called act passed unanimously congress june public law july established supervise program appointed registered nurse director corps woman head division shortly nurse training act passed surgeon general sent lengthy telegram outlining program nursing schools united_states puerto_rico followed applications instructions sent mail hawaii nursing schools eligible program war zone alaska nursing schools time regulations required interested nursing schools state connected hospital approved hospital equal standards maintain adequate facilities personnel provide adequate clinical experience basic services medicine surgery provide maintenance senior cadet nurses arrange requested transfer federal hospitals provide satisfactory living facilities adequate health service students provide accelerated program restrict hours practice standards adopted evaluate participating schools issuing regulations surgeon general said schools nursing free select students plan policies consistent act traditions institution concerned partnership job institutions students federal security administrator required law appoint advisory committee federal nurse training programs committee appointed nurse training act consisted people nursing related fields drawn parts country place committee met designated federal officials formulated regulations necessary carry act agreed rules approved published committee responsible naming new program student war nursing reserve considered rejected favor time nurse training act passed congress involved world war nearly years shortage nurses existed home abroad open women ages good health graduated high school marriage subject guidelines successful applicants eligible government paid tuition books uniforms living exchange student cadets required pledge actively serve essential civilian federal government services duration world war state schools nursing eligible participate program school required apply individually nursing schools country participated purposes program traditional month nurse training program accelerated month program senior nursing students required work month period federal non federal hospital health agency return federal government pay schools related tuition fees students recruitment groups created plan recruitment cadet nursing students broad scope attract maximum number potential applicants shortest time primary target high school graduate college girls recruited selling point program cadets obtain free education proud profession provide essential service country appeals join corps reached newspaper magazine readers millions radio listeners movie patrons country pleas thousand speeches car boards billboards million corporations donated worth advertising space technical services program year media sources lacked advertising corps example sponsored page advertisement life magazine january way serve country war job future proposed young women qualify cadet nurse lucky girls lucky different ways ads promised free training pay room board gray uniforms gray uniforms sold slogan summer winter hard wear pride applicants assured wear feminine dances time dating produced short film promote starring films directed minute film exhibited theaters recruitment events story choice young makes nurse training military nursing service cast includes recruitment centers established participating nursing schools recruiting volunteers information opportunities offered corps potential candidates state local nursing councils organizations associations volunteers aided recruitment effort nursing students projected registered program fiscal year year enrollment enrollment period registered exceeding estimate enrollment period students admitted final class program result non provision african americans native americans japanese americans enrolled corps uniforms official outdoor uniforms distinctive summer winter summer uniform consisted piece gray white striped cotton suit gray winter uniform gray single jacket suit skirt gray gray montgomery worn uniforms winter uniform designs created professional designers introduced fashion new_york_city august thirty fashion editors judged uniform montgomery resembling worn british general winners uniform heralded attractive women served world war provided strong incentive young women join corps official outdoor uniforms exception gloves shoes supplied cadets institution enrolled students paid items indoor uniforms varied school school purchased school federal grants models recruiting corps wore available cadet uniforms issued cadets insignia patch worn left shoulder uniforms student nurse uniform official school nursing official insignia worn jacket present silver buttons montgomery insignia worn beneath spread eagle american shield training key feature program accelerated training participating schools nursing required traditional nursing program months months bound provide students clinical experiences medical surgical students senior cadets months graduation requiring serve federal civilian hospital rendered time service equivalent graduate nurse months service cadets protected regulation working hours week junior cadets typically worked hours week including classes senior cadets free classes nursing modified regulations agree accelerated program quality standards educational systems cadets trained varied considerably nursing schools hospital administrators government officials assured federally training nurses conform minimum standards rule making powers surgeon general issued regulations schools appropriate agency schools nursing state territory connected hospital approved maintained standards nursing equivalent required college rural schools nursing major hospital clinical unit meet standards require admission graduation high school maintain educational staff adequate provide satisfactory instruction supervision provide adequate clinical experience basic services medicine surgery provide balanced schedules organized instruction experience study provide adequate equipped class rooms laboratories libraries necessary facilities program provide satisfactory living facilities health service students institutions offering degrees nursing appropriate nursing agency universities colleges curriculum include units instruction necessary conform accepted practices basic nursing education arranged entire program combined study practice completed months standards guide evaluating school facilities meet requirements specified congressional hearings emphasized schools regardless location size allowed participate cadet nurse program educational tested standards actual conditions possible schools achieve adjustments certain schools setting lower standards judged criteria included qualifications number personnel clinical facilities weekly schedule hours health guidance programs borderline schools produced small percentage total cadet force educational traveled thousands miles wrote thousands letters provided support services monitoring standards approved schools nursing cadet nurses cadet nurses came economic backgrounds joined wished nurses education joined temporary world war service cadets shared accepted pledge serve contributed nursing services nation needed cadet pledge moment induction aware obligations assume country chosen profession follow teachings instructors guidance physicians work hold trust finest traditions nursing spirit corps body strong mind alert heart kind tolerant understanding forever triumph life death cadet nurse pledge county service essential nursing duration war cadet pledge considered statement intention binding contract attrition rate cadets comparable reported schools nursing period main cause married students withdrew husbands released military hostilities ceased failed studies left health reasons left realities nursing career largest federal nurse training programs allowed young women serve country uniform discrimination influenced way nurses educated trained united_states credited cadet student nurses helping prevent collapse civilian nursing care commended replacing graduate nurses enlisted armed forces world war end corps following surrender japan august president set october final date new student allowing orderly transition important wartime activity time students training admitted fall final term student nurses providing country nursing care civilian hospitals nursing schools contacted participated program operational included enrollment periods fall terms term second final term time student nurses enrolled program graduated participating nursing schools federal government spent nurse training act administration uniforms maintenance tuition fees end program records participating schools nursing field assigned district office covered schools area work field resulted recovery funds january appeared said opinion country received increasingly receive substantial returns investment measure loss country civilian nursing service collapsed measure cost failure normandy | Cadet Nurse Corps | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10869_UnitedStatesBattleshipDivisionNine(WorldWarI) | united_states battleship division world war united_states battleship division division later dreadnought battleships united_states navy constituted american contribution world war entered war april senior officers wisdom dividing american battle fleet prevented immediate dispatch capital ships service war zone following direct request british admiralty series high level staff meetings american opinion changed joined grand_fleet december organization division served sixth battle squadron serving grand_fleet forced adapt quickly unfamiliar british methods standards new signals maneuvers adopted relatively smoothly stringent gunnery standards proved difficult achieve personal level relations american british officers men notably division participated major grand_fleet exercises deployments conducting detached convoy missions north_sea following signing armistice november present surrender german high seas fleet november december division departed grand fleet return service limited mainly convoy duty maintenance blockade german coast presence greatly augmented strength grand_fleet making major combat british german fleets unlikely helping high seas fleet effectively blockaded port played role ensuring allied control oceans background entered world war allies april war sea hanging balance having resumed submarine warfare february germany quickly inflicted losses british merchant marine extent completely unknown american government select british admiralty meeting representatives navies april british sea lord admiral sir new american naval envoy rear admiral informing allied shipping loses recently surpassed long tons month admiralty immediate solution problem announced present loss rates britain effectively submission november meeting scapa_flow later july admiral commander grand_fleet admiralty requested send dreadnoughts destroyers join grand_fleet admiralty intended arrival american dreadnoughts allow ships pre dreadnought king edward vii class freeing thousand officers ratings serve new light cruisers destroyers submarines construction despite endorsement initially rejected british request like navies centuries adhered doctrine circumstances battle fleet divided chief naval operations admiral admiral commander particularly worried britain fell developments sea suggested left face german high seas fleet completely having released precious destroyers convoy duty unwilling weaken ability defend scattering important battle fleet furthermore admiral uneasy prospect present early 20th century second war breaking japan moment send destroyers europe battleships series high level meetings london beginning admiral visit august culminating naval mission led admiral november proved decisive changing viewpoint despite admiral frequent warnings severity british losses boat campaign men seen things eyes truly understood situation november admiral secretary navy daniels recommending dispatch dreadnoughts service grand_fleet noting encounter indicated outcome favorable decisive allied forces available difficult explain absence ships advice trusted aide secretary daniels agreed dispatch ships question came battleships send admiralty requested americans send coal burning dreadnoughts submarine blockade british extremely short oil needed fuel latest classes american dreadnoughts oil burning nevada class pennsylvania class ships result secretary daniels decided send coal new_york wyoming florida delaware newest american ships formidable capable mph maximum speed armed guns furthermore commanded experienced highly capable officer rear admiral year veteran commended battle manila bay known expert extremely man characteristics serve good new role joint admiral diplomat nearly months departure division finally set week november crossing atlantic ships accompanied destroyer got underway virginia november bound anchorage grand_fleet flow uneventful transit complicated weather began bad got worse voyage progressed battling vicious brought hail snow division severe gale began november captain wyoming later recall storm height gale blew hard seen seas worst severe storm damage allowed long tons flood forward compartments new_york lowering bow point danger heavy seas days continuous required help afloat matters worse high winds reportedly mph carried away battleships rendering radio communication impossible sheer force gale drove delaware florida station night november florida eventually rejoined flagship storm blew delaware sailed scheduled rendezvous british light cruiser scotland division early hours december short fuel fight sea rejoin rest force proceeded directly ultimate destination naval base ireland battered steamed anchorage grand fleet later day tremendous cheering men assembled british warships time admiral called commander grand_fleet admiral sir offer services men ships allied cause acceptance american battleships retaining american designation officially sixth battle squadron grand_fleet new standards beginning battleships division faced hard task adapting new methods practices encountered grand fleet difficulties arisen transition based national pride rivalry dissipated large professional example set admiral later note squadron realized british fleet years actual warfare knew game ground floor know theoretically great deal learn practically independent commands force work logical course ships serve command british commander chief cooperative attitude division admiration appreciation british task facing americans adoption entirely new set signals radio codes methods americans studied general british code crossing atlantic time use like proficiency ships grand fleet help transition radio operators royal_navy posted american battleships aid counterparts learning entirely new system signals admiral reading substituted new set letters days arrival ships able fleet maneuvers north_sea apparent difficulty successful efforts american battleships match british counterparts excellence gunnery having provided numerous veteran gun crews serve aboard armed previous months gunnery division badly depleted filled inexperienced officers recent recruits inevitable effect loss talent apparent december conducted caliber target practice nearby results relatively poor british battleships end generally managed rate fire seconds average spread distance measured closest shots ships american squadron proved slow inaccurate rate fire delaware acceptable spread seconds wyoming florida average spreads respectively flagship new_york managed match british practice categories admiral words results distinctly poor disappointing led initial conclusion consider american division equivalent british americans worked catch target practice registered improved results end june admiral able report firing exceptionally fine encouraging better previously operations days arrival flow began participating frequent maneuvers drills day day existence grand_fleet good condition high speed american battleships admiral assigned divisions fast battleships operated ends grand_fleet steaming battle line formation stipulated sixth battle squadron station rear line duty engage rear division german battleships fleet execute sudden turnaround maneuver american ships van squadron meaning lead battle position important americans particularly proud tasked assignment americans got true practice new role end january entire grand fleet went sea days war games admiral direction fleet divided opposing forces blue fleet representing german high seas fleet including sixth battle squadron playing role royal_navy point middle north_sea sides battle exercises american sailors treated encounter enemy warship german boat conning tower sighted british battleships directly ahead new_york british battleships attempted ram destroyers rushed drop depth charges boat managed escape maneuvers proved valuable learning tool americans got chance experience british methods violent conditions north_sea admiral noted returning exercise seen largest battleships apparently upper deck visible slowly rise water pour decks huge turtle coming surface convoy duty hard americans worked incorporate grand fleet shake belief veteran british merely playing war writing american born wife following maneuvers admiral noted american squadron enjoyed greatly better time sending old operation gives idea taking war trust come harm despite qualified nature comment operation mind important potentially dangerous february stood scapa_flow guard high value scandinavian convoy norway twice previous year convoy essential iron ore chemicals raided german cruisers destroyers loss allied avoid repeat attacks british taken escorting convoys dreadnought squadrons possibility existed germans send entire fleet cut battleship squadron severe strategic effect possibility mind american battleships set accompanied ships destroyers command admiral marked time history british warships served command sea going american admiral trip norway uneventful things began heat escort force february waited outside norwegian territorial waters return convoy assemble shortly florida delaware reported sighting numerous torpedoes running water began maneuvering sharply avoid struck delaware fired shell appeared conning tower distant escorting destroyers dropped depth charges apparent success convoy returned scapa_flow february officially reported admiral torpedoes fired florida delaware handling ships saved harm post war examination german war records revealed german submarines attacks day likely ships instead seen wakes waves captain wyoming noted common inexperienced ships new ships arriving war zone usually good deal shooting submarines submarines experience saw fewer week return called protect scandinavian convoy general grand_fleet response intelligence reports suggesting german battlecruisers loose north_sea mission took place strong gale caused damage ships fleet delaware suffered damage caused generators stop working cutting electrical power ship forcing reduction speed mph nearly hour new_york strong seas carried man overboard rescued men lost fleet day matters worse grand_fleet failed find german battlecruisers forced return scapa_flow handed march april escorted scandinavian convoy times missions hampered storms going particularly slow uneventful confidence wisdom battleships escort fading admiralty admiral particular opposed american ships returned new grand_fleet base end second mission april time escort scandinavian convoy days later april joined grand_fleet attempt bring high_seas_fleet battle german admiral aware strategic potential destroying squadron british battleships finally decided attempt scandinavian convoy overwhelming force entire fleet strict radio silence high_seas_fleet sailed morning april attempt intercept leaving british completely unaware left base engine malfunction aboard german battlecruiser forced break radio silence ask assistance british aware presence germans north_sea recent change sailing schedule scandinavian convoy meant exposed squadron battleships danger overwhelmed day alerted enemy wireless entire grand_fleet sortied find high_seas_fleet offering prospect decisive battle war crippled admiral decided return base scouting units grand_fleet brief contact germans morning april action followed high_seas_fleet home incident point chase reversal course germans meant entire grand fleet forced opposite direction placing van result encounter fleets occurred american battleships led british fleet largest naval battle war years later admiral wrote memoir thought glorious day ships country led grand fleet action chance present german fleet sail unit world war new arrivals months composition changed reflect lessons learned operating war zone grand_fleet soon apparent ships division maintain level required constant need ready sail limited notice inevitable result machinery reduced squadron ships development considered unacceptable given division important position tail end battle line british faced problem responded spare battleship squadrons way squadron remained strength ship repaired recognizing solution admiral requested send battleship operate division specifically requested ship new_york sister ship texas better match grand_fleet policy encouraged use matched pairs aid ship division counter policy eventually agreed february texas arrived scapa_flow arrangement left wyoming powerful ship division spare ship lacked matched pair result requested delaware oldest ship division replaced wyoming sister ship arkansas leaving florida spare arkansas join july delaware sailed scapa_flow united_states day northern barrage late june began escorting american laying craft participating setting project spearheaded designed close north_sea passage scotland norway boat traffic novel attempt end submarine menace relying heavily american industrial capacity barrage called mines placed stretch water nmi wide operating range german surface raiders american battleships detailed provide escort units grand_fleet expeditions proved uneventful occasions june august battleships reported seeing boats torpedoes water forcing division maneuver accordingly like previous sightings escorting scandinavian convoy subsequent review german war records revealed cases false days second incident called action having received intelligence german vessels loose north_sea division sortied scapa_flow october company light cruiser squadron hope engaging enemy raiders beginning autumn weather particularly rough progress making chance sighting german ships unlikely evening october new_york led force violent underwater collision starboard followed shortly stern broke propeller blades reducing ship engine speed mph immediately clear men board struck underwater object depth channel meant concluded new_york accidentally collided submerged german boat agreed submarine rammed bow ship struck moments later ship propeller opinion damage fatal german craft postwar examination german records revealed submarine lost strange accidental encounter marked time service grand_fleet ships sank german vessel new_york ordeal badly damaged loss propeller ship sailed heavy escort repairs october morning boat launched torpedoes damaged vessel passed ahead unlike previous cases sufficient evidence existed suppose torpedo attack false alarm number officers men aboard new_york clearly saw wakes torpedoes submarine spotted immediate vicinity patrol shortly attack battleship wounded condition possibly saved standard procedure steam mph new_york mph propeller historian believes german boat captain ship speed damage battleship able safely arrive drydock water dropped drydock large submarine bow found hull war began draw close ships remained busy frequent gunnery drill ships showed marked improvement performance compared early days fleet average spread division including newcomers texas arkansas better previously good british average maneuvers war games continued exercises late september grand_fleet divided red engaged ranges extreme battle distance prior world war rest division time spent escorting monumental endeavor barrage proved largely ineffective investment mines million equivalent million submarines confirmed sunk barrage life grand fleet battleship division time grand_fleet constant difficulty located northeastern tip scotland islands surrounding scapa_flow little barren cold land devoid civilization efforts officers men entertained morale remained high war british worked hard turn anchorage inviting place central efforts sporting events fleet held numerous inter ship competitions including soccer rugby rowing track boxing followed intense interest men respective ships americans arrived british effort include athletics space allotted sports fields provide football field baseball diamond short order division developed baseball league played games summer texas won division championship lost visiting team american naval headquarters london football games occurred fall american sailors participated fleet sporting events giving excellent account fleet track meet finished second better annual boxing championships pinnacle grand fleet sporting year florida won lightweight title chief carpenter mate new_york won title ship reached heavyweight finals men found ways busy sports year ship squadron produced theater productions motion pictures shown possible furthermore leave granted men frequent basis ships repairs july admiral provided special treat men granting days drills maneuvers order celebrate termed greatest liberty days july ships grand_fleet received visit king fleet decks destroyer king presided ceremony board admiral flagship hms queen elizabeth king george presented numerous decorations recipient admiral invested knight commander received highest honor awarded day lunch aboard king visited admiral flagship new_york inspected ship king george visited engine fire rooms remarking admiration admiral fire room clean dining room inspection pair retreated cabin coffee smoke casual conversation noted king particularly enjoy following departure grand_fleet king message sent officers men ships left began warm reference american squadron happy found grand_fleet pleasure increased opportunity seeing splendid ships united_states line meeting admiral officers men value proud achievements admiral replied glad majesty able personally observe complete accord firm friendship officers men expressions accurately reflected goodwill existed officers men organizations admiral instance later wrote came away service grand fleet probably officer relationship forged junior officers served nations world war despite located remote scapa_flow unable avoid global killer struck world war coming close spanish killed millions worldwide spare grand_fleet late fall average seven men day dying virus fleet ships badly affected practically badly hit british vessels american battleships immune early november florida arkansas cases deaths armistice situation north_sea late remained previous years grand fleet maintaining endless watch high seas fleet war western rapidly drawing close operation michael german offensive stopped late summer aid hundreds thousands american allies begun german_army october replaced von chancellor germany immediately asked president arrange armistice naval leaders high_seas_fleet appeared reason armistice eyes german_imperial_navy remained unbeaten determined fight admiral time head german admiralty ordered new commander high_seas_fleet admiral prepare final sortie grand_fleet death struggle accordingly hipper developed plan called destroyer strikes draw grand fleet south waiting line boats attempt odds point high_seas_fleet emerge engage opponent encounter sailors enlisted men high_seas_fleet aware germany lost war interest dying sake navy honor details plan leaked fleet mutiny instantly broke sailors raising red flag revolution refusing obey officers faced complete breakdown discipline fleet admiral hipper choice disperse ships early november days later november world war came end defeat germany question ships high_seas_fleet neutral nation wanted host rebellious sailors allies eventually decided force interned scapa_flow guns grand_fleet ships nearby case attempt break november met hipper representative rear admiral arrange surrender german ships agreed surrender forth german vessels proceed scapa_flow ultimate fate decided surrender german fleet november ships joined rest grand_fleet witness operation surrender german fleet grand_fleet composed ships men formed columns defeated german ships passed despite magnitude occasion moment men grand fleet years british later joined americans tried constantly bring high_seas_fleet decisive battle coming surrender admiral like sheep dogs left feeling cheated ceremony concluded declared fleet fleet similar vein admiral wrote hard realize ships expected hoped engage given struggle fleet action surrender fight statements reflected fact grand_fleet won great battle officers sought peaceful surrender high_seas_fleet served testimony strength grand_fleet maintained continuously years war significance war ships departed grand fleet december exactly year joining fact american battleships opportunity confront german sense achievements nonetheless played important winning war sea presence american squadron augmented strength grand_fleet point confrontation attempted germans likely futile admiral best farewell speech american sailors december certain german fleet come fight sixth battle squadron grand_fleet strengthened knew throw hands apparently sixth battle squadron straw broke | United States Battleship Division Nine (World War I) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
10933_5thParachuteBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom airborne forces formation brigade strength raised british_army second world war created brigade assigned serving alongside 6th brigade saw action british airborne landings day operation responsible capturing bridges canal brigade remained normandy september time advanced mouth engagement reaction surprise german offensive battle followed allied airborne mission war brigade advanced germany reaching baltic_sea end fighting european theatre brigade sent india division advance party war ended begin operations instead brigade involved japanese forces malaya singapore restore british sovereignty operation java remained dutch force arrived brigade rejoined serving palestine disbanded immediately background impressed success german airborne operations june british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating force parachute troops result june commando assumed parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing later 1st june formed airfield near manchester tasked primarily training parachute troops directed investigate use transport troops battle time contracted general aircraft ltd design produce purpose result aircraft capable transporting soldiers assault training purposes success british airborne raid prompted expand airborne force creation develop plans convert infantry battalions parachute battalions joint army raf memorandum approved winston_churchill recommended british airborne forces consist parachute brigades based england middle_east force men created formation april authorised formation second airborne division numbered 6th command division existing battalions transferred form nucleus new 6th fill division new parachute brigade raised july numbered 5th initially commanded july given command brigadier took brigade brigade serving far_east brigade commander brigadier took parachute battalions brigade experienced 7th light infantry transferred new parachute battalions 12th yorkshire parachute battalion 13th lancashire standard line infantry converted parachute duties undergo airborne forces selection training formation battalion establishment men rifle companies companies divided small headquarters platoon machine guns inch mortars section heavy weapons battalions inch mortar platoon vickers machine gun platoon headquarters support company added battalion comprising motor transport signals mortar machine gun anti tank company inch mortars vickers machine guns anti tank brigade supported 4th anti tank battery battery troops equipped ordnance pounders provided brigade anti tank guns later war battery increased troops retaining pounder ordnance pounders pounder fit inside size weight pounder morris tractor unit required larger parachute squadron parachute field ambulance completed brigade formation company commanded major 2nd battalion served brigade mission normandy end war serving far_east 22nd attached brigade operational history june december brigade prepared operations training level section division day night airborne soldiers expected fight superior numbers enemy equipped artillery tanks training designed encourage spirit self discipline self reliance emphasis given physical fitness large training consisted assault courses route marching military exercises included capturing holding airborne road rail bridges coastal fortifications end exercises troops march barracks usually distance miles ability cover long distances speed expected airborne required cover distance miles hours battalions miles april command brigade took counties gloucestershire wiltshire airborne military exercise spread days involving 1st 6th unknown men 6th airborne scale rehearsal division involvement imminent normandy invasion invasion division parachute brigades land midnight june 6th arrived later day dark division objective secure left flank invasion area dominating high ground area rivers operation 5th capture intact canal bridges assist brigade mission company 2nd battalion taken command carry coup main operation bridges day midnight june halifax bombers reinforced company 2nd board crossed french coast shortly tow ropes released landed strip land major commanded company assault short order captured bridges intact loss dead wounded intention force hold bridges relieved 7th bombers carrying 5th group battalion brigade headquarters started arrive drop zone planes got lost failed reach arrived late damaged dropping turned returned base failing find drop zone brigade started landing north equipment navigational failures raf pilots division resulted brigade scattered countryside cent 7th reached assembly point unable wait longer battalion headed captured bridges established defensive position division position west canal 12th landed eastern edge cent battalion arrived assembly point objective secure village achieved 13th muster cent strength battalion objectives secure clear obstacles division land brigade objectives secured west canal 7th attacked tanks armoured vehicles 21st division heavy weapons available reached centre destroyed bombs battalion held morning attacks german tanks infantry noon started arriving battalion attacked south arrival meant northern flank relatively secure eastern bridges 12th mortar artillery fire attacked regiment withdrew losing tank german infantry taken prisoner second german attack stopped time assisted 4th anti tank battery destroyed self propelled guns tank 13th secured held company french village liberated landings battalion attacked infantry tanks destroyed day 6th arrived landing zones river end day 12th 13th holding 7th relieved reserve dug western holding ridge high ground east 5th 6th moving position south north covered command positioning 5th largely protected units suffer constant german attempts division 12th attacked june seven tanks infantry company attack beaten loss tanks caused casualties company including crew supporting pounder anti tank gun later day attack 13th german self propelled guns destroyed day battalion destroyed attacking tanks arrived sea later day took 12th position 7th 12th 2nd formed divisional reserve elements german formations responsible attacks division infantry divisions june large german force assembled south west attacked bridges 13th waiting enemy yards away battalion opened fire supported mortars vickers machine guns 7th company 13th started counterattack drove germans away attack cost germans dead captured major general commander decided try drive germans large woods occupied operation carried 7th supported tanks squadron 13th 18th companies battalion entered woods tanks remained outside giving covering fire evening woods cleared cost 7th men wounded lost seven tanks dead wounded german defenders men killed prisoners taken time supported 51st attempting capture german held village high ground overlooking british positions june german hands gale decided attack time night carried reserves 12th men strong supported company company 12th regiment squadron tanks 13th 18th attack supported artillery fire regiments artillery assault started fighting night village eventually captured british casualties heavy 12th lost men 12th reduced men rifle companies plus casualties victims british artillery falling short included 12th commanding officer lieutenant colonel killed shell wounded brigade lord day june 51st crossed waterways took defence southern sector brigade assignment division allowed brigade time reserve rest brigade withdrawn 3rd 5th took positions ridge high ground 1st special service brigade north south advance capture division attacked force apart continuous artillery bombardment june reinforcements arrived east july 49th west riding moved line 6th airborne 51st august gale ordered prepare division offensive objective mouth divisions east corps commander lieutenant general knowing artillery vehicles engineer equipment expect advance quickly reach division cross major rivers main lines advance road running coast road inland commando brigade parachute brigades use inland route responsible breakout time right august germans began withdraw started attack august brigade crossed river reached outskirts halted 5th took attack objective village 7th secure ground east village delayed way ambushed column germans advancing securing objective 13th fire hours yards open land cover base hill companies fixed charged hill simultaneously german battalion arrived reinforce defenders causing casualties companies forced withdraw closely followed enemy german counter attack halted artillery barrage captured combined forces 7th 12th took german prisoners resumed advance river held capturing 5th moved reaching august branches running town 13th given objective establishing river battalion reached safely crossed westernmost branch heavy german resistance prevented securing main town overnight patrol managed cross eastern branch left spanning river bridge blown patrol reinforced companies fought hour battle trying form withdrawn river 7th dug form defensive position time 12th tried cross river secure nearby railway embankment stopped heavy german fire pinned embankment inflicting significant casualties dead wounded unable proceed brigade headquarters called attack battalion wait dark pull day august patrol 7th discovered germans withdrawn night brigade crossed river advanced unopposed secured brief fight brigade halted took lead august provide mobility placed brigade command 6th airborne armoured reconnaissance regiment headed brigade final objective dutch ordered speed arrived minutes retreating germans blown bridge 7th arrived foot days fighting 6th advanced miles despite divisional commander infantry units equipped rapid pursuit captured square miles km2 enemy held territory taken prisoners landing june division casualties killed wounded missing 5th killed campaign division withdrawn france embarked england beginning september england division went period recruitment training concentrating house house street fighting bombed areas southampton birmingham training programme culminated exercise eve assault river_thames intended simulate germany december brigade preparing christmas leave news german offensive broke available component strategic reserve allied forces northwest europe divisions available reserve american northern france sent sea belgium assist defence german allied divisions involved battle largest single battle western war christmas day division moved position german advance boxing day reached allocated places defensive line left right 6th reserve time arrived position german advance 5th ordered miles south january involved division fighting 13th covered miles position assault village battalion observed germans met heavy fire attack started battalion company village company attempted secure heights overlooking company faced infantry supported tanks artillery suffered heavy casualties reduced men nightfall company secured half village joined company following day germans launched separate assaults try retake village battalion held reinforcements company 2nd remainder village captured battalion ordered withdraw battle cost dead wounded time 7th attacking village defended infantry tank artillery support village captured minimal casualties days german advance halted forced end january brigade moved netherlands division responsible area brigade carried patrols sides river opponents 7th near end february division returned england prepare airborne mission cross germany germany allied airborne landings surprise germans rhine crossing expected defences reinforced anticipation airborne operation preceded day round clock bombing mission allied air forces march artillery guns targeted german positions dusk assault river crossing rhine began assigned alongside 17th airborne divisions began landing time march protect northern landing area drop zones town plan secure town high ground east village bergen bridges river 5th land northernmost hold area east railway line brigade arrived second wave aircraft german anti aircraft gunners waiting parachute descent fire subjected artillery mortar fire 7th suffered casualties air burst artillery shells section yards battery german guns targeted brigade headquarters assembly areas 12th 7th secured 12th 13th headed brigade objective road despite fierce opposition brigade secured objectives large number prisoners taken suffered casualties casualties division dead wounded night division ordered prepare advance east germany march relieved troops 52nd march brigade led division advance objective village pressed village evening 7th ordered attack believed self propelled guns village outskirts 13th captured nearby high ground 7th leading platoon approached guns met heavy fire anti aircraft anti tank guns battalion forced cover unable forward darkness came advanced seized position capturing prisoners anti tank gun anti aircraft guns light machine guns 13th captured high ground 12th moved miles country ready assault daylight came attacked dawn captured village minute fight brigade held positions rest division passed continue advance resumed lead division crossed fighting small engagements way river brigade assumed lead supported tanks guards captured bridges fought small battle airfield april brigade informed lead formation having advanced germany units 15th scottish infantry division took lead formation april airborne division resumed advance crossing river bridge captured scottish division objective baltic_sea parachute brigades advanced separate routes aware brigade arrive continue division lead formation stage war advance hampered refugees fleeing westwards organised opposition won race led division arriving minutes lead troops advancing east rest brigade remained company 13th sent denmark liberate copenhagen arriving remained copenhagen 1st arrived england relieve far_east war europe plans form airborne corps comprising service japanese forces far_east corps operations recapture malaya singapore division advance party based partly 5th arrived india july brigade travelled ahead rest division intended use independent mission burma landed malaya singapore japanese forces burma reinforcements arrive sea attack northwards southwards brigade carried airborne landing singapore following japanese surrender plans changed remainder sent palestine instead carrying airborne landing 5th travelled sea leaving bombay september arriving malaya september 7th 12th parachute battalions landed embarked day sail singapore arrived september brigade island garrison december 23rd sent java brigade moved replace december situation java worsened brigade moved sent reinforcements assist indian division arrived days later brigade mission restore law order japanese military forces area told expect remain java relieved units command 23rd brigade carried clearing town surrounding region january moved garrison time population mixture chinese dutch japanese fighting brigade arrival considerable damage caused town infrastructure public utilities medical services food water brigade engineers tasked situation protect inhabitants brigade battalions established defensive perimeter outskirts town main concern indonesian nationalists stated aim slaughter dutch chinese assist security japanese battalion rearmed given sector defences man 4th carried patrols inside town limits platoon distributed food supplies brigade remained relieved dutch brigade group april returned singapore mutiny disbandment return java 13th stationed malaya camp consisted tents electricity facilities washing cooking recreation unhappy conditions grouped refused disperse ordered orderly officer commanding officer spoke men ordered return duty refused afternoon commanding general arrived spoke ordered fall failed comply men taken military custody held decided men stand trial mutiny trial men acquitted sentenced years discharged army rest given years imprisonment hard labour discharged days sentencing secretary state war convictions stating judge advocate general advised number irregularities substantial nature accused individually irregularities opinion rendered trial unsatisfactory convictions ought allowed stand brigade spent months malaya ordered rejoin 6th palestine 13th disbanded leaving malaya remainder brigade arrived palestine august shortly orders received brigade disbanded remaining parachute battalions 7th amalgamated 17th retaining number senior battalion 12th disbanded men immediately distributed battalions division september 22nd longer brigade time disbanded new raised assigned comprised 12th 17th 18th brigade renumbered order battle commanders brigadier brigadier brigadier units europe 7th 12th parachute battalion 13th parachute field ambulance 4th anti tank battery parachute squadron 12th parachute battalion 13th field ambulance 4th anti tank battery 22nd parachute squadron | 5th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
11152_DomesticoftheSchools | domestic schools office domestic schools greek senior military post byzantine_empire extant 8th century early 14th century originally simply commander senior elite regiments domestic quickly rose prominence century holders essentially occupied position commander chief byzantine army emperor office eclipsed 12th century period 13th 15th centuries reduced purely honorary mid level court dignity history holder office appears sources chronicle year shortly creation elite cavalry regiments stationed capital constantinople commanded officers titled distinct provincial armies themes respective schools latin greek senior tracing origin established constantine great reigned originally placed command historian traced reference certain domestic year considers official predecessor domestic schools gradually deprived functions 7th 8th centuries domestic apparently independent official lists subordinate officials comprising deputy secretary head messenger subordinate officers regiment article 9th century office domestic schools rose importance holder appointed head army absence emperor role depended abilities current domestic generals inferior rank entrusted supreme command instead domestic schools rose prominence sources frequently speak office domestic qualification power influence post saw frequently occupied persons closely related emperor time domestic ranked imperial hierarchy military commanders theme practice quickly senior demonstrated fact military leaders like promoted reign post split domestic west domestic east created operations europe asia respectively ceremony domestic appointment described work describes duties role court ceremonies exceptions notably year tenure times domestic instability changed average years 10th century schools dominated members family produced holders office attempts office led series emperors concerned power military aristocracy potentially powerful office non military court officials including especially half 11th century military aristocracy authority theory forbidden alternate office having created purpose 10th 11th centuries variant grand domestic appears sporadically parallel variants grand domestic schools grand domestic east west person considers early references references 12th century writers simply cases prefix norm senior offices period like watch domestic argues time grand domestic separate office senior plain schools effect new commander chief army emperor usage titles consistent division command east west applied 12th century causing confusion nature office relation plain domestic 13th century titles clearly distinct commander chief entire army highest offices state domestic schools relegated simple dignity duties awarded provincial governors middle ranking officials words century book offices pseudo domestic schools office similar grand domestic currently holds work domestic schools ranks 31st imperial hierarchy grand fleet domestic distinctive court dress reported consisted gold hat plain silk silver staff middle ceremonies festivities bore yellow silk decorated gold wire portrait emperor seated throne emperor horseback rear list known holders note list include holders known seals unidentified | Domestic of the Schools | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
11392_IXCorps(UnitedStates) | united_states corps united_states_army operational history headquartered japan subordinate army commands far_east created following world war corps activated use world war years later corps spent world war charge defenses west_coast united_states moving hawaii plan organize operations forces advancing pacific following end war participated occupation mainland japan corps combat came korean war best known exploits senior command commanding line forces numerous war corps served lines conflict took command combat divisions time following end korean war remained korea years moved japan corps spent years administrative command army forces overseeing administrative functions combat finally consolidated history headquarters constituted july organized reserves new corps formation intended compliment existing corps commands active duty component force providing command reserve units assigned shoulder sleeve insignia shortly corps activated remained organizational rolls army called needed october corps moved active duty roster remained world war corps headquarters finally activated october fort lewis washington large buildup army response conflicts world immediately began training combat units preparation deployment year later took command camp murray staging area washington responsible training forces addition responsibilities training active duty reserve units following japanese attack pearl harbor late assigned defensive duties west_coast united_states specifically central northern regions coast corps oversaw defenses west_coast majority war moved georgia preparation deployment overseas planning corps trained fort preparation deployment september corps closed headquarters fort moved hawaii arrived hawaii corps command tenth united states army assigned missions primarily concerned plans invasion coastal regions japanese held china later early placed charge preparing rest movement okinawa preparation invasion island launched april general army took overall command corps moved assigned sixth united_states_army july corps tasked planning operation downfall invasion mainland japan specifically island tasked planning occupation japan surrendered assigned corps command strength divisions force men serve reserve force initial invasion assault launched japan surrendered august following use nuclear weapons hiroshima nagasaki occupation following surrender assigned command occupation forces northern island transferred headquarters october occupation duties years period terms surrender supervised enforced japanese military installations material seized troops disarmed discharged weapons warfare disposed duties occupation force included conversion industry foreign nationals supervision complex features phases japanese government economics education industry occupation duties accomplished occupation force continued troops returned home units left japan occupation force reduced commanding corps strength divisions corps commanding 24th commanding moved occupation forces shifted result march command responsibilities consolidated units korean war months later korean war began units japan began streaming south_korea taking charge conflict requested activation corps headquarters growing command forces activated august illinois personnel transferred headquarters arrived perimeter korea september operational day took command took charge western flank perimeter defending area attacking north korean units amphibious landings hit north korean forces allowing break corps north south days later corps troops pushed northward enemy opposition establish contact forces 7th driving southward major elements destroyed cut aggressive penetration link effected south september offensive continued northwards past seoul 38th parallel october momentum attack maintained race north korean capitol ended october elements south korean entered city advance continued unexpectedly enemy resistance october chinese prisoners taken corps troops end october city miles border north_korea captured advanced center army corps west coast operating independently east commanders hoped offensive end war christmas chinese intervention november china entered war north_korea chinese attacks immediately launched troops corps chinese forces penetrating corps rear exposed east flank advance overwhelmed sides chinese forces 40th elements 38th november december division completely destroyed lost virtually heavy equipment vehicles suffering men killed missing western flank hit overwhelming chinese forces 39th facing strong attacks suffering heavy casualties losses equipment battle river spared losses escaping river suffered heavy casualties ordering complete withdraw south 38th parallel having devastated overwhelming chinese force retreated western coast safety wake retreat disorganized formed 2nd 25th infantry divisions suffered losses divisions designated combat ineffective relegated reserve rebuild assigned south korean 6th corps american forces reinforced point battalions greece philippines 27th january chinese troops attacked line forcing miles allowing chinese capture seoul chinese eventually advanced far supply lines adequately support attack stalled battered chinese assault began prepare spring retake lost ground retreating chinese forces able rest following establishment defenses south capital city general ordered conduct general chinese forces january corps advanced north center line sides corps advance steadily northward protected heavy artillery close air support captured seoul corps tasked capturing southeast seoul providing support corps encountered stiff resistance chinese forces dug hilly country combat february chinese forces established machine gun nests mined roads slow corps advance response launched hoping pressure force chinese abandon seoul february march corps participated operation killer pushing chinese forces north operation quickly followed retook seoul march operations rugged april saw forces advance north 38th parallel kansas line respectively march 1st reassigned corps given command 7th south korean 2nd place late april chinese launched major counterattack chinese troops assaulted sector lines forces able hold ground chinese broke south korean 6th division destroyed 13th penetrated line threatened american divisions west 1st able drive 13th 24th withdrew april line pushed seoul managed hold second offensive month similarly unsuccessful chinese north korean forces suffered heavy casualties unable push forces corps offensive line north seoul stalemate september launched center line west corps divisions advanced operation commando flanked south korean 2nd 6th divisions 24th advanced past engaging 20th 27th armies attacks fierce enemy resistance strong previous november chinese attempted counter attack unsuccessful point successive saw sides fighting intensely ground sides started peace negotiations january reorganized containing 7th newly arrived months later reorganized south korean 2nd 3rd october chinese forces conducted large offensive sector hilly countryside iron triangle region 38th sent heavy assaults south korean forces guarding hill time chinese forces attacked held miles away hills changed hands times weeks casualties chinese unsuccessful capturing objective withdrew october launched offensive intended improve defensive lines capturing complex hills force chinese lines complex included northeast advanced encountering resistance 15th ensuing hills captured recaptured sides times heaviest fighting year eventually forces withdrew having unsuccessful capturing objectives forces suffered killed chinese suffered killed wounded fighting result battle slight improvement positions chinese positions fortified forces hold ground remainder year chinese forces conducted series smaller raids lines avoiding major conflicts armistice negotiations continued unsuccessfully november chinese launched offensive retake ground lost operations repulsed forces january reorganized time consisted entirely south korean forces retained command south korean gained command south korean 9th infantry division corps maintained position flanked west corps east south korean corps saw major attack lines july divisions fought limited engagements usually company sized formations attacking defending fortified positions chinese end war major attacks corps conducted armistice signed july ending war korea following armistice remained lines korea case hostilities erupted january reassigned camp 1950s november years signing armistice headquarters left lines moving okinawa divisions command shifted command headquarters consolidation forces region merged army command form joint command element january command oversaw administrative duties forces area february moved mainland japan okinawa merged form corps january army previously late 1940s formed previous split 9th regional support command subordinate command 9th regional support command independent unit continued operate closely received distinctive unit insignia following consolidation forces area army command disbanded merged form consolidated command forces western pacific region responsibilities included administrative oversight forces conducting training exercises units region major change army command organizational structure pacific occurred conjunction return okinawa japanese control seven years administration united_states complex reorganization accompanied headquarters transferred okinawa headquarters form headquarters camp japan headquarters okinawa established command support army units perform theater functions united_states allied forces pacific years remained region conducting training oversight army forces area deployed support army remained command component point lineage corps assumed activated place lieutenant general commanding general deputy governor commanding general army deputy governor commanding general army high commissioner lieutenant general commanding general army high commissioner commanding general commanding general post study computers active april october honors awarded campaign service world war campaign unit decorations service korean war total unit decorations operational history unit decorations campaign | IX Corps (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
11416_89thMilitaryPoliceBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states military police brigade military police brigade united_states_army based fort hood texas subordinate unit activated vietnam midst vietnam war unit provided military police services sized forces operating region played supporting role entire conflict staying theater entire war earning campaign brigade seen duty numerous areas operation world performed numerous duties including disaster relief hurricane hugo service played supporting role gulf war recently brigade served tours duty support operation iraqi freedom organization brigade subordinate headquartered fort hood texas soldiers brigade stationed brigade contains subordinate battalions military police military fort bliss military police battalion fort hood military police battalion fort riley military police battalion fort history vietnam war military police brigade originally activated group roughly size modern regiment constituted february activated march year mission military police group provide general military police support corps tactical zones group stayed vietnam support corps areas operation group supporting unit saw line combat receive campaign earned vietnam service removal forces vietnam organization december september unit activated fort lewis washington military police group designed command control operations military police battalions assigned attached units additionally provided staff section corps headquarters assigned senior military police organization military police group remained fort lewis february colors transferred fort hood texas july military police group reorganized military police brigade vietnam war military police brigade originally activated group roughly size modern regiment constituted february activated march year mission military police group provide general military police support corps tactical zones group stayed vietnam support corps areas operation group supporting unit saw line combat receive campaign earned vietnam service removal forces vietnam organization december september unit activated fort lewis washington military police group designed command control operations military police battalions assigned attached units additionally provided staff section corps headquarters assigned senior military police organization military police group remained fort lewis february colors transferred fort hood texas july military police group reorganized military police brigade special members assigned base special assignments center located ground member working orders lewis captain unit investigate trafficking hearings book operation iraqi freedom military deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom early took mission previously tasked 18th military police brigade january time brigade assumed responsibility iraqi police training mission majority military police units iraq time unit returned fort hood december deployed second tour august iraqi theater operation support operation iraqi freedom deployment composed military police soldiers theater brigade responsibilities included security operations deployed units operations brigade primary responsibility training iraqi police units brigade focused local police units country brigade handled national police brigade commander brief officials pentagon current situation live iraq suffered casualties including soldier killed sniper fire soldier killed suicide car bomb soldiers died non combat related causes brigade returned home october replaced 18th military police brigade brigade resumed roles fort hood second deployment unit commanders infamous accused military law aiding enemy acquitted charges convicted charges subsequently dismissed military operation enduring freedom deployed afghanistan returned deployed afghanistan military police companies deployed afghanistan returned april deployed returned fort hood deployed december returned december honors unit decorations campaign | 89th Military Police Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
11528_7thBattalion(Australia) | 7th infantry battalion australian_army raised world war battalion completely recruited state victoria formed battalion served gallipoli campaign distinction having members awarded victoria_cross transferred europe fighting trenches western half years disbanded following end hostilities raised later known militia time infantry battalion based victoria lack funding following great depression shortage manpower following suspension compulsory training scheme battalion amalgamated 7th 38th battalion army expanded rising tensions europe second world war 7th battalion served primarily garrison role firstly defend australian mainland deploying late war campaign 23rd brigade took fighting central sector island months war following end hostilities battalion garrison role returned australia disbanding early battalion raised amalgamated unit reformed today exists 8th 7th battalion royal victoria regiment history world war formation following outbreak world war australian government decided raise volunteer force overseas service provisions defence act sending militia outside australian territory fight force draw military forces existed time largely recruits currently serving known initially consist men comprising infantry division light horse brigade recruitment intake began august units raised forming fortnight declaration war command lieutenant colonel battalion 5th 6th 8th battalions form 2nd brigade brigadier james took personal control recruitment process selecting officers known service company commanders turn entrusted choosing subordinates recruitment conducted period weeks end period process successful battalion establishment initially battalion organised companies designated recruitment initial training undertaken later reduced standard companies designated gallipoli september battalion marched city melbourne fortnight later embarked bound middle_east arrived egypt december undertook training called undertake defensive duties suez_canal following failed february battalion direct combat time number non commissioned officers allowed apply commissions british_army units early april battalion moved alexandria morning april battalion took landing coming ashore second wave course week battalion involved establishing suffered heavily losing officers men killed died wounds higher subsequent battle battalion fought war april 2nd brigade relieved 12th deal battalion early battalion able baptism fire respite long days landing cove transferred order attack attack costly failure battalion losing officers men killed involved believed brigade level attack conducted australian force entrenched enemy attack earned attack battalion given weeks rest received number reinforcements sent stalemate situation developed effort break allies launched offensive august battalion took taking positions captured battalion defended trenches repeated turkish process members performed acts gallantry later led receiving victoria_cross nation highest military decoration men corporal alexander corporal lieutenant captain fighting 7th battalion lost men killed despite battalion success holding trenches lone pine august offensive failed break setbacks resulted continued stalemate rest campaign fighting relatively static finally december decision evacuate allied force peninsula evacuation battalion soldiers alfred lawrence played significant invention self firing rifle assisted making turks believe men manning trenches evacuated western gallipoli 7th battalion withdrawn egypt underwent period reorganisation expansion prior transferred europe split provide raised doubling australian forces march sailed france half years fighting trenches western arrival battalion sent major action came july july august battalion committed fighting twice losing men killed battle second late august frontage equal half authorised strength transferred belgium manned trenches near canal time involved major attacks night sent patrols man land established listening posts gather intelligence september 7th battalion sister battalion 8th battalion mounted raid german line force roughly equivalent raid great success australians overwhelming defenders capturing section german line killing germans withdrawing october battalion returned spent winter months manning trenches training early precipitated loss high ground germans withdrew order defensive line developed february german withdrawal discovered allies finding open battlefield time believing german_army suffering limited manpower began advance follow night february 7th battalion launched meant trench raid turned open advance seeing extend lines kilometres allied advance brief germans established strength halted battalion withdrawn line organisation training return battle september october committed fighting road men killed phase later killed following battles withdrawn line december march following start german spring offensive battalion called help stem tide german advance german offensive ran momentum battalion kept pressure german line series peaceful subsequently taking allied days offensive launched near august offensive battalion fought major actions august captured number german mortars woods august continued operations late september withdrawn strength men line armistice came effect november shortly process began battalion numbers fell men repatriated australia amalgamated battalion amalgamated formed 5th 8th battalions form service war battalion suffered killed wounded members battalion received following decorations companion order michael military crosses bars distinguished conduct medals bar military medals bars service medals mention despatches foreign awards battalion received total battle honours service war inter war years decision battle honours traditions battalions served world war lines previously existing time units adopting numerical designations units drawn traditional recruitment territories 7th battalion reformed regional victoria headquarters depots time battalion drew personnel 7th infantry regiment 21st infantry regiment link units battalion inherited battle honour south_africa territorial titles introduced militia battalion adopted title mount alexander regiment granted motto time compulsory training scheme suspended newly elected government place voluntary system established renamed militia end compulsory training coupled low levels defence spending economic hardships brought great depression greatly reduced manpower available militia units time result number units disbanded amalgamated time affected july amalgamated 38th battalion form 7th 38th battalion battalions remained linked november following concerns growing tensions europe decided order double size prospect war apparent battalion designation changed north murray second world war following outbreak second world war september australian government decided raise volunteer force service overseas legal restrictions employing militia outside australia applied regardless number militia units attempted join formed units units required remain australia provide home defence case war spreading pacific occur october militia stages undertake short period days continuous training undertaken period days instead compulsory training scheme reintroduced 7th battalion ranks filled national servicemen battalion undertook number training camps victoria december japan entry war following attacks malaya pearl harbor battalion war service tasked defending area received orders north darwin carried garrison duties defend town experienced number air raids japanese aircraft time battalion transferred 23rd brigade originally 23rd brigade 8th division 2nd battalions units captured destroyed rebuilt militia battalions placed command brigadier arnold assigned 12th division remained darwin months relieved sent melbourne april taking leave sent queensland period intensive pre deployment training november 23rd brigade attached tasked taking americans launching renewed offensive 23rd brigade given task relieving garrisons outer islands primarily responsible island company detached arriving october tasked defending airfield japanese attack best remote members battalion sought existence acting crews navy boats carrying raids april months lobbying keen action having relieved previous command campaign 7th battalion transferred japanese garrison holding june moved central sector island relieved 27th battalion immediately began aggressive patrols order dominate japanese area operations tasked capture key positions including hill base point establish forward position course months end war battalion captured positions killed japanese soldiers following end hostilities battalion moved island guard japanese prisoners war process began members battalion slowly repatriated australia transferred units service march battalion personnel returned australia 7th battalion formally disbanded service war battalion lost men killed died active service men wounded members battalion received following decorations legacy following completion process reformed albeit reduced scale time raised right amalgamated unit known 8th 7th battalion north western victorian regiment formed order rural victorian battalions today honours traditions 7th battalion maintained 8th 7th battalion royal victoria regiment infantry battalion formed following introduction organisation later redesignated 7th battalion battle honours include 2nd 7th battalion entrusted 7th commanding officers following list officers served 7th battalion commanding officer world wars world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel second world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel battle honours 7th battalion received following battle honours south_africa world war landing defence lone pine gallipoli egypt road wood france flanders suez_canal second world war north_africa greece middle_east crete 42nd street withdrawal liberation australian new_guinea | 7th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12013_AustralianVoluntaryHospital | military hospital staffed australian england served western time australian presence western origin world war broke august lady rachel wife governor general australia lord decided create hospital australian doctors nurses united_kingdom relatively large numbers doctors nurses trained australia advanced qualifications required trip overseas discussed proposal king george secretary state war lord british_army sir authorised hospital hospital formally offered british government australian high commissioner united_kingdom sir august volunteers responded advertisements placed english newspapers august women doctors accepted women nurses welcomed commanded lieutenant colonel officer served england family time unable join accepting outside australia granted temporary rank lieutenant colonel appointed hospital soon reached strength staff nurses operations assembled personnel equipment camp established grounds loaned purpose departed france august lord yacht accepted admiralty transport medical units moved owing german advance hospital evacuated september reopened september bed hospital set park canvas school house close rented facilities began receiving casualties retreat day october australian moved established bed hospital hospital equipped motor donated organisations australia laboratory ray unit area day opened october began receiving patients unit tents accommodated male personnel hospital lost november men moved golf club house golf eventually leased hospital officers mess time australian presence western april australian_army units began arriving middle_east large numbers site taken june absorbed british_army stationary hospital remaining command hospital treated patients gallery | Australian Voluntary Hospital | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12283_2/15thBattalion(Australia) | 15th battalion australia 15th battalion infantry battalion australian_army served world war formed primarily queensland volunteers battalion saw action north_africa 20th brigade 7th division reassigned completing training palestine early 15th took positions line pushed april october garrison british australian personnel battalion helped hold strategically important port surrounded following landing german troops tripoli withdrawn sea late october relieved following withdrawal battalion formed undertaking garrison duties syria 15th returned north_africa fight second battles early 15th returned australia organised trained jungle warfare took campaigns japanese new_guinea borneo disbanded history formation 15th battalion raised victoria barracks brisbane april 2nd volunteers infantry battalions assigned 20th brigade initially 7th division 13th 17th battalions battalion authorised strength personnel like australian infantry battalions time organised rifle companies designated consisting supported battalion headquarters headquarters company specialist signals pioneer anti aircraft transport administrative mortars formation 15th placed command lieutenant colonel officer arrived promotion major having previously served world war 20th battalion colours initially chosen battalion unit colour patch 15th battalion unit served world war raised militia formation colours initially purple red diamond shape representations world war veterans colour patch changed brown dark blue shape patch placed inside grey diamond border added distinguish battalion militia counterpart change following unit involvement fighting adopted consisting blue green following battalion establishment set choosing senior commissioned non commissioned personnel build battalion personnel included battalion second command adjutant senior enlisted soldiers undertake administrative work recruited existing queensland based militia battalions including 25th 42nd member recruited time served 15th battalion raised world war groups personnel began arriving south east queensland middle battalion headquarters moved camp basic training commenced june instructors early july majority battalion transported train darwin australia north aboard tasked defending port surrounds battalion based near months followed occupied vital asset protection area defence individual collective training exercises personnel joined majority vehicles including tracked carriers august group reinforcements october elements battalion wharf labourers strike absence darwin personnel battalion rear details shifted route marches carried late october rear details personnel returned end month equipment received main body battalion remained darwin forming town defensive garrison relieved 25th battalion late october embarked sailing shore leave granted 15th reached hamilton brisbane early november marry rear details training undertaken time battalion brisbane christmas day embarking aboard queen mary bound sydney ship joined larger convoy bound middle_east theatre middle_east sailing battalion disembarked bombay transferring remainder journey canal disembarked egypt february route middle_east 20th brigade reassigned reorganisation australian divisions middle_east prior corps deployment greece arrival egypt battalion moved base dubbed concentrated 13th 17th battalions arrived earlier palestine attempted good equipment training deficiencies battalion war equipment including vehicles arrived mid february month troops introduced light machine gun firing time range practicing constructing defensive systems preparation desert warfare individual training undertaken time aimed identifying unfit coming battle subsequently transferred divisional guard battalion early march 15th moved began relieve 6th division line transferred greece german invasion expected days later battalion moved moved road captured italian vehicles eventually early april 15th involved large scale withdrawal followed landing german forces tripoli axis efforts reinforce italians north_africa following british gains western egypt operation compass battalion subsequently fell east coast retreat men including battalion commanding officer taken prisoner headquarters surrounded force tanks unsuccessfully attempted fight way men spent years captivity held initially camps north_africa moving italy managed escape north_africa italy eventually rejoined battalion linked italian partisans fought german forces later war lieutenant colonel took command battalion following capture subsequently joined defence defensive garrison held strategically important port placed siege advancing german italian forces battalion remained months conducting patrols raids holding positions perimeter late october bulk 13th battalion companies 15th withdrawn sea replaced british troops division 15th casualties withdrawal siege amounted killed action died wounds accidentally killed wounded action captured 15th subsequently withdrawn stayed new year moving syria formed allied occupation force established end syria lebanon campaign july face heavy german onslaught threatened break moved north_africa 15th subsequently took second battles remainder year august 15th subsequently held position north east sector line hill coast september 15th participated 9th division attack south planned response german offensive actions south lead final assault late october early november heavy fighting near point low rocky battalion lost half fighting strength sustaining casualties amidst heavy hand hand fighting battalion came heavy resistance penetrating german minefield carrier struck operation seriously wounded battalion role september attack including efforts corporal received distinguished conduct medal later depicted painting casualties 15th recently appointed replacement commanding officer lieutenant colonel mortally wounded artillery fire battalion heavily shelled forming attack valuable piece high ground south west october casualties periods battalion fought totaled killed died wounds wounded seven captured new_guinea borneo early australian_army focus shifted operations pacific theatre japanese 9th division received orders return australia join 2nd divisions 6th 7th departed earlier divisional parade held 15th embarked transport sailed large convoy established operation pamphlet final stage withdrawal 2nd divisions middle_east journey month sydney late february time battalion command lieutenant colonel sydney troops received weeks leave time allowed return homes carried welcome home marches australia 15th taking march brisbane division transported north queensland converted jungle establishment began training operations japanese reorganisation saw battalion establishment drop men loss vehicles heavy equipment lieutenant colonel appointed command battalion rest war amphibious training carried near july following training battalion deployed new_guinea arriving early august saw action final stages campaign september took landing amphibious operation undertaken australian forces failed gallipoli campaign operation 15th initially assigned task securing following 20th brigade landing relieved joined advance west town slowed heavy rains turned creeks area raging invariably covered heavy japanese fire opposite bank later september fallen troops 7th division advancing 20th brigade undertook follow operation east opposed amphibious landing allied efforts secure landing 15th formed 20th brigade reserve force coming ashore navigational error fought strongly entrenched japanese forces australians established followed capture 15th advanced alongside 17th battalion battalion main effort focused securing crossing northwest town captured tasked expanding australian west drive actions battalion attack october corporal destroyed machine gun positions section wiped recommended victoria_cross member battalion nominated award subsequently downgraded distinguished conduct medal short period rest captured late november 15th joined advance capturing crossing undertaking patrols christmas hills relieved elements pushed australian advance coast forcing japanese north australians sought secure late december 20th brigade rotated lead 15th took 22nd battalion battalion headquarters came aerial attack brief pause near flood swollen advance continued december january minor skirmishes battalion advance finally january edge order arrived 15th withdrawn rest prior australia fighting new_guinea cost battalion killed action dead wounds dead accidents wounded 15th battalion returned australia mid march aboard docking brisbane day leave period followed battalion came begin process rebuilding preparation phase war june august training progressed individual instruction brigade level exercises unit constituted campaign training experienced high turnover personnel large influx reinforcements including officers received middle disbanded queensland based militia battalion previously assigned long period training followed battalion return australia early degree uncertainty australian_army role future operations pacific military assumed primary responsibility combat operations theatre final months war 15th took efforts recapture operation battalion level exercise early 15th sailed australia aboard early staging detachment battalion landed june operated securing island opposition later elements 15th ashore peninsula allied operations secure northern borneo main australian force advanced oil fields companies 15th served floating reserve 13th battalion landing main body 15th subsequently moved inland began patrolling inland bay landing craft mobility securing small villages edge bay taken june days later detached companies rejoined battalion subsequently engagements fought japanese patrols june july mainly small scale members battalion killed ambush late june heaviest fighting occurring early july patrol killed japanese short sharp encounter end july draft long service personnel released return australia early august war came end casualties 20th brigade light 15th suffered battle casualties campaign killed wounded disbandment war 15th remained november moved personnel returned australia drafts based priority discharge small group personnel volunteered time undertake occupation duties japan subsequently transferred battalions early december battalion vehicles returned appropriate received remaining transported sailed australia aboard arriving wharf brisbane december moved camp completed unloading stores equipment short christmas leave early new year final administrative tasks completed group personnel posted discharge finally 15th officially disbanded january service total men served 15th battalion killed died wounds died active service wounded captured members 15th received military crosses seven distinguished conduct medals military medals british mentions despatches commander chief cards addition appointed members order british empire battle honours 15th battalion received following battle honours north_africa road west_point defence south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea honours subsequently entrusted 15th battalion queensland based time unit successor unit designation raised world war commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 15th lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/15th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12531_EighthArmyRangerCompany | known army unit ranger light infantry company united_states_army active korean war small special forces unit specialized irregular warfare intended combat effective disruption united_nations lines formed height battle perimeter september unit created world war company went action advance north_korea october november best known defense hill overwhelming chinese attack battle river resulted rangers casualties company later undertook number combat missions late early conducting reconnaissance raiding scouted chinese positions struck chinese lines end march company saw days continuous combat awarded military historians studied economy force company organization experimental unit led creation ranger companies historians disagree unit employed properly special forces unit adequately equipped missions designed conduct origins following outbreak korean war june north korean people army invaded trained equipped troops easily overrun smaller poorly equipped united_states united_nations subsequently intervened beginning campaign prevent south_korea collapsing troops engaged north battle badly defeated better trained north july august forces pushed perimeter time north korean agents began infiltrate lines attack military targets cities units spread perimeter having difficult time units guerrilla warfare north korean special forces units like successful defeating troops prompting army chief staff general order creation elite force infiltrate enemy lines attack command posts artillery tank parks key communications centers facilities army ranger units disbanded world war required time consuming training expensive equipment defeat strength infantry units question commanders felt ranger units essential beginning early august beginning ordered lieutenant colonel head seek volunteers new experimental army ranger unit given seven weeks organize train unit sent combat commanders felt need rangers dire existing soldiers trained rangers relatively short period time limitation volunteers existing combat units korea subsequent ranger companies able recruit ranger veterans world war replacement pool recruited second lieutenant newly commissioned west_point combat experience serve company commander second platoon leaders enlisted men volunteered combat experience quick informal selection process picked men fill company based weapons qualifications duty performance time administer physical fitness tests applicants unmarried men younger preferred recruits told receive hazard pay selected enlisted men formally organized camp drake japan august days later sailed aboard ferry arrival company sent newly established ranger training center seven weeks specialized training took place ranger hill near men skilled reconnaissance navigation long range patrolling scouting setting maintaining camouflage adjusting indirect fire undertook frequent live fire exercises night raids north korean known hiding area opposing force adopting techniques established world war worked hours week running miles day frequently undertaking mile speed marches troops shaved hair orders officers wanted build corps original men started course dropped injured result south korean troops known attached unit fill ranks organization established experiment notion deploying small light infantry units specialized irregular warfare korea created organization unique units consisting officers enlisted men organized company based documents raise ranger units world war platoon headquarters element men provided command control addition thirty men squads assault squads heavy weapons squad furnished mortar super automatic rifle majority men armed man platoon designated sniper company assigned vehicles provision mess facilities provide medical assets independent battalion level headquarters existed korea company attached higher formation times employing theory assigned non unit names numerical designations formations order disguise role enemy company designated army unit formation decided company considered hoc provisional unit meant permanent lineage temporary formation akin task force decision unique subsequent companies assumed lineage ranger units world war veterans later expressed resentment choice prevented company campaign unit decorations subsequent ranger companies authorized shoulder sleeve insignia distinctive black red world war predecessors wore shoulder patch commanded troops korea history advance time completed training october forces broken perimeter following amphibious landing company subsequently committed offensive october redesignated army unit signifying activation unit october took advance force join 25th rangers assignment probe north division reconnaissance elements search pockets isolated breakout moved villages near began northward sweep troops rapidly moved miles eliminated north korean resistance south 38th parallel missions saw frequent combat small groups north korean troops time supplies local units including taking rice rations countryside south_korea liberated rangers led 25th advance north_korea acting sent reconnaissance patrols ahead divisional main body set limit movement retreating north korean forces rangers task force johnson november probe clear shiny areas north korean elements november rangers detached task force johnson returned attached november moved join renewed offensive north destroy remaining north korean troops advance battalion designated task force ordered drive morning advanced reaching lines hill november rested preparation final advance begin day division spent day enjoying thanksgiving day meal rangers scouted kilometers north planned line departure contact north korean forces november company moved time center task force advance riding tanks including kilometers advance rescued prisoners war 8th cavalry regiment captured battle abandoned retreating chinese reached objective hill soon rangers tanks troops came mortar fire ranger subsequently killed company fatality formation 2nd platoon advanced meters crest hill time tanks mistakenly opened fire rangers causing number friendly fire casualties including killed able signal stop rangers took positions hill night additional men weather casualties suffering evening temperatures fell day november task force resumed advance continuing north tanks troops immediately ran chinese resistance began advance flanks task force troops encountered sporadic resistance morning able capture objectives rode tanks kilometers north hill rangers tanks approached hill came mortar small arms fire able capture hill light chinese resistance suffering wounded process rangers established perimeter position spent remainder day launched evening unprepared troops hit korean chinese troops korea kilometers away rangers left flank 27th hit heavy chinese attack rangers pending attack troops began frontal assault hill signaled drums estimated platoon sized force chinese attack rangers fought heavy small arms fire pre sighted artillery concentrations attack number rangers wounded attack including refused evacuation chinese launched second attack quickly repelled attack minutes later attacks estimated company strength rangers inflicted heavy casualties time result established defensive perimeter platoon tanks foot hill opposite chinese attack unable assist rangers crews experience night operations chinese began attacking greater numbers estimated companies advancing time moving hand grenade range rangers began run low ammunition casualties continued mount wounded course hours chinese launched fourth fifth attack narrowly pushed rangers rangers ordered fix preparation attack chinese began sixth final attack heavy mortar barrage inflicted heavy casualties remaining rangers including killed instantly mortar shell severely wounded chinese sent reinforced battalion infantry hill simultaneously striking elements task force preventing artillery providing effective support artillery support low ammunition overwhelmed subsequent chinese attack chinese forces hill overwhelming numbers rangers shot killed stabbed company destroyed fighting survivors retreating hill rangers later chased away chinese troops tried capture severely wounded remaining rangers gathered assembly area base hill sergeant highest ranking member company withdrew rangers suffered percent casualties captured hill killed missing wounded raids heavy casualties rendered company ineffective weeks capable conduct routine patrols security force divisional headquarters elements evacuated recover wounds december captain assumed command company captain veteran assigned unit company casualties replaced regular soldiers ranger training return combat capability hill battle replacements subsequently given training missions military historians contend inexperienced replacements dramatically decreased company special forces unit company participated isolated missions late early including recapture chinese forces attached advanced 25th division late february effort push chinese forces north operation company employed scouting force strength chinese formations launched raids attacks frequent scouting missions intended draw chinese fire determine locations units returning action company 2nd platoon effected crossing february raid destroy chinese positions capture prisoner despite difficulties crossing river platoon moved village finding deserted mile north finding chinese rangers returned lines march 1st platoon conducted follow mission scout railroad tunnels north village turn heavy ice blocked boats crossing men fell freezing water days march company stepped patrols time renewed emphasis determining locations chinese forces preparation major offensive operation replaced captain march time began drive chinese north 38th parallel attacked forward scouted miles ahead general attack chinese positions month utilized flank security force holding successive blocking positions elements division advanced march sent miles north lines set ambush road railway line ran chinese troops retreating march ross assembled men nearby night established prepared attack oncoming chinese troops passed area ross took company lines company final mission came march miles north size chinese force holding prevent setting rearguard attack chinese concentration easily rangers began advance arrived village ross ordered 2nd platoon conduct stealth attack village destroyed outpost food caught chinese troops surprise rangers temporarily succeeded pushing sizable chinese force village trench inflicting heavy casualties process chinese estimated battalion subsequently attempted counterattack repulsed rangers following ross ordered company withdraw lines arriving having suffered casualties action march equipment subsequently consolidated 5th newly arrived korea assigned men new ranger company formally attended inexperienced effective initial actions division meantime men transferred units qualified allowed transfer ranger companies beginning arrive korea brief existence saw days combat awarded analysis september collins orders moved georgia october 1st 2nd 3rd began training effective employment demonstrated viability concept army planners subsequent chinese attacks november reinforced need units result 5th 6th 7th 8th ranger companies ordered form altogether ranger companies formed combat korea subsequent military science studies use rangers korean war focused economy force looking military employed special forces analysis operations ranger units korean war major proposed thesis ineffective general particular poorly employed noted ranger formations lack support personnel administrative liability attached conventional units support furthermore argued rangers small formation sizes meant lacked manpower conduct basic tactical maneuvers employment divisional elements provide intelligence information necessary effective operations concluded problems lack understanding ranger capabilities limitations inherent rangers force structure basic distrust elite forces retired colonel military historian contended book spite original purpose short range employed missions conducted borne need rapidly counter north korean chinese attacks taylor noted particularly earlier missions rangers successful operating night combat force skill rest forces korea largely taylor believed rangers drawn replacement occupation units japan effectively gave extra force possessed allowing employ conventional forces taylor praised division commander major general employment rangers argued successes subsequent ranger companies existence | Eighth Army Ranger Company | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12572_2/18thBattalion(Australia) | 18th battalion australia 18th battalion australian_army infantry unit served world war formed june battalion assigned 22nd brigade formed australian 8th division completing basic training 18th sent singapore malaya strengthen defences british colonies february possible japanese attack 18th battalion subsequently undertook garrison duties year locations malaya conducted jungle training constructed defences eastern coast following outbreak war pacific december 18th saw action japanese forces campaign took large scale ambush japanese force joining withdrawal singapore early assigned defend north west coast island battalion participated unsuccessful defence singapore early february following fall singapore majority battalion personnel taken prisoners war men died captivity survivors liberated returned australia battalion disbanded history formation 18th battalion raised sydney new south wales june formed july formed 2nd volunteers overseas service battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel new south wales world war veteran previously commanded 35th battalion serving militia interwar years battalion concentrated july commissioned senior non commissioned officers selected militia cases personally established remainder battalion appointed recruits following arrival majority battalion personnel arrived july coming state new_south_wales men drawn places newcastle liverpool roughly percent coming rural backgrounds authorised strength men battalion organised battalion headquarters regimental aid post rifle companies headquarters company consisting support sections including signals mortars transport later carriers pioneers anti aircraft administration 19th 20th battalions assigned 22nd brigade formed 8th division colours chosen battalion unit colour patch 18th battalion unit served world war raised militia formation colours purple green diamond shape border gray oval shape added distinguish battalion militia counterpart oval shape designated battalion 8th division basic training began august provided experienced regular soldiers personnel previously served militia mid august battalion moved end month individual training completed collective training followed october battalion took divisional march sydney came november 18th transported complex exercises undertaken including brigade divisional levels fighting spread pacific late growing concerns allies possibility war japan review defences singapore malaya british government requested australian troops sent garrison region october australian government committed 22nd brigade supporting elements result 18th strength men subsequently embarked queen mary left sydney february bound singapore australian government wished send brigade middle_east join 6th 7th deployment intended short british government pledged release indian division replace australians consequently australian forces deployed having partially trained equipped process brought strength campaign men arrived singapore february moved barracks port north malaya battalion undertook training prepare jungle warfare moving march drafts reinforcements arrived time battalion brought wartime establishment jungle training tropical heat impact men number personnel hospitalised time illnesses malaria tropical skin diseases repatriated australia end march 18th authorised establishment actual strength amidst growing concerns australian military commanders japanese intentions scheduled replacement 22nd brigade cancelled 18th remained transported east august following month sent north situated east coast considered likely place japanese landing offered short route advance singapore battalion set work digging defensive positions constructing wire obstacles punctuated patrols anti aircraft anti gas mortar training battalion placed war december tensions region escalated days later japanese invasion malaya commenced fighting 18th remained december small group 18th men detached hoc british raiding force known raid japanese lines japanese convoy january battalion came contact japanese time patrol 18th capturing japanese airmen shot near mouth fortnight later japanese advances peninsula west led concerns coastal defences cut result january 18th ordered withdraw south miles having met japanese battle following landing japanese began advance south large numbers response january 18th battalion supported batteries artillery 10th field regiment tasked establishing ambush near estate rubber plantation establishing road company deployed north western road force company positioned south opposite road south company formed blocking force position stretched road oriented north company positioned reserve south plan ambush sprung day japanese advance proceeded slowly thought dark entered ambush site order inflict casualties possible japanese force estimated battalion sized allowed pass companies came company blocking position ambush finally initiated devastating indirect fire artillery mortars inflicted heavy casualties japanese northernmost company turned south attack japanese rear came determined resistance force japanese managed infiltrate ambush site dig small feature east estate pig farm north company effectively cut rest battalion fighting early morning company attempted assist cut company decided launch counterattack company order withdraw came brigade headquarters attack covered reserve company company able break contact fall company company isolated contact left fight way battalion lines time arrived men left form platoon 18th losses action amounted men killed wounded missing japanese losses unknown thought significant unable days fighting singapore withdrawal battalion fell road helping cover allied withdrawal engagements fought phase 18th patrolled constantly provided rearguard detachments time battalion briefly commanded major temporarily took consisted 22nd brigade number indian formations filling brigadier temporarily detached organise force cover withdrawal following arrival island returned battalion received small number reinforcements men allocated defence western area rest 8th division forming 22nd brigade defensive line north west sector stretching causeway battalion responsible defending frontage miles strength officers ranks battalion occupied position centre brigade stretched 20th position 19th north east village consisting tidal mud flats swamps streams work prepare area battalion allocated defend prior arrival political concerns local population wide frontage stretched 18th thin ground depth large gaps positions separated places tidal waterways thick vegetation shoreline battalion positions added handicap poor visibility water limited fields fire combined isolation meant unable support occupying positions february battalion worked improve best working cover darkness avoid japanese artillery air attacks japanese attack north west coast came night february beginning heavy artillery aerial bombardment 22nd brigade positions day followed assault began confronted battalions japanese 5th 18th divisions concentrated 18th 20th positions 18th forward companies strongly resisted frontal assaults day heavy casualties inflicted japanese course hours defenders eventually forced heavy indirect fire overwhelming numbers exploiting holes battalion perimeter avoid resistance february japanese penetrated battalion headquarters near road threatening roll battalion rear ordered forward companies fighting withdrawal fall battalion headquarters heavy fighting followed australians suffered grave losses groups lost darkness thick country battalion able establish 18th attempted defend airfield afternoon february reduced men withdrawn south east airfield occupying position 29th battalion left night february minor clashes occurred patrols sent fend japanese battalion continued hold line following orders withdraw moved village role brigade reserve carrier platoon covered battalion withdrawal amidst heavy artillery ambushed japanese columns roughly company sized inflicting heavy casualties vickers machine guns breaking contact result orders 22nd brigade fell road 18th took positions west junctions roads brigade launched counterattack later day majority battalion held reserve suffering casualties single company detached time hoc formation dubbed battalion tasked launching counterattack rest battalion moved reserve position road evening 18th occupied position north feature dubbed early morning february moved south gain better fields fire shortly 18th came attack rear japanese managed infiltrate position forcing 18th fall cover fire carriers later february 22nd brigade headquarters situated came attack japanese force moving south response 18th launched counterattack road time section battalion carrier platoon command lieutenant son lieutenant general conducted daring attack stopped japanese advance rolling axis road firing machine guns grenades advanced road heading south returning battalion headquarters 22nd brigade moved junction holland moving heavy fire battalion established new position confusion men found separated main body cut afternoon brigade position west battalion placed reserve battalion positions north situated high ground experienced heavy attack japanese aircraft artillery brigade supported australian british artillery fought regiments japanese 18th division course night february early following morning promoted brigadier took commander 22nd brigade taylor taken ill place major previously battalion second command took command battalion brief fighting 22nd brigade sector japanese 18th division attacked attempting brigade left flank response 18th sent retake high ground south east late afternoon attacking men supported british armoured cars artillery fire unable retake position light failed japanese pressed heavily 22nd brigade position forced ground falling junction time 18th men february attempt gain room possible counterattack allied commander lieutenant general ordered shortening allied lines south east formation mile perimeter singapore city australian forces concentrated mile perimeter centred miles west city tasked defending north east sector defensive line 18th positioned apart minor skirmishes japanese aircraft spotting artillery period respite followed australian sector japanese position moving easterly direction city way gaps line opened north south australians positions held british indian units japanese continued advance outskirts singapore february threatened isolated australians plans stand japanese closing island civilian population began suffer heavily subjected heavy artillery bombardment aerial attacks japanese aircraft increasingly unopposed anti aircraft guns ran ammunition supplies water food water shortage worse loss island finally morning february japanese succeeded determined counterattack viable instead decided surrender garrison battalion final involvement fighting came afternoon companies heavily shelled short time later surrender came effect men 18th received orders escape prisoners war majority 18th order escape following surrender small number men attempted evade capture members battalion found cut rest battalion earlier fighting attempted way allied lines sumatra eventually captured managed away ceylon eventually managed return australia transferred units later took fighting new_guinea japanese arrived effect capture 18th men carrier platoon earlier inflicted heavy casualties japanese fighting ordered battalion carriers tied executed 18th soldiers killed massacre surviving members battalion marched miles prisoner war camp shortly men split sent locations serve forced labourers majority 18th personnel sent remained sent japan sent work thai burma railway total men sent borneo subjected percent 18th men survived despite separated possible 18th men sought stay groups battalion structure maintained captivity battalion commanding officer sent burma senior allied officer worked secure welfare men working railway including 18th later sent thailand brought singapore work completed late transferred september route transport ship prisoners torpedoed submarine took charge prisoners evacuation attempting lead safety seen believed machine days later japanese frigates area time captivity men 18th undertook number subversive activities including building radio contact local resistance groups provided assistance form medicine intelligence involved numerous escape attempts successful alongside australians units successful escapes involved group men escaped camp groups group escaped camp work detail simply walked gate use came meeting outside camp men split group included lieutenant previously decorated distinguished conduct medal actions commissioned field having camp guards wagner group contacted local arranged rendezvous fishing vessel hiding weeks vessel eventually arrived offshore took board group met began working filipino forces fighting alongside end war escapes occurred later war including men escaped course days early july death marches escape men helped locals provided food information men able meet australians following end war august men survived prisoners war repatriated australia returning aircraft ship largely completed october later year battalion officially disbanded total men served battalion existence including reinforcements personnel transferred battalion battle casualties amounted killed wounded malaya killed wounded singapore men 18th died captivity prisoners war involvement war members battalion received following decorations military cross distinguished conduct medals military medal members mentions despatches battle honours 18th battalion received following battle honours malaya commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 18th lieutenant colonel major major | 2/18th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12676_No.3ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established january victoria initially included significant proportion civilian staff private aircraft mid year largely integrated military school disbanded aircraft staff having transferred history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed victoria january came control inaugural commanding officer squadron leader fighter ace credited victories world war established home private aviation clubs schools including royal victorian club airfield position hub civilian flight instruction victoria led base flying school raaf raised world war principle followed establishing south australia queensland mascot new south wales training courses conducted raaf instructors auspices eats civil organisations government contract training aircraft privately owned air cadets subject raaf discipline school training program directed initial intake sixteen students arrived january received weeks instruction finished march prior flying experience course accident free student intake arrived february school inaugural eats course commenced overall student numbers time reported staff totalled second eats course began july time civilian presence effectively absorbed military organisation privately owned aircraft taken raaf begun employing aircraft arrived march training accidents frequent particularly landings result fatalities known exploits flying doctor commissioned pilot raaf served instructor early king posted command new south wales december time reported having graduated pilots flying training courses run formation graduates fighter ace victories credit began operating ground based link trainer february school started flying recently introduced august type proved troublesome delaying training program september november detachment personnel utilised training facilities home inundated heavy rain instructors students transferred april school disbanded | No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
12712_80thInfantry(Reserve)Division(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom infantry division british_army formed beginning second world war months division existed training formation army recruits assigned division fully trained allocated formations fighting overseas notably division source reinforcements fighting normandy available troops left united_kingdom france division disbanded phantom formed division place aid operation deception effort supported invasion france division portrayed threatened allied landing overall deception plan successful affected german response allied invasion phantom division disbanded end war divisional history training formation second world war divisions british_army divided higher establishment lower establishment formations intended deployment overseas combat strictly home defence static role winter lower establishment divisions renamed reserve divisions january supplemented raising new reserve division infantry placed command reserve divisions training units soldiers completed corps training assigned divisions soldiers given weeks additional training section platoon company level undertaking final day exercise troops ready sent overseas join formations training handled manner relieve divisions replacements units allow train having handle new recruits existence division assigned division spread area responsibility battalion based lancaster lancashire based comments division insignia derived prime functions division find drafts overseas design included long prominent bow waves ship resulted troops giving nickname torpedoed insignia worn permanent members division june training divisions combined total men number immediately available replacements remaining men considered ineligible time service abroad medical reasons fully fit fully trained reasons following months cent men deployed reinforce following completion training certification fitness comments september dry losses suffered leaving army britain exception 52nd young old men unfit september division disbanded cox took command 38th took role division deception formation creation fictitious division arose actual reorganization british forces british_army facing manpower crisis men replace losses line infantry efforts address transferring men royal_air_force infantry began disbanding divisions army transfer men units help close strength possible decided lower establishment divisions included deception staff seized opportunity retain division phantom unit cover story established explain change division status claimed war nearing end divisions revert peacetime recruiting role release equipment resources units 38th division transfer equipment raised war joined phantom phantom retaining insignia real division supposedly based canterbury composed 50th brigades deception plan designed protect operation overlord initially plan aimed germans believe strong based scotland assault norway deception plan aimed german garrison nearly half million men stationed norway resist attack following invasion normandy transferred south reinforce fictitious formation south aimed convince germans men divisions launch main allied invasion days normandy landings goal operation persuade germans divisions 15th army normandy vii corps transferred south join following newly created fictitious assigned imaginary corps aid deception 61st maintained wireless traffic germans impression actual division addition british double agent known played vital role reported germans division undertaking assault training credited ensuring deployed allied invasion force soon ensuring success operation overlord stated germans readily accepted existence location believed threat real end july realized second assault coming time late reinforcements wrote time consider importance deception argues largely combat ready despite deception numerous german divisions including 1st held reserve 15th army europe transferred normandy repel invasion germans realized early real threat normandy existed commented germans believed deception ideas importance allied staff effectiveness deception 15th army held notion accomplish following battle normandy phantom division transferred east coast england moving forth vii corps equally division eventually disbanded april general officer commanding order battle | 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13073_LongRangeDesertGroup | long range desert group reconnaissance raiding unit british_army second world war originally called unit founded egypt june major acting direction general assisted captain captain majority men new_zealand soon joined southern british volunteers new sub units formed changed better known long range desert group numbered men volunteers formed specifically carry deep penetration covert reconnaissance patrols intelligence missions italian lines engaged combat operations experts desert navigation assigned guide units including secret agents desert desert campaign december april vehicles operated constantly axis lines missing total days entire period possibly notable offensive action operation attack town associated airfield night september vital role road watch monitored traffic main road tripoli intelligence surrender axis forces tunisia changed roles moved operations eastern mediterranean carrying missions greek islands italy balkans end war europe leaders request unit transferred far_east conduct operations request declined disbanded august formation war major learned maintain operate vehicles navigate communicate desert june met general commander alexandria explained concept group men intended undertake long range reconnaissance patrols gather intelligence italian lines libya general familiar desert warfare having liaison officer world war understood endorsed suggested concept assisted force unit initially known founded july wanted men energetic innovative self reliant physically mentally tough able live fight desert felt new_zealand farmers possess attributes given permission approach 2nd volunteers half division volunteered officers ranks including administrative technical personnel eventually selected coming 27th machine gun battalion men recruited started training desert survival techniques desert driving navigation additional training radio communications initially form units known patrols doubling strength allowed addition new november changed long range desert group new joined volunteers british southern regiments british volunteers came regiments incorporated patrols original patrol unit consisted officers ranks equipped ford imperial cwt truck chevrolet cwt trucks march new types trucks issued patrol units split half patrols officer men vehicles patrol incorporated medical orderly navigator radio operator vehicle mechanic manned truck equipped role patrols long range patrol comprised man headquarters command sub units patrol commanded captain patrol commanded captain patrol commanded captain edward cecil patrols combat units patrol intended support unit november reorganised designated expanded patrols patrols joined patrols patrol expected belong regimental group regiments formed patrols respectively men patrol drawn 2nd battalion scots guards command captain patrol men drawn command captain additional men december patrol disbanded personnel bring patrols strength patrol took vehicles june organised squadrons new_zealand squadron patrols squadron patrols headquarters section signals survey light repair sections heavy section initially equipped ton trucks provide logistical support transporting supplies bases setting hidden points pre arranged locations addition air section transported key personnel evacuated wounded performed liaison tasks august artillery unit formed attack italian forts effectively initially inch carried ton truck accompanying light tank armoured observation post handed unit issued pounder successfully attacking capturing fort truck abandoned experiment ended squadrons october expanded patrols simple method splitting existing patrols half patrols new formed squadron comprising patrols british formed squadron comprising patrols patrol disbanded september months service squadrons joined december formed volunteers 2nd 3rd organized ethnic religious lines patrols originally known patrols designations changed avoid confusion october indian patrols formed muslim patrols patrols demolition squadron commanded major briefly attached december vehicles patrol adopted markings patrol green red tongue painted right vehicle left place beginning letter example patrol vehicles black green grass starting example corresponding places patrol vehicles word starting painted vehicles british patrol vehicles carried distinctive markings vehicles guards insignia took patrol vehicles unit disbanded patrol vehicles slightly different half patrol vehicles names famous drinking establishments north half patrol names books example left vehicle headquarters section sequence letters arranged square photo patrol vehicles names connection salisbury painted left vehicles practice naming replacement vehicles dropped equipment vehicles vehicles mainly wheel drive chosen lighter fuel wheel drive stripped non including doors roofs fitted bigger system built leaf springs harsh terrain wide low pressure desert tyres sand channels plus map containers sun compass devised wireless trucks special compartments built house wireless equipment initially patrols equipped ford cwt truck commander rest patrol chevrolet cwt trucks march cwt replaced ford cwt ways step wheel drive heavier twice fuel turn reduced range patrol march progressively replaced canadian chevrolet specially ordered july began issued patrol commander patrol sergeant weapons patrol vehicles initially armed lewis machine guns boys anti tank rifles anti tank gun distributed vehicles december vehicle armaments improved patrol example vickers machine guns lewis guns boys anti tank guns vickers gun heavy vickers machine gun mounted rear vehicle unit vehicles armed gun vehicle fitted gun normally use army supplied weapons equipped surplus royal_air_force raf aircraft guns acquired high rate fire widely machine gun mounted pairs acquired raf stocks mounted pairs combined rate fire rounds minute new vehicles issued march converted carry captured dual purpose replaced half patrol equipped gun truck september heavy machine gun began replace vickers machine guns boys anti tank rifle men carried standard british second world war small arms short magazine lee primary rifle small arms carried thompson guns pistols types hand grenade mills bomb anti tank truck outfitted lee rifle attachment cup able fire mills rifle grenade laid land mines common explosives bombs custom weapon nobel destroy aircraft targets sticky bombs destroy enemy vehicles italian small arms utilised including pistols german gun italian machine guns communications radio operators new radio operators men skilled communications able maintain repair equipment outside help occasions broken radio prevent patrol communicating headquarters patrols included vehicle equipped wireless set non military model receiver set designed use tanks receiver circuits expected use set transmit receive miles miles use feet feet code able transmit great distances antenna system attached feet rod antenna mounted truck adequate miles greater distances system feet tall poles disadvantage system took time erect work correct antenna length relatively safe area power set extra batteries carried radio vehicles receiver monitor mean time time checks vital desert navigation lead vehicles patrol commanders flew small flag organised divisional cavalry lines leaders carried green flags troop black troop yellow troop red organised vehicle patrols simplified green flag displaying patrol letter white later half patrols plain green flag occasion necessary change course intended route event enemy action patrol movements controlled simple flag system blue white signal flags hand signals depending widely dispersed trucks navigation trucks equipped sun compass trucks equipped tank compass patrol navigator rode second truck formation equipped astronomical position tables plot star sightings maps watches adjusted evening time check major problem faced early lack accurate maps libya particular patrols surveys maps route took july survey section formed carry task history area operations desert stretches miles south mediterranean mountains miles valley east mountains tunisia algeria west paved roads non existent small tracks pathways crossed area daytime temperatures reach night drop freezing water area found number small vegetation grows patrol began italian invasion egypt patrol commanded captain set september carry reconnaissance finding trace italians turned south attacked fuel aircraft italian convoy carrying supplies patrol commanded captain main route drove south meet patrol units returned base having captured italian trucks official mail italian response raids reduce line forces increase number troops area men september november december patrols left cairo crossed desert northwest arrival met representatives free french forces january carried joint raid italian fort hours fighting fort remained italian hands adjoining airfield destroyed units withdrew southwards free french post january intercepted italian unit similar valley man killed men captured including major trucks destroyed battle italians losses killed wounded truck abandoned members escaped walking miles safety days food water patrol arrived egypt february covered miles experiencing loss trucks enemy action mechanical vehicle broken rear axle towed miles repaired total casualties dead captured major awarded operation compass ended italians forced decided cairo libya time expanded addition patrols command general april ordered reinforce area patrol based patrol headquarters patrol free french command detached patrols based command air link created occupation major value aircraft reconnaissance liaison evacuating wounded flights cairo aircraft fitted long range fuel tanks flew flew appointed general staff cairo august given command began series patrols axis lines near end july patrol left desert south patrol truck managed observe main coastal road axis traffic passing followed weeks later patrol carried similar reconnaissance oasis patrols returned safely discovered august patrol relieved patrols joined patrol october command november command newly formed moved central libya patrols given task watching desert tracks south report signs reinforcements patrol pick captain men lines raid airfields west men arrived rendezvous returned british lines later nucleus roles assigned transport units enemy lines continued issued transport early november patrol took british officers return collect weeks later officers advance land party planned kill general november support ordered attack axis rear areas patrol patrols attacked targets area damaged vehicles transport park captured small fort italians patrols attacked targets area ambushed vehicles patrols assigned main road near attacks road traffic shot vehicles axis forces withdrew moved base oasis miles south south east operations december twice ferried raids axis airfields attacking airfields twice destroying aircraft vehicles second raid devised new method attacking parked aircraft drove trucks rows aircraft engaged machine guns hand grenades prior procedure quietly infiltrate airfield place bombs aircraft vehicles leaving bombs exploded attack successful preferred method attacking airfields road watch based took known road watch tripoli road patrols engaged road watch duties time watching road week days route relieve returning having relieved site road watch miles marble arch monument road watch patrol park miles away road trucks camouflage nets local foliage sand dawn day men position yards road day record details vehicles troop movements night yards road guess type vehicles passing sound outline daylight relieved pair men took day road watch tanks large number troops seen passing radio headquarters immediately time enemy reached line cairo know coming patrol relieved transmit details seen lose men vehicles road watch close encounters march patrol surrounded convoy vehicles men stopped night vehicles road watch ongoing patrols attacking targets stretches tripoli road planting mines attacking vehicles machine gun fire road kept constant observation clock march july fall forced withdraw june squadron withdrew cairo resupply moved squadron moved holding line plans submitted attack axis supply lines ports september attack land sea operation agreement attack capture oasis guide attacking forces targets time force attack operation force consisted vehicles men patrols travel miles reach target arrival patrol attacked airfield barracks attack airfield destroyed aircraft according italian prisoner war official italian figures quote aircraft destroyed seven damaged september ceased command came direct command final operation north_africa tunisia guided 2nd march post operations sent lebanon mountain warfare following italian armistice sent islands serve normal infantry later took commanding officer killed replaced battle new officers approximately men withdrawn returned division december organised squadrons patrols patrol contained officer ranks major given command major patrols north rome obtain information german troop movements carried raids august patrols yugoslavia patrol destroyed feet spans large railway bridge caused widespread disruption movement german troops supplies commanding officer lieutenant colonel owen team men albania september mission follow german retreat assist resistance groups attacking october patrols area greece mined road retreating germans destroying vehicles blocking road firing stranded convoy adjacent directed raf aircraft destroy rest convoy end war europe leaders request unit transferred far_east conduct operations request declined disbanded august legacy long range desert group disbanded end second world war comparable british_army units today mobility troops regular army squadrons mobility troop like specialists vehicles trained advanced level motor mechanics fix problem vehicles experts desert warfare second world war units represented wartime units represented include regiments wartime erected permanent memorial barracks august honour boards containing details new_zealand soldier served unveiled chevrolet trucks displayed london presented museum recovered desert retired chairman association preserved condition discovered largely intact media appearances lost libya search long range desert group historians new_zealand switzerland italy travelled libya track trucks abandoned encounter italian equivalent minute documentary traced journey includes seen archival film action aired day april | Long Range Desert Group | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13129_36thEngineerBrigade(UnitedStates) | 36th united_states combat engineer brigade united_states_army based fort hood texas brigade subordinate unit unit responsible providing command control subordinate engineer units unit designated 36th engineer regiment 36th unit organized command structures commanded colonel regiment group brigade lineage dates 36th saw action eventually participated invasion mainland europe trained amphibious assault brigade saw role change times combat engineers line infantry later serve korean war earning unit decorations recently seen tours duty iraq afghanistan organization consists headquarters headquarters company located fort hood texas engineering battalions 20th 62nd additionally detachment assigned brigade brigade army converted design means brigade deployed sustain independently division corps level command supporting additionally brigade design allows command additional units theatre operations allowing greater versatility battlefield history world war originally constituted october 36th engineer regiment activated june barracks new_york world war 36th engineer regiment consisted combat engineer companies trained amphibious assault support operations training unit distinctive insignia designed red white shield brigade deployed participating conducted amphibious assault earning brigade campaign battle algeria french morocco continue supporting allied units pushed axis forces north_africa tunisia campaign brigade participate conducting second amphibious landing 7th army push rest force eventually forcing german italian forces island brigade followed quick invasion mainland italy soon amphibious assault naples area followed closely landing support near days soldiers brigade held miles line earned distinction german army little division unit subsequently participated invasion southern france code named operation conducting fifth final amphibious assault war support allied units additional campaigns end war korean war february unit redesignated 36th following world war reorganized fort lewis washington unit broken battalions redesignated respectively assumed separate lineage regiment november austria reactivated fort lewis washington unit officially april korean war 36th consisted engineer battalions additional engineer companies earning unit presidential unit citation served korean theater earning campaign supporting army units numerous engineering construction projects including rebuilding han river bridge outside seoul assignment group assigned projects group subordinate battalions completed included facilities allied bases minefield clearing rest group forced perimeter remained stranded conducted group follow remainder korean war withdrawal korea unit participate notable campaigns fort lewis reactivated shortly july fort georgia conflicts start gulf war participated exercise exercise conducted half costa_rica present day gulf war fought support 24th infantry division rapid attack unit deployed support peace enforcement missions operation uphold democracy haiti recently twice deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom executing wide variety construction missions support combat operations including construction enemy prisoner war camps theater convoy support centers soldier life support areas soldiers unit iraq late october june unit reorganized redesignated reassigned fort hood texas united_states_army engineer brigade headquarters brigade deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom holding ceremony unit colors preparation deployment february brigade supports operations conducted task force rugged duties training citizens skilled labor operations brigade served afghanistan february elements unit served iraq afghanistan brigade headquarters stationed forward operating base began undertake missions problem originated iraq threat afghanistan honors unit decorations campaign | 36th Engineer Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13143_Velites | singular class infantry roman army mid republic light infantry armed number light latin enemy carried short swords use melee rarely wore armour youngest soldiers legion afford equipment carry small wooden shields protection wore wolf skin allow officers differentiate heavier form units number attached typically screening force driving enemy disrupting enemy formations throws retiring lines allow heavier armed attack normally ones engaged war elephants present field high mobility ranged weaponry effective enemies heavy infantry early roman legion contained approximately eventually away reforms equipment organization youngest usually soldiers legion rarely afford equipment armed light tips designed bend impact prevent thrown similar heavier backup weapons carried relatively short swords centimetres inches length main weapons fought loose formation like irregular troops carried small round shields feet diameter legion attached usually formed legion battle harass enemy throws prevent enemy retiring lines allow heavier infantry attack pitched battle form legion cover advance armed swords line attack failed break enemy fall let similarly equipped experienced infantry failed retire heavily armoured spear armed let carry history descended earlier class light infantry dating legion 5th century similar role poorer younger soldiers legion classes considerably poorer eventually away having insufficient equipment effective soldiers likewise armed number carried spear sword like units attached units siege citizens normally poor join called shortage manpower trained ride horseback jump given signal enemy siege adopted force irregular light infantry enemy battle began earnest formal military reforms designed combat shortage manpower wars different classes units away entirely wealth age requirements scrapped soldiers join career service city equipped medium infantry state purchased equipment local irregular troops fulfill roles flanking | Velites | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13278_2ndBattalion(Australia) | infantry battalion australian_army initially raised service world war saw action gallipoli sent western spent half years taking fighting trenches france belgium following conclusion hostilities battalion disbanded early process battalion raised time unit based newcastle new_south_wales drawing lineage number previously existing infantry units remained existence measures great depression manpower shortages battalion amalgamated infantry battalions course number organisations formed undertook garrison duty australia second world war merged following end war raised reduced company level formation formed battalion remained australian order battle amalgamated 17th battalion form 2nd 17th battalion unit remains today history world war formation training raised new south wales august formed volunteers overseas service shortly outbreak world war drawing majority personnel newcastle regions state new_south_wales battalion formed 1st brigade 1st 3rd infantry units raised australia following entry war formation battalion established complement men organised headquarters machine gun section heavy maxim medium machine guns rifle companies consisting officers ranks battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel citizen soldier member parliament held seat physical standards contingent recruited strict end august men recruited infantry division 1st division light horse brigade 1st following brief period training australia force set sail middle_east assembling albany western australia early november leaving australian waters embarked initially planned australians sent united_kingdom undertake training prior sent western france belgium ottoman_empire entry war germany october meant strategically vital suez_canal threatened result training grounds united_kingdom convoy reaching end november plans use australian force changed disembarked egypt instead arrived egypt december following month undertook training rest 1st division battalion organised companies australian_army converted new battalion structure developed british_army battalion authorised strength remained companies merged consisting officers ranks february ottoman_empire forces attacked suez_canal units 1st division line required end attack turned mainly indian units later effort open shipping lanes russians knock turks war british high command decided land force gallipoli peninsula near dardanelles mainly british french indian troops australians new gallipoli landing april command came ashore second waves landing total officers ranks landing dispatched companies assist pushing inland high feature known baby overlooked 2nd battalion lieutenant advanced australian unit making slopes baby determined counter attack ottoman forces drove afternoon battalion companies held reserve early afternoon led steep terrain fire vital junction positions known walker ridge russell battalion proceeded hold position reinforcements arrived days later time 2nd battalion undertook bayonet charge cleared crest russell determined enemy counter attack forced junction remained april ordered reserve beach early battalion sent reinforce midnight night 2nd battalion commanding officer partially deaf accidentally killed attempted visit 1st brigade headquarters failing hear challenge shot believing enemy soldier following burial battalion second command promoted lieutenant colonel took commanding officer following initial establishment campaign moved second phase australians began work consolidate slowly expand position time fighting evolved largely static trench warfare mid turks decided launch attack began late heaviest artillery bombardment campaign point orderly room located hill hit assault began following day established position known attacked elements poured forward positions owen rose 2nd battalion position left risk having line split enduring heavy attack head 2nd called reinforcements came shape 8th battery pressed line limited machine guns bad light supporting artillery job turning turkish assault fell maintaining strict fire discipline great effect achieved attack decisively defeated brief truce called sides bury dead following ottoman forces adopted defensive posture time 2nd battalion soldiers later sergeant invented rifle early august order create diversion draw ottoman reserves away major attack hill conceived attempt break stalemate developed 1st brigade conducted attack lone pine chosen initial assault gaining possession main enemy line australians subjected series determined counter attacks days successfully repulsed proved costly australians suffered considerably having started action officers ranks lost officers ranks killed wounded killed commanding officer shot dead attempting counter attack august place battalion second command major second lieutenant months took temporary commander main offensive launched hill fresh landings taken place bay ultimately august offensive fighting lone pine failed deliver heights british empire forces allies break following stalemate returned peninsula september october small skirmishes continued australians mainly involved defensive actions result setback strategic goals basis campaign abandoned bitter winter set november debate british high command utility continuing campaign intervening months personnel shifted away gallipoli situation theatres relevant late november lord toured peninsula finally december order begin evacuation given evacuation described brilliantly conducted phase campaign took place stages maintenance secrecy key consideration series conceal withdrawal unit left drafts maintaining presence line end finally dawn december evacuation complete small element australian troops leave group men remaining possession black hand position final morning egypt following withdrawal gallipoli returned egypt underwent period organisation saw influx large numbers reinforcements expansion formed july dispatched gallipoli later stages campaign large increase volunteers australia meant plans expansion place raised australia new divisions 4th raised egypt reinforcements holding depots experienced personnel drawn infantry battalions 1st division regard 1st brigade helped raise 14th brigade personnel transferred split occurring battalion february quickly brought strength training began shortly earlier month stevens promoted lieutenant colonel placed substantive command battalion subsequently lead november time units 1st division larger early march corps embarked france 2nd battalion leaving alexandria fighting european battlefield western landed proceeded north railway staging areas near shortly april units assigned quiet sector line near gain experience trench warfare concerns german attack immediately australians set work improve defences position hoped high command initially australian presence secret order gain advantage april apparent germans aware arrival signal lamp message code trench opposite 2nd battalion position stating australians home australians despite orders responding replied matter june brief period away line battalion rest 1st brigade reviewed australian prime minister near following units took number raids german line late june early july involved apart experiencing enemy 2nd battalion significant action came july battalion entered line night july 1st sent forward relieve british brigade midnight 2nd battalion approach march endured gas attack arrived position opposite south western village july following intense artillery barrage attack began leaving form point near chalk pit allocated position left forward battalion assault right following moved man land midnight short time fired german lines followed sporadic rifle machine gun fire directed away battalion axis advance advanced broken ground suddenly called challenge entire battalion firing broke clear directed away right advancing open ground advancing beneath supporting barrage direction officers job ensure ahead artillery battalion forward trying locate enemy defences finally finding abandoned trench located group tree stumps striking railway began dig secure left flank 3rd passed advanced secure brigade line main road following maintained left position brigade line pits left flank folding 4th battalion position germans determined counter attack dawn battalion turned stiff fight night reinforcements brought 2nd brigade early morning july germans opened devastating artillery barrage july men 2nd battalion having suffered terribly open trenches relieved operations battalion lost officers men killed wounded sent rest organisation brought thirds strength 2nd battalion involvement fighting came farm briefly line august provide reinforcement quickly relieved days later early september transferred region belgium canadians rest taking position north canal battalions 1st division placed centre line 4th right south 2nd left north sector relatively quiet dangers constant mortar attacks need maintain patrols man land duties time focused mainly maintaining defensive presence line rebuilding defences addition number small scale raids undertaken effort draw attention away fighting occurring october concert parties 2nd carried minor raid german position north east position known bluff order gain intelligence encountering german patrol forced abandon attempt short time later patrols captured german soldier man land week october small party moved man land raid german position near bluff spotted subjected grenade attacks forcing retire covering force position number attacking force joined box barrage artillery cut wire german position entered killing seven germans overcame enemy resistance brought defenders prisoners way wounded lost men later recovered man officers later found died wounds total raid cost battalion killed seven wounded units returned relieve units managed push lines position heights september involved major actions time elements 1st brigade specifically support 3rd attack developed line north failed amid exceptionally muddy conditions winter began set point combat operations ceased time battalion endured considerable hardships amid snow rain sector described worst brief period december lieutenant colonel commanded battalion taking acting commander 1st brigade time battalion reorganised wider army resulted attempt increase firepower platoon earlier year battalion machine gun section deleted replaced single lewis gun held company end year increased lewis platoon began allies making fresh plans germans finding outnumbered needing lines began staged withdrawal beginning february ending april falling miles places took positions series heavily fortified purpose built strong points allies subsequently named reduced frontage enabled free divisions reserves following germans allies advanced line finding germans adopted earth policy moved result order establish lines allies undertake significant construction work shifting line 2nd battalion major engagement come april periphery offensive took attack outpost villages command lieutenant colonel taken march battalion departed previous evening marched form point plan attack battalion companies advancing north east attack german defences sweeping village like fan left company providing flank protection establishing series posts stop garrison escaping centre right companies took village time companies attack german main defensive position south west end australians detected waiting step illuminated taking fire german hastily launched attack overcoming left centre company having lost officers lost formation organised attack eastern village continue companies passed ruined buildings clearing outskirts village little resistance left company began task establishing outposts east time right right company advanced road begun fire overcoming wire obstacle began moving rear german main defence line point came fire low hill western outskirts village took flank pinned slope darkness location enemy machine gun initially australians remained fixed hour half members right centre company avoided german resistance able locate destroy rear dawn centre companies able enter village proper forcing large numbers garrison try escape north east taken prisoner large numbers left company establishing number posts open fields established minimal resistance platoon heavily engaged machine gun positioned near road small group men crossed road attempted provide covering fire platoon group private kenny heavy fire rushed enemy position destroyed grenades taking surviving germans prisoner actions later awarded victoria_cross minor continued village captured prisoners taken loss officers ranks killed wounded battalion played limited supporting role 1st division german counter attack mid april following battalion major action came early involved second battle day attack battalions 1st brigade despite rest attached subsequently employed provide work parties release reserves 2nd division units directly fighting having recovered losses fighting subjected artillery bombardment approach entered line officers ranks subsequently relieving 24th battalion germans attempted force australians moved number times shore line units came relieve 1st brigade battalion major action came mid september committed fighting road formed wider battle supporting role september battalions 1st brigade relieved 47th london division located kilometres east holding line relieved september 2nd 3rd brigades undertake assault 1st division sector line following assault 1st brigade including went forward september secured ground gained subsequently relieved shortly night september troops 14th brigade fresh divisions brought continue attack battalion casualties time amounted officers ranks killed wounded brief period rest returned line near october taking position near right position upcoming battle attack went october overcoming encounter german infantry regiment man land australians successfully managed capture objectives battle lost officers ranks killed wounded suffered intense german mortar barrage fallen troops form point prior attack killing wounding seventh assault force december battalion moved relatively quiet sector flanders australian divisions following involvement operations stevens resumed command having elevated general staff stevens subsequently lead september granted leave allowed personnel enlisted return australia extended period leave winter australian divisions remained formed time brigades rotated line taking turn man divisional sector spent christmas moving december stayed late january moved early collapse russian resistance eastern enabled germans transfer large number troops west result march launched offensive western opening day offensive 2nd battalion lines near raided infantry regiment attack beaten men battalion forcibly taken german lines prisoners initial attack coming mile successful germans making rapid gains australians transferred line blunt attack early april shortly battle rest 1st division sent arriving april took defensive positions await german advance april defending village battalion helped turn determined german attack following late april july period followed time australians undertook series small scale operations known peaceful relieving april battalions 1st brigade began patrols april capture german soldiers gain intelligence harass enemy generally met considerable success separate patrols undertaken resulted officer shot attempting enter german trench second resulted shot australian warned patrol gone later took position opposite remaining end month june july alternated time continued raiding operations advanced line yards significant loss august having gained initiative allies launched offensive commencing august battalions 1st brigade attached temporarily act reserve guarding river crossing following involved advance remaining reserve august period week offensive battalion suffered officers ranks killed wounded battalion continued operations august september night september 2nd battalion carried peaceful penetration raids german reserve positions finding village encountered german patrol infantry regiment attacked quickly overwhelmed noon following day launched larger attack artillery mortar support destroying german outposts south village killing germans capturing action september battalion suffered casualties september battalion relieved american forces time withdrawn line rest 1st division fighting early october rest severely depleted heavy casualties falling australia withdrawn request prime minister organise preparation operations november armistice came effect hostilities came end battalion personnel slowly repatriated australia discharge completed war lost men killed wounded members battalion received following decorations victoria_cross companion order michael military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals bars mentioned despatches foreign awards inter war years second world war battalion raised newcastle new_south_wales organisation australian military took place time battalion time unit assigned 8th brigade 2nd military district formation battalion drew personnel previously existing units 2nd 5th battalions 2nd infantry regiment infantry regiment battle honours traditions associated battalion result organisation battalion adopted complex lineage 2nd infantry regiment trace history series organisations 1st regiment new south wales rifle volunteers raised territorial unit titles introduced australian_army battalion adopted title city newcastle regiment time battalion afforded motto following election government compulsory training scheme suspended altogether decided maintain time military force volunteer basis order reflect change renamed militia time end compulsory training fiscal followed economic great depression meant manpower available militia units time limited result frontage dropped authorised establishments decision eventually number units subsequently 2nd battalion amalgamated 41st forming 2nd 41st battalion later split time 2nd merged 35th 2nd 35th battalion units remained linked september command lieutenant colonel raised separate unit effort australian government hastily expand militia following outbreak second world war war assigned 1st brigade battalion active service overseas instead garrison force australia december merged forming 41st 2nd battalion remained linked december disbanded process post second world war australia time military force guise raised time divisions formed supporting units units established returning order battle april 2nd division national service scheme operated time numbers remained reasonably steady scheme suspended australian_army reorganised introduction divisional structure result greatly reduced infantry battalions disbanded altogether amalgamated battalions numbered multi battalion state based regiments result july 2nd battalion reduced company sized element forming company city newcastle company prior april battalion afforded freedom city newcastle entrusted battle honours awarded 2nd battalion raised served north_africa greece crete new_guinea honours retained rest existence australian_army abandoned divisional structure attempt restore regional ties state based regiments number regional companies state based regiments split form new battalions traditional numerical designations result july company raise right unit remained existence reforms led reduction number infantry units australia ceremony held newcastle december amalgamated 17th form 2nd 17th battalion 8th brigade amalgamation battalion regimental march confirmed alliances held following alliances united_kingdom queen west surrey united_kingdom queen royal surrey regiment canada 1st american regiment canada queen york rangers 1st american regiment battle honours received following battle honours world war road wood france flanders landing defence lone pine egypt second world war north_africa greece south west pacific crossing road liberation australian new_guinea ridge commanding officers following officers served commanding officer world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lineage following represents 2nd battalion lineage northern battalion new south wales volunteer infantry 16th infantry raised disbanded 2nd battalion 2nd 41st battalion 2nd 35th battalion 2nd battalion 2nd battalion 2nd raised 41st 41st 2nd 2nd battalion 2nd disbanded company city present 2nd 17th battalion | 2nd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13302_29thRegimentMassachusettsVolunteerInfantry | 29th 29th infantry regiment union army united_states american civil war regiment organized december new companies attached battalion seven massachusetts companies active service seven companies recruited fill 3rd massachusetts 4th massachusetts regiments signed years service 3rd 4th massachusetts mustered july seven companies signed years grouped form battalion known finally december companies added roster form regiment unit designated 29th massachusetts regiment took battles variety theaters war early service virginia 29th attached spring army campaign famed 29th distinction regiment non irish ethnicity serve brigade january including 29th massachusetts transferred kentucky engaged operations confederate summer transferred took siege siege jackson mississippi fall took resulted defeat confederate forces eastern tennessee spring saw 29th massachusetts returned duty time siege siege unit suffered worst casualties war march 29th mustered service august including seven months served regiment designation 29th unit longest terms service massachusetts regiment total years months april days attack went massachusetts governor immediate existing regiments massachusetts militia 3rd 4th massachusetts left washington april serve term days reach capital regiments departed complement companies required army regulations following weeks seven additional companies formed massachusetts assigned 3rd 4th fill unlike majority companies 3rd 4th regiments enlisted days new companies signed years service seven companies eventually form majority 29th massachusetts serving 3rd 4th massachusetts companies primarily garrisoned end strategically important virginia allowed union forces control major unsuccessful effort strengthen hold peninsula union troops marched attacked confederate position resulting june companies eventually 29th involved action expedition commanded colonel 3rd 4th massachusetts regiments mustered july seven year companies consolidated july form command captain battalion served relatively light garrison guard duty remainder december companies added battalion complement companies unit known 29th appointed commander 29th regimental historian recorded appointment 29th expectation barnes led command new regiment barnes placed second command lieutenant colonel disliked failure winter charges brought officers 29th court incompetence improper conduct superior officer brigadier general overturned ruling remained command 29th massachusetts winter early spring 29th deployed minor expeditions near norfolk virginia march regiment present naval engagement fought primarily uss monitor virginia regiment helped man land battery engagement men 29th amazed new ironclad vessels changes brought naval warfare middle march 29th witnessed arrival army commanded intended use base operations assault confederate capital richmond effort known course march men 29th watched roughly union soldiers horses 29th remain army way richmond campaign outside confederate capital additional troops called 29th massachusetts departed june attachment traveling 29th arrived marched battle june regiment attached contemporaries historians alike wondered unusual assignment 29th massachusetts men descended largely old stock english families heritage dating time significant social friction new_england established protestant families irish immigrants regimental historian observed 29th welcomed historians point aristocratic 29th massachusetts thrown regiments quotes period sources describing unlikely matching ancient political foes manner men 29th tolerated irish born commander brig critical silence despite social differences 29th massachusetts fought alongside irish regiments heavy combat regiment seen seven days battles series battles drove army away richmond resulting failure union retreat praised 29th actions battle saying proved equals brigade superiors army later 29th disguise seven days battles 29th suffered moderate casualties killed wounded casualties included right arm shot cannon fire command regiment fell barnes maryland campaign following failure elements shipped northern virginia provide assistance pope attempting open second assault richmond north defeated second battle bull run august 29th massachusetts elements arrived late battle victory bull run confederate invaded maryland september including 29th massachusetts moved intercept confederate offensive armies clashed maryland september battle commenced early morning assaults confederate left flank corps failed including called assault position near confederate center known sunken road bloody lane trench like road afforded strong defensive position division lead moved envisioned delivery brigade followed charge advanced crest took heavy fire progress brigade slowed split rail fence asked volunteers run forward corporal 29th sprang forward wright recalled shot reached fence grasp rail sent flying hands rifle shots dash lines dangerous wright later awarded medal honor bravery course successive battles wounded times reported dead twice despite survived war advancing good order heavy fire delivering effective fire return reach brigade retired regimental historian observed steadily drill 29th criticized historians including advancing quickly rest accident terrain small rise 29th position afforded cover casualties lighter regiments brigade armstrong argues barnes reluctant leave ground factor contributed failure charge casualties 29th killed wounded missing battle tactical stalemate claimed strategic victory lee army retreated virginia despite president lincoln displeased failure pursue lee replaced november proceeded gather army virginia preparing assault lee army virginia removal camp late november officers 29th learned arranged green flag presented regiment recognizing role honorary bravery barnes declined gift according regimental historian colonel proud receive flag regiment token respect irish comrades objected flag carried regiment ground irish regiment historians including observed controversy surrounding issue according barnes refused accept flag believed brand irish revolutionaries result incident november 29th transferred brig christ brigade replaced 28th massachusetts irish regiment transfer spared 29th new brigade played role comrades charge battle suffered severe casualties kentucky following failure removed command army returned command 29th massachusetts belonged february detached army transferred virginia kentucky command operations kentucky east tennessee 29th massachusetts reached cincinnati railroad march marched kentucky stationed paris kentucky april conducting light duty defending occasional raids confederate late april marched somerset kentucky occupied similar duty early june mississippi early june transferred command required reinforcements siege major confederate stronghold mississippi_river 29th massachusetts traveled elements steamship ohio arrived vicinity late june began digging weeks regiment arrived mississippi city surrendered july following surrender remaining confederate forces mississippi concentrated state capital jackson took corps unions troops including laid siege jackson mid july digging trenches 29th exposed heavy artillery fire regiment suffered casualty siege night july confederate army jackson managed slip away city siege ended shortly afterward recalled kentucky eager begin operations tennessee way 29th acted guard marching rear gather missed group depart cincinnati wait weeks august regiments camp mississippi near camp conditions weather extremely hot men suffered disease regimental historian wrote deaths frequent troops time burial parties constantly engaged funeral notes drum heard nearly hour day save strongest came campaign sound health gathered vicinity lexington kentucky late august preparation invasion eastern tennessee region strategically important rail link virginia population eastern tennessee primarily key strategic goal lincoln force confederate troops region hopes gain support bring state union prior march half men 29th sick list result service mississippi including barnes took extended leave returned time massachusetts absence returned 29th command unit march kentucky tennessee longest marches 29th executed distance miles covered september september october camp tennessee remained november time confederate launched offensive aimed expulsion troops including 29th massachusetts moved southwest meet near tennessee union forces rapidly repulsed retreated siege city began mid november 29th position siege fort launched assault fort november 29th saw heavy action members 29th sgt later received medal honor bravery capturing confederate battle flags battle 29th lost killed owing strength position walls fort following union victory retreat troops virginia 29th stationed mid december tennessee miles northeast camped open plain exposed wind snow running low provisions regiment suffered severely december january referred camp valley forge end december barnes rejoined 29th commander elevated brigade command january end year term service months away men 29th given option years men chose accept offer receive day consolidated 36th massachusetts serve remaining months total men chose approximately march 29th commenced long march ohio cumberland gap reaching cincinnati april men sent boston promised sent virginia join 36th massachusetts remaining men 29th massachusetts general chief union_army began spring direct actions northern virginia aggressively pushing lee confederate army richmond series major battles men 29th transferred 36th massachusetts took opening battles campaign casualties seven killed wounded total men detachment fulfilled year mid returned home newly ended 29th massachusetts small fraction original size departed virginia rejoined army time closing battles particularly battle cold harbor june regiment suffered casualties killed wounded captured grant assault cold harbor regiment temporarily assigned june rejoined days regiment built served picket duty june rapidly marched outskirts virginia preparation assault city siege assault pre dawn hours june divisions formed assault entrenched confederate position outside barnes 29th elevated command 2nd brigade 29th belonged major placed command 29th divisions attacked repulsed 1st division moved assigned position late afternoon lay studying confederate awaiting orders advance division relief received orders attack called short time later came order attack division including 29th charged protected position open plain confederate according regimental historian scarcely emerged open plain crest confederate works fringed fire smoke filled air charge color bearer 29th sgt shot head colors picked sgt killed sergeant major picked flag color bearer killed charge point 29th forced pause advance retired short distance confusion colors left field major asked volunteers open ground retrieve colors found colors according regimental historian bravery trio fire allowed return lines eventually captured confederate works little accomplished assault overall remained strongly entrenched long siege began 29th numbering men time lost killed wounded battle crater 29th occupied trenches outside rest army summer july union troops dug beneath confederate position july massive gunpowder detonated blasting hole confederate position resulting 1st led confused failed attack 29th took charging crater regiments eventually retreating losing killed seven wounded captured 29th played minor role movement intended siege august regiment suffered casualties engagement fall 29th served uneventful duty siege lines eventually november assigned garrison post small unfinished detached fortification outside fort fortifications built union lines siege yards confederate trenches distance armies remain post months march regiment fought final offensive siege dawn march confederate troops achieved complete surprise easily occupied fort entering rear port major command 29th hearing light gunfire ordered 29th fall general alarm raised richardson felt certain attack underway minutes approximately small overall offensive swept 29th held ground engaging heated hand hand combat eventually capturing twice number occupied soon sent offensive occupy time 29th forced retreat nearest position 29th casualties engagement sgt finding surrounded refused surrender confederate officer demanding surrender shot simultaneously poet learning story wrote book specimen days hours confederate attack lost momentum forces began pull overwhelming union counterattack eventually recaptured fort 29th took counterattack capturing color bearer 29th enter battery later awarded medal honor regiment lost killed unknown number captured engagement 29th pursuit lee army small regiment instead withdrawn washington shortly lee surrender served guards capital august 29th mustered service approximately members roughly percent killed action died wounds disease official numbers number wounded available unit served states traveled miles taking account seven months duty served prior official formation regiment plus term served members 29th massachusetts longest terms service massachusetts regiment total years months | 29th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13347_14th/32ndBattalion(Australia) | 14th 32nd battalion australia 14th 32nd battalion infantry battalion australian_army served second world war formed september amalgamation 14th 32nd battalions assigned 6th brigade western australia battalion served firstly australia later new_guinea employed mainly garrison duties transferred deployed late war took briefly australian campaign island april returned australia rest organisation disbanded later year seeing combat history formation australia military forces resulted manpower shortage australian economy order situation australian government decided number units militia order free personnel return civilian workforce result october 14th 32nd battalions undertaking garrison duties western australia amalgamated form 14th 32nd battalion formation battalion adopted territorial title assigned 6th brigade battalion personnel drawn 14th battalion officers men 32nd volunteered serve conditions transferred 14th 32nd time cent battalion personnel overseas service battalion designated battalion meaning sent outside territorial limits imposed defence act new_guinea 14th 32nd battalion moved queensland undertake amphibious landing jungle warfare training preparation deployment overseas july sent new_guinea filled role garrison troops year operating command lieutenant colonel previously commanded company level greece middle_east battalion attached november 14th 32nd battalion forming vanguard 6th brigade carried amphibious landing bay opposition landing expected 14th 32nd battalion arrived beach found japanese defenders withdrawn coast allowed battalion concentrate task establishing unloading stores task difficult torrential november eventually able establish patrols sent locate japanese november patrols reached contacting locals found japanese withdrawing estimated japanese stationed size japanese garrison rest began arrive island decided australians undertake campaign engage offensive operations campaign 14th 32nd battalion assigned task advancing miles coast roads narrow tracks going difficult order improve mobility battalion barges carry series landings advanced passing wide bay reaching mid february battalion moved received intelligence reports force japanese occupying position creek fighting patrols sent contact evidence occupation found indicating japanese moving defensive position north river launch assault battalion relieved february 19th crossed following japanese withdrew mountains early march attempt force crossing river initially turned intense japanese mortar machine gun fire 19th successful second attempt forcing japanese bacon hill orders passed attack position 14th 32nd brought relieve 19th japanese position sat atop foot hill rose degrees places jungle preparation 14th 32nd occupied number positions bacon hill march attack began companies attacking cover intense artillery barrage provided elements 14th field regiment direct fire support provided companies high ground surrounding hill japanese defences prepared machine gun mortar fire sited positions soon pinned company order regain momentum flanking left undertaken hours came intense machine gun fire attempted round attack japanese rear forcing dig north bacon hill point situation desperate attackers number australian found embroiled intense battle finally late day having lost men killed wounded attack called attack resumed early following day companies attacking north digging eastern approaches hill steep western slope amidst heavy japanese mortar grenade attacks nightfall australians lost men killed wounded control position japanese positions holding march attack resumed finally japanese cleared hill following battle battalion continued patrolling operations area contact march relieved 19th battalion week later march 13th brigade began relieve units 6th brigade following fortnight transition took place april battalion returned received news returned australian rest organisation preparation operations embarked arriving brisbane week later disbandment war seen coming close army decided 6th brigade component units result 14th 32nd disbanded july war battalion lost men killed died active service wounded members battalion received following decorations distinguished service order order british_empire british military crosses distinguished conduct medal military medal seven mention dispatches battle honours service second world war 14th 32nd battalion received following battle honours south west pacific | 14th/32nd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13353_1stCavalryDivision(KingdomofYugoslavia) | kingdom yugoslavia cavalry formation formed german led axis invasion april peacetime division consisted cavalry brigades commanding total cavalry regiments wartime organisation specified cavalry brigade commanding cavalry regiments divisional level combat supporting units rest began april engaged process days later germans began air campaign series preliminary operations yugoslav end following day division cavalry brigade headquarters division cavalry regiments detached duty formations divisional headquarters divisional level units remained vicinity april given orders establish defensive line southeast river infantry artillery support division begun deploy task german 14th captured divisional headquarters attached units disarmed armed fifth column groups surrendered german troops background formed world war army kingdom country created december defend new kingdom army formed nucleus victorious combined armed formations raised parts austro hungarian empire joined form new state austro hungarian officers soldiers members new army beginning army like aspects public life new kingdom dominated ethnic serbs saw army means secure new kingdom development army hampered poor economy kingdom continued 1920s king alexander changed country time army army budget remained tight tensions rose europe 1930s hard secure weapons munitions countries consequently time world war broke september weaknesses included reliance draught animals transport large size formations example infantry divisions wartime strength men compared contemporary british infantry divisions half strength characteristics resulted slow formations inadequate supply arms munitions meant large yugoslav formations low firepower older generals better suited trench warfare world war combined army equipped trained resist fast moving combined arms approach germans poland france weaknesses strategy structure equipment mobility supply exacerbated significant degree lack unity yugoslavia resulted decades attendant lack political legitimacy achieved central government attempts address lack unity came late ensure cohesive force fifth column activity concern croatian nationalist ethnic german minorities country structure peacetime organisation according regulations issued headquartered peacetime control belgrade located southeastern yugoslavia peacetime comprised headquartered near headquartered north belgrade based river based based based wartime organisation wartime organisation laid regulations issued introduced requirement raise cavalry division war service strength cavalry division men theoretical war establishment fully yugoslav cavalry division headquarters headquarters company cavalry brigade consisting cavalry regiments artillery battalion batteries equipped anti tank guns bicycle mounted infantry battalion rifle companies machine gun company signals squadron squadron equipped chemical platoon divisional cavalry battalion consisting cavalry squadrons machine gun squadron engineer squadron bicycle company logistics units cavalry regiment consist cavalry squadrons machine gun squadron engineer squadron shortly war abortive attempt lack motor transport division largely remained formation existence equipped planned anti tank battery divisional artillery battalion largely equipped world war vintage pieces peacetime components division join formations primary fighting formation commanding 2nd 6th 8th cavalry regiments planned deployment case war yugoslav planners saw forming bulk reserve responsible defence northwestern yugoslavia defending western sector hungarian border 7th army italian borders held 1st reserve left boundary 7th army ran right 2nd army 2nd boundary running east yugoslav defence plan saw armies deployed 4th army river 7th army border region adriatic west east envisaged reserve located planners estimated cavalry formations days operations general called april fear adolf_hitler time invasion commenced begun according yugoslav historian april division proceeding slowly low number reported duty poor provision animals vehicles large portion strength division detached formations commander general divisional headquarters divisional level units near headquarters designated command 6th 8th cavalry regiments divisional artillery battalion allocated formation reduced main fighting elements division single cavalry regiment 2nd rest 1st reserve comprised independent artillery battalion moving distance kilometres northwest early morning april invasion commenced reached kilometres deployment stripped subordinate units remained reserve near days fighting april critical situation division directed command independent artillery battalion defend crossings kilometre stretch river collecting organising resistance orders quickly overtaken rapid advance 14th division broke river hungarian border april lead elements 14th division reached outskirts having covered nearly single day armed fifth column groups german troops disarmed division attached units establish coherent defence books | 1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13540_45thInfantryBrigadeCombatTeam(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry brigade combat team united_states_army headquartered norman oklahoma formed elements disbanded saw action world war korean war 45th field artillery group today activated assigned training duties active duty army units 45th selected enhanced brigades brigade deployed force wake war infantry national_guard units duty deployed saudi_arabia deployed kuwait provide security patriot missile sites invasion iraq pushed establishing later year 45th deployed afghanistan train soldiers followed deployment iraq assist turning american military bases iraqi forces second brigade deployment afghanistan assigned brigade spectrum operations time 1950s brigade received lineage honors including shoulder sleeve insignia campaign combat world war korea received decorations participation subsequent conflicts organization brigade subordinate unit headquartered norman brigade commands battalions units 1st squadron history 45th brigade combat team traced formation militia mobilized spanish american war deployed deployed border security duty reassigned 36th division fought final month world war october organized organized troops arizona colorado new_mexico oklahoma division organized federally recognized army unit august oklahoma prior world war division called times maintain order times disaster peace periods political unrest oklahoma governor division troops prevent meeting preparing governor called guard times depression close banks distribute food force state texas open free bridge texas intended collect tolls federal courts ordered bridge opened division combat world war national guard divisions active war division active years participating campaigns amphibious assaults total days combat following world war division oklahoma organization division called service korean war participating campaigns fighting days cold war years division disbanded separate formed place 45th brigade assumed 45th division lineage campaign participation credit including shoulder sleeve insignia featuring common native american symbol tribute south western united_states region large population native americans brigade assumed division nickname division subordinate brigades disbanded organization affiliated separate brigade headquarters subsequently relocated oklahoma brigade received distinctive unit insignia brigade participate overseas combat operations 1970s 1980s size active duty force need national_guard formations deployed relatively small period 45th participate september instead brigade primarily train active duty units general peacetime missions united_states brigade affiliated providing training services division soldiers september located oklahoma called active duty support fourteen units called support action units sent saudi_arabia provide support regular army enhanced brigade brigade selected enhanced separate brigades featuring authorization recruit required manning levels requirement attend years ready deploy days case brigade integrated command structure 7th allowing 7th division provide oversight support brigade activities deployed potentially command control deployed tested brigade garrison relocated soldiers brigade deployed bosnia support nato forces seeking stabilize country wake war soldiers brigade national_guard units line patrolling duty conflict job held exclusively active duty units time brigade trained rotation fort louisiana deploying center early brigade received praise center commanders performing mission better brigades rotation brigade trained 39th saw rotation command 7th iraq afghanistan january components deployed saudi_arabia kuwait approximately light infantry soldiers company company comprised task force primary mission leading invasion iraq provide security patriot missile sites defending respective countries impending missile attacks march company ordered area northern border cities saudi_arabia defense iraqi retaliation security strategically patriot missile sites company ordered advance iraq border provide security forward operating patriot missile sites task force deployment infantry soldiers combat zone korean war members deployed field artillery units task force completed mission returned august fall deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom assuming command task force phoenix 10th purpose soldiers deployment assist training security forces years soldiers including deploy support mission april soldiers brigade deployed joint task force phoenix rotation brigade grew size fielding corps sized force ahead schedule august brigade replaced mission subsequently returned home united_states brigade spent years home time transformed infantry brigade combat team new transformation plan army march infantry deployed task force phoenix attached 41st returned june april brigade alerted deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom end year months later alerted heading iraq brigade mobilized october year trained infantry techniques army posts oklahoma arkansas alerted deployment time deployed iraq late rotation brigade charged turning military facilities brigade returned united_states october 45th deployed afghanistan reunited partners time combined combat operations forces suffering loss soldiers making significant progress disrupting destroying operations continuing mentor progressively handing security missions brigade mobilized april late change mission diverted separate missions support iraq operations kuwait additionally elements 45th brigade deployed egypt infantry multinational force observers kuwait separate iraq engineer afghanistan infantry task force phoenix homeland security missions brigade commanders february june july september september january february june june june curtis july february february august august march march december december february february july july december december november col november february col ward february june col van june august col august present lineage honors lineage constituted october headquarters 45th division organized troops arizona colorado new_mexico oklahoma organized federally recognized august oklahoma organized federally recognized july oklahoma headquarters headquarters detachment inducted federal service september redesignated february reorganized redesignated february headquarters december camp texas reorganized federally recognized september ordered active federal service september headquarters organized federally recognized september released active federal service april reverted state control federal recognition concurrently withdrawn headquarters reorganized redesignated february headquarters location changed concurrently reorganized redesignated location changed october ordered active federal service september released active federal service september reverted state control ordered active federal service october reorganized redesignated september headquarters released active federal service november reverted state control location changed july norman ordered active federal service march norman released active federal service april reverted state control honors brigade received honors previously accorded including campaign credit participation combat additionally contain device signifying division participation amphibious assaults | 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13650_15th(ImperialService)CavalryBrigade | 15th 15th brigade sized formation served alongside british_empire forces world war originally called formed provided indian states provided regiment maximum regiments served brigade time states provided smaller detachments brigade times reinforced british_empire regiments artillery batteries operations october moved sea egypt force egypt defending suez_canal years war soldiers involved small scale battles connected offensive spent time patrolling west bank canal november involved battle following year brigade joined 15th played active role british victory turkish forces palestine total eighty men brigade killed action died wounds wounded memorials erected commemorate brigade middle_east india anniversary brigade famous victory celebrated today successors background proposed independent armies indian states provide british_empire troops service outside indian states forces recognised allies troops subject serving alongside field commander alongside serving recognised higher legal authority accordance act eliminate supply problems states armies field uniform weapons regular appointed staff officers designated military advisers assist independent states rulers training organisation forces commanded indian officers contrast units british officers senior command posts commissioned officers trained troop platoon level command included cavalry infantry artillery transport regiments battalions states contributing men equipment states provide troops active service expedition sent troops burma second anglo boer war boxer rebellion china british relief force contingent raised troops sent troops serve campaign start world war states provided cavalry regiments thirteen infantry battalions seven transport units companies corps regiments batteries mountain artillery totalling men brigade organisation october command brigadier general men gathered service world war brigade headquarters establishment seven officers seven men including brigade commander british officers brigade staff attached sir captain commandant commanded captain 4th rifles brigade headquarters establishment indian officer seven men ranks including riders brigade included commanded establishment indian officers british indians ranks fighting component brigade formed cavalry regiments squadrons 1st commanded seven officers british ranks including troops troop commanded thirty officers british ranks commanded colonel officers ranks formation remained transferred serve campaign brigade regained regiment commanded colonel serving western france arrived theatre final unit assigned brigade formed june cavalry regiment machine gun sections unit sources refer squadron 15th imperial service brigade machine gun squadron brigade unit cavalry regiments brigade headquarters included attached officers advisors cavalry regiments attached colonel commander chief accompanied observer joined brigade seven attached war establishment british officers assigned cavalry regiments gradually increased february regiment assigned complement british officers regiments reached service history waiting embark egypt brigade conducted regimental brigade training programmes ranks animals inspected found unfit service returned regimental depots october brigade moved bombay transport ships carrying brigade sailed november seventh ship carrying squadrons remained mechanical problems finally set sail fortnight later main body brigade arrived november travelled train days later started war time patrols banks brigade assigned higher formation time command general headquarters unit attached brigade administrative purposes operationally attached expand area brigade patrol squadrons detached crossing time brigade responsible patrolling length suez_canal british forces defending canal static infantry formations comprising 42nd east lancashire 10th 11th included brigades turkish opponents men region including 25th division end contact turkish forces january brigade informed large turkish force moved stations reinforced squadron involved small action brigade involvement combat end month small battles occurred night february turkish opponents tried cross canal force attempt failed february brigade moved infantry support seven miles east located turkish forces estimated brigades strength captured men ninety february turkish withdrawn east canal longer immediate danger brigade returned canal resumed normal patrolling routine end february ordered return destroy water sources turkish advance brigade action march squadrons included force sent assault turkish formation infantry cavalry supported artillery entrenched miles east short fight turkish withdrew intended cut retreat soft terrain prevented getting position time april patrols reported force men opened fire counter new threat canal brigade moved day advanced failed locate turkish troops returned april patrol attacked estimated men artillery support response brigade crossed canal night supported infantry egyptian artillery advanced turkish believed located guide reported lost brigade continued bypassing arriving midday discovered turkish withdrawing north setting pursuit caught turkish rearguard forced stop fight loss killed wounded brigade killed turkish soldiers captured thirteen april pursuit called brigade returned canal times following months brigade responded reports turkish incursions came november squadron located turkish force men miles east pursued turkish withdrew killed seven men captured wounded dead leader led turkish raids canal death attacks ceased january patrolling east suez_canal left british australian light horse formations concentrated patrolling railway line west canal restricted area non military personnel march assumed command region replaced brigade commander brigadier general brigade reduced cavalry regiments left brigade carried weapons signal training year ended involved contact turkish february brigade ordered relieve british 6th east bank canal moved brigade headquarters weeks brigade sent patrols april ordered relocate days later brigadier general took command help counter expected turkish attack early brigade ordered brigade marched miles days arrived april came command division army reserve orders counter attack turkish left flank expected attack came instead moving canal brigade lines communication troops based months brigade deployed rear area security patrolling duties cavalry regiments received vickers machine gun replace older ranks training courses vickers newer version lee rifle issued september cavalry regiments pack horses started replaced horse drawn wagons regiments issued hotchkiss machine guns troop battle september brigade moved line given responsibility patrolling area taking command october time brigade mounted formation direct command remaining british attack capture november plan infantry capture initial objectives brigade released advance mediterranean coastline turn right attack turkish rear headquarters battle started british infantry captured objectives brigade started turkish counter attack regained previous positions brigade advance called night november continued british attacks forced turkish withdraw brigade ordered forward pursue brigade north leading squadron located turkish rearguard included heavy machine gun position attacked rest brigade attacked approached objective came heavy artillery bombardment leaving squadron machine guns provide fire support rest attacked capturing line artillery fire held ordered withdraw rejoin rest brigade concentrated brigade came command november ordered west link advancing east moved east attached brigade came heavy machine gun artillery fire preventing brigade advancing turkish bombardment continued observed withdrawing ordered cut retreat dug turkish positions halted brigade advance day brigade eventually contact 4th completing link morning november spent trying water horses water hours brigade retreating turkish moving best speed brigade reached high ground east capturing artillery guns rifles ammunition route troops sent forward locate turkish rearguard found crossing plain early morning patrols sent locate turkish forces brigade unexpectedly ordered despite heavy fire brigade subjected casualties battle light officers ranks wounded sixteen horses killed wounded turkish casualties estimated dead taken prisoner artillery guns captured early january brigade trained equipped included issue april detached brigade coming command finally 60th division rest brigade moved jordan valley arriving april day brigade designated reserve concentrated miles west final day raid brigade new_zealand wellington mounted rifles regiment attached ordered cross jordan form defensive screen east bank cover withdrawal remained place reached crossed jordan safely brigade patrols following days brigade patrolled east resulting numerous contacts turkish defenders prisoners captured assigned brigade returned command parent new_zealand mounted rifles brigade brigade came command moved position miles north remaining australians june left newly raised month brigade involved training staff exercises time brigade machine gun squadron formed july brigade left jordan valley resume place line july brigade squadrons involved small battles area included charge turkish positions followed separate charge squadron retreating action day fighting resulted turkish dead seventy prisoners taken wounded 9th 11th cavalry regiments brigade casualties dead seven wounded missing battles mentioned army despatches july 2nd renamed brigade 15th early august brigade carried patrols crossing august turkish found withdrawn overnight small turkish force returned august withdrew brigade engage brigade remained area night august relieved weeks taken regimental brigade training september brigade started returning line detached brigade september escort prisoners september battery honourable artillery company attached brigade forthcoming operations september brigade leading left acre advance unopposed day reached village leading squadron shelled came small arms fire region village turkish artillery guns heights overlooking brigade line approach east supported machine gun posts infantry west main road brigade deployed forces squadron supported machine guns capture mount second squadron cover main road remainder regiment machine guns advance acre railway line deploy open wait orders brigade headquarters remainder machine gun squadron artillery battery north position supported covering fire artillery charge guns caught brigade squadron detached support mount attack scheduled start artillery battery reconnaissance patrols sent look turkish positions kept suppressing fire turkish responded counter battery fire attack commenced time advanced squadron columns face heavy turkish rifle machine gun fire charged railway line terrain forced left impassable forced left leading squadron crossed railway line captured machine gun positions cleared way remainder regiment charge town time regiment second squadron moved right capturing artillery guns machine guns remaining squadrons charged town virtually unopposed facing sporadic rifle fire reached town soon joined squadrons way outskirts capturing artillery guns route squadrons giving covering fire came heavy artillery machine gun fire mouth squadron mounted charged turkish positions capturing artillery guns machine guns prisoners town secure squadron charged turkish position capturing inch naval gun mountain artillery guns machine guns seventy prisoners charge joined squadron captured prisoners prisoners taken inside town german officers turkish officers ranks inch naval guns inch guns guns pound guns machine guns large quantity ammunition captured brigade casualties relatively light indian officer ranks killed indian officers ranks wounded horses killed eighty wounded advance brigade rested days rejoined september day resumed advance arriving lake sea september horses brigade advanced reaching halted night start early day wait right stopped turkish forces brigade resumed advance delay reach midnight september day brigade designated reserve responsible guarding transport columns day divisions held fourteen hours small placed turkish detachment september brigade ordered head round turkish october brigade miles north ordered new position miles east damascus division reserve responsible capture day october day british_empire forces officially entered damascus marked short period rest british forces brigade advance resume october objective reached unopposed october day lieutenant colonel allied officer enter arab revolt forces commanded arrived afternoon assumed control local government brigade continued advance capturing villages following days tell october october october october october reached midday october brigade rested days october headed orders repair bridge destroyed retreating turkish forces day assisted field squadron royal engineers spent repairing bridge brigade advanced reaching october brigade expected rest days ordered continue advance brigade preceded seven light armoured cars remainder division following day october armoured cars advance stopped turkish defences near turkish held strong defensive line ridge line south west brigade ordered occupy position road clear turkish trenches ridge west reached ridge line october position evacuated intelligence locals suggested force men small artillery guns heading north brigade set pursuit leading squadrons machine gun section reached position overlooking north came turkish small arms fire ordered immediate brigade attack east ridge charge village followed squadrons remainder brigade machine gun squadron ridge provide covering fire squadrons armoured cars light armoured motor battery arrived ordered main road support attack attack started leading armoured car developed fault returned start position misunderstanding rest battery followed taking attack started advance moved east position charge discovering turkish line longer expected taking range supporting machine guns charged turkish position killing men capturing fire support machine gun squadron unable penetrate turkish defences forced withdraw rear turkish position observation extent turkish position fully appreciated estimated held force infantry cavalry artillery guns thirty machine guns group turkish soldiers started position halted yards short started dig new defensive trenches unable progress larger force brigade kept position observation turkish seen withdrawing completely evacuated positions midnight 14th arrived setting observation lines daylight took 15th brigade positions day battle turkish casualties estimated men brigade lost british officers including attached indian officer sixteen ranks officers british ranks wounded ranks reported missing night turkish forces withdrew miles north west strong continue advance halted waiting catch october day unsuccessful charge brigade division reserve ordered events overtook noon october armistice agreed previous day war ottoman_empire ended disbandment armistice brigade remained palestine occupation forces began immediately brigade broken january suffer casualties associated western france units escape loss men killed action man died result wounds reported missing believed killed wounded men taken prisoner released end war men wounded men killed action died result wounds seven reported missing believed killed wounded casualties serving brigade seventeen men killed action died result wounds missing believed killed taken prisoner thirty wounded casualties recorded brigade history commonwealth war graves commission records attached brigade seven dead service men brigade given orders decorated brigade received order order british_empire order british india fourteen military crosses military medals mentioned despatches memorials main memorial brigade soldiers memorial stone bronze sculpture inscribed names members brigade killed action image box statues represent soldiers memorial site fighting inscribed date battle units involved details casualties port memorial erected canal commemorate indian officers soldiers killed palestine campaign known grave brigade capture september remembered present capture recognised british government awarded battle honour british army commander despatches commented contribution men brigade opportunity expressing appreciation valuable services high qualities following contingents respective ruling chiefs placed disposal formation commanders brigadier general october march brigadier general march april brigadier general april units assigned 1st october october october october 15th october 15th june units attached administration october november september battery honourable artillery company september | 15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13917_827thTankDestroyerBattalion | tank destroyer battalion united_states_army active second world war activated april segregated african american unit deploying europe end attached saw action operation january elements battalion performed overall combat record marred severe disciplinary problems insufficient training withdrawn february assigned rear area duties nominally remained active remainder war effectively disbanded background army basic wartime racial policy established dictated whites african americans inducted army equal proportions strength assigned segregated units black soldiers led white officers vice versa unit composition strictly controlled mix combat support service units theory roughly equal groups caused tension department operational commanders generally unwilling provide places black combat units practice combat units pre war period white response growing pressure equal distribution white_house issued statement october segregation provided negro organizations established major branch service black armored units matter great public interest activated early black tank destroyer units formed december tank destroyer battalions treated separate arm service activated addition planned later canceled early service activated april camp tennessee battalions created year initially armed millimeters half tracks later received self propelled tank destroyer reorganized towed battalion equipped trucks anti tank guns finally returned self propelled unit equipped point constant unit receive allocation equipment time original officer replaced twice black officers white officers disbanded segregated battalions time battalion sailed overseas seen separate commanding officers unit emerged repeated poor state training inadequate unit repeatedly failing battalion tests areas combat training notably indirect fire avoided altogether discipline order unit equally low september battalion held courts murder situation dire battalion commander felt likely oversee disbanding battalion conversion non combat service unit happened number segregated tank destroyer battalions originally scheduled sent pacific theater february declared trained held preparation different unit substituted minute months great improvement quality nonetheless battalion eventually sent overseas arrived late deploying december attached 12th armored division combat portion deployed combat single company support 12th armored division december failing action company withdrawn reserve days line discipline proved problem period men abandoning guns collect despite assistance advice experienced regarded black unit operating area second company screening purposes week january seeing combat remainder battalion narrowly avoided assigned indirect fire role completely unprepared january battalion attached 12th armored division assigned participate task force led defending january german region disciplinary problems persisted company ordered lead unable deploy men absent remainder drunk time battalion managed officers shot man shot trying restore order company separate incident sergeant assaulted men defending accidentally shot following weeks saw period prolonged combat task force slowly fell pressure german offensive battalion split commands cut communication infantry units tank destroyers assigned expected operational control giving inappropriate orders suited tanks lightly armored breeding resentment battalion crews time trained expectation gunners fire direct instruction officers limited ability operate outsiders willingness adapt small scale combat vehicle commanders regularly argued orders refused act commander present case january infantry commander threatened shoot crew engage german tank stranded elements battalion suffered similar problems day january destroyed german tanks advancing village day section working nearby accounted units remained infantry village days unable withdraw acquitted close fighting achievement considered leaving disciplinary problems aside battalion suffered major training deficiencies entirely combat inexperienced member battalion awarded recommended crew fought receive unclear awarded service duties following reports disciplinary problems ordered investigation took place days elements battalion engaged recommended battalion withdrawn returning combat new commander corps commander instead recommended battalion entirely disbanded men distributed units general commanding agreed brooks suggesting new tank destroyer battalion formed men service units replaced men contentious number status segregated combat units matter intense political debate converting black combat unit service favor white troops likely controversial discussion continued battalion withdrawn lines leaving task force january returned committed combat support fighting pocket week february remainder battalion kept reserve disciplinary problems including assaults civilians grew point commander request outside assistance restore control february battalion removed attachment 12th armored february request divisional command withdrawn rear area guard duties battalion future referred controlling formation consideration debate requested investigation reopened particular focus enlisted men unit second inspection showed enlisted men broadly competent duties preferred rear area duties combat roles inspection recommended enlisted men transferred segregated infantry divisions event unit assigned headquarters service role remained nominally active avoid political fallout black combat unit equipment transferred replacements battalions battalion virtually disbanded combat unit | 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
13940_RAAFareacommands | raaf area commands area commands major operational administrative formations royal_australian_air_force raaf established response outbreak world war air_force geographically based command control system duration conflict early years cold war superseded functional control system home training area commands responsibilities evolved time according changing circumstances raaf established commands begin oversaw operations training maintenance boundaries concession functional control occurred air_force formed groups assumed training role southern eastern states disbanded units taken northern newly formed training group area structure revised following outbreak pacific war split new command created making total commands year raaf formed functional groups assumed maintenance role area commands operations end hostilities new area command covering raaf units new_guinea formed dissolved soon war early 1950s operational units based air_force training controlled maintenance responsibility area command structure longer considered appropriate delivering concentration force necessary combat federal government decided replace functional command control system formed controlling operations formed designated maintenance command remaining area commands ceded authority functional commands disbanded end history origin purpose eve world war raaf comprised flying squadrons aircraft depots flying school situated air bases air force size require large scale operational formations wings groups commands units directly administered controlled melbourne onset war september decided implement form command envisioned increase manpower units raaf initial direction create nos groups november based melbourne control units victoria sydney control units new_south_wales january chief air staff air vice marshal proposed organising raaf functional lines training federal government plan replaced february royal_air_force raf officer air chief marshal sir rapid expansion raaf meet needs empire air training scheme believed australia huge land mass functional command system proceeded air_force geographically based area system roles area command air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance area led air officer commanding responsible administration operations bases units boundary exceptions policy included aircraft depots trained flying instructors range responsibilities crossed area boundaries came direct control static area system primarily defensive nature considered suited training new pilots instructed flying schools initial squadron geographical region evolution control raaf planned area commands initially covering units victoria tasmania south australia southern district new_south_wales covering units new_south_wales southern north state covering units western_australia covering units northern new_south_wales queensland northern territory commands established march essentially took role headquarters group melbourne evolved group sydney western eventually followed january respectively pending formation units queensland temporarily controlled western_australia came direct control determined form training units southern eastern states semi geographical semi functional groups separate area commands led establishment august training group melbourne covering victoria tasmania south australia training group sydney covering new_south_wales queensland disbanded responsibilities divided convenient according official history war training group retained responsibility training operations maintenance boundaries outbreak pacific war december split following month counter distinct japanese threats new_guinea respectively considered appropriate subdivision owing size established control operational units new_south_wales southern queensland arrangements number area commands necessity northerly commands primarily responsible bombing air defence commands maritime patrol anti submarine warfare convergence command control responsibilities semi geographical semi functional lines took place june september authority maintenance units transferred area commands newly formed maintenance group melbourne maintenance group sydney area boundaries occurred august given responsibility portion western_australia north line drawn south east border queensland adjacent exercised complete operational administrative control area commands april year headquarters established general operational authority raaf combat infrastructure including area commands september new commander major general formed majority flying units australian counterparts led air vice marshal exercised control australian air operations area commands continued hold overarching administrative authority meaning area commanders ultimately dependent chief air staff air vice marshal melbourne supplies equipment help overcome static nature area command system september raaf created large mobile formation known operational group self contained tactical air force pace allied advances north new_guinea japan april garrison force new_guinea lost mobile function operational group later australian tactical air force formed dedicated area command covering air units new_guinea recommended calling settled august year proposed training maintenance groups formed return functions control area commands action taken month recommended carving new considered large controlled headquarters proposed responsible units southern queensland war cabinet deferred decision similar concept raised october near end war group formed static command headquartered dutch_east_indies elements freed garrison duties following liberation borneo recommending garrison establishment explained shared static characteristic area command differed area commands permanent structure air_force situated borders australia mainland overseas territories new formation temporary wartime measure headquartered foreign territory post war organisation following end pacific war august dissolved melbourne assumed control operational formations including area commands nos training groups maintenance group sydney disbanded january march having designated december disbanded february area commands continued function essentially boundaries war longer covered dutch_east_indies 1950s geographically based area command system considered calls came replace system based function area commands judged adequate organisation air_force early years world war rapid response times concentration force necessary properly prepare attacks australia following start pacific war conducting offensive operations onwards retained position chief air staff following war resisted pressure replace area structure persuaded staff set conference discuss possibility change participation satisfied wartime structure area commanders positions line half hearted best jones suggest reducing number area commands cover queensland cover new_south_wales encompass western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania larger proposal post war raaf federal government retired jones replaced raf officer functional command system employed britain believed restructuring air_force remove permit commanders greater autonomy allowing effective concentration strength potential combat situation declared raaf force quickly strike australia commonwealth defence end identified major functions operations covering home defence mobile task forces training including permanent reserve national service recruitment instruction maintenance responsible supply equipment logistical services functions duly constituted october home training respectively formed existing considered facto operational organisation owing forces boundaries training command formed hub training services controlling new_south_wales queensland victoria south australia formed extant headquarters melbourne transition functional system completed february new commands assumed control operations training maintenance western area commands remained existence remote control points disbanded june november december aftermath functional commands established revised renamed training merged renamed years later split training command logistics management responsibility air force raaf component defence wide later training command formed force element group sole command level organisation raaf summary area commands formed raaf raised area commands course world war continued operate 1950s | RAAF area commands | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14005_WehrmachtforcesfortheArdennesOffensive | forces sub article battle forces offensive product german recruitment effort targeting german males ages replace troops lost past months fighting western allies western german armed forces keeping allied forces contained line campaign cost nearly casualties rapid advance allied armies august september created supply problem allies october progress army groups slowed considerably allowing germans partly rebuild strength prepare defense germany german leader adolf_hitler decided way reverse fortunes launch counter offensive western forcing united_states great_britain early peace allowing shift forces eastern defeat hitler field armies offensive sixth fifth seventh accumulated soldiers spread seven divisions brigades thirteen infantry divisions bulk offensive armored strength sixth army tasked capture belgian port antwerp south outfitted protect sixth flank crossed river southernmost flank covered composed infantry corps ordered protect southern flank tie american reserves apart armies designed special units aid offensive battalion sized airborne formation tasked dropping american lines day offensive allowing division easy access second unit brigade intending enemy lines dressed american uniforms false orders spread confusion american defenders offensive aircraft deployed luftwaffe provide air support german forces destroy allied air power ground prepare forces der increased age range recruited eastern european countries controlled german forces increasing manpower western roughly million soldiers hastily organized new divisions lacked training weapons despite immense german effort face intense allied bombing build necessary stocks offensive shortages fuel ammunition weapons manpower scheduled date counterattack elite divisions manpower background december sector western allies offensive late july allied forces fighting normandy able break normandy operation cobra forcing general eastwards retreat german forces general supreme allied commander western opportunity german army normandy effort reverse launched operation august vicinity town despite efforts break 30th cut allied forces northern france august clear offensive failed battle raging allied armies continued normandy closing known pocket august cost germans estimated dead wounded larger number german soldiers able escape eastwards forced leave heavy weapons equipment paris liberated august marking end operation overlord immediately allied drive continued able prevent complete rout according germans equipment abandoned retreated disaster pocket field marshal temporarily replaced commander german troops france reported divisions operational tanks match mobility poorly outfitted infantry divisions early september allies pushed german border model calculated actual strength divisions disposal effort stabilize german lines west commander chief west september approaching belgian border early september allied offensive came grinding halt supply lines struggled pace advance example september lieutenant general requested gal gasoline received gal began defensive known line felt relieve supply problem antwerp supplies europe german troops held estuary consequently allied shipping belgian port city effort open estuary approved field marshal operation market garden launched september september operation failed german defenders southern netherlands open antwerp supply problem worst opportunity rebuild strength german_army west able accumulate strength tanks assault guns late september despite new equipment eastern stark contrast estimated available german defenses continued strengthen able establish defensive depth average kilometers strongest defenses built opposite army despite germany reorganization manpower germany able increase armored strength vehicles opposed allied tanks field marshal model reported replacements sent cover casualties suffered month september commanded army groups totaling field armies divisions provided advantage artillery guns advantage tanks count combat aircraft compared luftwaffe battles line army tasked capture obstacle built improved years french germans expecting small garrison army launched attack september despite heavy aerial artillery bombardment damage giant fortress ground attacks carried september october failed taking fort ultimately general forced attack look route fort fall successfully taken majority forts army battle cost estimated american casualties reflected fact august army advanced kilometers advanced kilometers september december man strong commanded general ordered break line area order reach army began area early september end october city cost americans roughly casualties opened path river river despite casualties taken ground gained comparatively worthless fighting necessarily brought german defeat closer germans suffered heavy casualties example lost offensive capabilities countless attempts break gave american british commanders false sense security believing strength launch given view state german armed forces need push army decided drive german forces located belgian german border attempt series dams germans flood valley began september assault 3rd armored 9th infantry divisions battle quickly turned attrition mid october allied divisions lost nearly total combat strength roughly men germans lost close november 28th entered fight able forced defend german november lost combat casualties unable german hands americans pitted battle november december division lost personnel throwing 8th attack able town able advance farther given casualties sustained total american forces suffered combat casualties failed reach original objectives dams germans suffered heavily 47th committed reserves battle hardly afford maintain defensive line suffered casualties fighting lost nearly soldiers division replaced 10th divisions pulled order rebuilt allied armies continued slow eastward drive september november germans prepared adolf_hitler german leader believed launching offensive west force united_states great_britain early peace transfer entirety eastern bring soviet offensive defeat german victory greater magnitude western allies soviet_union according general russians troops succeeded destroying thirty divisions difference hand destroyed thirty divisions west invasion army hitler believed west conclude inevitable german defeat basic plan involved early morning breakthrough lightly defended sector eventual task crossing capturing antwerp order deny western allies crucial port december german forces defending continued western allied organized separate army groups fell command field marshal von fourth fell command containing fifth commanded luftwaffe colonel general south lay containing fifteenth fifth sixth fifth armies slated upcoming offensive model southern flank protected commanded general composed total attack involve thirty divisions including divisions roughly men offensive main effort come sixth army commanded general core sixth army composed divisions withdrawn battle early gone period rest refit early november army commanded general corps included 1st division adolf hitler 12th 12th divisions included number hoc vanguard units including forming 1st division contained battalion mixed tanks 1st regiment tiger 3rd battalion 12th containing 1st battalion tanks sixth army offering 2nd division 9th division finally army included divisions forming infantry corps command general south forces general army formed 18th 62nd divisions 47th corps division held reserve division officially attached 47th corps tasked supporting left flank breach day offensive positioned directly opposite american 28th infantry division army impending german offensive general tasked protecting left flank tying allied reserves army included consisting 5th divisions general und armies offered divisions thirteen infantry type divisions airborne immediate assault divisions brigade immediate support represented strength hitler originally decided offensive special units germans planned airborne operation operation area north order road junction allowing 12th advance belgian city operation undertaken special unit formed battalion battalion sized unit commanded lieutenant colonel friedrich august von der named von der von der originally requested use entirety 6th parachute regiment denied basis alert intentions ultimately german general allowed hand pick platoon company commanders unfortunately men choose airborne qualified chosen operation qualified jump weapons general von der immediately dismissed worst men given replaced volunteers parachute school jump experience little time available men received basic jump training matters complicated lack transport aircraft der disposal dummy meant dropped north actual drop zone order confuse american forces december von der able decent fighting force commanded brigade designed capture certain bridges ordered dress brigade american british uniforms western allied vehicles speaking english effort capture bridges pass false orders confuse allied forces defending breakthrough sector unit men alerted intentions offensive minute warned preparations impending allied offensive effort recruit unit nearly compromised army wide order requesting names english speaking personnel captured allied vehicles originally attempted cancel operation later turned allowing rumors unit freely order hide truth wary fact men wear american uniforms having shot spies captured ultimately men allowed wear german uniforms american clothing ultimately men attached force able speak english speak fairly rest learned grade school working tanks available tanks resemble american tanks attached unit given allied scout cars breaking training period unit low american small arms ammunition mention american uniforms unit continued training luftwaffe deployments hitler promised army commanders complete air support reporting told luftwaffe able deploy fighters operation german leader commented report tendency said nonetheless fighters protect german ground forces aircraft support fifth launch aerial offensive aimed destroying allied aircraft ground chance germans figure later revised aircraft taken squadrons defend allied bombing raids german cities offensive scheduled place weather prohibited allied air support movements suffered nearly casualties june november forcing german leadership recruit kriegsmarine luftwaffe industry extending age males years age extension allowed germans increase manpower western_europe december million december new soldiers poorly trained exacerbated fact know offensive days launched meaning informed objectives divisions ordered protect flanks advancing armies properly reinforced germans found difficult units areas pressured slow allied advance field marshal von repeated requests men noting western allies completely superior manpower denied noted difficulty holding encircled american troops operation began lack sufficient new received maximum weeks worth training new divisions anti tank artillery weapons best eclectic divisions formed remnants units taken heavy casualties fighting west eastern new recruited occupied territories east new soldiers know german forces best condition offensive belonged forces refitted trained inside germany deployed 2nd example established manpower requirements december transfer personnel west completed western allied bomber missions increased intensity war progressed marked highest production rates german industry example january fighter aircraft manufactured september year built similarly tanks types produced manufactured effects air raids deal damage example production decreased august september steel plant producing tank armor destroyed allied bombers tank production decreased july allied bombing raids germans amassed close armored fighting vehicles offensive allied bombers affected movement supplies equipment fuel ammunition delivered discovered despite allied control skies able cope shortage small arms million infantry weapons required arm new ammunition dire need ultimately rail system forced stop troop movements favor moving supplies fuel considerable shortage germans litres imp gal fuel required initial phase offensive half delivered transportation shortages petroleum stocked offensive released units operating fighting american british actions litres imp gal supposed accumulated days offensive hope captured advance early december litres imp gal available litres imp gal available start offensive furthermore initial fuel consumption estimates incorrect taken account increase fuel consumption resulted movement terrain including snow impact eastern eve soviet offensive january impressive force soldiers artillery guns heavy mortars thousand rocket launchers armored fighting vehicles nearly aircraft army groups positioned eastern lay path soviet offensive count roughly personnel armored fighting vehicles nearly combat aircraft december concentrated bulk forces logistical support western reducing ability defend germany eastern border soviet_union example new refitted tanks delivered western december german forces east received approximately january roughly men short complete strength despite reorganization german units order consideration manpower losses strength clear high command general presented intelligence impending soviet assault comparison strength german general claimed advantage infantry seven armor artillery mentioned defense eastern require armored divisions fact asked offensive called december favor germany armored strength east refused hitler offensive american forces forest preoccupied hitler mind eastern suddenly secondary importance example transferred eastern january | Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14010_32ndBattalion(Australia) | 32nd infantry battalion australian_army raised initially personnel south_australia western_australia battalion served france belgium world war disbanded raised 32nd unit time militia wars battalion served home defence unit victoria second world war battalion merged 14th battalion 14th 32nd battalion serving firstly garrison troops australia new_guinea taking fighting campaign july battalion disbanded war battalion raised right forerunner formed raised amalgamated unit known 32nd battalion city regiment unit remained existence battalion honours traditions maintained 5th 6th battalion history world war raised august south_australia overseas service volunteer commanding officer lieutenant colonel companies recruits south_australia companies formed perth western australia underwent training hill training camp sailing transport joining rest battalion adelaide end august battalion recruits previously worked miners farmers completing basic training battalion left australia november aboard bound egypt arrived amidst aftermath failed gallipoli campaign saw reorganisation expansion preparation dispatch france belgium fighting germans western egypt battalion newly formed attached period training battalion shipped france june join fighting western following month spending short period sector battalion committed time july days taking position trenches 32nd took fighting committed 8th brigade initial assault extreme left australian focused position known suffered casualties battalion total casualties entire war roughly percent effective strength result losses mainly support role remainder time committed attacks assault role continued suffer casualties attrition trench warfare spending bitter winter undertaking defensive duties early battalion took operations pursuit german forces retreated line found flank protection role second battle september battalion heavily committed fighting wood near belgium employed support role 8th brigade assault led 29th 31st battalions following assault brigade adopted defensive posture supporting efforts remainder half 5th division mainly undertook reserve role result little involvement german spring offensive winter battalion entered trenches sector occupying positions near january remaining march april 8th brigade moved taking defensive positions canal german advance stalled involved series minor advances road july taking operations allies sought regain initiative later allies launched offensive beginning august offensive 32nd battalion took operations area august september allies sought breach fighting final engagement war september october joint australian american attack removed line rest training preparation operations order losses australians suffered previous months number australian battalions disbanded time provide reinforcements remained 32nd battalion received large number reinforcements victorian 29th battalion subsequently disbanded line armistice declared november battalion final series battles battalion led later awarded victoria_cross leadership bravery conflict battalion suffered casualties killed march personnel repatriated australia battalion merged 30th battalion subsequently disbanded members battalion received following decorations victoria_cross member order british empire officers order british empire military crosses bars distinguished conduct medals military medals bars seven mentions despatches foreign awards inter war years time later known militia organised numerical designations wartime battalions formed melbourne victoria amalgamation 8th infantry regiment 32nd infantry regiment 29th light horse regiment battalion drew personnel south west western suburbs melbourne territorial designations adopted unit came known year battalion motto approved formed alliance time 2nd brigade 3rd military district initially battalion manpower maintained compulsory training scheme suspended following election government force maintained volunteer basis second world war following japan entry second world war december battalion called defensive duties attached 2nd brigade battalion provided garrison troops vital installations melbourne august transferred western_australia attached 6th brigade based september army wide reduction came battalion amalgamated 14th battalion 14th 32nd battalion early 14th 32nd battalion carried amphibious warfare training queensland deployed area new_guinea july battalion remain mainland new_guinea years command lieutenant colonel strategy employed australians campaign larger japanese forces area march battalion took major battle war launched assault bacon hill captured april 14th 32nd battalion withdrawn australia preparation involvement future operations july decision unit end war apparent course conflict battalion suffered casualties killed action died wounds causes members battalion received following decorations service british seven post second world war australia time military force raised guise battalion raised albeit amalgamated unit linked battalion 32nd battalion known variously west melbourne regiment australian_army reorganised divisions result reorganisation greatly reduced infantry battalions disbanded altogether remained gave old regional regimental ties reformed newly raised state based regiments result 32nd absorbed forming company known company battalion received battle honours service second world war time entrusted honours bestowed 32nd battalion separate battalion formed abolition divisions unit honours traditions bound 5th 6th battalion unit remains existence today 32nd battalion colours laid john august battle honours awarded following battle honours world war road wood line france flanders egypt world war south west pacific commanding officers following officers commanded world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 32nd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14237_SpecialTroopsBattalion,173rdAirborneBrigadeCombatTeam(UnitedStates) | special troops battalion united_states special troops battalion united_states_army headquartered del din italy organization command elements battalion contains brigade senior command structure including communication support elements activated support units deployed afghanistan early organization subordinate permanent formation brigade command elements contained battalion consists companies brigade company company company military intelligence company company signal company companies provide services battalions companies airborne qualified history formed reorganization brigade battalion designed self contained command component brigade allowing function independently higher command battalion activated june components drawn march april coat arms distinctive unit insignia approved battalion october redesignated army unit action unit force restructuring general originally envisioned significant change ability brigade deploy forces sustain newly integrated support teams integrating support elements unit able maintain fighting forces required ground soldiers supplied moving brigade remained italy transition battalions relocate germany additional facilities constructed area resume vietnam era lineage battalions colors moved north_carolina serve immediately transformation brigade began intensive training germany italy prepare future deployments brigade notified second tour duty iraq deployment plan changed afghanistan february pentagon announced relieve 10th 4th spring deployed afghanistan task force bayonet support operation enduring freedom deployment fully transformed brigade combat team brigade dispersed east country units operating officially relieved 10th june participated operations objective ensuring security insurgents mountainous regions afghanistan border pakistan near hindu month deployment brigade participated patrols region weeks brigade return italy platoon soldiers brigade stationed district caught ambush insurgents platoon able drive insurgents air support fight resulted soldiers killed wounded deadliest attack troops country brigade base days later tour ended july entire brigade returned italy end month brigade began fourth deployment afghanistan early honors unit decorations received unit decoration united_states military campaign | Special Troops Battalion, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14252_2ndParachuteBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | 2nd united_kingdom 2nd airborne forces brigade formed british_army second world war 2nd second parachute infantry brigade formed british_army initially invasion italy independent formation independent brigade variously assigned different times served command 2nd 8th 1st end second world war europe brigade saw active service italy south france greece end european war brigade returned united_kingdom intended join 44th far_east service war ended sailed instead brigade assigned named sent serve defence cuts british armed forces war forced reduction number parachute brigades 2nd surviving parachute formation dating second world war parachute divisions brigades having disbanded battalions comprised brigade returned united_kingdom later year unit posted british_army rhine redesignated 16th background impressed success german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating corps parachute troops june commando turned parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing later redesignated 1st men took british airborne operation february success raid prompted expand existing airborne force setting april creating converting infantry battalions airborne battalions august result formation 1st 1st commander expressed opinion fledgling force sacrificed penny urged formation brigade permission granted form parachute brigade july numbered 2nd brigadier selected commander brigade assigned existing transferred 1st new battalions converted normal line infantry units parachute duties 5th scottish parachute battalion converted 7th battalion queen 6th converted 10th battalion august operations 2nd trained united_kingdom june left north_africa 1st arrival brigades joined 1st carrying independent operations area tunisia campaign forming middle_east air landing parachute brigades based preparing allied invasion sicily command commanded general sir invasion division conduct brigade scale airborne operations road bridge south syracuse captured 1st port seized finally taken secured lack transport aircraft reduced number men deployed 2nd brigade remained tunisia reserve role fighting ended sicily august use brigade selected operation amphibious landing port taranto mainland italy brigade left 8th september day italian surrender landed unopposed casualties men 6th drowned transport ship hit harbour 4th pushed inland 2nd brigade assumed responsibility securing port surrounding area fierce fighting town airfield del divisional commander killed replaced brigadier command 2nd given withdrawn england soon leaving 2nd italy independent parachute brigade formation came command 2nd support independent role brigade assigned artillery pounder anti tank guns pack engineers support units attached including platoon squadron december 2nd formed left flank 2nd advance new relieved 8th brigade continued advance command brigade temporarily returned 2nd january fought 8th going reserve end march brigade returned line took april coming command 2nd 2nd brigade parachute operation operation hasty june small raid carried men 6th parachute battalion dropped area objective harass germans withdrawing mission success german brigade diverted hunt small force german division retained rear area security duties instead going line june brigade released joined 1st airborne operations south france france 2nd carried brigade sized parachute landing operation august brigade landed south france set guide main brigade force drop zones despite success marking drop zones seventy planes placed correct location brigade commanding officer eighty men landed near 5th scottish battalion commanding officer half battalion headquarters company company men landed far away cannes dispersed landings resulted percent making brigade forming point seventy percent 6th battalion single company 5th scottish battalion arrived brigade headquarters established 5th scottish battalion company occupied heights 6th battalion occupied germans surrendered moved company village captured company bridge river road drop zone removing anti poles brigade force land carrying anti tank battery unable locate site heavy mist returned italy landed successfully aircraft mist cleared sight landing persuaded germans surrender brigade achieved objectives apart capturing allocated 5th scottish battalion units brigade fought counter attacks supported battery guns missing men continued come brigade area morning contact american units dropped west south men continued arrive brigade area muster companies 6th men patrols sent ambush german convoys retreating town brigade anti tank battery arrived american battalions supporting units patrolling continued night august captured american battalion time men 5th scottish battalion arrived brigade area morning august units advancing coast reached moved area august cannes liberated august day brigade sailed naples arriving august greece return italy 2nd sent rome september moved september camp near taranto prepare possible mission greece russian advance east forced germans withdraw greece cut support reinforcements night october company airfield near athens prepare landing strip follow waves rest brigade company sustained casualties landing adverse weather conditions forced remainder brigade delay arrival days brigade deployed advanced athens entering city october 2nd fought retreating germans months advancing athens units 2nd arrived landing craft november greece brigade participated occupation athens maintaining order providing supplies population having moved italy brigade return greece immediately outbreak december involved fights suffering heavy casualties joined greece british 23rd armoured brigade civil war brigade involved street fighting athens communist fighters forced capital january provided food supplies people athens day post war january 2nd withdrawn operations relocated italy war ended europe brigade returned united_kingdom reformed conventional brigade losing additional supporting arms planned brigade far_east join 44th fighting burma japanese war ended departed instead brigade assigned sent palestine leaving united_kingdom brigade arrived palestine october based named served egypt september moved palestine internal security role counter activities jewish paramilitary movements disbanded november 6th airborne division british_army palestine december 4th amalgamated 6th battalion renamed 4th 6th fill vacancy created amalgamation 7th light infantry assigned 2nd 16th february 2nd left 6th moved germany british_army rhine disbanded soon leaving 2nd brigade sized airborne formation british_army surviving parachute formation june battalions renumbered 5th scottish parachute battalion 2nd battalion 4th 6th 1st battalion parachute regiment 7th light infantry parachute regiment finally july brigade renumbered 16th taking numbers wartime airborne divisions finally july brigade renumbered 16th order battle commanders brigadier brigadier 2nd 4th 5th scottish parachute battalion 6th parachute battalion 2nd 4th 5th scottish parachute battalion 6th parachute battalion parachute field ambulance anti tank battery royal artillery battery royal artillery 2nd parachute squadron royal engineers 2nd 1st independent squadron army air corps 23rd 2nd 2nd section royal military police 2nd 4th 6th parachute battalion 5th scottish parachute battalion 7th light infantry 1st 2nd | 2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14423_LiverpoolScottish | liverpool scottish liverpool scottish known scottish unit british_army raised infantry battalion king liverpool regiment liverpool scottish affiliated queen 1920s formally transferred regiment identity preserved reflecting decline size late 1940s battalion reduced company platoon king company king regiment company incorporated duke lancashire border service world war extensive liverpool scottish territorial battalions arrive western deployed november approximately men served scottish died war major battle scottish war june officially known action designed pin german reserves allied forces engaged action known battle village miles east belgium unit acclaimed soldier war captain awarded victoria crosses attached medical orderly technically highly decorated soldier history parent unit actually receive distinguished conduct medal bar military medal actions alongside world war remains people awarded twice recipient expanded battalions second world war liverpool scottish serve abroad intact battalions instead contingents supplied battalions liverpool scottish actively served operations europe including previous attempt raise formation scots liverpool heightened tension france late 1850s provided impetus emergence volunteer movement scottish companies highland lowland formed 19th liverpool scottish composed predominantly middle class disputes members use colour culminated 19th companies liverpool scottish existed 19th corps corps survived 19th disbanded second boer war renewed interest establishing unit composed scottish april 8th scottish formed king liverpool regiment headquarters later located edge hill liverpool scottish battalions english infantry regiments explicitly associate irish scottish communities battalions london scottish liverpool irish london irish rifles traditional highland attire adopted battalion dress uniform included pattern major 2nd appointed commanding officer officially assumed command october bell succeeded command common volunteer battalions liverpool scottish organised detachment overseas service south_africa second boer war contingent volunteers lieutenant dispatched attached 1st gordon battalion suffered fatality lieutenant succumbed wounds incurred serving february limited duties primarily occupying conflict reaching conclusion british_army recognised battalion contribution reward battle honour south_africa liverpool scottish acquired purpose built accommodation headquarters street battalion maintained construction building partially public donation cost required additional funds generated day hosted george hall liverpool scottish king 10th battalion secretary state war richard reforms established grouped volunteers county administered divisions mounted brigades 10th liverpool scottish subordinate world war war declared august liverpool scottish moved scotland command lieutenant colonel duplicate battalions formed liverpool personnel unable volunteer overseas service second line battalion designated 10th distinguish original organised october line responsible training recruits provision drafts overseas service 10th raised organised captain later lieutenant colonel committed western line remained britain duration war considered contemporaries socially reasonably trained compared territorial units 10th volunteered overseas service seventh territorial battalion dispatched western battalion took passage aboard southampton november completing morning battalion original strength qualified star known reference vessel assigned 9th brigade liverpool scottish occupied trenches area miles south 10th suffered fatality november captain killed attempting return british lines combination severe winter trench warfare soon depleted strength establishment officers men recorded november battalion able bodied men january weeks battalion arrival lieutenant colonel successor replaced ill health command battalion albeit interrupted wounds sustained offensive returned liverpool city chief engineer obsolete equipment differences regular army earliest challenges battalion contended france scottish employed long version lee rifle superseded short magazine lee newer ammunition conditions western 10th began phased early process entirely complete structurally different regular counterparts territorial battalions reorganised early war conform regulars unlike adopted company system territorial battalions organised companies system extended battalion designated consolidated companies contrasted conventional considered battalion potentially confusing battalion major engagement happened june miles east 7th brigade support chosen conduct phased attack ultimate intention reach trenches south western edge situated german lines important feature overlooked british positions wave troops moved objective quickly secured line trenches continued shelled british artillery liverpool scottish forming second wave left trenches pass wave attackers reach german second line advance relatively unopposed company encountered resistance machine gun fire briefly advance company reinforced charged opposing positions took prisoners capturing second line elements liverpool scottish decided consolidate shallow trenches afforded little protection battle quickly degenerated chaotic affair british battalions losing mixed intensive german barrage occupants second line trenches 10th temporary commanding officer wounded gunfire remainder liverpool scottish continued line portions 1st northumberland consolidating line proved difficult relentless bombardment determined opposition right trench system liverpool scottish carried line position called probable death battalion left flank compromised afternoon retreat surviving liverpool scottish eventually retreated second line viable german battle persisted night abortive attempts germans retake line trenches yards gained territory suffered heavy casualties killed wounded missing pre battle strength officers ranks memorial battle erected area experienced company sergeant described aftermath camp letter father reformed january 55th command division original constituent battalions returned liverpool scottish joined committed july 55th concentrated area liverpool scottish moved mid july relieved 18th king near 31st spending days constant artillery fire undertaking auxiliary duties vicinity liverpool scottish moved preparation assault village subjected attacks opening battles august brigades 2nd 55th divisions began effort operation failed heavy losses despite liverpool irish 1st king managed enter isolated men battalions killed wounded missing prisoners war amid reports liverpool irish holding orders issued renew attack day resuming battle night 8th considered decision attack early hours 9th liverpool scottish reserve 8th advance yards 5th left flank penetrate german establish eastern boundary prelude battle liverpool scottish waited lines constantly moving avoid sporadic german bombardment difficulties arose battalion attempted navigate starting positions unfamiliar territory compounded stage absence guides battalion reached destination minutes attack begin arrive hour later final orders received late giving colonel minutes brief company commanders minute artillery bombardment preceded zero hour provoked immediate counter barrage liverpool scottish went positions previous day barrage liverpool scottish man land combined machine gun fire battalion progress lieutenant colonel personally rallied battalion seeking regain momentum wounded repulsed attack attempts remnants battalion reach yielded success entered german trenches majority having uncut barbed wire officers ranks engaged killed wounded missing later confirmed killed attempt days later 9th king village captured september wounded captain attached liverpool scottish awarded victoria_cross battalion recipient previously awarded conduct subsequent battles 10th engaged purely supporting role trench networks constructed improved near dead collected buried party officers ranks attached west lancashire field ambulance battalion transferred division relatively quiet october routine alternating line support reserve preoccupied battalion battle july casualties sustained battalion period invariably result battalion subsequently returned positioned july new offensive launched try penetrate german lines advance belgian coast capture german submarine bases liverpool scottish experienced heaviest resistance area taking heavy losses fortified farms battalion remained captured german trenches relieved august captain died wounds day having tended wounded soldiers actions earned posthumous bar victoria cross men decorated sole double recipient world war september scottish moved south thirteen miles south division took battle november march central powers launched expected spring offensive operation michael signifying beginning germany final attempt achieve decisive victory significant american forces arrived western 25th substantial gains territory direction prepared possible attack liverpool scottish participate desperate allied defence phase offensive operation begun april shifted focus devastated town flanders bombardment preceding attack considerable scale included gas shells causing severe casualties liverpool scottish involved defence sector sustaining losses absorbed 10th battalion landed france february spring offensive halted western entered final phase series allied drives august november known days offensive liverpool scottish fought actions war canal october final month war offered little respite battalion days leading armistice november liverpool scottish helped secure numerous villages opposition crossed november day armistice liverpool scottish situated brigades battalion assault german positions passage town prospect 5th lancashire attacked seized bridges demolished second world war following liverpool scottish relationship queen transferred regiment second territorial battalion comparison densely region encompassed north west england area recruitment highlands sparsely populated numerical designation omitted battalion identity preserved headquarters street liverpool retained royal visit liverpool presented battalion new colours stadium began expand following government announcement march liverpool scottish formed second battalion later authorised battalions remain britain duration second world war converted artillery served 55th addition liverpool scottish supplied drafts units principally cameron formed contingents independent companies army liverpool scottish contributed troop composite contained troops collectively command major officer scottish formed april company soon embarked aboard prince bound norway join allied campaign germany landing early company relieved french force occupied positions near company conjunction operated commanded brigadier german landing cut north company evacuated norwegian steamer transported company 24th allied troops established line defence near town facilitate defence germany northern advance forces engaged battle informed decided evacuate northern norway withdrawal allied forces commenced nos companies embarked destroyers carrying passengers including administrative personnel wounded returning britain liverpool scottish troop obtained approval government integral commando units independent companies consolidated later year special service battalions administered single brigade reason system proved unpopular battalions sub divided distinct commando units absorbed company nos commando included number designated troop march troop participated commando raid conceived western french port atlantic sanctuary battleship involved men lend lease destroyer numerous small craft converted platform designed deliver pounds explosives appearance resemble german destroyer post war 1st scottish deployed garrison gibraltar conversion infantry occurred battalion soon reverted standard infantry role economic constraints alignment nuclear weapons military technology necessitated reorganisation 1960s battalions reduced strength disbanded liverpool scottish avoided extinction battalion disbanded separate units infantry artillery company 51st troop king company west lancashire regiment maintained headquarters liverpool troop disbanded battery company remained integral component 51st highland company exercises cyprus seeking greece deposed island government action supported followed turkish invasion unable intervene ethnic conflict liverpool scottish eventually evacuated greek controlled territory british base post cold war restructuring incorporated company 5th 8th successor reorganisation reduced scottish platoon platoon relocated avenue territorial infantry liverpool concentrated amalgamated duke lancaster regiment regiment formed integration volunteers king companies king liverpool scottish platoon remained retitled company individuals platoon attached units deployed operational tours bosnia afghanistan iraq commanding officers | Liverpool Scottish | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14470_No.4Commando | commando commando battalion sized british_army commando unit formed early second world war raised conduct small scale raids harass garrisons coast german occupied france mainly employed highly trained infantry assault unit unit operation successful raid march planned operations cancelled april commando took raid raid french coastal town august commando units selected raid command lord commando landed right flank main landings successfully german gun battery complete success operation eventually aborted hours following heavy losses 1st commando took normandy landings june landing sword beach minutes rest brigade objectives capture strong point gun battery eliminated positions rejoined brigade reinforcing bridges invasion brigade informed stay france days commando remained days protecting left flank period commando endured percent casualties finally withdrawn britain september reassigned assault island end war commando occupation force germany army commando units disbanded background formation organised special service june evacuation prime minister united_kingdom winston_churchill called force assembled equipped inflict casualties germans bolster british morale churchill told joint propose measures offensive german occupied europe stated prepared specially trained troops hunter class develop reign terror enemy coast staff officer lieutenant colonel submitted proposal general sir chief imperial general staff aware churchill intentions approved clarke proposal june commando raid took place request volunteers special service initially restricted serving army soldiers certain formations britain men disbanding divisional originally raised divisions served norway november men volunteered organised battalions command brigadier brigade quickly expanded battalions renamed commando lieutenant colonel commanding officer numbered men divided man troops divided man sections technically men retained regimental cap remained regimental roll pay new force came operational control formation commando formed july intake volunteers arrived unique nature immediately apparent man held responsible finding quarters expected fighting troops administrative personnel example assist living camp cook house ranks given daily card officers ranks arrangement meant lived civilian rations rest armed forces plentiful military scale rations lieutenant colonel major held parade july volunteers informed intended role training tough demanding measure standard required returned parent unit leave appeal training started immediately concentrated physical fitness weapons training movement country including cliff climbing obstacle crossing raiding operations weapons training limited lack personal weapons rifles pistols man brought machine guns heavier available time august officers non commissioned officers sent scottish highlands commando course men responsible teaching rest unit commando remained october boarded trains scotland arriving day sent board hms infantry landing ship sailed october conduct training time scotland permanent commando based going decision concentrate large man battalions companies commando renamed company 3rd special service battalion command lieutenant colonel company formed designation commando new formation proved large practice months disbanded original commando units reformed smaller scale troops instead original troop comprise officers ranks number set troop fit new formation meant complete commando units carried type landing ship unit dutch type landing ship operational history february commando informed going scotland exercise day unit boarded february anchored scapa_flow real objective commando conduct raid main objective stop manufacture fish oil germany making explosives extra training commenced board ship including men boat stations troop rehearsed mission lectures given escape troop commanders given small silk maps norway help escape attempt item escape equipment issued pair fly buttons placed small compass took place march germans caught unprepared landings unopposed hour commando taken objectives raid success fish oil factories storage tanks destroyed ships sunk prisoners taken unknown number german sailors killed sunken ships added bonus norwegian volunteers brought join operation returning norway training started operation occupation operation planned following intelligence spain going join war axis forces intention prevent germany islands base force assembled included commando units army brigade brigades supporting arms training operation culminated landing exercises infantry hms royal operation renamed number delays hold september token force including troop commando dispatched west_africa troop based nigeria returning britain february cancellation operation happening new second command appointed major captain lord joined unit training officer attached raid observer applied posting operation february troops dispatched outer command captain lord extra training returning march immediately sent devon embarked hms albert board informed started mission training objective raid large building short distance inland dutch coast senior german officers duration operation troop issued set building fire days training moved coast anchored thames waiting order operation eventually cancelled increased german boat activity area landing raid objective destroying dry dock prevent use large german warship damaged need repair majority land force raid supplied commando led lieutenant colonel newman headquarters raid provide experience units men drawn raid commando contingent ranks commanded previously served left impression going harbour demolition course training cardiff selected raid including killed able land engaged german coastal defence batteries men selected raid returned commando operation operation raid french coastal town troops supported detachments york regiment canada participated raid overall command lord objective capturing prisoners causing damage possible raid going try different system cross channel instead infantry landing ships cross channel taken motor gun boats combined force left dover april route sank loss manning gun bow raid called returned dover replacement obtained returned france april time crossing uneventful successful landing commando troops discovered cutting barbed wire beach obstacles german machine guns opened fire raiders carry reconnaissance area unable capture prisoners returned loss man wounded leg smaller canadian detachment unable locate target beach returned britain raid change command lieutenant colonel left form commando major temporary commanding officer left shortly command succeeded lord major raid originally conceived april operation conduct major division sized raid german held port french channel coast hold duration tides effect greatest destruction enemy facilities defences withdrawing original plan approved plan included parachute landings artillery batteries main landing beaches parachute operation later cancelled instead newly formed commando land sea attack artillery batteries harbour raid major operation planned admiral lord combined operations headquarters attacking force consisted troops royal_navy supplied ships landing craft royal_air_force squadrons aircraft fighter squadrons landing eastern flank commando assault artillery battery commando responsible battery western flank battery consisted millimetres guns concrete yards inland coastal cliffs surrounded rows barbed wire protected machine gun posts nearby anti aircraft tower defend ground attack guns responsible planning selected landing beaches orange orange overlooked chalk cliff leading cliff war steps beach removed filled barbed wire obstacles second beach orange miles west mouth river offered access cliffs covered machine gun barbed wire away target intelligence estimated strength battery men supported infantry companies stationed nearby plan troops headquarters attached specialists divided groups group command land orange consisted section troop mortar detachment specialists scale cliffs form fire base woods battery support assault group commanded land orange beach defences troops advance river assault battery rear rest troop reserve positioned beaches attack group withdraw group picked waiting orange beach commando crossing board crossing uneventful group landed unopposed blow hole barbed wire managed scale cliffs approached battery opened fire main landing force coming ashore minutes group expected position responded speeding advance guns action sooner position opened fire battery mortars machine guns sniper rifles mortar bombs landed inside battery exploded stored charges putting guns action group opposed landing greeted machine gun fire guarding beach leaving section troop deal rest group ran miles rear battery bypassing german infantry positions way troop section having finished set orange beach german patrol route happening troops preparing assault battery different directions men troop approached anti aircraft tower germans moving detached men deal time captured machine gun post assault started troop discovered group germans forming assault fire base charging dispersed loss troop continued advance moving buildings orchard caught open heavy gun fire men lead troop commander captain killed major wounded action wounded captain acting liaison officer groups awarded victoria_cross groups position pre arranged attack royal_air_force commenced signalled increasing rate fire group fired signalled start assault group ceased firing troops charged battery fixed objective troop battery buildings troop targeted guns captain commanding troop wounded time thigh urged men shot time passed guns captured demolition experts troop destroyed guns pre formed charges troop searched battery buildings intelligence materials carrying wounded escorting prisoners troops withdrew fire base contact germans groups orange beach taken crossed channel incident arriving docks day raid awarded cost commando thought dead severely wounded eventually reported prisoners war assault battery successful operation claimed classic example use trained infantry planning training execution february issued infantry training pamphlet order benefit story achievement normandy headquarters staff changed promoted brigadier given command 1st special service brigade mills roberts promoted sent north_africa command commando replaced changes included moving new base formation heavy weapons troop commando new troop mortar vickers machine gun sections provided heavy weapons needed new role assault infantry started away smaller raiding operations formed units intended future allied landing operations assist given organic fire support weapons absent raiding force june months raid commando started new round training program included mountain warfare training commando snow mountain warfare training centre scotland emphasis fighting living mountains instruction train partisan force moved new base sussex instead occupying town troops spread troops troops troops training non stop number large scale landing exercises new took place february rest continued practice day night assault landings live firing exercises sent qualify parachute training centre ranks commando april arrival french troops commando new arrivals lee rifle replaced old rifles machine gun issued troop provide fire support learn characteristics new weapons spent days rifle ranges learning handle normandy brigadier lord command 1st issued orders brigade forthcoming role landings intention responsible holding left flank allied invasion normandy method consisting army commando land extreme flank beach sword cut inland join forces brigades dropped inland parachute commando destroy battery garrison rejoin brigade rest brigade landing minutes fight enemy defences reach reinforce brigades 6th meeting bridges spanning regiments arrive later evening descending country cleared enemy commando arrived southampton occupied large area tight security orders detailed role invasion french troops attack destroy strong point dominated beaches known casino followed british fighting troops supported heavy weapons troop push town destroy coastal battery german defenders area came responsible casino strong point centimetres centimetres guns coastal battery centimetres guns machine guns posts stretching canal queen beach commando landing british troops board hms princess french troops left june sea informed invasion going normandy specifically landing man carried weighing pounds containing extra ammunition mortars guns personal weapon ammunition unusually man chose wear steel helmet commando green commando second wave landed initial assault battalion captain described dead wounded water captain later wrote coming ashore assault troops committing suicide trying dig beach passing kicked nearest man telling going man dead man seriously wounded machine gun fire followed drills cleared beach quickly possible clear headed assembly area commando medical post leaving set lion sur road objectives lieutenant colonel decided french troops lead followed british troops french unopposed apart mortar rounds machine gun fire neared objective french troop occupied houses sides casino strong point assault capture casino driven going french troop approached casino rear taking firing positions started engage strong point fire effect french commander order assault troops reports british amphibious tanks reached sending guide bring forward tank arrived casino proceeded destroy german gun minutes tanks arrival strong point guns troop assaulted captured objective capture french control western suburbs rest commando moving lion sur road objective gun battery battery located extreme left landing beaches canal formed northern boundary casino strong point south surrounded barbed wire machine gun posts posts faced canal joined sea faced canal port west battery houses town port area order march troop deal opposition route force entrance battery troop provide covering fire assaulting troops assault troop left hand guns troop right bringing rear headquarters heavy weapons troop heavy weapons troop set fire base support french british attacks needed progress road rapid intermittent artillery fire slowing advanced tank 13th 18th joined time engage german started shooting troops reached forming point assault met heavy machine gun fire gun battery troop bypassed occupy houses cover assault arrive special ladder cross anti tank ditch battery realising man carrying ladder killed crossing beach ladder left looked way cross discovered wooden gap defenders access town crossed captured machine gun posts battery machine guns taken troops began assault attack successful discovered guns wooden telegraph poles real guns removed days previously positioned inland having captured objectives commando reformed set join rest brigade miles away lieutenant colonel wounded fighting major temporarily took command march inland bridges uneventful arrival commando dug ridge high ground east new position miles long arrived started digging 6th began landing rear expecting germans counterattack protective trenches completed nightfall night june uneventful stand signs german attack day morning afternoon troop subjected mortar barrage trenches complete overhead protection arranged round defence french troops area activity observed command suspected attack direction come evening june dive bombers brigade position end second day signs expected german ground attack night uneventful stand june german infantry observed advancing woods holding fire minute germans beaten troop found surrounded sides forced withdraw night germans attacked time targeting driven shortly group commando arrived reported germans broken road commando captain moved road deal outnumbered charged killing forcing rest withdraw morning june position subjected heavy artillery mortar bombardment hours commando heavily bombed followed ground assault lasted midday attack position commando stood attack german infantry observed forming troop time artillery forward observation officer arrived brigade contacted pounder guns attached requested rounds rapid fire rounds landed target called breaking german attack british artillery digging receiving end artillery mortars steadily taking toll casualties troop example command section sergeant men left complement germans attacking french troops ambushed germans moving forward attack fought second attack attack french position supported tank managed knock got attacks involved hand hand combat germans positions june german pressure commando line subject artillery mortar fire infantry attempts days landing commando taken percent casualties landings 1st special service brigade informed withdrawn days allies broken problems capturing meant airborne division remain secure left flank line relieved days held left flank august started break commando leading village liberated followed entered night august following day remained september brigade withdrawn sent britain days leave return leave commando strength casualty replacements commando informed joining replace commando arriving belgium discovered brigade training operation assault landing island open sea route antwerp city liberated northern bank german hands enabling sink shipping trying use port attack causeway east support carry assault sea majority brigade land objective south south scottish brigade landing preparation landing orders issued ensure fit concentrate weapons firing street fighting french troops command operation commando took command section commando groups artillery fire support reason old method calling troops letters alphabet dropped troops numbered troops british french heavy weapons troop troop final plan assault section troop suitable landing point following rest troop commando headquarters secure joined remaining troops passing town troop secure left flank troop right operation liberate island started november commando left objective town way minutes expected land heavy artillery bombardment started group landed cleared mines obstacles dealt german guards firing shot marked landing spot rest commando troops land extended captured machine gun posts heavy gun weapon captured millimetres anti aircraft gun supported troops moved town final wave landed contend heavy accurate fire carrying heavy weapons troop sunk containing weapons equipment island troop moved town held large numbers germans defending area troop captured post office prisoners afternoon troop released support advanced nightfall commando secured old town flanks secure advance continued day troop unable use streets advanced mouse blowing holes house walls ready charges man carried troop dug controlled area old new towns allowed south scottish brigade following bypass afternoon commando controlled town november gave control 52nd prepared sea support rest brigade weather conditions deteriorated forced march coast reach brigade headquarters lack supplies curtailed involvement battle days supplies eventually caught november prepared continue intelligence dutch residents prisoners revealed remaining germans wooded area november commando ready start assault troop left french troops middle troop right moved forward winning number small skirmishes german officers appeared offered surrender remaining german forces area lieutenant colonel met german commander formal surrender agreed prisoners taken germans surrendered time operation commando suffered dead wounded versus german dead capture prisoners large amounts weapons equipment total casualties dead missing wounded disbandment commando remained november moved belgium rest equip moved belgium reinforcements arrived bring strength returned defend northern coastal areas particular concern island estimated garrison men artillery objective prevent enemy sabotage lieutenant colonel allocated stretches coast troop taking offensive enemy started programme raids stage war raids generally successful patrols brought prisoners inflicted casualties german defenders raid supposed meet party dutch resistance landed discovered disturbed german patrol fled putting resistance later learned dutch resistance group captured german patrol members hanged morning march commando relieved commando moved stayed april responsible security immediate area conducted small raids sea germany surrendered commando french troops crossed channel lieutenant colonel accepted surrender german forces region days surrender commando moved germany occupation forces duties provide guard force civilian camp camp housed thousand nazi civilians prisoners war inmates included identification known served concentration camps french troops returned french control men posted britain preparing far_east continue fight burma campaign june strength commando reduced ranks visit october lieutenant general informed decided army returned parent regiment corps commando formally disbanded january battle honours british_army battle honours awarded regiments seen active service significant engagement campaign generally victorious outcome following battle honours awarded service second world war indicates commando present | No. 4 Commando | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
14621_No.84WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf transport wing coming control headquartered new_south_wales wing comprises squadron operating boeing challenger jets squadron operating lockheed martin medium transports technical training unit squadron formed army operation duties theatre world war wing operated mix aircraft including disbanding formed tactical transport wing headquartered queensland comprising nos squadrons operating canada augmented squadron operating trainer transports wing reorganised special transport wing headquartered richmond transferred wing wing took responsibility squadron operating boeing tanker transports squadron operating transports addition controlling squadron squadron converted transferred wing assumed control squadron development unit subsequently moved direct squadron wing following retirement squadron raaf sole hercules unit transferred wing wing squadron merged squadron formed wing operate tactical transport commencing squadron detached wing january scheduled return operational history army cooperation formation royal_australian_air_force raaf established army cooperation wings late world war described official history raaf pacific essentially non offensive character responsible reconnaissance artillery spotting supply drops ground forces ddt combat malaria guiding close support aircraft objectives wing aircraft carry strikes targets opportunity army cooperation wing formed september queensland commanded group captain comprised tactical reconnaissance squadron air observation post flight communication unit operational base unit wing arrived october begin supporting australian troops squadron equipped eighteen assigned mark targets flight reconnaissance work words official history eyes battalion commanders communications unit flew reconnaissance supply anti missions renamed local air supply unit march december january wing lost operations despite suffering shortages pilots equipment wing generally able pace army requirements detachment squadron flying employed augment wing supply capabilities end june squadron flown sorties flight local air supply unit squadron detachment accounted navigational efficiency new pilots increased demands bulk reconnaissance duties fell flight pacific war ended august local air supply unit tasked dropping announcing news japanese positions month succeeded wing commander end hostilities led morale problems owing inactivity sent headquarters frank report effect tone earning air officer commanding flight disbanded december followed month later local air supply unit squadron transferred western_australia january disbanded october year wing headquarters completed reduction nucleus january departed arrived victoria february disbanding march transport formation wing established tactical transport wing newly formed queensland february comprised squadrons squadron located squadron located raaf base richmond new_south_wales prior squadrons control predecessor wing primary purpose support australian_army operations exercises new_south_wales maintained detachments search rescue local transport duties western_australia detachment squadron detachment formed flight march addition military role provided assistance civil community form disaster relief medical evacuation aircraft frequently operated training humanitarian missions squadron responsible conversion operations training transferred queensland october beginning following month seven fleet retired storage use spare parts wing control located richmond augmented squadron operating navigational training transport fisheries surveillance victoria january wing reorganised special transport wing special transport meaning activities directly related army support carrying headquarters relocated richmond addition squadron complement included squadron operating boeing air air transport richmond squadron operating falcon transport raaf base canberra nos squadrons transferred wing headquartered richmond squadron soon employed form wing detachment kuwait march undertook operational aerial tanker mission squadron formation royal_air_force raf saudi_arabia detachment subsequently addition march september formed wing detachment australia contribution war afghanistan located air base provided aerial coalition aircraft operating theatre efforts earning wing unit citation squadron fleet falcon replaced boeing business jets challenger july arrival new jets permitted air_force cease squadron transport role concert wing squadron completed conversion beech king air december squadron transferred wing assumed control richmond based units defunct wing squadron squadron undertook instruction technical staff ground based training hercules boeing flight responsible developing new techniques air transport operations later moved direct control squadron retired june subsequently relocated control wing squadron transferred wing wing october operated mix lockheed hercules lockheed martin wing having consolidated operations squadron prior squadron boeing iii hercules king airs employed flood relief queensland victoria early february hercules transported medical staff equipment aid victims earthquake year squadron provided transport visits australia queen elizabeth_ii president barack_obama squadron hercules retired november expected remain service february raaf marked years rotating detachment support australian contribution wars afghanistan iraq rotation maintained squadron auspices wing operations having absorbed squadron squadron established wing january operate tactical transports richmond squadron transferred transition team january expected return wing control reaching initial operating capability new aircraft arrived australia june april renamed | No. 84 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15047_2/1stMachineGunBattalion(Australia) | 1st machine gun battalion australia 1st machine gun battalion battalion australian_army raised service world war formed december component companies spread australian states later concentrated new_south_wales completed basic training early months war battalion embarked overseas bound initially middle_east following diverted united_kingdom larger contingent australians helped bolster island garrison undertaking defensive duties period expected germans launch cross channel invasion battalion transferred middle_east late threat invasion passed underwent training egypt taking fighting germans greece crete having lost equipment suffering heavy casualties 1st rebuilt palestine undertaking garrison duties syria battalion withdrawn australia result japan entry war december 1st fought defensive role new_guinea campaign following withdrawal australia early battalion organised reassigned 7th division committed final campaign borneo campaign war battalion disbanded early subject book history formation 1st machine gun battalion formed december 2nd raised following reorganisation 6th division infantry battalions saw removal machine gun previously existed battalion single unit machine gun battalions subsequently raised 2nd war support infantry divisions developed british_army concept australian_army genesis machine guns assigned infantry battalions initially later grouped brigade level help compensate lack artillery support course war western concept evolved establishment machine gun companies establishment machine gun battalions similar formations established australian light horse units serving palestine campaign inter war years machine gun battalions deemed unnecessary army reorganised raised army looked expand fears war europe units raised time militia converting light horse units second world war broke decision raise machine gun battalions 2nd allocated division command lieutenant colonel 1st machine gun battalion formed machine gun companies headquarters company consisting anti aircraft platoon signals platoon transport platoon battalion headquarters australian machine gun battalions established authorised strength personnel like 1st infantry unit wheeled motor vehicles tracked carriers equipped vickers medium machine guns battalion machine gun companies designated consisting gun initially formed separately company forming new_south_wales company forming victoria south_australia new_south_wales end month companies concentrated moving company january intense period training followed range shoots liverpool field exercises areas conducted conjunction infantry battalions 18th brigade period concluded early battalion moved train harbour embarked queen mary men aboard queen mary originally destined middle_east decision mid voyage divert united_kingdom larger contingent australians sent help bolster garrison making long passage cape_town battalion landed scotland mid june france fallen britain preparing potential cross channel invasion australian troops 18th brigade eventually 25th brigade supporting arms help bolster island defences moved south camp remained britain rest year undertaking training mounting guard conducting patrols exercises took place october afford australians permanent barracks coming winter mainly canvas following month threat invasion seemingly passed received orders glasgow embark transport bound middle_east rejoin rest 6th division middle_east greece crete sailing west coast africa avoid threat air attack mediterranean carried battalion egypt reached end december following stops docking battalion moved rail miles west alexandria received new commanding officer lieutenant colonel prior promoted transferred divisional headquarters began training new conditions rest 6th division gone action 1st waiting majority equipment arrive committed place taken british machine gun battalion australian battalion remained late march early april rest 6th division greece german invasion expected spread different transport vessels completing crossing battalion machine guns employed anti aircraft defence 1st companies split company supported australian 4th battalion companies supported new_zealand 4th brigade company assigned australian 17th brigade campaign proved short lived allies quickly pushed advancing germans battalion subsequently withdrawn end april early having fought major actions mount evacuation elements companies taken aboard transport costa_rica later attacked german aircraft vessel sinking troops board evacuated royal_navy destroyers landed crete minus majority equipment lost sea crete battalion companies separated company company possession equipment assigned support australian 19th brigade companies went camp single platoon company later sent reinforce company remainder battalion total personnel evacuated island transport sailing egypt subsequently missing german invasion crete launched week later short sharp campaign followed saw machine gunners remained personnel including officers fighting island garrison finally defeated end end fighting 1st lost men killed wounded captured greece crete later escaped died captivity arriving egypt remainder battalion transported palestine subsequently rebuilt 1st machine gun battalion remained stationed october sent syria bolster garrison established following defeat french forces time 1st effectively assigned 7th division received new commanding officer lieutenant colonel world war veteran replaced battalion subsequently stationed damascus remaining early moved draw australian forces middle_east return australia response japan entry war battalion embarked american troop transport uss west point mid march completing voyage days new_guinea borneo following battalion arrival adelaide men locals city suburbs leave drafts april early 1st remained june order came queensland moving coast train battalion established camp near jungle training undertaken september 1st moved camp closer coast end october companies embarked brisbane bound new_guinea reinforce troops fighting route diverted company later embarked arrived port late november transport moving deployed defensively base mission company deployed december following month moved rest battalion remained deception bay queensland link companies landing port intervening period deployed companies temporarily detached militia 7th machine gun battalion company went action pacific time fighting marching support campaign battalion withdrawn australia early rest reorganisation period stationed soldiers experienced cold winter moving battalion reorganised conform requirements jungle divisional establishment result vehicles changed include trailers instead trucks considered impractical jungle change commanding officer took place time lieutenant colonel previously served battalion second command leaving command january returning long period training included courses amphibious warfare jungle exercises followed focus fighting pacific shifted away australian forces military consequently close end war battalion went action battalion contributed australian contingent sent india lecture british_army officers lessons jungle warfare battalion transported preparation recapture borneo 1st assigned support 7th division landing july largely divisional asset battalion provided company division component brigades 18th 21st 25th company remained reserve headquarters coming ashore aboard landing craft companies taking initial assault helped secure high ground overlooking company remained floating reserve 25th brigade battalion reserve company company headquarters element came ashore later wave set secure base subsequent advance inland battalion main focus progressing australians dubbed ran east west island southern shore australians fought oil pipeline airfield ran north south centre mountainous fighting borneo 1st lost men killed wounded following conclusion hostilities battalion personnel returned australia small drafts 1st undertook garrison duties area longer serving men repatriated discharged early volunteers transferred units raised deployed japan november batch men transferred 21st brigade occupation duties australian forces began preparing hand territories dutch authorities december battalion consisted personnel end month embarked transport kings point victory journey australia battalion subsequently disbanded january formed intended machine gun battalions provide highly mobile fire support author long carry highlights war utility machine gun battalions largely misunderstood commanders particularly focus australian_army operations shifted pacific commanders machine guns largely static defensive capacity short medium range targets offensive fire support weapons employed provide long range fire support medium machine guns largely utilised manner light machine guns reasons identified concept limited use include distrust overhead fire commanders preference organic fire support attached sub units estimating difficulty transporting vickers guns jungle tendency ignore targets seen disbandment machine gun battalion concept post war australian_army function structure standard infantry battalion 1st machine gun battalion subject book book based stories recounted dog owner served machine gunner 1st personnel served 1st war members battalion killed action died wounds died accident decorations awarded included military crosses military medals british mentions despatches commanders following officers served commanding officer 1st machine gun battalion lieutenant colonel prior lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel battle honours 1st received following battle honours involvement war greece middle_east crete south west pacific borneo | 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15094_MilitaryofthePolish–LithuanianCommonwealth | military polish lithuanian commonwealth military polish lithuanian commonwealth evolved merger armies following formed polish lithuanian commonwealth army commanded polish lithuanian commonwealth unique formation army heavy cavalry form polish winged polish played major role military structure ceased exist century commonwealth forces engaged numerous conflicts south ottoman_empire east later russian_empire north internal conflicts notably numerous uprisings century commonwealth military usually successful century plagued insufficient funds found increasingly hard pressed defend country inferior numbers growing armies commonwealth neighbors following end commonwealth polish military tradition continued napoleonic polish background commonwealth formed armies states differed organization common west europe according mercenary formations polish common gained popularity poland notes foreign mercenaries form significant portion elite infantry units till early 17th century 15th century poland formations formed core military small standing army continuous defense strong paid king primarily stationed troubled south eastern borders supplemented formations mobilized case war polish feudal levy noble knights recruited polish commanders conflict differed western mercenary formations commanded polish officers dissolved conflict ended years polish reformed national parliament poland creation named type tax levied royal lands purpose maintaining formation formation paid king peace time numbered men according gives range composed light cavalry units manned nobility commanded wartime temporary increase size operational history commonwealth comprised territories present day poland large parts ukraine lithuania estonia russia engaged struggles borders western border lands relatively peaceful decades major conflicts included campaign danzig rebellion war early 17th century saw number polish swedish wars polish ottoman wars polish russian wars war commonwealth suffered number uprisings culminating devastating period saw commonwealth talented military commanders commonwealth managed hold weight conflicts scored number major victories fronts battle battle briefly garrisoned moscow russo polish war taking place period proved devastating country resulting loss ukraine russia treaty commonwealth scored major victory european scene relief vienna king 18th century european powers frequently consisting russia sweden prussia fought wars control territories polish lithuanian commonwealth particularly great northern war end 18th century series internal conflicts wars foreign enemies war bar confederation led dissolution polish lithuanian commonwealth dependent territories european powers final attempts preserve independence commonwealth including political reforms eventually failed military commonwealth defeats polish russian war ultimately ending poland final partition final dissolution remains polish lithuanian commonwealth composition organization time commonwealth formation little practical difference polish lithuanian components lithuanian component formed fourth commonwealth army army commonwealth organized different models primary division contingents polish national foreign applied types formation regulations officer majority regular recruits came commonwealth particularly onward national units included cavalry including polish lighter polish lithuanian units light cavalry units infantry distant second reputation foreign units primarily centered infantry artillery formations gaining prominence cavalry soon afterward polish lithuanian national contingent organized traditional formations dating earlier medieval times banner unit commanded composed smaller lance composed varying number aides size vary little men rarely dozen formed regiment unit type unit similar medieval battle modern division corps senior commander known colonel foreign contingent organized regiments numbering divided companies king jan iii attempt replace national foreign contingent divisions single structure dividing units infantry cavalry decades reforms bore fruit formations evolution creation commonwealth new types military units introduced registered formed troops paid service subject numbers varied times number treaty setting record refusal submit commonwealth nobility attempts force led political regard size register numerous uprisings particularly 17th century weakened state eventually led destruction russian_empire addition formations group provided notable service polish state resided lithuania commonwealth subjects known provided light medium cavalry units lithuanian army late 16th century reign peasant based levy formation lit drafted selected infantry known lit infantry formed based peasants royal estates received unit land exchange service formation numbered early seen military value supplemented small units infantry saw service poland primarily late 16th 17th centuries new infantry unit created lit chimney soldier named type tax applied required lands matter owned king nobles church provide peasant recruits applied similar requirement towns starting growing central government increase foreign threats led creation local territorial defense force known district soldiers raised regions artillery formations staffed foreigners reformed new tax levied support time marked introduction general artillery post commonwealth army century numbers proved insufficient led creation named document passed numbered time disbanded directed newly created artillery forces notes dissolved aftermath defeat battle aftermath series wars reformed army numbered decline point onward country impoverished wars able support number element commonwealth army consisted private armies fielded powerful time peace consisted usually small regiments men extreme number including cavalry artillery instances magnate contribution surpass main commonwealth army preferred save troops compensated state contributions troops paid equipped richest noble families families reasons played major role polish politics occasion allowed engage bloody civil wars similarly occasional forces town guard militia fielded cities impressive town guard accompanying fortifications belonged port boasted infantry companies men total small royal guard regiment paid directly king peace time royal guard numbered expanded time war royal force included banner cavalry element infantry unit based foreign model finally irregular militia mercenary troops received official pay operated permission government allowed retain notable mercenary group operated half 17th century state supported construction renovations fortifications castle command structure army commonwealth commanded king served grand grand field field field office appeared late 15th century consequence introduction need professional army commanders king usually provide system evolved regular offices exist poland lithuania centuries officially lifelong appointment right carry summary justice field grand crown right maintain representatives ottoman_empire allowed influence poland ottoman relations laid polish intelligence services deputy known replace temporary basis navy small played relatively minor role history commonwealth despite having access baltic_sea poland lithuania significant navy histories 16th century poland lithuania involved conflicts polish king august supported operations met opposition poland primary port danzig saw threat trade operations led development port turn century poland ruled involved series wars sweden kings attempted create proper fleet built dedicated port royal navy attempts met repeated failures lack funds royal treasury seeing little need fleet polish nobility refused raise taxes construction continued opposition idea royal fleet bought ships sold marking end logistics tactics lack centralized logistical system polish armies large baggage trains degree turned advantage development military horse drawn wagons usually carrying army supplies wagon use defensive formations perfected smaller extent commonwealth units commonwealth army relied cavalry nobility saw respectable type troop infantry despite reforms 17th century lost military significance 18th century primary reason lack sufficient funding problems reforms growing influence foreign powers commonwealth russian dominated silent declared size poland lithuania insufficient taxation military paid properly led relatively small army size century commonwealth funds field army commonwealth neighbors armies times larger numbered decades later commonwealth field army prussian austrian armies rising stated size commonwealth army exaggerated money lost corruption half 18th century following marks commonwealth army lacked funds training primarily ceremonial purposes reform time introduction stable insufficient budget military furthermore unpaid units army known forming occupying commonwealth lands time paid properly satisfy trend reversed following election king poland august introduction new governing body attempted army increase size target number achieved major military reform came passing constitution stated army built men exact number settled cavalry infantry new conscription law introduced affecting lands royal noble church owned days commonwealth numbered constitution fully implemented practice new saw army expanded polish defeat war defense constitution commonwealth defeat war constitution army reduced russians demanded army plan sparks led army commonwealth final conflict | Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15252_102dIntelligenceWing | intelligence wing united_states_air_force intelligence wing military intelligence unit located massachusetts primary subordinate operational unit according air_force history begins active world war war eventually fighter wing formed direct lineage link activated logan international airport stayed moved beginning wing began regular patrols took place conjunction air_force active duty units moved continued regular patrols time wing flying mission wing deployed locations globe assist missions air_force wing deployed france berlin crisis years later wing deployed panama operation participated helping patrol north 36th parallel iraq september attacks fighter wing deployed air_force aircraft new_york_city arrived late stop attacks years wing controlled units following fighter wing november wing charge fighter units wing responsible located texas military process removed wing beginning leaving intelligence gathering mission activated federal service wing gained surveillance reconnaissance agency wings agency commonwealth militia units units intelligence wing normal united_states_air_force chain command jurisdiction order president united_states mission according home page mission provide world wide precision intelligence command control trained experienced airmen expeditionary combat support homeland security addition website says air_force based mission line ability joint force commanders pace information incorporate campaign plan addition strictly military role wing shares overall mission providing assistance national natural disasters civil disturbances history intelligence wing traces roots formed fought pacific bomber escort missions japan participated aircraft carrier operations rarely experienced returned united_states war january wartime designated allotted organized logan airport boston extended federal recognition october bestowed lineage history honors colors october previously fighter wing commanded general death july july commanded cold war post war era began major expansion air units massachusetts allotted fighter wing consisted aviation engineer company wing assigned guard units generally neglected united_states_air_force created despite introduction jet fighters guard units left generally world war propeller aircraft funds training cold war intensified air_force looked guard fill united_states based interception missions started organization wasn korean war airmen volunteered active duty flew korea november fighter wing replaced fighter wing including squadrons associated support units point wing renamed tactical fighter wing additionally wing kept squadrons issued recalled replaced flown replaced activated added wing converted sabre commanded brigadier general pilot dropped fat man nuclear bomb nagasaki japan tenure wing developed new unit air defense berlin wall crisis august berlin wall crisis units notified pending recall active duty october wing squadrons placed active duty air force base late october departed logan air base france wing plus shooting stars support training purposes crisis wing controlled tactical fighter group new_york primary mission provide close air support nato ground forces including air blockade losses starting december began deploying libya gunnery training time europe participated united_states_air_force exercises including deployment air base west_germany near danish border ground support crews countries exchanged duties learning perform aircraft maintenance operational support tasks returned united_states august personnel group personnel volunteered remain active duty formed newly activated tactical fighter wing relocation tactical fighter wing moved reassigned year wing flew june squadron transferred directly units fighting vietnam war superseded soon delta june unit december transferred wing intercepted soviet bear bombers occasions occurred long_island april incidents involved escorting bears cuba wing occasionally drug smuggling aircraft occasion escort unidentified object later turned weather balloon reformed fighter wing assumed authority units flew assumed command field texas flew phantom fighter wing lost january january april wing converted eagle received 5th fighter squadron air force base resumed alert commitment established new detachment taking unit equipped january airmen monitoring radar spotted plane following known flight plan order given scramble eagles repeated attempts contact pilot failed jets took search unknown rider pilots later came plane lights inside outside pilot colombia drug carrying street value million dollars kilograms cocaine local defense wing continued air defense mission fall soviet_union wing deployed pilots maintenance security personnel days training canada year reorganization air_force wing reassigned disbanding newly formed july wing deployed personnel field conditions island bahamas helped rebuild schools municipal facilities damaged hurricane andrew february jets intercept flight eventually landed incident planes joined new_jersey initially intercepted aircraft coast eastern canada planes began trail jet distance mile approached airport distance decreased mile fighters low fly plane landed continued circle airport returned received eagles air base post cold war draw forces europe deployments deployed panama drug operation wing simply fighter wing air_force wide renaming units wing deployed iceland periodic day deployments wing members trained deployed iceland canada korea europe year participated deployed turkey order enforce fly zone iraq north 36th parallel personnel deployed middle_east europe order participate terrorist attacks morning september received cape facility calls operations center receiving manager cape facility called figured air base coming soon scramble order likely called base figured pilots appreciate heads called operations center superintendent aviation management answered initially confused identification given lieutenant colonel handed phone alerted situation radio called pilot major pilot sharing alert duty told ready coming alert told suit ready scramble soon commander asked permission launch fighter jets sector turn responded ordering commander weapons team controlled jets major place fighters battle stations resulted warning sounding pilots jets minutes later scramble order received jets took officially occurred minute difference official unofficial accounts command post guidance told things flight boeing reality air radar kicked allowing effectively intercept plane difficulties accurately locating flight caused delay minutes scramble order given pilots nash respond flight hit jets flight major asked fighters responded saying send new_york_city continue got possible news hit real world continue taking fighters new_york_city area international airport area sure route way let press unsure target directed holding pattern military controlled whiskey long_island avoid new_york area air traffic flight hit fighters progressing holding position advised aircraft jets stayed holding pattern soon headed manhattan arrived established city going senior battle staff watching news flight crashed immediately caused commander shout need battle staff order caused senior commanders disperse head nearby operations buildings inside gathered battle cab installation operations center soon voice came base commander ordered core battle staff assemble report operations building immediately wing began occur time time order eighteen planes ready flight commanders began prepare based anticipated asked actions attack country knowing couldn await guidance recalled training flights began loading fuel weapons available fighter jets battle cab maintenance squadron officer told listen want generate fighter jets immediately caused personnel called ordered work remaining jets rush involved placement missiles jets including newer missiles rarely pulled jets training mission traversing told head immediately landed pilots told park jets leave engines finally planes took morning order received launch available fighters pilots national emergency potential aircraft point ran room said order received available jets launch pilots ran aircraft speaker saying morning jets majority jets unarmed handful jets armed sent missiles standard missile load involves missiles launch worked furious pace fix available jets live weapons jets began minutes hit fact later lend theory idea floating ram planes jet starting ending night planes air conspiracy link initial shock attacks passed questions arose military handled subsequent response jets thought jets purposely kept flying immediately new_york_city questions arising response time jets come practice cold war era policies prohibited immediate response emergency like pilot said recall told hit remember seeing smoke mile away claimed calculations incorrect according calculations planes flying maximum speed statement takes account time planes holding pattern military jets prohibited going land rules rules meant prevent damage buildings shock wave sonic boom produces global war terror operation noble eagle wing members mobilized wing began flying clock combat air patrol missions immediately continued february december wing escorted flight direct result trying blow plane buildup invasion afghanistan personnel sent region wing patrolled skies time period wing deployed operation iraqi freedom wing converted planes came air base commission originally planned close dissolve locals argued leave huge gap national air defenses commission officials visiting base decided open lose planes time going fighter wing based barnes municipal airport trained squadron wing hosted air eagle end august wing shared fighter wing fighter wing commission decisions changed type planes flew beginning began moving barnes municipal airport grounding based vermont took role patrolling northeast skies earlier expected flight coinciding transitioning fighter jets fighter wing created issues january fighter wing flew patrol mission unit wing commander colonel led flight accompanied major fire trucks hand team landed half hour later giving planes pilots customary ceremonial time new mission announced wing remain open discussions began future staff headquarters considered plan centered idea wing transition intelligence mission support growing war terror idea hit announced funds wing use convert new mission depleted eventually governor announced wing adopt intelligence role soon aircraft left original base realignment closure commission plans hinted distributed common ground system created plans include air affected loss jobs issue resolved air_force announced plans right started leave barnes fighter wing formally designated intelligence wing april planned reach operational capacity members wing option moving barnes decided stay train new missions crash trucks went barnes leaving brush breakers buildings occupied fighter wing including occupied intelligence mission november ground broken new facilities building eventually replace temporary facilities wing operating units assigned current | 102d Intelligence Wing | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15336_Trenck'sPandurs | german light infantry unit monarchy raised baron der charter issued austria unit largely composed volunteers named security guards employed maintain public order presented empress unit military band earning claim pioneering martial music europe use uniforms overall oriental ottoman appearance original organization unit retained transformed regiment relieved command imprisoned died unit ultimately transformed 53rd infantry regiment headquartered disbanded regiment commemorative medals bear image wearing attire took war austrian succession including second war contributed capture destruction fortress munich unit looted prussian war chest belongings frederick great took wellington museum belgium motto read sword found battlefield earned reputation brave feared ruthless soldiers known looting prone military discipline city located near celebrates city city destruction heritage preserved city croatia eponymous living history troop city music band exist etymology term way military use hungarian language hungarian turn originating term nasal place suggests borrowing applied security guards protecting crops fields coined spelled meaning chase scare away meaning hungarian expanded guards general including law enforcement officers word likely ultimately derived medieval latin meaning guardian fields follower banner middle 18th century law enforcement counties croatia included county patrolled roads pursued criminals term applied frontier guard duty infantry deployed frontier specifically role security guards extended establishment austrian rule early 19th century term dropped official use law enforcement officials colloquially croatia manner akin english word cop unit raised led referred specifically frequently croatia history unit monarchy raised baron der following charter german issued austria february permitting raise strong troop unit largely composed men enlisted volunteers areas consisting ethnic serbs saw military action bavaria france arrived vienna military parade empress unit headed included captains senior lieutenant adjutant catholic orthodox christian musicians equipped drum musicians called turkish band ottoman military bands considered pioneers martial music europe according specific uniforms clothes varied turkish style oriental appearance compounded mandatory head leaving use horse tail instead unit banner carried single shot pistols fighting knife small knife took war austrian succession including war took capturing lower defending near vienna battle took capture castle defeated french troops taking austrian recapture munich end year captured defenders completely destroying secure access troops led led captured fortress second war took looted prussian war chest containing weapons horses tent belonging earned reputation brave feared ruthless soldiers looting characterized military discipline hand city located near celebrates city destruction city historical event involving actors original organization unit retained transformed regiment following petition empress relieved command tried unspecified acts violence imprisoned died peace regiment transformed battalion december seven years war started battalion reformed 53rd infantry regiment headquarters moved ending history regiment kept lineage alive commemorative medals bearing image wearing attire regiment disbanded january legacy achievements led left lasting mark culture heritage croatia bavaria example unit legacy found village named commander village located area estate near croatia baron lived location baroque manor owned replaced structure late 18th early 19th centuries heritage preserved croatian military band official music band city established january eponymous living history troop established members band festival held annually commemorating events city spared destruction military unit leader names modern armed force unit modern military equipment special police platoon formed march took croatian war independence produces armoured fighting vehicle | Trenck's Pandurs | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15368_2/5thBattalion(Australia) | 5th 5th battalion infantry battalion australian_army operated world war raised melbourne victoria october 2nd attached 17th brigade 6th division 5th australian infantry battalions fight major axis powers war seeing action germans italians egypt libya greece crete french syria returning australia fight japanese following period garrison duties ceylon formed australian force established defend possible japanese invasion following return australia battalion organised jungle warfare took campaigns new_guinea campaigns came involved defence campaign took campaign following end war battalion embarked australia december disbanded early february battle honours maintained 5th 6th battalion history formation training following outbreak world war september australian government announced decision raise volunteer 2nd defence act sending australia time military forces overseas force 5th battalion raised melbourne victoria october began receive intake men november moved battalion initial recruits came victorian scottish regiment militia unit associated raised world war battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel replaced commander major battalion went combat cook considered old lead troops combat 6th 7th 8th battalions 5th formed 17th brigade assigned infantry division formed 2nd colours chosen battalion unit colour patch colours black red horizontal rectangular shape border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart authorised strength personnel like australian infantry battalions time battalion consisted rifle companies consisting companies supported battalion headquarters headquarters company specialist signals pioneer anti aircraft transport administrative mortars battalion regimental aid post attached battalion personnel assembled november april undertaking basic training australia embarking middle_east april aboard transport port melbourne north_africa greece syria battalion arrived egypt joined 17th brigade infantry battalions camp period training palestine followed battalion took fighting italians libya january february 5th involved attacks australians went battle time fighting battalion commander seriously wounded artillery bombardment temporarily replaced major battalion committed fighting second phase assault advancing established railway later assault 5th tasked conducting attack east italian perimeter battalion time libya cost killed wounded months later april 6th division sent greece order defend possible german invasion nation invasion took place anticipated end british commonwealth forces unable stem tide german onslaught 5th battalion began campaign april series necessary lightning advance german forces pushed way port evacuated couple weeks later april battalion lost men killed wounded prisoners war prisoners drivers captured having unable time majority battalion consisting personnel evacuated alexandria concentrated palestine men confusion evacuation landed crete formed composite battalion 17th brigade units personnel including personnel 6th battalion personnel assigned sector occupied position took following german invasion majority 5th personnel assigned composite battalion captured battalion casualties campaign amounted killed action died wounds wounded captured men battalion known evaded capture fighting greece crete later killed action fighting alongside yugoslav resistance forces taken prisoner eventually moved camps germany poland liberated end war june july australians deployed syria lebanon campaign french launched british order prevent french held colonies controlled germans majority australian forces drawn 7th division 17th brigade called provide reinforcements 3rd 5th battalions initial involvement campaign came mid june french counterattack companies went action battalion main involvement came early july took proved final battle campaign preliminary final assault 5th battalion concert 3rd advanced moving 21st brigade position cut road north forces advanced east days following capture 5th continued advance north coastal road commanders sought armistice bringing campaign end july 5th casualties brief campaign amounted men killed wounded aftermath battalion remained middle_east serving occupation force syria lebanon january following japan entry war australian government requested return battalion needed fighting new_guinea pacific battalion departed middle_east march aboard voyage australia 16th 17th brigades disembarked ceylon fears japanese attack nearly months stationed island initially fort later bay observation posts section defensive positions established april 5th battalion endured heavy rains undertook series exercises training early july battalion finally received orders return australia relieved fort 8th transported embark castle august battalion arrived melbourne having away years short period home leave followed battalion personnel concentrated royal park march melbourne draft reinforcements arrived time incorporating men new_south_wales states mid september battalion moved new south wales travelling rail newcastle brief period training undertaken battalion uniforms dyed green time battalion organised converted jungle establishment process authorised strength reduced personnel ranks situation pacific deteriorated dramatically australian forces holding japanese new_guinea hard pressed desperately need reinforcement early october months returning australia 5th moved brisbane queensland deployed recently held face japanese landing aboard dutch transport battalion fighting months later january took defence 17th brigade reinforce sailing port bay advance party companies battalion flown january hastily reinforce small force remainder totalling men arriving january secured airfield direct japanese fire companies arrived earlier pulled early february australians gained initiative battalion relieved holding airfield went offensive attacking alongside 7th battalion effort push japanese away positions bank south west fighting intense course days battalion lost killed wounded secured battalion undertook patrolling operations rest joining advance support view drawing japanese reinforcements away landing planned september japanese strong resistance battalion involved heavy fighting fighting mount july august actions secure companies deployed holding action attempt mount cut japanese line communication companies attacked casualties battalion april september amounted killed wounded arrived 3rd following capture link forces 5th battalion withdrawn line concentrating late august 17th brigade relieved 29th fortnight unloading ships bay battalion moved landing craft embarked liberty ship dutch transport september battalion arrived australia landing queensland fighting area resulted following losses 5th killed wounded concentrating north queensland extended period home leave time victorian south australian personnel took march melbourne spent year training rest 6th division large turn battalion personnel time severely depleted illness previous campaign brought strength april drafts reinforcements majority coming new_south_wales counter men late battalion occupied series sporting events leave new year series amphibious exercises undertaken time view preparing battalion future operations finally late war battalion received orders deploy overseas boarding november week later battalion arrived new_guinea 6th division took american garrison order free troops fighting philippines following 5th concentrated december australians began offensive operations japanese forces operating surrounding areas seven months war ended 5th undertook patrols prince alexander mountain ranges 17th brigade worked initially establish hold australian base moving inland pursue japanese forces withdrawn interior intended campaign costly period consisting primarily small unit actions resulted heavy casualties australians course campaign 5th suffered casualties including officers killed wounded disbandment legacy following end war 5th remained new_guinea personnel posted unit units disbanded september battalion withdrawn area flown battalion took divisional parade october later month declared redundant plans time soldiers undertook educational training prepare civilian life waited return australia november considerable turn battalion troops members posted units depending priority units included 1st 2nd 6th 7th 30th infantry battalions battalion left personnel possessed required points discharge finally december remaining personnel embarked transport bound brisbane brief stay camp brisbane suburbs followed battalion moved rail victoria personnel moved road victorian south australian western australian contingents marched discharge leaving small staff battalion subsequently disbanded early february involvement war total men served 5th battalion killed wounded members battalion received military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches member battalion appointed officer order british empire appointed members order british empire alongside 3rd battalion 5th australian infantry battalion fight major axis powers war constituted victorian scottish regiment raised time members drawn 5th battalion territorial personnel links decided custody 5th battalion world war battle honours result reorganisation australian_army 1960s saw disbandment based single battalion regiments raising new multi battalion state based regiments battle honours inherited 5th 6th battalion battalion based melbourne battle honours received following battle honours service world war north_africa syria greece south west pacific mount liberation australian new_guinea battle honours entrusted link maintained commanding officers following officers commanded war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel patrick lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/5th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15369_563dRescueGroup | united_states_air_force unit stationed arizona group controls rescue squadrons nevada assigned wing georgia group directs flying operations dedicated personnel recovery group activated current designation command rescue units western united_states group activated world war emergency rescue squadron mississippi training gulf_coast squadron moved fall served combat surrender japan earning philippine presidential unit citation war squadron moved japan occupation forces located korean war began served combat expanding earning distinguished unit war group eliminated groups assigned squadrons directly regional rescue centers group organized tan son airport rescue command united_states_air_force rescue units engaged war vietnam participated campaign winning additional air_force outstanding unit award combat device vietnamese gallantry cross palm combat southeast_asia united_states withdrew vietnam group moved headquarters thailand participating evacuations mission directs flying operations dedicated personnel recovery group responsible training readiness operations lockheed combat king squadron squadrons guardian angel squadrons operations support squadron units 48th rescue squadron rescue squadron nevada guardian angel squadrons train equip employ commonly known combat rescue officers supporting personnel worldwide combat rescue operations use fixed wing aircraft extraction squadrons provide survivor contact treatment extraction combat rescue operations provide combat humanitarian search rescue medical assistance operates combat rescue forces worldwide employs helicopter hostile environments recover downed isolated personnel day night marginal weather conditions squadron conducts civil search rescue disaster relief international aid emergency medical evacuation counter drug activities nevada operates mission similar 55th rescue squadron squadron meets logistical maintenance support requirements directed operational test missions rescue squadron operates combat king provides combat rescue forces theater commanders worldwide conducts helicopter air landing personnel equipment recover combat personnel crews fly low level operations perform missions day night supports training employment combat support squadrons provides support functions including weapons tactics current operations intelligence training life support mobility manages programmed flying hours operational training requirements met parameters set higher headquarters responsible implementing theater war plans history world war occupation japan world war unit activated mississippi february unit rescue units especially deploying pacific unit organized primarily water recovery downed number squadron received training united_states_navy unit continued training field mississippi april ground departed air continued training ground arrived california ship australia arriving airport near brisbane australia june moved new_guinea days later moved forward september squadron air continued training july flew california arriving following day moved california august arrived airport september finally reunited ground september squadron combat mission flown september picked downed navy november squadron began operating philippines initially army unable support months supported navy seaplane uss half moon support continued arrival squadron ground months war squadron began operate boeing equipped foot long life boat survival equipment dropped downed addition permitted rescue crews downed seas high land pick frequently accompany strike aircraft coast attack position accompany distressed aircraft return flight needed life boat engines gave range miles dropped crews aircraft squadron provided service carried supplies messages evacuated allied prisoners wounded personnel occasionally provided reconnaissance squadron flights frequently operated bases separated squadron headquarters example month war august squadron flights detachments located airfield near okinawa months operating pacific credited rescuing persons occupation japan squadron american military units japan day elements unit airfield september squadron headquarters joined october squadron occupation forces personnel early qualified pilot assigned unit summer regular officers soldiers assigned sufficient strength squadron resume operations squadron flights located air base japan air base korea squadron called rescue squadron provided rescue capabilities japan primary mission intercept distressed aircraft escort japanese adjacent waters experience demonstrated need land rescue capabilities helicopters light planes response squadron added helicopters inventory formed assigned control rescue units united_states command overseas routes took command rescue units pacific remained attached units operational control korean war deployment elements korea following north korean invasion south_korea june squadron deployed west air base perform search rescue missions replaced week later helicopters late august squadron representative stationed coordinate rescue operations months later single officer expanded command squadron deputy commander known air rescue squadron korea operations korea combat operations korea changing tactical situation soon added missions rescuing downed enemy lines evacuating wounded personnel squadron helicopters squadron rescue downed pilot enemy lines occurred september north american pilot 35th fighter bomber squadron rescued squadron helicopter initially aircraft available unit called air rescue squadron efforts limited short range missions squadron helicopters operate korea rice escorted unit flew evacuation missions small unprepared fields limited resources squadron augmented crews aircraft air rescue squadron clark air base philippines particularly form boeing operated offshore strike areas world war squadron search role occasion fly critical supply missions early war planes began replaced war began newest plane strength unit pacific remedy detachment 5th rescue squadron air force base colorado dispatched july augment squadron november squadron began receive fully equipped following march march squadron received test model helicopter evaluate combat replacement greatly extended range squadron wing elements squadron helicopters frequently flew wounded soldiers mash units typically mash december squadron successfully evacuated troops navy hospital ship sailing korean coast chairman credited drop mortality rate wounded soldiers half experienced world war quick evacuation rescue helicopters casualties evacuated war squadron elements operated islands coast north_korea enabling limited range helicopters rescue far enemy lines associated forward locations squadron assumed secondary mission special operations shortly arrival extract united_nations personnel likely korean enemy lines november squadron dropped number agents near chinese border radio equipment provide intelligence data enemy components april unit recovered components crashed near study military intelligence squadron group flying combat missions november squadron expanded squadron flights replaced newly activated squadron assigned new group time detachment squadron seoul korea expanded air rescue squadron group credited rescuing united_nations personnel korean war including combat saves enemy lines water rescues actions earned unit distinguished unit citation following war group returned providing rescue capability japan peak squadrons 37th squadron group replaced carried man safer drop single wooden boat carried group headquarters 38th squadron 36th 39th squadrons transferred squadrons assigned vietnam war buildup rescue forces coordination rescue operations southeast_asia begun establishment detachment replaced july 38th rescue detachments bases thailand squadron manned joint search rescue center tan son airport operated regional rescue coordination centers air base directed rescue operations rising aircraft losses late led expansion air_force rescue assets southeast_asia group reactivated rescue detachment detachment manning regional rescue centers 38th squadron responsible local base rescue detachments bases vietnam thailand 37th established responsible rescue missions air_force rescue efforts green giants combat rescue lockheed command control aircraft coordinate rescue operations assigned long range water rescue later combined form group squadron 39th improved equipment capabilities shelf rescue helicopters assigned limited group effectiveness higher altitudes needed stage forward bases provide rescue coverage partially addition air capability months combat june flight standard staging bases continued addition extending range group helicopters air permitted dump fuel needed aircraft enable rescues high altitudes knowing able connect tanker rescue attempt load sufficient fuel return home base parallel introduction air aircraft spring group implemented enabled fuel virtually navy ship operating landing larger ships alongside smaller ones combined ability land water permitted withdrawal amphibians flew combat rescue sortie september fall group received super green giant stationed helicopters improved capabilities faster altitudes pressure altitude armed larger size carried second specialist despite improved capability provided buff called unit night rescue capability remained limited night rescue attempts rarely successful march expanded rescue missions led formation second squadron 40th rescue reductions rescue operations reductions size group began december local base rescue detachment discontinued closure detachments continued bases closed transferred army closure required group 39th squadron bay air base fall july reductions local base rescue reached point 38th squadron remaining detachments transferred directly group month 40th squadron moved better support campaign trail air strikes concentrated bombing halt 20th parallel group directly participate son raid november joint task force arrived theater seven group 40th squadron 37th squadron march 39th squadron left vietnam shortly arrival squadron planes temporarily absorbed local base rescue detachment july 56th rescue activated manage aircraft late year connection cease fire resulted withdrawal rescue forces vietnam 37th squadron air base november remaining assets absorbed group moved existing replaced located group headquarters rescue operations continued group began participate training exercises eagle pull incident april group forces placed alert possible implementation operation eagle pull evacuation americans forces surrounded capital group helicopter flew united_states marine_corps command element assume control evacuation april group helicopters positioned evacuation flew combat control team city marine helicopters evacuated civilians group helicopters returned landing zone extract combat control team remaining security forces hit ground fire badly damaged able return base emergency landing conditions southeast_asia continued deteriorate evacuation implemented end month group placed rescue helicopters alert bases thailand aboard uss midway april helicopters aboard midway accompanied marine missions evacuate people flight carried refugees aboard aircraft end mission commission having flown group mission vietnam forces seized merchant ship group initially flew transport use possible rescue force group joined units transporting marine assault force island run aground marines uss howard headed knife shot marines crew rescued lost effort escorted struck attempting land marines attempt extract marines began additional transported relief force marines additional security evacuation efforts continued heavy enemy fire afternoon evening air_force combat operation southeast_asia october 56th squadron remaining absorbed united_states continued withdrawal southeast_asia shut december group 40th squadron end january group credited saves war including combat saves group deployed airmen aircraft annually support operation enduring freedom operation iraqi freedom conducted humanitarian operations hurricane katrina included evacuation support gulf_coast hurricane hurricanes supported nasa launch recovery space shuttle 48th squadron recovery teams saved hundreds lives combat situations medal honor distinguished service cross members group received second highest award heroism awarded united_states military later review awards upgraded nation highest award medal honor june landed shallow filled floating debris low hanging high tension power lines ran river rescue pilot plane twilight assisted covering flights suppress enemy able difficult night landing pick pilot successfully mission awarded class group 38th squadron enlisted man awarded flying sent extract army unit caught ambush march descended assist soldiers helicopter loaded wounded soldiers hold elected remain render aid remaining soldiers wounded second arrived scene descended found killed remaining soldiers december following review replaced award medal honor posthumously promoted rank class 37th squadron awarded actions march rescue operation marine helicopters shot boeing crashed attempting aid marine reported enemy forces closing crash site multiple trips ground exposed enemy fire loading marines litter possible trip struck enemy fire losing hydraulic pressure forcing pilot head emergency landing field continued tend wounded board rendered temporarily unconscious bullet struck helmet lineage lineage inception today constituted emergency rescue squadron february activated february redesignated rescue squadron january redesignated air rescue squadron august redesignated november june redesignated rescue activated december organized organized january january redesignated july activated october assignments assignments inception today february march july august operational control august october october march bomber command november composite wing june june attached november august june military december organized military january organized later 41st rescue 41st rescue weather reconnaissance wing january january october wing october present components operational squadrons operational squadrons today september june 36th air rescue squadron november june 37th later 37th november january august 38th later 38th november june january july 39th air rescue squadron later 39th november june january april 40th march august 48th rescue squadron october present 55th rescue squadron october present 56th july august rescue squadron october present 60th april june rescue squadron october present rescue squadron october present march april detachments detachment september june detachment june march detachment january december detachment january december stations stations inception today aircraft aircraft inception today awards campaigns | 563d Rescue Group | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15458_189thInfantryBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry brigade united_states_army based washington training brigade subordinate army originally organized brigade saw combat conflict kept active reserve 20th century brigade reorganized different unit fighting world war seeing numerous moves brigade principally training unit existence reactivated brigade primarily responsible training provincial reconstruction teams supporting elements deployment war afghanistan history origins constituted activated june organized reserves assigned brigade organized oklahoma mobilized world war received participation credit action stay active reserve brigade interwar period march formation reorganized august formation reorganized brigade headquarters changed oklahoma world war formation saw great changes preparation fight world war february brigade structure greatly converted reconnaissance element combined assets form reconnaissance troop subsequently assigned division troop ordered active military service july reorganized camp swift texas element division process reorganized august group reorganized given vehicles redesignated deployed august subsequently deployed northern france troop fought division northern france eventually northern germany capturing town town end war retrieved december formation received campaign participation earn end world war troop returned home began process october camp mississippi december inactive formation redesignated activated january oklahoma december brigade headquarters moved oklahoma june troop reorganized allowed larger structure control personnel formation september oklahoma activated march arkansas company location changed oklahoma june company time years later april disbanded action elements return designations world war january main elements company allotted active duty force inactive brigade activated formed active duty force separate brigade reactivated assets designated having reorganized october brigade activated north_carolina training brigade population nearly soldiers numerous tenant units fort large contingent soldiers necessitating multiple brigades training years service fort october base elements brigade subsequently merged training brigade base responsible exercises activated december 4th brigade division overall army training support divisions commanding divisional brigades larger regions commanding separate brigades process designed identification brigades easier assigned army division east contains training brigades responsibilities entire region east mississippi_river brigade organized training brigade preparing units deployment brigade prepares units provides training assistance support pre deployment exercises performance progress units deploying brigade specialized training provincial reconstruction teams deploying afghanistan early train fort month training exercises personnel trained wide range scenarios ranging hospital repairs scenarios language conducted conference training decided cultural awareness language training needed stressed future training brigade finally received distinctive unit insignia shoulder sleeve insignia early brigade began training group months later brigades began training day deployment afghanistan transferred authority army army colors september brigade worked closely training members required assemble training lasts approximately weeks include members army navy air_force civilian military contractors members sic afghanistan numerous groups responsible training security forces guard including elements 33rd soldiers brigade trained modernization army public affairs organization brigade contains subordinate battalions separate company attached brigade turn subordinate army like formations army brigade combat unit instead trains units preparing deployment headquarters headquarters company brigade located acts command element formation overseeing subordinate battalions located battalions include regiment additionally direct reporting unit provides services regular brigade special troops battalion honors unit decorations army superior unit award campaign | 189th Infantry Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15556_IIICorps(UnitedStates) | united_states corps united_states_army headquartered fort hood texas major formation activated world war france oversaw army divisions repelled major german led germany corps following end war reactivated interwar years trained army formations combat world war deployed participated key engagements including battle relieved surrounded years corps key training element army sent troops overseas support cold war korean war vietnam war corps saw combat deployments operation iraqi freedom history world war organized france designed newly activated corps time number men divisions corps took command forces training time took command forces training campaign july corps rushed area preparation battle major allied year given administrative command 1st division previously command command group arrived area late exercise tactical command instead attached july attack launched force assault high ground south attack corps cut rail lines supplying german_army day attack success second day germans reinforced heavier weapons able blunt attack inflicting high casualties force successful despite heavy casualties german forces forced retreat august corps arrived area near assumed command 32nd division french placing corps days troops continued advance september withdrew form new united_states_army campaign army formed preparation advance campaign consisted men corps took army east flank protecting army advanced offensive slow hampered inexperience divisions army command effective protecting sector advanced september october taking weeks rest formation november army went general offensive pushing north ridge successful pushing german forces advancing river end war time division received shoulder sleeve insignia approving telegram insignia officially authorized corps germany close hostilities following end world war remained europe months returned united_states ohio interwar period august activated united_states october year redesignated formally activated december decade corps directed primarily training smaller units military began slowly building strength response international conflicts tasked specifically training newly formed army combat divisions preparation deployment moved camp hood texas mission world war following japanese attack pearl harbor bringing world war remained united_states assigned organize defenses west_coast specifically california threat attack japan time operated california corps moved georgia early training short period corps returned august designated separate corps capable deployment years train thousands troops combat including division sized units participate corps level maneuvers including europe august corps headquarters departed california camp massachusetts deployed september arrival france corps assigned given code century retained war corps headquarters established normandy weeks corps received processed troops 12th arriving normandy beaches period corps participated red ball express organizing provisional truck companies carry fuel ammunition units lines corps assigned united states army october moved near combat corps fighting region moved attack fort arc forts holding region fort fell december later month december came german german troops supported tanks assault guns assaulted lines miles north day army commander general warned likely ordered assist time corps consisted moved north assist relief attack commencing december corps advanced north catching german forces surprise south flank cutting eventually able reach surrounded german forces relieve days action liberated towns including operation key halting german offensive eventual drive months moved quickly offensive february corps united_states_army established turn led capture march march dam captured intact task force 7th armored division corps continued attack seize april late april reformed launched drive bavaria austria ordered halt austrian border days day german forces surrendered bringing end war europe post war end war added campaign taken prisoners seized square miles km2 german territory corps participated critical actions normandy german austrian border wartime commanders included major general major general months occupation duty germany corps returned camp louisiana october cold war era march height korean war called active duty camp roberts california april moved fort hood texas participated number important exercises director headquarters player unit took command 1st armored division main purpose operations testing new doctrines organizations equipment corps berlin crisis brought active duty fourth time september units participated intensive training program operationally ready december february designated unit september assigned 1960s subordinate units trained rapid deployment europe event outbreak war vietnam war era corps supervised training deployment units detachments southeast_asia including corps trained individual replacements units vietnam total soldiers trained war southeast_asia ended corps received units individual soldiers period units participated number key tests help determine army organization equipment years era corps received distinctive unit insignia july newly established training testing evaluation mission began grow remainder decade number training doctrine command tests organizations tactical concepts play key role fielding new equipment units participate major exercises exercise disaster relief operations united_states central_america summer army decided implement recommendations created air cavalry combat brigade assets create new brigade assigned corps asset 1st squadron transferred new brigade february brigade served test bed new concepts involving employment attack helicopters modern battlefield brigade consisted 5th 7th squadrons 17th cavalry regiment flying attack helicopters army modernization effort 1980s corps units introduced new organizations equipment including tank helicopter conducted largest deployment forces germany second world war exercise time corps began assisting training support active reserve component units support involves training guidance resources maintenance relationships extend wartime 1990s following end cold war headquarters saw major saw numerous units command deploy world units sent panama honduras saudi_arabia kuwait iraq fall units deployed iraq operation units aviation regiment battalion fort hood corps units provided humanitarian support operation restore hope elements supported operation joint endeavor cold war role primary force army major army formations gained command heavier units including took charge rapid deployment emergency including took charge heavy units designed large conventional offensive actions century corps composed 13th corps support command realignment army return formations europe corps took command units having transferred germany corps headquarters saw combat deployment second world war deployed iraq operation iraqi freedom headquarters assumed duties national corps iraq relieving served administrative command soldiers command element providing operational direction returned fort hood relieved years participated exchange program sees officer appointed deputy commanding general notably deployed corps iraq september henceforth field artillery brigades soon assigned corps division headquarters directly corps returned iraq second time serve commanding headquarters month deployment corps took command force largest iraq war troop surge corps conducted similar mission deployment focusing providing personnel management training communications convoy escort duties support commanding elements fulfilled mission february returned home relieved corps began number training initiatives included command post exercise major high intensity combat operations exercises held south_korea operations designed corps familiar commanding large scale conventional warfare opposed counter tactics employed tours iraq return united_states corps conducted similar exercises fort hood november opened fire killing people wounding muslim major psychiatrist alleged arrested civilian police officers subsequent investigation handled soldiers killed corps chain command commanded assumed final iraq mission corps washington february core element iraq headquarters oversaw theater wide transition spectrum operations stability operations corps changed coin fight dynamic partnered combat operations led brigade combat teams training advising assisting operations led brigades organized advise assist brigades corps completed transition complete iraqi lead security operations deployment reduced aviation assets iraq resulting enhanced combat aviation brigade maneuver battalions having responsibility entire joint operations area oversaw reduction force iraq personnel established conditions end operation iraqi freedom transition operation new dawn north_carolina assumed iraq follow mission february corps saw action afghanistan deployed early april corps command replaced germany assumed mission responsible day day operations afghanistan corps deployment oversaw milestone ceremony june marked official transition responsibility nationwide security operations milestone ceremony transitioned coalition led combat operations led combat operations coalition forces providing training advice assistance officially years old reached peak members conducted major operations provinces november forces provided technical support secured country wide gathering local leaders officials successfully laid security agreement deployment oversaw forces north_carolina assumed mission march organization fort hood iii corps special troops battalion fort hood fort hood 1st armored division fort bliss fort fort hood 75th field 36th fort hood major units stationed units fort hood military fort hood 13th command fort hood fort hood honors corps received campaign world war campaign world war received campaign unit awards war terrorism unit decorations campaign | III Corps (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15650_11thBattalion(Australia) | australian_army battalion infantry units raised world war battalion recruited western_australia following brief training period perth battalion sailed egypt undertook months intensive training april took invasion landing cove august battalion action following withdrawal gallipoli battalion returned egypt split help form march battalion deployed western france belgium took trench warfare end war november battalion disbanded activated merged times reserve unit initially fought brief campaign japanese world war units maintained traditions original include 11th 44th battalion city city perth company current 11th 28th battalion world war formation formed august weeks declaration war august infantry units raised world war volunteer 9th 10th 12th battalions formed colonel assigned battalion raised western_australia command lieutenant colonel 11th concentrated hill western_australia drawing personnel state majority coming perth recruits came elements society majority labourers agricultural workers miners seventy percent original australian born remaining recruits mainly english born smaller numbers coming parts british isles september reached authorised strength officers ranks formation battalion consisted rifle companies designated headquarters company signals transport medical machine gun sections majority battalion non commissioned officers long serving soldiers regular personnel previously fought south_africa boer war previously served british_army rudimentary training undertaken end october sailed originally bound united_kingdom complete training orders changed concerns training camps united_kingdom start december battalion arrived camp cairo egypt battalion companies reorganised existed british_army establishment training undertaken battalion remained egypt early march sailed suffolk alexandria island sea preparation landing gallipoli landing april battalion disembarked suffolk boarded bound gallipoli dardanelles morning april companies battalion landed cove mile south left flank wave heavy machine gun rifle fire battalion stormed cliffs driving turks battalion landing mixed units small sections battalion engaged australian major battalion senior officers tried sort scattered men battalions 9th right 10th middle 11th left second half battalion landed north wave directly heavy machine gun fire turks fully prepared alerted wave days battalion dug second ridges heavy fire turks casualties heavy defensive line established 30th battalion withdrawn moved reserve beach day section stage battalion strong officers ranks battalion landed raid party men battalion led captain detail engineers launched unsuccessful attack turkish fort observe artillery fire australian positions cove turks opened heavy fire party forced withdraw australians lost killed including officer wounded raid war point battalion estimated suffered killed wounded missing battalion received reinforcements bringing total strength officers ranks early morning turkish forces launched attack left flank australian lines developed major battle australian attack repulsed heavy losses suffered killed wounded mainly turkish officer soldiers surrendered truce declared burial party 12th battalion sent fired turks result burial parties discontinued similar truce declared line drawn halfway lines sent parties bury dead collect equipment lone pine july weeks reserve battalion relieved right australian line july party men led ordered capture section turkish trenches battalion position engineers detonated mines prepared near turkish communications trenches party captured turkish trench following bayonet charge loss officer ranks killed seventy members battalion wounded attack including mentioned dispatches turkish casualties estimated battalion killed august battalion held fierce turkish counterattack trench known trench heavy casualties sustained sides battalion suffered killed wounded missing end month strength despite having received reinforcements fallen men approximately half authorised strength following month command battalion passed took brigade commander health men deteriorated battalion strength fell arrival winter october brought heavy rain conditions withdrawal november battalion supported 5th light horse chatham post withdrawn withdrawal planned 14th bad weather delayed night november sailed following seven months trenches battalion war diary records particularly bad weather period noting unsuitable place send troops rest rest period battalion reported case following brigade december battalion casualty campaign soldier named died battalion lost total men killed campaign western early battalion sailed alexandria empress britain alexandria travelled train time battalion received reinforcements australia undertaking defensive duties guarding suez_canal february organised expanded saw veteran battalions split provide new battalions process 15th battalion provided personnel transferring numbered sections new battalion time battalion received organic direct fire support march infantry divisions transferred europe battalion sailed alexandria aboard arrived france april moved train 19th moved commemorated day april mid period training prepare european battlefield moved line sector strength officers ranks draft reinforcements totalling men ranks arrived battalion experience combat western late evening german artillery bombarded allied line infantry launched raid trenches fighting followed lost men captured killed wounded june placed support brought strength time battalion organic fire support increased addition extra following month moved committed fighting arriving albert july amidst gas attack battalion spent couple days preparing attack working improve trenches stores subjected heavy artillery bombardment attack midnight july costly success amidst heavy casualties took forward german trenches amidst confusion fighting advanced limit exploitation entering moving embroiled close quarters fighting capturing artillery pieces battalion officers non commissioned officers eventually managed regain control advance battalion brought defensive line objective dawn patrols battalion entered village cleared beneath battered remains village buildings capturing prisoners night july australians attacked establishing new defensive line 11th forced withdraw suffering heavily friendly enemy morning july casualties sustained german artillery german infantry launched counterattack battalion right australians managed hold ground remained line day 19th battalion arrived relief having lost officers ranks killed wounded missing battalion suffered 3rd brigade battalions moved rebuilt organising mid august 11th battalion moved placed brigade reserve dawn august men 11th took attack casualties amounted killed wounded battalion moved belgium 11th battalion spent remainder sector flanders moved end year worst winter years descended early germans fell line effort lines prepared positions allies pursued withdrawing germans late february 11th battalion captured conducting operations advancing fought minor engagement relieved having lost killed wounded fighting men killed wounded artillery sickness took heavy toll time bad weather march lieutenant colonel took commanding officer following month allied line pushed forward 11th battalion played supporting role attack occupying village april battle lieutenant company command important picket post right battalion positions outside orders hold position costs germans attacked position overwhelming numbers surrounded post having ammunition remainder post charged fixed surrounding german positions pope body later found men having killed germans pope posthumously awarded victoria_cross australia highest award gallantry face enemy early moved occupied recently captured portion german line couple days later second battle position attacked german shock troops response attack supporting artillery called attack repulsed germans laid heavy bombardment retaliation attack ordered order rescinded senior officer forward trench major expressed concerns state soldiers assault wave germans attack turned 11th launched limited counterattack regained ground lost battalion having lost men killed captured wounded strength men relieved moved received draft reinforcements couple months battalion rebuilt reaching strength officers ranks late august following month committed attack came wood september lost killed wounded moving early october saw transferred conducted raid german positions october concert following day 11th battalion moved position ridge later moving end month suffered heavy casualties german artillery november december battalion remained line resting returning late december remaining new years battalion strength time officers ranks german spring offensive final days early capitulation russia germans having moved bulk forces western launched spring offensive striking british forces initial onslaught pushed allied forces australian divisions merged thrown line effort stem tide early march moved sector subjected gas attacks sent south start april joining rest 1st division defence middle month couple months battalion rotated line defensive role german offensive june allies sought regain initiative undertook series peaceful penetration raids june resulted capture large german equipment prisoners loss men killed wounded lesser attack launched german trenches opposite battalion june time small group soldiers attached gain experience following month battalion captured supporting 10th battalion successful attack august allies launched offensive known days offensive opening phase offensive moving establishing defensive position august battalion committed strong attack successful attack lasted days resulted heavy casualties including killed wounded night august 11th withdrawn support line later moved supporting 9th 12th august days later losses experienced final attack came september launched company attack near despite severely company average strength men advanced yards took prisoners large quantities german equipment loss men killed casualties came october german aircraft attacked battalion headquarters killing number officers including acting commanding officer heavy casualties australians suffered final year war decrease volunteers arriving australia meant battalion desperately october withdrawn line rest reorganisation insistence australian prime minister time battalion reorganised company structure early november battalion prepared return return fighting armistice came effect bringing war end end war total men served killed wounded members battalion received following decorations service war seven bar bar bars seven foreign awards following armistice moved belgium process began battalion personnel slowly repatriated australia waited undertook training prepare civilian life february amalgamated 12th form 11th 12th battalion amalgamation occurred march 11th 12th merged 9th 10th battalion forming short time later battalion disbanded final commanding officer major jack original member battalion appointed company sergeant major battalion formative period camp inter war years world war following conclusion government undertook review australia military requirements time military force reorganised numerical designations units result reformed perth drawing personnel lineage 11th infantry regiment 51st infantry regiment formation battalion inherited battle honour south_africa bore 1st territorial designations introduced battalion adopted title perth regiment awarded battle honours world war receiving total motto time establishment units manned voluntary compulsory service following election government compulsory service scheme abolished replaced volunteer militia result economic pressures great depression number volunteers fell consequently number infantry battalions disbanded amalgamated amalgamated joined 11th 16th battalion units remained linked october formed right expansion militia concerns war europe world war like militia units 11th battalion performed garrison duties war stayed western_australia assigned 13th brigade later moving later year battalion battalion percent personnel volunteered serve outside australian territory battalion rest 13th brigade later transferred saw service japanese large size japanese forces australian campaign focused mainly landing bay battalion based plantation conducted patrolling operations restrict japanese little contact actual combat limited battalion casualties amounted dead wounded following end war disbanded april post world war australia time military force raised guise time 11th 44th battalion city formed following reorganisation army saw adoption divisional establishment 11th 44th reduced company sized element city perth company maintained traditions following year awarded battle honours earned 11th 11th battalions world war separate reformed formed designation years later battalion reduced independent company amalgamated 28th form current 11th 28th battalion alliances held following alliance united_kingdom royal sussex regiment approved battle honours received following battle honours boer war south africa inherited world war road wood france flanders landing gallipoli egypt world war north africa greece south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea mission | 11th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
15777_CroatianNationalGuard | croatian garde armed force established croatia april croatian war independence established framework legal reasons direct command tasked protection croatia borders territory tasks normally associated police forces formed transfer special police units establishing professional brigades presented public military parade commanded defence minister general resignation early august replaced general head general staff established september development experienced number problems including shortages weapons ammunition lack uniforms inadequate training overall trained officers poor staff work command structures preventing effective coordination multiple units problems offset good morale clear objectives high levels battle barracks expanded significantly arms captured end october new brigades independent battalions established november renamed background electoral defeat government croatia croatian ethnic tensions croatian serbs worsened believed croatia use equipment build army confront minimize expected resistance confiscated weapons august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas near southern town parts regions eastern croatia established july coordinate opposition croatian president policy pursuing independence croatia elected president police chief established paramilitary militias men eventually political military leaders self declared state incorporating inhabited areas croatia learned croatia intention develop military force captain double agent employed croatia devised aimed croatian forces arrest trial croatian leadership response operation prepared december federal defence minister general sought carry yugoslav presidency instead ordered stand morning operation scheduled begin beginning croatia regular army bolster defence croatia doubled size police force effective force strong special police deployed military organisation battalions addition organised reserve police officers reserve police set battalions companies lacked weapons needed arm troops history establishment began april formation police force military capability considered necessary croatian authorities march clashes lakes possibility confrontation illegal establish separate military constituent republic yugoslavia planned police force parliament amended april formally established days later tasked protection constitutional order maintenance public order anti terrorist operations protection croatia borders territory coast territorial waters valuable structures high profile individuals formally subordinate founding legislation stipulated commanded number troops composition determined followed operational guidelines issued defence interior ministers transfer police personnel special police units transferred forming brigades july approximately troops unlike croatian forces fully equipped small arms reserve police force numbering april transferred reserve brigades independent battalions established special forces unit core consisting volunteers drawn initially relied french troops july reserve force troops assigned brigades independent battalions possess sufficient heavy small arms personnel croatian police approximately small arms additional weapons obtained abroad august presented public military parade street stadium boost morale parade featured approximately soldiers dozen anti aircraft systems armoured cars armoured personnel carriers participated development problems command individual units regional commands established eastern area central northern southern late july august crisis headquarters command authority units established municipal level command structure particularly poor preventing effective coordination units crisis headquarters entrusted high level authority consisted politicians little military training service multiple units deployed single area authority coordinating activities command systems reactivated places somewhat improving situation problems faced included shortage trained officers inadequate troop training shortage weapons especially shortage ammunition proved particularly successful troops plentiful approximately percent called september october reported service short uniforms percent drafted period received uniforms remainder fought civilian clothes relied civilian infrastructure food fuel medical care replaced defence minister july remained command august resigned refusal attacks barracks resignation command entrusted general transition mid september regional commands replaced operational zones headquartered split zones possessed uneven strength heavily equipped zone twice average troop strength capturing weapons battle barracks expanded reserve brigades independent battalions end october addition professional guards brigades brigade planned troops reality size varied named special forces battalions established addition battalions september parliament enacted defence act comprised time armed forces formally legislation designated reserve units constituent reserve force following day general staff established headed october day croatia declared independence defence act amended reserve units reserve named leaving professional force renamed november service units participated number significant battles early war attempting hold yugoslav forces include battles defended cities coast allies took battles eastern defended contributed capture barracks operation attempt push western legacy continued grow numbering troops end force successfully countered year organisation training heavy weapons support end lacked sufficient resources push continued experiencing inadequate work staff nonetheless like benefited troops high morale defined purpose mission growth systematic improvement capability accelerated continuing croatian war independence anniversary parade street stadium celebrated annually croatia armed forces day | Croatian National Guard | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16136_NorthStaffordshireRegiment | prince wales line infantry regiment british_army existence 2nd regiment foot created april reforms regiment foot merged prince wales regiment foot originally raised form north regiment regimental title altered prince wales formed time british_empire reaching peak regiment served empire times peace war theatres war outside empire fought distinction world war world war smaller conflicts world wars included second war second boer war anglo war defence review reduced single regular battalion amalgamated form prince wales amalgamated 29th 45th foot form today traditions continued formation history prince wales north regiment formed reforms july amalgamation 2nd regiment foot prince wales regiment foot regular regiments respectively 1st 2nd battalions new regiment militia forces incorporated new regiment permanent depot established barracks housed newly formed originally raised foot renumbered long history overseas service time spent europe served west indies seven years war america american war independence south america west_indies canada napoleonic wars subsequent long periods spent ireland west_indies action seen india indian mutiny time forming amalgamation foot based ireland raised shorter history like spent majority time overseas spending long time south_africa seeing action china anglo chinese war india based afghanistan amalgamation occurred battalions constituted regiment follows 1st battalion 2nd regiment foot 2nd battalion prince wales regiment foot 3rd militia battalion king 2nd light infantry militia based 4th militia battalion king 3rd based newcastle 1st based trent 2nd 5th rifle based later moved burton trent volunteers 2nd 5th rifle volunteer corps designated 1st 2nd volunteer battalions volunteer battalions formed brigade intended assemble time war peacetime acted focus collective training volunteers formation volunteer battalions renumbered 5th 6th battalions forming reserve battalions regiment reorganised act militia battalions designated 3rd special battalions volunteer battalions designated renumbered 5th 6th battalions early service garrison duties war stationed ireland time amalgamation moved england following year west_indies based mainly barbados detachments islands moved mauritius malta egypt took operations second war lord campaign based initially moved avoid cholera outbreak september battalion took action decisive ending campaign result received unique battle honour given british regiment second boer war stationed india formed remained time period took expedition making battalion regiment active service returned england deployed ireland moved south_africa took second boer war forming 7th division majority battalion saw little action conflict occupied garrison duties battalion mobile column brigadier general eastern carried earth campaign action seen mounted infantry company regiment formed arrival south_africa january lord roberts commander british forces south_africa ordered infantry battalion south_africa raise company mounted infantry companies detached parent units operate independent mounted infantry battalions company formed unit involved pursuit present captured militia volunteer battalions saw service second boer war deployed cape colony later replaced additionally volunteer companies formed 1st 2nd volunteer battalions served alongside 2nd battalion times result contributions regular battalions regiment awarded south_africa battle honour war end battalion returned briefly england following year returned india remaining meeting india subsequently stationed india 1st met time fewer men 1st battalion transferred reduced small served years return stations england moving ireland world war heavily committed fighting world war course conflict expanded battalions territorial force battalions labelled service battalions raised battalions saw service number theatres including western gallipoli middle_east india following list details involvement battalions served france september november served india war 3rd reserve battalion operated training battalion united_kingdom war 4th battalion garrison battalion returned united_kingdom served france 5th served france 6th battalion served france 5th battalion formed moved ireland involved easter rising served france merged february 6th battalion formed moved ireland involved easter rising served france merged 6th battalion july 5th battalion formed renamed 5th reserve battalion april served training battalion england 6th battalion formed renamed 6th reserve battalion april merged 5th reserve battalion september 7th service battalion formed took january evacuated egypt served february july ended war formed served france 9th service battalion pioneers formed service battalion pioneer battalion served france belgium 10th formed service battalion reserve battalion renamed 11th reserve battalion formed service battalion reserve battalion renamed 12th service battalion formed france 11th renamed service battalion continued serve france 1st garrison battalion formed served france renamed 13th garrison battalion july 2nd home service garrison battalion formed 17th numbering territorial force battalions laid instructions issued joining men asked serve overseas foreign service volunteered service united_kingdom home service service records amended accordingly declaration war territorial battalions august issued instructions men volunteered foreign service separated called line battalions home service men placed second line battalions line second line november line battalions began overseas additional instructions issued allowing raising line battalion line battalion foreign service january designations simplified battalions called 5th 5th 5th battalions respectively battalions served france took major actions war including battle military service 1st battalion 1st battalion went france september 17th brigade 6th division took based sector southern flank battle december trenches area near participated christmas truce british german soldiers man land march carried successful action capturing village october 17th brigade exchanged official policy mixing regular units immediately joining 24th division battalion moved division remain formation end war april june battalion suffered casualties gas attacks occasions trenches north near august september 24th division participated engaged fighting later defence suffering total casualties june battalion involved suffered casualties assault successful british war battle formed prelude battalion took initial assault july objectives capture german trench called trench second line trench called jordan trench remains objectives yards yards yards british line battalion managed capture trenches platoon reached events forced retreat wood jordan trench battalion dug trench line having lost officers ranks casualties battalion strength war anniversary attack main regimental day march line trenches near german_army launched opening attack spring offensive battalion virtually wiped losing officers men attack withdrawal followed battalion subsequently formed weeks war october took suffered nearly casualties regular battalions british_army remain india war took operations result regiment awarded battle honour india commanding officer time major fox adjutant captain battalion received replacements war pre war establishment strength plus companies north west frontier campaign battalion comprised company rifle companies attributed war casualties battalion suffered casualties entire war 5th 6th battalions 5th 6th battalions arrived france february north midland division units france battalions took especially battles northern flank september 5th battalion reduced transferred away 6th remained rest took company 6th battalion led acting captain seized bridge september germans fire explosive charges action decorated formed served france river advance flanders august september france belgium final weeks war awards decorations altogether regiment awarded battle honours ruled carried colours victoria crosses victoria crosses awarded men world war sergeant gallantry september gallantry nights october near france acting lieutenant colonel henderson 7th battalion attached gallantry january award posthumously 5th battalion gallantry november reputation profanity standards british_army regiment particular gained reputation world war language relieved line following defence september advanced posts missed mistake command sent man line trench investigate soldier realised risk shot shouting distance firmly holding trench 9th east troops addressed recognised let served 2nd lieutenant records incident probably took place unusually battalion addressed church parade general word utter time speak tell word longer common nickname battalion known division parade ended soldier heard ask replied know having old gone interwar years posted ireland armistice involved irish war independence moved gibraltar following year moved played peace keeping role conflict greek turkish forces moved india remained far_east stationed india forces crossed border occupied indian territory sparking brief anglo war conflict battalion involved early firstly investing holy war involved bayonet charge forces near involvement regiment received battle honour afghanistan battalion returned england egypt quickly ireland establishment returned regimental depot spent time home stations apart england included service gibraltar year palestine 3rd 4th special reserve battalions placed suspended animation finally disbanded 5th 6th battalions reformed brigade 46th north midland division converted anti aircraft unit 41st north regiment remaining corps transferred august 41st 5th north year remaining 6th battalion transferred 55th 46th division 2nd spring summer increasing threat posed nazi_germany size doubled formed duplicate 7th battalion regimental title altered prince wales black worn foot restored replacing white colour imposed non royal english regiments london midland renamed class locomotives number regiment second world war september consisted regular territorial battalions 1st 2nd regular 6th 7th following outbreak second world war september regiment expanded world war expansion limited time addition battalions 8th 9th battalions raised later converted roles roles regular battalions reversed time 1st battalion serving india burma war remained italy north_africa awarded battle honours second world war end world war displayed colours british india outbreak second world war saw action company stationed involved defence islands japanese invasion battalion served months burma 36th 26th withdrawn india rest war battalion employed mainly internal security duties saw action sent france shortly outbreak war september 2nd alongside 1st 1st gordon involved battles france belgium eventually evacuated june following 2nd battalion spent years home defence united_kingdom preparing possible german invasion england arrived battalion remained united_kingdom sailed north_africa took campaign tunisia battalion participate invasion sicily initial invasion italy lead units landings january command suffered extremely heavy casualties february battalion suffered casualties attempting capture captured forced surrender ridge ammunition following operation battalion absorbed drafts replacements fighting continued serve italy fighting january battalion rest transferred palestine 41st previously 5th north served air defence regiment complete regiment land normandy day landings june served 31st end war europe undertook garrison duty territorial battalions formed included 6th 7th north 7th south division trained united_kingdom years landed normandy june operation overlord fought battle gained excellent reputation second battle 6th battalion landed france transferred replaced 7th france months august infantry units broken supply replacements british units severe shortage infantry replacements army time leaving division served brigades islands later 25th brigade transferred administrative unit 61st war europe preparing far_east fight japanese surrendered division arrived battalion disbanded war hostilities 8th battalion initially raised training battalion assigned home mainly concerned home defence duties transferred march converted regiment served training role disbanded august like initially raised training battalion assigned home transferred december retaining cap badge black infantry units converted way regiment assigned alongside regiments converted infantry battalions regiment disbanded july postwar service following independence india infantry regiments british_army reduced single regular battalion accordingly left india ceremony officially egypt new 1st battalion remained egypt returned depot year later battalion posted disputed port city battalion transferred korea stationed garrison duties united_nations force established end korean war moved hong_kong regiment anniversary celebrated amalgamation july defence review announced resulted amalgamation new regiment new administrative amalgamation 1st battalions regiments took place january germany form prince wales regiment reformed 5th later light anti aircraft regiment command disbanded number air defence units reduced amalgamated lancashire heavy anti aircraft regiments regiment continued territorial unit new regiment change title merged light anti aircraft regiment successor 5th north 5th 6th battalion combined battalion abolished creation separate existence reforms proposed defence white paper delivering security changing world regiment merged regiment form amalgamation took place september subsequently reduced number regular battalions disbanded personnel 1st 2nd battalions battle honours following lists battle honours awarded regiment inherited regiment foot foot prior battle honours awarded unit displayed colours number battle honours awarded world war ordered honours carried colours honours relating world war similarly following second world war ordered honours relating conflict displayed colours addition honours carried choice honours displayed discretion regimental committees honours chosen carried colours shown capitals following list honours awarded foot martinique persia honours awarded foot dragon china south africa football football team member seasons battalion stationed victoria barracks belfast | North Staffordshire Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16147_RAFCoastalCommandduringWorldWarII | world war formation royal_air_force raf founded act raf maritime arm fleet air arm royal_navy naval aviation neglected inter war period consequence service receive resources needed develop properly efficiently continued outbreak second world war came prominence owing concentration referred phrase lord admiralty time alexander primary task protect convoys german kriegsmarine boat force protected allied shipping aerial threat posed luftwaffe main operations defensive defending supplies lines theatres war notably mediterranean middle_east african theatres battle atlantic served offensive capacity mediterranean theatre baltic sea carried attacks german shipping moving war materials italy north_africa scandinavia germany finally received recognition needed operations proved decisive victory boats service saw action day hostilities day second world war flew million flying hours operations destroyed boats casualties amounted aircraft causes personnel killed action sank german transport vessels damaged total sunk tons tons damaged total persons rescued command including allied crews enemy personnel non equipment aircraft outbreak war forces including short squadrons london half force insufficient range undertake deep ocean reconnaissance left flying boat squadrons machines left squadrons suitable aircraft operate effectively engines limited supply hudson limited later delivered rate month fill gap production capacity dispatched missions united_states buy hudson supply available aircraft poor director organisation recognised future problem aircraft operational nature hour operations basic requirement suitable aircraft landing particular flying boats weather vital safety crews effectiveness command new twin engine touted ideal aircraft came service april found unsuitable need long range machines cover south western approaches december august following reinforcements sent squadron raaf received squadron raf squadron raf squadron raf squadron raf equipped february june squadron raf squadron loan august squadron raf loan based iceland june squadrons handed achieved loan seven squadrons commands despite express agreement admiralty daily operational strength amounted aircraft unsuitable maritime operations month risen squadrons aircraft different types causing training conversion problems december situation improving american command strike aircraft consisted fighter versions total aircraft squadrons june figure increased aircraft satisfied believed command short land based flying boat squadrons refuted terms suitable aircraft comparatively appointment situation declined harris days group captain strategic planning division attacked use resources maritime aviation suggesting bombing enemy shipyards port facilities solve threat trade defence november available shared services vulnerable operate near enemy coastlines heavy fighter escort squadrons sent middle_east operate balkans north_africa highly successful sought priority given air commands february aircraft respect quality impressed continually wrote complaining reconnaissance machines raf tactical air forces supporting army merchant shipping suffering high losses atlantic successor written records indicate desire upgrade produce new aircraft tenure january squadrons squadrons equipped light hudson squadrons available technological developments long range aircraft helped defeat boats official requirements fall france function aircraft cover english channel north_sea western approaches fall western_europe norway resulted vast hostile coastline entry italy war extended threat mediterranean covering british western ports required flying boat squadrons total long range aircraft needed unsuitable hudson expected act interim solutions particular limited range possess capacity carry heavy weaponry needed sink submarine autumn boats began operating atlantic requirement programme flying boat units equip long range squadrons medium long range units torpedo bomber squadrons long range fighter squadrons flying boats short range squadrons sent west_africa flying boat squadrons gibraltar december operational requirements necessitated aircraft extra long range miles boats operating miles british isles patrols deployed miles covering port approaches enemy mile area range air surface vessel radar developed aircraft developed weather short capabilities priority went anti submarine warfare units time anti submarine warfare denoted denoted january decided limit long range aircraft endurance crew limits extreme fatigue seriously efficiency fuel supply aircraft decided january sorties exceed hours reduced flying hours mission despite entry long range june stated range miles crew endurance methods meant airborne wrote reconnaissance work bomb load solitary squadron accepted time assist closing mid atlantic gap boats operate worrying air replacing issued directive june use interim solution submarine warfare practised germans operational cost meant immediate replacement medium range machines pressing difficulty lancaster denied large scale long term replacement chief air staff portal argued aircraft capable carrying bomb berlin spared result raf official history include lancaster aircraft range miles given service considered unfit heavy bomber issued directive january stating fortresses given operations squadron raf squadron raf squadron raf fortress successful reconnaissance aircraft bulk force early medium range aircraft reach miles atlantic boats operating miles plus pushed case hard portal resources needed spring portal accepted production disappointing met existing squadrons portal admitted complete lack interest concerned portal insisted emphasis command case february expected rate new aircraft command expected rate week final complete batch offset squadrons overseas squadrons situation continued way march suitable aircraft operational service time january knew fifth aircraft operational situation slowly improved year despite mounting convoy losses resistance time succeeded identified squadrons total aircraft squadrons operating machines felt vulnerable boat long range available sufficient numbers june war cabinet told obvious losses boats unacceptable march finally given sufficient resources needed september aspects clear plan existed armament aircraft operational control given admiralty faith services proved ill founded ruled submarine threat caused surface attacks addition weapons developed properly inter war period munitions left world war wish fact order given dispose primary weapon boats future conflict anti submarine bomb developed following admiralty request trials undertaken weapon introduced ready testing single test carried submarines determine bomb behaviour water preferred bombs unacceptable admiralty issues salt water possible trial order placed bomb proved useless aircraft available carry scored direct hits little damage depth charges depth charges promising flying boats able carry service dropped low altitude advantage considering suitable bomb sight available august captain suggested standard armament aircraft admiralty accepted captain suggested september convoy escorting aircraft armed modified use nose tail safe usage case aircraft ditch explode pistol meant explode later found deep weapons depth bomb exploded contact likely standard september dangerous use aircraft confirm accurate heights night instead weapon cleared use january tests revealed tail fin improved accuracy charge dropped height fins impact dropped height according claims lethal operational records lethal radius depth setting problems solved june proved formidable weapon pistols setting available filled weapons circulation january depth charges improved settings mean depth achieved operational research improved weaponry interviewing crews responsible implementing type pistol offered depth settings shallow ward developed total release tactic dropping entire load ensure maximum chance kill march advised anti submarine committee satisfactory efficient release large stick required lethal stick times bombing error range cleared heights speeds mph hoped filled dropped mph director came dropped army navy received priority june new type service developments continued technology august december found released height speed greater came late effect operations remained standard type mark filling dropped sticks point blank altitude target proved decisive despite solid head rockets cannon opinion compared depth charge machine guns cannon march british machine guns delivered coastal aircraft units machine guns standard weapon fired rate rounds minute vickers pan fed jam belt fed trouble free gun armament reviewed weight curtailed range october forward firing guns ammunition second burst weighed single machine guns considered dropped guns increased weight enemy submarines aircraft typically fired cannon ranged machine guns range royal_australian_air_force raaf units guns increased number seven ward air attack suppress boat experiments cannons took place cannons defence rear aircraft successful hudson cannons tested likely prototypes operational research documents explain weight ammunition loads fact weapon fired rounds components worn contributed abandonment use instead cannons given anti shipping wings proved successful fitted pounder class cannon modification pounder anti tank gun proved hugely successful maritime strike aircraft torpedoes torpedo capability considered paramount lack suitable aircraft shortage weapon resulted strike arm severely handicapped late december torpedo resources given receive percent torpedoes torpedoes sensitive highly costly production terms weather conditions enemy coasts use complicated depth water considered shallow use weapon low shipping main target aside torpedo bomber posted overseas august onwards june report stated maritime strike sorties carry bombs torpedoes main weapon believed effective particularly new available similar conclusion bomb properly need intensive training lack aircraft priority given navy production limitations low level bomb sights factors influenced policy torpedo usage july august september trials undertaken mark torpedoes british inch torpedo series suggested speed flight reduced mph feet reliable correct altitude dangerous work easy target enemy mark acoustic torpedo dropping loads success weapon soon introduction sinking june days later sunk publicity lacking pilot unable weapons eyes secrecy surrounding rockets rocket projectiles developed second world war case maritime strike weapons aircraft use different types head high explosive armour piercing head steel known rocket spear groups rockets arranged wing racks trials began november ended february respect firing range boats considered fired pairs recorded success squadron sinking june rockets tended follow line flight aircraft line sight tests indicated percent hit rate hit lethal boat effective boats later favoured following production depth bomb mark iii angular velocity low level developed eighth meeting chaired december examined reports results device squadron raf given task testing sight operating period results gathered wing commander bomber leader presented following report committee thirty bombs dropped cole stationary target later target towed knots mph total bombs average range error yards considered low level sight chief advantages demonstrated operational conditions sight considered great advancement previous method low level bombing eye best figures squadron trials range error release error approaching releasing aircraft nose slightly academics stated error range existed maintained promising crews trust device case asked use equipment little experience instead continued relying trusted continued lack resources meant widespread use sights later months changed tactics new weapons decided long zero target device pilots crew opted use judgement direct sighting considerable success sensors mad detect submerged boats consisted sensitive installed cone aircraft detect earth magnetic field range feet sensitive detect submarine feet conjunction retro bomb filled weapon rocket propelled backwards line flight speed aircraft forward motion released rails wings aircraft aircraft forward motion cancelled rocket motor device fell directly target possessed advantages use pre setting depth required enemy unaware attack hits july boats aware aircraft innovation thought air equivalent navy boat reported july dropped north transit area thought enemy devices preventing boats travelling surface fact detecting submerged boats squadron raf operating operational records coded high tea crews unaware existence devices stayed use wartime crews saw time raf kept secret air surface vessel german receivers detect variable installed interim solution reduce strength signal gave boats impression aircraft moving away radical change radar equipment mark iii available based transmitted shorter instead mark detected receivers instead fixed return signals gave visual trace degrees known plan position indicator cover forward arc unlike mark iii indicate surface vessels dot screen coast given shape outline targets remained visible screen quarter mile suffered sea return targets short range training early years 1920s 1930s fully trained crews pilots crew members volunteers skilled ground trades underwent short courses gunnery bomb aiming pilots responsible navigation accurate navigation essential second pilot carried early formed raf training pilots destined coastal bomber commands conversion training flying boats given start war functioning officially provide training units pressure offered little conversion programme pilots crews hoping man land based aircraft asked support coastal forces time war requests meet outstanding requirements largely ignored single established train crews month figure outbreak war proved inadequate squadrons according prepared deliver output crews month torpedo fighter squadrons general reconnaissance units point revise policy manner indicated appreciate problems command received months working breathing space declaration war german invasion western_europe furthermore given permission merge new squadrons receiving better treatment torpedo training difficult shallow water needed recover training torpedoes usually sank feet making run selected quickly ruled useful site later time location near portsmouth considered near english channel result south west scotland selected instead giving site torpedo training units formed january training regard enabled command cope increasing demands trained lack suitable place improvements difficult implement airfields required number features available locations main requirement quiet area flights interfere stations operational prevent losses enemy air attacks necessary far away enemy possible sensitive convoy routes near scapa_flow inappropriate places launch late severe shortages pilots wireless operators gunners pilots personnel required short term course reduced crews operational commands faster took longer month compared weeks considered necessary reduced number fit pilots quality pilots overall number unfit pilots recorded cope shortening training stocked general training programme possess administration pupils graduating minimum requirement compensated removal gunnery bombing training reduction night formation flying received entry requirements crews relaxed programmes found recruits way manpower supplemented commonwealth canada providing personnel sought end operational strength increased seven squadrons problems experienced crews malta undertake german italian shipping mediterranean hudson squadrons january crews percent far operational hours considered pilot experienced efficiency fell squadrons mixing experienced crews inexperienced damaged morale accident rates increased mid late war late training sufficient quality number crews increased example group raf produced trained crews august aircraft available year crews totalling men trained different types aircraft hours combination changed requirements formation specialist advanced training overseas reduced need expansion figures proved highest annual trained crews wartime sufficient manpower available closed july increased course hours increased weeks hours training soon set stages conversion training taking weeks day night flying training operational phase hours sorties flown weeks phase included flights radar gunnery training specialised training conducted schools anti submarine training provided combined anti submarine training centre beginning air sea rescue schools set equipped conversion units detailed provide conversion training crews fly training remained needed owing manpower requirements line october widely accepted crews training new types aircraft practice policy conversion course afforded crew increasing training hours helped respects standard practice visit help pace changes operational difficulties reporting schools best establishment serve needs squadrons training introducing revolutionary tactical doctrine crews gradually experienced increased effectiveness way specialist training provided required survival rates remained mediocre owing nature long range operations water greater innovations radar better designed aircraft potent weaponry crews built experiences service effective naval air service western_europe february squadron raf sent mission hunt german tanker responsible incident tanker british prisoners war board squadron raf aircraft spotted ship entering neutral norway dispatched recovered men april germans launched poor visibility enabled german invasion fleet evade detection late reconnaissance aircraft sighted reported movements april believed exercise operations sighted day squadron ordered carry extensive reconnaissance operations north_sea command reconnaissance operations located german cruiser bergen squadrons sank vessel april resulted loss air support cruiser came intense attack badly damaged beached recovered scapa_flow april squadron damaged ton german ship anti shipping missions bombing attacks enemy occupied airfields carried squadrons success aircraft lost june sank hms glorious escorting destroyers squadron hudson aircraft attempted counter strike repeatedly attacked hit twice unnamed supply ship submarine hms clyde damaged course attacks lost mission squadron unidentified british type lost enemy aircraft netherlands belgium france begun scouting german shipping near dutch coast spring squadrons working fighters time preparation short lived german assault western_europe changed tempo events squadron raf cover landing small british_army units near shortly capture squadron raf dropped bombs airport squadron conducted armed reconnaissance dutch coast permission received squadrons bombed oil storage tanks hamburg bremen similar attacks caused extensive fires day squadron daylight anti shipping attack boats harbour squadron conducted kind strikes aircraft flew bombing missions enemy ports covered evacuation effort pilot officer gunner squadron possibly shot air air victories war trying intercept squadron shot june managed shoot air air combat rare squadrons engaged mining operations denmark netherlands belgium end evacuation june group raf flown sorties direct indirect support army navy occupation continental europe scandinavian north_sea coastline meant tracking boats enemy warships making atlantic difficult thin resource pool available assets needed reconnaissance air support operating atlantic approaches anti invasion patrol shipping mainland europe likely hostile presented plenty targets group raf continued offensive operations north german shipping near norway success german freighter near june squadron crew priority anti invasion operations underway command ordered disrupt german preparations respect operation squadrons handed july tasks squadron supplemented squadron attacking shipping norwegian coast result suggested german amphibious assault group squadron fitted extra armour plating defensive guns free mounted installed lower fuselage offer protection evidence exists indicate success crews appreciated extra security impressed innovation built specialised mount began operations squadron raf squadron raf operating conversions switched operated aircraft received october bitter disappointment crews fast torpedoes available new tactics developed aircraft restricted laying bombing missions soon grounded reasons squadron carried trials began operations august september torpedo attack succeeded hitting ton freighter september squadron sank ton freighter harbour boat destroyed oil tanks set burned days cost single notable actions included strikes convoys squadron raf october attacked heavily defended convoys ton german transport sunk enemy fighter destroyed squadron lost percent aircraft embarked mission took attacks luftwaffe airfields france nos squadrons attacks norwegian rail targets late year anti barge operations carried ships transport german_army units britain september carried large raid channel ports sinking large barges port barges sunk raid september september barges sunk battle atlantic state outbreak war late work largely ignored opening months trade defence war september early main points arose respect firstly germans incapable maintaining sustained anti shipping campaign owing small number second fear air attacks shipping place discarded despite points losses allied shipping boat attack importance increase royal_navy belief equipped surface fleet effectively sweep seas clear boats proved owing limitations vulnerability surface vessels aircraft proven best able locate boats flawed anti submarine bombs meant inflict severe damage enemy submarines losses north_atlantic tons september june worse france low countries fell june boats operate french atlantic ports reducing need dangerous journey ports norway germany scotland increasing operational range ocean miles luftwaffe small valuable fleet operate area june onwards began earnest british proclaimed battle atlantic open march attempts disrupt british trade routes begun start war slipped atlantic august caused significant damage south atlantic eliminated threat harbour aftermath operations mounted admiral admiral hipper british waters success tasked german surface fleets contributed effective engagements fought german commerce raiders october spotted north_sea incapable inflicting damage ships arrived locate vessels trained locate enemy vessels sea attack moving targets failed detect breakout german warships succeeded sinking merchant ships sailing independently return port april located reconnaissance squadron cornwall launched strike piloted flying officer succeeded making torpedo run anti aircraft guns ships guns campbell crew shot killed torpedo struck ship stern waterline putting action months campbell awarded victoria_cross members crew long kriegsmarine launched heavy cruiser set atlantic norway target later stage operation squadron raf spotted vessel miles short destination port brest france relayed message enabling aircraft intercept naval air squadron aircraft piloted sub lieutenant hit torpedo stern rudder gears eventually led sinking detached prior battle despite discovery aircraft south escaped brest june attempt kriegsmarine surface ship breakout atlantic notable failures prevent german operation carried escaped base brest france sailed germany succeeded suffering major damage complete half trained squadron covering area norway aircraft intercept operations raf royal_navy failed heavy losses aircraft versus assigned mission defending convoys aerial assault lacked proper training tactics suitable aircraft pose threat luftwaffe operations beginning luftwaffe neglected naval aviation suitable weapon use battle atlantic began attacks july airfields occupied france time armstrong short slow lightly armed intercept short range firepower endurance slow catch aircraft sent cover convoys approached britain result air air combat rare recorded actions took place results raf aircraft destroyed hudson destroyed damaged august february sank vessels claimed total grt entry meant aircraft capable dealing armed cannons nose mph faster proved potent april shot damaged shot despite making effort stay away escorted convoys impossible numbers raf aircraft rose december making operations versus boats operations complicated effective armament lack long range aircraft modification suit use aircraft command left bombs useless boats sinking merchant vessels immediate november directive effectively sorties missions essential given sinking ships months war squadrons lacked weapons aircraft means detecting boats convoys britain lacked surface vessel escort sweeps lacked endurance stay gibraltar lack flying boats meant lack air cover miles great efforts limited resources provide cover light time boats use rising setting sun horizon difficult practice french ally spring summer command stretched german naval forces operating germany norway germans surface vessels boats breakout atlantic periods dark winter weather conditions unfavourable aircraft radar civil pilots compensate lack machines armament defend enemy fighters carry sufficient stock bombs ineffective crew trained january boats opened offensive submarines sank ships east range command aircraft situation worsened disastrous collapse france need long range aircraft identified success squadron sighted boat german submarine enable sinking ships directed destroyers engage scuttled submarine escaped june western end began operating effectively attacks aircraft boats successful ordered replaced specialised aerial available modified naval effective tactics available locate boats attacked night surface useless surfaced submarines low altitude required aircraft attack combat closer operation navy needed french ports boats targeted victims east services set area combined headquarters operations atlantic organisation inter service born nerve centre atlantic war units required means attacking targets mention aircraft endurance refused receive priority good losses october december allied ships sunk happy time december boats sank ships million tons included british kills boats success achieved help luftwaffe failed appreciate importance maritime aviation meaningful german convoy reconnaissance effective tactics greater resources command major changes adopted sweeps convoy routes sweeps boat transit routes according german italian submarine logs effective denied chance convoys surface rapidly increased chances kill transit tactic resulted air air air submarine reaching peak command credited navy vessels sunk damaged damaged ships sunk proper weapons available situation improved january march ships sunk return boat damaged august december sunk damaged air attack boats sea considerable achievement circulated squadrons coming online crews believe ability detect submarines issued tactical instructions enact release spaced feet apart set depth feet later pistols achieved feet depth later altered feet total release questioned miss mean exhausting ammunition sightings aircraft like wellington carry sink boat hit total release aircraft ordered attack seconds sighting boats dive time crews attacked foot altitude stated avoid striking submarine modified naval released mph broke dropped speeds mph accurate standard weapon ultra helped contain boat threat maximum range contact boat medium range variable introduced reduce strength output signal harder boats detect searching aircraft july improvements intelligence drove boats west atlantic density shipping air support british air patrols reduced enemy miles bases aircraft density reduced percent miles time command new strategy combat boats preceding months command contributed little boat war contributed capture renamed shared kills naval forces addition air attacks submarines damaged taking office demanded focused effort offensive operations boats meant offensive operations boats transit boat french atlantic coast north atlantic trunk atlantic boat menace roots ports branches spreading far wide north_atlantic convoys caribbean eastern north_america sea lanes faster merchant ships sail escort main transit point boats heading atlantic boats took route passed range raf air bases resolved routes june november known bay offensive offensive ineffective period september november flying hours producing sightings attacks possible heavily damaged boats kill came day offensive sunk squadron raf guided versus boats allies lost tons shipping replaced tons boats managed sink allied ships lost took place mid atlantic gap range long range command lacked aircraft quantity following entry united_states_of_america war german boats plenty targets found difficult maintain strength units operated united_states west_africa mediterranean iceland russia gibraltar north_africa middle_east squadrons sent positive began increasing efficiency rocket projectiles improved pistols shallower depths lights introduced radar despite priority coming use july boat sunk help light triggered help device germans provided respite radar french radar warning receiver allies responded reducing signal making difficult germans detect later radar introduced overcoming boat sank boats damaged kills shared navy contrast priority garnered greater resources expense failed destroy single completed boat slip april use aircraft defensive purposes insisted threat checked attacking production indication effectiveness air tactics fact allied ships sunk miles british waters late june june enemy submarines sunk command february took time debate taking place raf best attack boats sink large numbers favour knocking bases attacking submarine construction yards partly mark air forces particularly harris hated bombers considered defensive roles agreed need war boats preferred attacking german vessels transit atlantic operational tool air vice marshal group offensive collectively known second bay offensive lasting february operation included squadrons iii radar total sorties managed sightings attacks boat german submarine sunk squadron units abruptly moved despite protests lost units capability enhanced arrival radar operations bay night february bomber shot enabling germans examine radar develop counter measures shocked advanced nature design proven research wide mark harris won majority resources radar squadron raf squadron device fitted supplement lights attacked boat march shot submarine noted lack warning sent warning boat command march achieved revenge period boats passed bay sightings attacks sunk squadron wellington operation april sighted attacked submarines passing sinking boat sunk squadron soon followed able deploy iii equipped boat sunk dispatched offensive ended april results disappointing command flown hours lost aircraft sunk submarines damaged bay offensive failed spring mid atlantic turn fortunes experienced command received long range aircraft needed increased numbers british types including halifax lancaster bomber diverted deal boat threat march command sighted boats attacked command lost heavily period succeeded inflicting decisive defeat boats german blockade runners prevented carrying cargo germany held ports france year boat losses amounted causes total sunk damaged time sighted submarines occasions resulted attacks sunk shared destroyed damaged figures aircraft lost owing weather conditions destroyed figure group raf attacking boats defeat boats mid atlantic withdrawal meant german submarines seeking refuge revisited strategy tried failed time crucial differences firstly improvement radar enhanced detection submarines submerged surfaced intelligence british ultra organisation broken naval codes confirmed major change german strategy enabled british focus renewed air operations began command found boats new strategy avoidance discovered germans new tactical instructions german crews ordered transit bay groups submerged night surface daylight concentrate defensive fire later boat designs firepower upgraded purpose luftwaffe provided night fighters escort submarines increased firepower determination german air submarine crews fight deter british crews bay offensive aircraft submarine battle involved heavy losses despite efforts defend june air attacks forced german submarines trip submerged daylight effects indirect patrols inflicted increasing losses boats july august submarines passed bay sighted sunk exchange aircraft luftwaffe significant effort defend submarines august aircraft allied fighters lost aerial combat equipped radio controlled bombs forced royal_navy units abandon attacking submarines region german submarines ordered spanish coast limit range neutral territory spain axis friendly unlikely protest tactical corrected earlier mistakes allowing transit range allied air bases germans regained measure safety bay successes won july reached peak repeated versus boats defeat boats signal end battle atlantic vessels remained posed threat convoys later months device originated dutch later adopted kriegsmarine germans invaded netherlands capable allowing boat replace air supply vent diesel exhaust available sensitive weather immense pressure strain crews remain submerged long period hostile waters coastal radar detect mast smoke emitted visible feet cases mast seen foot diameter projecting feet moving knots technological response use high tea series dropped aircraft surface sea detect boats late losing percent strength month percent return seriously damaged despite end final air offensive patrols continued liberation france patrol statistics period august flown hours lost aircraft causes sinking boats damaging august flew hours losing aircraft causes sinking boats damaging boats effective remained sea tie allied air sea forces possible relieve pressure services luftwaffe allies launched operation overlord june boats attempted shipping lost number june submarines norway joined french ports operations suffer attacks day returned damage august owing allied advance boat ports submarines ordered norway evacuation france complete september june august boats lost end witnessed interception percent sighted resulted percent attacked sunk main allied time mad mad entered service find targets vanished coastal waters able plot recognise earth magnetic field caused submarines took skill use worked directly target effective low altitudes success gibraltar ineffective british waters owing different conditions recorded mad victory british waters sinking april invention american radar devices mark responsible destruction sunk squadron raf squadron raf year war germans regained ground technology battle grand admiral given hope achieving strategic effect boat war available attempt impose effect ordered operations british home waters designs faster difficult detect german operations type british waters sank seven ships loss end april type completed trials trials type operational surrender introduction came late bulk operations continued older type vii submarines type suffered heavy losses allied aircraft losing british waters weeks war experiencing happy time reverse submarines baltic_sea lost number total allied aircraft response german submarines flowed baltic norway mined coastal waters close swedish coast group group raf success submarines april german crews travelled surface fear mines exposing air attack groups sunk vessels kill took place flight lieutenant flying squadron crippled submarine days later hands years war sank boats service continued hold technological advantage onwards brief threat shape emerged late alter outcome allies held technological edge onward official wartime operations ceased midnight june mission flown wing commander squadron raf time decorations awarded included distinguished service orders offensive operations early struggle end anti shipping operations campaign german trade north west european waters claimed direct attack vessels totalling tons badly damaged exchange aircraft shot lost causes enemy vessel human casualties amounted men including performance contrasted heavily service joint laying effort sank enemy vessels period totalling tons damaged loss aircraft performance strike wings poor intelligence equipment refused favour roles defined anti shipping role pre war plans obtaining information enemy commercial traffic receive high priority war started difficult establish quickly means acquiring information especially fall norway france april extent intelligence vacuum start campaign demonstrated fact planners unaware heavy anti aircraft armament fitted enemy merchant vessels casualty rates excess percent clarified matters failure acquire results prompted admiralty complain november december agreed planned new raf squadrons given operational interim aircraft given squadrons bolster strength fighter torpedo bomber squadron available units finding feet large number personnel aircraft sent malta supplies italy north_africa adding problem shortage materials testing facilities squadrons slow squadrons recognition needed wake german operation maintenance poor service maintain operational ready rate percent higher point greater emphasis increased set light success programs fighter bomber commands scientists appointed acted advisors sections set planned flying maintenance weather navigation resources spread evenly received attention rest receive close attention boats contained certain degree achieved july group joined campaign claimed vessels sunk damaged vessels totalling tons credited destroyed vessels totalling tons damaged intelligence august saw drop destroyed tons tons damaged post war assessments reveal stated final figures seven sunk tons seriously damaged figures improved autumn resources better training equipment including capable strike aircraft resulted increasing kill numbers increased numbers better aircraft armament enabled offensive capabilities command increase dramatically later years solved medium range operational problems long range strikes type group raf took march october suitable answer lay offered combination speed rugged endurance multi role capability variety different armament operational early immediate impact september squadrons aircraft created april special units came operation november squadron based inexperienced crews initially suffered heavy casualties little return withdrawn trained wing returned april success joined wing june began operations rockets equipped norwegian squadron october later fitted cannon planned larger version anti aircraft artillery gun modified use anti tank gun tested similar manner single fly war rockets cannon effective command aircraft begin large scale january german construction keeping pace losses period january april germans lost tons shipping directly operations june august seven vessels sunk norwegian waters wing sank vessels totalling tons september december shared destruction damaged total tons time main weapon rocket following kill account obtained aircraft theatres played limited squadron raf squadron raf operated gibraltar involved sinking respectively command non combat operations meteorological flight came november main priority identifying temperature pressure humidity general weather conditions logged sea level feet flights named changes air conditions usually came atlantic west met relied reports ships regard need aircraft operations ignored owing lack aircraft june started anxious base landing conditions accuracy general forecasts response strong support squadron raf squadron raf squadron raf formed purpose routes requested met usually involved distances ideal operation available filled role march assumed operational control units redesignated flights handed group raf october flights sent iceland begin operations types single engine aircraft operations conducted feet wartime capsule able accurate readings aircraft flown height measured minutes allow readings settle operation sorties summer march high number flight flew sorties scotland covering atlantic_ocean west gap long range available increasing numbers squadron raf joined 8th flight march halifax squadron raf started conduct deep operations central atlantic september readings operations taken sea level pressure readings taken usual flight patterns involved climb feet return leg flown slow descent sea level followed return base feet flights covering atlantic bay north_sea covered percent allied met flights november june sorties atlantic june contributed decision launch june squadron flew days year support met operations prior second world war british air sea rescue organisation rescuing sea instead relied salvage vessels vicinity range high speed launches established flying boat bases developed range mid-1930s seven service january air sea rescue set service aircraft diverse scouting coastlines planned long term use june rescue seas increased percent decided service better merged september air marshal took organisation october squadron raf squadron raf given work supported squadrons equipped group authorised create squadron raf october act specialised squadron squadron raf created november given aircraft place desperately needed operations production usually crews water aircraft came discussion war suitable operations main aircraft aircraft squadrons specialised conversion available spring development slow effort paid men rescued sea squadron end rescued presumed sea day june personnel rescued month june saved units persons rescued operations total allied enemy non british secret intelligence service chief wing commander developed aerial photograph techniques collaboration french task gather record german targets summer group raf carrying role problems standard equipment led formation specialist formations duty squadrons act photographic reconnaissance unit squadron raf saw service campaigns western_europe june control end campaign admiralty pressed case need coastal sea reconnaissance operations owing evacuation northern europe allies reconnaissance operations given june included analysed photographic evidence organisation called photographic reconnaissance unit administered group raf operational control operations concerned planned invasion britain unit receive aircraft specialised adapted reconnaissance use capable miles round trips aircraft available unit range limited miles eventually assortment flights established august arrived problems ensured long time achieved equipment august flew sorties suspected invasion ports netherlands belgium france threat invasion muted command attention turned time command martin maryland excelled work july arrived time aircraft operational september operational strength flight long range reach deep german photograph baltic_sea ports monitor german surface ships flights hours uncommon reached searching german battleship tactics needed vary avoid intercepted german patrols heights constant trips alerted germans british operations admiralty insisted volume flights german capital ships surprise lost solution change height directions approach france losses severe particularly port brest france german defences strong owing operation operation joint kriegsmarine luftwaffe plan enable escape english channel lost operations december failure photograph pin point location ships led successful germany february day german operation aircraft caught sight ships late success forthcoming later february identified radar sets france eager evaluate british_army carried commando raid capture transport example mobile radar britain force increased aircraft flights year progressed operations carried atlantic scandinavia north_sea baltic_sea november units operated gibraltar support allied landing french north_africa detailed watch movements toulon france active squadrons time operated squadron raf particularly busy norway june decreased demand admiralty meant supported frequently battle extensive use identify report effects air attacks squadron raf way record results instrumental locating german missile testing sites baltic_sea near allowing attack september admiralty asked help german heavy units norway squadron raf contributed success operation success units strength aircraft identification german missile sites possible continually identified german launch ramps despite german camouflage efforts enabled british aircraft bomb reduce effectiveness june ramps located february squadron leader actually spotted launch pad ready fire clear elusive weapon size late squadron raf supported group bombing sinking covered northern germany scandinavia end war squadron raf veteran flew missions flying secret mail soviet_union fourth moscow conference october operations carried conference february end war squadrons kept post war raf casualties lost aircraft causes anti submarine sorties anti shipping operations laying air superiority missions bombing raids land targets photo reconnaissance operations personnel killed action killed accidents killed causes wounded died natural causes wounded means enemy action totalled casualties ground crews killed action killed accidents killed causes wounded died natural causes wounded means total | RAF Coastal Command during World War II | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16235_AustralianArmyduringWorldWarII | australian_army world war australian_army largest service australian military world war prior outbreak war australian_army split small time larger time militia following outbreak war september prime minister announced members militia called training strong expeditionary force designated second formed overseas service conscription introduced october militia strength members volunteered australian_army subsequently important contribution allied campaigns mediterranean middle_east north_africa fighting germans italians later fighting japanese late following japanese surrender australian_army units deployed occupation forces army contributed troops japan army considerably expanded early response japanese threat australia year army strength peaked infantry divisions armoured divisions august army strength men force larger australia population economy sustain strength reduced second half year militia units able serve outside australian territory january defence act passed army reduced members october free manpower industry end army strength set infantry divisions armoured brigades reductions ordered august june australian_army generally long standing policy british designed equipment equipment australia united_states countries introduced service war later years pre war doctrine focused conventional warfare european environment army doctrine jungle warfare prior early army developed jungle warfare doctrine adapting pre war field service regulations meet conditions demands combat world war led changes composition army units success german units invasions poland france convinced australian defence planners army required armoured units began raised units suitable jungle warfare disbanded conditions led army convert combat divisions jungle divisions early fewer heavy weapons vehicles organisation proved moderately successful divisions strengthened campaigns process began immediately end hostilities august finally completed february total personnel enlisted australian_army war figure represented percent population nearly men ultimately served overseas percent total force serving line areas proportion population australian_army ultimately largest allied armies world war casualties included killed action died wounds wounded killed died prisoners war non battle casualties operational areas significant included killed wounded injured addition army suffered substantial number casualties non operational areas soldiers killed wounded injured background prior outbreak war australian_army consisted small time larger time militia inter war years combination economic resulted limited defence spending following election government conscription abolished place new system introduced militia maintained time voluntary basis size army remained small militia rapidly expanded threat war grew soldiers militia september increased supported time soldiers main responsibility largely administer train militia expansion little impact improving readiness australian forces outbreak war provisions defence act restricted pre war army service australia territories including new_guinea result australia entered war new volunteer force required fight europe outside australia immediate region similarly world war volunteer raised served distinction gallipoli middle_east western 1920s australia defence thinking dominated singapore strategy centred establishment major naval base singapore use naval forces respond future japanese aggression region maritime strategy resulted defence budget focused building ran order support british_royal_navy spent ran australian_army munitions industry received fledgling royal_australian_air_force raaf strategy met significant political opposition sections regular army including prominent officers particular argued war likely break pacific time britain involved crisis europe unable send sufficient resources singapore contended singapore vulnerable especially attack land air argued balanced policy building army raaf relying ran 1930s australian_army organisation equipment doctrine similar world war militia organised infantry horse mounted cavalry divisions fixed coastal fortifications positioned strategic ports army recognised threat war japan little prepare jungle warfare pre war planning conflict taking place main population centres australia eastern isolated attacks strategic points western_australia army followed trends british_army late 1930s unable obtain date equipment needed properly implement new british doctrines organisations lack resources result limited defence expenditures militia provided pool experienced officers soldiers expand army event war course war militia soldiers volunteered overseas service army adopted title encompass categories service militia permanent forces wartime required rapid expansion army war personnel enlisted militia figure represented percent australia population seven million highest allied armies world war subsequently important contribution allied campaigns mediterranean middle_east north_africa fighting germans italians forces later fighting japanese late primarily conjunction forces united_states nearly men served overseas percent total force serving line areas organisation origin australia entered world war september september prime minister announced members militia called training strong expeditionary force designated formed overseas service like predecessor second volunteer force formed establishing entirely new units cases units drew recruits geographical areas units given numerical designations albeit prefix october conscription introduced militia strength members volunteered january unmarried men turning required report examined potential service substantial proportion men granted medical grounds suffer financial forced enter military remainder liable months training followed ongoing reserve service effect arrangement creation different armies different conditions service volunteer militia volunteer situation resulted administrative structural problems existed war bitter professional rivalry men forces later provision allow militia units transfer sufficient numbers personnel volunteered serve terms service required percent unit war establishment percent actual strength volunteer allowed battalions early problem adopt british australian organisation british_army process new weapons new organisation required new equipment available australia decided organise unit raised 6th division elements old organisation new consequently raised infantry division personnel initially comprised man infantry battalions consisting rifle companies battalion headquarters regimental aid post headquarters company support sections including signals mortars carriers pioneers anti aircraft administration artillery support provided field regiments attached brigade level anti tank regiment attached divisional level divisional cavalry regiment equipped armoured vehicles corps troops included machine gun battalion engineer logistics communication units infantry divisions formed 7th division february 8th division june establishment divisions reduced new battalion organisation size australian division reduced approximately men surplus battalions 6th division 7th division changes included addition light anti aircraft regiment divisional level reorganisation divisional artillery battery regiments consisting guns battery regiments guns corps headquarters designated corps formed march support units final division formed established july built core armoured brigades consisting tank equipped armoured regiments supported cavalry armoured cars engineers artillery units raised irregular warfare commando companies corps support service units raised war provide combat logistical support forces australia pacific army command administrative arrangements start war based system military districts existed federation albeit number modifications australia divided military districts largely state territory reported responsible administration army regular members consisting deputy adjutant general chief intelligence chief general staff chief ordnance civilian finance member addition number members overall control minister defence 1st military district encompassed queensland 2nd included new_south_wales 3rd primarily based victoria 4th included south_australia 5th included western_australia 6th encompassed forces tasmania designated 7th military district 8th military district later activated port command forces new_guinea following outbreak world war regional command structure subsequently adopted redesignated queensland southern states new_south_wales victoria tasmania amalgamated early years war structure proved effective operations overseas threat war japan grew commands military districts came greater pressure activation militia time duty japan entry war late compounded situation response army command structure reorganised early western australia remained unchanged queensland new south wales victoria tasmania south australia redesignated redesignated july functions assumed commander military forces general sir requirements manpower equipment constrained militia early years war outbreak pacific war main army units australia militia infantry divisions 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th divisions militia cavalry divisions 1st 1st armoured division time volunteer force men based available local defence addition early garrison force personnel veterans world war organised garrison battalions coastal defence battalions companies internal security tasks including guarding prisoner war camps time percent militia units time duty remainder periodically undertaking month long militia poorly armed insufficient equipment issued units response japanese threat following outbreak pacific war capture 8th division malaya condition militia pressing concern largely having ignored middle ranking senior officers subsequently posted militia units formations experience army forced units militia divisions combat ready sent areas believed greatest threat attack battalions amalgamated later separated reformed disbanded altogether defence act passed militia units able serve outside australian territory january major formation army considerably expanded early response japanese threat australia year army strength peaked infantry divisions 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 9th 10th 11th 12th divisions armoured divisions 1st 2nd 3rd organised second armies support service units august army strength men force proved larger australia population industry sustain late number personnel needed inducted month good losses caused sickness combat larger numbers eligible service allocation high proportion australia limited supply manpower military expansion munitions industry key sectors economy army large majority personnel employed arms corps undertaking combat combat support roles heavily reliant allies logistical support required personnel support arms ordnance transport functional self sufficient organisation situation acute time men serving arms corps infantry cavalry armour ordnance slowly addressed army size reduced units disbanded militia arms corps units september outnumbered militia having members compared reductions came october army strength reduced men free manpower work industry end army strength set infantry divisions armoured brigades reductions ordered august june support arms grown considerably proportion total force august ordnance electrical mechanical engineers totalled men artillery reduced half previous strength infantry cavalry armoured corps personnel numbered men engineers signals medical services remained albeit smaller army regardless end war remained largest allied armies proportion population second soviet_union reduced size finally disbanded august conflict continued past august size army reduced divisions new_guinea secured divisions garrison duties brigade group available british led operations remaining division invasion japan demands combat world war led changes composition army units success german units invasions poland france convinced australian defence planners army required armoured units began raised 1st armoured division formed militia cavalry divisions converted armoured divisions formed provide support infantry large armoured units suitable jungle warfare disbanded conditions led army convert combat divisions jungle divisions early reducing authorised strength division men infantry battalion shed personnel support elements anti aircraft carrier removed consolidated divisional level heavy weapons vehicles reduced conditions organisation designed proved moderately successful result divisions strengthened campaigns returning artillery anti tank units removed creation jungle divisions represented time australian_army history adopted organisation specifically conditions forces fight previously force structure heavily influenced british_army decision adopt organisation suit local conditions reflected growing maturity independence resulted adoption tier force structure formations designated jungle warfare remained previous scales equipment manning ultimately structure better suited operations australia longer able japanese result burden fighting increasingly fell formations organised remainder army relegated garrison duties army raised anti aircraft coastal defence units war pre war coastal defences greatly expanded new batteries built near major ports australia new_guinea response threat japanese attack australia limited capacity produce anti aircraft guns bulk equipment come britain development defences initially hampered lack available equipment coastal defence system reached peak size army anti aircraft guns outbreak war high priority given expanding air defences major cities important industrial military facilities anti aircraft batteries place major cities key towns northern australia expansion artillery general coastal defence anti aircraft units particular meant june members army units gradually took responsibility manning fixed coastal anti aircraft defences threat attack australian mainland relied major allies provide support primarily raising combat units support arms times conflict consequently services relatively remained years war british units provided line communication services north_africa early campaigns army needed raise extensive support units support combat formations pacific following japanese entry war result growth support arms services proved dramatic including capabilities australian_army minimal previous experience maintaining units included terminal formations beach groups responsible loading unloading ships food petroleum storage distribution units farm units grew food troops remote areas addition australia national support base located rear major cities south east country significant expansion army transport capabilities required supplies men field force based northern australia new_guinea road transport units raised supplies australia eventually operated fleet air maintenance companies formed load supply aircraft women services prior world war female branch army reserve formation served overseas world war following outbreak war chief served staff director general medical services major general war nurses australian permitted serve overseas volunteered women served major theatres army fought total killed active service majority died early fighting malaya singapore nurses killed march branch consisting volunteers originally coordinated redesignated december employed military hospitals australia overseas end war returning civilian control shortages manpower led establishment august members filled wide range roles allow army male soldiers fighting units mainly worked clerical administrative positions auxiliary roles drivers served anti aircraft batteries operating radars guns sought members posted overseas early onwards agree result women joined served outside australia reduced size following war finally disbanded june colonel commanded september total women served army making percent force campaigns north_africa years world war australia military strategy closely aligned united_kingdom imperial defence policy singapore strategy seemingly need large scale land forces pacific key component policy consequently australian military units deployed overseas sent mediterranean middle_east formed integral commonwealth forces area infantry divisions dispatched middle_east subsequently heavily involved fighting followed addition force sent north_africa brigades 18th 25th stationed britain june january formed british mobile reserve responded german landings australian_army forestry group served britain australian_army saw action successful commonwealth offensive north_africa conducted december february 6th division fully equipped completed training december relieved given task capturing italian fortresses bypassed british 7th armoured division advance january division went action fortress manned larger force australian infantry quickly penetrated italian defensive lines support british tanks artillery majority defenders surrendered january australians took prisoners followed success assaulting fortress january securing day taking italians prisoner australians pushed west coast road captured february later month withdrawn deployment greece replaced 9th division took garrison duties week march german led force launched offensive allied forces area rapidly forced withdraw egypt formed rear guard withdrawal april ordered defend important port town months sustained australian destroyers mediterranean_fleet ensuing siege reinforced 7th brigade british artillery armoured regiments fortifications aggressive patrolling artillery contain defeat repeated german armoured infantry attacks september october request relieved bulk withdrawn 13th battalion forced remain siege lifted december convoy evacuating attacked defence cost australian units involved casualties including killed taken prisoner greece crete lebanon early corps headquarters took ill fated allied expedition defend greece german invasion corps commander lieutenant general prime minister regarded operation risky agreed australian involvement british government provided deliberately understated chance defeat allied force deployed greece smaller german force region defence country compromised inconsistencies greek allied plans australian troops arrived greece march manned defensive positions north country alongside british new_zealand greek units outnumbered allied force able halt germans invaded april forced retreat australians allied units conducted fighting withdrawal initial positions evacuated southern greece april australian warships formed force protected evacuation embarked hundreds soldiers greek ports 6th division suffered heavy casualties campaign men killed captured 6th division returned egypt 19th provisional infantry battalions landed crete formed key island defences 19th brigade initially successful holding positions german landed gradually forced retreat key airfields lost allies evacuated island garrison approximately australians including entire 7th battalion evacuated taken prisoner result heavy casualties 6th division required substantial reinforcements equipment ready combat reinforced formed key allied ground forces syria lebanon campaign fought french forces june july close air support raaf royal_air_force australian force entered lebanon june advanced coast road valley little resistance expected forces mounted strong defence good use mountainous terrain allied attack reinforcements brought australian corps headquarters took command operation june changes enabled allies french forces 7th division entered july loss british breakthrough syria led commander seek armistice campaign ended july second half concentrated syria lebanon undertook garrison duties strength rebuilt ahead operations middle_east following outbreak war pacific elements corps including 6th 7th divisions returned australia early counter perceived japanese threat australia australian government agreed requests britain united_states temporarily retain middle_east exchange deployment additional troops australia britain support proposal expand raaf squadrons government intend play major role active fighting sent reinforcements axis forces defeated commonwealth force libya advanced north west egypt june stand kilometres west alexandria railway siding brought forward reinforce position lead elements division arrived july assigned northerly section commonwealth defensive line position 9th division subsequently played significant role battle helping halt axis advance casualties heavy 28th battalion forced surrender july surrounded german armour capturing following battle division remained northern end line launched attacks early september october raaf squadrons area took second battle lengthy period preparation launched major offensive october involved heaviest fighting battle advance coast area succeeded drawing away german forces heavily reinforced 2nd decisively break axis lines night november suffered high number casualties battle pursuit retreating axis forces battle requested division returned australia possible provide reinforcements sustain agreed british governments late november left egypt australia january ending involvement war north_africa malaya singapore emphasis placed cooperation britain relatively australian military units stationed australia measures taken improve australia defences war japan proved inadequate 8th division subsequently dispatched singapore february plans militia battalion stationed battalion allocated garrison brigade dispersed july deployed order protect airfield sections sent central new act observers december australian_army pacific consisted 8th division stationed malaya partially trained equipped divisions australia including 1st armoured division keeping singapore strategy high proportion australian forces asia concentrated malaya threat japan increased outbreak war australian forces malaya consisted brigade groups 8th division 22nd 27th brigades command major general raaf squadrons warships following japanese invasion december 8th division attached units assigned responsibility defence south malaya result action mid january japanese reached state having pushed british indian units defending northern parts peninsula time division brigades split 22nd having deployed east coast 27th west division engagement came west coast january japanese fifth army able commonwealth positions bennett forces command weak assigned crucial coastal sector stronger australian brigades deployed threatened areas commonwealth forces achieved number local tactical victories notably unable slow japanese advance suffered heavy casualties japanese remaining commonwealth units withdrew singapore night january following 8th division deployed defend singapore north west coast casualties suffered division units half strength replacements received draft replacements sent late january barely trained having little weeks training australia dispatched assigned larger normal defend beaches ill suited defence 22nd 27th brigades spread thin ground large gaps lines commander singapore fortress lieutenant general believed japanese land north east coast island deployed near strength british 18th division defend sector february japanese landed australian sector 8th division forced positions days heavy fighting subsequent landing took place division unable turn subsequently withdrew centre island fighting commonwealth forces pushed narrow perimeter urban area singapore surrendered forces february australians able escape following capitulation australians taken prisoner bennett managed having left island night surrender handing command division later justified actions saying gained understanding defeat japanese needed return australia pass knowledge post war inquiries found leaving command loss quarter australia overseas soldiers failure singapore strategy permitted accept sending aid britain stunned country fall singapore raised fears japanese invasion australian mainland government concerned army ability respond large forces australia contained inexperienced units lacked mobility response brought middle_east australian prime minister appealed united_states assistance japanese forces advanced burma india early british prime minister winston_churchill attempted divert 6th 7th divisions route australia refused movement compromise 16th 17th brigades 6th division disembarked ceylon formed island garrison returned australia august australia contribution pre war plans defend japanese aggression focused defence malaya singapore small australian forces deployed defend islands north australia role forces defend strategic airfields launch attacks australian mainland detachments stationed solomon islands report japanese operations start pacific war strategic port town defended force comprised 22nd battalion reinforced coastal artillery poorly equipped raaf bomber squadron regarded inadequate australian military possible reinforce japanese south seas force landed january outnumbered australian force swiftly defeated survivors surrendered weeks battle members survived war murdered japanese february australian soldiers civilian prisoners killed ship carrying japan transport sunk submarine july troops dispatched darwin weeks pacific war reinforced battalions 8th division brigade 23rd sent force island force defend strategic locations japanese attack 2nd sent violation portugal neutrality force defeated japanese landing january surrendered february australian prisoners subsequently killed japanese troops series mass executions february force defeated japanese landed february surrendered australian waged guerrilla campaign japanese february lead japanese invasion java force land based aircraft attacked darwin february time darwin important base allied warships staging point shipping supplies reinforcements japanese attack successful resulted deaths civilians military personnel non australian allied seamen heavy damage town port facilities strong army unit australian warships aircraft number raaf squadrons participated unsuccessful defence java japanese invaded island march army force elements 7th division formed american british dutch australian command land forces java saw little action surrendered march dutch forces island began following conquest main aircraft carrier force raided indian_ocean attacking ceylon early april australian_army brigades stationed ceylon time raid placed alert repel potential invasion action japan rapid advance south unexpected perceived threat invasion led major expansion australian military army strength infantry divisions armoured divisions hundreds units thousands australians ineligible service military responded threat attack joining auxiliary organisations modelled respectively australia population industrial base sufficient maintain forces threat invasion passed army progressively reduced size despite australian fears japanese intended invade australian mainland invasion considered february judged japanese military capabilities planning preparations undertaken instead march japanese military adopted strategy australia united_states capturing new_guinea fiji plan frustrated japanese defeat postponed indefinitely battles ended threat australia australian government continued warn invasion possible series japanese air raids northern australia occurred main defence provided raaf allied fighters number australian_army anti aircraft batteries involved dealing threat australian military reinforced units recalled middle_east expansion militia raaf united_states military units arrived australia great numbers deployed new_guinea april command australian forces consolidated american commander general halting japanese allies moved offensive late pace advance accelerating australian military mainly relegated subsidiary roles holding operations continued conduct large scale operations end war larger proportion forces deployed final months conflict time campaign japanese forces landed mainland new_guinea march invaded secure bases defence important base developing response australian new guinea volunteer rifles established observation posts japanese 5th successfully raided june battle coral sea frustrated japanese plan capture port amphibious landing attempted capture town landing south seas force north coast advancing overland track cross rugged track campaign began july japanese began advance opposed ill prepared militia brigade designated force force successful delaying unable halt late august early september australian forces bay inflicted notable land defeat war japanese japanese landed unit capture allies established area brigades australian troops militia 7th 18th designated force supported raaf fighter squadrons army engineers launched counter attack outnumbered lacking supplies suffering heavy casualties japanese forced withdraw victory helped raise allied morale especially track japanese continued progress august august battalions 7th division reinforced remnants japanese continued advance september reached village near port weeks exhausting fighting heavy losses japanese troops kilometres port supply problems advance impossible japanese began fear allied counter landing following hands forces decided support fronts new_guinea subsequently ordered withdraw troops track issue decided australian forces heavily reinforced 7th division 21st 25th brigades supported native recruited australian new guinea administrative unit forcibly carry supplies evacuate wounded personnel australians pursued japanese track early november forced small north coast australian forces attacked japanese late november allied force consisted exhausted 7th division inexperienced ill trained short artillery supplies lack supporting weapons insistence rapid advance allied tactics battle centred infantry assaults japanese fortifications resulted heavy casualties area secured january fighting australian personnel captured japanese troops murdered response remainder war australian soldiers generally attempt capture japanese personnel aggressively sought kill japanese opponents including surrendered following defeats japanese withdrew defensive perimeter territory new_guinea fighting australian_army increasingly developed tactical superiority japanese jungle warfare campaign led significant reform composition australian_army campaign restriction banning militia personnel serving outside australian territory hampered military planning caused tensions militia late early overcame opposition extending geographic boundaries serve include necessary legislation passed january deploying militia easier ultimately brigade 11th dispatched outside australian territory deployed south coast dutch west force new_guinea halting japanese advance allied forces went offensive australian forces played key role offensive designated particular oversaw series highly successful operations north east tip new_guinea high point australia experience operational level command war successful defence began advancing april advance mounted divert attention main objectives proceeded slowly late june reinforced staged amphibious landing south town eventually captured september early september australian led forces mounted movement capture september 9th division amphibious landing east town began advancing west following day parachute regiment unopposed parachute drop west airborne forces secured 7th division flown began advancing east race capture race won captured town september japanese forces suffered heavy losses campaign able escape north fall 9th division given task capturing 20th brigade landed near strategic harbour september secured area japanese responded 20th division overland area remainder gradually brought reinforce 20th brigade expected counter attack japanese mounted strong attack mid october defeated heavy fighting second half november 9th division captured hills inland dug japanese forces following defeat 20th division retreated coast pursuit 9th division secured coastal region peninsula 7th division drove japanese inland range campaign began september 6th independent company air landed company defeated larger japanese force secured fly division 21st 25th brigades aggressive patrolling australians forced japanese positions extremely rugged terrain january division began attack key position ridge taken end month raaf playing key supporting role following success japanese withdrew range australian troops linked american patrols april secured april advance philippines australian military role south west pacific decreased forces took responsibility main allied effort region half decided agreement size military decreased release manpower war related industries important supplying britain forces pacific australia main role allied war effort point forward supplying allied countries food materials manufactured goods needed defeat japan result policy size army reduced late onwards offensive force infantry divisions militia divisions maintained end war early army divisions withdrawn training rehabilitation new battalions australian led new_guinea troops formed organised troops earlier seen action alongside australian units new_guinea campaign largely replaced australian_army battalions disbanded year australian government offered corps use came proposals liberation islands army prolonged period relative inactivity led public concern australians believed offensive operations politically embarrassing government helped look new areas military impacted army morale allies advanced japan army increasingly relegated second string roles despite having fought weight war new_guinea late australian government committed australian_army brigades replace army divisions conducting defensive roles area new_guinea order free american units operations philippines units largely conducted static defence positions australian replacements mounted offensive operations designed destroy remaining japanese forces areas value campaigns controversial time remains day australian government authorised operations primarily political military reasons believed keeping army involved war australia greater influence post war peace conferences australian territories enhance australia influence region critics campaigns author argue unnecessary lives australian soldiers involved japanese forces isolated ineffective 5th division replaced 40th infantry division october november continued campaign goals protecting allied bases large japanese force island area late november 5th division established bases closer japanese perimeter began aggressive patrols supported division conducted amphibious landings open bay wide bay base early defeated small japanese garrisons areas april japanese confined fortified positions australian force aggressive patrolling suffered fatalities wounded campaign war found japanese force strong higher allied intelligence estimated remained continued campaign replaced army october december corps consisted 23rd brigade garrisoned neighbouring islands supported raaf united_states marine_corps air units maintained defensive posture australians conducted offensive operations aimed destroying japanese force japanese split fought separate northern central southern portions island main focus japanese base south north centre island largely suspended australian operations continued end war large japanese forces remained north island assigned responsibility completing destruction japanese eighteenth army large japanese force remaining australian portion new_guinea supported raaf squadrons ran warships division reinforced militia armoured units began arriving october late australians launched offensive east 17th brigade advanced inland remainder division moved coast suffered heavy casualties previous fighting disease mounted strong resistance inflicted significant casualties 6th division advance hampered supply difficulties bad weather australians secured coastal area early captured small force landed east town end war eighteenth army forced designated stand area campaign cost australian lives japanese died taken prisoner borneo campaign borneo campaign major allied campaign series amphibious assaults july australian corps lieutenant general attacked japanese forces occupying island allied naval air forces centred 7th fleet admiral australian played important roles campaign goals campaign capture borneo support led invasion japan british led liberation malaya planned place later agree proposal extend offensive include liberation java july decision release 6th division operation contributed going ahead campaign opened landed small island east coast borneo secure island base support planned landings expected weeks secure open intensive fighting island lasted june opened june result operation generally considered worthwhile phase began june conducted simultaneous assaults north west coast quickly secured japanese garrison held week secured 24th brigade landed 20th brigade advanced western coast borneo south brigades rapidly advanced weak japanese resistance north west borneo liberated end war campaign assisted indigenous fighters guerrilla war japanese forces support australian special forces final stage campaign capture central east coast borneo operation opposed believed unnecessary went ahead orders day preliminary air naval bombardment 7th division landed near town july surrounds secured heavy fighting july continued end war isolated pockets japanese resistance remained capture large scale land operation conducted world war borneo campaign criticised australia time subsequent years pointless waste soldiers lives achieve number objectives increasing isolation significant japanese forces occupying main capturing major oil supplies freeing allied prisoners war held deteriorating conditions post war years prior end war august australian military preparing contribute forces invasion japan australia participation operation involved elements services fighting commonwealth forces planned form new 10th division existing personnel form british canadian new_zealand units corps organisation identical army corps participated invasion japanese home island scheduled march planning operations japan ceased august japan surrendered following atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki japanese field commanders subsequently surrendered allied forces australian forces accepted surrender japanese opponents ceremonies conducted locations borneo following surrender australian_army faced number immediate operational administrative issues including need maintain security areas occupied administration surrendered japanese forces areas organising return approximately soldiers including prisoners war australia discharge bulk soldiers serving army raising occupation force service japan australian_army units deployed occupation forces following japanese surrender terms agreement reached admiral head australia responsible providing occupation forces borneo east including western new_guinea pre war australian british territories eastern new_guinea pacific australian forces borneo remain place relieved british dutch units late corps responsible borneo eastern army disarmed japanese forces pre war british australian territories new_guinea surrender documents signed 7th 9th divisions took control borneo forces dispatched darwin key islands eastern british forces western took fighting indonesian nationalists australians careful involved sought hand control occupation zones quickly possible relations australian troops generally good decision load dutch ships carrying military supplies bound australian occupation troops left february australian_army contributed troops japan volunteers force recruited late assigned new infantry battalions battalion formed volunteers 7th division battalion men 6th division personnel units grouped october brigade departure japan delayed february inter allied negotiations eventually took responsibility enforcing terms japanese surrender infantry battalions raised occupation duties designated 1st 2nd 3rd battalions 34th brigade 1st brigade returned australia december forming basis post war regular army time australian army contribution occupation japan reduced single strength battalion australian forces remained september ceased operations time majority units committed fighting korean following outbreak korean war june leadership war began army change time senior officers active list bennett held appointment seven years came chief general staff major general adjutant general major general sir major general general major general commander commander 2nd division years age bennett serving regular soldiers considered command 6th division second posts selected prime minister promoted lieutenant general october subsequently appointed general officer commanding corps following raising march appointed succeed command 6th division assumed command newly formed senior regular officers included men like joined army world war officers held senior commands war seldom active ones distinct group regular officers graduates opened number included officers fought world war reached rank major promotion prospects restricted remained majors years left army join british indian armies raaf return civilian life group determined prove lead troops battle regular officers attended training courses exchange british_army important early years war close cooperation armies wars enjoyed better promotion prospects major promoted rank lieutenant colonel young serve world war commissioned promoted lieutenant colonel ordered commands 6th division given regular officers political adversaries outspoken opposition singapore strategy appointments went like later militia officers rose prominence brigade division commanders distinguished records officers like hammer challenge regular officers contention special claim senior command ability start war majority battalion commands went older commanded battalions served war went average age battalion commanders declined years old prevalence regular officers senior positions rose held half senior appointments remained represented unit commands infantry battalion commanded regular officer following outbreak war japan senior officers distinguished records middle_east recalled australia lead militia formations fill important staff posts army expanded following year army reached greatest extent size limited number senior appointments senior officers required faced public political criticism shelved senior officers career prospects junior officer affected particularly infantry officers promoted substantive rank lieutenant colonel months engineers supporting arms return divisions australia middle_east coincided arrival large numbers american troops including 32nd april took command australian forces newly formed supreme commander appointed commander chief march following promotion general setting role suspended july commander chief reported directly subsequently given command theatre australian forces bulk allied forces practice political reasons ensured commanded australian forces limited number australian staff officers posted general headquarters remained remainder war equipment australian_army generally long standing policy british designed equipment equipment australia united_states countries introduced service war later years pre war defence policies favoured ran received majority defence spending interwar period result war came army equipment world war vintage australian factories capable producing small arms equipment replaced new factories required produce latest weapons equipment motor vehicles motor vehicles suitable military use purchased militia 6th division division war establishment training february treasury urged war cabinet slow orders motor vehicles save shipping space sending middle_east wheat war australian infantry units largely equipped british designed australian small arms support weapons standard rifle iii manufactured small quantities lee rifle canada new_guinea rifles provided branches australian military order free rifles infantry units american semi automatic rifles issued australian infantry units attached army formations new_guinea direct fire support provided mixture machine guns including vickers machine gun produced utilised specialised machine gun battalions later medium machine gun infantry battalions gun replaced standard automatic rifle early years war infantry battalions utilised section level manufacture australia started improve rates fire american thompson gun introduced eventually replaced australian designed british designed australian modified gun infantry equipped grenades boys anti tank rifle standard infantry anti tank weapon start war replaced heavier support weapons infantry battalions war included inch mortar inch mortar infantry battalions equipped converted tropical warfare establishment organic carrier consolidated companies assigned divisional level man pack introduced january obtain cabinet approval spend construct plant manufacture pounder field guns pounder anti tank guns pounder available quantity units australia far_east equipped old pounder units middle_east operated pounder pounder bored pounder ammunition received british pounders old inch saw service 10th field regiment employing support collection captured italian guns known bush artillery employed rendered obsolete pounder available quantity eventually manufactured australia special light weight version known short pounder developed jungle warfare requirement portable field piece mountainous jungle led use inch new_guinea campaign american employed experience western desert campaign soon showed pounder deal german tanks superseded pounder began coming assembly lines australia july turn replaced pounder manufactured ordnance factory anti aircraft artillery equipped swedish designed gun manufactured australia british inch gun medium artillery included american british inch gun need tanks equip armoured units led war cabinet approve manufacture sentinel tank delivered time manufacture ceased july action tanks sourced overseas quantity light tanks received september shipment british tanks arrived july proved suitable type jungle warfare flame variant produced eventually saw action borneo campaign numerous tank australian_army lee equipped armoured divisions unlike action australian scout car known produced interim measure adequate supplies canadian armoured car available australian_army operated amphibious australian_army developed landing craft development australian version vehicle carried army personnel working alongside prototypes constructed launched initial version known found small larger metre developed australian version developed manufactured ford brisbane later operational experience demonstrated need larger landing craft iii enlarged version ford engines twice cargo capacity produced army ordered type similar capacity ford engines delivered end war arrived time service new_guinea number operational units stepped production equipment shortages thing past army equipment actually needed example total pounders required combat training total hand additionally total pounder pounder anti tank guns required army inch anti aircraft guns needed combat training pieces available similar existed small arms required system situation relation gun carriers marked vehicles actually required decreased requirements mobility vehicles jungle warfare training doctrine australian_army pre war doctrine focused conventional warfare european environment doctrine supporting training common commonwealth countries following outbreak war army continued focus preparing units fight europe north_africa far single greatest difficulty training early war years shortage equipment critical shortages instructors decision form 1st armoured division created requirement large numbers highly skilled personnel officers men required skills small pre war army serving divisional cavalry regiments created march moved problem militia lack continuity training war began men called month additional training increased months additional training officers non commissioned officers trained days camp days soldiers day training given days additional training completed training undertook days allowed individual training prevented proper unit training july fully trained soldiers completed days training liable months additional training year new recruits liable months time war cabinet provided intensive training time militia units exceed percent unit strength training militia hampered early war years lack small arms particularly evacuation australia dispatched reserve stock rifles britain effort help replace equipment lost british_army amidst concerns invasion united_kingdom fall france army focus conventional warfare late lieutenant colonel british officer arrived australia small specialist staff conduct training unconventional warfare school known infantry training centre opened victoria described isolated area high rugged heavily mountains valleys swiftly running streams swamps 1st 2nd nucleus 4th raised october training discontinued outbreak war japan school reopened training fourth company completed independent companies later redesignated commando squadrons eventually raised including 1st destroyed early war war progressed flank protection reconnaissance roles unconventional warfare australian_army doctrine jungle warfare prior lessons passed officers escaped malaya singapore incorporated training memorandum year units returned north_africa undertook training jungle tactics going action militia units initially faced japanese new_guinea suffered inadequate training led suffering heavy casualties order able troops new_guinea rapidly process allow realistic training large formations jungle mountainous malaria free terrain decided establish training staging area november eventually accommodation provided troops divisions returned tours duty new_guinea sent anti malaria treatment men went leave returned training conducted staging departing early army developed jungle warfare doctrine adapting pre war field service regulations meet conditions south west pacific army line combat formations reorganised trained accordance doctrine year jungle warfare school opened november reinforcements combat units subsequently passed school joining unit consisted reinforcement training centre training centre tactical school establishment training centre closed time training programs included greater cooperation army combat arms services combined training centre known opened september adjacent port new_south_wales central establishment training beach parties small boat crews july established queensland nearby units combined training raaf ran carried near preparation amphibious operations allies advanced australian_army began training december training subsequently formed march reached strength january warned action number times including possible rescue prisoners war held fighting war participated singapore army possessed comprehensive schools system schools kinds training courses conducted soldiers selected officers trained officer units country end war units produced officers regular officers continued trained number shortened courses months years duration run unlike newly commissioned sent original unit posted vacancy schools included recruit training thorough culminated jungle training course turned reinforcements month 29th brigade received young reinforcements shortly embarking commander later remarked training thorough reacted conditions battle prisoners war nearly australians taken prisoner axis war bulk members australian_army fighting middle_east greece australian soldiers taken prisoner german italian forces men captured crete mainland greece members captured retreat early siege fighting near like western allied australians held permanent camps italy germany generally treated accordance geneva conventions war neared end germans moved prisoners interior country prevent liberated advancing allied armies movements forced marches harsh weather resulted deaths war drew close unit designated united_kingdom established near england provide accommodation support released august australian europe embarked ships bound australia australian prisoners suffered higher death rate german italian captivity counterparts world war lower rate suffered japanese members captured japanese months men members 8th division captured singapore members sent java early taken prisoner captivity treated harshly resulting high death rate australians held camps endured long ships australian died japanese captivity victim deliberate disease hundreds murdered guards burma thai railway notorious prisoner war experiences australians worked times alongside thousands allied japanese nearly australians died thousands australian sent japanese home islands worked factories mines generally harsh conditions held camps borneo suffered highest death rates percent died australian british prisoners borneo survived killed series death marches overall australian prisoners taken japanese survived captivity majority deaths caused disease treatment prompted australians remain hostile japan war australian authorities investigated abuses allied country zone responsibility war guards believed prisoners tried australian administered war crimes trials process began immediately end hostilities partially commenced early end war strength australian_army men approximately half serving overseas plan action august day japan surrendered undertaken phases finally completed february time total soldiers discharged process largely proceeded smoothly soldiers felt slow widespread dissatisfaction men continuing serve war ended speed hampered requirement continue maintain security areas occupied lack sufficient shipping administrative workload entailed limited facilities use process second disbanded june temporary organisation known established end war included members army time duty departure previous defence policy australian government decided small peace time regular force raised provide trained time force capable deployed australia overseas national emergency subsequently established september militia guise established july provide time volunteer force able provide basis expansion wartime casualties course fighting australian_army sustained approximately battle casualties bulk second included killed action died wounds wounded killed died captivity survived prisoners war non battle casualties included killed wounded injured operational areas killed wounded injured non operational areas large number non battle casualties significant illustrating toll sickness disease took army | Australian Army during World War II | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16245_64th(2ndStaffordshire)RegimentofFoot | 2nd regiment foot 2nd regiment foot infantry regiment british_army regiment created 11th regiment foot redesignated regiment foot took county title 2nd regiment foot following reforms regiment amalgamated prince wales regiment foot north regiment new regiment foot foot foot fought major conflicts late 18th early 19th centuries normally minor theatres conflicts seven years war served west indies napoleonic wars role limited west_indies south_america mid-19th century fought anglo persian war soldiers awarded victoria_cross formation formation foot prompted expansion army result commencement seven years war august ordered number existing regiments raise second battalion chosen 11th foot raised southampton moving newcastle april ordered 2nd battalions raised years previously independent regiments right day 2nd battalion 11th foot foot shortly king ordered dates foot regiments created april date raising 2nd battalions date foot colonel regiment honourable decided foot black seven years war immediately foot regiment sent west_indies arrival took unsuccessful attempt martinique successful invasion guadeloupe participation action earned regiment battle honour honour actually awarded regiment returned england june severely reduced numbers men drafted units tropical disease arrival portsmouth ranks establishment strength fit duty officer strength strength recovery took long time brief period suffolk regiment spent years scottish highlands years ireland sailing north_america north_america american war independence posting america boston time centre discontent unhappy posting result regiment moved halifax nova scotia returned boston stationed unrest grew took place incident lays claim blood american war independence shed salem massachusetts february supply weapons ammunition known salem commander lieutenant colonel ordered seize weapons american patriots salem tried prevent carrying orders ensued local salem man slightly injured british bayonet negotiations prevented withdrew boston mission failure outbreak hostilities april stationed remained garrison consequently regiment march british abandoned boston regiment depart halifax giving distinction british unit set foot war following reorganisation army like regiments found flank light infantry companies detached form 2nd respectively battalions took capture new_york engaged later battle units participated philadelphia campaign taking remaining philadelphia winter 2nd formed rearguard lieutenant general clinton evacuated city june returning new_york took small operations light company took skirmish known massacre november saw companies regiment transferred southern theatre operations april covering force besieging charleston light companies formed main siege force capture charleston light companies withdrawn new_york major general began advance virginia remained guard troops involved year later actions war company reunited light company units surrendered december regiment left america jamaica england change occurred army policy hopefully increase recruiting infantry regiments given additional territorial titles 2nd foot began long association city depot companies moved soon began wear uniform napoleonic wars following defeat america remained jamaica years returning england years later regiment stationed ireland sailing west_indies outbreak napoleonic wars end seven years war martinique guadeloupe returned france terms treaty paris barbados foot took invasion martinique early flank companies detached rest regiment elements involved actions martinique short successful campaign earned regiment second battle honour martinique earlier guadeloupe honour actually awarded light companies involved capture shortly recapture guadeloupe short period garrison duty followed regiment returned england severely weakened losses battle sickness yellow fever sir commander british forces west_indies estimated lost troops months regiment returned england moving gibraltar ireland played minor suppressing rebellion returned england months returned west_indies campaign seizing islands held variously france netherlands denmark island fall franco dutch island followed dutch island danish islands signing treaty restored france allies territories conquered british withdrawn barbados peace long war france broke immediately action expeditionary force took earning battle honour award honour timely awarded expedition continued south american mainland capture dutch held fourth battle honour awarded garrison duties kept years meaning regiment played napoleonic wars halifax nova scotia found providing funeral guard captain uss capture regiment returned europe sent france years peace regiment found active service interim short spell england long posting gibraltar years ireland year tour west indies fever caused suffering followed short year tour canada provided item note voyage home companies command captain women children board barque alert ship hit reef miles halifax ship refloated heavy sea risk sinking taking water master alert decided course action beach vessel worried ship heavy troops families upper deck captain troops persuaded remain troop deck despite rising water level ship beached island board later rescued duke wellington commander chief british army directed story captain detachment read regiment corps army example rewards discipline companies reunited rest regiment england serving england ireland posted india based saw active service despite reserve field force war britain persia broke 20th formed expeditionary force assembled campaign landing persia late november regiment took place battles force advanced inland defeated persian field army february flank companies involved action hostilities lasted little months battle honours awarded persia british regiment awarded indian rebellion following persian campaign returned india arriving bombay weeks unrest occurred regiment immediately ordered relief force sir relief force reach city fell rebel control forced march ordered clash rebel forces occurred number skirmishes took place force met rebels significant engagement july actions battle lieutenant 10th foot awarded victoria_cross award created considerable discontent citation actions regiment advanced achieved objectives matter referred sir commander chief india upheld complaint raised voiced strong criticism staff officers serving aide camp father interfering regimental officers duty relief force entered july subsequently elements regiment played small relief majority regiment remained november won victoria_cross awarded member regiment enemy despite having wounded subsequently regiment moved remained rest campaign june returned bombay single battle honour awarded regiment final years amalgamation return india regiment spent years england moving malta ireland line infantry battalions linked pairs formed joint depot prince wales regiment foot depot moved stationed parts united_kingdom performing police duties regiment returned ireland based county based formally amalgamated north regiment july regiment renamed prince wales regiment amalgamated form prince wales september amalgamated regiment form 3rd battalion black worn foot today commemorated use black backing rank insignia warrant officers non commissioned officers battle honours battle honours awarded regiment martinique awarded persia indian mutiny regiment regiment regiment foot 1st 2nd regiment foot sir sir sir | 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16321_CentralFlyingSchoolRAAF | royal_australian_air_force raaf training unit located raaf base east sale victoria operates trainer school responsible training flight instructors setting flying standards flying practices home team military aviation unit formed australia role provide basic flying training current form dates world war established train flying instructors empire air training scheme eats inaugurated point cook victoria march trained pilots world war disbanded december newly formed raaf took function formed eats point cook april relocated new_south_wales following month based april finally january returned september end world war school produced instructors transferred november responsible display teams red sales flew jet aircraft second team formed flying vampires disbanded taking delivery new jets raaf curtailed display flying formed flying continued operate type team finished converting responsible display work history origins world war december advertised united_kingdom competent establish flying corps school following year englishman australian selected commissioned arrived australia january job choose site proposed command rejecting government preferred location near canberra selected hectares victoria described birthplace australian military aviation harrison established following year mechanics staff aircraft including initial training harrison unit flight march flying later day registered accident crashed telephone wires personnel referred commenced flying course august weeks outbreak world war students included captain williams graduate recalled school consisting tents large structure shed courses run war years graduating pilots basic flying standard students play prominent role future royal_australian_air_force raaf including unit active service half flight raised command departed middle_east april fellow pilots included graduates white harrison took school leadership absence facilities improved end according boasted good engineering workshop cottages married staff comfortable officers mess year later squadrons formed service middle_east france nos squadrons september school home training squadron home training depot aircraft repair section harrison posted overseas october major commanding officer nos squadrons placed charge little training took place year following november armistice staff mainly odd jobs making survey flights promoting government bonds units disbanded december school taken short lived formed january function assumed unit newly formed raaf world war raaf flying training heavily reorganised soon outbreak world war response australia participation empire air training scheme eats elementary flying training schools formed provide basic flight instruction cadets advanced pilot instruction place pressing need flying instructors raaf sixteen needed meet australia obligations eats train instructors instructors training squadron detached form nucleus new april described nerve centre empire air training scheme australia commanded squadron leader raf chief flying instructor relocated raaf station new_south_wales privately owned new air base school facilities cost construct establishment personnel numbered officers airmen complement aircraft included fourteen staff civil pilots instructors career air_force officers graduates included later awarded victoria_cross bombing raids new_guinea world war fighter ace victories went oldest raaf pilot active duty outbreak pacific war led influx units australian bases including way moved new_south_wales march april considered suitable airfield school relocation deemed necessary time raaf station new_south_wales january later year moved returning september gained aviation medicine section detached form later remained point cook rest war time graduated instructors post war era immediate aftermath pacific war saw large sale raaf personnel disposal equipment disbandment units allocated resources ensure maintenance air_force flying standards took new students school relocated raaf station east sale victoria november december aircraft included seven returned job training instructors graduating post war course june newspapers reporting called raaf university air official raaf historian described school air_force important peacetime unit going state pre derived role air_force pure flying standards responsibility met training instructors examining rating squadron instructors conducting quality control tests flying training schools flying practices generally raaf fall standards time expected adversely affect standards entire air_force conversely continued school flowed flying units average student taking month instructors course reported flight lieutenant aged seven hours flying experience wing commander later chief air staff served commanding officer august school commenced jet instructor training dual control entered service replace air_force basic trainer began operating following year march school took responsibility training raaf air traffic controllers continued formed autonomous unit formed team called red sales team consisted instructors flying vampire trainers august practising low level routine flew hill miles hour killing pilots passengers determined overcome shock accident commanding officer wing commander quickly formed new team called led flying vampires team public display february months red sales disaster plenty successor commanding officer wing commander joined raaf team charged selecting jet trainer replace vampire led team chose met requirements licence built australia relatively inexpensive began flying february raaf cut display flying shortly team disbanded april new team flying formed august preparation raaf anniversary celebrations commencing march introduction permitted brief jet training starting expected reduce time necessary turn high quality pilots begun preparing train instructors purpose jet training dropped subsequently labelled expensive way finding pupils lacked military pilots continued operate replaced august years main types instructor training flew twin engined instructor courses march train pilots new guinea defence force school presented queen colour governor general sir september december took delivery trainer replace advanced flying instructor training converted phased school favour december continued operate pilot instructor training control air training wing administer flying standards raaf practising performing celebrated anniversary remains secondary task team members duties displays school responsible training public relations work located squadron canberra role supporting raaf recruitment public awareness hot air balloons employed rural areas economical alternative displays aircraft | Central Flying School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16365_20thBattalion(NewZealand) | 20th infantry battalion served second world war 2nd war converted armoured regiment formed new_zealand command lieutenant colonel period training embarked middle_east greece 2nd participated battles greece later crete evacuated crete fought suffered heavy losses effectively destroyed 15th division brought strength battalion played key role breakout 2nd june encircled following month battalion suffered heavy casualties october battalion converted armoured unit designated 20th armoured regiment replace men lost personnel drawn tank brigade formed new_zealand regiment spent year egypt training tanks embarking italy october join participated fighting actions later regiment finished war remained weeks large numbers yugoslav partisans present city withdrew required service pacific theatre operations regiment late history formation following outbreak second world war new_zealand government authorised formation 2nd service home abroad following consultation decided main new_zealand contribution war effort form infantry division 2nd require battalions infantry consequently infantry battalions formed new_zealand volunteers formed early october command lieutenant colonel period training departed middle_east january 2nd battalion arrived base egypt february involved training garrison duty months greece crete anticipated invasion greece germans decided send troops support greeks engaged italians albania 2nd number allied units dispatched greece early march tasked defence northern greece 20th battalion preparing manning defences western end line april germans invaded greece advance rapid quickly threatened gap withdrawn pass manned defences superior previous positions april german forces reached pass brigade defended positions days withdrawn battalion rearguard brigade withdrawal evacuated crete april crete 20th battalion detached form new hoc command battalion second command lieutenant colonel command opening day invasion crete battalion positioned east town counterattack airfield allowed occupied germans previous day delayed arrival relief meant battalion late starting position attack unsuccessful resulted heavy casualties high germans losses fell germans danger cut successfully assisted recapture town battalion withdrew marked beginning retreat southwest coast crete rejoined battalion previous command 10th brigade capture arrival evacuation beaches found insufficient room australian destroyers designated transport battalion personnel bulk battalion evacuated forced select men stay form rearguard command manning defensive positions prevent germans evacuation beaches rearguard evacuated following day north_africa 20th battalion evacuated egypt having lost half original complement personnel greece crete campaigns short period rest set bringing battalion strength nearly replacements joined battalion separated battalion reasons previous months greece crete continued arrive weeks way mediterranean means including small mid june battalion strength weeks spent battalion previous positions engaged intensive desert training november battalion participated engaged offensive operations area night november 18th battalion tasked night time capture hill adjacent units moved positions navigational error resulted headquarters company separated companies battalion took daylight contact remainder battalion located expected position having taken hill losses shortly arrival wounded machine gun fire evacuated battalion held hill days destroyed elements 15th division counterattack man managed escape capture rebuilding number 20th battalion personnel involved battle unfit recovering injuries leave attending training courses men numbering formed nucleus reformed battalion early december personnel temporarily deployed returned battalion december end month battalion command promoted brigadier given command brought strength reinforcements months oversaw training new command based later february battalion rest 2nd syria defend possible attack turkey middle_east germans syria battalion prepared defences assigned sector digging weapons pits undergoing training following attack line army africa 2nd recalled libya june battalion left kilometres journey took days complete period division best moved 20th battalion remaining days act security engineers laying minefields joining division division hold delay advance long remaining intact middle afternoon june division encircled units approached number 2nd positions including 20th battalion sector northern successfully beaten new broke evening 4th brigade german lines northern flank chosen withdrawal route action subsequent breakout battalion casualties light thirteen men killed reached line june july battalion engaged known held enemy centre line dominating surrounding area western end ridge tasked capture centre ridge 5th allocated deal eastern end british tanks form armoured brigades protect flanks support deal expected counterattack little thought given communication liaison infantry armoured brigades clear chain command established implications outcome battle night time advance 20th battalion positioned ridge reserve 18th 19th battalions discovered advance bypassed numerous strong points leaving german line ridge largely intact supporting british armour seen supporting artillery anti tank units unable break leaving new_zealand brigades position exposed ridge difficulty radio communications dash enemy lines contact british armour reaching british brigades commanding officer resisted advance passing british general authorised british mounted time armoured support arrived flanking battalion 5th brigade overrun leaving battalions exposed receiving fire enemy counterattack elements 15th division launched afternoon july limited number anti tank guns present exposed quickly forced withdraw left infantry surrounded large numbers forced surrender soldiers positions surrounded nightfall brigade overrun 18th battalion managed escape largely intact 20th battalion nearly men taken prisoner conversion armour half 20th battalion wounded killed captured withdrawn brought strength previously decided form armoured brigade provide tank support 2nd result 1st formed brigade undergoing training new_zealand september decided convert 4th brigade armour instead personnel transferred tank brigade new_zealand bring strength constituent units brigade officially designated 20th armoured regiment october regiment squadrons tanks spend year training learning use signalling equipment guns tanks expected use squadron equipped squadrons operating unreliable later replaced initially oversaw transition armour returned new_zealand replaced lieutenant colonel close north african campaign attention turned european theater operations despite preference sections new_zealand government 2nd pacific theater decided division having served desert campaign remain europe accordingly october division moved join italy italy 20th armoured regiment disembarked taranto october gradually travelled italy duly crossed december following weeks regiment involved supporting role 5th 6th brigades attack infantry gains german defences strong attack soon faded stalemate number forth actions regiment lost number tanks fighting generally acquitted withdrawn line following month wounded lieutenant colonel took command regiment following withdrawal area 2nd number divisions transferred engaged western overall strategy breach break italian supporting british american artillery division formed command new_zealand divisional commander major general corps moved defenders resisted american forces weeks 20th armoured regiment play supporting role forthcoming attack infantry 5th 6th brigades bearing battle attack began march regiment initially held reserve ready exploit breakthrough infantry infantry struggled progress face determined resistance week squadrons regiment involved small scale raid actions march regiment moved area controlled new_zealand infantry essentially mobile tanks vulnerable artillery german patrols troops squadrons regiment rotated town day shifts new_zealand infantry relieved early april 20th armoured regiment stayed line end month disbanded period rest training followed 20th armoured regiment returned action temporarily split squadrons detached support separate operations conducted 5th 6th brigades advances following normandy landings italian campaign reduced considerable value tying german forces regiment rejoined supported infantry brigades advanced florence entered city august 2nd transferred advanced squadron regiment supported attack greek mountain brigade september october involved action brigade attack 20th armoured regiment left flank primarily tank action contrast previous battles armour supported infantry having advanced seven miles complete objectives regiment supported 2nd making attack river evening october regiment fired hour long barrage high explosive shells create diversion cover canadians landings far bank late 20th armoured regiment crossed squadrons supported infantry battalions 6th brigade attacks town december regiment involved supporting infantry lines early february regimental chaplain appointed member order british empire efforts organising evacuating wounded infantry phase war disbandment period rest 20th armoured regiment returned lines early april series advances retreating german rearguard regiment company leading element 2nd entered german garrison quickly surrendered necessary deal elements refused surrender new yugoslav partisans present city fact partisans reluctant allow germans surrender new regiment rest 2nd remained weeks counter presence partisans laid claim city mid june partisans withdrew city weeks determined new_zealand government division required service pacific theatre operations longest serving men regiment steadily returning new_zealand early required come active service end august elements regiment withdrawn positions near florence mid september decided send latest reinforcement drafts assembling new_zealand japan serve occupation force men 20th armoured regiment required accelerated process accordingly regiment officially disbanded december war successor 20th armoured regiment lost officers men killed action later died wounds including men died prisoners war nearly personnel prisoners war honours personnel 20th battalion highly decorated including members awarded victoria_cross awarded actions captain awarded actions later won bar actions july members battalion including commanders awarded members appointed member order british empire awards gallantry successor 20th armoured regiment awarded following battle honours pass greece crete 42nd street withdrawal middle_east defence line north_africa advance florence pocket salute crossing italy commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 20th battalion lieutenant colonel september april lieutenant colonel april december july august june major july lieutenant colonel july august lieutenant colonel september november june december lieutenant colonel december january december january march lieutenant colonel january major december january lieutenant colonel march october major october december | 20th Battalion (New Zealand) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16472_WesternAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed january controlled raaf units located western_australia headquartered primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries aircraft conducted anti submarine operations war attacked targets dutch_east_indies borneo campaign continued operate following end war responsibilities raaf new functional command control system headquarters disbanded years later history world war prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke september air_force began command structure expected increases manpower units march raaf divided australia new_guinea geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary headquartered perth formed january control raaf units western_australia included general reconnaissance squadron general purpose squadron initial training school raaf station elementary flying training school soon raised service flying training school maintained control western australian units pending area formation inaugural acting senior air staff officer group captain headquarters staff numbered including officers squadron operating lockheed squadron flying responsible convoy escort anti submarine patrol shortly taking command lobbied force long range flying boats augment squadron available determined form training units southern eastern states semi geographical semi functional groups separate area commands led establishment august training group melbourne covering victoria tasmania south australia training group sydney covering new_south_wales queensland time dissolved responsibilities divided southern northern areas training group uniquely area commands retained responsibility training operations maintenance boundaries november available aircraft nos squadrons service flying training school took search sunk german hudson located bearing crew following outbreak pacific war split january counter separate japanese threats new_guinea respectively new area command raised control units new_south_wales southern queensland month proposed raising training group maintenance group control training maintenance units western_australia approved place headquarters staff numbered including seventy officers transport squadron operating dragon aircraft raised control march squadron equipped formed march time fighter squadron available defend perth worked prepare operations fighter sector headquarters perth operational april operational authority raaf combat infrastructure including area commands invested newly established headquarters boundaries occurred august given responsibility portion western_australia north line drawn south east border september saw formation led air vice marshal oversee majority australian flying units exercised control air operations area commands continued hold overarching administrative authority australian units november construction began airfield control near australia closest air base serve staging post allied bombers bound targets dutch_east_indies allowing avoid japanese fighter stations darwin java handed december end month headquarters staff numbered including ninety officers april controlled combat units squadron flying reconnaissance bombers squadron tasked dive bombing missions based squadron flying squadron operating fighters area command able patrol wing based reconnaissance anti submarine missions flew maritime patrols march went high alert response concerns japanese naval force raid western_australia perth reinforced nos squadrons nos attack ensued units directed return home bases navy withdrew mid year ability conduct long range maritime reconnaissance squadron fly patrols hours duration search german submarines reported area headquarters staff numbered including officers having converted dive bombers august squadron moved january equipped heavy bombers employed anti submarine patrol later month owing squadron fully committed tasks april july squadron provided contribution borneo campaign supporting allied invasions staging bombed japanese airfields dutch_east_indies range day landings attacked near night prior landings conducted daylight raids java lead operation commenced july squadron ceased regular anti submarine patrols following end hostilities europe remained standby case boats found active july appointed command newly formed group handed senior air staff officer group captain held temporary command remainder war post war activity disbandment following end pacific war august dissolved assumed control operational formations including area commands hannah handed command group captain october raaf dramatically wartime units scheduled dissolution stages including reconnaissance bomber squadrons end bomber units september squadron disbanded december squadron repatriated prisoners war dutch_east_indies australia january unit disbanded july year wilson placed retired list february hannah assumed temporary command posted britain october group captain took officer commanding western area following month time headquarters staff numbered including thirty officers september chief air staff air vice marshal proposed reducing extant mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland covering new_south_wales covering western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania rejected plan wartime area command boundaries essentially remained place squadron formed unit april operating later vampire fighters training squadron responsible western_australia air defence handed command november end month headquarters staff numbered fourteen including seven officers group captain later took command october operation hurricane british atomic test october coordinated air support including supply observation flights completed term western area september time headquarters staff numbered thirty including officers commencing month raaf reorganised geographically based command control system based function february newly constituted functional organisations home training assumed control operations training maintenance remained existence remote control points headquarters finally disbanded november order battle april order battle comprised raaf station general reconnaissance squadron general purpose squadron transport squadron fighter squadron fighter sector headquarters perth | Western Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16611_HaldaneReforms | reforms reforms series far ranging reforms british_army named secretary state war major reforms reforms early 1880s light lessons newly learned second boer war major element reforms creation expeditionary force specifically prepared trained intervening major war existed prepared overseas service newly organised force permanent peacetime organisation complement supporting troops time reserve forces expanded ensure overseas forces efficiently reinforced supplied new recruits ensure home defence suffer sending regular forces overseas militia formed reorganised new reforms grouped act encourage development military skills established public schools universities military strategy new ensure common doctrine common strategic aims military forces british_empire including finally reformed development new operational training doctrine laid new outbreak world war august saw bulk changes test quickly sent continent whilst reserves planned provide second line background middle 19th century british_army seen major operations close succession war indian mutiny apparent existing organisation forces sufficient large scale modern warfare wave reforms period saw creation helped turn officers upper reaches army professional soldiers transformation old army better control forces india creation help home defence whilst overseas second wave comprising collection administrative changes popularly known secretary state war purchase commissions officers abolished recruits taken short specified regiment corps unpopular system year general service measures stroke increased quality manpower army provided trained efficient reserve veterans recalled colours emergency reforms reorganisation regimental system linking territorial line regiments paired regimental depots territory based recruiting area simplified recruitment training set reforms reforms named secretary state carried early 1880s carried regimental logical end completing amalgamation linked regiments single battalion regiments local units militia volunteers result reforms provide sizable trained force british isles sent overseas time crisis system home service volunteers support outbreak october system immediately began strain end year fighting reserves entirely exhausted novel measures including extensive use auxiliary forces experimented remainder war militia provided garrison units free regulars volunteers sent service companies attached regular battalions created supply needed mounted infantry number half hearted attempts reform war immediate aftermath little effect important established reported report called wide ranging reforms administration army whilst studied auxiliary forces declared unfit service recommended practical reforms alongside sensational suggestion universal military service reforms instituted conservative secretary state war broad thrust reform plans strongly opposed attempts home forces begun actually organised lacked support units staff reforms december government collapsed sir prime minister leading minority liberal government appointed secretary state war accidental selection aiming lord chancellor whilst offered post attorney general offered men offered despite beginning words greatest secretary state took post hidden ideas role army having realised reform weary generals want secretary state war intent changing things success got generals having gained trust respect officers support reforms support lord colonel finally designed implemented set reforms way preparing british_army opening world war brief hiatus general election liberals won landslide obtaining majority seats turned attention crisis brought france germany war december sir foreign secretary privately agreed commit army aid france attacked began consider best accomplish quickly concluded need regular expeditionary force specifically prepared trained use continental intervention force question provide force short period settled strength infantry divisions supporting units need organised peacetime prepared united_kingdom committed action soon reached continent army geared specific purpose reorganised fit role elements fit discarded help pay changes include disbandment infantry battalions number surplus artillery batteries withdrawal overseas garrisons army home reorganised divisions dated january heavy brigade mounted brigades reconnaissance army troops february announced coming year spending estimates despite creation new force disbanded units minor managed reduce overall spending million pounds organised continental necessary provide forces home defence proposal anticipated existing division army militia changed structure home defence based changes embodied act passed little opposition save dispute future status militia regiments essentially abolished existing volunteers create new fourteen infantry divisions fourteen cavalry brigades large number support units raised organised financed local organisations liable service command militia provided contain men served regular army agreed liable service regular forces wartime training doctrine november appointed director staff duties took task providing new training doctrine army suggested new scheme sets training fully implemented new provisional produced revised following year finally field service regulations operations serve training manual branches service synthesis generally agreed tactical strategic principles emerged administration contentious strongly favour entirely new system manual cover organisation field army including base lines communication troops field units strongly opposed adjutant general general staff felt unnecessary resented territory saw outsider support able push ensure adoption issue potential problem supply skilled officers army wartime committee established sir study matter issued reports focusing university school corps main recommendation existing school university formed hoc basis broader volunteer movement uniform force administered supported army order contingents established universities contingents public schools army order later year provided standard set regulations stating scheme intended provide standardized degree elementary military training view providing candidates commissions scheme popular end contingents year later start risen respectively total cadets enrolled january officers cadets gone commissions auxiliary forces later nineteenth century emphasis imperial defence policy shifted single army navy approach self governing began provide forces defence begin responsibility strategic interests bases geographic areas culmination south african war contingents dominion played significant role whilst forces developing locally goals comprehensive imperial defence policy remained constant proposal conference dominion leaders recommended imperial forces organised standard model similar recent divisional reorganisation british_army army india combined british_army units india units conference approved concept carried idea recommended creation general staff drawn forces entire empire serve common link national forces oversee development single uniform defence scheme able help ensure greater consistency forces carefully laid offer guidance local government binding authority national forces new system approved imperial conference july confirmed support new structure principle limit autonomy self governing world war outbreak world war august saw bulk changes test divisions quickly sent continent whilst divisions reserves planned provide second line carried divisions armed | Haldane Reforms | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16638_1stAirlandingBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom 1st brigade airborne infantry brigade british_army second world war infantry formation assigned serving alongside 1st brigade formed late world war conversion existing infantry brigade previously stationed india 31st initial infantry battalions left form new 6th 6th replaced single new battalion reducing brigade strength quarter brigade saw action occasions second world war operation allied invasion sicily july later operation market garden september second operation fighting 1st rest held overwhelming german odds sustaining heavy losses percent brigade evacuated south rest killed missing prisoners war following german surrender sent norway german garrison later year brigade disbanded formation command brigadier 1st formed october designation 31st returned united_kingdom training mountain warfare british india formation brigade consisted 1st battalion border regiment borders 2nd 2nd battalion royal rifles supporting units brigade original infantry battalions remained order battle men battalions unsuitable airborne service replaced volunteers strength brigade airborne division parachute brigades support infantry battalions brigade artillery engineer reconnaissance units divisional assets change affected brigade occurred left form 6th brigade returned united_kingdom assigned scottish december 2nd unit home defence duties stationed islands brigade infantry battalions consisted men rifle companies support company consisting anti tank pounder guns mortar armed inch mortars vickers machine gun transport brigade normally piloted men wingspan feet length feet maximum load capacity pounds space pilots maximum troops artillery gun trailer general required carry battalion action carried battalion support mortar machine gun operations sicily including 1st left june brigade comprised battalions borders brigadier philip command brigadier having promoted major general given command arrived theatre brigade based area north western mediterranean coast algeria training invasion sicily code named started earnest major general persuaded general commander include invasion sicily wishes commander major general commander lieutenant colonel men concerned insufficient aircraft complete division british pilots infantry familiar concerns proved correct aircraft division brigades invasion assigned orders seize hold bridge prior 1st operation assault bridge river south syracuse brigade hold bridge relieved advance british 1st allocated operation carrying infantry companies scheduled land bridge july coup main operation remainder brigade arrive july number landing zones miles away converge bridge reinforce defence july men brigade seven artillery guns mortars boarded tunisia took bound sicily route encountered strong winds poor visibility times subjected anti aircraft fire avoid gunfire pilots aircraft climbed higher took action confusion surrounding manoeuvres released early crashed sea drowning men remaining landed correct landing zones landed miles away remainder shot failed release returned tunisia platoon infantry landed near bridge commander divided men groups swam river half positions opposite bank bridge captured following simultaneous assault sides platoon dismantled demolition charges fitted bridge dug wait reinforcement relief landed yards bridge exploded landing killing board carrying coup main party landed miles bridge occupants eventually finding way site reinforcements began arrive bridge numbered men men landed captured radio station based warning imminent landings transmitted station previous occupants local italian commander ordered counter attack troops failed message scattered nature landings worked brigade favour able cut telephone wires immediate area forces bridge came repeated attacks italians expected relief appear planned men bridge remained fit fight ammunition result italians recaptured bridge unit arrived bridge mounted successful counter attack prior removal demolition charges bridge prevented italians destroying 1st took fighting withdrawn north_africa july landings sicily losses worst british units involved far amounted killed missing wounded accompanying pilots lost killed missing wounded service mediterranean brigade returned spa lincolnshire reinforced arrival 7th scottish november day landings june 1st strategic reserve standby deploy needed support invasion division brigade assigned operation market garden netherlands entailed airborne divisions capturing bridges subsequently prior operation planned airborne missions france belgium cancelled speed allied advance shortage transport aircraft meant days transport division plan called majority 1st 1st land day parachute brigade head capture bridges brigade secured drop zones units arriving second days division units arrived brigade defensive positions west 1st units arriving second lift companies plus mortar machine gun anti tank platoon sections mortar machine gun anti tank borders contingent amounted september lift successfully carried majority brigade failed arrive technical problems 1st headed brigade dug secure landing grounds dug landing zone drop zone borders landing zone command brigade located brigade headquarters pilots wing equivalent small infantry battalion night september divisional commander major general reported missing brigadier assumed command division colonel replaced brigade commander day problems forced change divisional plan 2nd reached road bridge strong german defences halted battalions decided link 1st attempt reach objective failed break german defenders bad weather england kept planned second lift ground troops arrive delay gave germans time approach landing grounds engage numerous attacks northern perimeter stage commanding officer lieutenant colonel led bayonet charge clear germans area borders repeatedly attacked south landing zone eventually forced guns 1st light regiment break attacks previously decided send second lift join battalion fighting sent 11th lift support 1st responsible defending landing ground attached replace 11th parachute battalion responsible defending landing ground arrival poles day left borders wing field ambulance brigade command day 1st attacked objective link 3rd trapped attack failed allowed rejoin division position trapped germans allowed brigadier resume command brigade dispatched colonel command attack left killed mortar barrage outside 1st holding landing zone expected polish resupply came attack west north west night tried high ground stopped heavy machine gun fire instead dug remainder advancing north railway line encountered strong german defence line unable progress battalions ordered withdraw south railway line northern battalion far enjoyed quiet morning hours took advance south railway companies cut entire battalion transport lost fire pursuing germans battalions crossed landing zone lift landing attempting poles came fire assuming approaching men germans opened fire caused casualties command men remnants troops 1st pulled gathered hoc formation known major command deployed south east defend division artillery line dusk approached wounded rest men dead wounded engaged tanks emerged woods anti tank gun destroyed tank disabled second weapon destroyed moving nearby gun crew dead continued fight tank shortly managed disable killed shell german tank actions received posthumous victoria_cross highest british military decoration arrived perimeter formed took positions south railway line north division headquarters day battalions 1st dispersed wide area borders west line east road remaining companies lay north remnants forming east brigade headquarters established open ground centre divisional area day september defence divisional area divided remaining brigade headquarters 1st west commanded remaining companies borders remnants remained poles major disabled tank wounded machine gun fire positioned division artillery guns destroyed number actions led award victoria cross second medal meant british battalion receive victoria crosses battle second world war germans mount infantry assault divisional area continuous mortar artillery attack instead sector subjected small scale assaults times supported tanks self propelled guns enemy troops attacked borders forced high ground overlooking river finally germans mounted strong assault following landing 1st polish south river attack forced positions regained bayonet charge fighting fierce reports suggested annihilated turned counter attack fact reduced battalion strength men day september battle settled routine small attacks times supported armoured vehicles sniper fire poles dug south river relieved pressure division german forces diverted confront following day began similar way previous days mortar artillery bombardment followed infantry armour trying find gap perimeter defending brigade area repeatedly attacked furthermore food water shortages took toll men foraging parties subjected sniper fire day september german attacks continued enemy engaged artillery south river aircraft royal_air_force broke assaults got started september lieutenant general commander decided reinforce position north rhine instead prepare evacuation survivors evacuation took place night september men left england operation market garden killed evacuated missing prisoners war norway replacements 1st began bring brigade strength replacements brigadier took place injured brigadier germans surrendered involved action including brigade hoc brigade formed divisional artillery sent german occupation forces norway entering norway division responsible maintaining law order areas occupied ensuring german units followed terms surrender securing protecting captured airfields finally preventing sabotage essential military civilian structures landing nearby occupied norwegian capital oslo brigadier commander duration division time norway city chosen norwegian capital centre norwegian german administration brigade returned united_kingdom august disbanded battalions returned conventional infantry role brigade composition commanding officers brigadier brigadier brigadier formation 1st battalion border regiment 2nd battalion south regiment 2nd battalion 1st battalion royal rifles 1st reconnaissance squadron december 1st battalion border regiment 2nd battalion south regiment 7th battalion king scottish field ambulance | 1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16857_2/9thBattalion(Australia) | 9th battalion australia 9th battalion infantry battalion australian_army world war raised queensland 2nd shortly outbreak war formed 18th brigade course war attached 6th 9th organisations served united_kingdom forming small australian garrison sent help defend possible german invasion transferred north_africa took siege undertook garrison duties syria following syria lebanon campaign early 9th brought australia organised jungle warfare took new_guinea campaign battalion committed twice fighting japanese new_guinea 9th fought actions bay withdrawn australia rest prior returning new_guinea advance range battalion took battalion final involvement war came borneo campaign took landing disbanded shortly war early history formation formed november 9th battalion infantry battalions raised queensland volunteer 2nd initially assigned battalion formed 18th brigade 10th 11th 12th battalions commanding officer lieutenant colonel militia battalion based majority battalion officers drawn militia like 2nd units initially supplied regular officer serve role adjutant terms structure early months battalion existence period early 2nd infantry battalions established structure unique australian_army shortly formation decided adopt british_army battalion structure december 9th authorised strength personnel consisted rifle companies consisting sections battalion headquarters support company headquarters company consisting performing specialist roles including signals mortar anti tank rifle companies designated colours chosen battalion unit colour patch unit served world war raised militia formation colours black light blue horizontal rectangular shape border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart following training later new_south_wales 9th force australians sent united_kingdom early planned send force france serve alongside france fallen time australians arrived scotland june remained united_kingdom help defend possible german cross channel invasion feared following capture france loss equipment arrival united_kingdom battalion transported rail south england set camp corner wiltshire amidst backdrop battalion personnel integral vickers machine guns guns provide self defence air attack bolster anti aircraft defences local areas undertook training exercises formed mobile striking force tasked rapidly responding event invasion september 18th brigade transferred october battalion moved essex took responsibility defence sector british officer training battalion 9th remained november orders came 18th brigade hand 25th brigade 9th relieved 31st battalion threat invasion passing winter came decision australians north_africa actively employed combat operations following preparations began orders received battalion glasgow november boarded middle_east sailing longer safer southern route way middle_east convoy carrying australians port battalion marched city arms december embarking alexandria egypt december battalion went camp officers men february battalion transferred 18th brigade reassigned 7th division time brigade reduced infantry battalions army wide organization 11th battalion transferred 19th brigade 7th division battalion fought major engagement war march led 18th brigade assault italian fortress held italians advancing egypt battalion supported elements 10th 12th battalions attacked south cavalry 6th attack strongest point fortress amidst limited visibility heavy fighting ensued garrison surrendered italians killed taken prisoners war total australians killed wounded majority men 9th battalion battalion sent following month 9th transported road sea reinforce garrison german forces surrounded strategic port effort capture 9th remain months fell siege 9th battalion launched counter attack german forces order retake posts previously lost germans subjected heavy german artillery bombardment form point battalion attacked southern flank cover considerable counter battery fire british artillery capturing number positions inflicting heavy losses defenders australians eventually forced withdraw apparent able complete advance daylight having lost men killed missing wounded dawn 9th battalion returned blue line took defensive position south series small skirmishes ensued time battalion able extend lines miles rest battalion undertook defensive construction tasks raids land south west relieved 17th battalion night june following 18th brigade went reserve battalion saw little action month moved road junction july battalion returned spent period time brigade reserve sector later moved sector battalion personnel undertook aggressive patrols land penetrating number minefields moving traps july battalion launched major raid sector effort gauge german responses penetrating metres german lines finding objective raiders withdrew following battalion went reserve period briefly returning start august short lived later month decision withdraw 18th brigade 9th battalion subsequently sent palestine undertake training later battalion transferred syria employed occupation duties following defeat french forces country recently concluded syria lebanon campaign pacific february majority 2nd 9th withdrawn australia response threat posed japan entry war following attacks pearl harbor malaya returning 9th arrived australia landing south australia march proceeded camp near battalion remained april moved new_south_wales queensland carried training prior departure overseas time strategic situation pacific finely balanced july japanese landed northern new_guinea coast began advancing track port amidst heavy fighting august order deploy came battalion embarked brisbane rest 18th brigade bound bay new_guinea 9th arrived august help reinforce garrison concerns possible japanese landing secure adjacent airfields beginning august japanese bombing troops 7th brigade initially sent garrison area japanese invasion force expected battalions 18th brigade quickly placed positions effective 9th assigned task defending force headquarters known arrival 9th battalion construct roads lay steel unloading stores ships arrived carrying patrolling operations following japanese landing august battalion placed alert increased patrolling operations airfield days contact september battalion moved mission alongside 12th battalion launched north coast bay went battle japanese time course days japanese beaten eventually withdrawal ordered japanese commanders represented scale defeat japanese land war came cost 9th battalion losing men killed wounded action seven later died wounds disease took far greater toll men hospitalised illness tide new_guinea campaign began turn favour allies japanese having reached advance new_guinea forced withdraw fierce fighting subsequently followed australian troops fought reduce japanese taking defeating japanese bay 18th brigade transferred 9th arrived bay aboard december battalion brigade committed battle leading attack december support tanks 6th armoured regiment significant gains 18th brigade 9th continued fight attached 32nd division fall start january returned command time participate attack january japanese positions track holding australian advance battalion continued fighting area concluded allied victory january time strength fallen men effects tropical diseases heavy fighting combat losses recorded killed action died wounds missing wounded losses offset arrival reinforcements battle losses heavy particularly disease february 9th battalion transported returning australia month following battalion return undertook jungle training august embarking 9th returned port continued training areas surrounding port remained december battalion deployed range flown joining allied advance inland early january battalion took capturing green sniper january brigade level operation carry ridge following conclusion fighting february battalion occupied position western saddle relieved 57th 60th battalion 15th brigade relieved 18th continued advance australians linked forces coast prior capturing securing peninsula late april period battalion occupied defended locality kilometres downstream conducted patrols long range fighting patrols prevent japanese months followed training activities work parties conducted battalion brought australia broader plan return divisions australia training rehabilitation united_states military assumed primary responsibility combat operations pacific period operational uncertainty followed future combat role australian_army consequently long period training australia followed battalions period leave battalion personnel concentrated july august battalion moved establishing battalion conducted exercises included collective training brigade level amphibious training undertaken near aboard british working concert december battalion participated divisional exercise period unit introduced new weapons including flame throwers anti tank weapon undertook training infantry tank operation range training exercises competitions sporting events recreational activities continued early new year men busy combat possible feelings anti climax associated granting limited local leave delay expected deployment overseas final months war battalion committed borneo campaign embarking tank landing ships battalion concentrated july 9th took landing final australian amphibious operation war start attack battalion assigned role 18th brigade reserve mid morning opening day ordered forward relieve 10th battalion taking noon commencing house house concert troop tanks forced small japanese force hill tying positions digging night july 9th landed western bay small force armour artillery mortars supporting arms began clear inland course following month battalion sent detachments south coast north august posts established road detachment company reached 9th linked elements 1st pioneer battalion disbandment finally mid august fighting borneo came end following atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki subsequent surrender japan 9th battalion carried garrison duties guarding prisoners war maintaining internal security process took place personnel repatriated australia transferred units service battalion strength dropped finally disbanded january course war total men served 9th battalion killed action died active service wounded members posthumously awarded victoria_cross actions fighting bay september decorations men 9th received distinguished service orders distinguished conduct medals nineteen military medals mentions despatches addition member battalion appointed commander order british empire appointed officer order british empire appointed member order british empire battle honours service world war 9th battalion received battle honours north_africa south west pacific road cape battle honours entrusted maintained royal queensland regiment commanding officers following officers commanded 9th war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/9th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16881_100thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army headquartered kentucky currently serves major training command long history division taken numerous roles serving 1950s division briefly transformation division primarily taken numerous training roles army units activated mid late join fighting world war division best known exploits world war fighting division advanced france germany end war german way world war war division fight taking role training unit history world war constituted july organized october year camp texas assigned commanding commanding brigade commanded soldiers division began preparations deploy europe join world war division deploy war ended november armistice day began post war remain roll november completely years later june division headquarters west_virginia division received shoulder sleeve insignia interwar years division saw little service location changed west_virginia changed charleston west_virginia headquarters disbanded division placed command directly world war reactivated active duty force november south_carolina enlisted personnel primarily original members unit officers members unit organized reserves commander 100th generals commanded divisions entire war late early division trained mountains tennessee subsequently sent north_carolina training technical sergeant earned expert badge division remained organized assigned artillery support engineer combat battalion 100th company division sailed europe october year division arrived france october seventh united_states_army soon division prepared combat began moving region sent elements combat november division began relief november assumed control sector november attack jumped november division drove 100th took pierced german line seized november later november division moved region elements assisted holding gap bulk division went reserve unit relieved assignment transferred november moved region december division went offensive vicinity france division occupied nearby areas fierce fighting december division advanced fell fighting december fort major defensive work region heavy assault 100th december division ordered halt attack hold defensive positions south battle thanks stout defense men 100th later known sons german january repulsed heavy fighting attacks stalled germans began withdraw sector generally quiet division prepared resume offensive east march attack jumped march fell unit relieved assignment transferred march taking division reached march march unit returned march crossed rhine moved south wake 10th armored division east establishing april fell days house house combat april division resumed rapid pursuit enemy reaching april 100th southeast april removed assigned directly seventh united_states_army division assigned primarily patrolling sector east shifting april division engaged duties war europe came end day division spent days combat time suffered casualties including killed action wounded action missing action prisoner war non battle casualties division took prisoners war members division won medals honor seven distinguished service crosses merit soldier medals division awarded campaign participation campaign returned united_states january released active duty camp patrick henry virginia day division began process january cold war fall division reactivated louisville kentucky distinction airborne divisions brief division redesignated change names time reorganized present designation mission teach basic advanced common training skills soldiers army active reserve national_guard components soldiers 100th activated sent fort arkansas order provide support berlin crisis time active duty 100th successfully trained soldiers thoroughly rebuilding fixing old army base unit returned reserve status august division received distinctive unit insignia alluded history world war kentucky based unit plan division ceased centered regiments instead reorganized brigades active separate brigade division new brigades activated units command world war division headquarters element replaced headquarters headquarters company redesignated 1st brigade responsible basic armor school training field artillery battalion 2nd brigade responsible armored cavalry unit training responsible combat support training responsible combat service support training 100th formation equipped squadrons tanks arrival bradley infantry fighting vehicles division mission profile changed individual combat training armor armor reconnaissance training largest reserve unit state kentucky commanding percent gulf war outbreak operation 100th assigned armor training kentucky deploying armor units armor training responsibility division continued war division reorganized include schools taking responsibilities new programs worked pioneer national training experiment reserve combat units crew platoon levels later year division added additional divisional brigades 5th brigade memphis tennessee health services training 6th brigade louisville kentucky professional development training 7th brigade formed responsible training exercises moved tennessee 7th brigade 8th brigade activated unit overseeing training division tasked partial responsibility week training corps basic camp summer 100th assumed responsibility running camp later year 100th began tanks reduction military expenditures september attacks began taking job preparing units ohio kentucky began prepare deployment support war terrorism division moved headquarters louisville distance strains administration training line eliminating brigades division shifted focus initial entry training providing military specialty non commissioned officer training army career fields united_states new teaches soldiers subjects military intelligence signal corps civil affairs psychological operations health services honors unit decorations second world war units division awarded distinguished unit unit campaign legacy division legacy world war honored times queens new_york renamed honor soldiers new_york served division war soldiers earned medal honor serving division world war street france named | 100th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
16940_No.5ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established june new south wales primarily operated ceased training june students passed history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed new south wales came control headquartered sydney inaugural commanding officer squadron leader previously charge elementary flying training school queensland airfield home club taken raaf tiger training aircraft flown june flying training commenced days later students arrived month student numbers grown ninety school total strength june required completed accommodation facilities according unit operations book bleak depressing deficiencies equipment numerous primitive conditions meant personnel suffered adverse health effects cold winter hot dusty conditions summer flying hampered bad weather particularly heavy rain wind accidents frequent fatalities rare instructor passenger killed crashed august possibly caused stall practising forced landings end august school operating required september total strength including student died injured duty balcony collapsed november instructor killed pupil injured stalled attempting avoid collision aircraft december later month squadron leader fighter ace world war took command school serving june time pupils graduated rate cent graduates ron subsequently flew royal_air_force europe awarded posthumous victoria_cross actions bomber november night flying training commenced july april school strength personnel including students increase owing influx staff students elementary flying training school new_south_wales disbanded march july total strength stood including thirty members women auxiliary australian air force unit operating eighty seven ryan april numbers reached eighty total strength aircraft complement eighty seventy course passed june training school ceased courses way completed june school transferred locations total students passed graduated pilots works consulted norman run air force second world war volume canberra isbn isbn douglas australia war series air volume royal australian air force canberra australian war memorial units royal_australian_air_force history volume training units canberra isbn royal_australian_air_force unit history sheets nos elementary flying training schools canberra royal_australian_air_force history london isbn | No. 5 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17048_Hastati | singular class infantry armies early originally fought later soldiers staple unit rome threw rule originally men legion afford modest equipment light miscellaneous equipment senate supplied soldiers short stabbing sword distinctive squared shields soldier typically equipped soft iron tipped throwing spears called doubled effectiveness strong leading edge stand missile troop later contained younger men poorer men age relatively poor usual position battle line fought formation supported light troops enemy allowed penetrate battle line consisting enemy deal hardened seasoned soldiers eventually away reforms history deployment appear remnants old class army kings reformed class stood ranks large equipped similar manner relegated providing missile support higher classes fighting probable engagements crushing defeat hands lots smaller military units large ones taught romans importance flexibility rough hilly ground central italy system 4th century military romans inherited use efficiency doubtful proved effective rome largely local adversaries invaded inhabitants requested help rome small contingent rome sent repel invaders provoked scale attack rome entire roman army destroyed battle crushing defeat prompted reforms new system men classes based wealth slightly poorer slightly armed short spears metres long soldiers acquired fought formation usually carrying large rectangular shields bronze helmets number feathers fixed increase stature wore light armour common form small called heart type legion formed military units men attached armed light infantry stood battle line second line pitched battle form legion harass enemy fire cover advance failed break enemy engagement fall let heavier break retire engage enemy turn pursue routing enemies final battle line troops support role providing mass reinforcing areas line system time wars 3rd century system organisation found inefficient new system infantry classes according age experience wealth youngest experienced equipment role similar previous system carried swords instead spears carried heavy contrary deeply entrenched myth bend impact struck shield useless prevent weapon thrown weight sufficiently hampered struck shield penetrating shield hit man iron sufficiently hard hand held spears infantry cavalry time volley reached enemy line usually yards distant best effect charging quickly work swords rarely time foe find pull hit throw increased number legion formed men away replaced similar role attached pitched battles conducted similar fashion gather cover advance failed break enemy fall armed swords break retire engage enemy order battle followed battle great plains battle notable exceptions great plains roman general formed men usual manner begun engage enemy flanking force routing opposing troops arranged men columns large lanes opposing elephants drawn lanes killed inflicting casualties romans surviving elephants routed formed men long line centre flanks ready engage infantry reforms formal military reforms intended combat shortage manpower wars africa tribes north different classes units away entirely wealth age requirements scrapped soldiers join career service city equipped medium infantry state purchased equipment local irregular troops fulfill roles serving cavalry | Hastati | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17114_56thIndependentMixedBrigade | 56th 56th unit world war raised june reinforce defences japanese occupied borneo initially stationed north east island early brigade units ordered area west borneo brigade personnel subsequently making difficult march centre island june july 56th saw combat australian forces borneo campaign units greatly strength time casualties suffered moving borneo elements engaged australian forces rapidly defeated remainder brigade withdrew central borneo surrendered australians following end war history formation decided reinforce garrisons southern philippines borneo ahead expected allied offensive liberate areas effort 54th 55th 56th 57th ordered formed service june aside formed converting existing unit new brigades organised forward areas personnel shipped japan formation 56th assigned process establishing 56th took longer expected delayed deployment borneo battalions worth personnel departed japan mid july arrive borneo september final elements 56th reached borneo mid november personnel allocated brigade trained japan organised fighting units arrival borneo shipped borneo separately weapons equipment organisation complete 56th comprised infantry battalions authorised strength men small artillery engineer signal units like independent mixed brigades raised 56th trucks small number horses transport equipment supplies brigade commanded major general superior headquarters initially disagreed 56th deployed july believed allies likely invade northern borneo january later wanted station brigade area judged allied forces likely attack western borneo support drive singapore area army believed difficult transfer units northern western borneo island rugged terrain eventually won debate 56th units landed area borneo arrived japan 56th arrived borneo brigade headquarters combat battalions concentrated stationed placed command 41st december brigade responsibility defending area late 37th army changed views likely allied intentions concluded expected invasion probably focused agreed assessment ordered january 37th army forces concentrated allies air superiority borneo nearby waters possible units borneo sea instead need march island 56th began march borneo late january proved difficult movement mountainous jungle centre island hampered poor state road network bad weather food shortages brigade soldiers fell sick march infantry battalions considerably authorised strength time arrived bay april june transferred direct control 37th army remained shipped southern borneo march assigned 22nd special naval base force brigade widely dispersed following arrival area june brigade headquarters stationed located inland town formed main body island garrison support units 56th 56th signal units brigade heavy weapons left casualties incurred march borneo combat units fit battle brigades large numbers support units invaded area june time 56th main japanese combat force region process withdrawing inland defensive positions located rice growing areas destroyed 24th brigade days times fierce fighting retreated formed unit broke small groups fought rearguard action australian 20th brigade attacked 24th brigade involved defence weeks war remnants pursued australian_army patrols air attacks groups local organised attacks led unit major general led remnants forces stationed number japanese civilians inland town trek took days involved traversing mountainous terrain forces involved suffered heavy casualties percent soldiers killed june end war combat remained largely intact end war following japanese surrender survivors 56th concentrated locations selected australian forces structure 56th comprised following units brigade headquarters independent mixed brigade artillery unit 56th unit | 56th Independent Mixed Brigade | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17200_173rdAirborneBrigadeCombatTeam | sky soldiers airborne infantry brigade combat team united_states_army based italy conventional airborne strategic response force europe activated unit saw service world war best known actions vietnam war brigade major united_states_army ground formation deployed vietnam serving losing soldiers noted roles operation best known suffered heavy casualties close combat north vietnamese forces brigade members received decorations including brigade returned united_states 1st 2nd battalions absorbed remaining units brigade served tours middle_east support war terror participated initial invasion iraq operation iraqi freedom tours afghanistan support operation enduring freedom brigade returned recently deployment stretching late late received campaign unit awards including actions vietnam war organization serves conventional airborne strategic response force europe subordinate unit june subordinate currently consists soldiers seven subordinate battalions unit active infantry battalions 1st 2nd battalions infantry regiment association traced unit vietnam service national_guard infantry battalion 1st squadron brigade light reconnaissance battalion field field artillery battalion support regular combat forces units including airborne qualified making separate airborne brigade united_states_army history world wars constituted august infantry brigade organized august camp pike arkansas element division brigade deployed france rest division september participate campaigns saw combat instead utilized pool laborers reinforcements units months later brigade returned united_states rest division january camp new_jersey june unit headquarters headquarters company assigned division louisiana reorganized december mobile alabama redesignated march redesignated august world war brigades eliminated divisions consequently designated february activated december brigade exist war meant carried lineage brigade reactivated include troop lineage campaign troop entered combat fought european campaigns central europe operations maneuver battalions vietnam era trace lineage successfully assaulted fortress island philippines parachute operations earning nickname rock war troop reverted reserve status posted birmingham alabama december troop released assignment creation airborne brigade army began force division similar structure vary depending type division called road plan plan eliminated regiments reintroduced brigades army structure allowing brigades division reorganization allowed use separate brigades division headquarters missions require entire division selected separate brigade special airborne task force deploy rapidly act independently designed uniquely separate brigades separate brigade support formations permanently assigned separate brigades receive support elements year later brigade separate brigade receive tank company form 16th armor consistent regimental combat teams activated separate brigades given shoulder sleeve insignia soldiers created patch wing symbolize status airborne unit red white blue national colors united_states given march separate assigned regular army activated okinawa brigadier general took command unit chartered serve quick reaction force unit trained extensively making mass parachute jumps earned nickname chinese literally time okinawa toughest fighting men okinawa entire took theme song television series pacific quick reaction force brigade sent vietnam years later hostilities escalated vietnam war brigade arrived vietnam major ground combat unit united_states_army serve country brigadier general predicted arrival men defeat quickly okinawa christmas 2nd brigade quickly followed vietnam eventually brigades serve country larger army commands established vietnam brigade assigned tactical zone serve years brigade command field force vietnam 1st army combat units sent accompanied artillery supported company 16th armor attached brigade year late august received infantry battalion kentucky joined brigade september following activation training north_carolina assigned company ranger peak deployment vietnam separate comprised soldiers brigade unit sent war zone destroy enemy base camps introducing use small long range reconnaissance patrols november took operation north outskirts capital ambushed approximately fighters suffering deaths unit fought iron triangle stronghold north seeing engagements enemy forces time participated failed attempt root enemy forces tunnels attached helicopter unit platoon separate infantry brigade separate aviation platoon deployed vietnam platoon members wore brigade patch attached deployed brigade vietnam comprised capability soldiers brigade involved operation fall operation started small search destroy mission north eventually involved troops battalions soldiers brigade took smaller humanitarian missions major combat operations february conducted combat parachute jump vietnam war operation saw brigades controlling battalions dropped helicopters air_force aircraft war zone battle brigade operated northeastern war zone separate brigades 1st 25th infantry divisions attempted surround destroy 9th war zone operation success battered division fled august year brigade received distinctive unit insignia soldiers chose contain parachute dagger symbolize participation heavy fighting inscribed sky soldiers homage nickname soldiers given summer 1st 2nd brigades making heavy contact enemy forces vietnam western heavy enemy contacts prompted division commander lieutenant general request reinforcement result june battalions brigadier general moved area begin sweeping jungle covered mountains operating near outside combat prior deployment highlands peers operations officer colonel attempted warn airborne officers hazards campaigning highlands advised regulars better equipped motivated force warnings little impression victims june company 2nd discovered bodies unit missing days hill dominant hill mass south supported americans moved hill set night following morning began moving ridge finger triggered ambush ordered support heavy vegetation difficult terrain movement extremely difficult artillery support rendered ineffective limited range visibility close air support impossible reasons managed survive repeated attacks day night cost heavy men comprised unit killed wounded search battlefield revealed dead north vietnamese response destruction ordered additional forces area june arrived bolster following day army republic vietnam elite 1st 5th 8th battalions additional infantry battalion arrived conduct search destroy operations north northeast general sent forces kilometres west southwest search 24th october battalions moved turn moved troops infantry regiments artillery regiment battle costly ordered occupy south construction fire support base battalion company available attack borne helicopter company able hill suffered dead wounded following morning relieved lieutenant colonel colonel divided small task forces task force black consisted supported dog company task force blue composed remaining platoon dog task force black left hill find north vietnamese attacked november leaving overnight following communications wire force ambushed 8th 9th battalions regiment fight life task force blue drew job going relief task force task force blue ran resistance pinned enemy fire sides assigned mission relieving task force black encountered significant enemy fire reaching trapped men losses killed wounded missing following attack base actions hill saw men dead wounded men moved assault hill americans moved metres crest machine gunners opened fire advancing rockets rifle fire attempted continue advance north vietnamese concealed trenches opened fire small arms grenades troops hidden hill launched assault rear unknown americans walked carefully prepared ambush soon air strikes artillery fire called little effect battle dense foliage resupply necessity high ammunition expenditures lack water helicopters shot badly damaged afternoon trying morning companies chosen set relieve men hill intense sniper mortar fire terrain took nightfall relief force reach battalion afternoon november battalions moved crest fierce close quarters fighting trench line ordered pull darkness fell following day spent launching heavy artillery bombardment totally cover november ordered renew assault assaulted south time americans gained crest north vietnamese abandoned positions leaving dozen bodies weapons battle hill cost killed wounded missing suffered killed wounded missing combined losses represented fifth total strength combined actions operations awarded troops attacked hill casualties vietnam intense fighting took heavy human toll units including ordered repair refit transferred camp areas seeing little action combat ineffective elements brigade rebuilt 16th armor engaged battle took place march day company lost men killed wounded enemy took greater loss estimated enemy battalions regiment rendered ineffective armor receiving credit killing company commander captain awarded combat operations brigade conducted time amphibious assault forces operation clear rice growing song unit served seeing little way heavy fighting april withdrawal vietnam brigade served april august unit underwent process fort campbell kentucky united_states time returned country years continuous combat brigade earned campaign unit unit gallantry honor medal sky soldiers serving vietnam received medals honor silver stars incurred deaths wounded vietnam army retained quick deploying brigade ending conscription following america vietnam army formations rebuilt volunteer force fort campbell decided help rebuild division converted formation vietnam war brigade january fort assets form parachute component went jump status april date air assault badge october introduced preparation iraq late 1990s army leaders including general began shifting army force brigade centered operations separate brigades 1990s following end cold war subsequent reorganization divisions saw divisional brigades stationed bases far division headquarters support units brigades difficulty operating support higher headquarters idea separate brigades assign support units allow function independently division level headquarters formations termed brigade combat teams units stationed bases far major commands requiring division level unit support advantage places like alaska europe entire divisions unnecessary impractical separate brigades activated reactivated italy assets brigade primarily battery airborne field artillery regiment long elements deployed support parachute infantry regiment activated providing second infantry battalion unit finally reached initial operating capability march units ready deployment combat days later preparations operation iraqi freedom assigned assault north iraq original plan attached flexible force airborne troops complement heavy weapons division brigades supported 10th assemble turkey use heavy brigades attack eventually assist attack south surrounding baghdad plan fell government turkey allow offensive operations conducted soil entire left stuck ships mediterranean opening operation meant entire northern war conducted army special forces operating aircraft europe supply line brigade heavy forces artillery battery heavier forces attached form companies tanks task force 63rd armor attached brigade task force consisted 63rd armor 63rd armor 2nd infantry force received force field artillery headquarters 15th field artillery brought radar pair marine_corps operated team task force viking special operations task force contained elements 10th 10th use special operations task force unique history force assisted rebels northern iraq tasked attacking key airfield oil production positions deep northern iraq brigade air base italy flight northern iraq preparations brigade final stages moved trains trucks worth equipment air base soldiers brigade movement italian italian police provided escort operations brigade ensured reached incident significantly delayed operation iraqi freedom began march consisting making forceful push south beginning iraq war days later 10th departed northern iraq operation iraqi freedom march soldiers conducted combat jump aircraft command colonel jump took total seconds unable jump landed far rest force force yard drop zone took hours completely assembled weeks heavy rain mud created problems jump secured airfield allowing land bring heavy armor 63rd armor contingents jumped aircraft squadron hours wing landed remaining soldiers brigade vehicles march entire brigade iraq ready conduct offensive operations day american forces advanced operation option north hoping control oil fields military airfields city controlling oil fields specific operational goal task force viewed valuable strategic asset northern iraq march april special forces detachment forces engaged destroyed 2nd 4th 8th 38th force loyal brigade field artillery assets coordinated attack units defending city week units began fall apart april brigade able city securing short urban battle entire battle cost brigade casualties operation troops discovered iraqi gold totaling bars unit took party resistance groups operations successful effective heavy brigades able enter iraq turkey originally planned 4th relocate forces turkey kuwait subsequently slowed baghdad corps able surround baghdad quickly hoped lack available forces north resulting wear tear 4th ineffective unit tight urban areas heavily armored tanks required maintenance incorporated 4th area operation secured areas company sized detachments patrolling 4th sectors cargo given time end major combat operations summer engage major battles regularly involved skirmishes iraqi insurgents task force bayonet brigade included 2nd battalion parachute infantry regiment infantry detachment airborne field attached 1st battalion 63rd germany 12th infantry regiment fort colorado company 10th fort drum new_york brigade served mainly year service brigade involved later known arresting turkish special forces soldiers believing plotting attacks local civilian officials northern iraq turkish forces eventually released brigade participated operation bayonet lightning capturing weapons materials claimed possibly use coalition forces february brigade returned italy year rest new deployment afghanistan deployed afghanistan march command colonel support operation enduring freedom brigade organized task force bayonet assumed control minus company conducted combat operations eastern afghanistan attached conducted combat operations field attached brigade organized maneuver task force task force gun devil conducted combat operations task force gun devil included headquarters service battery including provisional maneuver company company military police platoon 4th 13th rotating romanian infantry battalion company advised french special forces provided logistical support sending individual soldiers assist forward operating bases notable units operate brigade long range surveillance detachment operated price near town provided command group key province held control 5th element assisting elements airborne detachment conducted combined individual operations ensure stability region detachment tasked times gathering brigade assets target acquisition designation raf aircraft brigade returned italy march seventeen soldiers brigade died deployment transformation october army unit action unit force restructuring general originally envisioned significant change ability brigade deploy forces sustain newly integrated support teams integrating support elements unit able maintain fighting forces required ground soldiers supplied moving infantry battalions brigade headquarters remained italy transition additional battalions activated designated germany battalions field artillery regiment stationed germany 1st squadron airborne stationed germany new units integrated brigade forces brigade stationed germany apart brigade headquarters italy dynamic intended additional facilities constructed near resume vietnam era lineage battalions colors moved north_carolina serve immediately transformation brigade began intensive training germany italy prepare future deployments afghanistan brigade notified second tour duty iraq deployment plan changed afghanistan february pentagon announced relieve 10th 4th spring deployed afghanistan task force bayonet support operation enduring freedom deployment fully transformed brigade combat team brigade dispersed east country units operating officially relieved 10th june participated operations objective ensuring security insurgents mountainous regions afghanistan border pakistan near hindu month deployment brigade participated patrols region journalist photographer embedded saw extensive action later wrote highly acclaimed book war produced award winning documentary deployment weeks brigade return europe platoon soldiers brigade stationed district attacked large force insurgents platoon able drive insurgents air support fight resulted soldiers killed wounded deadliest attack troops country brigade base days later tour ended july brigade returned europe beginning august soldiers brigade lost lives deployment brigade returned europe home station proving combat eastern mountains afghanistan june announced brigade combat teams deploying afghanistan unit prepared return afghanistan november november returned afghanistan time provinces combat experience earned similar mountain regions brigade distinguished combat regularly fought promoting attempting government 1st 2nd battalions saw extensive action eastern cavalry given mission transform western province secure environment mission greeted easy task given province major districts saw massive influx foreign domestic fighters relatively calm winter prior brigade arrival company sized platoon sized elements found combat anti coalition forces daily start march relief brigade returned home station europe november seven soldiers brigade lost lives deployment afghanistan july deployed afghanistan task force bayonet relieve task force bulldog provinces brigade fifth deployment fourth afghanistan prepare complete transition security afghanistan brigade returned early soldiers brigade lost lives deployment summer returning forces reorganized consolidated single location italy second base opened called del din current headquarters hosts unit cover spaces opened withdraw american forces area summer 1st squadron moved germany germany poland april companies deployed poland estonia lithuania america nato allies threatened russian military maneuvers borders eastern ukraine russian military intervention ukraine companies train nato allies conduct military exercises ukraine september soldiers participated rapid exercise near western ukraine hungary february soldiers brigade units 24th 34th participated exercise rock goal activity exercise combat combat support combat service units armies achieve higher cooperation level airborne operations planning organization management tasks ukraine march battalion american headed ukraine train ukrainian national guard troops training took place training center near western ukrainian city trained better defend russian rebel artillery rockets training included securing roads bridges infrastructure treating evacuating casualties honors unit decorations campaign shoulder sleeve insignia blue right cylinder inches height inches width overall inch white border vertical white wing flight lower end extended hooked red bayonet attached insignia blue inscribed airborne white symbolism bayonet refer brigade borne wing alludes brigade airborne status red white blue national colors background shoulder sleeve insignia originally approved amended correct dimensions july insignia amended include update description april redesignated october drawing number silver color metal device inches height overall consisting semi circle divided sections concave base outer sections silver center section red vertical silver sword point base resting red section semi circle lower edge guard coinciding concave base ends silver sections blade lightning flashes points base points point blade flashes parallel enclosed narrow inclined silver lines starting diameter periphery semi circle meeting beneath point sword area enclosed blue stylized motto ends wings terminating base semi circle bearing inscription sky soldiers blue letters areas narrow silver lines motto silver symbolism simulated parachute stylized wings refer airborne mission brigade sword point base implying sky ground red section parachute canopy alludes combat assault jump brigade february jump unit vietnam indicated formed lightning flashes shaped silver edged blue area single sword alludes brigade american ground unit vietnam war zones iron triangle lightning flashes symbolic brigade striking power surprise movement numerical designation brigade readily simulated combinations design elements sword indicating sum wings lightning flashes sections parachute canopy seven background distinctive unit insignia originally approved august insignia redesignated description updated october silver color metal device inches height consisting design similar shoulder sleeve insignia legacy service particularly vietnam featured times popular culture prominent single released country music duo entitled 8th november song based story member operation july documentary inspired song based brigade actions operation premiered runs miles illinois wisconsin border designated captain fictional character portrayed film apocalypse member assigned depicted battalion unit movie wears vietnam era yellow subdued shoulder sleeve insignia worn jungle vietnam war movie patch worn fictional character retrospective time vietnam movie siege fictional played states time character numerous servicemen vietnam era gained military careers ended include deputy secretary treasury business owner activist sixteen soldiers awarded medal honor service subordinate units earned medal fighting world war soldiers earned medals fighting vietnam staff received medal honor heroic actions rifle team leader airborne squad caught near ambush night october afghanistan living medal honor recipient vietnam war received medal honor white_house ceremony | 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17451_No.1OperationalTrainingUnitRAAF | operational training unit raaf operational training unit operational conversion unit royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed december victoria relocated following year primary role train multi engined aircraft operations peak activity august operating aircraft numerous aircraft personnel conducted transport missions new_guinea maritime patrols southern australian waters following end hostilities unit disbanded december history world war royal_australian_air_force raaf established operational training units convert recently graduated pilots advanced trainers combat aircraft add fighting ability flying skills learned operational training unit formed victoria december control inaugural commanding officer wing commander unit purpose train pilots air observers wireless air gunners multi engine aircraft operations courses commenced december preliminary training pilots went week conversion observers gunners underwent instruction training included bombing gunnery navigation action ship recognition maritime reconnaissance meant temporary location home victoria accommodation available october school personnel relocated june july base living quarters recreational buildings tents fully accommodate influx raaf rented hotels airmen december detached flight consisting personnel including air maintenance crews sent help fulfill urgent transport requirements new_guinea force joined military civil aircraft pressed service form operated december january flew sorties carrying troops tons equipment lost enemy action friendly fire damaged april complement grown personnel day period beginning april unit relocated trips fleet aircraft included training courses commenced new base day completed students course future prime minister group captain served commanding officer august february set australian record january landed atop foot retrieve injured took measures concerns crews australian built appeared mysterious fault caused fatalities time moved suffered accidents involving organised display benefit students open day base october ordered extensive ground testing aircraft accidents continued occur ultimately efforts wing commander immediately prior death western australian coast nature problem recognised overcome maintaining training program required periodically release instructors students aircraft maritime patrols protect australian shipping lanes april attached squadron new_south_wales convoy escort anti submarine duties year later deployed south australia carry day escort dutch transport ship ordered locate destroy german shelled greek tanker kingston south australia december submarine sunk apparently frightened presence aircraft raaf units vicinity intensive training regime included night flying operated round clock flying effort reached peak august aircraft flights instructing students unit time logged flying hours trained total war suffered aircraft accidents operational fights australia new_guinea resulting loss killed missing post war saw disbandment raaf operational training units dissolved december | No. 1 Operational Training Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17470_2/6thBattalion(Australia) | 6th battalion australia 6th battalion infantry battalion australian_army served second world war raised october volunteer battalion formed troops raised australia war departing australia early 6th deployed middle_east january took action war australian ground forces followed actions later 6th dispatched involvement campaign short evacuated members battalion subsequently fought crete composite 17th brigade battalion battalion formed palestine sent syria formed allied occupation force established aftermath syria lebanon campaign battalion withdrawn middle_east help face threat posed japanese pacific period garrison duty undertaken ceylon march july arrived australia august following 6th deployed new_guinea january fighting advancing campaign withdrawn rest september subsequently action later war committed campaign late 6th remained new_guinea end war disbanded february returning previous december history formation training 6th battalion raised royal melbourne october volunteer raised overseas service start war battalion motto adopted popular advertising slogan time words colours chosen battalion unit colour patch unit served world war raised militia formation colours purple red horizontal rectangular shape border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart early november started concentration battalion consisting stage small force officers non commissioned officers drawn mainly militia units including 14th 23rd 21st 29th 46th battalions moved received number drafts recruits brought strength authorised strength personnel like australian infantry battalions time battalion formed nucleus rifle companies designated consisting short period rudimentary training followed members completed april month battalion command lieutenant colonel world war veteran previously commanded 23rd 21st battalion embarked middle_east transport ship departing sailing suez_canal time attached 17th brigade assigned 6th division recruited victoria times battalion composition boosted recruits states 17th consisted 5th 7th 8th battalions middle_east greece crete arrival mid battalion established completed training locations palestine egypt early january 6th division committed fighting libya 6th took action war australian ground forces fought italian forces battalion involvement battle meant limited creating diversion main attack end proved costly resulting killed wounded followed actions later month attacking road harbour 6th division assault 6th transported miles west continued advance late january advancing company clashed briefly italians regiment capturing february 6th detached personnel garrison towns moving received new equipment late march casualties period dead wounded early april 6th division dispatched greece fought brief campaign following german invasion country middle month overwhelmed allied forces forced course weeks 6th took desperate rearguard actions battalion lost men killed wounded finally evacuated sea end month amidst confusion large battalion personnel personnel ranks captured landed crete instead alexandria egypt ship sailing costa_rica sunk crete officers ranks 6th organised 17th brigade composite battalion men brigade battalions 7th subsequently fought unsuccessfully german invasion came prisoners war battalion losses greece crete heavy totaling dead wounded captured result 6th formed palestine brought strength reinforcements dispatched syria december join allied garrison established occupation force conclusion syria lebanon campaign french early australian government decided bring australia help bolster defences following japan entry war consequently march battalion embarked transport bound australia ceylon new_guinea way home battalion 16th brigade rest 17th brigade landed ceylon perceived threat japanese invasion battalion remained months constructing defences conducting jungle training locations including threat invasion passed battalion eventually returned melbourne transport arriving early august height fighting track period reorganisation training followed battalion prepared jungle warfare battalion concentrated road camp central victoria initially late september moved new south wales october period intense training 6th moved brisbane october embarked dutch merchant ship bound bay campaigns japanese arriving bay 17th brigade held reserve october remained january battalion embarked smaller coastal vessels moved january battalion time bay suffered heavily malaria men hospital time battalion deployed consequently severely time went battle late january battalion heavily involved battle took advance fought key actions including fighting late june supporting landing july taking fighting august fighting battalion sustained casualties dead wounded late september 6th withdrawn australia rest sailing dutch transport landing spent year training queensland prior final campaign war campaign arriving december 6th spent remainder war period months carrying campaign clear japanese surrounding areas conducting series patrols advances advancing early stages campaign helping capture town miles west clearing series jungle ridges process continuing drive inland effort pin japanese forces 7th battalion conducted wide sweep losses campaign numbered dead wounded war came end mid august following japan surrender wake atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki conclusion fighting 6th remained new_guinea concentrating area battalion strength slowly reduced personnel repatriated australia individually based formal points system december battalion remaining personnel sailed australia eventually returning battalion personnel slowly transferred units strength decreased rapidly finally disbanded february personnel discharged transferred units service war total men served battalion killed wounded members battalion received following decorations distinguished service orders military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches battle honours 6th received following battle honours north_africa greece south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea honours subsequently entrusted link maintained commanding officers following officers commanded 6th war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/6th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17501_No.73WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing world war formed february port wing initially comprised attack squadrons flying took new_guinea campaign mid year reorganised fighter squadrons operating form saw action campaigns wing disbanded los august beginning squadrons absorbed raaf wings later australian tactical air force history new_guinea campaign formed february wing consisted squadron flying squadron squadron based port wing control raaf premier fighting unit purpose act mobile strike force support advancing allied troops march wing units participated decisive aerial engagement according general resulted ships japanese convoy sunk engagement squadron struck airfield prevent japanese fighters taking intercept allied bombers took actual assault convoy launched low level cannon machine gun attacks japanese ships suppress anti aircraft fire prior bombing runs flight lieutenant boston pilots attacked awarded posthumous victoria_cross pressing home bombing missions later month spite severe damage aircraft having earlier led wing commander june wing command group captain month established headquarters wing reorganised fighter formation consisting squadron flying squadron squadron providing local air defence fighter escort australian bombers armed general purpose bombs engage ground attack missions practice employed commonwealth forces mediterranean august wing transferred group combat formation wing took responsibility transport delays meant squadron remained place wing taken squadron arrived australia november equipped campaigns wing commander assumed command wing october minimal offensive air activity japanese meant squadron saw relatively little action contrast wing ground attack capability fully engaged build december launched series attacks airfield fuel day allied landings patrolled beaches remained case strikes japanese raiders came january wing accompanied largest raids mounted raaf time involving aircraft attacking enemy camps depots group contribution campaign wing took garrison duties los commencing march complement combat squadrons nos squadrons supported operational base unit mobile fighter sector medical clearing station total ground staff numbering approximately fighters primary duty providing air cover allied shipping carried bomber escort ground attack anti shipping missions region mid april wing escorted largest allied convoy south west pacific date ships carrying personnel completing garrison work june wing disbanded los august combat units eventually transferred formations later renamed australian nos squadrons joined unit squadron wing command squadron withdrawn darwin november equip new joining wing returning pacific march | No. 73 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17564_2ndCanadianRegiment | 2nd 2nd known congress authorized january regiment raised province quebec service continental_army command colonel moses regiment saw action siege non combat time spent new_york_city forces monitoring british forces occupying city regiment disbanded november west_point new_york regiment small number continental_army regiments direct responsibility regiments funded supplied specific state commanded colonel later brigadier general moses entire existence regiment originally volunteers refugees quebec supported rebel cause disastrous staff later authorized congress recruit areas supplement ranks origins late colonel raised commanded regiment canadians fought quebec support general montgomery invasion quebec canadians americans instrumental fall fort engagement regiment montgomery november participated action quebec january congress commissioned colonel organization known moses served lieutenant 44th regiment french indian war receiving half pay pension british service living plus income estate quebec colonial army invaded americans plundered estate plundered damaged property damaged siege fort arrested british suspicion americans held prisoner days finally released general montgomery fall montreal november joined american cause took battle quebec following american failure city american traveled philadelphia report battle congress partially compensated establishing 2nd accepted command british half pay lieutenant colonel regiment captains promised regiment reached philadelphia effort command regiment january congress authorized 2nd allowed maximum strength consist battalions companies regiment continental_army assigned army organized february montreal recruited lawrence valleys months recruited areas early april recruiting funds dried raising men war 2nd known congress regiment command continued known greatly depleted years service regiment disbanded reorganization continental_army january canadian elements assigned command redesignated montreal retreat regiment assigned garrison duty montreal major general command march went assume command army temporarily placed command forces montreal arrived quebec april arnold assigned regiment guard duty fort remained american retreat june july disbanded regiment reassigned regiment fort july albany september new_york winter quarters time regiment reached albany strength dropped november regiment assigned reorganized january consist battalions companies given permission recruit large allowed recruit states quebec recruitment efforts met mixed success states assigned troop recruitment fill line companies preferred men enter commands january regiment assigned new_jersey campaign regiment princeton new_jersey early assigned 2nd maryland brigade early august regiment general division new_jersey regiment companies participated battle island august losses included officers men captured including captain exchanged november august moment writing showed letter giving account attempt enemy thursday party surprised enemy killed prisoners returned commanded killed prisoners luck discovered enemy escaped far success clock brigades joined began cross old men got enemy came attacked men people behaved drove enemy times killed lost prisoners major major stewart major taken campbell ensign lee mentioned suffered killed officers fell hands substance letter philadelphia campaign battle sullivan division marched south join washington army defense philadelphia september battalion men sent mile north jones ford cover ford second battalion men posted ford mile north ford situated creek troops spotted british troops flanking maneuver crossing sent report movement george_washington initially believe intelligence despite lieutenant colonel regiment lost officers men battle sullivan command regiment participated october british northwest philadelphia evening october general washington ordered troops creek north march miles planned surprise attack british americans descend north columns commands generals sullivan armstrong main roads leading main effort advance general sullivan leading column right general left sullivan column continental troops division advance road howe center regiment platoon advance party entered battle general unbeknownst washington columns got lost washington accompanied sullivan force ordered launch assault leading element sullivan column general brigade attacked british battalion reinforced british 40th regiment foot command lieutenant colonel regiment formed sullivan early attack british losses officers men winter quarters december regiment detachment command general 2nd arrived wilmington delaware protect city british present day wilmington highlight time included capture british armed symmetry december ship laden supplies including winter clothing route british philadelphia activities northern new_york connecticut january washington ordered regiment albany new_york transferring 2nd objective planned invasion quebec assigned deputy post expedition anticipated involve men effort troubled supply manpower difficulties suspended february called congress march regiment reassigned april ordered west_point regiment relieved july assigned element july regiment sent white plains help guard new_york_city proposed new potential invasion route quebec route went new hampshire grants present day vermont owned property quebec july departed scout route july returned effort abandoned time manpower needed new_york area summer low manpower regiment caused washington consider disbanding regiment size dropped washington concerned excessively large number officers regiment successfully argued retention regiment noted large number officers needed companies regiment detached units service autumn large shipment clothing shoes arrived france lottery held october regiment issued uniform brown coats faced red november regiment ordered connecticut winter quarters today site memorial state park piles stone area park known believed mark locations sheltered troops regiments weekly return brigade dated december states men regiment unfit duty want shoes country march regiment reassigned marched springfield massachusetts springfield marched new_hampshire picked clothing supplies arrived called northern new_hampshire tasked build road known quebec secretly ordered area washington april large portion colonel major new_hampshire rangers began extend road portion constructed direction colonel objective extend road northwest direction following general path old indian trail quebec road cut heavily forested area known today known vermont village base operations military road project road actually started town north built river towns provide teams movement stores wells dug points swamps logs road teams time present site called place camp end road road actual terminus miles road crossed vermont rolling hills valleys isolated mountains june reported half men miles regiment recalled new_york area august result road completed total miles road built location ended known fall leveled charges corruption deputy commissioner purchases general deputy general deputy commissioner issues regiment poorly supplied summer supplies beef arrived send men fields help harvest eat courts martial later held winter october regiment ordered new_york november assigned spent winter new_jersey experienced severe shortages food site known january regiment participated commando raid planned secrecy led lord object raid surprise attack enemy place secure provisions preparations raid called british attention focused detachment vicinity 2nd canadian marched connecticut farms present day union steward detachment advance forces push richmond center surprise enemy troops lord intelligence enemy force men main body near place british circular double men located present day fort hill circle north midnight january loaded cannon troops american forces crossed frozen ice night loyalist spies warned british american approach result americans found british posts alert element surprise gone conditions extremely cold raid aborted american troops suffered minor injuries brought prisoners horses camp supplies new_york spring regiment subjected thorough inspection baron found taken care recommendations result covered continental_army resulted merging 1st 2nd canadian regiments regiment spent summer new_york regimental orderly books april july august regiment reassigned brigade command poor command ultimately given promoted brigadier general august arrested halting brigade march permission army march pre war landmark located near halted march troops drink water acquitted charges promptly conduct officer incident apologized following capture british spy british september soldiers command lieutenant detailed present hanging october new_york fall regiment headquartered garrison new_york directly hudson_river west_point entering winter quarters new_york november time officers regiment led major complained consulting lack advancement opportunities regiment unusual position direct responsibility congress state supervision complaints heard dismissed november court martial arrested confined quarters long court martial running december february resulted conviction counts public regimental orderly books periods regiment operations west_point september november west_point october march reorganized january accordance recommendations 1st disbanded canadian members reassigned designated foreign volunteers assigned regiment regiment participated raid january led lieutenant colonel hull raided position held loyalist corps lieutenant colonel present day americans burned enemy barracks captured prisoners took large supplies ammunition forage men assigned cover retreat british troops pursued hull men point men concealed skirmish took place british losing men june regiment sent west_point area albany valley guard expected british attack action reassigned regiment arrived albany june spent month patrolling valley attack came perceived threat subsided regiment immediately ordered return west_point june finally given promotion brigadier general siege august reassigned august washington regiment preparations attack new_york crossed hudson_river ferry ordered march new_jersey troops posts heights springfield chatham position detachment cover french battery set chatham veil real movements create main body starting southward movement regiment withdrew held near days august regiment went hudson_river joined army way midnight september regiment units arrived bridge delaware units boats transported supplies continental_army days boat carriages arrived september given command second brigade light division command lieutenant colonel assigned regiment arrived september regiment participated siege heavily involved october attacks british according account americans fire gun bayonet brigades light infantry generals advanced perfect discipline wonderful battalion colonel deployed left remainder division rear guard took positions fire enemy perfect order silence guard detail lancaster regiment reassigned december date portion regiment went lancaster pennsylvania guarded prisoners taken detail months prisoners guard lancaster york reading notable prisoner watch time year old captain orders washington selected hang retaliation brutal summary execution american captain british november life spared correspondence family intervention queen france june arrested charges including conduct officer court martial held december resulted alleging bias presiding judge advocate additional hearings ultimately acquitted charges november regiment moved new_jersey winter quarters duties time included trade countryside british new_york_city disbanded june peace nearly finalized regiment time transferred resolution congress soldiers discharged june members regiment refused depart discharge received pay members regiment remained ordered march washington near regiment reorganized companies june completely disbanded november west_point new_york canadians regiment unable return homes settled camps near albany congress general appealed congress land grants effort failed state new_york eventually granted number men land northern state near troop strength casualties strength regiment authorized strength men casualties | 2nd Canadian Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17802_40thInfantryDivisionSlavonska | infantry formation formed german led axis invasion april raised military district large formation entirely reliant animal transport mobility largely manned troops saw germans potential serbian oppression interwar period division lacked modern arms sufficient ammunition preliminary attacks launched germans april spark revolts units division infantry regiments rebelled following day april rebels taken division continued following days face combined arms assault broke april mainly remnants division continued withdraw bosnia week negotiated april surrendered april background formed world war army kingdom country created december defend new kingdom army formed nucleus victorious combined armed formations raised parts austro hungarian empire joined form new state austro hungarian officers soldiers members new army beginning army like aspects public life new kingdom dominated ethnic serbs saw army means secure new state development army hampered poor economy kingdom continued 1920s king alexander changed country time army army budget remained tight tensions rose europe 1930s hard secure weapons munitions countries consequently time world war broke september weaknesses included reliance draught animals transport large size formations example yugoslav infantry divisions twice number men contemporary british infantry divisions characteristics resulted slow formations inadequate supply arms munitions meant large yugoslav formations low firepower older generals better suited trench warfare world war combined army equipped trained resist fast moving combined arms approach germans poland france weaknesses strategy structure equipment mobility supply exacerbated significant degree lack unity yugoslavia resulted decades attendant lack political legitimacy achieved central government attempts address lack unity came late ensure cohesive force fifth column activity concern croatian nationalist ethnic german minorities country structure peacetime organisation according regulations issued raised military district headquartered military district command 4th army district headquartered named region september german invasion poland division underwent trial included large proportion units divisional district included regimental districts 42nd 43rd wartime organisation wartime organisation laid regulations issued strength infantry division men total horses pack draught animals required provide mobility infantry division theoretical wartime organisation fully yugoslav infantry division headquarters divisional infantry headquarters infantry regiments divisional artillery headquarters artillery regiments cavalry battalion squadrons bicycle squadron machine gun platoon pioneer battalion companies anti tank company equipped anti tank guns machine gun company anti aircraft machine gun company signals company logistics units infantry regiment consist infantry battalions machine gun company divisional artillery regiments animal drawn largely equipped world war vintage pieces artillery regiment consisted battalions light mountain guns field guns planned deployment component responsible defence northwestern yugoslavia deploy western sector hungarian border opposite hungarian town main line defence northern slopes mountain range divisional headquarters left flank division 27th infantry division opposite hungarian village right flank 17th infantry division formed boundary running east border guard units division area responsibility consisted 2nd battalion reserve regiment operations axis invasion began partially elements division concentration areas small proportion actually deployed planned positions divisional commander headquarters staff 42nd infantry regiment battalions marching positions near rest regiment lack draught animals percent troops percent animals marching centre reached kilometres northeast infantry regiment marching reached 40th artillery regiment headquarters battalion battalions divisional cavalry battalion machine gun battalion unable deploy lack animals april private cars machine gun battalion ordered concentrate northeast remainder divisional units centres 43rd infantry regiment ordered march east join 17th 2nd infantry regiment originally allocated 17th infantry division ordered march location join replace 43rd infantry regiment divisional cavalry battalion receive sufficient horses deploy foot infantry division artillery support fighting 40th artillery regiment complete april german_army headquarters wanted capture bridges intact april issued orders conduct preliminary operations aimed seizing bridge railway bridge northeast coup main result limited objective attacks launched line despite fact expected launch offensive operations april day bombed yugoslav positions troops march evening clear germans resisting border ordered begin seizing bridges including local attacks sufficient dissent troops refused resist germans considered serbian oppression interwar period continuing concentration hampered escalating fifth column activities propaganda units stopped began returning centres concentration areas yugoslav radio network linking division flanking divisions april radio communications remained poor fighting april april german units regimental strength tanks began cross near divisional sector quickly overcame resistance 2nd battalion reserve regiment influenced propaganda border guards abandoned positions weapons retreated division april marching positions night members regiment revolted arresting officers non commissioned officers soldiers regiment marched joined rebellious units noon april responsible right sector divisional defence meant originally responsible left sector extend entire divisional frontage night commander divisional cavalry battalion sent patrols german local believing germans strength germans subsequently able consolidate overnight april april german continued limited objective attacks expand german regiment broke border troops approached point entire divisional sector defended single unit divisional cavalry battalion transported cars lack horses battalions arrived kilometres southwest noon rebels approaching joined elements units division leader rebels reserve aviator commander aware rebels approach ordered local commander maintain order advised possible local report duty headquarters reported presence rebels headquarters suggesting bomb rebel units 8th bomber regiment warned receive orders use bristol light bombers bomb idea subsequently abandoned instead decided request leader intervene rebels located communist_party croatia sent delegation headquarters urging issue arms workers help defend member went headquarters twice able speak briefly convince day returned briefly joining post yugoslav coup état government agreed send infantry regiment urging obey officers respond appeal later day trucks rebels arrived headquarters intention killing staff headquarters guard force prevented operations staff immediately withdrew rebels issued unanswered rebels attacked assisted fifth city city surrendered yugoslav officers soldiers captured rebels heard fall city called mayor threatened bomb city prisoners immediately released detained officers headquarters sent informed ban croatia revolt powerless influence events proclaimed independent croatian state april morning april german expanded kilometres north following withdrawal divisional cavalry battalion germans seized west cutting main road rebel troops contact divisional line consisted 1st 2nd battalions 42nd infantry regiment company divisional cavalry battalion right 42nd infantry regiment company divisional cavalry battalion left 42nd infantry regiment held depth left flank screened rest divisional cavalry battalion deployed infantry regiment marching concentration area arrived divisional headquarters replace 43rd infantry regiment transferred 17th infantry division reinforcements included elements 4th army anti aircraft units sent divisional artillery regiment completed rebels issued false orders directing fall arrived divisional headquarters shortly ordered launch counterattack german dawn following day visited commander 17th infantry division right flank arrange support division pending attack majority division troops arrive bosnia able advance left flank battalions west spent remainder day preparing counterattack hindered german artillery air attacks indication state division visit line chief staff fired troops elements began withdraw southwards april night april remained units began desert turn commanders 40th infantry division remaining troops serbs increasing momentum revolt commander concluded longer effective formation resist germans issued plea calm rebellion evening april commander ready launch major offensive operations following day plan involved main spearheaded 14th division breaking drive second 8th break turn east rivers attack belgrade april battered german artillery fire night april seriously depleted weakened revolt unable mount ordered counterattack morning april muster men infantry regiment slightly divisional cavalry battalion heavily reduced strength divisional artillery amounted anti aircraft battery border units responsible demolition tasks line south refused follow orders having abandoned counterattack decided establish defensive line hinder german movement east soon dawn main thrust consisting leading 16th crossed anti tank fire destroyed lead tanks germans reinforced vanguard resistance broken noon remaining troops captured fled hills south units infantry regiment providing depth defensive position began retreating south ethnic german troops ran away surrendered hard pressed divisional cavalry battalion began withdraw south attacking troops route fled car fired rebel troops continued southeast rivers meeting resistance reached evening right flank elements penetrated south range reaching evening late day situation increasingly desperate country prime minister yugoslav chief general staff broadcast following message troops engage enemy encountered means disposal don wait direct orders act guided judgement initiative conscience corps encountered little resistance evening april german headquarters directed 8th 16th drive north belgrade link belgrade east midnight headquarters declared yugoslav northern decisively defeated tasked corps engineer units consolidate major rivers main body units moved forward midnight corps commander general der issued orders continue belgrade directed 16th thrust west far turn south drive april april rear area staff headquarters captured soon handed germans captors operations staff escaped way units retreating bosnia including battalions artillery batteries attempted deploy rear area units 17th defensive line called request reinforcements remaining troops attempted establish defensive line mouth efforts significantly hampered propaganda german orders following day pursue remnants bosnia met attacking south east 16th faced resistance drove east belgrade capturing day night april captured secured crossing danube undamaged bridge near fate following day northern column 14th division drove crossed continuing push east elements pushed east establishing fragment numbering troops holding position retreated arrived ordered blocking positions narrow valley road rear area units 17th infantry division ordered block road response request reinforcements sent number units rail included cadet battalion company 27th infantry regiment detached time reinforcements arrived evacuated face german tanks led revolt cadet battalion block road option withdrawing towns taken april pressure 14th division remnants 4th army continued withdraw cadet battalion managed briefly delay german advance overcome tanks air attacks bridge demolished withdrew headquarters remaining units 4th army continued vanguard northern column 14th forward central column reaching early april northern column 14th division closed overcoming resistance town arrived noon received orders agreed troops remain place fire german personnel delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers websites | 40th Infantry Division Slavonska | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17846_410TacticalFighterOperationalTrainingSquadron | tactical fighter operational training squadron tactical fighter operational training squadron french nicknamed aircraft squadron currently located canada primary training base version cold lake alberta squadron formed second world war squadron royal_air_force raf near scotland official sortie squadron scotland night june crews took went scoring night fighter squadron period day day squadron supported allied forces battle flew nightly patrols time pilots gained ace status members squadron flight lieutenant flying officer rose members german rocket flight squadron disbanded reformed tactical fighter operational training squadron squadron usually trains pilots year squadron canadian documentary television series filmed squadron showed endure fighter pilots badge squadron badge depicts face background moon north american mountain cat chosen speed power attacks moon refers squadron night operations major devices reference squadron second world war night fighter activities unit renowned skill number victories squadron motto means wandering night history squadron formed near scotland june article squadron royal_air_force operational control second world war squadron night fighter squadron formed equipped replaced october year turn replaced victory squadron claimed squadron acknowledged scoring night fighter unit period day day squadron similar claim basis victories quickly counted bases squadron moved returned raf months later september squadron moved england months relocated northumberland squadron placed lincolnshire moved sixth time southeast england north london later moved raf castle camps june squadron placed wiltshire moved wiltshire september squadron moved thirteen days later squadron relocated sixth base november squadron moved northern france months later squadron relocated northern france movement squadron april final war occurred june squadron relocated netherlands operations official sortie occurred night june crews squadron took occurred uneventful german contact occurred night september raf flown creed navigator intercepted guided approximately miles northeast yorkshire coast attack damaged destroy aircraft destroyed count squadron outright victory came january raf observer flying credited destroyed near possible night readiness ability fly moment notice night end war victories claimed squadron flew sorties accumulated hours flight time squadron victories included destroyed probably destroyed damaged squadron following operational casualties aircraft killed presumed dead prisoners war non operational casualties aircraft personnel killed injured day invasion europe november squadron engaged night defence britain june squadron commanding officer wing commander flew aircraft detachment provided fighter cover initial airborne landings pilots flew operation flight lieutenant pop later ace night prior raf second tactical air force night fighter squadrons working hard ensure safety landing force june squadron fighters available periodic maintenance patrols took patrol uneventful pilots reporting clouds feet patrols flown help cover ships operation neptune june aircraft fired friendly lancaster bombers assumed hostile squadron claimed kill flying officers destroyed june squadron claimed multiple bomber kills shot raiders probably destroyed damaged success overshadowed allied invasion europe june august squadron occupied nightly patrols guard allied troops shipping german bombers squadron brought thirty german aircraft damaged destroyed sorties squadron moved france months added kills damaged score immediately day days following day squadron flew patrols received credits kills instance shot aircraft space minutes destroyed german bombers following success days squadron scored kill interval crews maintaining schedule sorties night little report night engine failed run aircraft runway crashed flight dispersal crews escaped injury buildings went flames operation resulted thirteenth kill period aircraft crashed crew unable bail week weather poor restricted night operations crews diverted bases return german activity diminished mid june nights july sorties weather improved nightly round patrols resumed rose saw rocket flight night september canadian pilots patrol brussels antwerp saw bright orange light directly ahead seemingly altitude feet paid attention taking bright star suddenly said began climb hell climbed light appeared straight rapidly seconds passed sight return base crew reported sighting flying bomb account spectacular rate climb details aroused great interest senior officers night moments rose sighting rocket crashed english coast nights later saw similar ball yellow flame streak vertically night sky weeks followed reports battle end war middle december bad weather conditions nazis launched offensive luftwaffe caught squadrons guard squadron enjoyed number successes period christmas day battle entire including squadron hour alert war entering final stages squadron watch anti aircraft artillery fighter squadrons continued advances february waiting canadian push aerial fighting major conflict luftwaffe occurred canadians started cross rhine march evening december battle contact fired navigator confirmed kill stating aircraft hit starboard engine caught fire crashed trees flames flight lieutenant claimed fifth kill war february having returned working claimed april claimed final kills april downing near days squadron moved called provide special patrol aircraft air cover armistice day ceremonies held paris german attempted intervene later month accident base took lives pilots recently joined gone practice circuits landings circuit preparatory landing stalled crashed feet days christmas accident heaviest suffered squadron terms lives lost days airfield sky cleared somewhat afternoon december flight commander took england squadron aircraft officers airmen going leave near kent aircraft crashed occupants survived killed navigator raf accompanied posting october raf arrived late november begin second tour raf navigator seriously injured squadron months squadron disbanded end war june wartime commanders officer command squadron squadron leader charge june september wing commander took command september july position given august commanded squadron february war given command february april commander war charge april squadron disbanded june year decorations unit awards second world war squadron awarded multiple battle honours honours certified individual awards members squadron decorated war award distinguished flying crosses bar distinguished flying medal went acting flight lieutenant flying officer november citation mention return base single engine damage aircraft quickly followed flying officers january citation mention severe damage aircraft close action combat report describes long duel enemy pilot showing high degree hit return fire including cannon shell destroyed instrument panel narrowly missed pilot starboard engine died recovered port engine caught fire managed return starboard engine working landing december sergeant awarded september squadron leader george douglas robinson awarded october charles awarded december year destroying unidentified german aircraft june october subsequently claimed december flight received december shooting october dennis awarded december bar march tongue member raf commissioned sergeant promoted flying officer night won bar november pilot destroyed having hit debris second fight led downing tongue having track attack aircraft awarded february having destroyed july single sortie december squadron reactivated december squadron flying aircraft formed defence role fighter role montreal quebec december august team formed demonstrate abilities new vampire aircraft formation flying squadron later converted deployed europe flying fighter wing france squadron regular force fighter unit fly vampire aircraft fly sabre join fighter wing air division europe weather fighter squadron arrived canada squadron october reactivated weather fighter squadron ottawa ontario november year flying removed service introduced north american air defence squadron converted aircraft squadron continued fly defence cuts led squadron march present day operating training unit tasked training pilots operational squadrons later renamed squadron squadron moved alberta changing aircraft training unit canada new aircraft aircraft second world war squadron began flying north american harvard training aircraft flew paul defiant july turret fighter night fighter problem aircraft forward armament exchanged bristol long range heavy fighter april january rolls engine provided greater power original squadron transitioned november squadron exclusively end war variants july september december august august june fighters basic design medium altitude daytime tactical bomber high altitude night bomber day night fighter fighter bomber maritime strike photo reconnaissance aircraft squadron fighter unit flying having flown aircraft years role squadron equipped canada december squadron canada operational squadron weather aircraft primary armament nuclear tipped air air rockets canada primary means air defence present day training unit squadron squadron currently equipped formally handed operational training unit squadron cold lake alberta october operational training squadron aircraft squadron located canada primary training base cold lake alberta squadron renamed tactical fighter operational training squadron runs fighter pilot course year training approximately pilots training program consists months ground school flights operational flying students taken graduates fighter lead training course provided knowledge basic skills air air air ground combat areas covered depth include aircraft handling instrument flight formation flying night flying navigation air air weapons delivery tactics annual fighter weapons instructor course run squadron fighter electronic warfare course intense highly challenging lasts months operational squadron tactical radar squadron sends candidates students course graduate leadership qualities expertise required return squadrons design tactical training programs advanced radar course conducted phases ground school wing flying phase electronic warfare range week course designed allow pilots annually graduate return squadrons electronic warfare experts instructors squadron experienced pilots fighter community charged carrying special fighter projects squadron conducted operational testing evaluation precision guided munitions anticipating testing use night vision devices certification curriculum seven years following delivered squadron ran month squadron courses graduating pilots formed new squadrons following initial courses squadron trained pilots rate approximately year closure squadrons germany reduced recent reduction size remaining operational squadrons squadron trains approximately fighter pilots annually time current work mandate squadron responsible training pilots annually pilots returning ground exchange tour squadron trains newly arrived foreign exchange officers joining canada operational fighter squadrons backgrounds differ significantly course tailored individual based experience demonstrated areas covered depth include basic advanced aircraft handling instrument flight formation flying night flying weather interception air air skills air combat half comprises academic air ground weapons delivery advanced tactics usually completed squadron deployment south western united_states late spring early fall significantly better weather sheer number bombing ranges available evaluation flight sub unit squadron responsible operational testing evaluation efforts seen integral operational effectiveness aspects core capabilities new systems evaluated multi function advanced multi role red evaluation new mission planning software advanced distributed combat training system working closely variety key units air_force including enabled integration newly modernized aircraft air displays canadian documentary television series filmed showing life base cold lake endure fighter pilot television documentary followed squadron training course months time candidates graduate television given access lives ground school graduation allowed access series followed members class selected learn squadron television called air base fighter town squadrons use fighter aircraft home squadron nicknamed squadron provided aircraft pilot captain ryan selected demonstration pilot members wing cold lake western maintenance crew theme paint scheme demonstration developed honour training plan | 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17917_No.30TransportUnitRAAF | transport unit raaf transport unit royal_australian_air_force raaf unit operated korean war formed november communications unit based japan composite wing unit initially equipped douglas personal transport lieutenant general sir commander sent japan operational demands unit role korea support fighter squadron transporting supplies equipment delivered materials stores australian commonwealth ground forces transported return journeys japan evacuate wounded personnel theatre communications unit redesignated transport unit november formed transport squadron march squadron remained korea following armistice returned australia june history korean war broke june fighter squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf based japan having served years equipped primarily north american squadron operated communications flight personnel preparing return australia placed standby action korea began flying missions forces week later following landing consequent advance northward troops squadron relocated south_korea october left main support elements composite wing established base october given administrative responsibility raaf units operating conflict squadron included newly formed base squadron maintenance squadron communications flight squadron communications flight flight original complement augmented september australia november flight designated communications unit communications unit headquartered rest wing components squadron based korean peninsula initially commanded unofficially flight lieutenant later according having commanded communications flight squadron assumed control formal authority told stop transport aircraft included personal commander lieutenant general sir operating direction november unit received squadron composite wing malaya giving total strength supported australian forces korea key functions medical evacuation responsible supply drops search rescue reconnaissance mail delivery transporting cargo troops unlike squadron tasked instead operated australian control exercised headquarters japan december unit undertook operation delivery pounds based korea month taking smashed cockpit australian crew injured aircraft written stripped components squadron official commanding officer communications unit squadron leader took january march unit strength seven personnel including officers according typical month involved carrying troops pounds cargo pounds mail korea troops medical pounds cargo pounds mail korea communications unit redesignated transport unit november aircraft dropped hiroshima august seventh anniversary atomic bombing december strength personnel including officers march transport unit formed transport squadron disbanded previous day raaf base richmond new_south_wales armistice july end august squadron repatriated commonwealth prisoners war november strength seven eighty seven personnel including seven officers elements squadron began returning australia january end month strength personnel including officers nominal operational control squadron transferred february purpose continued support commonwealth forces squadron ceased flying march remaining elements departed australia leaving formed japan flight operated july disbanded months later transportation unit suffered fatal accidents crashed takeoff april killing occupants came river striking telephone wires june pilot passenger survived impact subsequently died injuries war carried passengers long tons cargo wing records listed medical evacuations korea japan reflecting nature transport work korea stated flying exciting lot lots late dark nights lots crowded airfields lots plain hard work shed lot weight | No. 30 Transport Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17933_824thTankDestroyerBattalion | tank destroyer battalion united_states_army active second world war saw service primarily attached infantry support role fighting france battalion ended war austria originally formed august oklahoma trained united_states years october deployed france equipped towed anti tank guns assigned support fighting supported pushed steadily eastwards germany january employed repel attack operation time unit recorded having destroyed enemy tank conversion self propelled tank destroyers battalion moved germany helping force battle reaching reassigned reached austria day weeks occupation duties ordered prepare service pacific reforming united_states japanese surrender announced need combat units ended battalion september early service battalion formed camp oklahoma august officers men received camp new_york mid january bringing slightly strength unit nominally organised tank destroyer battalion heavy self propelled experimentation standard organisation tank destroyer units structure battalion gun companies self propelled guns platoon gun crews additional men command security duties supported fourth reconnaissance company reconnaissance platoon pioneers headquarters support elements men assembled camp battalion departed texas carried months basic training mid april transferred fort hood texas trained fort hood new structure announced tank destroyer battalions converting self propelled guns towed anti tank guns officially reorganised new pattern july number guns companies guns reconnaissance company reduced merged headquarters company pioneers removed entirely completing unit training fort hood august transferred louisiana field maneuvers returning camp january battalion finally left united_states october sailing new_york aboard uss october landing october fighting battalion saw service november companies attached temporarily attached fighting battalion took casualties following day men company killed wounded artillery mortar fire following day gun crew company fired battalion shots anger destroying machine gun position battalion pushed eastwards 100th mid december individual gun crews providing direct fire support assaulting german defensive positions indirect artillery fire december start german offensive ordered defensive company attached covering far left flank army gun companies remained infantry anticipated enemy offensive began night new year eve heavy infantry fighting german armored units engaged january 17th division attacked supported company gun lost return tank half tracks occurrence noted battalion history battalion engaged enemy armor guns temporarily abandoned company supporting infantry retreated group men returned recover following night awarded bravery additionally gun commander awarded holding gun exposed position attack rest january february battalion remained defensive positions crews rotating neighboring order train self propelled tank destroyers prepared conversion new equipment early march delayed order support attack march advance germany week march battalion finally withdrew refit self propelled tank destroyer reverted old self propelled battalion organisation companies tank destroyers plus fourth reconnaissance company platoon pioneers new organisation smaller old fewer men needed vehicle crews creation new march finished month complement ranks following refit crossed rhine april immediately returned combat support attack attempt force fighting began april crossing river centre city april absence enemy armor provided close fire support engaged house house fighting secured moved south april reassigned moving eastwards bavaria austria finished war day outside end hostilities men awarded men awarded posthumously bringing battalion total silver stars thirty battalion carried security occupation duties handing ordered prepare united_states mid june headed west leaving vehicles depots northern france sailed aboard july arrival men given month leave august battalion notified surrender japan weeks later september battalion formally south_carolina ceased exist | 824th Tank Destroyer Battalion | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
17940_27thInfantryDivisionSavska | 27th 27th infantry division infantry formation formed german led axis invasion april raised military district large formation entirely reliant animal transport mobility largely manned troops saw germans potential serbian oppression interwar period division lacked modern arms sufficient ammunition rest 27th infantry division began april engaged process days later germans began air campaign series preliminary operations yugoslav attacks ignited rebellion troops division chief staff division involved orders sabotage bridge river division briefly established defensive line yugoslav river german troops began crossing april forcing division begin withdrawing planned counterattack delayed germans day division began fifth column actions rebellion german 14th broke april 27th infantry division numbered men serbs single day german overwhelming air support brushed aside remnants division captured covering nearly kilometres meeting little resistance day divisional headquarters captured division effectively ceased exist background formed world war army kingdom country created december defend new kingdom army formed nucleus victorious combined armed formations raised parts austro hungarian empire joined form new state austro hungarian officers soldiers members new army beginning army like aspects public life new kingdom dominated ethnic serbs saw army means secure new kingdom development army hampered poor economy kingdom continued 1920s king alexander changed country time army army budget remained tight tensions rose europe 1930s hard secure weapons munitions countries consequently time world war broke september weaknesses included reliance draught animals transport large size formations example yugoslav infantry divisions twice number men contemporary british infantry divisions characteristics resulted slow formations inadequate supply arms munitions meant large yugoslav formations low firepower older generals better suited trench warfare world war combined army equipped trained resist fast moving combined arms approach germans poland france weaknesses strategy structure equipment mobility supply exacerbated significant degree lack unity yugoslavia resulted decades attendant lack political legitimacy achieved central government attempts address lack unity came late ensure cohesive force fifth column activity concern croatian nationalist ethnic german minorities country structure peacetime organisation according regulations issued divisional district headquartered peacetime control 4th army district headquartered division named river tributary danube flows northern border modern day peacetime divisional district included based 36th based 53rd infantry regiment based 14th artillery regiment based 30th based wartime organisation wartime organisation laid regulations issued strength infantry division men total horses pack draught animals required provide mobility infantry division theoretical wartime organisation fully yugoslav infantry division headquarters divisional infantry headquarters infantry regiments divisional artillery headquarters artillery regiments cavalry battalion squadrons bicycle squadron machine gun platoon pioneer battalion companies anti tank company equipped anti tank guns machine gun company anti aircraft machine gun company signals company logistics units infantry regiment consist infantry battalions machine gun company divisional artillery regiments animal drawn largely equipped world war vintage pieces artillery regiment consisted battalions light mountain guns field guns 14th 30th artillery regiments administered divisional district peacetime join formations division brought wartime strength 27th artillery regiment planned deployment 27th infantry division component responsible defence northwestern yugoslavia event deploy western sector hungarian border 27th positioned opposite hungarian village confluence disposition divisional headquarters planned located north left flank division planned positioned opposite hungarian city right flank establish opposite hungarian town border guard units division area responsibility consist operations axis invasion began 27th infantry division commenced largely centres moving concentration areas april commander reported division hours lack vehicles small proportion division planned positions april divisional commander august headquarters staff 35th infantry regiment marching 53rd infantry regiment percent troops percent animals moving rail centre marching centre battalions 27th artillery regiment position near rest 27th artillery regiment divisional cavalry battalion horses divisional machine gun battalion animal transport remainder divisional units centres april early april german launched preliminary attacks area 27th infantry division intention securing crossings river unsuccessful evening german successes hungarian border clear germans resisting frontier ordered begin seizing bridges right 4th army including near local attacks sufficient dissent largely refused resist germans considered serbian oppression interwar period continuing concentration division hampered escalating fifth column activities propaganda croatian nationalist units stopped began returning centres concentration areas day yugoslav sabotage units attempted destroy bridge attempt partially successful influence propaganda demolition orders chief staff 27th infantry division major yugoslav radio network linking division flanking divisions april radio communications remained poor fighting april april battalions commenced crossing attacked response german crossing 53rd infantry regiment withdrew took defensive positions series villages including order stop german penetration gain time concentration division elements 27th artillery regiment sent support defensive line near placed command division commanding officer infantry commander met ordered prepare counterattack commence counterattack plan unable carried necessary units reach positions germans reached defensive line near fighting began 4th attached survived early morning raid airfield previous day mounted attacks bridge germans reinforced battalions overcame yugoslav defenders suffered significant losses running low artillery ammunition 53rd infantry regiment withdrew artillery support remained town night bridge destroyed later day sabotage units following orders attack april costs issued orders counterattack carried early april april april german continued limited objective attacks expand 4th army including resistance offered flanking divisions limited concentrating district northwest transferred 27th infantry division attempt bolster left flank divisional sector morning april 27th infantry division deployed supported elements 27th artillery regiment deployed northeast town riding centre allocated 27th infantry division assist establishing forward defences deployed artillery batteries outskirts 53rd infantry regiment remnants totalling men 1st battery 27th artillery regiment located town arrived divisional cavalry squadron reached far majority army level troops road 1st squadron transported cars april deployed outpost line forward supporting 1st battalion 53rd infantry regiment divisional headquarters located kilometres southwest accordance orders undertake counterattack april supported batteries model mountain guns 27th artillery regiment attack consisted columns right column attacking area consist supported divisional machine gun company centre column consisting 53rd infantry regiment remnants directly supported 1st battery 27th artillery regiment attack left column attacking vicinity consist promised support army level artillery postponed counterattack noon scale revolt broken flanking resulting capture town large portion headquarters rebels afternoon attack eventually launched cavalry regiment remained contact germans south held area night april despite heavy german artillery fire units involved counterattack percent strength influenced sparked rebellion battalions 36th infantry regiment deserted day april april left flanking withdrew conform line held forward elements 27th infantry division german completed preparations scale offensive action expanding cavalry units continued fight germans left sector divisional line began commander right sector ordered troops hold positions went divisional headquarters ask approval discharge units inform headquarters idea went speak urge withdraw troops wanted fight line south according ordered tell consider troops continue hold positions line hills conduct fighting withdrawal german pressure great intent orders implemented fifth column elements changed wording orders issued discharge troops retreat fighting went ordered immediately return division continue resist germans return journey encountered division withdrawing exception cavalry units fighting north halted retreat established positions making headquarters dismissed troops retreated rest force commander discharged troops afternoon hard pressed cavalry units began withdraw 2nd cavalry regiment withdrew receiving hostile reception population continued 1st squadron cavalry regiment withdrew reaching rest division germans occupied resistance evening division numbered troops widely dispersed 53rd infantry regiment effectively ceased exist artillery regiment horses pull guns prior disbandment rebels telegraph station telephone exchange town issue false orders parts directing withdraw positions rebels contacted germans telephone sent representatives meet germans advise roads cleared obstacles rebels invited enter rebels began converge bringing officers soldiers soon filled town elements began withdraw southwards april evening april commander ready launch major offensive operations following day plan involved main spearheaded 14th division breaking drive second 8th break sector turn east attack belgrade night april remained units began desert turn commanders 40th infantry division right flank 27th infantry division remaining troops serbs increasing momentum revolt concluded longer effective formation resist germans fate early april head operations staff headquarters left post visited senior leader returned headquarters units cease operations deploy positions actions reduced eliminated armed resistance german advance day 14th division supported dive bombers crossed drove southwest snow covered roads extremely cold conditions initial air reconnaissance indicated large concentrations yugoslav troops divisional axis advance troops proved withdrawing degraded revolt fifth column activity 27th infantry division numbered german attack began 14th division vanguard reached positions range remnants division began withdrawing heavy air attack reached town quickly encircled german troops divisional headquarters staff escaped captured little road remnants fight way attacked german tanks outskirts captured detained 14th continued completely unopposed drive routes april went radio station proclaimed creation croatia croatian 35th infantry regiment 27th infantry division disbanded commander heard news proclamation april lead elements 14th division reached outskirts having covered nearly kilometres miles single day time entered met cheering crowds captured yugoslav troops including generals held conference german tanks entering city told longer hold positions despite ordered hold days enable withdrawal 7th army river replied longer army suggested officers men ordered form defensive line rivers refused consider ordered form defensive line corps encountered little resistance particularly 27th infantry division right evening april wanted dismiss commander 27th infantry division suspicions identify suitable replacement april staff headquarters captured rear area staff headquarters captured personnel headquarters soon handed germans captors operations staff escaped fight days 27th infantry division ceased exist april received orders agreed troops remain place fire german personnel delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers websites | 27th Infantry Division Savska | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
18080_2/48thBattalion(Australia) | 48th battalion australia 48th battalion infantry battalion australian_army served second world war raised adelaide south australia august battalion formed initially assigned 7th division later transferred deployed middle_east saw action siege second battles returned australia fighting new_guinea following japan entry war campaign new_guinea battalion took advance campaign fighting campaign following withdrawn australia remained year 48th battalion took landing final involvement war disbanded october considered australia highly decorated unit war members receiving victoria_cross nation highest decoration gallantry decorations members history formation 48th battalion raised august adelaide command lieutenant colonel militia officer previously commanded unit volunteer 2nd 48th battalion formed specifically service overseas recruited mainly state south_australia battalion headquarters staff began arriving early month key personnel having served previously south australian militia units including 27th end august large draft recruits arrived 2nd rudimentary individual training undertaken nearby park lands colours initially chosen battalion unit colour patch unit served world war raised militia formation colours white dark blue circle shape diamond shaped border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart later changed following unit involvement fighting adopted authorised strength personnel like australian infantry battalions time battalion formed nucleus rifle companies designated consisting companies supported battalion headquarters headquarters company specialist signals pioneer anti aircraft transport administrative mortars forming 26th brigade 23rd 24th battalions assigned 7th division initial training period later transferred rest 26th brigade pre leave battalion undertook weeks collective training october following month battalion marched city adelaide prior deployment overseas shortly embarked north_africa undertaking mile route march equipment battalion embarked november large transport set sail following day actions north_africa sailing troops given brief shore leave entered suez_canal mid december arrival middle_east battalion briefly occupied camp moving palestine battalion joined rest time undertook training march time moved rest undertake training desert relieve 6th division deploying greece shortly germans landed forces africa reinforce italians axis went offensive british commonwealth forces libya forced retreat strategically important port town early april 48th fell general retreat setting blocking position withdrawal prevent german force cutting division route coast road days constant movement desert battalion reached port subsequently took defence battalion saw action receive battle honours 48th entered defences april rest 9th division commanded lieutenant general instructed hold fortress weeks general commander chief ended defending fortress months gradually withdrawn defensive system consisted lines outer position consisted scattered perimeter posts reserve company positions dubbed red line secondary defence system miles red line dubbed blue line time battalion alternated occupying main defence line working rear areas conducting patrols mid april battalion stationed western sector patrols resulted battalion capturing virtually entire 1st totalling nearly officers men later month 48th took daylight raid hill opposite perimeter italians artillery tanks infantry supported british tanks 7th raid caught defenders surprise resulting capture italians large quantities weapons vehicles light casualties late 48th patrol perimeter overnight german patrols pushed miles south set ambush laid series land mines bypass track german supply subsequently destroyed july battalion moved road sector opposite italians october majority including 48th battalion withdrawn sea british division arrived garrison overall 48th suffered casualties including men killed died wounds sent palestine syria order train rest undertake garrison duties allied occupation force established following syria lebanon campaign new commander lieutenant colonel assumed command took 20th brigade 48th proceeded train high terrain temperatures late june axis forces commanded general crossed egyptian frontier offensive aimed capturing alexandria making brief stand forced withdraw line response transported south syria committed july forces launched determined assault line july 9th division ordered launch counter attack plan 48th ordered traverse coastline capture ridge north station commencing attack shortly dawn july initial artillery bombardment disrupted italian troops main objective attack captured italians taken prisoner 48th advanced south captured station successfully defended number axis counter attacks july battalion ordered capture west_point ridge held heavily entrenched axis forces initial success 48th came heavy artillery mortar fire forced withdraw having suffered casualties actions attack private awarded battalion victoria_cross captured machine gun post gun crew firing company went capture second post killed taking total 48th suffered casualties period july october men killed dying wounds wounded august lieutenant general took command succeeded preventing axis advance montgomery began preparing allied offensive axis forces second battle started october finished november axis forces withdrawing westwards avoid 48th battalion engaged right allied line near coast period 20th 26th brigades pushed westwards endured numerous germans sought regain control strategically important coast road end month battalion heavily depleted having started nearly men line week fighting battalion field fit men result rotated line final german counterattack repulsed allowing allies launch final breakout phase operation actions offensive members 48th awarded battalion second awarded actions week period charged axis positions subsequently killed attacking enemy position grenades october private earned battalion october area platoon reduced seven men enemy fire charged nearest enemy position killed occupants destroyed post grenades proceeding position killed overall 48th suffered casualties period october november men killed dying wounds wounded losses resulted battalion withdrawn line battle reached climax early november allies went advance battalion moved time slowly rebuilt men wounded returned unit replaced reinforcements process continue new year helping secure victory 9th division moved palestine december previous october australian government sought bring division australia order use japanese pacific 6th 7th divisions withdrawn year december british prime minister winston_churchill finally agreed provide necessary shipping following divisional parade 48th battalion embarked january fighting new_guinea convoy carrying battalion mid february small number western australian personnel disembarked begin home leave rest battalion continued moving adelaide rail late march south australian personnel completed leave battalion constituted time series held australian capital city welcome home 48th marched adelaide 48th transported queensland established camp near april battalion organised trained jungle operations south west pacific theatre order prepare conditions new_guinea undertaking training battalion converted tropical establishment warfare pacific posed unique problems differed greatly 48th experienced north_africa new_guinea logistics transport significant challenges order meet battalion size reduced men anti aircraft carrier disbanded battalion rifle companies lost organic motor transport mobility issue solved marching foot vehicles relatively useless dense jungle supplies brought native carriers air july battalion moved undertook amphibious training american engineer boat final preparations committed fighting new_guinea sailing aboard henry allen arriving new_guinea early august 48th established camp bay undertook amphibious training taking landing september final phase campaign large scale amphibious landing conducted australian forces landings gallipoli battalion rest 26th brigade landed miles north west subsequently advanced westwards september captured following fall 7th division advanced assault september allies launched follow campaign peninsula initially brigade committed operation 48th battalion remained 26th brigade transported sea late october order reinforce 20th brigade landed month previous effort follow troops withdrawing coming heavy japanese counterattack time battalion took attempted landing japanese launched australian japanese defeated late october australian attention turned site abandoned lutheran mission newly arrived 26th brigade chosen lead assault division brigades main advance began november battalion took preliminary attack previous day order secure start line advance pushing north west company tanks 48th began drive difficult terrain japanese defence advance slow progress november captured battalion reached southern slopes feature yards summit november 48th company carried surprise attack position south east crossing creek company stepped shortly hours reached base steep cliff began assault summit held machine gun fire grenades japanese position finding impossible hill gradient degrees attack appeared danger failure light began fade ammunition ran low actions company platoon commanders attack laying sections provide covering fire went forward armed rifle quantity grenades attacking japanese positions went end accounted posts attack halted yards summit night company edge plateau mission situated fresh supplies brought rear attack resumed hours day supported heavy artillery mortar fire 48th ridge found position japanese having abandoned previous night actions previous day given honour raising australian flag mission later awarded victoria_cross battalion fourth distinguished conduct medal received actions fighting later sent officer training unit commissioned returned battalion lieutenant departure usual army policy result intensive lobbying behalf following capture 48th continued advance north rest 26th brigade pushing difficult terrain arrived december following japanese began fall retreat battalion involvement combat operations peninsula came end troops arrived relieve january battalion camped withdrawn camping february 48th withdrawn australia sailing aboard ship battalion landed brisbane february camp personnel marched long period home leave time new_guinea battalion suffered casualties killed died wounds died illness wounded landing battalion began reforming near april time composition units 9th division underwent significant changes men discharged medical reasons transferred units young replacements brought battalion original members struck sickness fighting new_guinea long period training followed battalion undertook number exercises including amphibious operations british royal marines finally following year training australia battalion committed final deployment war moving april order landing embarking battalion transported ships battalion arrived later month battalion undertook series manoeuvres exercising armour night prepare coming campaign april battalion embarked practicing beach landings week setting sail objective entire group assigned task capturing destroying japanese garrison assault began embarking 48th wave attack leading brigade hours landing left flank miles town western island 23rd right preliminary bombardment successful battalion came ashore largely unopposed allowing landing craft close shore pushing inland 48th secured primary objectives hours right forward company took sporadic fire secured oil tanks battalion left hand company able capture bridge high feature overlooking landing beach meeting resistance advancing inland japanese fired right forward company secured abandoned defenders company sent secure ridge hours western end ridge secured battalion began taking fire east forward momentum maintained 48th suffered number casualties end day yard yard established battalion companies collins highway ridge parks feature course couple days japanese resistance australian advance increased australians secured island airfield low ground west coast june significant engagements took place hills surrounding town 48th captured pressing hill assaulted feature supported tanks 9th armoured regiment experienced heaviest losses campaign losing killed wounded assaults steep slopes feature major engagement came late 48th took fighting drive main japanese position company level attack stiff resistance ridge captured following morning battalion waited japanese counterattack played key role capturing position previous day mortally wounded subsequently died june major combat operations island ceased australians began phase campaign australians sought clear isolated pockets japanese troops evaded capture operations continued july time 48th assigned sector near eastern coast town centre island battalion involvement borneo campaign resulted casualties including killed died wounds accident disbandment following end hostilities august battalion remained undertake garrison duties time undertook patrol operations bring pockets japanese troops learned surrender dangerous operations effort reduce casualties patrols went japanese prisoners help talk comrades surrendering process began numbers long serving men repatriated australia limited service transferred units service finally october battalion disbanded occasion marked small ceremony involving unit remaining members course war total men served 48th battalion men killed action died active service wounded captured according australian war memorial 48th battalion australia highest decorated unit second world war members battalion received victoria_cross posthumously decorations awarded members 48th included distinguished service orders military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches commanding officers following officers commanded 48th battalion war lieutenant colonel august january lieutenant colonel january june lieutenant colonel july august battle honours 48th battalion awarded battle honours service war north_africa defence line tell south west pacific borneo | 2/48th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
18232_1stSplitPartisanDetachment | 1st split partisan detachment 1st split partisan detachment 1st split detachment short lived unit yugoslav partisans world war composed volunteers city split created august months axis occupation yugoslavia annexation split unit composed young men little fighting experience planned relocate mountains join partisan units fighting axis powers initial organizational problems weakened detachment reached area near village engaged backed italian reinforcements day fighting death commanders members detachment began retreat end partisans suffered killed action taken prisoner managed escape prisoners later executed firing squad split detachment reformed fighters 3rd background axis powers began invasion april days later puppet state known croatia declared encompassing modern day croatia parts modern day serbia accordance treaties rome signed leadership large croatian coastline islands including cities split incorporated low morale yugoslav troops split advance resulted number paramilitary formations disarmed soldiers april organized military formations remaining split large number police switched allegiance split control new government authorities citizens deemed political enemies april members yugoslavia broke number weapons depots stealing dozens rifles machine guns ammunition hand grenades evening april troops entered split signifying start occupation april civil control split passed italian authorities followed raising italian flag city italy signed treaties rome confirming italian rule including split history formation august arrived split instructions communist_party croatia discuss forming partisan detachments fight axis meeting members agreed new detachments operate mountains fighters rely support population field regions partisan formations planned plan meant detachments formed relocated mountains relocation meant crossing rough terrain population support partisans despite difficulties decided days form seven detachments including split according initial plan night august outside town collect weapons captured april link detachment continue travel meet detachment august meeting communist_party members held field house split ask volunteers join detachment formed august consisted members organized detachment departed split day command accompanied overall command partisan detachments ambush aftermath plan went 2nd platoon got lost missed rendezvous 1st 3rd platoon waiting near 2nd platoon disbanded rest detachment continued meet guides arrived night august realizing guides decided continue got lost ran supplies night dawn august detachment camped near village evening continued dawn august camped near village near tasked fighters village ask locals water directions talking locals fighters fired member village returned fire continued camp notified incident finished report detachment fired called help italian reinforcements arrived began detachment engaging mortars light artillery outnumbered facing enemy greater firepower partisans planned hold positions evening retreat cover darkness experienced members detachment killed hit mortar round significant effect morale remaining fighters issued order retreat turned chaos individuals fled area partisans died fighting shot capture captured taken prisoner managed escape captured moved prisoners beaten death rest placed trial special court sent prisoners acquitted remaining taken near executed firing squad according yugoslav historian split detachment active time italian armistice september consisted detachment staff fighters forming 3rd commemoration war public school named 1st split partisan detachment commemorated metres feet inches tall monument designed erected captured members detachment executed monument destroyed explosion august croatian war independence renovated financial aid owners split football club members detachment played club war monument dedicated detachment placed street split july monument unknown perpetrators spray painted symbols initials second time monument damaged movie detachment entitled directed released august mayor announced propose split city council street neighbourhood detachment initiative met opposition district leaders stated people living different political orientation action croatian war independence values initiative met opposition members council accused history detachment partisan members didn die partisan insignia council member explained existence street named detachment word partisan members anti fascist dissatisfied proposal intended minor street edge city faced opposition withdrew proposal council meeting august explaining couldn allow arguments surrounding street names | 1st Split Partisan Detachment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
18287_No.8ServiceFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | service flying training school raaf service flying training school flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf operated world war formed december graduated course march responsible intermediate advanced instruction pilots empire air training scheme eats school based queensland operated aircraft spawned maritime patrol squadrons early raised response increased japanese submarine activity australia east coast school aircraft attached australian_army completed final training course december disbanded july history raaf training expanded dramatically following outbreak world war response australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war flight training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools turned new flight instructors provided basic training prospective pilots successful instruction operational service flying course typically consisted streams intermediate advanced included techniques instrument flying night flying advanced formation flying dive bombing aerial gunnery total duration training varied war demand rose fell initially running weeks course cut weeks included hours flying time october year later raised weeks including hours flying time weeks months later continued increase peaking weeks june service flying training school formed queensland december control inaugural commanding officer wing commander new school reported cost establish joined elementary flying training school based temporarily received aircraft january released units month transferred permanent home standard intake pilots month initial course students graduated march july year total number aircraft operated school increased flying accidents commonplace training establishments exception collisions crash landings surrounding cane fields runway regular occurrences aircraft damaged month early school fatality drowning staff called assist victims local flooding february died attempted rescue june crashed sea near pilot crew reported missing believed killed lost apparently went sea october february crashed night flying exercise killing pilots school suffered ground fatality april mechanic walked spinning propeller pilots killed ground december following apparent structural failure outbreak pacific war december led aircraft classified second line reserve aircraft defence australia following directions issued reserve squadron raised resources allocated assigned squadron crashed june running fuel bad weather night killing pilot crew members response japanese submarine activity australia east coast federal government formally established raaf maritime patrol units half personnel aircraft squadron formed separate entity flying school january maintaining detachments queensland richmond later new_south_wales squadron formed squadrons undertook anti submarine convoy escort search rescue army naval cooperation duties japanese submarine activity end staff aircraft squadron judged needed training purposes unit disbanded january assets divided operational training unit victoria squadron squadron disbanded august harbour flying school graduates august went chief air staff passing parade delayed month evans later discovered british government decided april longer required graduates australia leaving raaf surplus training winding october civil operator began flights following month school detached australian_army carrying exercises march course graduate december pilots instruction transferred service flying training school raaf station south_australia finish course school spent months preparing base handed elements disbanding july | No. 8 Service Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
18651_7thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army today exists unique man headquarters based overseeing units 7th historic forces active division activated december world war based fort california history elements division saw brief active service world war best known participation pacific_ocean theater world war took heavy casualties engaging okinawa following japanese surrender division stationed japan korea outbreak korean war units action took advance north chinese forces counter attacked overwhelmed scattered division 7th later fight 7th defended main garrison camp south_korea occupation duties division saw complete reorganization compliance plan division headquarters company grew 1st brigade 13th reactivated reactivated division received distinctive unit insignia alluded history korean war april division returned united_states fort lewis washington october 7th reactivated garrison late 1980s briefly saw action overseas operation golden honduras panama early 1990s provided domestic support civil authorities los_angeles riots division final role training evaluation unit brigades undertook april announced 7th headquarters reactivated administrative unit october december announced headquarters unit response increasing demands readily available high level leadership drawn divisional headquarters history world war created world war activated december 7th division regular army camp georgia month later prepared deploy europe brigades assigned division 14th division sailed europe aboard western 7th action divisional strength infantry reconnaissance elements engage german forces october came shell fire later saint came chemical attack elements 7th near capturing positions driving german forces region time division received shoulder sleeve insignia early november 7th began preparing assault line division launched reconnaissance force plain main assault conducted hostilities ended november signing armistice days line 7th division suffered casualties including killed action wounded action awarded campaign division served occupation duties began preparations return continental united_states 7th division arrived home late gradually maryland september world war july 7th division reactivated camp california command major general 12th 13th brigades army wide elimination brigade commands divisions division instead centered infantry regiments 17th 32nd infantry regiment 53rd infantry regiment assigned division 31st 48th 49th 57th field 7th 7th 7th 13th 7th 7th counter intelligence detachment troops division selective service soldiers army peacetime military draft assigned fourth united states army transferred washington august participate tactical maneuvers following training division moved california located japanese attack pearl harbor caused united_states declare war formation proceeded immediately california arriving december help protect west coast civilian fears invasion 53rd infantry regiment removed 7th division replaced newly deployed early parts war division participated mainly construction training roles subordinate units practiced boat loading wharf amphibious assault techniques california april division formally redesignated 7th transferred camp san april months later divisional training commenced preparation planned deployment african theater designated 7th infantry division january equipment removed unit light infantry division army eliminated division concept fearing difficult troops longer needed north_africa began rigorous amphibious assault training marines deployed fight pacific theater instead africa general oversaw unit training elements 7th infantry division saw combat amphibious assault western japanese islands chain elements landed spearheaded 17th infantry regiment initial landings unopposed japanese forces mounted day fought intense battle strong japanese resistance division hampered inexperience poor weather terrain conditions eventually able coordinate effective attack fight island culminated battle harbor division destroyed japanese resistance island japanese bayonet charge fight war soldiers division killed killing japanese taking prisoners american forces secured island chain ordered stay island took place 7th division infantry regiment remained division end war stayed island time longer returning united_states remained end war american forces began preparing nearby island termed final fight islands campaign august elements 7th took amphibious assault brigade 6th find island deserted japanese later discovered japanese withdrawn soldier garrison night july cover fog campaign division moved hawaii trained new amphibious assault techniques island returning barracks brief leave reassigned marine_corps command division left pearl harbor january offensive japanese territory january division landed islands conjunction 4th marine division code named 7th division landed namesake island 4th forces struck outlying islands division landfall western beaches island february advanced halfway island nightfall day reached eastern shore hours february having island japanese victory control islands suffered killed wounded february division departed returned barracks elements took capture february code named operation speed success attack attack undertaken months ahead schedule week fighting division secured islands division returned hawaii continue training june general president personally reviewed division left hawaii october heading include filipino troops aided japanese time command sixth united_states_army october division assault landing initially encountering light resistance following defeat sea october japanese launched large heavy fighting secured 17th infantry secured 32nd infantry took 17th infantry troops moved north october intense jungle warfare produced high casualties division shifted west coast november attacked north securing december amphibious landing effected capture december joined occupation city engaged 26th holding advance 7th division attack successful allowing japanese forces proved difficult drive area operations secure continued early february afterward division began training invasion island chain march relieved military went attack okinawa division reassigned newly formed command began preparations assault okinawa battle okinawa began april day 7th participated assault landing south okinawa alongside 1st 6th divisions spearheaded assault eventually land men ashore 7th division quickly moved taking airfield drove west east coast island day division moved south encountering stiff resistance fortifications days later japanese moved tanks artillery heavy weapons away beaches region eventually destroyed defenses day battle hills southern okinawa complicated harsh weather terrain operation division bombarded tens thousands rounds field artillery fire encountering japanese armed spears continued fight island japanese fought irregular warfare techniques relying hidden cave systems small unit delay advancing fight division began capturing large numbers japanese prisoners time war low morale high casualties poor equipment fought continuous days secure areas division secured hill fighting moved securing week battle days continuous fighting sent reserve having suffered heavy casualties secured conical hill returned line pushed positions southern hills japanese resistance heaviest placed extreme left flank taking peninsula series japanese despite heavy japanese resistance prolonged bad weather division continued advance june battle ended having seen days combat island surrendering troops secured day battle okinawa soldiers 7th killed japanese soldiers took prisoners balanced 7th division suffered killed wounded total battle casualties days combat division slated participate operation downfall united_states_army plans scrapped japanese surrendered following use nuclear weapons hiroshima nagasaki world war soldiers 7th awarded medals honor distinguished service crosses distinguished service medal soldier medals division received campaign philippine presidential unit citation war medals honor awarded occupation japan days day division moved korea accept surrender south_korea war division served occupation force korea japan seven thousand members unit returned united_states reassigned cutting division half combat strength replace 31st infantry regiment assigned division remained occupation duty korea patrolling 38th parallel reassigned occupation duty japan charge northern time army underwent drastic reduction size end world war contained divisions active divisions force divisions occupation duty japan alongside control korean war outbreak korean war 7th commander major general assembled division camp near division depleted post war shortages men equipment depleted sent large numbers reinforcements strengthen sent combat south_korea july division reduced men half wartime strength ranks division assigned poorly trained korean soldiers division addition priority reinforcements division eventually increased entered combat fighting war members successive sent emperor forces division paired 1st participate code named divisions supported reserve supported ships navy began landing september catching surprise began landing september 1st securing right flank quickly advanced seoul 1st marine division attacked defenders city north southwest 7th 32nd infantry regiment attacked southeast 31st infantry followed seoul fell americans suffering moderate casualties particularly marines division began advancing south cut north korean supply routes 32nd infantry crossed september create day division advanced miles south seoul linked radio attack nearby north korean forces caused soldiers briefly engaged small arms unable communicate seoul liberated day later help air assets combined forces cut captured retreating north korean troops corps kept separate rest avoid placing burden logistical system withdrew ports plan conduct amphibious assault north_korea entire battle seoul cost division killed wounded missing american soldiers killed wounded south korean soldiers mid october north korean army completely destroyed president ordered general advance units korea quickly possible end war participated second amphibious assault east coast north_korea landing october october landing delayed presence mines time arrived south korean forces occupying ports division advanced china north_korea border northernmost advances soldiers war followed november 17th infantry reached bank river advance went quickly south korean troops marines able advance quickly division halted advance november units south korean corps caught supply lines established time 7th division regiments spread line 31st infantry regiment remained reservoir 1st 32nd 17th infantry regiments northeast closer time division served new type unit chinese intervention november chinese forces entered war united_nations advancing border attacking south korean corps west east found attack 20th 26th 27th chinese field armies commanding total divisions furious action followed spread regiments unable resist overwhelming chinese forces division infantry battalions attacked sides day 32nd infantry nicknamed task force faith trapped battalions chinese infantry divisions 27th field army subsequent battalions destroyed overwhelming chinese forces suffering casualties 31st infantry suffered heavy casualties trying fight chinese forces north 17th infantry spared heavy attack retreating korean coastline range offensive time ordered retreat save 17th infantry regiment suffered percent casualties scattered elements division saw repeated attacks attempted withdrawal port december attacks cost division killed fully evacuated division suffered killed wounded retreat dead members task force faith division returned lines early spearheaded 17th infantry suffered fewest casualties chinese offensive division elements advanced south_korea blocking enemy northwest division reached strength saw action effort push north korean chinese forces 38th parallel away seoul engaged series successful limited objective attacks early weeks february series small unit attacks sides continue slowly advancing clearing enemy positions april april entire eighth army advancing north line stretching peninsula reaching 38th parallel division assigned assaulted fought fierce day battle culminating recapture terrain lost near 38th parallel north_korea capturing town bordering reservoir cut thousands enemy troops division fought lines june assigned reserve brief rest stalemate division returned lines october assignment reserve moved sector recently vacated supported new deployment division fought area staging grounds korean chinese armies remained static region february sent reserve relieved year saw 7th division engaged extended campaign nearby land 7th division continued defend line missouri september known forces meaningful gains time launched early morning hours october 31st infantry head attack target assault triangle hill complex northeast remained area end october relieved highly praised commanders fight division continued patrol activity old digging tunnels building network outposts hill april began stepping offensive operations forces chinese divisions overran infantry artillery fire hill control 31st infantry 31st reinforcements 17th infantry recaptured area day july north chinese launched determined attack resulting days fierce fighting meaningful results end july infantry battalions 31st 17th defending hill chinese division position attack ordered retreat hill preparation armistice end major hostilities korean war division saw total days combat suffering casualties including killed action wounded years division remained defensive duty 38th parallel command thirteen members division received medal honor actions korean war cold war 7th defended main garrison camp south_korea occupation duties division saw complete reorganization compliance plan division headquarters company grew 1st brigade 13th reactivated reactivated division received distinctive unit insignia alluded history korean war april division returned united_states fort lewis washington october 7th reactivated garrison unit action vietnam post war era tasked close watch south american developments trained fort fort hunter october division redesignated organized light infantry division division specially designed battalions 31st 32nd regiments moved division replaced battalions regiments including battalions 21st infantry regiment 27th infantry regiment 27th 9th infantry regiments participated operation golden honduras 7th participated panama briefly occupying country conjunction elements 7th landed northern areas panama securing solo naval station france field airborne marines fought heavily populated southern region control quickly deployed left city control 7th capture suffered killed wounded operation recommended closing fort escalating cost living central california coastline closed 7th subsequently relocated washington elements division including 2nd brigade participated final mission united_states called operation garden plot division soldiers patrolled streets los_angeles act crowd control supported preventing riots escalating violence force troops called city division slated post cold war army 1st brigade relocated later 2nd brigade 2nd 2nd brigade 7th fort division headquarters formally june fort lewis organization headquarters headquarters company 7th 9th infantry regiment 3rd battalion 9th infantry regiment 4th battalion 9th infantry regiment headquarters 21st infantry regiment 2nd battalion 27th infantry regiment 3rd battalion 27th infantry regiment headquarters 17th infantry regiment 4th battalion 17th infantry regiment headquarters 6th field towed artillery regiment 6th battalion 8th field artillery regiment 5th battalion 15th field towed corps unit attached 7th 62nd air defense artillery regiment 13th 7th military police company national_guard training command fort end cold war army considered new options integration organization active duty units training deployment division headquarters activated active duty component training national_guard units 24th headquarters selected subordinate brigades divisions activate deployed divisions active duty status allow headquarters focus national guard units time headquarters company formally reactivated june fort colorado active component reserve component division reserve formations included 39th fort new headquarters division division headquarters provided training assistance preparation small scale national_guard operations leadership training national_guard commanders annual summer training brigades commitment 7th headquarters deploy command element serve higher headquarters large scale training field exercises evaluating coordinating units trained conduct quarterly status checks brigades discuss readiness resource issues affecting units ensuring peak performance needed expand concept reserve component national_guard components army activated commands responsible training reserve units readiness exercises division west activated fort transformation overall restructuring army organizations overseeing training took control reserve units states west mississippi_river eliminating need 7th headquarters subsequently time august fort division identified highest priority inactive division scheme based age campaign participation credit unit decorations division flags items moved fort georgia following decide activate divisions future center likely suggest new division second 24th fourth fifth proved correct activation 7th infantry division headquarters administrative headquarters april secretary army announced 7th headquarters reactivated october headquarters element activate subordinate brigades instead filled administrative role non unit announcement noted base home corps directly overseen subordinate brigades base bases similar corps headquarters active division commands intermediate oversight unit oversees 2nd combat teams 2nd 17th 16th personnel mission headquarters primarily focuses making sure soldiers properly trained equipped order discipline maintained subordinate brigades announcement denied response high profile misconduct allegations leveled soldiers base afghanistan war murders massacre major general army chief public affairs tapped lead division activated base october commanding general corps structure based fort lewis washington based fort lewis 1st squadron 20th infantry regiment 23rd infantry regiment 37th field 23rd brigade engineer battalion brigade support battalion based fort lewis 8th squadron 17th infantry regiment 23rd infantry regiment 17th field 14th brigade based fort lewis headquarters company 16th headquarters company 4th squadron 1st aviation regiment assault 52nd aviation regiment general support based alaska support united_states_army alaska 46th aviation support battalion 17th field 26th field artillery regiment target acquisition field mortar attached battalion 31st operational control operational control headquarters company military intelligence battalion military intelligence battalion 63rd network support company forward support company associate unit armored brigade combat team honors awarded campaign world war campaign unit decorations world war campaign unit decorations korean war total campaign unit decorations operational history unit decorations campaign | 7th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
18961_InterimCommittee | secret high level group created united_states secretary war urging leaders manhattan_project approval president advise matters pertaining nuclear energy composed prominent political scientific industrial figures broad terms reference included advising president wartime controls release information making recommendations post war controls policies related nuclear energy including legislation duty advise manner nuclear weapons employed japan later advised legislation control regulation nuclear energy named interim anticipation permanent body later replace war development nuclear technology placed firmly civilian control enacted serve function composition chairman members senator soon secretary state president personal representative secretary navy assistant secretary state director president chief president chairman president harvard_university assistant president harrison chaired committee absent president personal representative probably influential member held meeting began outlining broad terms reference included advising president wartime controls release information making recommendations post war controls policies related nuclear energy including legislation specifically charged making recommendations military use nuclear weapons composition committee close relationship wartime use nuclear weapons post war policies inevitably led involvement decision use atomic bombs immediate committee tasks focus subsequent controversy recommendations concerning use atomic bomb japan committee consensus arrived meeting held june described follows meeting log recommended committee agreed secretary war advised recognizing final selection target essentially military decision present view committee bomb japan soon possible war plant surrounded workers homes prior warning member later decision memorandum laid case warning japan bomb arriving conclusion committee advised scientific panel manhattan_project university_of_chicago directed bomb assembly program reinforcing decision arrived june scientists wrote formal report june opinions scientific colleagues initial use weapons unanimous range proposal purely technical demonstration military application best designed induce surrender advocate purely technical demonstration wish outlaw use atomic weapons feared use weapons position future negotiations emphasize opportunity saving american lives immediate military use believe use improve international prospects concerned prevention war elimination specific weapon find closer views propose technical demonstration likely bring end war acceptable alternative direct military use committee recommendation addressed went directly june meeting brief reportedly concurred committee opinion reviewing report june committee reaffirmed position weapon japan earliest opportunity warning dual target military installation war plant surrounded adjacent homes buildings susceptible damage press releases given responsibility preparation separate prepared statements president secretary war released nuclear weapons job drafting given submitted review turn passed meeting july considered adopted set british suggestions final draft president speech handed conference august following dropping atomic bomb japanese city hiroshima august read press release declared bomb added new revolutionary increase destruction supplement growing power armed forces present form bombs production powerful forms development atomic bomb basic power universe force sun draws power brought war far_east post war legislation july formed bush produced proposal legislation control nuclear energy submitted proposals meeting july harrison brought experienced lawyers job drafting legislation draft bill created man commission consisting civilian military members granted commission broad powers acquire property operate facilities conduct research regulate forms nuclear energy bill reviewed july meeting revised line suggestions bill president august met september discuss legislative strategy bill introduced united_states congress chairman ranking member senator october known johnson bill johnson bill soon ran difficulties discharged november met time december discuss amendments johnson bill december senator introduced alternative senate bill atomic energy quickly known mcmahon bill initially liberal bill control scientific research broadly supported scientists mcmahon framed controversy question military versus civilian control atomic energy johnson bill provided civilian control atomic energy major revisions mcmahon bill order conservative elements senate resulting bill passed senate house major modifications august signed mcmahon bill law atomic energy act | Interim Committee | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19130_6thAirlandingBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom 6th brigade airborne infantry brigade british_army second world war created brigade composed infantry battalions supporting units assigned alongside normandy landings june brigade took operation holding southern flank august rest took advance withdrawn england september brigade returned mainland europe counter surprise german offensive better known battle final airborne mission war march assault crossing rhine advanced germany reaching baltic_sea end war brigade withdrawn germany end sent rest palestine provide internal security following arrival 1st 6th longer needed returned normal infantry duties renamed 31st background impressed success german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating force parachute troops result june commando assumed parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing later 1st june formed airfield near manchester tasked primarily training parachute troops directed investigate use transport troops battle time contracted general aircraft ltd design produce purpose result aircraft capable transporting soldiers assault training purposes success british airborne raid prompted expand airborne force creation develop plans convert infantry battalions parachute battalions joint army raf memorandum approved winston_churchill recommended british airborne forces consist parachute brigades based england middle_east force men created formation april gave permission raise second airborne division division comprised 3rd 5th 6th giving parachute brigades standard british complement airborne division appointed brigade commanding officer command experienced battalions transferred 1st brigade 2nd battalion 2nd royal rifles 1st joined unit newly transferred airborne forces 12th 12th hostilities unit formed war brigade infantry battalion units assigned time 53rd light regiment field ambulance brigade important airborne division strength equal parachute brigades combined particular infantry battalions heavily armed british_army battalion establishment men serving rifle companies support headquarters company rifle company sub divided support company anti tank pounder guns mortar inch mortars vickers machine gun guns platoon headquarters company signals assault pioneer transport administration air transport brigade normally piloted soldiers wingspan feet length feet maximum load capacity pounds space pilots maximum troops pounder gun trailer required general transport battalion action carried battalion support mortar machine gun end war 12th formed war disbanded replaced brigadier appointed command brigade service palestine 6th integral disbanded assigned 6th surplus division requirements april brigade ceased british airborne forces renumbered 31st operational history june december 6th prepared operations trained level section division day night airborne soldiers expected fight superior numbers enemy equipped artillery tanks training designed encourage spirit self discipline self reliance emphasis given physical fitness large training consisted assault courses route marching military exercises included capturing holding airborne road rail bridges coastal fortifications end exercises troops march barracks usually distance miles ability cover long distances speed expected airborne required cover distance miles hours battalions miles april command brigade took day exercise counties gloucestershire wiltshire entire 6th landed air unknown troops involved exercise scale rehearsal division involvement imminent invasion normandy invasion division parachute brigades land early hours june brigade arrive dusk day objective secure left flank invasion area rivers normandy allied units land normandy company 2nd commanded major company attached 5th carried coup main assault bridges crossing canal hours later 6th main air assault began included operation brigade 6th reconnaissance regiment batteries combined force crossed arriving landing zones june carrying brigade headed separated landing areas east landing zone north landing contained remaining men 2nd company landed given limited availability aircraft remainder battalion divisional troops transported sea arriving june brigade headquarters 1st landed range german defenders troops subjected light machine gun mortar fire lost man killed sniper battalion commanding officers ordering 2nd capture village miles south 1st capture miles south west june 2nd reached finding village left company defend rest battalion headed arrived village having confronted sniper fire germans assembling heights overlooking village attacked fighting close quarters house house battalion forced withdraw battle cost casualties including commanding officer 1st position carry left flanking attack village clear germans pressed villages battalion engaged german mortar artillery assault gun fire suffered casualties companies managed reach artillery fire support radio contact battalion headquarters forced withdraw time 12th arrived divisional area landing beaches ordered defence 12th positioned brigade line directly attacked june subjected constant artillery bombardment june 2nd sent company confirm held germans finding occupied infantry armour support withdrew battalion attacked aircraft brigade position bombarded german artillery mortar fire followed infantry tank assault supported division anti tank guns artillery battalion stopped attack yards lines attack germans withdrew having lost tanks armoured cars self propelled guns time german tanks infantry attacked 12th advanced yards battalion positions airborne artillery regiment busy assisting 2nd artillery break attack activity days limited skirmishes patrol activity night june brigade relieved units 51st brigade area 5th 1st remained defensive position mid august conducting patrols hold germans attention advance august 6th airborne division ordered prepare offensive objective mouth division began advance germans retreated france following defeat battle 6th commanded brigadier 1st command form left flank division advance moving french coast remainder division advanced inland 6th advance started august axes 12th left 2nd right 1st reserve 12th fight german rearguard 1st took advance left reached meeting resistance brigade group moved area east august 12th leading advanced occupying august attempts cross repulsed force estimated men german position 2nd crossed river august keeping pressure retreating germans august captured germans retained control bridge outside high ground 2nd attacked captured bridge intact taken dusk cost casualties day august battalion captured river germans destroyed bridge earlier day 1st captured sur august division ordered concentrate area days fighting 6th advanced miles despite divisional commander major general infantry units equipped rapid pursuit division captured square miles km2 territory taken german soldiers prisoner landing june division casualties killed wounded missing 6th suffered men killed campaign division withdrawn france embarked england beginning september england brigade went period recruitment training concentrating house house street fighting bombed areas southampton birmingham training programme culminated exercise eve assault river_thames intended simulate germany december brigade preparing christmas leave news german offensive broke available component strategic reserve allied forces northwest europe divisions available reserve american northern france sent sea belgium assist defence german allied divisions involved battle largest single battle western war christmas day division moved position german advance boxing day reached allocated places defensive line left right brigade reserve days german advance halted forced end january brigade crossed netherlands division responsible area brigade carried patrols sides river opponents near end february division returned england prepare airborne mission cross germany rhine allied airborne landings surprise germans rhine crossing expected defences reinforced anticipation airborne operation preceded day round clock bombing mission allied air forces march artillery guns targeted german positions dusk assault river crossing rhine began assigned alongside 17th 6th commanded given objectives operation 2nd landing north secure bridges 1st main road bridge river objective 12th capture town normandy division parachute brigades ground 6th started landing march german defenders alerted met concentrated anti aircraft barrage caused brigade cent casualties men cent equipment 2nd 1st captured objectives 12th landed german armoured formation managed gather men begin attack secured town midnight 2nd attacked force tanks infantry battalion positions eastern road bridge overrun recaptured counter attack attack hours later danger capturing bridge ordered blown german infantry attempted infiltrate brigade positions night german armour detected approaching brigade called close air support fighter bombers destroyed tanks main road bridge held 1st attacked infantry tanks attack failed tanks destroyed division anti tank guns later day infantry 15th supported tanks advanced divisional area took brigade position time division ordered prepare advance eastwards dawn march germany march brigade advanced germany 1st 12th leading opposition german rearguard actions reached evening following day crossed dawn april unopposed artillery fire later day resistance reached april brigade moving forward fast possible supported 4th armoured battalion guards 6th reached april following days captured reached river expecting defended force division attacked trying catch defenders unaware attack successful river crossed bridge left intact retreating germans afternoon leading troops reached contact leading men advancing east later day brigade reached baltic_sea remained news received german surrender post war end division pulled germany returned england initially intended send india form airborne corps 44th division advance party formed 5th arrived india following japanese surrender plans changed post war british_army needed airborne division 6th airborne chosen remain strength reinforced 2nd division sent middle_east october brigade arrived port moved short period 6th deployed region brigade headquarters airfield time based came brigade command incident brigade area october parties armed jews planted explosives rail lines killed wounded exploded following attacks stations believed members night november brigade carried operations search settlements responsible march brigade relocated jerusalem preparation leaving division april 1st assigned division arrived palestine arrival formation surplus requirements april brigade renumbered 31st longer british airborne forces order battle commanders brigadier hugh brigadier brigadier hugh brigadier units assigned 1st battalion royal rifles 12th battalion regiment 1st battalion 53rd light regiment royal artillery airborne field company royal engineers field ambulance attached 1st | 6th Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
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