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16217_McConnellIsland | island washington united_states located mile southwest end island private reserve portion currently nature preserve geography island land area acres southern island rocky elevated northern covered maple western trees largest group includes history island originally known named fourteen members crew shared surname later acquired claimed rights purchased end world war professor chemical warfare researcher later namesake thompson financed purchase island sale valuable stamp collection later built home native stone remote island thompson entertain friends guests nearby friday summer received visitors acres portion island transferred private conservation organization nature preserve known thompson preserve includes feet protected shoreline original home rest island remains private ownership | McConnell Island | Geography and places | Places | North America |
16230_MilwaukeeAvenueHistoricDistrict | milwaukee avenue historic district milwaukee avenue historic district historic district minneapolis minnesota neighborhood district comprises city blocks small homes quarter sized lots houses built minneapolis real estate built lower income residents houses deteriorated condition end world war 1970s planned demolition group residents concerned citizens fought save houses eventually leading inclusion national_register_of_historic_places federal protection rehabilitation comes designation today houses sit pedestrian friendly mall motor traffic prohibited early history late 19th century population minneapolis growing rapidly increasing percent number people moving city lower cost housing needed immigrants new minnesota street originally alley 22nd 23rd developed street labeled avenue houses situated close narrow lots narrow yards yards gives impression houses built brick timber frames uniform sized roof slopes modified flat arch windows open street kept asked change street woodland avenue said feel like lived alley unknown reason street changed woodland avenue milwaukee avenue avenue proximity milwaukee short line railroad suggested cause deterioration restoration time world war houses milwaukee avenue falling disrepair neglected great depression wartime presented plan neighborhood listed houses milwaukee avenue deteriorated condition meaning indoor severely battered neighborhoods city renewed areas public hearings residents neighborhoods low income milwaukee avenue case residents medium income seasoned protesters protested vietnam war planned milwaukee avenue houses funds program residents milwaukee avenue surrounding neighborhood formed order try save milwaukee avenue homes argued houses significant historic value needed preserved city argued houses legally cost building new houses city plan area took response secretly submitted application national_register_of_historic_places milwaukee avenue district approved secretary interior rogers meant city alter destroy houses federal funds public hearing milwaukee avenue houses destroyed conditions tenth moved spaces houses stood built style original houses rest houses got indoor new improved added additionally pedestrian mall built center milwaukee avenue replace way street avenue bike pedestrian friendly cars prohibited milwaukee avenue today milwaukee avenue stands today celebrate 30th anniversary milwaukee avenue rehabilitation self guided walking tours houses offered public houses featured local cbs station finding minnesota series minute video segment avenue featured interviews resident milwaukee avenue activist led fight save milwaukee avenue | Milwaukee Avenue Historic District | Geography and places | Places | North America |
16432_Harrisburg,Illinois | illinois city county seat illinois united_states located miles southwest indiana miles southeast missouri population surrounding population including city residents included illinois indiana kentucky tri state area principal city statistical area combined population located concurrency route illinois route known gateway known ohio river flood old known prohibition era gangster tornado cairo city leading coal mining distribution american midwest peak population reached early 1930s city largest downtown districts city 20th populated city illinois outside populous city outside city seen economic decline decreased demand high coal removal railroad tributary leaving area city unfit growth flood risks historical perspective pioneer native beginning recorded american history area inhabited tribes including lived dense inland forests prior arrival white settlers tribe driven aggressive european settlement illinois began french reached peak mainly mississippi_river english speaking settlers arrived french came merchants missionaries farming need trade result benefited settlers native americans american migration followed treaties resulted land distributed english law ignoring previous indigenous rights ensued caused hard feelings indians settlers moved interior migration routes indians allied british resist trade americans important reason native americans remained largely peaceful town miles south junction trail pioneer trade routes state prior war population today lived protect indian attack dangerous wildlife wild cats bears permanent settlements forested area inevitable influx settlers land entry settlers outnumbered native americans black bear population county killed controversial founding founded start second industrial revolution plotted shortly established city named built farmhouse planted corn field clearing area current city square harris donated land additions town special committee complaints county seat centralized county county seat county main population centers divided miles roads county residents areas lost traveling northern settlements designated town considered aesthetic properties foot sandstone bluff overlooking valley called island heavily oak site geographical center county major legal battle took place county government voter fraud accusations people plotted village acres county seat industrial origins southern cotton unavailable civil war cities time mills making town industrial asset early mills flour mills city cairo railroad completed american_civil_war union_army brigadier general living time early proprietor opened brick tile factory southern terminus main street capacity carrying bricks hours saw opening saw mills lumber yard opened ford mill year mill capacity producing board feet lumber hours started operation complete line lumber building materials oldest currently active mill city operated built flour mill defunct south street rail spur current parker plaza grain elevators capacity carrying barrels flour hour period new tower exchange market located carrier mills located commercial street tracks train depot incorporated july capital stock company elevators erected cost capacity capacity capacity barrels day men employed operations mill elevators addition force men regularly employed department economic conditions impractical growing cotton tobacco growing pioneers found profitable commercially grain farming crop rotation merchandising manufacturing coal mining especially began occupy city population city form government adopted commission form despite early industrial advantages cities region company referred water facilities road conditions city limits good paved coal rail era slope operations began southeast early years coal transported wagon local homes businesses heating important industry post city cairo railroad completed provided transportation coal miners tired away underground series corporate transactions brought cairo railroad hands cleveland cincinnati illinois state representative mayor evolved leading coal mining centers midwest strategic spot railroad route large yard making focal point productive coal field operations profitable coal companies operated coal coal sizable rail yards coal company owned chicago purchased annexed privately owned mines coal field acres km2 land company based headquarters owned operating mines annual output tons men employed field capacity pay roll month company paid monthly royalty company general manager mines chief engineer assistant general manager small slope mines shaft mines operated county railroad line large numbers immigrants england wales eastern europe looking work quickly expanding mining villages directly outside city muddy city population quickly expanded years big producing tons coal annually miners work appearance operated line ran downtown muddy downtown downtown carrier mills larger residential areas present plans extend line westward connect line run wire county feet high branch cairo railroad corporation erected electrical generating plant muddy illinois purchased generating capacity kilowatts removing original unit company added turbine generators unit bringing stations total capacity kilowatts electricity generated station distributed double circuit steel tower transmission lines extending west east north plant covered acres held million gallons water community benefited prosperity extravagant displays wealth city history foot neon red tower belonging radio station tallest structure city seen miles finished new story new theaters combined total seats grand year story building coal headquarters building story built new story city hall building constructed complex highway system constructed city constructed route illinois route constructed time city expanded people annexation created blue collar multiple single family homes filling vine street south town square saloon vice district local miners time town home prohibition era gang said protected local business owners better law enforcement time gangster prized tommy gun displayed glass case geography changed indefinitely coal areas producing surface mining landscape size california roughly km2 named coal field field completely towns creating partial borders near mines piles spontaneously horizon city years burning coal refuse slow economic decline reached peak population making 20th populated city outside illinois populous city outside metro east city combined service communities bordering muddy population greater county reached nearly people economic great depression business owners industrial firms closing shop city continued thrive enormous coal industry june visited observe work delivered speech packed high school gymnasium ended quickly ohio river flood left city homeless city inundated flooded mines deemed condemned left local economy crippled state illinois completed largest operations kind attempted united_states removal half billion gallons flood water soon bought inter urban line abandoned years service line opened bus private predecessor bus company current rides mass transit district opened city lost overall population immediately world war new coal companies starting mining city war created great demand energy satisfied expanded strip mining operations coal fields shortly world war clear coal losing favor energy sources oil natural gas contrast cities united_states prospered post war boom fortunes began quickly diminish stopped briefly tour september giving hope economic recovery region long parade police buses accompanying cars sped town street time main drag town crowded persons entire length reported cars lined route way route assistant state attorney general illinois represented parents proceeding public schools december founded based city station built tower downtown tallest television towers state time tallest structure city egyptian passenger train travel city lost population economic people left city senator campaign stop october speaking county court house said district built land land kind problems think united_states going face 1960s district depended main resources growth wealth minerals underground food grown ground industries faced problems 1960s later speech addressing agriculture senator kennedy stated farmers farm work cities towns year highest unemployment months august september preceding recession district knows problem district lost people years hopes bringing new influx coal mining city coal company ordered eerie gem egypt strip largest world stories high weighing tons took men operate bucket capacity cubic yards great efforts coal mining continued community train depot razed coal freight ordered yard 1970s 1980s city square mini vacant slowly abandoned large chain stores strip commercial street dominant venues shopping entertainment hoping bring influx travelers main highway clean air act amendments legislation forced utility companies united_states switch low coal response economy took severe freight yard closed company shut operations jobs lost county year ended reign big coal way life residents years cairo cincinnati chicago system tracks taken late 1980s replaced post coal economy respected local physician charged murder sons insurance money case chronicled book murder soon pioneer history showcased county area historical museum city southern edge acre site includes story high old home county acre km2 poor farm built site features variety room school house small church historic buildings acquired moved site restored airport located approximately miles north highway airport authority operates airport airport includes foot extension bringing runway feet gps approach industrial zones set township located located near airport advantage rail spur prior removal tracks district built property old rail yard north city built 2000s saw slight economic boom city industrial base city coal related gave opportunity number city residents american coal coal mines county producing low coal energy resource purchased american coal employed workers employed persons employed persons second largest non coal company workers companies employed employees manufacturing building components construction completed grants anna women center district library harvest regional superintendent schools county senior county sheriff department building square feet added new jobs county second largest employer city employees payroll new strip mall completed south town parker plaza oldest shopping center town renovated new facade promote commercial growth city things slowly took turn worse illinois governor decision division overturned successor decision outraged springfield lawsuit filed stop matters exacerbated videos new home traffic safety division surrounded water surfaced youtube late early 2010s saw series unfortunate economic events city december cinema theater closed time cinema release census february city learned population dropped low people percent decrease lowest population pre coal boom suffered numerous scandals involving school district police department chief deputy sentenced prison sexually high school student working intern biggest hit late february tornado hit leap day tornado outbreak southern city heavily damaged houses businesses destroyed completely leveled people killed injured tornado november decision close remaining mines putting employees work election mayor opened brand new theater north town unveiled park plaza gateway southeastern illinois entertainment culture downtown initiative bring people downtown wanted start promoting destination capital southeastern illinois new movie theater family entertainment outlet opened said preparing new announcements including opening new restaurants established draws including state art gun range continues retail hub holds nearest shopping centers restaurants churches gas stations banks commerce miles industrial jobs scarce demographics according census people living city limits persons identified race white black african american american indian asian native hawaiian claimed race hispanic population total housing units occupied vacant geography located according census total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water square center town stand series sandstone islands rising natural feet sea level middle fork river early settlers transportation east flowed ohio flooded spring events called locals called island island area drained homes businesses built prone flooding years come town square center town sandstone bluff feet sea level start south maps rise northeast city located ending point ice sheet covered percent illinois edge ice sheet lay south southernmost extent kansas pre ice sheets cottage grove fault system scale magnitude illinois earthquake scientists realized previously unknown fault north illinois near fault called small tear earth rock running west east fault connected north south valley fault system eastern end mapping completed reveal present region signs suggest era strike slip nearby focal mechanism solution earthquake confirmed planes striking north south approximately degrees east west suggests dip slip reverse motion horizontal east west axis stress occurred partially responsible great earthquakes consisting powerful earthquakes hit united_states early 20th century city geographical feature island surrounding coal mining property created density seen cities size city time population nearing forced tightly homes businesses sandstone square mile diameter leading build buildings multiple stories town square courthouse square gone past years 19th century town dirt streets large courthouse columns built swiss born indiana architect courthouse replaced larger building designed known architect indiana structure identical model missouri built year smaller version central clock tower courthouse including original clock manufactured boston massachusetts recreated placed small lot building parking lot howard clock company notable manufacturing large buildings building chicago ferry building san_francisco california town square completely surrounded brick streets miles brick streets blocks left begun main street historical preservation program recognized historical district ohio river route illinois began buildings currently listed national_register_of_historic_places county poor farm square held array coal mining offices privately owned business grocery department stores bars closing coal mining era businesses left square moved main drag constructed courthouse built replaced modern efficient building older building condemned years architecture square slowly turned rotting older structures mixed newer updated buildings currently privately owned downtown renovation projects progress square mitchell library located church street south square built grant built opened public building served community library moved new building north main street flood library makeshift hospital water boiler burst building serves church city parks west end town largest city park pool large center founded sunset lawn cemetery largest county founded connected west edge city cemetery contains ornate remains city original founders prominent residents contained year old marble floors persons buried inside structure condemned plans removal bodies cemetery problems finding family members came fruition home city early proprietor set demolished donated humanity year hoping organization able restore home considered placed endangered buildings list seniors preparing nomination building listing national_register_of_historic_places helped distribute petition social media order help save school neighborhoods split small neighborhoods annexed city limits time north south subdivision established land owned annexed sits direct north heights street main road area sits heights north small street heads east arrow head point shopping center situated south north route street west main village holds newer town water tower homes bordered liberty south addition area prominently african american residents north south good portion slowly abandoned torn bypass built old village streets surround town square includes main street north south street east town park west includes old junior high west east schools courthouse town park cemetery west main shopping strip route city oldest recognized mainly densely packed age houses structures lined narrow brick streets area located island built pre automobile centric includes small village annexed named family prominent business owners coal later sold series blocks exists east route street crosses route runs straight center terminates medical center contains country club upper class neighborhood school time large tornado heavily damaged slightly south connects route straight south established post office annexed city holds farm crossing crossroads street route people recognize blocks north west east way stop large street corridor south main street destroyed tornado houses destroyed lost roofs liberty smaller rural community far southwest liberty road included cemetery designer cairo railroad green opened slope south rails near liberty county ship coal rail car called spot called liberty crossing liberty bordered old mining community miles south west north liberty holds new junior high building complete town unto home ground stores school system post office coal mining community set hungarians 19th century holds large cemetery historic hungarian cemetery spread mile span land route roads branching left right highway considered climate lies border humid continental climate climate classification humid subtropical climate climate classification large mountains large bodies water moderate temperature cold arctic air hot humid tropical air gulf_of_mexico affect region city distinct seasons highest average temperature july lowest average temperature january summer temperatures rise winter temperatures drop average monthly precipitation ranges inches heaviest occurring late fall snowfall normally occurs november april ranges inches month highest recorded temperature july lowest recorded temperature february natural disasters flood risks flooding causing flow middle fork plagued years city flooded severe came ohio river flood city island downtown orbit encircled town square underwater high water reached miles river city flooded position tributary residents left stranded crowded island weeks completely inundated time flood waters left homeless miles covered feet water entire distance rescue families national guard boats means transportation city thousand people transported daily temporary island island according october population revised version january population fallen erected north east city protection future floods unofficial northern eastern border town businesses residences exist flooding january drainage problems frozen ground inches rain pumping system east town built handle flooding complex watershed technical problems causing continual water backup large rain events city rebuilt new pumping system requested flood preliminary estimate indicated million damage caused inches rain march homes businesses water floor business owners faced task assessed damage began cleaning able reopen fairly quickly suffering minimal damage waiting flood waters customers reach businesses officials reported businesses affected flooding businesses commercial street route hardest hit undergone major renovation reportedly feet water inside denied flood recovery grants loans illinois flooding city called worst years tornado spawned weather system originated kansas tornado slammed early morning february tornado touched north carrier mills destroyed church damaged houses town park road traveled coal field north went liberty damaged tornado reached south western edge city specifically suffered significant property damage eastward nearly leveled people confirmed dead area killed apartment complex crushed residence injured overall june victim died hospital injuries raising death toll significantly damaged peak winds estimated mph width tornado path yards traveling miles houses businesses destroyed damaged heavily houses buildings leveled completely structures displaced foundations early estimates indicated nearly city damaged destroyed following night mandatory enforced effected areas counting damage death toll reported worst storm missouri tornado unit schools closed march later offered trauma counseling students reopening began preliminary damage assessments march order determine need public assistance storm damage dominated national days special reports new_york_times chicago_tribune published articles history nature rebound tornado floods hit city founding gateway acres km2 lie south drawing visitors annually area gateway community offers national forest miles roadways miles streams frequent numerous ponds lakes large acres km2 swimming beaches sites seven wilderness areas trails designed hiking horseback riding plant life extremely diverse ranges sun loving species grow dense shade tree cover dominates publicly owned significant component privately owned lands oak predominant timber type commercially important timber species occupy significant wildlife species found forest including mammals birds reptiles amphibians species fish seven federally listed threatened endangered species inhabit forest species considered sensitive forest listed species purchase units established temporary headquarters set room illinois modern office building town suitable headquarters forest continued occupy building supervisor offices expansion offices continued today june rooms floor rooms fourth floor leased employees early days forest tell chaos confusion caused small space lease incoming shipments equipment supplies constant new personnel media based providing coverage news southeastern illinois owned major daily newspaper serving kentucky missouri illinois second major newspaper based operated gatehouse sister newspaper register newspapers delivered city far away chicago included illinois indiana kentucky tri state area television station licensed directly city broadcasting channel abc affiliate wide area southern illinois western kentucky southeastern missouri station studios reside nearby major broadcasting station country music station broadcast news music region 1930s trademark today based city government healthcare education county seat mayor council form government city main council members city shares building sheriff department sworn officers civilian secretary time firefighters members trained emergency medical technician working working central station fire trucks foot rescue truck brush truck gallons tanker truck operates water distribution system storage capacity gallons million litres elevated tanks water processing plant capacity day average daily consumption gallons city water treatment plant design capacity gallons day average load gallons million litres day time located story complex block town square 1990s moved beds physicians staff bed psychiatric area hospital completed dollar expansion renovation program nursing homes southeastern illinois area located city specialized physicians offices city serves city student population elementary schools junior high school senior high school students enrolled district schools students attend east west elementary schools main middle school city new middle school built liberty students enrolled students enrolled city seven centers schools township different neighborhoods annexed closed phillips school higher education year junior college sits acre campus east city limits sic students semester college transfer career education programs sic founded nearby local colleges universities campus charleston community college vienna indiana notable people notorious gangster mlb pitcher minnesota twins actress born known voice mother running chicago bears montreal known ball 42nd grey cup founding partner law firm general green civil war general president cairo railroad 1950s baseball player washington senators character actor born henry turner physician described | Harrisburg, Illinois | Geography and places | Places | North America |
17027_RushStreet(Chicago) | rush street chicago rush street predominantly northbound way street near north community area chicago illinois united_states street starts north michigan avenues runs directly north diagonal crosses chicago avenue continues cedar making slightly mile long lane runs southbound ohio street street way street segment runs parallel block west magnificent mile way traffic runs east north street block east way southbound avenue ran slightly south time bridges connected loop chicago central business district rush street history traces original incorporation city 1830s hosted important residences house mayor chicago significant commerce today continues wealthiest neighborhoods country businesses correspond demands residents neighborhood hosts highly rated restaurants star hotels star elite senior citizen residence prominent bars street named declaration independence currently known especially northern end features entertainment attracts locals visitors southern end street integral city main river crossing incarnations main branch mid-19th century 1920s rich cultural history includes prominent role land traffic prominent role commercial port location commerce declined 1930s taken role primary river crossing neighborhood background rush street named physician united_states declaration independence places named rush chicago places medical center original incorporated city chicago rush street city oldest like parts rush street roughly follow path indian trail called trail later green bay road ran wisconsin early rush street commonly agreed desirable place residence hosted house designed architect chicago designed mayor chicago house bounded rush avenue streets survive great chicago fire great chicago fire refuge wide streets high ground good drainage proximity lake michigan built mansion rush street mansion located corner rush lured relatives nearby neighborhood known 1880s street subsequently hosted elite chicago cyrus brother built northwest corner rush ohio opening years world exposition room hotel advertised absolutely fire proof building finished hotel second hotel featured ornate granite interiors decorated marble statues separate gentlemen smoking room ladies dining room room boilers offer latest technology electric lights 20th century residential buildings faced rush street demands expanding commerce especially concentrations restaurants night clubs consumed real estate 1950s began use uniform vehicle code fight traffic congestion creating way streets effectively loop near north community areas streets remain way today result rush street area way streets short segment northbound travel permitted geography rush street runs partly north south partly north northwest direction map external links runs north south east north southern terminus avenue north chicago avenue michigan avenue east east avenue west east north chicago runs straight slight diagonal street grid time travels blocks north delaware place north intersects continues diagonal blocks intersects north south running state street centerline east west cedar street runs north crossed ontario street feed kennedy expressway west north chicago avenue rush street neighborhood community area nation second wealthiest neighborhood trailing neighborhood manhattan chicago avenue rush street hosts art galleries neighborhood outside manhattan diagonal crossings border parks situated resulting triangular land plots crossing official address park exists renamed park senate minority leader park acquired city renamed times state street crossing official address exists renamed park acquired city transferred hosts structure designed birch according plaque park area surrounded west south rush street building east mcdonald river plaza north towers designers planned acre space feet neighborhood honorary streets place north east street north cross rush street restaurant coached super bowl victory kind town chicago chicago town famous bridge main stem crossed bridges rush street bridge floating bridge bank ropes open close bridge march ice storm instances bridges main stem destroyed overnight iron timber swing bridge center supports built cost bridge stood november passing ship whistle herd cattle bridge river bridge repaired use october destroyed great chicago fire company built wrought iron replacement stood barge struck collapsed bridge replaced swing bridge lasted decades michigan avenue bridge built final bridge measuring feet center feet ends deck inch white pine southeast corner connected michigan avenue location docks daily round trip milwaukee wisconsin great lakes regular schedule daily trip milwaukee leaving chicago mid morning sailing milwaukee hour returning time american civil war 1930s connect chicago port locations great lakes today replaced industrial structures historically lined nations significant inland port michigan avenue bridge pictured right traffic crossed river rush traveled ontario street heading east pine street multiple bridge carried automobiles commercial vehicles loop day plans starting 1880s improving michigan avenue involved rush street came final rush street bridge designed automobile traffic caused congestion south bank river michigan fed drive chicago_tribune declared feet wide rush street bridge handled approximately north south traffic city unfit contemporary pedestrian traffic plan chicago called replacement bridge new bridge michigan avenue redevelopment drive bridge quickly removed completion new michigan avenue bridge commerce education 1960s center chicago home great bars clubs restaurants bars migrated north street currently late night establishments lure tourists chicago_sun-times describes strip chicago specific chicago avenue continues destination visiting pursuit chicago brought taxi preferred place singles night especially summer ends blocks south continues division spreads west rush street known hosting highly rated restaurants neighborhood according favorite restaurants chicago located rush street rush street block east original location chicago style deep dish pizza hosts answer prominent businesses strip located water tower rush street tallest residential buildings reserved seniors world rush street southern terminus adjacent rear entrance building north address block neighborhood portion rush street block away michigan avenue tallest buildings world center north michigan michigan park tower michigan tallest buildings chicago block rush street centre michigan magnificent mile michigan chicago place michigan building michigan second tallest residential building world park completed entrances rush street current proposal corner story skyscraper designed developed address currently houses chicago offices north north rush street address prominent hotels located bounded rush street peninsula chicago star hotels located rush street michigan seasons midwest star hotels located cross street rush street michigan avenue hotels host highest rated illinois main entrance official address mile hotel north rush street address similarly located reconstruction north michigan chicago landmark hill building archbishop preparatory seminary converted use chicago located rush street superior chestnut water tower campus located crosses rush street south west street seminary building listed national_register_of_historic_places february hosts regional locations support washington | Rush Street (Chicago) | Geography and places | Places | North America |
17199_Lincolnshire,Illinois | lincolnshire illinois lincolnshire village state illinois village northern suburb chicago population lincolnshire census lincolnshire incorporated august unincorporated half day area land purchased build residential subdivision community underwent aggressive era expansion 1990s village passing north south illinois route divides village parts crossing village east west lincolnshire home public schools compose elementary serves headquarters corporations including global company base operations newman racing team village lincolnshire hosts annual festivals including commercial establishments city park public parks village maintains police department closely local school districts lincolnshire manages public works system direct expense village water city derives water adjacent village council manager government home rule municipality mayor lincolnshire history prior incorporation inhabitants village lincolnshire native american migrants canada wisconsin left northern places 16th century search warmer temperate climate europeans visit area french jesuit explorers father shortly arriving site later sailed contact local dominate area villages encountered stretched west bank later illinois route south real settlement lincolnshire half day region lincolnshire area originally town half day region settled non native american peoples white lincolnshire area captain arrived chief allowed wright build cabin south end village site intersection present day milwaukee avenue road ousted year later treaty chicago implemented years ratification faced relocation half day area experienced economic boom arrival new settlers decades wright arrival pioneers settled site later lincolnshire prairie view school district half day intermediate school teacher reside area years settling half day area wright town thriving community shop country store church time chicago milwaukee railroad connected milwaukee county seat expanded area decades contributed town prosperity invention automobile early 20th century half day accessible destination communities chicago metropolitan area village popular recreation area prompted opening businesses including amusement park race track bowling alley dance hall visitors incorporation post incorporation township village half day lay carved wealthy farmers end world war edward bought majority territory borders purchased half day area sold tract land developer eponymous company company organized residential subdivision ceded town half day christened lincolnshire precursor present day village life village problematic new subdivision served dirt roads sufficient communal system gas line lincolnshire police coverage inefficient officers patrolling area dispatched approximately miles north result formed lobby improvement people lincolnshire sponsorship lincolnshire incorporated village august later renamed entity continues play significant role political life village lincolnshire government initially adhered conservative cautious approach refused annex corporate park divisions 1980s opponents village government methods won later years supporting quick growth rival increasing surrounding villages oversaw period years following lincolnshire sought annex old remnants unincorporated community half day created lost court battle village court case set present day border villages lies route intersection milwaukee avenue consolidate new acquisitions lincolnshire set work new village hall completed constructed downtown area centered intersection milwaukee avenue village endeavors included commercial regions like lincolnshire corporate center facilities planned constructed mid-1990s lincolnshire reached boundary agreement respect allocation properties surrounding concerning unincorporated prairie view area lay villages question divided equally villages geography lincolnshire located north west shares border villages northwest southwest east southeast city located northeast village unincorporated community prairie view borders village directly west according census lincolnshire total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water village lincolnshire suburb city chicago southern reaches like chicago lincolnshire located extreme northeastern region state illinois eastern village dividing town half vertically village hall half day road illinois route splits village half east west direction milwaukee avenue route runs north south direction lincolnshire village south north lincolnshire year won thirteen consecutive years maintain lincolnshire foliage village passed tree preservation ordinance law places tight restrictions tree removal village working gypsy area lincolnshire lies border chicago area pertaining involving nearby north fork situation directly relates presence village climate proximity city lincolnshire climate shares traits chicago lincolnshire lies humid continental climate zone experiences seasons lincolnshire receives average inches precipitation year demographics census people living village racial makeup village white african american native american asian races races hispanic latino race population census people households families living village population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup village white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size village population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household village median income family males median income approximately versus females capita income village families population poverty line including age age economy lincolnshire serves headquarters commercial real estate developer global company products manufacturers auto racing team based village located lincolnshire premises sells approximately tickets year half day road milwaukee avenue area located near lincolnshire hills border major retail corridor experiences heavy traffic peak hours village green area loosely considered downtown lincolnshire lincolnshire neighboring villages collaborated attempts ease traffic area potential downtown loosely centered intersection milwaukee avenue city park constitute retail hub southern end lincolnshire plaza intersection milwaukee avenue location festivities village holds lincolnshire housed headquarters announced headquarters time housed employees illinois employers according lincolnshire comprehensive annual financial report employers city culture media village lincolnshire holds annual summer festival publicized larger taste chicago nomenclature intention features taste size samples local restaurants provides local entertainment including musicians local pet lincolnshire held lincolnshire art festival weeks prior event encourages artists display work community incentives publicity entertainment parking provided free charge lincolnshire hosts fourth july celebration annually known red white boom collection activities centered celebration american independence day incorporates live music fireworks local festivities lincolnshire home motion picture performers actress famous role sitcom duet alumnus graduate played soap opera days lives appears reality real world chicago sports recreation lincolnshire despite relatively small size home local public parks centered eponymous lake sports small hosts lincolnshire festivities fourth july major sporting field nature reserve northeastern lincolnshire meet growing need youth sports teams extra recreational public park space collaborated village lincolnshire create educational nature center called located southeastern lincolnshire nature center runs programs educate district students visitors local ecology alongside natural fauna flora area memorial park rest stop pedestrians traversing eastern lincolnshire sports unusually high quality index rating shelter endangered threatened species flora rarely found county athletic complex overshadowed nearby sports sports courts fitness course park home short hiking trail sports facilities lincolnshire parks park little local children takes large area land west eighteen hole golf course south golf course available guests offers lessons local residents resort home garnered reputation acceptance nominations presented history notable lived borders village lincolnshire professional tennis player known successful albeit brief career tennis saw progress french open graduated matt nfl football player played numerous teams ranging new york jets born lincolnshire won medals summer olympics los_angeles summer olympics seoul lives village basketball player moved lincolnshire attend october appearance lincolnshire visited village july government government lincolnshire constituted council manager form government elements home rule adopted ordinance village headed mayor board trustees meeting daily functions village carried professional village manager elected mayor serves year term elected trustees serve year terms responsibility mayor appoint village manager manager office board approved mayor choice government meetings generally conducted second fourth month case tie mayor casting vote lincolnshire veto set forth board trustees thirds opposition vote board village office holders safety lincolnshire served police department based village hall police force staffed time members sworn police officers community service officer runs emergency center accepts calls region junior high school form chapter program program graduated sixth school year village served employs sworn time fire stations located central lincolnshire slightly west village hall south located north end district runs free services programs including fire safety surveys houses area lincolnshire lies region consequence presence proximity fork far east border factor involves small runs north lincolnshire village project alleviate portion costs flood damage affected village residents village disaster readiness plan education lincolnshire school districts students living village attend school neighboring district feeds home schools half day intermediate school comprises public school districts funded government school built lincolnshire half day intermediate school initially served grades small town originally room major expansion project undertaken accommodate district increasing population numerous changes half day school remained small receive prospective students closed duties given reopened years later began fill capacity lincolnshire served number non government funded educational institutions operates branch lincolnshire alongside located north village alumni wish apply extension site located village northern founded accepts live eastern reaches village lincolnshire village home district serves large region specifically villages lincolnshire portions village library district hosts number special events including book talks presentations infrastructure transportation lincolnshire lies arterial roads known half day road area milwaukee avenue appears route meets milwaukee southern region lincolnshire lincolnshire shares eastern border village interstate portion route crosses lincolnshire interstate highway lincolnshire primary bike paths cover large village runs north south direction alongside eastern half village runs east west direction eastern half village village hall west village smaller bike paths connect individual neighborhood areas lincolnshire hare international airport miles southwest village lincolnshire travel lincolnshire airport facilitated travel railway possible prairie view station west lincolnshire utilities negotiated signed agreement city create efficient means obtaining water purchasing filtered water monitors public pumps water meters private residents lincolnshire served sewer connects lies outside village limits disposal left government lincolnshire runs network storm drains run directly protect river village government outlawed dumping chemicals network storm drains plan repair city streets implemented continues village offers public services clear streets fall winter fallen leaves snow respectively arterial roads residents provided bags clear autumn months possible village safely clear roads leaf debris regularly sweeps streets borders served northern division inc midwest group solid waste disposal engineering division maintains roads streets jurisdiction lincolnshire existing facilities improves existing residential subdivisions considers construction new ones department manages plans case river floods | Lincolnshire, Illinois | Geography and places | Places | North America |
17606_SanMarco(Jacksonville) | jacksonville neighborhood jacksonville florida located south downtown neighborhood independent city annexed jacksonville neighborhood primarily residential integrated commercial sector known community emerged american civil war incorporated saw greatest growth bridge completed connecting neighborhood period included construction original development eventually gave area 1990s neighborhood seen historic preservation redevelopment projects home fourteen city parks schools amenities geography san originally designated development city territory south east downtown jacksonville place similarly evolved signifies larger area southeastern neighborhood borders official changed time boundaries interstate north highway east south river west area north known historically community designated downtown jacksonville business district 1980s notable neighborhoods include neighborhood immediately east history early history permanent river came florida british period officials established ferry crossing cow ford ferry docked river southern bank populated continuously long downtown jacksonville spanish resumed control florida built fort san ferry landing present day nicholas spanish government issued land grant slave plantation eventually taken married owned large adjacent tract daughter margaret married owner nearby result area owned families connected marriage american_civil_war plantations broken residential developments sold eastern tract retiring florida governor moved established original development developed western portion land oklahoma south oklahoma sister husband alexander established vast estate alexandria winter home prominent fixture jacksonville society involved number charities causes developments grown community generally known promoters marketed suburb jacksonville access city river limited ferries following completion railways serviced contributing growth regional transit hub population lacked paved streets electric lights led businessman families residents voted incorporate town appointed mayor white defeated inaugural election months growth came rapidly years town saw construction bank public school city hall sizable industries series amusement parks present day opened place hub car ferry traffic town population times incorporated local leaders planned original connecting jacksonville road time bridge opened spurred new wave development new subdivisions oklahoma including alexandria place original development old plantation residence neighborhood grew jacksonville second oldest residential building use bridge triggered economic development greatly reduced ferry business disappeared entirely years development eventually gave area broke ground city ambitious development constructed acres estate deteriorated death developer previously established exclusive neighborhood river designed fashionable development keeping reputation comprised lots commercial district remarkably successful beginning apparently driven land speculation shattered local records selling lot hours putting sale little work begun construction buildings started originally planned italian renaissance revival style influenced development streets commercial district called san square venice featured mediterranean buildings fountain ultimately homes built kept style falling favor time instead diverse mix contemporary architectural styles appeared development late 1920s clay pit artificial lake lake unlike jacksonville neighborhoods momentum desirable properties carried collapse 1920s florida land boom onset great depression neighborhoods formed company purchase develop remainder property addition san grew steadily 1930s new lots selling 1940s annexation later history residents warming idea merging municipal county governments reduce bureaucracy corruption weak management result citizens cities voted annexation jacksonville city county consolidation voted efforts 1930s set stage attempts ultimately resulting jacksonville consolidation jacksonville annexed neighborhoods old property development continued spread south city limits city came called san area increasingly integrated jacksonville urban fabric 1980s area river known designated central business district developed primarily commercial office uses neighborhood began decline pressure suburban formed encourage historic preservation commercial district subsequently society undertook series urban renewal projects including building new branch library park complex converting city hall headquarters neighborhood major commercial district triangular district located way atlantic boulevard avenue fountain center square originally marked convergence streets structure completed district commercial building set architectural tone features square include art single screen movie theater opened home country oldest community theater designed commercial heart square declined seriously 1970s businesses closing original compass themed fountain demolished 1990s undertook major renovation project included restoring fountain lion statues inspired square popular commercial destination shops restaurants bars square underwent renovation project rerouted streets expanded small park center named larger pedestrian green space features number parks sizes purposes lists fourteen boundaries treaty oak park home jacksonville oldest live oaks friendship fountain park amenities include served elementary school middle school major projects restoration city hall society headquarters conversion building preservation hall banquet hall | San Marco (Jacksonville) | Geography and places | Places | North America |
18234_Randolph,Tennessee | tennessee rural unincorporated community tennessee united_states located banks mississippi_river founded 1820s post office established 1830s town early center river commerce shipped cotton annually memphis pastor methodist congregation appointed fortunes community began decline late 1840s failed railroad development unfavorable mail route factors fort tennessee built early civil war second fortification constructed later year civil war town burned twice union_army forces settlement located second bluff landscape dominated valleys carved soil product erosion surface soil composed derived eroded found different qualities different stages erosion beneath surface consists glacial gravel situated southeastern edge area high earthquake risk earthquakes recorded radius miles settlement located humid subtropical climate zone climate characterized hot humid summers mild winters dedicated park intended promote civil war history community unique views mississippi_river available wider public population consists dozen dwellings economy rural community dominated agriculture major industries businesses present south operates camp history european settlement europeans began settling land east mississippi_river inhabited centuries prior arrival europeans land southwestern kentucky ceded jackson purchase sides agreed transfer signing early 19th century terrain provided promising locations harbor mississippi_river area estimated population early 1820s investors owners land form years later miles north memphis water described area good landing mississippi_river joining mississippi_river north accessible brown chose site lay plan promising river town culture gives date official establishment reports date foundation settlement named leader united_states congress virginia cotton commerce success located banks mississippi_river topography provided ideal harbor river stages center commerce tennessee town early rival memphis commercial superiority mississippi_river important shipping point tennessee shipped cotton mississippi_river year cotton shipped memphis peak commercial success community called great depot commission warehouses dry goods stores physicians tavern population approximately time town hotels businesses private schools 1830s newspapers published recorder whig 1830s bank founded line provided connection jackson twice week commercial success attributed use slave labor cultivation cotton corn beans cultivated recorder early 1830s landowners announced public slaves offered rewards runaway stolen slaves decline fortunes declined later 1840s 1850s factors starting shortly establishment town years settlement founded dispute ownership land town established arose faulty land title land owner new_york pending lawsuit prevented growth population residents community bought land town founded settlement unfavorable mail line early lasting influence fortunes town mail route established end branch route mail line received mail week failed railroad development contributed demise town residents unsuccessfully tried county seat financial depression failed attempt cut canal problems negative impact future commercial prosperity civil war town burned twice september residents building residences businesses second time civil war fortifications fortification built january memphis appeal published pro proposal build fort defend memphis april tennessee governor ordered establish camp complete fortification troops tennessee arkansas stationed location accomplish task june cannons reported ready trained future leaders received training fort wright fort tennessee military training camp soldiers gain experience construction fortifications setup artillery batteries defensive position mississippi_river july powder magazine left second confederate stronghold area civil war constructed fall fortification situated mississippi_river mile southwest dispatch published new_york_times march described rough incomplete feet river position fortification allowed view mississippi_river miles upstream downstream longer existence destruction general troops assumed control memphis surrounding areas trying area union control frustrated constant guerrilla activity sector confederate area weakened union forces mississippi_river september union supply ship eugene fired ordered destroy place leaving house mark place union_army soldiers burned retaliation guerrilla attack superior officer general reported given public notice repetition guerrilla attacks justify measures retaliation burned second time federal soldiers geography climate geography located elevation sea level feet surface soil area composed different qualities different stages erosion surface soil consists slope found frequently flooded plains soil severely eroded memphis slopes soil consists memphis slopes consists moderately eroded memphis slopes remaining surface soil composed sands including fine sandy clay approximately area covered water parent material memphis pleistocene fine slightly coherent sediment eroded consists extremely fine sandy particles forms environments provide sufficient moisture soil usually caused occasional flooding precipitation soil derived eroded referred landscape settlement situated second bluff eastern bank mississippi_river high grounds mississippi_river flood plains composed eroded pre historic glacial gravel west community banks mississippi_river flat cotton fields east dominate rural landscape surrounding settlement years general landscape changed town described valleys carved landscape product erosion caused stream river seasonal precipitation water elevated locations drainage basin landscape cut soil mississippi_river water erosion centuries present modern times roads road jackson miles east established route connected towns villages way times week memphis connected direct travel route later 1830s road mail line jackson memphis mail delivered weekly horseback exact routing segment memphis unknown fragment route bearing feet length existence remaining piece old road located miles north mouth feet east mississippi_river south mouth memphis remaining fragment old road destroyed land historic mail route located industrial property publication dated reports approached rear good roads located near good roads civil war exception modern roads area paved route passes miles southeast tennessee state route passes miles southeast town roads county level converge shown table portion road located flood plains segment prone flooding waterways located eastern bank mississippi_river south lower mouth 1820s accessible miles federal agency responsible waters flood protection peacetime wartime tasks spent ensure navigation mississippi_river boats barges provide flood protection immediately surrounding areas town contracts include surveying mapping engineering construction tasks related conservation development mississippi_river river basin maintenance related projects include channel mississippi_river remove sand mud tasks related conservation include construction protect low lying areas flooding subsequent erosion issued describes stone construction approximate elevation feet river mile earthquakes located southeastern edge settlement situated area high earthquake risk earthquakes recorded radius miles magnitude ranged scale depth ranged miles miles time period radius miles earthquakes reported ranging depth feet miles highest magnitude earthquake recorded area occurred august measured scale coordinates earthquake miles west depth miles january local time utc small earthquake shook portions earthquake measured magnitude scale according reported coordinates earthquake depth miles reports damage caused earthquake location near bluff miles east fort state park miles northeast smaller earthquakes uncommon climate located humid subtropical climate zone climate characterized hot humid summers mild winters significant amounts precipitation occur seasons july month average highest recorded temperature measured january month average lowest recorded temperature measured precipitation peaks december average table displays average monthly high low temperatures precipitation economy agriculture source income area surrounding especially cultivation cotton corn beans cultivated century abolition slavery primary means income low income families area cultivation cotton land return share crop landowner modern machines cotton manual cultivation obsolete time took work manual laborers population consists dozen dwellings economy rural community dominated agriculture major industries businesses present culture churches reverend pastor appointed appointment pastor community congregation formed built church second church built congregation construction new church completed building serves place worship methodist congregation reverend reverend appointed community located road worship attendance church reported members congregation average god god second place worship town church founded congregation led pastor pastor god located road bluff historic park october tennessee parks non profit organization dedicated bluff celebration politicians historians community members acres property second bluff purchased park intended promote civil war history community unique views mississippi_river available wider public additional revenue tourism expected community bluff finished project create scenic connects historic sites mississippi_river project promotes economical development preservation land wildlife tennessee counties bordering mississippi_river girl scouts heart south girl scouts heart south girl scout organization serving girls memphis metropolitan area including counties arkansas girl scouts heart south operates camps training center area coverage including acres property camp scout camp located girl scout road south old coordinates old lane coordinates graves cemetery date early 19th century present day postal post office established operation exact location post office unknown code tennessee telephone area code memphis metro area notable natives early commander bishop methodist churches born july | Randolph, Tennessee | Geography and places | Places | North America |
18540_Elmwood(Cambridge,Massachusetts) | cambridge massachusetts known oliver house historic house centerpiece cambridge massachusetts known prominent residents including royal lieutenant governor massachusetts declaration independence vice president united_states term noted american writer poet foreign diplomat house originally acre estate built georgian style wealthy merchant family abandoned loyalist oliver outset american revolutionary war property confiscated state massachusetts purchased family residence death house sold heirs family birthplace residence life ownership significant portions original estate sold heirs sold house harvard_university professor bequeathed property university uses official residence president house retained georgian character modest exterior additions modifications decorated victorian style harvard restored interior traditional georgian style took property house open public addition property owned harvard encompasses adjacent state owned park original oliver estate history oliver revolution house known built appointed lieutenant governor massachusetts spring estate located western edge cambridge massachusetts time consisted acres rolling fields commanding view oliver property extended north boston neighborhood brighton south cambridge far mansion built brother law washington september orders given governor british_army troops removed provincial gunpowder magazine today activity caused spontaneous rising militia province amid rumors actual violence known day oliver able dissipate crowd formed cambridge near present day harvard square going boston reporting military movements planned crowd followed home compelled resign office protest oliver family shortly fled boston early siege boston began battles lexington concord april house occupied troops eventually continental_army building notable occupants time connecticut militia hospital british military evacuated boston march like loyalists traveled nova scotia oliver eventually settled bristol england died massachusetts government confiscated oliver property american revolutionary war sold purchased cambridge estate home aftermath criticized scene protests burned served governor massachusetts state prompted term describe practice shaping legislative districts partisan ways march took oath office vice president united_states house died washington rented large parts estate tenant farmers sold later land near relative operated landing area located near present day known landing family acres including house purchased family family home born february 1850s dealt personal including sudden death mother daughter rose personal troubles compromise convinced spend winter italy trip financed sale land intended sell ultimately original acres sold supplement income personal troubles continued son walter died overseas wife died october father deaf sister deteriorating mentally went speaking weeks difficulty time invitation speak resulted job offer accepted job request allowed study abroad year returned united_states began duties harvard summer loss wife avoided lodging instead area known professors row street cambridge daughter married death father january heart attack moved family despite avoiding home long pleased wrote friend place love best sitting old old desk smoking old pipe begin feel like old self years expenses drained taxes year early considered renting moving smaller home instead ease financial plight began sell land half acres remained remained remainder life period served minister spain great_britain wrote best known works including vision sir papers published named house mentions home poetry friend fellow poet wrote poem house called summer traveled europe rented house years later appointed ambassador spain rented home shortly bull death norwegian poet playwright novelist guest bull widow months return united_states stayed death died home august 20th century present death house inherited daughter wife children purchased remaining lands heirs porter harvard professor house private residence taught classes allowed students use extensive library terms property bequeathed harvard death wife granted lifetime occupancy died time harvard took control property major renovations occupied served harvard dean faculty arts sciences 1960s acting president moved family grounds amid security concerns originating student protest activity near president residence street house official residence harvard presidents houses portions library harvard owned property adjacent state owned declared established memorial paid private subscription public funds donated state administered successor responsible park architecture parts interior altered exterior changed greatly years large square structure georgian style brick lined walls chimneys floor plans floor rooms central hall housing staircase windows second floors decorative 19th century surrounds roof exterior flanked supporting classic decorated large window topped triangular building modifications additions principally ownership period additions housing modern services library added west house floor windows dining room replaced french doors story porch roof deck added north house terrace installed south decorated house victorian style harvard restored building interior 18th century style took property | Elmwood (Cambridge, Massachusetts) | Geography and places | Places | North America |
19045_ListofcountiesinDelaware | list counties delaware united_states state delaware counties new castle kent sussex united_states origin county boundaries goes court districts powers counties legislative bodies limited issues development politics government county legislative body known sussex counties counties able raise taxes borrow money control garbage disposal water supply development building codes functions handled county county basis states court law enforcement centralized delaware leading significant concentration power delaware state government counties historically divided hundreds tax reporting voting districts 1960s hundreds serve administrative role current official legal use real estate title descriptions history following english conquest land western delaware bay governed administered town new castle brief recapture colony dutch additional court districts created known town court new castle left central portion colony jurisdiction left court county seat remained new castle moved wilmington divided division county seat later renamed named settlement renamed located present boundaries pennsylvania lord baltimore proprietor maryland claimed present day delaware organized northern eastern portions maryland county existed paper southern western portions present day organized portions adjacent maryland counties recognized delaware mason survey run expansion south west county seat moved georgetown county seat renamed dover fourth county proposed carved motivation failed effort end restrictions unified development code undeveloped farmland proposed boundaries extended include land south proposed seat county information code united_states government uniquely identify counties provided entry code county links census data county | List of counties in Delaware | Geography and places | Places | North America |
19260_Newark,NewJersey | newark new_jersey newark locally largest city population state new_jersey county seat nation major air shipping rail city population making nation populous municipality ranked 63rd nation calculated population increase located heart new_jersey newark second largest city new_york metropolitan area approximately miles west manhattan port newark major container shipping terminal port new york new_jersey largest east_coast municipal commercial airport united_states today busiest newark headquarters numerous corporations home universities newark including law school medical school cultural sports venues include newark divided political contains neighborhoods ranging character urban districts quiet suburban newark oldest county park united_states home nation largest collection cherry trees numbering history newark originally founded connecticut led new haven colony conceived assembly faithful long new settlers came different ideas city thought derive newark trent england grounds influenced original pastor came yorkshire newark supposed said community reflecting new task hand named new new colonists saw new work settlers new work god origins shortened newark references new found preserved letters written historical figures claim compensation late city saw tremendous industrial population growth 19th century early 20th century experienced racial tension urban decline second half 20th century culminating newark riots city experienced 1990s early 21st century newark originally formed township october based purchased july newark granted royal charter april american revolutionary war incidents british troops raids town established february incorporated new_jersey initial group time township portions taken form april february known november march april remainder newark march newark city april replacing based results referendum passed march previously independent borough annexed newark january changed result portion known ivy hill annexed newark geography climate geography according city total area square miles km2 including square miles km2 land square miles km2 water water smallest land area populous cities neighboring florida city altitude ranges sea level east approximately feet sea level western section city newark essentially large basin sloping valleys formed streams historically newark high places neighborhoods 19th century early 20th century wealthy ridges forest hill high street 20th century marshes newark bay difficult develop marshes essentially wilderness warehouses edges 20th century new_jersey able reclaim acres expansion newark airport growth port lands newark surrounded residential suburbs west slope newark bay east dense urban areas south southwest middle class residential suburbs industrial areas north city largest new_jersey said received newark nickname gateway city neighborhoods newark new_jersey largest second racially diverse city neighboring divided political residents identify place recent years residents begun identify specific neighborhood names instead larger ward remain relatively distinct industrial uses coupled airport lands concentrated east south residential neighborhoods exist primarily state law requires compact largest ward exceed population smallest average ward size ward boundaries needed board ward commissioners consisting democrats republicans appointed county level municipal clerk ward lines previous decades shifted traditional boundaries downtown currently occupies portions boundaries altered political demographic reasons especially northeastern portion newark known old ward contains city history including original squares ward contains springfield seventh avenue neighborhoods neighborhood designations recent designation area subject novel howard street common usage extends point far north 2nd avenue 19th century inhabited germans white catholic christian groups german inhabitants later replaced jews replaced blacks increased academic neighborhood produced landmark buildings undergoing renovation located largest health sciences university nation home universities central ward forms present day heart newark includes public schools police including headquarters branch library surrounded neighborhoods include broadway affluent section contains registered state national historic registers contains older colonial homes row residential towers security guards secure parking line neighborhood lost geographic area recent times southern boundary significantly north traditional boundary near interstate historically large italian population demographics transitioned latino recent decades ward remains diverse comprises neighborhoods ivy hill west lower home historic cemetery irish american polish ukrainian neighborhood home neighborhoods composed primarily african americans caribbean americans struggled recent years elevated rates crime particularly violent crime comprises neighborhoods home residents jewish descent ethnic neighborhoods primarily african americans represented council member city second largest hospital found public schools centers branch libraries police mini fire houses consists newark downtown commercial district neighborhood newark industry located 19th century today enterprise immigrant population known neck neck destination shopping dining historically immigrant dominated section city recent decades termed little portugal little brazil heavily portuguese brazilian population newark home largest portuguese speaking communities united_states addition home latin americans african americans manhattan public education consists elementary schools ward largely composed densely packed housing primarily large apartment buildings climate newark lies transition humid subtropical humid continental climate cold damp winters hot humid summers january daily mean temperatures expected years readings rare conversely days warm average seasonal snowfall inches variations weather patterns bring sparse snowfall years major heaviest hour fall inches occurring december spring autumn area generally unstable mild july daily mean highs exceed average days year higher heat index city receives precipitation ranging inches month usually falling days month extreme temperatures ranged february july demographics city population census retaining position largest city state making nation populous municipality reaching peak residents counted census city population saw decline nearly residents moved surrounding suburbs increase counted census marking second census years city population grown previous white flight newark suburbs started 1940s accelerated 1960s riots resulted significant population loss city middle class jewish continued 1970s 1990s city lost residents 1950s white population black population grew percentage whites declined percentage newark grew blacks decreased poverty remains consistent problem newark despite recent years roughly city population impoverished advance city officials push residents respond participate citing calculations city officials people reflected estimates resulted loss government aid political representation believed heavily immigrant areas newark significantly census especially households refused participate census immigrants reluctant submit census forms believed information justify census united states census people households families residing city population density square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white black african american native american asian races races race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population age years age older median age years females males females age males showed inflation adjusted dollars median household income margin error median family income males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age census newark 63rd populous city census people households families residing city population density square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city census african american white asian native american pacific races races population hispanic latino race census city residents identified hispanic latino puerto_rico ecuador dominican_republic significant portuguese speaking community concentrated district census data showed newark residents portuguese ancestry population additional total brazilian ancestry households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city population families poverty line age older living poverty line city unemployment rate economy people newark making state largest employment center white collar jobs insurance finance import export health care government major courthouse venue including federal state county facilities home law firms city college town nearly students attending city universities medical law schools airport maritime port rail facilities highway network newark busiest hub east_coast terms volume newark industrial past city considerable industry light manufacturing southern portion known seen factories built world war including large brewery opened distributed million barrels beer service industry growing rapidly replacing manufacturing industry newark primary economy addition transportation large business newark accounting jobs newark cities new_jersey designated eligible state developers invest minimum million miles train station eligible pro rated tax credit election millions dollars public private partnership investment downtown development persistent continue characterize city neighborhoods poverty remains consistent problem newark roughly city population impoverished newark largest insurance center united_states new_york_city mutual benefit life originated city largest insurance companies world home office newark companies headquartered city including transit public service enterprise group new_jersey moved north american headquarters new square foot office building portions newark urban enterprise zone addition benefits encourage employment zone advantage reduced sales tax rate versus rate charged statewide eligible merchants years newark food desert new ones opened planning open including supermarket foods port newark port newark port newark largest cargo facility port new york new_jersey located newark bay run new_jersey serves principal container ship facility goods entering leaving new_york metropolitan region northeastern quadrant north_america port moved billion goods making 15th busiest world time number container port recently plans underway dollars improvements larger cranes bigger facilities deeper channels expanded arts culture architecture sculptures notable buildings veterans administration building notable art buildings include 1930s era restored gothic architecture found largest gothic united_states rumored stained glass newark public sculpture works wars america military park buildings include prince street oldest buildings new_jersey performing arts located near opened home center programs national international music dance theater nation sixth largest performing arts center attracting visitors year prior opening performing arts center home garden state ballet maintains academy neo classic building originally built performance spaces including main concert named honor famous offering rhythm blues rap hip hop gospel music concerts modern day newark boys chorus founded performs regularly city presents new works took place newark time venues universities city present professional semi professional theater dance music opening presented katy_perry lady_gaga britney_spears eagles girls american idol live performed series concerts mark venue opening museums libraries galleries largest new_jersey highlights collection include american art museum contains science galleries gallery children exhibits fire museum sculpture garden 18th century museum historic restored victorian mansion museum sponsors premiered numerous films founding city home rotating exhibits new_jersey newark state largest system locations produces series historical exhibits library houses million volumes frequent exhibits variety topics featuring items fine print special collections newark home world foremost jazz archives research libraries located institute houses jazz recordings commercially available formats monograph titles including biographies history criticism published music film video periodicals dating early 20th century country comprehensive jazz oral history collections featuring jazz oral histories february plans announced new built city neighborhood museum dedicated black musical styles gospel rap new museum incorporate façade old abraham_lincoln spoke december located broadway broadway neighborhood held grand opening museum dedicated cultural heritage new_jersey jewish people museum housed continually operating newark 1950s newark serving jewish population sixth largest jewish community united_states newark home numerous art galleries including newark center contemporary art city walls april plans announced new created plans realized according planners reported lack funding poor economy project went sleep collaboration local arts organizations sponsored seen creation outdoor murals significant people places events city new initiatives private sponsorship announced festivals festivals held annually annually include cherry festival april portugal day festival june mcdonald june july paul awards festival october venues city wide open doors october media communications newark metro new_york media market newspapers state leading newspaper star-ledger owned based newark newspaper sold headquarters july offices publisher editorial board magazine relocating gateway center radio pioneer radio station started broadcast studios retailer downtown department store today building serves computer support industries radio station broadcast plant near broad street station moved new_york_city 1920s radio station founded newark later moved new_york_city affiliate format standard contemporary jazz park place downtown newark later licensed newark television new_jersey television station signed studios known studios home beginning flagship station spanish language owned operated station licensed newark producing pan caribbean television market based city city government access channel broadcast channel company high tech center newark employing people located filming city numerous movies television programs music videos shot newark period architecture seen ideal urban setting located city city created order promote making media productions months earlier stay shoot facility metro area opened production city hosted seventh season reality competition america got talent film productions depicting life newark life crime originally produced followed sequel film city considered car theft capital world street fight academy award nominated documentary film covered mayoral election incumbent challenger channel aired television documentary newark focusing community attempt better safer place live history nearly half century violence poverty official corruption second season premiered january revolution award winning documentary examines causes events newark riots hbo television series filmed scenes newark partially based life newark future newark documentary places cultural social historical significance professor sports newark hosted teams time mlb nba nfl team city proper currently city home second largest city new_york metropolitan area newark regional professional sports media markets venues northeastern new_jersey metro region downtown newark multi purpose indoor arena designed opened october concert hockey game known rock arena home ncaa hall pirates men basketball team seating basketball hockey seat baseball park home baseball teams newark scarlet raiders play play atlantic sun conference stadium opened july home newark bears played stadium team folded home opened harrison sports complex miles downtown reached rail line played seasons center moving played seasons renovations madison square garden center hosted stanley cup finals nba draft nba draft entry draft primetime mixed martial arts event took place event aired primetime major american network television newark host city airport gateway super bowl played february game took place home hosting teams new_york_giants media day event leading game took place january center original produced newark borrowed displayed january march ultimate fighting championship annual super bowl weekend mixed martial arts event took place february government local government city governed act formally known local government effective july voters city newark passed referendum held november council members elected basis regular municipal election general election terms years council member council members large basis mayor elected term years mayor newark serving term office ending june acting mayor october born puerto_rico sworn newark latino mayor november assuming term vacated position junior senator new_jersey term ended june selected unanimously council meeting replace previously elected booker resigned sworn october winning october special election senator replace seat held death newark mayoral election took place won sworn newark 40th mayor july consists following members serving concurrent terms office ending june council president large large large large federal state county representation newark split 8th 10th congressional districts new_jersey 28th 29th state legislative districts prior following newark split 27th 28th 29th state legislative districts prior census newark split 10th 13th change took effect january based results november general elections split took effect residents non sections city north northeast placed 8th district southern western portions city placed 10th district new_jersey represented new_jersey tenth congressional district represented newark new_jersey represented united_states senate newark term ends bob session senate general_assembly 28th represented newark general_assembly newark session senate general_assembly 29th represented newark general_assembly newark newark governor new_jersey lieutenant governor new_jersey governed directly elected legislative functions performed county consists members elected large basis serve year terms office concurrent basis end december president large newark vice president large large newark large filling vacant seat resignation district newark parts newark district newark parts district east orange newark west central orange south orange district district belleville constitutional elected county sheriff politics national level newark strongly democratic_party march census population newark registered voters population ages ages registered democrats registered republicans registered voters registered parties presidential election democrat barack_obama received vote cast ahead republican votes candidates votes ballots cast city registered voters turnout presidential election democrat barack_obama received vote ballots cast ahead republican john_mccain received vote votes city registered voters participating turnout registered voters presidential election democrat received vote ballots republican received registered voters participating turnout percentage gubernatorial election democrat received vote cast ahead republican votes candidates votes ballots cast city registered voters ballots turnout democrat received vote ballots cast ahead republican received vote votes city registered voters participating political corruption newark marred episodes political corruption years previous seven newark indicted criminal charges including reported newsweek mayor indicted crimes committed office mayor newark son italian immigrants tailor veteran ran reform platform defeating incumbent ironically characterized corrupt political machine era riots found city officials taking city contractors convicted conspiracy sentenced years federal prison successor city african american mayor elected pleaded guilty federal tax plea agreement fraud charges tenure mayor gibson tried acquitted giving jobs jury defeated gibson declined run sixth term indicted counts conspiracy mail fraud wire fraud federal grand jury sitting newark grand jury charged james spending city owned credit cards personal gain scheme sell city owned land market prices companion immediately sold land developers gained profit james pleaded guilty counts initial court appearance july april james found guilty role rig land sales city owned properties personal gain mayor sentenced serve months prison released april good behavior education colleges universities newark home multiple institutions higher education including campus main campus new_jersey newark newark academic institutions located city district colleges universities worked help area serves students faculty public schools newark residents ages attended high school didn graduate graduated high school including earned bachelor degree higher total school enrollment pre primary school enrollment elementary high school enrollment college enrollment state operated school district largest school system new_jersey district districts statewide referred districts based requirement state cover costs school building renovation projects districts supervision school year district schools enrollment students classroom teachers basis student teacher ratio ranked public high school new_jersey schools statewide magazine september cover story state public high schools ranked 50th schools technology high school rating ranked new_jersey monthly rankings newark high schools ranked new_jersey monthly list include central east west facebook founder donated challenge grant million district choosing newark stated believed mayor governor abilities charter schools newark include drawing students newark remains performing schools new_jersey based standardized test scores charter school serving children grades recognized epic silver gain school like won blue ribbon award opened august currently serves students grades ultimately serve students charter schools area private schools city hosts high schools newark christ king prep founded boys roman catholic high school founded conducted monks campus grown encompass sides near market street includes dormitory boarding students girls roman catholic high school founded sponsored operated continuously non day school located serving approximately students seventh eighth grades founded 1960s opened taught students grades infrastructure transportation newark hub air road rail ship traffic making significant gateway new_york metropolitan area northeastern united_states second busiest airport new_york region 14th busiest united_states terms passenger traffic plane movements transported passengers tons cargo processed tons newark airport new_york_city area commercial airport opened land reclaimed east airport lies port newark fifteenth busiest port world largest container port east_coast united_states port moved billion goods early modes transport morris canal stretching miles newark completed allowed coal industrial agricultural products pennsylvania transported efficiently new_york metropolitan area canal completion led increased settlement newark vastly increasing population years come canal decommissioned right way converted subway known subway stations portray canal original state form mosaic works city increasingly means transportation sought eventually leading horse drawn turn replaced electric traveled main streets downtown newark including broad street market street near courthouse cars long personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity slowly system like burden roads highways city total miles roadways miles maintained municipality miles miles miles newark served numerous highways including interstate interstate garden state parkway route route route newark connected spanning constructed undergoing million renovation project local streets newark conform quasi grid form major streets outward like wheel downtown area major roads city named towns lead including springfield avenue avenue broadway renamed belleville avenue city extensively served mass transit newark residents car census ranked second new_york_city proportion households automobile cities people public transportation situated east downtown city major train station served path train links newark manhattan transit commuter rail lines amtrak service designed completed mile north served commuter rail lines train stations linked system provides services newark northern communities neighboring towns belleville built bed light rail cars run underground newark downtown area city train station connects northeast corridor airport bus service newark provided contract operators newark served transit bus routes bus route express bus route flags great adventure express service bus bus bus rapid transit lines city healthcare newark home hospitals independent institution teaching hospital busiest level trauma center state israel medical center largest hospital city state largest system hospital health care facilities oldest hospitals city dating bed regional facility home operates medical center acute care hospital designed focus patients complex medical conditions require intense specialized treatment extended period recovery time hospitals closed recent years include public safety operates system city department operates fleet units staffed hour power trucks units staffed stationed newark airport covers airport port newark elizabeth frequently responds distinction staff hospital based heavy rescue truck country system busiest system unit nation average unit sent dispatches hour shift provide medical state police helicopters flight nurse flight clock system newark handles upwards requests service annually city protected time paid firefighters founded operates located city organized battalions operates engine companies ladder companies rescue companies urban search rescue fire boats diving unit foam unit mobile command unit unit numerous special support reserve units responds approximately emergency calls annually responded fire hazardous condition calls law enforcement city operated law enforcement agency january force officers ranks headquartered penn plaza east jurisdiction city april announced play prominent role patrolling streets city tide tag program patrol respective college campuses city crime money magazine ranked newark dangerous city nation city recorded total year representing significant drop record murders set number murders dropped decline previous year lowest city murders newark recorded march calendar month city record homicide overall increase crime numbers previous year including rise straight year incidents raising concerns city returning status car theft capital world increase crime increased recovery illegally owned guns recorded ranked newark 6th dangerous city united_states based numbers fbi crime united_states report city murders days period ending september largely attributed reduction police force newark recorded year ending triple seven years highest tally accounting murders statewide total number newark murders star-ledger reported city international relations general ecuador new_jersey located 4th floor market street general portugal newark located main floor plaza general colombia located broad street vice italy located gateway center closed economic reasons pope visited city time elevated city cathedral guest honor twin towns sister cities newark sister cities listed notable people | Newark, New Jersey | Geography and places | Places | North America |
19327_OregonandCaliforniaRailroadRevestedLands | oregon california railroad lands oregon california railroad lands commonly known lands approximately acres land located eighteen counties western oregon originally granted build railroad portland oregon san_francisco california land united_states government act congress currently managed counties lands located received payments united_states government compensation loss timber tax revenue beginning share timber revenue lands changing years timber production decreased governments counties come depend land revenue important source income schools county services recent source income lands extension community self determination act renewed vastly reduced spending levels leaving counties find new sources funding late united_states house_of_representatives considering bill resume funding increase timber provide additional income counties origin government desire foster settlement economic development western states july congress passed oregon california railroad act act acres land available company built railroad portland oregon san_francisco land distributed state oregon acre land grants mile track completed companies named began competition build railroad west east lines eventually merge oregon california railroad congress changed grants distributed requiring railroads sell land line settlers acre parcels acre land distributed pattern sections laid miles rail corridor government retaining alternate sections future growth railroad extended portland way created growth towns aurora emerged freight passenger stations provided commercial river valley rarely able travel railroad way new drain oakland laid land fraud significant aspect railroad provided access oregon vast forests large scale logging operations despite large number grants difficult sell actual settlers land heavily forested chiefly rugged remote railroads soon realized land valuable sold larger plots developers timber companies result individuals posed settlers purchase land acre rate promptly railroad amassed smaller plots larger ones higher price timber interests scheme grants altogether soon emerged railroad official hired surveyor named round people portland land office register parcel promptly railroad plots highest typically acre investigation uncovered scandal time grown magnitude paper reported land sales violated federal law nearly people indicted connection fraud including senator attorney lands land fraud trials reached conclusion attention turned acquired company violated terms grant agreement declared terminating land sales violation grant agreement future increases land values retain timber profits series lawsuits united_states government railroads ensued lawsuit brought portland attorney future representative behalf western oregon counties sued claim revenue timber sales lands cases worked way ruled united_states despite violation grant terms railroad built railroad company compensated congress passed chamberlain act remaining acres land united_states government compensated railroad acre account oregon california land grant fund funded timber sales land oregon counties affected land compensated fund ease financial trouble faced counties little timber revenue actually generated land counties large land owned federal government denying source property tax revenue problems compounded 1920s counties organized voice district attorney future senator began lobbying oregon congressional delegation relief bill introduced oregon senator known act passed law provided government pay counties lieu property taxes received land privately owned government timber revenues timber revenue remained low payments actually counties congress began work new legislation act congress sought ensure federal funding counties oregon california lands sustained yield management act commonly referred directed interior harvest timber lands bay wagon road lands sustained yield basis legislation returned percent timber sales receipts counties percent federal government payments counties prior establishment act law specifically provided lands managed including protection watershed ensure permanent source timber revenue counties act later succeeded managed billion board feet standing inventory billion board feet mid-1990s harvested billion board feet time period fully percent revenue previously gone treasury reverted counties counties opted divert money maintenance land roads recreational facilities improvements report contained estimate implementation counties received total million result act authors report estimated counties received government payments land held privately achieved previous legislation failed provide stable revenue counties revenue vital budgets counties paying county provided services law enforcement health social services funding seemingly guaranteed counties kept taxes lower counties state increasing dependence timber payments example property tax cents assessed value far state average decline timber revenue revised congressional action annual timber harvest revenue federal forest land nationwide peaked billion following year impact increased environmental concerns began negatively impact timber sales lands federal plan implemented designed guide forest management federal lands protecting old growth forest habitat endangered species northern spotted owl plan restricted land available timber harvest revenue federal forest lands fell peak revenue areas northwest particularly hard hit offset effects loss timber revenue president bill_clinton proposed year program payments set percent average act payments declining percent annually spotted owl safety net payments passed congress pub payments set work began seek extension payments counties joined rural counties including oregon counties faced falling timber revenues lobby congress solution congress passed secure rural schools community self determination act pub western counties including counties receive federal payments compensate loss timber revenue payments counties included revenue revenue land averaged million year act extended year year extension included emergency economic act phased program extension expired september final payment million delivered counties early late oregon senators proposed legislation extend payments years backed governor entire oregon congressional delegation republican democratic members oregon congressional delegation proposed setting aside federal land oregon public half designated harvest provide revenue counties half designated conservation area president barack_obama proposed united_states federal budget included million extend program fiscal year plan continue payments years declining year march added amendment surface transportation bill authorized year extension community self determination act oregon counties received total million legislation divided counties currently receive payments oregon received million program transportation bill including amendment passed senate vote refused vote senate bill instead passing month extension current transportation bill contain county payments extension july secure rural schools act renewal amendment included transportation bill approved congress signed president widely expected renewal program september congress passed year extension program reduced levels future counties future revenue uncertain oregon counties face severe financial crisis pay county services including law enforcement social services justice systems election services road maintenance county services required state law bankruptcy permitted counties considered merging save costs explored new sources revenue hardest hit counties introduced ballot measure add sales tax pay county services oregon states united_states county state sales tax tax voted regularly voters proposed areas assess gas tax cities tourist areas assess local tax prepared food proposed property tax increase pay law enforcement defeated sheriff office reduced staff released inmates county jail reduce spending released prisoners prisons laid law enforcement personnel cut costs passed law allow counties use timber funds previously reserved road maintenance pay law enforcement patrols late house passed forest management bill sponsored include increased timber lands resumption funding president obama indicated likely veto bill | Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands | Geography and places | Places | North America |
20153_Davenport,Iowa | iowa county seat iowa largest metropolitan area population estimate population making largest nation founded named friend colonel stationed nearby fort armstrong according census city population making iowa largest city city currently appealing figure arguing missed section residents place total population estimate population located approximately halfway chicago border iowa illinois city prone frequent flooding location mississippi_river main universities adjustment took place annual music festivals place including internationally known mile foot race called run festival city class minor league baseball team plus parks facilities miles recreational paths walking major united_states highways serve city seen steady population growth incorporation exception 1980s population decreased job loss ranked affordable metropolitan area forbes neighboring won city award small city category ranked fastest growing areas nation growth high tech jobs notable natives city included jazz legend winning playwright national_football_league running holder current mayor history land originally owned people fox indigenous peoples americas france sold united_states lieutenant united_states representative officially visit area august pike camped present day site group people defeated united_states united_states government concluded called mile strip acquired lands eastern iowa purchase september contained area million acres price equivalent cents acre named defeated chief held prisoner time purchase agreed chief remained neutral war site present day army general governor illinois acted behalf united_states future founder half native serving translator gave generous portion land wife granddaughter chief built home exact spot agreement signed stipulated land finishing treaty house spring established named friend colonel stationed fort armstrong war city incorporated january area governed finally iowa formed act legislature neighbor campaigned county seat city votes citizens february election county seat eve election citizens acquired temporary service laborers vote election won election help laborers supporters protested elections territorial governor grounds laborers residents governor refused results election second election held following august avoid import voters governor set day residency requirement voters victor votes margin victory close election summer held august election drew nearer residents grew tired county seat cause efforts difficult challenge easily won election consequently ensure county seat issue played built county courthouse built railroad bridge mississippi_river connected illinois railway connection caused transportation commerce chicago significantly improve addition new railroad lines acquiring lines caused commercial railroad hub companies saw nationwide railroads threat business weeks bridge completed captain deliberately crashed bridge owner filed lawsuit abraham_lincoln lead defense lawyer railroad company decision upheld right bridge streams bridge allowed remain prior start civil war governor declared iowa military headquarters camps set city aid union built price million dollars architectural journals time fun project small money skyline began forming 1920s building parker building economic building expansion thousands residents public relief great depression grew west end city mississippi_river sickness hunger living conditions plagued area situation soon change citizens went work experienced boom world war companies built plants west interstate highway network brought homes year constructed late 1970s good times downtown local businesses industries farm crisis 1980s negatively affected rest workers lost jobs entire cities area plant city north closed causing loss employment residents 1990s showed beginnings resurgence city recent years renovations building additions occurred downtown area including repairing building hamburg historic district named america great place geography latitude coordinates form according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water located approximately miles west chicago miles east iowa state capital city located miles north missouri miles southeast minneapolis minnesota farmland surrounds outside area located banks mississippi_river point river maximum depth feet feet wide crosses river flows east west banks opposed usual north south direction river city starts slope north hill steep points streets city especially downtown central town follow grid design makes national headlines mississippi_river floods largest city bordering mississippi permanent flood wall prefers open access river parks having access cut adopted new construction elevated year flood level protected walls result mayor publicly expressed view let mother nature course better example building elevated flood climate climate classification considered humid continental climate summers warm hot high levels humidity winters cold temperatures high winds snow likely november february average snowfall inches year january average month july highest temperature recorded july lowest temperature recorded february february substantial weather changes frequently occur day intervals result mid latitude storm tracks low high pressure extratropical disturbances occur devastating tornado touched flooding problem lack flood wall great flood water feet july nearly feet foot flood stage major flooding causes problems roads downtown area including closed cause increased traffic city roads effects major flooding long lasting example flooding city southwest corner remained closed months crews worked cleaning damage removing river debris stream situated vulnerable flash flooding severe thunderstorms june created heavy flash flooding killed people major flood happened june severe thunderstorms caused overflow banks flood properties nearby streets iowa flood neighborhoods neighborhoods dating 1840s original city plot current day built house city divided areas downtown central east end near north northwest west end architectural designs found city including victorian original neighborhoods inhabited german settlers east city dates contained higher end housing proximity commanding view river kept neighborhoods fashionable address long original families departed parade grounds civil war soldiers contrast east central west neighborhoods originally contained working class germans settled town development west started 1850s extensive construction occurring 1870s housing half story simplified style central hamburg neighborhood contains significant residences old german neighborhoods central park historic district neighborhood anchored large park botanical garden fountain park modeled new_york_city originally shared surrounded large tudor revival style houses built development major efforts today eastern contains higher class houses city old civil war parade grounds village short turned surrounded small specialty shops west village downtown contains tallest buildings cities feet tall feet tall tall buildings include story foot city hall government uses mayor council form local government city government consists mayor person council person elected large elected represent city elections held odd numbered years mayor elected individual city mayor duties include running city council meetings actions taken council members vote case tie city board members city council job laws set city budget city administrator currently permanent administrator appointed mayor confirmation thirds council city wide goals include having financially responsible government having growing economy neighborhoods upgrading city infrastructure public facilities establishment political government unit came years city settled city incorporated result resolution iowa representative special charter january parker resident trustees elected govern city mayor activity months minimal council failed meet city charter amended time changes include having replace trustees dividing city appointing city clerk position replace recorder charter amended expand city area provide greater detail duties mayor city council officials half 19th century government assumed expanding responsibilities public welfare public works improvements city expanded police protection temporarily having volunteer police officers assist paid officers fire protection expanded city paid firefighters mayor accomplished public works achievements including large street paving new sub divisions plotted large city budget surplus brought creation city hall mayor brought new city improvement encouraged new railroads city promised business like government terms financial responsibility police department city established electrical traffic signals street lighting city expanded incorporation city establishment fiscal year budget million increase million city general fund receives largest funds property taxes followed service fees solid waste collection swimming pool golf course admission expenses personnel costs city given surveys citizens rate quality life city services largest department city public works department budget million police department second budget million fire department budget million parks department million million budget federal level iowa 2nd congressional district represented democrat senators republicans state level represented 41st 42nd 43rd iowa senate districts districts 41st senate district covers eastern city park conservative districts represented republican 1970s district slightly moving liberal increase democrats district represented republican senator 42nd district covers western city park western southern rural represented republican senator 43rd senate district covers central city represented democrat house district covers eastern city small western portion district shares western boundaries senate district district represented democrat district covers western city eastern boundary senate district represented republican districts area senate district district covers north west central area district covers southern eastern senate district represented democrats representing representing house iowa demographics according estimate city population grew metropolitan area grew census people households families residing city population density people square mile housing units average density square mile population density times average density iowa times average density united_states percent cities iowa higher populations city smaller population density people square mile racial makeup city white black african american native american asian pacific races races population hispanic latino race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size percent races exception white higher iowa averages black population times average iowa races white higher percent rest iowa lower united_states whites lower iowa average higher rest united_states age spread age years age older median age years females males economy biggest labor industry manufacturing jobs sector second largest employer cities largest single employer employing workers north plant john world headquarters located large employers cities include employees regional grocery store employees headquarters department store stores headquarters publishes daily newspapers weekly newspapers specialty publications online sites states september unemployment rate rest risen median income household city families earning males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age ages lower cost living national average average home price forbes ranked best metropolitan area cost living second ranked 16th affordable housing country confirmed surrounding major places employment including largest government owned weapons manufacturing arsenal united_states inc large manufacturer elevators located illinois large aluminum manufacturer located iowa local businesses include sandwich shop happy joe local ice cream arts culture landmarks downtown points interest including river music experience home baseball team chicago milwaukee known home small businesses featuring locally grown items grocery hub tap room local brewery cultural educational institutions include houses design founded founded museums west mississippi_river city symphony orchestra headquartered downtown founded opened located foot features historic landmarks took homeless children iowa ninety counties following civil war hall original building aside landmarks contains entertainment venues great mississippi valley hosts stock car racing events city main shopping mall stores companion located street stadium home high school football games number parks including park bike path baseball diamonds tennis courts fishing mississippi_river small botanical garden features walking path large fountain garden located recreation amenities parks facilities picnic areas shelters miles recreational trails dog parks multiple natural zones ball diamonds outdoor basketball courts tennis ball courts courts golf courses course disc golf courses river views multiple pond fishing locations including boat launches pools spray park splash pads soccer complex indoor ice turf facility river edge park iowa indoor human river edge mobile environmental education trailer mobile wagon botanical park center historic sites including second oldest children theatre america junior theatre events festivals day music festival traditional jazz bands held tribute internationally renowned jazz pianist composer native festival started august founded year later organize sponsor 39th consecutive festival addition features live music food vendors annual mile road race held late july race founded resident iowa wanted bring cities excitement felt ran race participants today runners late july early august day great mississippi valley fair features major concerts carnival rides attractions food vendors river large annual gathering includes bands food vendors big festival takes place great mississippi valley fair include river river roots live arts fair sister cities sister cities germany brazil ireland neighboring illinois won city award small city category executive director conference stated award gives conference chance highlight mayoral leadership making urban areas safer cleaner award acknowledges achievements plan sports recreation cities home sports teams baseball team play games downtown wireless center home hockey team premier basketball league team play home games field house old campus high schools sports parks recreational trails major parks include acre km2 park southwest located alongside mississippi_river contains pool approximately visitors year situated duck creek parkway includes baseball fields sand basketball courts located right banks mississippi_river park hosts summer events including river roots live bands play park july approximately visitors continuous floral shows city features recreational trails walking extends west miles east parkway extends miles mississippi waterfront trails continue plans discussed connect trails public golf courses offered city river related activities boat offers rides river stops iowa stops illinois connects bike paths state river media major daily newspapers based based alternative free newspaper published major television networks stations area including nbc fox cbs located abc ranks largest market television largest market radio radio station local broadcasting debut february second licensed station air hired future president ronald_reagan staff announcer film theater literary references recorded song called blues song later recorded artists mentions cities listed song iowa musical music man education public schools serve nearly students communities buffalo second largest school district iowa public high schools central west north private high school assumption public intermediate schools public elementary schools intermediate schools named female public school superintendent united_states superintendent schools high schools sports city colleges universities school location adjustment world university closed senior citizen housing infrastructure transportation interstate highways serve interstate interstate serves runs east chicago route route crosses illinois connected illinois total bridges mississippi_river government bridge connect downtown downtown respectively connects western edge western edge highways include iowa highway city southwest iowa highway runs northwest boulevard north edge air travel municipal airport located adjacent city northern city limits serves smaller aircraft home annual river illinois closest commercial airport major railroads include iowa chicago eastern national recreation trails intersect american discovery trail amtrak currently serve closest station currently miles away illinois station completed current united_states senators iowa illinois senator senator barack_obama sent letter amtrak asking begin plans bring rail service october million federal fund announced bring amtrak service new line running chicago hope lined completed offer round trips daily chicago lines bus service station building shared local river ports infamous truck eating bridge bridge bridges set railroad bridges cross north southbound route street year average semi trucks hit bridge usually causing massive damage trucks bridges iron steel concrete rarely damaged public transit appeared city created authority provided monetary support privately owned company years city purchased placed operation public transportation jurisdiction city today division total vehicles covers approximately square miles km2 city connects mass transit system saw customers september grown high gas prices utilities electricity rest provided water provided mississippi_river treated water treatment facility located southeast health care served hospitals central park avenue facilities facilities outside beds hospitals employ physicians staff members awarded designation excellence nursing services fewer percent hospitals receive honor notable people include jazz musician road race jazz festival named artist raised creator decorative concrete bear sports figures born include nfl running nfl offensive nba guard boxing champion champion professional wrestler natives include aviation pioneer wwe superstar actors inventor mass produced bread grew | Davenport, Iowa | Geography and places | Places | North America |
20626_Dayton,Ohio | ohio local pronunciation sixth largest city state ohio county seat small portion city extends census population metropolitan area residents making fourth largest metropolitan area ohio cleveland cincinnati columbus 63rd largest united_states springfield combined statistical area population making 43rd largest united_states situated region ohio north cincinnati metropolitan area ohio borders miles roughly percent country population manufacturing infrastructure making area logistical manufacturers suppliers plays host significant research development fields like industrial engineering led technological innovations innovation place community decline heavy manufacturing businesses service economy includes insurance legal sectors healthcare government sectors defense healthcare accounts area economy hospitals greater area estimated combined employment nearly yearly economic impact billion estimated hospital network contributes billion year region operating employment capital expenditures rated city nation cities united_states excellence health care hospitals area consistently ranked forbes clinical excellence noted association aviation city home birthplace known individuals born city include poet entrepreneur known patents come area notably wright brothers invention powered flight magazine ranked mid sized metropolitan area nation economic development named best places united_states college graduates find job history founded april group settlers known thompson party traveled march cincinnati great miami river landed street found small camps native americans settlers memoirs provide insights history groups traveling overland arrived days later laid overland connection cincinnati opening mad river country settlement ohio admitted union city incorporated city named captain american revolutionary war signed constitution owned significant land area construction canal began provide better way transport goods contribute significantly economic growth 1800s historically home patents 1870s according national_park_service citing information granted patents capita city ranked fifth nation early wright brothers world airplane world renowned numerous hailed city home mechanical cash register hydraulic jump flood prevention mechanism helped pioneer modern day hydraulic engineering paul famous african american poet novelist penned famous works late 19th century integral city history innovation led business growth region acquired cash register patents formed company manufactured mechanical cash registers played crucial role success shaping reputation manufacturing early 1900s leading engineer company helped develop electric cash register propelled national spotlight helped develop navy code breaking machine helped crack machine world war catastrophic flood occurred march known great flood led establishment miami district series dams hydraulic jumps installed like cities country heavily involved war effort world war locations city hosted branch larger manhattan_project develop early atomic bombs war efforts led manufacturing boom city including high demand housing services point emergency housing place housing shortage region use today 1940s 1970s city saw significant growth suburban areas result population migration veterans returning military service large numbers seeking industrial manufacturing jobs local industry expanding rapidly architecture contributed suburban boom new modernized shopping centers allowed workers greater distances families live away downtown area homes built 1950s 1980s population decline mainly loss manufacturing jobs metropolitan areas national housing crisis began state suffered similar reasons negative impact greater greatest percentage loss population state 1980s cleveland despite begun workforce manufacturing growing sectors local economy healthcare education new expansion downtown began 2000s helping city encourage growth home built highly successful minor league baseball team integral culture city public park system rivers constructed outdoor entertainment venue known attracts visitors year new performance arts theater opened large health network region premier health partners expanded location story tower addition cooperation city community leaders introduced greater downtown plan focuses job creation retention infrastructure improvements housing recreation collaboration plan implemented year peace agreement peace accord parties hostilities conflict yugoslavia negotiated near ohio november wrote event memoirs real charming ohio city famous birthplace wright brothers citizens outset unlike population new_york_city geneva washington scarcely notice conference proud history large signs commercial airport hailed temporary center international peace local newspapers television stations covered story angle drawing people deeper proceedings ventured restaurant shopping center downtown people crowded saying praying given standing ovation restaurant families air base placed candles peace windows people gathered peace outside base day formed peace chain large surround thousand acre base ohio famous ethnic diversity display nickname known gem city origin nickname uncertain theories exist early 19th century known named gem hailed article published author known stated small bend great miami river canals east south fairly said rights gem interior towns possesses wealth enterprise beautiful country beautifully developed late 1840s major initiated campaign officially nickname eventually adopted city years later referred nickname poem noted following excerpt plays role nickname given state ohio birthplace aviation hometown wright brothers aviation pioneers credited building world successful airplane manned flights north_carolina chosen ideal weather climate conditions returned continued testing nearby additionally colloquially referred little detroit nickname comes prominence manufacturing center geography according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water climate climate features hot summers cold dry winters classified humid subtropical climate original scheme humid continental climate preferred noted normal figures quoted text official station elevation north downtown lies valley temperatures typically cooler downtown airport monthly mean temperatures range january july highest temperature recorded july february average days highs nights lows annually snow moderate normal seasonal accumulation usually occurring november march occasionally april rarely october precipitation averages inches annually total rainfall peaking subject severe weather typical tornadoes possible spring fall floods severe thunderstorms occur time time demographics note following demographic information applies city proper area communities respective articles population declined significantly peak residents manufacturing region growth affluent suburbs including city populous ethnic group white declined recent census estimates population increase increase decades census median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female census population estimates census population estimate showed increasing city population time decades attributed efforts downtown increasing downtown population population estimate indicates net decrease individuals estimate economy economy relatively vital overall economy state ohio magazine ranked medium sized metropolitan area economic development metropolitan areas exports export related jobs ranked respectively report placed value exports billion number export related jobs ranks 4th ohio gross domestic product industry total billion additionally ranks major metropolitan areas ohio exports foreign countries attempting leverage regions large water capacity estimated gallons water attract new businesses revised bond rating stronger rating global process upgraded rating summer ranked best places college graduates looking job companies premier health partners headquarters home known headquartered years major computer technology research development aviation region gave birth aviation known high concentration aviation technology governor designated ohio innovation hub technology hub state major united_states research development organizations historical leadership aviation maintain headquarters area military primary producer intelligence foreign air space forces weapons systems provides leading edge capabilities united_states air space forces world best headquarters largest air base wings air_force installation generated total economic impact area billion fiscal year decline billion fiscal year addition state officials working region hub leader research manufacturing research organizations support community confederation government academic industry partners leverage advanced technical intelligence expertise non profit organization based led ranked nation federal industry funded materials research carries human centered research design headquartered suburb city started tech town development project intended attract technology based firms downtown area tech town home world business world class center excellence remote sensing sensing technology technology business housed center building healthcare major role area economy hospitals greater area estimated combined employment nearly yearly economic impact billion addition area hospitals consistently earn national ranking recognition including list america best hospitals ratings notable hospitals area rated number nation cities united_states excellence healthcare ranked fourth best nation emergency medicine care ranked region number nation lowest hospital mortality rate key centers health care exist region center focuses science development human tissue regeneration located area center includes state art disaster training facility estimated period years regional economic impact million institute focused diagnosis treatment research disorders employers according comprehensive annual financial report employers city proper government composed mayor city commissioners member elected large non partisan basis year overlapping terms policy items decided empowered city charter pass resolutions adopt regulations appoint city manager city manager responsible implementing policies initiatives large american city adopt city manager form municipal government architecture unlike cities age broad straight downtown streets generally lanes direction access downtown automobile popular main reason broad streets marketing shipping center beginning streets broad enable wagons drawn teams pairs turn addition today streets barge canals flanked draw paths courthouse building constructed downtown supplement original courthouse stands second new courthouse replaced new facilities park favored political campaign stop september future president abraham_lincoln delivered address steps building presidents visited courthouse presidents presidential campaigns include richard_nixon ronald_reagan bill_clinton finished construction million corporate headquarters downtown square foot story building marks downtown new office tower decade tallest buildings skyline originally headquarters building renamed winters merged known tower gained naming rights building said decades significant buildings order reduce city rental vacancy rate increase occupancy rate neighborhoods historic neighborhoods south_park feature single family houses tudor revival style architecture prairie mission revival federal styles architecture downtown large area encompasses neighborhoods seen recent revival suburbs suburbs population include riverside partial culture fine arts ranked nation metropolitan areas arts culture ranked country arts destination ranking higher larger cities atlanta cincinnati home benjamin downtown world class performing arts center home venue ballet addition opera performances hosts concerts lectures traveling broadway shows popular spot weddings events historic victoria theatre located downtown hosts concerts traveling broadway shows ballet classic film series located downtown home site numerous plays theatrical productions presented live theater productions inducted home ballet companies including ballet oldest professional dance companies united_states ballet runs oldest dance school oldest country ballet school associated professional dance company established hosts largest african american based contemporary dance world company travels nationally internationally recognized critics world wide resides ballet studio food city fine dining restaurants include nationally known home variety pizza chains woven local culture notable notable based restaurant chains include addition restaurants city home candy chocolate company mike sells oldest potato chip company united_states religion major religions represented christianity represented dozens denominations respective churches notable churches include sacred heart church muslim community largely represented muslim community includes mosque street home united theological seminary affiliated judaism represented temple israel represented tourism tourists visiting accounted billion business activity tourism accounts private sector jobs county tourism region led nearby largest oldest military aviation museum world museum draws million visitors year single visited tourist attractions ohio museum houses museums play significant roles tourism economy area museum fine arts owns collections containing objects spanning years art archaeological history rated best art museums united_states children local children museum science numerous exhibits includes indoor zoo nearly different animals notable historical museums region operated national_park_service commemorates lives achievements wright brothers famous aircraft housed museum historical park home america contains restored historical vehicles partially reconstructed 12th century prehistoric american indian village located south end organized central plaza dominated wood posts forming astronomical calendar park includes museum visitors learn indian history entertainment annual air takes place international airport largest air shows united_states area served rivers encompassing acres facilities year round recreation education conservation cooperation maintains miles paved multi use scenic trails connect miami warren butler counties hosted annual festival continued bring best folk ethnic world music arts rivers owns operates located near downtown market vendors selling items produce cooked foods baked goods crafts flowers area hosts arenas venues south hosts nationally internationally known musicians concerts notable performances included boys boston south downtown banks great miami river home venue basketball teams location events concerts arena hosts championships hundreds percussion color guard compete world north arena frequently hosts expo events concerts addition hosts annual north_america largest amateur radio operators attend convention east suburb home arena athletics hockey team venue concerts community events national traveling shows performances historic residential commercial district southeast downtown district populated art galleries specialty shops coffee houses city host yearly festivals notably attracts people yearly irish dancing food crafts performers storm festivals held city include urban nights women jazz african american cultural festival sports area home minor league semi pro teams sports programs baseball dragons professional baseball team minor league affiliate cincinnati_reds team minor league baseball history sell entire season began voted hottest tickets professional sports sports_illustrated dragons consecutive surpassed nba portland trail longest streak professional sports roller derby gem city flat track roller derby league ohio team established began rapid climb national ranks present league hosts double bouts playing purple reign visiting teams league owned run collegiate host ncaa basketball hosted games ncaa men basketball tournament history venue arena site round games teams competed final spots ncaa basketball tournament ncaa men basketball men basketball team hockey ice hockey team recently played june announced bombers turn membership league hockey remained began play fall gems folded season shortly gems folded announced new team begin play replaced july football hosted game precursor nfl game played triangle park october considered professional football games played football teams area include golf region known golf courses clubs hosts country club notable courses addition championships held area golf courses hosted championship hosted championship club hosted championship additionally hosted women open senior open notable courses include community golf course city home club fields squads play home games media served print city sole remaining daily newspaper owned region main business newspaper nielsen_media_research ranked county television market market united_states market served stations affiliated major american networks including abc operated cbs operated pbs operated operates assigned oxford channel nbc operated channel operated operated local marketing agreement nationally syndicated morning talk daily buzz originated property moving current home florida served radio stations directly numerous stations heard serve outlying suburbs adjoining counties transportation public transit greater regional transit authority operates public bus routes metro area addition routes covered traditional diesel powered buses number electric bus routes system second longest running remaining systems having entered service present manifestation electric transit service operated continuously operates station provides inter city bus transportation hub located hub airports air transportation available north proper international airport airport operates hours day seven days week offers service markets served million passengers significant regional air freight hub hosting major commercial freight carriers area regional airports general aviation airport owned city located miles south central business district serves airport international airport airport primarily serves corporate personal aircraft users known privately owned public use airport located miles west central business district privately owned public use airport situated miles southwest city major highways region primarily served interstate runs north south city north south suburbs major east west interstate runs east west suburbs intersects ohio north city intersection known freedom veterans crossroads officially named major route airport interstate partial interstate ring eastern suburbs runs north south connects north south major routes region include major east west highway widely state route freeway heavily traveled state route north south state highway southern terminus interchange route northern terminus interstate limited access road serves significant route access points serving currently process million construction modify reconstruct downtown upgrading widening stanley avenue rail freight hosts inter freight railroad class railroads csx operate switching yards city cooperation rivers maintains miles paved scenic trails cycling activities city named bike friendly gave city organization bronze designation honorable mention cities ohio receive award columbus cities nationwide education public schools operates schools serve students including paul high marshall high high high school arts career technology center private schools city private schools located city including archbishop alter high school catholic high school high school east charter schools charter schools charter schools named schools managed leadership colleges universities area ranked tenth higher education metropolitan areas united_states forbes city home major universities private catholic institution founded order law school area ohio largest private university home ranks nation sponsored materials research focuses human tissue regeneration public state university established national training program disaster relief medical school area leader research home largest community college single location ohio largest community colleges nation acclaimed country best community colleges originally founded college home schools outside shape educational landscape springfield founded serves graduate school united_states_air_force located nearby institutions crime consistently highest crime rates cities experienced improving public safety environment crime declining key categories according fbi uniform crime reports data crime continued fall city crime categories rape aggravated assault property crime motor vehicle theft robbery theft arson showed declines overall crime dropped percent previous year notable famous bank early 1930s time captured arrested city police visiting girlfriend high class boarding house downtown sister cities sister cities designated japan bosnia | Dayton, Ohio | Geography and places | Places | North America |
21022_Mobile,Alabama | mobile alabama mobile french pronunciation county seat alabama united_states population city limits united states census making populous city alabama populous largest municipality gulf_coast new_orleans louisiana florida alabama port mobile located head mobile bay north central gulf_coast port mobile played key role economic health city beginning city key trading center french native americans current role 12th largest port united_states mobile principal municipality region residents composed solely largest metropolitan statistical area state mobile largest city mobile total population second largest state population mile radius mobile mobile began capital colonial french louisiana years mobile colony france britain lastly spain mobile united_states_of_america annexation president alabama joined surrendered gulf_coast cultural centers mobile art museums symphony orchestra professional opera professional ballet company large concentration historic architecture mobile known having oldest organized carnival celebrations united_states festival began celebrated decade 18th century french catholic colonial settlers mobile host formally organized carnival mystic society known celebrate parade united_states beginning integrated mystic society parade etymology city gained mobile tribe french colonists encountered living area mobile bay debated alabama historians descendants native american tribe small fortress town conceal thousand native warriors attack expedition spanish explorer mobile tribe obtained permission colonists seven years founding mobile settlement settle near fort history colonial european settlement mobile began french colonists constructed fort louis seven mile bluff capital french colony founded french canadian brothers establish control france louisiana claims appointed royal governor french louisiana mobile roman catholic parish established july parish french catholic parish established gulf_coast united_states ship delivered french women colony passengers contracted yellow fever stop havana girls recovered numerous colonists neighboring native americans contracted disease turn died early period occasion african slaves transported aboard french supply ship caribbean population colony fluctuated years growing persons descending persons years later disease additional disease series floods resulted ordering relocation settlement miles present location confluence new earth constructed new site time appointed administration colony population reached persons capital moved leaving mobile serve regional military trading center construction new brick fort stone foundation began renamed honor prince treaty paris signed ending seven years war britain won defeating france treaty france ceded territories east mississippi_river britain area expanded british west florida colony british changed fort charlotte wife queen king british eager lose useful inhabitants promised religious tolerance french colonists ultimately french colonists remained mobile permanent jewish settlers came mobile result new british rule religious tolerance jews allowed officially reside colonial french louisiana decree passed france king forbade exercise religion roman catholicism ordered jews france colonies colonial era jews mobile merchants traders jewish communities savannah georgia charleston south_carolina added commercial development mobile total population estimated town borders smaller french colonial period american revolutionary war mobile refuge loyalists fleeing colonies british dealing rebellious colonists atlantic coast spanish entered war ally france took opportunity order governor louisiana expedition east retake captured mobile campaign spanish wished eliminate british threat louisiana colony west mississippi_river received france treaty paris actions american colonies partially evidenced presence representative strong trade ties residents mobile west florida remained loyal spanish renamed fort held mobile spanish west florida seized united_states general war 19th century time mobile included population roughly people city included alabama territory mississippi gained alabama granted mobile population increased time river frontage areas alabama mississippi settled developed cotton plantation economy use slave labor mobile population exploded came settled attorneys cotton factors doctors merchants professionals seeking capitalize trade areas mobile situated trade location tied river system served principal navigational access alabama large mississippi city population 1830s onward mobile expanded city commerce primary focus cotton slave trades slaves transported ship slave trade businesses city related slave trade people clothes food supplies slave traders city businesses attracted merchants north population new_york_city deeply involved cotton industry mobile slave trading center state 1850s surpassed montgomery prosperity stimulated building boom underway building elaborate structures city seen point cut short yellow fever waterfront developed terminal facilities brick warehouses exports cotton grew proportion amounts produced mobile second new_orleans cotton exports nation economy focused crop mobile fortunes tied cotton city financial crises mobile owned relatively slaves compared plantation areas households domestic slaves slaves worked waterfront slaves enter united_states african trade brought mobile slave ship 1920s survivor slave trade jewish families lived mobile including attorney charleston south_carolina elected united_states congress early jewish families descendants jews earliest colonial settlers charleston savannah mobile population city limits reached people 27th largest city united_states 4th largest soon free population including city consisted citizens free people color additionally slave owners county held people quarter total county population people american civil war mobile confederate city submarine sink enemy ship built mobile famous naval engagements war resulting union taking control mobile bay august april days surrender city surrendered union army avoid destruction union victories nearby spanish fort city suffered great loss people died result explosion federal ammunition depot street explosion left foot deep hole depot location sank ships docked resulting fires destroyed northern portion city mobile began civil war effectively ended local democrats gained control city government quarter 19th century time economic depression municipal mobile example provided value mobile exports period depression value exports leaving city fell million million 20th century turn 20th century brought mobile economic structure developed new industries generating new jobs attracting significant increase population population increased time city received million federal grants harbor improvements shipping channels world war manufacturing increasingly vital mobile economic health steel production important industries time social justice race relations mobile worsened state passed new constitution blacks poor whites white democratic dominated legislature passed legislation city government passed mobile racial segregation ordinance city informal practice enforced convention mobile african american population responded month boycott law repealed mobile facto segregation increasingly replaced segregation whites imposed laws maintain supremacy city adopted commission form government members elected large voting considered progressive reduce power ward bosses change resulted elite white majority strengthening power majority gain election large candidates addition poor whites blacks mobile cities retain form government prevented smaller groups candidates choice alabama white historically favored single member districts order elect candidates choice red imported fire introduced united_states port mobile late 1930s came ashore cargo ships arriving south_america ants carried soil ballast ships spread south southwest world war defense buildup mobile shipyards resulted considerable increase city white middle class working class population largely massive influx workers coming work shipyards people moved mobile work war effort industries mobile eighteen united_states cities producing liberty ships supported war effort producing ships faster axis powers sink number subsidiary focused building class destroyers rapid increase population city produced crowded conditions increasing social tensions competition housing good jobs race riot broke whites blacks management long maintained segregated conditions shipyards roosevelt administration ordered defense contractors integrate facilities year promoted blacks positions previously reserved whites whites objected change rioting mayor appealed governor national_guard restore order weeks officials allowed african americans return work keeping away safety late 1940s transition postwar economy hard city thousands jobs lost shipyards decline defense industry eventually city social structure began liberal replacing primary economic force paper chemical industries began expand longer needed defense old military bases converted civilian uses following war african americans served veterans supporters stepped activism gain enforcement constitutional rights social justice especially jim crow south 1950s city mobile integrated police force accepted students races unlike rest state early 1960s city buses lunch voluntarily alabama legislature passed cater act allowing cities counties set industrial development boards issue municipal bonds incentives attract new industry local areas city mobile establish board mobile republican mayor reconstruction driving force founding believing members better qualified attract new businesses industry area considered new rival years political emerged victorious prompted attracting new industry chamber effectively shut mobile city government economic development decisions african american students brought case denied admission nearly decade ruled brown segregation public schools unconstitutional federal district court ordered students admitted murphy school year leading school system gained congressional passage civil rights act voting rights act eventually ending legal segregation regaining effective suffrage african americans whites state way reduce african americans voting power maintaining city commission form government large voting resulted positions elected white majority african americans command majority candidates informally segregated city closed dealing mobile economy severe blow closing resulted unemployment rate city factors related industrial restructuring period economic depression lasted 1970s loss jobs created numerous problems resulted loss population residents moved away work mobile city commission form government challenged finally overturned city mobile district court finding city adopted commission form government large positions intent court proposed members city commission elected single member districts likely ending division executive functions mobile state legislative delegation finally enacted mayor council form government seven members elected single member districts approved voters white conservatives increasingly entered republican_party late 20th century african american residents city elected members democratic_party candidates choice change single member districts women african americans elected council large system beginning late 1980s newly elected mayor city council began effort termed string initiative mobile competitive city city initiated construction numerous new facilities projects restoration hundreds historic downtown buildings homes city county leaders efforts attract new business ventures area geography climate geography mobile located southwestern corner state alabama according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 total covered water elevation mobile ranges feet water street downtown feet mobile regional airport neighborhoods mobile number notable historic neighborhoods include church street east lower street old way climate mobile geographical location gulf_of_mexico provides mild subtropical climate hot humid summers mild rainy winters record low temperature set february record high set august study determined mobile city states inches average annual rainfall year period mobile averages days year inches rain snow rare mobile snowfall january mobile occasionally affected major tropical storms hurricanes city suffered major natural disaster night september hurricane passed heart city storm caused tremendous damage mobile surrounding area mobile moderate damage hurricane october hurricane september mobile suffered millions dollars damage hurricane katrina august damaged gulf_coast cities storm surge feet topped higher waves damaged eastern sections city extensive flooding downtown battleship parkway elevated jubilee parkway seen photograph covered stairs entrance located blocks waterfront christmas day tornado late december city suffered tornado hits december large wedge tornado touched city tornado rapidly intensified moved north northeast speeds mph path took tornado causing damage destruction structures heaviest damage houses street street old shell road avenue addition residential structures tornado caused significant damage commercial real estate airport boulevard government street loop neighborhood avenue temple moving neighboring city tornado classified tornado national_weather_service december path taken city short distance east path taken days earlier december tornado touched near taken path ending initial damage estimates ranged million culture mobile french spanish colonial history given culture distinguished french spanish african catholic heritage addition later british american influences distinguished cities state alabama annual carnival celebration best example differences mobile birthplace celebration united_states oldest celebration dating early 18th century french colonial period carnival mobile evolved course years beginning french catholic tradition mainstream multi week celebration today bridges spectrum cultures mobile official cultural ambassadors trail meant ideals southern carnival carnival season expanded late fall winter balls city scheduled early november beginning january twelfth day christmas january carnival celebrations end midnight feast related timing day ash wednesday beginning lent day season easter mobile locals use term refer entire carnival season carnival season mystic societies build colorful parade downtown masked society members toss small gifts known throws parade spectators mystic societies essence exclusive private clubs formal balls usually invitation oriented adults carnival celebrated mobile colonial french catholic settlers carried traditional celebration old mobile site prior relocation city current site mobile carnival society established celebrations relatively small consisted local private parties early 19th century mobile formally organized masked mystic society united_states celebrate parade got start cotton factor pennsylvania began parade introduced horse drawn parade entitled gods formed oldest surviving mystic society united_states carnival celebrations mobile canceled american civil war revived city streets fat tuesday fictional chief named celebrated day occupying union_army troops mobile celebrated represented city mystic societies founded explorers integrated society parade downtown mobile society members men women races addition parade ball hold parties year members perform volunteer work featured award winning documentary order myths mobile archives libraries features history african american participation authentic artifacts era slavery portraits biographies famous african americans houses primary source material relating history mobile southern alabama university history archives located ground floor open general public contains extant records dating city creation municipality majority original records mobile colonial history spanning years housed paris london madrid located complex features manuscripts published materials available use research system serves mobile consists branches large local history division housed facility newly restored enlarged ben main library government street contains primary sources artifacts documents photographs publications history catholic history city history roman_catholic_church arts entertainment features permanent exhibits span centuries art culture museum expanded approximately square feet permanent exhibits include african asian collection gallery american art american fine art contemporary works centre living arts organization operates historic contemporary art gallery opened movie palace today performing arts center serves small concert venue city home conducted space gallery studio initially housed adjacent moved space building donated centre relocation new modern facility underwent million renovation redesign prior opening contains facilities roof building arena theater exposition hall primary concert venue city hosts wide variety events home mobile ballet year old averages attendees performance wide variety events held mobile contains exhibit hall grand ballroom sixteen meeting rooms city hosts annual day music festival live musical acts multiple stages spread downtown event attended people generated excess million city economy season nonprofit community theatre served city member speech mobile host alabama oldest continually running community theatre group named honor famous comedic actor spend teenage years mobile players debuted production december sunny theater mobile home children theater fun group began summer camps expanded year round facility recently moved community drama music art photography dance teachers group produced broadway shows including miracle 34th street fame umbrella organization arts mobile founded project mission increase cooperation artistic cultural organizations area provide forum problems art music theater literature tourism museums mobile home variety museums battleship memorial park military park shore mobile bay features world war era battleship uss alabama world war era submarine uss drum korean war vietnam war memorials variety historical military equipment showcases plus years mobile history housed historic old city hall features house museums attempt interpret lives people strata 19th century society mobile enslaved working class upper class housing city history memorabilia documents variety costumes displays seen history festival season mitchell mansion historic furnished house museums fort morgan figure predominantly local american civil war history housed historic french colonial style features artifacts resources chronicle long history medicine mobile located restored building features history fire companies mobile organization features exhibits chronicle history law enforcement mobile non profit science center located downtown features permanent traveling exhibits dome theater digital virtual theater hands chemistry laboratory located south city near mouth mobile bay houses illustrates habitats mobile bay ecosystem river delta bay barrier islands gulf_of_mexico parks attractions mobile botanical gardens feature variety flora spread acres contains native acre gardens home located acre botanical garden historic square foot mansion dates 1930s rivers delta resource center facility allows visitors learn access mobile middle spanish rivers established serve easily accessible gateway mobile river delta addition offering boat adventure tours contains small theater exhibit hall meeting facilities walking trails canoe landing mobile public parks limits special note square historic park assumed current form named mobile founder principal gathering place citizens city remains popular today cathedral square block performing arts park lower street historic district overlooked conception fort reconstruction city original fort built original fort serves official welcome center colonial era living history museum spanish plaza downtown park honors spanish phase city features arches friendship fountain presented mobile city spain largest parks acres features lakes natural spaces contains park historic architecture mobile architectural examples cottage later architectural styles found city include victorian types shotgun types spanish city currently major historic districts old way garden lower street church street east mobile number historic structures city including numerous churches private homes mobile historic churches include christ conception roman_catholic_church saint francis catholic church chapel chapel historic churches campus historic roman catholic survive convent historic school building local landmark government street surviving examples cottages city restored hospital buildings civil war fire station built example style built successful 19th century african american good example queen anne style scottish rite temple surviving example egyptian revival architecture city mobile example style city historic established shortly colonial era replaced colonial trace remains contains ground tombs monuments spread acres founded height yellow fever nearby acre established served mobile primary burial site 19th early 20th centuries approximately features tombs carved monuments statues established mobile covers acres contains plots poor sisters charity sisters mercy addition historically significant mobile jewish community dates 1820s city historic jewish older demographics united states census determined people residing city limits mobile mobile center alabama second largest metropolitan area consists estimated population census indicated households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older racial makeup city black african american white native american asian pacific races races population latino population average household size average family size estimated sex couple households comprised households age distribution population consisted age years median age years male population female population median income household city capita income city government government mobile consisted mayor seven member city council mayor elected large council members elected seven city council single member districts votes required conduct council business form city government chosen voters previous form government city commissioners elected large ruled substantially minority vote violate voting rights act case city mobile appeals case took time reach settlement establishment new electoral system municipal elections held years mayor elected new system single member district voting served second term mayor term old system defeated outlaw election went serve mayor terms string initiative series projects designed stimulate redevelopment city core credited reviving downtown mobile retirement endorsed successor elected african american mayor mobile elected second term opposition administration continued focus downtown redevelopment bringing industries city ran term beaten took office november november seven member city council district district education public facilities public schools mobile operated enrollment students employs approximately public school employees budget operates mobile boards advanced alabama high school students founded identify challenge educate future leaders private facilities mobile large number private schools nature belong mobile private catholic institutions include little pure heart notable private protestant institutions include independent educational preparatory school assumed current configuration founded merged form primary secondary major colleges universities mobile schools include undergraduate public doctoral level university established university composed doctor program college nursing special programs year private church christ affiliated university based montgomery alabama mobile campus established offers bachelor degrees offers associate degrees legal studies arts science chartered catholic college southeastern united_states oldest jesuit college country year private college offers graduate programs nursing theological studies undergraduate divisions programs include nursing philosophy theology political science year private baptist affiliated university neighboring city founded consists community college founded public historically african american community college campuses mobile offers wide array associate degrees post secondary type institutions campus mobile include beauty culture white sons barber college healthcare mobile serves central gulf_coast regional center medicine physicians major medical centers city limits beds largest nonprofit hospital state founded beds founded maryland beds roots old city owned associated medical school teaching hospital mobile level trauma center regional burn center beds founded mobile profit facility additionally operates beds dedicated exclusively care women minors opened center home academic cancer research center central gulf_coast region operated acute care beds closed facility end october declining revenues beds psychiatric hospital city houses residential unit children acute unit children age segregated hospital unit adults undergoing evaluation ordered city broad array surgical centers emergency home health care services assisted living facilities skilled nursing facilities economy steel ship building retail services construction medicine manufacturing mobile major industries experiencing economic decline decades mobile economy began rebound late 1980s roughly new jobs created new companies founded existing companies expanded defunct companies founded based mobile included current companies based city include morrison addition discussed currently headquartered mobile major industry port mobile mobile underwent largest expansion history expanding container processing storage facility increasing container storage docks cost million positioning mobile rapid container processing growth despite expansion container capabilities addition massive new cranes port went 9th largest 12th largest nation shipyards began major comeback mobile founding subsidiary australian company expanded production facility united_states defense commercial aluminum announced october winning new defense contract completing square feet building complex island expand workforce workers employees atlantic marine operated major shipyard site acquired british defense million business company continues operate site service shipyard employing approximately workers plans expand industrial complex airport located miles south central business district city currently largest industrial transportation complex region companies spread acres notable employers include facilities mobile regional airport mobile division plans family aircraft assembly plant mobile formally announced ceo mobile convention center july plans include million factory assembly aircraft planned employ roughly time workers fully operational construction scheduled begin producing aircraft year assembly plant company factory built united_states announced february hired alabama based construction oversee construction facility german technology broke ground billion combined carbon steel processing facility miles north mobile originally projected eventually employ people facility operational july company carbon mill steel slab making unit rio_de_janeiro sale citing rising production costs worldwide decrease demand steel division including portion plant sold finnish steel company employers according mobile comprehensive annual financial report employers city unemployment rate unemployment rate adjusted july compared rate alabama entire nation transportation air local airline passengers served mobile regional airport direct connections major hub airports served service dallas fort worth international airport service service mobile downtown airport serves corporate cargo private aircraft rail mobile served class railroads including csx alabama class iii railroad links mobile mississippi converge port mobile provides freight transport service companies engaged railroads include railway rail ship service veracruz switching railroad city served amtrak passenger train service service suspended effects hurricane katrina roadways major interstate highways spur converge mobile interstate runs northeast southwest city interstate starts mobile interstate runs north interstate connects interstate north city joins interstate downtown mobile mobile served major highway systems united_states highways mobile traveling east west north mobile routes east mobile bay neighboring alabama interstate leaves downtown george wallace tunnel river bay jubilee parkway spanish fort leaves downtown river bay battleship parkway alabama travels usa bridge north downtown routed mobile public transportation features buses fixed routes neighborhood service public transportation bus service provided cooperation provides service eastern downtown mobile operates monday friday lines provides bus service mobile locations united_states mobile served taxi services water port mobile public direct access miles inland waterways serving great lakes ohio tennessee river valleys tennessee gulf_of_mexico owns operates public port mobile public handle bulk roll roll heavy lift port home private bulk terminal operators number highly specialized repair companies largest floating dry docks gulf_coast city home port cruise ships cruise ship port home holiday left city november larger newer ship place carnival fantasy operated mobile arrived early carnival announced despite fully booked cruises company cease operations mobile october cessation cruise service left city annual debt service million dollars related terminal longer operates city towed port following engine room fire largest cruise ship dock cruise terminal mobile later eclipsed carnival conquest docked mobile port new temporarily closed larger commercial ships routinely arrive port mobile media print mobile alabama oldest active newspaper published paper focuses mobile baldwin counties city mobile serves southwestern alabama southeastern mississippi mobile alternative newspaper mobile area local magazine mobile bay monthly mobile beacon alternative focusing african american communities mobile website focus living mobile television mobile served locally number air television stations include cbs fox nbc religious religious pbs region served wear abc pbs religious independent america jewelry television independent pensacola florida area mobile mobile pensacola fort designated market area defined nielsen_media_research ranked 61st nation television season radio fourteen radio stations transmit mobile radio stations transmit mobile content ranges hip hop ranks mobile radio market united_states autumn sports football mobile home football stadium opened current capacity stadium fourth largest stadium state stadium home featuring best college seniors ncaa football bowl originally known mobile alabama bowl later bowl played stadium features opponents sun belt mid american conferences hosted graduating high school seniors respective states compete june mobile established football team went undefeated inaugural season program member currently plays baseball mobile hank aaron stadium home minor league baseball team south alabama baseball proud tradition producing professional stars basketball basketball respected mid major regularly competing sun belt conference championship play home games mitchell center sports facilities public includes courts hard court holes falls course recently named best par course america played annually mobile bay classic took place held mobile mobile home trail run races historic downtown mobile run annual event trail run premier road races united_states attracting runners world sister cities mobile registered sister city arrangements following cities | Mobile, Alabama | Geography and places | Places | North America |
21274_Lawton,Oklahoma | oklahoma city county seat located southwestern oklahoma southwest principal city according census population making fifth largest city state built reservation lands indians founded august named major general civil war medal honor recipient killed action philippine american war landscape typical great plains flat topography gently rolling hills area north city marked city proximity fort military reservation gave economic population stability 20th century economy largely dependent fort grown encompass manufacturing higher education health care retail city government run council manager government consisting city manager city council headed mayor interstate major united_states highways serve city connects air recreation found city parks lakes museums festivals notable residents city include musical literary artists professional athletes history land present day oklahoma settled prehistoric american indians including bce bce cultures historic indigenous peoples inhabited region included peoples 16th century spanish explorer visited beginning european contact tribes north migrated oklahoma texas region 18th century oklahoma region nominal french control louisiana limited interaction peoples based fur trading brought area united_states control congress passed indian removal act removed american indian tribes southeast relocated west mississippi_river southern territory originally assigned united_states southwest portion lands tribes fort established american_civil_war major general leading campaign stop raids texas american indian tribes broke region left reservation attrition skirmishes army finally forced return tribes june united_states congress appointed commission meet tribal leaders come agreement allowing white settlement years controversy legal maneuvering ensued president issued proclamation july gave federal government control acres km2 surplus indian land legislation united_states allotted communal lands plots individual households tribal members selling remained surplus actions extinguished tribal claims communal lands condition needed admission oklahoma state changes legislature new state began organize counties acre sites counties selected county seats designated seat town named major general fort taken pursuit capture city opened settlement auction town lots beginning august completed days later september expanded soon joined city elections held october entry world war accelerated growth fort availability million gallons water lake north catalyst establish major named active following world war enjoyed steady population growth population increasing 1960s reached postwar period underwent tremendous growth late 1940s 1950s leading city officials seek additional water sources supplement existing water lake late 1950s city purchased large parcels land northern construction man lake dam built creek north west named mayor soft drink dedicated early 1960s offered additional water resources recreational opportunities flood control creek annexed miles land city east northeast west northwest borders expanding east east creek area west street march north section bailey completed connecting directly capital south section leading texas border completed april urban renewal efforts 1970s transformed downtown number buildings dating city founding demolished build enclosed shopping mall june city expanded annexed neighboring fort advent increasing size expected continued population economic growth course years geography fifth largest city oklahoma city total area km2 land located southwest surrounding cities include south duncan east west lies area typical great plains prairie trees flat topography gently rolling hills region north city consists including mount scott area highest peaks area consists limestone northern sections city south sections city sandstone commonly found area creeks including contain deposits northwest mountains consist primarily era climate lies dry subtropical climate climate classification frequent variations weather daily constantly hot dry summer months frequent strong winds usually south south southeast summer help weather northerly winds winter occasionally intensify cold periods average mean temperature southwest oklahoma summers extremely hot averages days temperatures winter months typically mild periods extreme cold occur averages days fail rise freezing city receives inches precipitation snow annually located area known prone severe weather late april early june notably tornado tornado struck southern region city demographics census people households families resided city population density people square mile housing units averaged square mile racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races race mexican puerto rican households children age living married couples living female husband present families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city population distributed age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age crime rate violent crime rate incidents people compared rate oklahoma nationwide property crime rate incidents people compared average oklahoma nationally ranked eighth dangerous city united_states women economy workforce primarily centered government manufacturing retail trade industries ranks fourth oklahoma gross domestic product billion produced majority billion government sector largest employer time employees private sector largest employer time employees major employers area include includes major industrial parks located southwest region town second located near fort regional airport present city undertaking goal redesign areas thomas park north south visually appealing pedestrian friendly encourage business growth area employed civilians census female civilian workers private profit wage salary workers profit wage salary workers total civilian workforce employees corporations nonprofit sector private nonprofit wage salary workers government sector included federal workers state government workers local government workers addition city self employed workers unpaid family workers arts culture events festivals home annual attractions including passion play held year palm sunday continuing continues longest running easter passion plays nation basis movie prince peace passion play featured documentary called jesus town usa focuses new actor portraying role jesus actor years retired role documentary light hearted amusing turns slightly announces camera buddhist struggles decision tell fellow family rejection christian church folks upset decision allowed continue role jesus despite faith inc hosts arts festival festival judged art competitions live entertainment festival typically held park late september international festival held city founded event showcases different culture arts music community museums public museums dedicated natural history early settlement great plains outdoor exhibits include replica original locomotive located military base includes old fort period buildings including old post chapel barracks artillery pieces old fort designated operated nation tribe focuses exhibits art relating culture past present museum hosts traveling american indian exhibitions chicago sports home ncaa division school noted winning school currently football program cameron remains competitive varsity sports including men women basketball baseball home cavalry moved won championships premier basketball league championship cavalry ceased operations second year parks recreation home parks recreation areas varying sizes including largest thomas park park system city near major lakes lake boating swimming camping fishing permitted branch offers wide variety recreational programs members maintains hole par golf course recreation found amateur leagues including adult youth baseball soccer northwest city managed preserve natural fauna southwest oklahoma refuge includes camping areas hiking trails lakes public explore government uses council manager model municipal government city primary authority resides city_council resolutions contracts city divided ward single city council representative year term mayor elected years sets agenda city_council primarily ceremonial head government administrative day day operation city headed city manager appointed city_council march mayor july city manager jerry county seat houses county offices courts elected commissioners serving year terms manage county government federal level lies oklahoma 4th congressional district represented house cover city education higher education largest year state funded university southwest oklahoma offering degree programs areas founded cameron average fall enrollment students endowed faculty positions colleges include founded college provides lower division programs educational opportunities higher education public served system provides education training development opportunities area residents primary secondary schools serves city district operates centers elementary schools middle schools high schools enrollment students teachers independent districts serve portions bishop operates single elementary campus campus secondary students living districts attend small portion far west served schools include elementary middle schools mary served greater area fort community years offers catholic education grades eighth grade private schools offers classes eighth grade city private independent high schools founded offers education 12th grade student body students media constitution daily newspaper published circulation addition fort newspaper published weekly primarily military personnel newspaper cameron main audience students additionally monthly magazine focuses news entertainment area radio stations include stations stations including npr affiliate free luxury magazine published mind publications inside living find inspirational stories historical pieces individuals organizations stunning distributed duncan online version magazine available amazon located falls media market encompasses households television making largest nation according channel abc affiliate broadcast television station area provides local news major stations including nbc cbs fox based infrastructure transportation primarily served interstate designated connects city northeast texas south city connected highway connects regional towns west north major include highway parallels south leads regional towns respectively north connects duncan provides public transit founded provides major routes city air served law present offers daily american eagle flights dallas fort worth international airport military transport health care major hospitals area largest bed nonprofit hospital employs physicians bed hospital staff physicians addition public health indian hospital located city provide health services large american indian population beds staff physicians notable people musicians authors notable musicians include country singers grammy nominated jazz notable authors include winning author poet science fiction writer christian fiction author political leaders prominent political leaders senator representatives speaker democratic state senator ambassador born fort frontier captured outlaw founder gang spent later years elected police chief attorney republican member charles parish born fort father stationed state representative notable residents notable residents include code actress ace time nba champion miss america infamous quarterback nfl shields contender champion boxer manager mlb mlb catcher professional creator | Lawton, Oklahoma | Geography and places | Places | North America |
22294_Gulfton,Houston | houston community texas united_states includes km2 group apartment complexes primarily house hispanic immigrant populations located west southeast interstate highway north boulevard 1960s 1970s experienced rapid development new apartment complexes built young individuals northeast came work oil industry 1970s oil boom 1980s economy declined existing tenants left resulting significant drop occupancy rates apartment complexes forcing complexes bankruptcy owners marketed units newly arrived immigrants predominantly immigrant community beginning 1980s crime rate increased schools increasingly overwhelmed excess students houston citizens nicknamed community city houston responded sudden demographic shifts increasing police presence school district responded opening schools handle influx students 1980s demographic transitions gained community college campus additional elementary schools added public bus routes park community center public library juvenile detention facility densely populated community houston percent hispanic residents including recent immigrants mexico central_america history 1950s consisted farm land area belonged mid-1950s subdivision established consisting sixteen city blocks ranch style homes located adjacent land later site apartment complexes decades later communities clash apartments surrounding deteriorated property values threatened large parcels land available grid road pattern suited construction large apartment complexes 1960s number large apartment buildings built complexes added 1970s houston prospered oil boom apartments young predominantly workers belt regions employed burgeoning oil industry americans came south midwest new_york california live area complexes complexes housed individuals western eastern europe iran japan jordan lebanon saudi_arabia mexico south_america vietnam native lived housing complexes apartments given names meant fancy napoleon square complexes gave free signed year according director affiliated urban research center development apartment complexes planned coordinated little interest building quality product developers primarily concerned generating quick revenue financial institutions tax laws favoring apartment construction inflation housing shortage houston metropolitan area mid-1980s houston area oil industry economy declined jobs lost local economy thousands left causing rise apartment apartment complexes houston area experienced bankruptcy frequent turnover ownership known houston area advertisements featuring california promoter example faced funding mortgage headquartered took complex september took properties fell mortgage wednesday auctioned state investment group usd million million today money realized million million today money loss following year renamed marketing influx immigrant workers owners abandoned adult policies prohibiting children listed spanish reduced despite rent reduction july houston_chronicle article stated rates poorly maintained apartments houston areas comparable maintained apartments parts city according complexes began cater illegal immigrants allowed double housing individuals families living unit houston city council member represented district included time said demographic changes occurred district years leading city referring shift demographics apartment complexes said complex owners development long rent payments difficulty filling apartment complexes require background checks banks lending institutions owned apartments failed properly maintain considering pouring money perceived rat hole added complexes deferred maintenance new residents found limited access government services food stamps municipal county health care july area designated houston city council community development target provided low income communities increased city services supplemented federal funding drew response citizen commission monitored funding low income residents board members formally protested city council support funds old poor existing low income areas new poor newly created communities members argued original community development targets fully served prior service areas expanding budgets council authority force changes public policy rose principal stated government officials reluctant expand services believed low income apartments time city council member lobbied satellite health department clinic apartment professor chair project manager houston communities schools stated public life multiple article development decline originated purely short term relatively spontaneous speculative process state process focused building apartment complexes clubs warehouses short term profit providing supporting infrastructure parks libraries recreation centers small blocks recent immigrants opened provide legal services central american immigrants advocate issues related immigration united_states religious representatives created open christian church join advocated assistance residents established focused programs fisher suggest focused relieving symptoms poverty instead removing causes representative described conservative organized march town hall meeting sparked creation organization called business owners advocated reduction recreational drug use local crime improvement neighborhood effort restore property values late 1980s established coalition representatives city houston government health human services organizations businesses schools religious organizations area residents held meetings related proposal establishment municipal health clinic organization meetings led opening sisters charity southwest health clinic area major health clinic jointly operated clinic provided pre child care services fisher state organization lost focal issue clinic opened performing community needs assessment identifying local leaders organization disbanded early year civil war ended continued provide legal services publications advocacy central american immigrants began campaigning federal government provide permanent legal residency refugees august founded merged organizations board members goals common fisher said article multiple merger cooperation members combined progressive conservative unlikely received new street lights paved streets new neighborhoods standard program received federal designation site designation provided community close million dollars grant funding target criminal activity providing social services risk youth families code established del summer day camp program del school program strategically located areas attempt provide classes citizenship classes gang intervention apartment outreach community efforts computer classes free charge resident interested attending provided free computer classes community residents children ages attended free summer day camp offered park del school program provided teens school programming collaborative efforts noted houston_chronicle pbs smaller newspapers area july officers acting tip drug related activities entered apartment complex shot killed oregon circumstances event disputed october year grand jury cleared officers charges related incident rodriguez professor described place people struggling consequently fewer displays outrage expected incident occurred older established latino communities oregon killing controversial illicit drugs found property oregon family sued city houston arguing raid inappropriate city countered officers acted appropriate manner federal judge dismissed lawsuit parent involvement specialist area stated education week article members central american communities specifically identify houston geography located outside loop southwest downtown houston approximately west describes example inner ring area located downtown suburbs rogers states conventional landscapes inner ring areas urban suburban hybrid condition mixed global city garden suburb includes apartment complexes units houston_chronicle said rows heels apartments bear names swinging singles days makes gateway newest waves immigrants children washington_post described tightly packed warren apartment complexes block long 1970s apartment complexes contained seventeen swimming pools seventeen hot seventeen laundry rooms club houses contains strip office blocks complexes generally contain features catering single adults lack features appreciated families initial market targeted 1970s semi private swimming pools filled longer usable apartments businesses located ground floor units area tract houses occupied beauty small stores tire repair shops rogers contends mixed use adaptation occurred spontaneously indicative spirit residents need adapt existing space new uses 2000s city houston report includes surrounding areas states large apartment complexes dominate area landscape john nova described group apartment complexes broadway street eastern houston size city blocks differs significantly downtown houston sixteen downtown city blocks fit block exist representative said residents don let half feet wide pregnant women walking sides roads identified hazardous communities pedestrians complex napoleon square built million unit complex owned real estate figure included disco swimming pools main swimming pool swimming pools club called retreat mile radius main entrance napoleon square apartment units apartment facilities swimming pools bars tennis courts subsidiary purchased complex march families reside complex originated mexico central_america south_america families napoleon square came mexico honduras central american countries south_america complexes combined total units thousand inhabitants demographics population increased significant additional residences built census counted hispanic population increased increase non hispanic white population decreased loss occupancy rates apartment complexes increased instance napoleon square rate increased founder said increased census worker efforts ensure accurate population count contributed increase residents native born represented citizenship countries residents illegal immigrants households cars starting mid-1980s population experienced increases female children populations urban directed study commissioned houston_chronicle identified hispanic population growth area entirely central american countries according study hispanic population density increased persons square mile population area increased residents residents census identifies hard tract neighborhood estimated people approximately square miles km2 community leaders believed actual population closer national center school engagement report program coordinator houston reduction demonstration project indicated social service agencies government officials estimated population juveniles representation census likely area immigrants especially residing country illegally government attempt obtain personal information assistant superintendent said possible district lost significant amounts money residents counted district receives federal funds bilingual programs free reduced lunch special education based numbers census state texas said major problem immigration issue difficult count population highly mobile poor living diversity households residents annual income today money january families included small children date families earned dollars today money year dependent public assistance median family income today money city houston median income level residents recently immigrated mexico latin american countries houston includes surrounding subdivisions reported population people hispanic white black asian native american native hawaiian races hispanic races citizens countries languages spoken community density people square mile area loop density people square mile reported residents older hispanic non hispanic white black asian native american native hawaiian races hispanic races super neighborhood contained housing units occupied units rental units owner units families individuals counted census super neighborhood average family size compared city average luke community health report includes areas north notes reported area people area population increased people area hispanic population increased nearly year span ending non hispanic white population decreased area population consisted children risen nearly population government local government served south division previously previously area served southwest patrol division headquartered street june report entitled year plan produced stated sudden changes population exceeded police department ability adapt establishment augmented police department presence station located near opened summer city houston paying dollar month real estate company managing complex paid utility bills estimated month today money provides support establishment sub station division established responsibility area provides fire protection services fire district primary run area covers located near fire district community recognized council established june super neighborhood represents community advocacy block civic clubs places worship businesses community interests covers district created allow hispanic voters easily select candidates cater political consultant group drew boundaries order ensure area way hispanic residents lobby influence city council representative hispanic origin 2000s divided city council districts district 1990s district december increased crime demographic shifts southwestern houston neighborhoods led political rivals competing city council seat efforts undertaken mayor reduce gang graffiti area community mural completed risk youth collaborative effort orange united_states attorney office mural featured houston_chronicle major news outlets city council member promoted anti graffiti campaign district operates greater district adjacent city multi service centers provide child care elderly residents programs rental space complex includes express southwest library extension center houses mayor southwest satellite office construction center scheduled begin february mayor houston council member khan dedicated center monday february cost estimated usd million rates operates complex outdoor basketball court bicycle trail playground athletics field water park recreation centers existed prior opening executive director criticized city establishing libraries multi service centers parks recreation centers collaborative effort members attended meetings lobby enclosed area park youth attended soccer games lobbied multi purpose center established assist members area efforts money allocated rebuilt enclosed community center money allocated center build previously gang involved youth headed juvenile center prior involvement participants graduated high school began taking classes thought possible time county representation serves constable provide services county offices provides services operates program center aimed preventing juvenile crime programs focused decreasing juvenile crime operates drive annex located county complex operates near runs residential post facilities youth opened revenue state grants county funds acre campus juvenile offenders require secure confinement state federal representation located represented district represented expressed concerns proposed state senate plans deliberately draw district ensure election felt possible election hispanic representatives cited inclusion district hispanic voting strength residents eligible vote lack citizenship houston_chronicle article reported people want included hispanic district citing fears residents vote afternoon people protested arizona bill boulevard texas 9th congressional district represented operates offices near foreign general nicaragua houston located suite avenue adjacent office moved longer resides area transportation texas metro operates passenger bus services bus lines serving area include successfully lobbied increased metro bus routes light rail network metro proposed approximately mile segment connecting houston_chronicle questions answers page proposed line asked metro include station serve metro responded agency originally envisioned express line examine possibility serving july metro indicated station potential station modified plan metro proposed construction economy includes scattered areas commercial light industrial properties gained large number immigrants mid-1980s regional economy support increasing pressure new workers led higher unemployment rates families tended double housing multiple families shared unit reduce family expenditures head area stated address look window don big corporations mom pop businesses previously greater southwest houston provides economic assistance central american businesses outlets united_states store located location banks branches business area banks include division subsidiary time businesses including small grocery stores restaurants owned operated refugees operates houston area area additionally mexican furniture chain operates location adjacent neighborhood food vendors called travel sell foods emergence latino community led changes area businesses predominant population supermarket cater new demographic december announced square foot close end january performing store owns store location chain considering selling grocery chain located drive area moved woodlands unincorporated houston_chronicle article described location flood prone employed staff partnership formed construction plaza americas square foot shopping center adjacent project completed million today money hoped attract retailers catering hispanic clients designed center hispanic flavor developers believed hispanic buying power area generate profits culture area community developer described sort like current time residents represent seventy distinct cultures speak thirty different languages live area approximately square feet refers population probably dense area houston anti gang office director mayor houston referred somewhat said affordable housing shops language food culture help provide familiar environment residents transition life america rogers said ways residents connected globally locally activist el_salvador refugee said denver harbor recent latin american immigrant relationship added immigrants mainly remain area businesses cater immigrant population explained people originally expected provide location immigrants leave neighborhoods stayed long term residents switching apartments leaving area said possesses wide range ethnic restaurants grocery stores seen houston popularity soccer football neighborhood flourished established 1990s prior establishment adult teams existed youth league soccer coach said newspaper article lack confidence english language abilities long work hours prevented area residents creating soccer leagues article quotes citizens believe playing soccer prevented joining gangs principal said soccer popular area students soccer team proposed construction stadium near instead compass stadium began construction began work areas years opened bridge privately operated community center grounds complex predominantly spanish speaking population located apartment units converted office space play areas apartment units connected center goal provide community support replace community support immigrants previously received latin_america different agencies provided services families signed receive services center provided literacy classes provided english classes provided services year olds arranged assessments graduate students studying social work provided medical services provided dance sessions teach english mothers children coordinator complex said center needed children activities available said children little confined apartments group announced build intersection street high star drive raises million today money needed baker neighborhood center scheduled open december center consists acres campus buildings designed new_orleans based architects site contains farmers market health clinic outdoor film venue publicly accessible library school outdoor recreation areas center design incorporates architectural influences mexican south american art employee said organization want appear fancy official looking recent immigrants non profit organization assisted development organizers consulted residents design center wife secretary state organized fundraising campaign center center offers english computer classes received planning grant fund program guide residents birth obtain careers child health care center affiliated primary health care center opened campus exists assist families financial hardships avoid emergency departments primary care visits promoters operated individuals recruited hard reach communities study health care doctors non profit organizations return communities educate people health care practices public health care programs adopted latin american model use varies latin american system example legally medication prior change demographics apartment complex napoleon square residents swimming pools area active evenings era members ethnic groups napoleon square apartment complex mainly kept texas monthly said integrated neighborhoods houston rainbow human kinds colors napoleon square hardly melting pot crime year police districts second highest rate reported crimes north houston districts highest rates fraud suicide second highest rates automobile theft theft vandalism fourth highest rape rate fifth highest robbery rate eighth highest drug related arrest crime rate 13th highest rate murder prior hispanic immigration influx 1980s texas monthly said density apartments design easy criminals operate complexes criminal figured break unit break shared design hurt said cocaine appear common apartments heroin found area occasionally frequently parts town hurt stated area residents residents complained theft according accused known area blade beer belly crime 1970s predominantly inhabited white single young men 1980s economic decline changes local demographics crime increased referred neighborhood area derived drive described houston_chronicle area notorious streets houston_chronicle article cited police officers patrolling area identify complexes arrest criminals april named houston neighborhoods targeted city program aspect project consisted building subdivision reduce traffic crime members supported measures pursued street advocacy groups opposed members community groups considered measures racially motivated voiced opinion provide effective crime control waste city funds potentially harm local businesses demographics changed youth street gangs appeared area gangs director nonprofit group called youth advocates said dense conditions lack features intended children lack recreational athletic programs helped form gang cultures added factors included fathers absent including imprisoned mothers issues like drug alcohol mothers worked jobs lengthy working hours southwest began appear gang traditional leadership structure like new_york_city los_angeles police officers said gang engaged criminal activities controversy erupted teenagers adults sustained injuries drive shooting near police believed shooting related street gangs arrested year old student connection shooting demanded years expand anti crime activities spokesperson mayor insisted city taken action year announced provide worth grant funds area agencies crime prevention programs state targeted code juvenile probation highest code grant established worked reduce juvenile crime counselor immigrants mexico el_salvador said local parents positive attitudes living money home countries area children felt impacted area crime principal stated hated hearing term common use time community trying away stereotype crime rates decreased year captain commander street said increased police presence caused crime rates decrease 1990s city houston officials started seed program funds replace criminal activity positive community activities city houston spent years items funded seed included leadership program teenagers built las apartments property computer lab area park anti gang office director mayor houston said seed program restored sense community safety engineered family life heavy handed police tactics professor remarked different sense feeling cross incorporated city consisting single family houses reputation safety said believed city increase efforts reduce crime added difficult engage population working people living day day participate anti crime activities like crime watches states difficult fight crime reductions man power williams said federal government agents began working arrest gang criminals including members operating neighborhood head department announced division expand pact complexes pact places married couples active churches apartment complexes work tenants pact program initially focused complexes august gang war erupted area gangs causing violence increase surrounding areas education primary secondary schools public schools divided trustee district vii student assessment department training offices located building area previously district offices office office located facility prior reorganization headquartered offices alternative education offices reside offices occupied facility elementary middle schools attendance boundaries elementary school cover sections area located option named early childhood center early childhood center nearest poor students homeless students students proficient english children active duty members military parents killed injured missing action active duty attend optional middle schools located campus state charter schools located pre 8th grade state charter school receives state funds student relies philanthropy expenses prospective students receive based lottery students mexican descent opened state charter school pre grade operates charter school yes prep originally yes state charter middle school originally located campus plans expand grades thirty classrooms students yes area yes prep located baker located grounds baker neighborhood center greater juvenile justice charter school serves residents private schools area serves grade addition acting private elementary school houses hour program roman catholic school operated near children live measured travel closest public roads assigned elementary schools usually eligible free school bus transportation means children walk ride school history elementary middle schools elementary school serve built capacity students opened serves opened students original capacity white qualified free lunch qualified reduced cost lunch increasing population sudden conversion adults complexes family oriented enrollment increasing year campus texas opened serve school non school september year students enrolled classified hispanic free reduced cost lunch programs children arrived central american countries experiencing civil strife received inadequate education prior coming united_states described federal government passed fair housing act circumstances prohibits policy families children living apartment complex principal said student population increased singles apartments required allow families rent complexes september schools capped words schools filled capacity excess students attend schools students temporary classroom units immediately prior opening students opened tuesday january relieved students teachers schools million construction project originated school bond approved march principal said committee determining school named soldier vietnam war given medal honor school wanted school hispanic serve positive role model hispanic student body occupied school opened officials said district little difficulty opening schools middle year teachers teaching students occupied previously schools preceding fall opening day referred students schools opened students pupils send children different schools year children hispanic gordon school non school opened students students schools average classroom size students exceeding state recommendation students classroom included named las early childhood development center middle schools started campus school established funds seed program established city houston officials center moved built acres funds opened week relieve result rodriguez attendance zone took territory zones zone took territory zone opened relieve schools southwestern houston paid usd lease las units october president operated announced letter organization terminate lease agreement issues related maintenance management district decided vacate property instead appealing decision summer closed early childhood center merged middle schools moved campus located served campus non campuses converted chinese school high schools residents opened relieve high schools options high school aged residents attend opened mainly affluent white students demographics shifted hispanic immigrant student body september lee schools capped excess students attend schools opened residents lee attendance boundary gained option attend instead lee free transportation provided lee students born non english speaking households operates charter high school recent immigrants january opened lee high school campus school officials placed area apartment complexes churches markets school relocated shopping center highway southwest freeway adopted current june opened facility non traditional high school program students students public schools school year students qualified free reduced price students classified economically double texas rate students exhibited lack english language proficiency students texas residents exhibited level program coordinator houston reduction demonstration project said major issue education language barriers lack supervision parents guardians high mobility lack familiarity united_states laws norms act barriers attending school publication stated parental characteristics complicated support education including low status language cultural barriers limited opportunities city houston started reduction demonstration project operated mayor houston includes support municipal courts head address urban education needs social capital frequent adult contact children community colleges jurisdiction community college district operates inside square foot campus building owned building opened sold building adjusted inflation campus district libraries operates greater district adjacent facilities library facilities located existing buildings prior opening january libraries existed near | Gulfton, Houston | Geography and places | Places | North America |
22658_NearSouthSide,Chicago | chicago community area chicago illinois united_states located south downtown central business district loop community area boundaries map follows south 26th street west roosevelt 18th street 18th street road federal road expressway south 25th street clark street 26th street east lake michigan portion located near lake shore drive contains known structures chicago home chicago primary convention center contains remaining area currently undergoing major residential mixed use redevelopment chicago olympic bid planned located acre truck parking lot south douglas community area partly history dynamic chicago communities undergone native american homeland blue collar settlement elite residential district center vice public housing warehouse district finally home newly residential district beginnings continuous change initially noted wagon trails winding lightly populated bend area populated settlers working subsequently worked lumber district proximity railroads attracted light manufacturing shops community absorbed extension city limits 31st street period built chicago horse drawn line linking area downtown attracted wealthy families area time great chicago fire home city finest elite social families 1890s railroad opened 12th street start 20th century rapid transit evolved families moved slightly farther loop business district railroads brought warehouses light manufacturing michigan avenue 14th street 22nd street auto row vice district gambling street prospered accompanying institutions built 1910s 1920s world war post world war settlers moved created low rent black belt urban renewal public housing projects later replaced 1940s city century progress international exposition world fair held celebrate city centennial theme fair technological innovation century chicago founding million people visited fair hope chicago nation midst great depression modern day west lake shore drive middle twentieth century consisted largely railroad tracks interchanges 1960s middle class housing developments built community area surrendered acres redevelopment apartments accompanying tree lined second phase construction began state south housing boom emerged 1990s continues present day construction new apartment towers construction central station development commenced mixed use development acres rail yards air rights east indiana avenue 18th street simultaneously conversion spread warehouses light manufacturing structures major north south avenues michigan indiana returned residential properties years flight elite chicago prominent buildings redeveloped prairie avenue parks museums use created 1920s 1930s lake michigan constructed newly reclaimed land time later built connects rest narrow dominated sculptures newly developed area includes park areas lies lake shore drive 15th place bounded 14th street developments lies east south roosevelt developers donated acres park city developed approval process donated tract protects northward view exhibitions held sites created demand exhibition hall construction begun huge exposition convention complex 23rd street lake shore drive named newspaper magnate original building burned rebuilt reopened behest mayor large expansions added current redevelopment includes greatly expanded hotel accommodation houses annual location chicago auto historic structures area includes prairie avenue historic district historic printing company building houses network switches city best known historic structure district museum home home united_states soccer federation headquarters important residences located region additionally sculpture property george residence tribute massacre occurred neighborhood prairie avenue families sons located community area listed national_register_of_historic_places prairie avenue district districts largely community area listed redevelopment beginning mid-1990s factories started replaced converted redevelopment continued early 2000s decade south loop residential development expanded neighborhood state new neighborhood site major mixed use development includes numerous residential luxury development built acres rail yards air space rights east indiana avenue 18th street include location central station terminal wave conversions spread major michigan indiana making residential streets neighborhood century uses planned development expanded acres includes properties michigan non profit organization formed provide representation thousands south loop residents including central station museum park motor row south michigan corridor areas streets lake shore drive reconstructed longer cut previously northbound lanes ran east soldier field reconstruction northbound southbound lanes ran west soldier field northern boundary marks end named east west streets east west streets north street names michigan avenue block long 8th block 9th street streets south roosevelt simply use street numbers streets neighborhood 13th 26th numbered 20th street road 22nd street named east west cross streets numbering continues southward chicago upper hundreds pace blocks mile south loop printer row overlap neighborhood line drawing confusion neighborhood incorporates begins ends sources define northern boundary defining southern boundary street 22nd street western boundary profit neighborhood organization grown provide support representation thousands residents living including prairie avenue district central station museum park motor row south michigan avenue corridor organization exclude broader near south community represents residents living congress north west expressway approximately 25th street south serves residents far south approximately 15th street far west river definition area bounded michigan avenue south loop described neighborhood immediately south loop loop multiple meanings loop community area bounded term refer specific area bounded circular portion chicago goes far south congress avenue described northern border primary sources cite printer row south loop community area transit related area northern portion community area saying south places saying places loop chicago loop map supports education residents schools schools serving sections include high school | Near South Side, Chicago | Geography and places | Places | North America |
22947_DepotTown | depot town depot town commercial area residences michigan historic district depot town proper consists small area block blocks surrounding area commonly referred depot town areas include extending north south blocks established late 1830s buildings standing today constructed years included hotels underground railroad station american_civil_war barracks building housed bar restaurant continuously years switching soft drinks prohibition today area dominated restaurants stores depot town hosts large summer festivals year weekly bike nights cruise nights history depot town created opened railroad connected detroit area surrounding depot grew commercial community known depot town built thirty years following arrival railroad buildings standing today built early years depot town included flour mill large farmers store iron fire department clothing store paved streets original city hall jail built depot town depot built mile north chicago road michigan avenue community split competing locations earliest developments note depot town built opening stood triangular plot west north railroad track bought land replace old wood depot newer modern brick depot demolished hotel carried bricks river street built story structure known early depot town experienced large fire spread sparks far barn mile away destroyed tunnels originally built water drainage passed beneath railroad ran businesses cross street hiding places escaped slaves hid day rode boats night known abolitionist operated station underground railroad hiding escaped slaves home near depot american civil war barracks regiments early seventh bought building passed generations thompson family eventually known widely known gardens surrounded longtime built enormous arrangements evoked battleship maine known landscapes 1950s railroad traffic declined parts began fall disrepair sale standing vacant year series businesses opened closed building finding lasting success late 1960s landlord bought building warehouse building tied legal disputes found guilty demolition neglect barnes barnes properties named receivers purchased building outright amtrak passenger trains continued stop depot town early 1980s ending round trip stops eastbound train making stop depot town expected stop proposed detroit commuter rail line boarding platform clear tracks platform built structures original area took longer stands northeast tracks west river street directly replaced parking lot built stand area immediately home farmers markets courtyard sits parallel rice street closed safety concerns early city received repairs usable northeast corner cross stands historic building barracks civil war thompson block suffered bad fire early morning september temporary supports reaching adjacent streets installed shortly fire stabilize structure blocked westbound traffic cross street months resulted legal city property owner southwest corner intersection building housing held bar restaurant continuously unusual shape resulting train early january morning twelfth car laden lumber car freight train came tracks crashed corner building owner building lived section hit personnel effects scattered street people near railroad crossing including year old female knocked unconscious man sitting car able away unharmed current owners went build spot found debris underneath difficult dig post holes entrance building moved east current position north accommodate post prohibition law requiring bar entrances feet church constructed nearby church burned according owner floor walls bricks deep oldest remaining bricks dating 1850s southeast corner cross housed business opened miller motors hudson brand continued service parts supplier hudson collectors east river street south railroad tracks originally contains owned roof installed solar panels april followed panels producing total kilowatts peak sunlight data meters viewed solar website allowing compare generation different sites buildings depot town stories east end building single story east rice street building facing cross street north stories single tall story west end depot town sides cross street story structures recent construction taller buildings vicinity depot town immediately northeast downtown riverside parks immediately west depot town informally considered district way bridge known links parks depot town riverside park corner cross street street oldest park block west cross street corner brewery north depot town commonly associated district half mile north depot town river street depot town half mile southeast campus new student orientation eastern provides students gift certificates called restaurants depot town downtown students use day known walk city acquainted businesses addition antique stores michigan market tattoo record shop fly fishing store farmers markets variety services including therapy russian ballet instruction motorcycle auto repair depot town home known restaurants depot town newest restaurant mexican opened june serving fresh scratch mexican fare complimenting institutions occupied southwest corner intersection saloon building north cross street established moved 1980s addition sells fresh bread door river street owned claims wood fired brick oven commercial use originally called depot town founded independent cooperative non profit loan prospective customers stretch limited funds brick oven built hand beginning bread housed world surviving street thompson block farmers markets began near downtown moving times settling late 1970s inside market operated year round included coffee shop frequent live music closure structural concerns farmers market operated courtyard outside events michigan cold winter majority events held late march early october events place depot town summer beer festival michigan tuesday bike night thursday cruise nights depot town home vintage car shows concert band jazz band orchestra concerts annual dog parade summer beer festival summer beer festival established held fourth saturday friday evening july beginning set goal operate beer festivals zero waste events work closely local recycling companies manage removal plastic aluminum paper food waste ensure recycled animal feed achieved requiring vendors plates unlike events festival self supporting outside sponsors festival drew attendees despite heat torrential power possibility tornadoes michigan served different year michigan founded michigan annual day festival held july depot town established replace previous based music festival grown largest festival north_america attended approximately fans year addition includes performances heritage festival held year weekend august downtown festival includes events vintage base ball bed race hot dog eating contest rubber duck race nightmare cruise spoof dream cruise detroit orphan car summer hosts includes parade presentations automotive historians defunct car brands discontinued models ongoing brands accepted foreign vehicles allowed longer sold united_states | Depot Town | Geography and places | Places | North America |
23089_Amarillo,Texas | texas fourteenth populous city state texas united_states largest city texas panhandle seat portion city extends population census metropolitan area estimated population counties originally named situated region availability railroad freight service provided contributed city growth cattle marketing center late 19th century city self proclaimed capital world having country productive fields city known yellow rose texas city takes spanish word yellow recently usa hybrid aircraft assembly plant operates largest meat packing areas united_states nuclear weapons assembly facility country major employer location facility gave rise nickname attractions ranch big ranch located adjacent interstate highway passed city history large exist area defunct functioning founded continued partnership time death widow sole owner death april established site town chose section way begun building texas panhandle texas merchants wanted new town site region main trading center august town site won county seat election established availability railroad freight service county seat election town fast growing cattle marketing center settlement originally called later change probably derives yellow plentiful spring summer nearby named turn yellow soil banks shores spanish word color yellow early residents originally pronounced city similar spanish pronunciation later gave way current pronunciation june given credit father business partner began buying land east arguing site low ground flood offered trade lots new location businesses original city site help expense moving new buildings incentives gradually won people moved businesses street new commercial district heavy rains flooded town prompting people location eventually led county seat election making town new county seat late 1890s emerged world busiest cattle shipping points population grew significantly city grain elevator feed manufacturing center increase production wheat small grains early 1900s discovery gas oil years later brought oil gas companies area united_states government bought high content began operating plant years later plant sole producer commercial world number years stored facility following lead chicago established services carriers maintained substantial freight passenger depots repair facilities city 20th century major employers community decorated world war general major businessman elected mayor succeed thompson instituted major capital improvements project worked reduce utility rates joined appointment elected terms international expert national petroleum natural gas production conservation thompson singer involved arts later couple lived austin hit entered economic depression routes merged making major tourist stop numerous restaurants shops world war led establishment east nearby produced bombs ammunition end war facilities closed reopened produced nuclear weapons cold war army air base reactivated expanded accommodate strategic air command wing arrival servicemen families ended city depression population grew closure december contributed decrease population reported population hispanic non hispanic white 1980s present day built plants neighborhood houses immigrants countries vietnam burma found employment nearby plant following decade city limits encompassed square miles km2 potter counties interstate highway connecting built 1980s historian professor emeritus published story western town geography climate located near middle texas panhandle share similar weather characteristics south east texas sits closer proximity oklahoma new_mexico colorado wyoming state capitals austin region surface relatively flat little soil drainage lack developed drainage rainfall ground lakes according city total area square miles km2 km2 land km2 water metropolitan area largest united_states population counties armstrong potter miles northeast central corridor southwestern ecological region divides western high plains ecological region southern divide plains geographical region river form major source drinking water texas panhandle region city situated near panhandle field productive gas oil area covering acres potter moore gray counties portion nation largest natural gas reserve approximately miles south canyon system underground structures known extension oklahoma thousands feet underground range discovered pioneer peaks believed feet high tallest peak reported feet underground northeast population growth commercial development occurring southern northwestern parts city similar towns texas panhandle city downtown suffered economic deterioration years help organization formed establish partnerships groups large presence city conception 1990s sponsored public art projects started block parties downtown area story opened downtown completed year building houses headquarters city largest financial institution completed regional offices vacant years bought building gain new office spaces historic homes buildings listed national_register_of_historic_places reflect economic growth start world war street contains city historic downtown buildings homes large historic homes street built close downtown homes located west street symbol status greeted sunrise morning operates municipal parks including west city largest parks near city sponsored family entertainment festival city parks league held memorial day weekend festival included kilometre foot race climate climate semi arid climate classification city region lie characterized high temperature variation day day rush cold air north northwest warmer area occasionally winter season hot summer low humidity normal annual precipitation inches occurring late spring summer months monthly daily average temperature ranges january july sunny weather year round nearly hours bright sunshine annually national_weather_service forecasts provides climatic data city extreme temperatures range february june lows typically lower years highs seen days average days lows days temperature fails rise freezing days highs unlike eastern portions texas days low fall uncommon elevation possible snowfall typically light averaging nearly inches median figure near inches precipitation falls heavy convective showers thunderstorms according cities ranked rated averages days year thunder lightning reported national average storms severe situated western portion tornado alley recorded city cities retrieved april source national_weather_service climate demographics census people residing increase according population white black african american american indian asian race non hispanic races non hispanic population hispanic latino spanish origin race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households unmarried partner households sex male sex female households individuals living years age older average household size average family size age distribution city follows population age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age government local government texas city fifth united_states use council manager form municipal government governmental powers resting legislative body called council called commission commission composed elected commissioners mayor city mayor commissioner serves year term role commission pass resolutions adopt regulations appoint city officials including city manager mayor serves presiding officer commission city manager administrative head municipal government responsible administration departments city commission holds regular meetings tuesday week county state federal representation seat city location county trial civil criminal courts annex building located city limits houses justice located operates city operates unit unincorporated east operates post offices city include jordan located texas 13th congressional district represented city 31st district represented mayor having represented republican retired january succeeded fellow republican price current representative represented republican colleague served district 1930s district attorney served authored state school loan programs returning world war veterans college students father farm market road program texas economy considered regional economic center texas panhandle meat packing industry major employer quarter beef supply processed area city location headquarters petroleum extraction major industry industry decreased significance federal government local operations late 1990s opened helicopter assembly plant near city international airport city largest employer employees employees followed city major employers include approximately million acres km2 agricultural land surrounds city corn wheat cotton primary crops crops area include hay particularly texas serves fast growing milk producing area dollar state art built early 2000s funded city sales tax provides aggressive incentive packages existing prospective employers mid late 1990s gained notoriety sending mock checks businesses country placing page advertisements wall_street_journal paying annual million retain jet service largely responsible bringing development hybrid aircraft future site marine assembly education according adults age obtained bachelor degree compared national average adults residents age earned high school diploma compared national average higher education institutions city year community college students private university based branch campus branch campus offers selected master degree programs west texas university regional university headquartered nearby canyon satellite campus chase tower downtown public primary secondary education handled approximately students students operates high schools middle schools elementary schools specialty high school alternative school high schools junior high intermediate schools elementary schools located southern edge school districts city christian private schools include mary catholic school city charter school author wrote biography served school superintendent ranch historian radio personality later years lived owned known informally miss culture number natural attractions near city canyon state park second largest canyon system located south distinct resembles lighthouse natural landmark near city located miles north known site prehistoric inhabitants obtain flint order tools weapons miles southeast state park home official texas state captured taken care cattle originally built flourished red carpet murals pipe organ seats considered finest theater north dallas building office parking garage local millionaire funded public art projects city including ranch located west interstate monument painted automobiles dug ground head marsh ongoing art project called consist thousands mock traffic signs signs bearing messages road end displaying random picture scattered city works find close city final commission marsh city events attractions honoring cowboy texas culture week september brings participants oklahoma new_mexico texas grounds special events center events ranging national equestrian competitions motor sports sponsored held november hosts annual world championship weekend june teams competition prepare feast beef potatoes baked beans attempt duplicate food served western cattle trails 1860s 1870s bull road holds free public cattle auction located interstate big ranch famous offering visitors free beef accompanying dinner eaten hour opened houses opera lone star ballet concerts facility located features seat auditorium built hope city officials downtown area nonprofit community theater group season run september theater group facilities adventure space located west downtown located nearby setting outdoor musical drama texas plays nightly summer musical depicts story history settlers years producers changed retiring previous script years historically accurate attendance declined seasons decided revert original script affiliated consortium consist public college school libraries located texas panhandle share resources cooperate members include public schools texas texas main branch located downtown operates neighborhood branches located northern thompson park named park houses zoo offers residents known notable include actress old style journalist prominent surveyor funk wrestling family champions heath herring astronaut professional pioneer actress actress dancer actor poet state senator republican state chairman clergyman politicians businessman singer songwriter thomas slim preston music artist composer morning suspicion considered oldest cowboy history american west worked seventy years primarily ranch south pulitzer prize winning author born november nearby canyon texas lived western artist early works wrote anatomy kidnapping doctor story kidnapping home hour ordeal changed perspective life advanced season hit american idol returned season advanced eliminated program march museums art collections international organization dedicated preservation improvement record keeping breed organization headquartered museum horse hall_of_fame exhibited museum served president addition sponsors project prints american quarter horse consist horse statues located businesses downtown building area business purchase horse statue local artist area higher education institutions museum campuses opened building complex concert hall located addition home previously mentioned regarded largest natural history museum belonging year college united_states located campus claims largest historical museum texas discovery center located city hospital district interactive science center space theater hands exhibits outside building steel structure called time near proximity discovery center gardens indoor exhibits library year claims texas museum specialized research collection preservation exhibition history located city hospital district founded businessman local museum exclusively feature local history notable museums area features collection native american artifacts provides dance performances sadly operated featuring aircraft space exhibits closed doors lost aircraft museum rebuilding aircraft collection located american drive south airport local media major local newspaper owned combination newspapers publications include local monthly magazine dealing city regional issues area called daily online paper publishes monthly publications owned started printing major network television pbs nbc abc cbs fox television season largest television market united_states designated nielsen_media_research largest united_states radio market autumn designated radio audience research company according rated commercial radio stations fall spring country music station news talk sports station hit music station station regional public radio network operates notable radio stations area include college stations west texas nearby canyon outside media attention city gained national media attention television talk host unsuccessfully sued local comments connecting american beef mad cow disease costing industry millions dollars order attend trial temporarily relocated nearly year trial hired dallas based jury consultant aid attorneys selecting analyzing members jury later regular guest television subsequently started talk notable trial includes area murder case involved richest men united_states wife daughter boyfriend trial moved change venue murder brought attention outside texas panhandle mainly crime revolved conflict different cultures small town texas approximately miles south scene controversial drug sting local civil rights attorney took case defendants cause resulted pardon defendants federal lawsuit directed officials responsible sting operation held final settlement city agreed pay million damages defendants set oversee sting operation require early retirement officers responsible supervising sting sole undercover agent mentioned popular music morning king cole kicks route bob_dylan girl referred land living dead lane song way written recorded famously revived comedian performances comedy series charity performance comic relief version managed reach originally released number spot singles chart weeks wrote song whilst tour america known extent song reference city division created provide film crews locations assistance filming setting motion pictures including crusade south southwest film festival winner best documentary feature title episode second season channel drama spin hit drama breaking bad city played plot episode location series protagonist clients sports team hockey team play independent league baseball team plays home games potter county memorial stadium founding city home gold minor league indoor soccer team called competed later west texas university features slate ncaa division teams community colleges texas athletic program hosted annual post season women college basketball tournament high school football season schools home games million renovation adjacent plays home games memorial stadium canyon yearly tournament play football addition sports home features variety clay target sports including trap stand sporting history roots professional wrestling residents promoted territory decades funk sons heavyweight champions represented infrastructure air transportation international airport public airport located miles east central business district north interstate portion converted civilian use airport airport named nasa astronaut native commander final flight entry killing husband airport served major air carriers non stop service dallas houston denver las_vegas public use general aviation airport located nautical miles south central business district airport covers acres asphalt paved buffalo airport public use general aviation airport located nautical miles south central business district airport covers acres grass ground transportation local transit services city available provided act department time system privately owned act operates bus services include fixed route transit demand response designed people disabilities act transports approximately passengers year fixed route passengers declining act plans scale transit routes services passenger rail service remains important rail freight system complex continues serve heavy daily traffic load approximately trains day sends substantial shipments addition general goods big portion rail shipments involve grains coal proposals years add passenger service chief seen daily service texas denver colorado service failed gain traction streets downtown area conform grid pattern city original street layout set beginning west end town moving east bush named north south streets past united_states presidents chronological order surname taken second president president honored city expanded eastward pattern continued streets running north south honor past presidents designated streets east west streets numbered designated avenues north santa numbers northwest west street northeast east south including downtown city center area numbers officially southwest west southeast east colloquially tend dub avenues west east respectively example numbering difference regards highway routing west downtown neighborhood west sixth street actually sixth avenue voters approved pay street paving materials streets bricks city miles brick streets parts downtown area city spent restore block brick street ninth avenue tyler streets mile interstate highway located highway terminates city main west east highway interstate north line roadway continues northward downtown series way streets including taylor north downtown highway continues northward texas interstate city major east west completed entirely november center city previously major east west highway city generally following north downtown area curving southwest leave city near city route original alignment central west followed south downtown area turned west 6th san heights district home antique shops restaurants businesses passing tying route traffic circle near loop circles directions consists lane roadway northeast southwest lane paving southeast northwest mentioned song route medical centers hospitals home medical facilities including don cancer center memorial nursing home located specifically designated city hospital district texas known locally services listed hospitals result merger hospital provides important services area facility opened free standing west mississippi_river built opened debt home area level iii designated trauma center veterans affairs medical center located east facility opened renamed honoring year old posthumously awarded medal honor construction began new northwest united_states government provided funding build facility texas government run construction completed home scheduled open utilities drinking water provided city water supply come lake low water level water supplied located northeast contained billion gallons water lake levels dropped texas drought voted stop entirely generally city daily water production averages million gallons collection disposal city trash garbage responsibilities solid waste disposal departments non hazardous solid waste collected disposed burial city city operates recycling collection centers located near downtown area fire stations city utilities primarily provided private organizations natural gas distributed electric power service distributed bought based wired telephone service primarily provided television provided | Amarillo, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
24318_CaveJunction,Oregon | oregon incorporated city oregon united_states census city population motto gateway city got virtue location junction route oregon route located starting 1850s non native economy depended gold mining world war timber main source income residents timber income declined attempting compensate tourism haven tourists visit includes oregon caves resort great cats world park zoo history thousands years indians inhabited culture destroyed gold discovered early 1850s causing subsequent treaty lived wars ended moved reservation gold oregon history found largest gold years started valley gold year old named discovered newspapers time called wonderful gold discovery reported oregon history hunting creek discovered gold lying ground claim called wounded produced gold small vein gold inches wide feet long feet deep gold mining exhausted 1860s 1870s residents fishing logging tourism agriculture found cave hunting trip credited discovering oregon caves heard cave claim mouth caves brothers law charged dollar guided tour according advertisement included camping plentiful pasture land medicinal cave waters attempted acquire title land land abandoned idea years later president established acre oregon caves national monument july administered building hotel guide services group businessmen monument seven bedroom traffic caves led community developing junction highway branch highway caves known originally known established land donated post office applied named caves city postal authorities disapproved partly city implied place incorporated names suggested cave junction adopted post office renamed year locality incorporated incorporated area cave junction population decreased increased growth fast 1960s increasing average percent annually city population primary growth period occurred 1970s average annual increase percent growth slowed 1980s population increase averaged percent annually rate fell averaging percent state county averages forest fires number threatened years acre complex ignited lightning strikes following year drought numerous residents evacuated florence sour fires creating fire fire threatened number communities ultimately fire lasted days burned acres southern oregon northern california destroyed homes cave junction area destroyed home downed power line caused fire briefly threatened homes forced people evacuate person died apparently stress related fire geography located route junction kilometres southwest oregon kilometres northeast california city lies northwest slope elevation metres according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water climate average low january high july average sunny days days precipitation city receives average inches rain year according climate classification system warm summer mediterranean climate demographics census census people households families residing city population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present male wife present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age city years residents age ages years age older gender makeup city male female census census people households families residing city population density people square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup city white african american native american asian pacific races races hispanic latino race population households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size city age population spread age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age age government politics residents range liberal strongly right wing city employees average wage largest categories employees water supply employees total monthly employee year county sheriff volunteers man sub station plans begin pilot program city hall building staffed volunteers include temporary holding cells ability incident reports economy starting early 1850s gold mining main source income gold mining 1860s 1870s economy fishing logging tourism agriculture years world war timber increasingly large county finances lumber mills operating valley war late 1980s number president roosevelt creation oregon lands federal government control charge land large decreased county potential tax base government shared money earned timber sales county payments lieu taxes federal government large tax base received federal payments payments fallen million budget tourism means attracting small businesses movement california particular helped economy grow jobs created result usually low paying today principal industries tourism timber agriculture community evolved center wine retirement tourism small businesses timber mill remains located miles south town november completed million plant replace existing wood fired boiler market forces increased demand dry timber formed attracted notice work directed improving economy cave junction awarded great award efforts reduce long term poverty began partnership national_park_service resulted assumption seasonal year jobs managing project uses local produce food products wine proceeds directed local community culture number points interest including museum zoo resort consisting number historic sites related gold mining oregon state park national monument preserve located greater area newspaper radio stations serve area tourism main point interest acre area hiking trails located end mile stomach drive state route limestone caves discovered hunter dog caves room built year cave junction features second friday month winter city businesses exhibiting types art pottery iron art music fire dancing adds significantly positive image increases tourism adds local economy according surveys conducted city sees percent increase sales visitors event attendance approximately people roughly percent coming outside community local artists including students participate local businesses including stores art galleries serve hosts located miles southeast oregon home multi resort run limbs developed limb half inch thick bolt surrounded grade steel able support fight local government years gaining right house guests great cats world park located miles south cats different species including lions tiger cubs fishing cat attractions include wood gallery cave junction wild river brewery serves smallest communities oregon brewery founded pizza added adopted restaurant pub opened wine valleys late 1960s early 1970s new group started experimenting growing making wine initially group successful years later oregon considered prestigious growing area southern oregon higher climate warmer better known wine producing valleys south north dry warm summers cold nights suited noir contrast rogue valleys located near including discussed book oregon wine country cave junction home largest oregon noted noir american wine awards oregon blue moon selected best noir acre estate planted european style dense foot row foot vine acre located cave junction area established produced cases wine making 14th largest oregon historic sites number historic sites related early gold mining days including mines ditches historic ditch provided water early mining operations mining started rivers gold soon discovered gravel beds high slopes rivers deposited ancient rivers eroded deep earth extract gold created ditches bring water areas water moved desired location pressure water built dropped hydraulic mining water cannons fired water feet debris run box gold located pockets gravel miners predict pockets gravel deposit mined largest gold rush town oregon located gravel deposit eventually destroyed gravel bed run box town today remains ditch provided water mining operations near building note area oregon caves known mining communities established mile church oldest building valley standing use church moved present site holland loop road served community till day currently known community church 1920s newer building built services held sunday original church currently restoration continue builders said place children grandchildren worship updated status pictures seen church website sports recreation golf course state park holes plans expansion holes park located confluence east west park includes picnic tables variety rare plants new disc golf course built illinois river state park park jubilee park built largely volunteers money raised community involvement media newspaper radio stations local paper established known circulation published edited issue pages long included ads businesses ranging oregon ads priced dollars city licensed radio station drive station christian station operating cave junction area pirate radio station broadcast repeated interference government agents caused shut station began broadcasting legally internet caused costs necessitated fundraising activities january hope broadcasts hours day volunteer staff education schools middle school schools encompasses schools oregon individuals linked inducted regional halls fame member wild salmon hall fame creating non profit begun teach students wild program expanded schools students wrestling coach jay miller inducted transportation known base built operated base time fires fire jumps airport fixed base operator aircraft instruction hangar restaurant notable people number notable residents past residents actor visitor ranch oregon miles north town grew fond area filming ranch houses contestant american idol raised live joining competition head miles | Cave Junction, Oregon | Geography and places | Places | North America |
24711_Buford,Georgia | georgia city hall counties state georgia census city population city atlanta sandy springs metropolitan statistical area portions city atlanta metropolitan statistical area atlanta larger includes city founded railroad built area connecting charlotte atlanta named time president atlanta richmond air line railway city leather industry led location railway stop caused population expand early 1900s great depression ended city operates school district birthplace home musicians athletes tourist locations including museums community centers largest mall state georgia mall georgia city history appears historical records beginning early 19th century area originally territory despite treaty ceded territory united_states legislative establishment area largely inhabited 1830s americans moved area late 1820s early 1830s area largely inhabited non native americans 1860s post civil war construction extended richmond railroad system railroad purchased land railroad right way began developing city city named president atlanta richmond air line railway railroad construction town began rapidly expanding railway completion incorporated town august renamed city late 1800s early 1900s widely known leather production prominently associated leather industry earning nickname leather city large producer leather products including horse shoes leather industry began named opening harness shop years completion railway founding brother moved rome georgia founded following year leather industry quickly city largest industry despite setbacks fires including fire destroyed buildings businesses fire destroyed straw store house nearly destroyed city harness horse collar factory available mail order catalog hollywood actors including cowboy actors cast saddle horse trigger statue saddle maker trigger located downtown great depression 1930s likely result great depression forcing farmers choose horses expensive increasing demand leather products constructed row downtown shoe factory brief employee strike shoe factory closed briefly reopened request federal government world war united_states military factory closed row home houses galleries studios artists great depression use horses farming decreased took place steadily eventually sold leather industry ended experienced fire decided rebuild closed facility geography located northern southern northern georgia suburb atlanta metropolitan area according city total land area square miles km2 city elevation feet city limits miles west uses address runs alongside road outside city limits primary water supply comes lake receives water lake watershed climate climate southeastern united_states humid subtropical according classification seasons including hot humid summers cool winters july generally month year average high month january average high highest recorded temperature lowest recorded temperature receives rainfall distributed fairly evenly year typical southeastern cities february average having highest average precipitation inches april typically month inches demographics population racial ethnic composition population white black african american native american asian reporting race reporting races population hispanic latino race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size median age years males females median income household city median income family males median income versus females capita income city families population poverty line including age aged economy rest sales tax combination state sales tax local tax cnn money ranked number annual best places live start business list late 1800s early 1900s economy centered location railway stop leather industry demand leather declined transportation options readily available course 1900s industries longer viable economy 1980s according year estimate population years older labor force employed unemployed power tool manufacturer operates factory employees north american division located company moved larger facility georgia parks recreation walking trails city miles trails accessible walking trails dam parks baseball fields family center dam park areas swimming recreational activities addition parks run city parks located community center completed early southern lake lake islands located mall georgia largest mall georgia 36th largest united_states stores cinema theater outside official city limits mall uses address government governed city commission government headed commission chairman served chairman town incorporated city commission consisting commissioners established govern town new city charter enacted renamed town city commission replaced mayor city council governed new charter approved december established city commission government area inside georgia 7th congressional district portions belong georgia 9th congressional district state government city senate 45th 49th districts districts education city operates residents live city limits hall county public schools operate schools residents live outside city limits operates elementary schools located arts culture museum cultural center completed august located center created educate children water environmental resources cultural heritage including county creek cultures williams house historic home believed 1850s oldest wooden frame houses moved museum museum cultural exhibits multi purpose facility completed located street city hall museum seat stage theatre outdoor spaces meetings weddings media metro atlanta area primary network affiliated television stations nbc cbs abc fox local station statewide network pbs member station served widely distributed newspaper legal organ distributed late 1800s city number local newspapers including gained consistent widespread use city weekly served movies filmed including film killers need speed blended charlie chocolate factory infrastructure transportation major interstate highways pass interstate travel city general northeast southwest direction travels general northwest southeast direction route travels northeast merging state route southeast northeast provides public transportation operates park ride atlanta nearest airport city small public airport single asphalt runway miles closest major airports miles athens ben airport miles health care family doctors including clinic imaging center major hospitals inside city limits closest hospital miles away creek hospital miles respectively hospital notable people birthplace hometown number notable individuals including notable athletes musicians proximity atlanta training facility home players trained alumni played professional sports | Buford, Georgia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
25016_LakeshoreEast | east master planned mixed use urban development built loop community area chicago illinois united_states located northeastern loop called development bordered north columbus drive west lake shore drive east south created master plan area development scheduled completion set completion majority buildings neighborhood 21st century constructions resulting master plan current buildings built early 1960s 1970s decades term refers components new master plan term refers greater neighborhood surrounding extends westward michigan avenue little distinction buildings buildings region pre existing buildings referred located area east features tallest buildings chicago include tallest buildings united_states overall planned development park individual buildings won awards architecture urban planning buildings planned types residential use apartments hotels neighborhood proximity lake michigan east north buildings named aquatic nautical themes august sold apartments completed history previous urban development area yards world war railroads sold rights north street years rail yards vacated site hole golf course designed course known metro golf illinois center completed closed area originally planned development illinois center challenges new development integrate inherited triple level street system creating visually appealing pedestrian friendly neighborhood solution ground level amenities building entrances upper level perimeter lower level interior street grid utilized edges large parking structures large park lowest level forms core development following buildings pre existed 21st century master plan neighborhood illinois center buckingham plaza harbor point floor vertical expansion completed harbor point built lake shore drive ran neighborhood west buildings rerouted east buildings existed connects public private buildings stations commuter rail facilities bus routes run borders area makes turnaround harbor drive controversy residents promised fully linked buckingham plaza early 1990s construction plans archives available website numerous plans promise connecting new overview billion lifestyle center spans acres km2 include residences square feet gross commercial space hotel rooms square feet retail space planned elementary school surrounding magnificent acre botanical park plan design partner calls fourteen high rise commercial east walking distance michigan avenue millennium park park named opened supported mixture public funds private funds neighboring buildings city currently free wireless park park features lancaster completed new completed building completed apartment building park briefly tallest residential building chicago surpassed museum park skyscraper chicago combine residences luxury deluxe hotel retail spaces structure believed tallest building united_states designed female run architectural firm development village center named includes service supermarket buildings completed phase development tides construction began coast lease began february east venture recently formed corporate partnership culminating long term collaboration buildings luxury high end apartment named aquatic theme addition luxury development include ultra luxury town homes million price range awards master plan won park honored best new park chicago chicago magazine city best new open space master plan park individual buildings won numerous awards declared master plan recipient prix excellence international award united_states winner international design excellence building construction | Lakeshore East | Geography and places | Places | North America |
25237_Montreal | montreal montreal pronounced french populous city quebec second populous municipality canada originally called city mary named triple peaked hill heart city city island montreal took source city smaller peripheral islands largest distinct season continental climate warm hot summers cold snowy winters city population montreal metropolitan area population population urban municipalities island montreal included estimate population metropolitan area montreal million french city official language language spoken home population city followed english languages census larger montreal census metropolitan area population speaks french home compared speak english montreal bilingual cities quebec canada population able speak english french montreal second largest primarily french speaking city world paris historically commercial capital canada surpassed population economic strength toronto 1970s remains important centre commerce finance technology design education culture tourism gaming film world affairs location headquarters montreal north american cities home organizations united_nations washington new_york second highest number continent montreal named city design montreal named north_america leading host city international association events according preliminary rankings edition ranked montreal 7th best city world university student according global ranking montreal ranked 14th cities montreal hosted multiple international conferences events history including international universal exposition summer olympic games canadian city held summer olympics currently city hosts formula laughs festival montreal ranked beta world city island called referring island southwest language land called meaning stopping place seven fires prophecy city named european settlers city mary current comes triple peaked hill heart city according theory derives modern french diary entry naming mountain refers royal possibility mentioned web site concerning canadian place names adopted written early map italian mountain real history pre european contact archaeological evidence demonstrates nations native people occupied island montreal early years ago year started years built fortified villages saint lawrence ethnicity distinct nations based present day new_york established village foot centuries french arrived found evidence locations valley 14th century french explorer visited october estimated population native people thousand people place seventy years later french explorer reported lawrence settlements disappeared altogether valley believed european diseases wars established fur trading post island montreal site initially named place confluence lawrence river present day stands map named island honour french seeking obtained title establish roman catholic mission natives hired paul lead group colonists build mission new colonists left france quebec arrived island following year marie founded southern shore montreal island governor settlement included chapel hospital command marie attacked raids spring attacks frequent violent thought end come settlers refuge fort colony montreal reduced forced return france raise volunteers colony following year effort failed montreal abandoned survivors located arrived fall population montreal barely people home colonists living modest wooden houses centre fur trade base exploration english allied attacked island montreal committing worst massacre history new france early 18th century established encourage french settlement wanted away fur trading post marie mission village known south lawrence river fathers persuaded new settlement hunting grounds north families moved create settlement known reserves canada canadian territory ruled french colony surrendered great_britain seven years war settlement appeared official documents montreal appeared time people referred island montreal long modern history montreal incorporated city opening canal permitted ships bypass construction victoria bridge established montreal major railway hub leaders montreal business community started build homes golden square mile km2 largest municipality british north_america undisputed economic cultural centre canada 19th century maintaining montreal drinking water increasingly difficult rapid increase population majority drinking water coming city harbor busy heavily leading deterioration water mid 1840s city montreal installed water system pump water transported desired location water system type montreal private ownership middle 19th century water distribution carried open close water outside buildings directed city lacked modern systems impossible connect buildings acted conservation method population finished rising rose montreal capital lost status mob burnt parliament building protest passage rebellion losses bill strategic reasons queen_victoria established ottawa capital reasons located interior nation susceptible attack importantly lay border french english canada small town ottawa seen compromise montreal toronto kingston young nation official capital camp set immigration hall montreal august november world war prohibition movement united_states led montreal destination americans looking alcohol unemployment remained high city exacerbated great depression world war mayor protested conscription urged federal government registry men women government allied forces furious stand held prison camp year government decided institute conscription expand armed forces fight nazis conscription crisis montreal official residence royal family exile world war montreal population surpassed million toronto growth begun challenging montreal status economic capital canada volume stocks traded surpassed traded 1940s saint lawrence opened allowing vessels bypass montreal time development led end city economic dominance businesses moved areas 1960s continued growth including world fair known expo construction canada tallest new subway system known montreal metro 1970s period wide ranging social political changes stemming largely concerns french speaking majority conservation culture language given traditional english canadian minority business arena october crisis election supporting sovereign status quebec resulted departure businesses people city montreal host olympics 1980s early 1990s montreal experienced slower rate economic growth major canadian cities montreal merged surrounding municipalities island montreal january creating unified city covering entire island great resistance suburbs merger perception forced english suburbs expected proved unpopular later rescinded municipalities totalling population island voted leave unified city separate june took place january leaving municipalities island including montreal merged municipalities remain affiliated city council collects taxes pay numerous shared services city history montreal annexed cities towns villages beginning prior 21st century brought revival city economic cultural landscape construction new residential super hospitals centre creation reconstruction interchanges construction new subway line extensions purchase new subway cars complete expansion completion quebec reconstruction bridge construction new toll bridge helping montreal continue grow geography montreal southwest province quebec city covers confluence saint lawrence ottawa rivers port montreal lies end saint lawrence river gateway stretches great lakes atlantic montreal defined location river south north city named prominent geographical feature island head hill called topped sea level montreal centre bordered city north municipalities south east municipalities west montreal west town mount royal surrounded montreal climate montreal classified humid continental climate climate classification summers warm humid daily maximum average july temperatures excess common conversely cold fronts bring crisp drier weather early later parts summer winter brings cold snowy times weather daily average ranging january winter days rise freezing allowing rain average days january february usually snow covering bare ground lasts average second week december week march air temperature fall year wind makes temperature feel low exposed skin spring fall mild prone drastic temperature changes spring fall late season heat waves indian summers possible early late season snow storms occur november march rarely april montreal generally snow free april november lowest temperature environment canada books january highest temperature august international airport modern weather record keeping dates minimum temperature degrees lower recorded january registered annual precipitation including average snowfall occurs november march thunderstorms common period beginning late spring summer early fall additionally tropical storms remnants cause heavy rains montreal averages hours sunshine annually summer season slightly terms total precipitation thunderstorms architecture century half montreal industrial financial centre canada legacy left variety buildings including factories elevators warehouses mills today provide insight city history especially downtown area area national historic sites canada city city earliest standing buildings date late 16th early 17th centuries old montreal area seminary adjacent notre dame dates built find important examples early colonial architecture city situated oldest complete building city point charles visitors saint trace history historic buildings old montreal original form notre dame montreal market impressive 19th century headquarters major canadian banks james street french montreal earliest buildings characterized uniquely french influence grey stone construction completed art main building landmark place marie office tower controversial olympic stadium surrounding structures notable examples city 20th century architecture designed international universal exposition popularly known expo featured wide range architectural designs temporary structures landmarks including dome montreal striking habitat apartment complex public artwork biggest names quebec culture montreal named city design design capitals world berlin buenos_aires distinguished title recognizes montreal design community city home officially set complexes ground downtown city composed large subdivided des notre dame grace plateau mount royal marie centre extension east des northeast saint northwest south west south independent cities forced merged montreal january following municipal reorganization montreal borough includes downtown historical district international development interest borough include affluent golden square mile neighbourhood foot area home thousands students borough comprises island notre dame island borough working class area largest neighbourhood plateau confused borough undergoing considerable study deemed canada creative neighbourhood artists comprise labour force neighbourhood mile end northwestern borough area city features montreal known establishments extreme southwestern portion borough derived fact home thousands students faculty members south west borough home city industry late 19th early mid 20th century borough included home traditionally working class irish point low income notable include areas notre dame des des notre dame grace borough borough home olympic stadium borough old montreal old montreal historic area southeast downtown containing attractions place place museum notre dame montreal architecture streets old montreal maintained restored frequented horse drawn carrying tourists old montreal accessible downtown core underground city served bus routes metro stations ferries network bicycle paths riverside area adjacent known site port montreal shipping operations moved east larger site leaving location recreational historical area maintained new port montreal canada largest container port largest inland port earth mountain site montreal largest park wooded designed designed new_york inaugurated park contains prominent plaza overlooking downtown montreal features park small man lake short ski slope sculpture garden centre known monument sir park hosts athletic tourist cultural activities mountain home major notre dame des founded acres cemetery north slope borough notre dame des cemetery larger predominantly french canadian officially catholic people buried mount royal cemetery contains graves final resting place number notable canadians includes veterans section soldiers awarded british_empire highest military honour victoria_cross mount royal cemetery company established canada cross mountain placed founder city virgin mary praying stop disastrous flood today mountain crowned high illuminated cross installed john baptist society owned city converted light new system turn lights red blue purple sign mourning death pope election demographics according canadian census city inhabitants total lived montreal census metropolitan area census census boundaries means population growth year census children years age constituted inhabitants years age numbered total population people european formed largest cluster ethnic groups largest reported european census french italians irish english scottish spanish population montreal members visible minority non white group visible minorities comprised population census numerous visible minorities blacks arabs latin americans south chinese visible minorities defined persons non white colour according report published city population island expected number million increase estimated number million people suggesting area surpass million threshold according greater montreal area expected number visible minorities terms mother language language learned census reported spoke french language followed english spoke language remaining montreal area residents speaking languages including italian arabic spanish chinese greek portuguese romanian vietnamese russian terms additional languages spoken unique feature montreal canadian cities noted working knowledge french english possessed residents predominantly roman catholic weekly attendance quebec lowest canada historically montreal centre catholicism north_america numerous churches including notre dame marie total population christian largely roman catholic primarily descendants original french settlers italian irish origins include canada lutheran owing british german immigration denominations number consisting orthodox christians large greek population number russian ukrainian orthodox parishes islam largest non christian religious group members second largest concentration muslims canada jewish community montreal population cities saint jewish people constitute majority substantial population recently jewish community high political economic led leave montreal province quebec religious breakdown population montreal christian religion muslim jewish buddhist hindu religions economy montreal second largest economy canadian cities based largest quebec city today important centre commerce finance industry technology culture world affairs headquarters industries include electronic goods printed goods software engineering telecommunications textile manufacturing tobacco transportation service sector strong includes civil mechanical process engineering finance higher education research development montreal fourth largest centre north_america terms jobs port montreal largest inland ports world handling million tonnes cargo annually important ports canada remains trans shipment point grain sugar petroleum products machinery consumer goods reason montreal railway hub canada extremely important rail city home headquarters home headquarters headquarters southeast montreal montreal hosts headquarters united_nations body olympic body association world airports international organizations fields montreal centre film television production headquarters studios documentary producer city head offices national feature length film television funding agency given eclectic architecture broad availability film services crew members montreal popular filming location feature length films stands european locations city home recognized cultural film music festivals laughs montreal international jazz festival montreal world film festival contribute significantly economy home world largest cultural enterprises video game industry montreal coinciding opening recently city attracted world leading game developers publishers studios artificial mind movement strategy mainly quality local specialized labor tax credits offered corporations recently division announced open video game studio relatively new video game industry studio opened purchased develop games franchises batman games portfolio studio create jobs montreal plays important role finance industry sector employs approximately people march montreal ranked 21st position index ranking financial centres world city home oldest stock exchange canada financial derivatives exchange country corporate headquarters biggest banks canada montreal banks moved headquarters toronto ontario legal corporate offices remain montreal city home head offices smaller banks placement investor managing assets totalling billion main business office montreal foreign operating financial sector offices montreal including companies headquartered including whitney canada canada steamship lines rail placement montreal billion billion placing 41st city world largest centre canada companies like canada shell decided close centre throwing hundreds work causing increased dependence foreign eastern canada culture montreal referred canada magazine city canada centre french language television productions radio theatre film print publishing montreal cultural communities given distinct local culture north american city montreal shares cultural characteristics rest continent tradition producing jazz rock music city produced talent fields visual arts theatre music dance confluence french english traditions montreal developed unique distinguished cultural face distinctive characteristic cultural life animation downtown particularly summer prompted cultural social events particularly festivals city largest festival largest jazz festival world popular festivals include laughs largest comedy festival world montreal world film festival les pop montreal montreal fireworks festival smaller festivals totalling year montreal cultural heart classical art venue summer festivals complex different concert theatre halls surrounding large square eastern portion downtown place des arts headquarters world foremost grand chamber orchestra regarded montreal performing city chief ballet company les internationally recognized avant garde dance marie jean toured world worked international popular artists videos concerts unique choreography paved way success world renowned nicknamed cent city montreal renowned churches noted time city couldn throw brick breaking church window city roman catholic mary queen aforementioned notre dame largest church canada second largest copper dome world rome sports popular sport ice hockey professional hockey team original teams won record stanley cup championships recent victory came major rivalries boston original hockey teams played prior played montreal play stadium campus regular season games late season playoff games played larger enclosed olympic stadium played host won grey cup seven times recently periods hiatus second montreal machine played play university football league montreal baseball history city home minor league montreal international_league broke baseball colour barrier emotionally difficult year robinson forever grateful local fans support major_league_baseball came town form played games park moving olympic stadium years montreal team relocated washington branded montreal impact city professional soccer team play soccer specific stadium called joined north_america biggest soccer league montreal games world cup women world cup held olympic stadium venue hosted montreal games women world cup montreal site high profile auto racing event year formula racing race takes place famous circuit race dropped formula calendar fans canadian grand prix returned formula calendar hosted round car world series home nascar nationwide series race grand sports car series race built site rogers cup men women tennis tournaments men tournament masters event women tournament premier tournament men women tournaments alternate montreal toronto year montreal host summer olympic games stadium cost billion interest figure nearly billion paid december montreal hosted world summer attracting participants engaged sporting activities montreal host city 17th world championship convention august montreal national_basketball_association nba early discussions expansion franchise located city media montreal canada second largest media market centre canada media industry air english language television stations global city air french language television stations montreal daily newspapers english language montreal gazette french language journal free french montreal numerous weekly community newspapers serving ethnic groups schools government head city government montreal mayor equals city council member resigned mayor november office acting mayor held city councillor november selected new mayor resigned june assumed office acting mayor selection november 3rd elections won sworn november city council elected institution final decision making authority city power centralized executive committee council consists members council jurisdiction matters including public security agreements governments programs environment urban planning year capital expenditure program council required supervise approve certain decisions borough councils reporting directly council executive committee exercises decision making powers similar cabinet parliamentary system responsible preparing documents including budgets laws submitted council approval decision making powers executive committee cover particular awarding contracts grants management human financial resources supplies buildings assigned powers city council standing committees prime instruments public consultation responsible public study pending matters making appropriate recommendations council review annual budget forecasts departments jurisdiction public notice meeting published french english daily newspapers seven days meeting meetings include public question period standing committees seven terms lasting years addition city_council decide create special committees time standing committee seven members including chairman vice chairman members elected municipal officers exception representative government quebec public security committee city component larger montreal metropolitan community charge planning coordinating financing economic development public transportation garbage collection waste management etc metropolitan area president mayor montreal covers square kilometres million inhabitants montreal seat judicial district montreal includes city communities island education universities seven degree awarding institutions kilometre radius montreal highest concentration post secondary students major cities north_america students residents followed boston students residents higher education english canada leading post secondary institutions widely regarded world class institution ranked eleventh consecutive year best 24th best university world created merger sir higher education french second largest research university canada ranked universities canada separate institutions affiliated university school engineering founded considered best business schools canada montreal campus generally liberal arts programs related sciences available network separately run schools notably administration formation theology philosophy offers bachelor master program classical music additionally french language universities campuses nearby suburb montreal south shore des montreal university center ottawa nova_scotia montreal based serving french protestant community canada offering bachelor master program theology education system quebec different systems north_america high school ends grade university students additional school called offer pre university years technical years programs montreal seventeen offer courses french english english language elementary secondary public schools operated french language elementary secondary public schools montreal operated commission commission commission transportation like major cities montreal problem traffic congestion traffic cities towns claire compounded entering city use road crossings numerous island suburbs width saint lawrence river construction fixed links south shore expensive difficult presently road bridges including country busiest bridge tunnel railway bridges metro line far narrower city north separating montreal spanned road bridges city span directly north shore metro line island montreal hub quebec system served known expressway island montreal aka expressway south north aka system known metropolitan simply met elevated mid town section aka marie frequently rush hour recent years government acknowledged problem working long term solutions alleviate congestion example extension quebec montreal south shore serve bypass transport public local transport served network buses commuter trains extend island subway bus system operated transport bus network consists daytime nighttime routes bus routes serve passengers average weekday provides adapted transport wheelchair accessible buses won award outstanding public transit system north_america time canadian company won prize metro inaugurated stations lines canada busiest subway system total daily passenger usage serving passengers average weekday station designed different architects individual themes features original artwork trains run rubber tires making system project initiated montreal mayor later brought summer olympic games montreal metro system long station extended city north montreal new stations commuter rail system managed operated transport reaches outlying areas lines carried average daily passengers making sixth busiest north_america following new_york chicago boston philadelphia toronto april new planned automated rapid transit system unveiled kilometre long network consisting branches stations planned completed late largest automated rapid transit network financed pension fund manager placement air montreal international airports passengers cargo known airport serves commercial passenger traffic headquarters north city montreal international airport envisioned montreal primary airport serves cargo flights general aviation passenger services busiest airport canada passenger traffic fourth aircraft movements handling million passengers aircraft movements passengers non domestic flights largest percentage international flights canadian airport airport served carriers destinations worldwide serving offer flights europe united_states middle_east central_america caribbean africa mexico destinations canada contains largest duty free shop north_america rail montreal based rail provides rail service cities canada particularly toronto windsor corridor amtrak national passenger rail system operates daily new_york trains commuter trains operate headquartered calgary alberta founded corporate headquarters occupied windsor station street port montreal kept open year round lines surplus montreal railway eastern freight terminus connects montreal port montreal delaware hudson railway new_york buckingham montreal maine halifax flagship train canadian ran daily vancouver passenger services transferred canadian terminates toronto montreal based formed canadian government following series country wide rail formed midland canadian northern railways risen chief rival freight carriage canada like passenger services favour flagship train ran daily vancouver transferred eliminated notable people international relations twin towns sister cities montreal sister cities friendship cities paris france | Montreal | Geography and places | Places | North America |
25399_OldLouisville | old louisville old louisville historic district neighborhood central louisville kentucky usa largest district united_states largest preservation district featuring entirely victorian architecture unique majority structures brick neighborhood contains highest concentration residential homes stained glass windows buildings victorian era styles large number blocks buildings razed 20th century buildings stories old louisville consists city blocks located north main campus south broadway downtown louisville central portion modern city neighborhood hosts renowned art weekend october despite old louisville actually built suburb louisville starting 1870s nearly century louisville founded initially called old louisville come 1960s old louisville initially home louisville wealthiest residents saw decline early mid-20th century following efforts old louisville currently home diverse population high concentration students young professionals history old louisville actually oldest louisville fact large scale development south broadway begin 1870s nearly century downtown louisville settled area initially different military land grants issued early mid-19th century land passed hands farmland land south broadway natural state time acre tract broadway known jacob woods popular picnic ground late major attraction oakland race track near today seventh built early forerunner country estates built area early 1830s louisville great early predominantly style built broadway near civil war development occurred broadway kentucky street northern extreme came called old louisville north south city streets extended area 1850s line extended fourth oak land south broadway annexed city larger expansion efforts annexation moved southern boundary city far south city area campus southern border old louisville year later architect called area growing beautiful suburban locality quarter area occupied development continued lots sold southward present day oak street way broadway principal road suburb time street emerging area called southern extension time growth south oak slow held annually area urging editor city held words meant advance material welfare producing classes south west held acres heart originally square eventually located included foot enclosed exhibition building exposition opened president attracted nearly million visitors year exhibition featured public display light billed largest artificial lighting display history lamps time electric lighting considered novelty 1880s exposition ended area oak rapidly developed city fashionable neighborhoods according historian homes valued total million constructed dominant styles time example known turrets towers bay windows house styles prevalent 1890s remaining southern portions house refuge filled predominantly buildings renaissance revival styles included famous sections developed starting envisioned haven upper class completely occupied described victorian area included houses styles venetian colonial gothic area home claimed second largest stage united_states showcased day best actors structure located corner 4th razed owner died form entertainment area baseball game played early fourth emerging civil war new park built near old louisville home mansion built commissioned louisville architectural firm firm responsible designing new capitol building design home construction mansion took years cost approximately times cost neighboring victorian homes time mansion expensive home louisville 1920s sold home pearson family served mid-1970s house provided headquarters successful gubernatorial campaign mansion headquarters peak late 19th century old louisville center louisville social life nearly persons listed having old louisville addresses listed reception days hours leading ladies varied street fourth street second decline area gradually declined affluent moved newer suburbs triangle built estates areas east louisville recently connected railroad anchorage accelerated great depression large homes converted boarding houses 1930s ohio river flood caused great number remaining wealthy households flood plain gradual abandonment old louisville wealthy reflection changing lifestyles brought technology homes old louisville originally built require servants maintain relatively high wages offered manufacturing jobs servants longer affordable wealthiest families mid-20th century rail lines increasingly automobiles meant wealthy longer live close businesses chose live previously summer homes county east end lifestyle created old louisville effectively obsolete years world war world war old hastily converted apartments house growing labor supply practice encouraged federal government time low interest loans world war housing shortage solved large scale suburban development affordable middle class vacancy rates attract lower dramatically attracting affluent tenants funds maintain homes large section neighborhood kentucky street broadway razed buildings south lee street nearly south street renamed cardinal boulevard razed construction expansions major expansion expand local industry east floyd street buildings razed effort plan spur restoration buildings parts 1960s low income residents downtown displaced result urban renewal moved newly converted apartments especially north neighborhood area considered drug ridden undesirable term associated area 1940s negative initially historian era architectural styles changing dramatically old meant fashion active role preserving old louisville writer began vigorous public information campaign concerning area compared neighborhoods like georgetown boston beacon hill took leave absence job started restoration inc group restored homes interest preservation lead local activists area effort led use old louisville print year reflection interest preservation activists efforts area historic preservation district area continued improve new restaurants shops opening students young professionals moving area property owners converted old houses apartments invested improvements 1980s properties converted luxury median home value doubled increasing faster rate louisville overall process improvement rising property values described area economically diverse louisville crime problem crimes residents twice average city louisville crimes residents similar number calls police assistance parts louisville louisville metro police 4th division responsible large portion louisville old louisville located old louisville officers assigned calls related car break ins non violent crimes murders rare year overall crime rates old louisville city increased sharply rate decline half features attractions features largest collection pedestrian streets neighborhood courts houses face grass median built neighborhood 1920s courts centered 4th street ones built known later ones included built large victorian styled apartments instead single family homes ones built 1920s featured small single story houses completely urban renewal began 1960s developments apparently unique louisville major year universities louisville located adjacent north south public school girls catholic high school known schools located neighborhood contains louisville features kentucky shakespeare festival summer area 6th neighborhood setting best selling novel patch today non profit counseling services center named novel 6th street avenue serves children low income families christmas holiday season number private homes toured holiday home tour publication books spirited past area recently gained reputation haunted neighborhood country old louisville boundaries kentucky street north street cardinal boulevard south east csx railroad tracks west originally neighborhood extended way broadway north street south east northern razed parking lots light industry southern area cardinal razed doubled size main campus built area 1960s created physical barrier neighborhood architecture old louisville known architecture styles ranging federal buildings remain impressive buildings built late 19th century second empire style houses victorian styles dominate victorian gothic styles commonly seen styles united use red sandstone trim popular 1880s point said new residences going louisville common victorian style aside best represented styles architecture listed old louisville great examples style architecture select buildings area example examples residential building mansion walking court face park like walk street specific building completed residents eminent medical educator louisville family successful portions razed entire blocks remain untouched historian said remains nineteenth century segment city intact american style houses found tallest buildings demographics population white black listed hispanic college graduates people high school degree people college experience bachelor degree females population males households making year largely function residents time college students ironically old louisville youngest median age louisville neighborhood highest percent people ages old louisville area square miles km2 population density persons square mile best preserved portions kentucky hill streets density persons square mile regions old louisville broken different census tracts stark differences revealed different tracts addition different neighborhood associations provides different levels infrastructure street example 4th street street lights designed old lamp posts trash cans symbol frequent intervals gas lamp posts 3rd small light posts cast iron decorative gates streets basic infrastructure culture years decline abandoned buildings high elderly populations demographics began change noticeably 1990s new residents college students area housing young professionals wanted live old louisville velocity weekly reported area hip emerging center culture louisville change reflected numerous restaurants bars opening 1990s early 2000s targeting younger crowd old louisville liberal neighborhoods louisville evidenced results voted margin proposal amend state constitution define marriage man woman margin proposal passed kentucky images | Old Louisville | Geography and places | Places | North America |
25538_Cooper,Texas | cooper texas city county seat state texas located north south cooper largest settlement cooper population inhabited native people cooper founded time established cooper grew rapidly quickly center local events city economy relied primarily agricultural farming shipping local goods railroad line built city assisting cooper growth city continued grow 1910s early 1920s region cotton crop failed devastating local economy businesses forced close including railroad city population cooper began recover mid-1930s people left return city fully recovered local economy continued rely growing cotton main economy 1960s began shift wheat growing early 1970s population cooper slow decline 1970s cooper currently sites listed national_register_of_historic_places city economy relies largely agriculture cooper located eastern edge dallas large county metropolitan area populated country history establishment inhabitants area site cooper indians settled large portions eastern texas early highly advanced living large wooden structures skilled farmers european visit area french explorer discovered area decades later european disease attacks neighboring tribes attacks european settlers forced area cooper delaware tribes settled area officially recognized region cooper formed absorbing cooper area years later region designated newly formed civil war region site cooper began grow develop people nearby texas grew tired poor road conditions connected region people area petitioned state government create new county located north south july years debating state texas granted request new county shortly settlements built cooper town established community named chairman boundaries helped establish new county cooper selected seat county named triangular shape establishment cooper grew rapidly established post office built community cooper incorporated town held government elections year cooper constructed county courthouse town main market center cooper population ran cooper chartered railroad helped promote rapid growth town cooper population passed people contained churches school businesses including bank hotel town weekly newspapers cooper continued grow early 1900s especially area agriculture early 1890s farms number value number cash crops nearly region produced chickens pigs yearly cooper continued grow 1920s bank rebuilt region crops continued cooper reported largest population hit great depression early late community cotton crop failed forcing residents withdraw savings bank forced close time reopened months later region economy families moved away cooper early 1930s bank forced close failed hurting cooper economy new deal program offered relief cooper demolished courthouse cooper replaced new cost equivalent respectively stability economy cooper population remained low 1950s returned people population declined 1980s continued slowly decline cooper roughly businesses 1970s 1980s work begun filling lake began september year lake open recreation time cooper reported having businesses population population dropped people geography climate cooper county seat populated city according statistics city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 covered water cooper located elevation feet miles north north south located miles northeast dallas miles west bypasses cooper north business splits passes center city begins western edge cooper passes center city intersecting near county courthouse farm market road enters western portion cooper terminating state highway nearby highways include cooper located texas region flat tall grass prairie ecosystem covers large portion north central texas region elevation rarely differs feet feet area geology consists mainly deep clay clay mixed dark colored county known high quality ideal crop growing climate classification cooper zone warm wet summers humid subtropical climate average temperature cooper january july highest recorded temperature lowest recorded temperature average month october average month january average hottest month august demographics census population cooper people families residing households spread housing units city total showed increase racial makeup town white african american native american asian races race population households children age living married couples living female husband present families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size age distribution older median age years median income household town median income family employed males median income versus employed females capita income city census residents self identified variety ethnic major categories reflect settlers early mid-19th century people american descent population city followed irish english german russian french scottish french dutch norwegian slavic palestinian austrian welsh polish italian rounding persons economy cooper economy relied heavily agricultural farming founding 1950s especially growing cash crops cotton corn crops grown acres farmland county produced large quantities livestock cows grazing land near cooper logging industry began grow region mills constructed producing furniture lumber built line county shipping crops lumber major business cooper early 1890s livestock industry struggled number raised dropping half previous decade agricultural business number farms area cooper increasing value farms doubled equivalent respectively production cotton industry began boom city limits cooper housed hotel grocery store wagon maker feed stores general stores drug stores cotton contained manufacturing establishments employed people average income working region equivalent respectively turn century cotton industry crop agricultural business region livestock production production especially chicken addition shipping agricultural goods livestock main business cooper rebuilt important factor cooper economy 1910s potatoes important economy sudden drop livestock business cotton crop failed cooper economy cooper inhabitants deep debt price crops lumber businesses exhausted regions resources forcing business people moved away find new work local economy stabilized mid-1930s cotton potato corn production began rise growing ended addition railroad going cooper failed years shipping industry cooper struggling cotton carried cooper economy 1950s 1960s shift growing wheat 1970s cooper reported businesses 1970s half 1980s 1990s cooper economy shifted manufacturing shipping local goods cooper businesses currently cooper economy features unique industries according industries town percentage employed civilian population years educational health social services manufacturing arts entertainment recreation accommodation food services construction transportation utilities professional scientific management administrative waste management services public administration retail trade finance insurance real estate rental services public administration agriculture forestry fishing hunting mining people labor force age people population civilian work force people population labor force time census seventy people unemployed armed forces employed residents age private sector wage salary workers accounted people classified federal government workers self employed making population classified unpaid worker median household income city cooper persons class income people identified retired culture media founding cooper served center attractions city host small schools churches construction authorized major work lake began lake finished lake popular tourist attraction area boating swimming fishing available main fish stocked lake bass north shore lake doctor creek unit cooper lake state park park contains picnic areas large swimming area park contains hiking equestrian trails eastern edge lake near wildlife observation deck large platform west northwest shores lake park constructed protects unique habitat types wetland park contains hiking trails stations wildlife viewing areas park allows fishing hunting visitors proper license cooper host annual event held october serves social gathering region day event begins open air concert events include run walk smashing car festival includes numerous street vendors children area located cooper acre municipal park numerous recreational community centers including historic house john built later restored author newspaper published cooper delta newspaper published ran weekly time publishing delta ended newspaper began running weekly eventually stopped running cooper review began running weekly cooper review run jim published government incorporation cooper served seat cooper houses county courthouse county offices sheriff county library cooper mayor council government city council members elected large current council members mayor pro city current mayor election occurred october establish control newly formed county cooper held election establishing government time county courthouse built cooper addition cooper voted democratic_party presidential election incorporation won numerous local county government positions 1890s early 1900s 1970s politics shifted county began voting republican_party government consists county judge county commissioners representing county current judge commissioners current county sheriff addition cooper served texas judicial districts judge serves judge 62nd texas judicial district position held announced seeking term cooper texas 8th served judge served 8th district judge election announced seeking term cooper represented republican senator republican represents cooper senate town represented united_states house_of_representatives republican republican republican united_states senate education historically advanced education time cooper county founded churches county number increased nearly combined students attending schools operated months year founded cooper school located cooper college moved commerce campus destroyed fire school later renamed cooper reported successful school located city proper schools important 1940s local activity centers early 1940s common schools independent school districts schools employed people combined total students enrolled cooper offered year high school program late 1940s help state taxes transportation schools districts began consolidate cooper elementary schools junior high school high school currently operates schools serve cooper cooper covers majority community located jurisdiction communities located currently schools jurisdiction located cooper proper schools cooper junior high school transportation intersects city passing central portion cooper highway begins terminus western portion cooper roadway travels eastward central cooper bending southeast exiting city travels cooper proper approximately miles constructed cooper september state highway bypasses cooper lane divided highway miles highway pass cooper traveling western edge city limits originally designated cooper september rerouted cooper january miles long portion highway redesignated highway business farm market road enters western portion cooper traveling short distance terminating highway constructed june spends approximately miles city known locally 1st street travels center cooper beginning intersection highway travels southward city miles exiting turning westward road constructed september nearby highways include travels edge city ends intersection short distance north cooper northward short distance east city constructed north cooper nearly decade later constructed cooper helping city economy boom railroad flourished sold region struggling economy line closed abandoned currently railroad pass near cooper commerce municipal airport currently closest airfield cooper located approximately miles away religion religious establishment region erected pioneers tennessee methodist episcopal churches built nearby seven churches predominantly methodist established seven baptist churches established region held meeting early 1980s churches located cooper baptist churches located cooper mid-1960s churches region representing seven christian churches closed currently churches located city limits cooper include congregations seventh day baptist catholic denominations christianity churches baptist methodist christianity notable people comedian novelty pianist singer dancer lawrence ron morris professional football player national_football_league nfl | Cooper, Texas | Geography and places | Places | North America |
25696_CalNevaLodge&Casino | previously known resort resort casino border nevada california shores lake original building constructed famous national media picked story actress checks owed worth fire building burnt rebuilt course days entertainer purchased resort alongside chicago celebrity room added alongside opened year round ownership gradually increased following years owned percent outright attendance property provoked rift share holder later resulted gambling license suspended initially leased property later group investors passed hands series investment groups bought property owned closed resort september renovations reopening history early period lodge built real estate developer colonel went missing room body found year later miles away hotel lodge nationally famous later year actress cancelled checks owed casino worth claimed believed chips playing worth cents actually valued group investors bought recruited act president pit manager casino year year old performed time original building burnt causing worth damage incident thought arson charges brought reconstruction effort took days men working project state legislation changed shortly allow gambling following purchase developer nevada earliest rumors intention owners lodge gambling boat lake end second world war lodge purchased group associates renamed property order match hotel nevada common use fire paid reported week stint reportedly nationally famous band perform ownership transferred march group led purchased lodge million period hotel frequented members kennedy family including brother robert author claims lodge carry endless series affairs wealthy prostitutes lodge served accommodation winter olympics held nearby remained popular decades ownership visited trip national press sleeping pills reported local sheriff continued attend lodge talk appearances guests occasion played jam session big band leader actress singer publicly bought resort company initially owned percent property hank held percent smaller shareholders included chicago said silent partner business acted man gradually expanded ownership casino owned percent share holding percent owning remaining shares shareholders decided open property year round previously opened summer season built celebrity room theater installed helicopter pad roof utilized prohibition era smuggling tunnels beneath property allow mob members property seen public fbi lodge investigation time connection staying time deal finalized concerns kennedy involved arrangement casino use american mafia fbi suspected expansion funds borrowed following request concerns press coverage brother relationships accommodation available weekend prior death august period allowed leave allowed visit husband turned away attempted suicide contacted reception desk rushed hospital stomach pumped cabin known monroe known guest accommodation year federal investigation took place prostitution ring run period saw extravagant parties visits celebrities ball mood swings determine responded patrons journalist reported dismissive insulting annoyed banned state nevada continued allow stay lodge resulted seeking remove sought explain visiting girlfriend disagreement resulted end friendship spotted premises gambling license removed following decided wanted entertainment property ownership heavily criticized national press pursued law enforcement illegal activities casino lodge leased deal saw majority stake sold gaining ownership new company later period warner years sought sell property renewal contract sands hotel casino following fallout hughes entertainer instead signed contract included requirement stake purchased new employer million instead lodge passed hands owners club million new owners oversaw construction storey expansion property added rooms lodge permission given nevada state park advisory committee opposed sought open july instead partly opened year new expansion opening following month purchased lodge million aim lease turn sought filed lawsuit company resulted placed federal opening year round purchased lodge closed winter season drop visitors blamed oil crisis sold alongside consisted clubs purchased total million licensing application turned lack ongoing finances property early selling significant metro mayer owned different entity owns mgm shares launch lodge convinced return performance grant attendance arrested fraud convincing loan million purchase price claimed backing subsequently sentenced years custody year lodge purchased new owner renovated exterior main building restored looked 1960s september lodge hosted second annual wow local native american meeting lake hotel named nevada best cited america flagship hotels sold lodge casino severe decline revenue half received million loan auction open states failed result area seen nearby close time architecture location lodge casino lake property split california nevada border near main dining room white line indicating state border running middle room continues outside swimming pool interior decorated lodge style entrance replaced times years exterior buildings remained reconstruction prior expansion lodge rooms increased lake facing rooms following expansion rooms conference rooms catering people celebrity indian rooms constructed following purchase associates celebrity room theater hosted singer friends singers day located near casino area nevada border sat people indian room featured native american memorabilia wood ceilings sited california hotel acted museum nearby people operating ballroom indian room underwent renovation late 1980s described area large fireplace current renovations california based development company acquired property spring closed september complete renovation development project originally estimated year include overhaul story including interior guest rooms casino celebrity room theater complete exterior upgrade casino upgrade sought restore original square foot gaming floor complete slot machine display return table games aiming reopen property conjunction birthday december reopening delayed january summer pushed delays attributed combination factors need construction proceed carefully difficulties obtaining financing company obtained million loan november allowed construction begin additional million equity line credit financing project | Cal Neva Lodge & Casino | Geography and places | Places | North America |
26215_Valley,WestVirginia | valley west_virginia valley populated place post office south branch line baltimore state west_virginia centered near intersection located present day corporate boundaries valley developed following completion south branch line rail line original southern terminus corresponding built established post office valley remaining operation june following closure valley post office mail routed post office history land valley later developed originally survey thomas 6th lord south branch survey extended north end trough confluence north south branches lord originally planned maintain survey personal manor later commissioned survey south branch sale lease land lots ranging size acres acres valley located northern section lot number lord granted gentleman virginia ownership lot number parcel later surveyor april lot number bound west south branch north south lot number western area present day corporate boundaries located lot number eastern boundary stretched present day neighborhoods location valley included surveyor plan dated june forested lands remained undeveloped 19th century baltimore agreed complete planned rail line baltimore main line construction rail line began immediately completed spanned length miles original southern terminus baltimore south branch line built southern end valley developed south branch line formally opened traffic september time received baltimore continued operate south branch line later acquired property outright deed november arrival baltimore depot valley brought residential development west east valley september conducted public auction farm fields atop overlooking south branch land located atop hill west valley subdivided fields lots planned development known sold land lots auction lots sold privately free lot given set aside lots bluff site future hospital planned deed entity willing build passenger freight services expanded populated place continued develop depot need post office began grow february location form submitted suggesting valley post office located form noted post office valley located mere miles northeast post office south branch line established post office valley post office valley june mail afterward routed post office valley included transportation map compiled new descriptive west_virginia published beginning arrival baltimore south branch line 1880s passenger train conducted trips daily morning noon evening valley baltimore main line 1930s passenger south branch line began decline passenger service finally discontinued shortly special passenger train carried students west virginia schools deaf blind arriving valley fall departing spring students home special train transport students west virginia schools deaf blind departed depot spring freight operations later ceased station closed demolished soon baltimore merged system planned close abandon south branch line spur remained service illustrated survey map october system transferred ownership south branch line turn owned operated transition spur abandoned rail commercial activity valley ceased geography valley located approximately miles northwest downtown depot valley stretches miles north farm small unnamed tributary stream flows paralleling spur south branch rail line entirety course valley valley connected southeast west lane location valley surrounding covered secondary forest residential areas hill west depot hill east remain | Valley, West Virginia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
26561_VirginiaBeach,Virginia | virginia independent city located state virginia census population population estimated suburban character populous city virginia 41st populous city nation located atlantic_ocean mouth chesapeake_bay included metropolitan area area known america region includes independent cities norfolk portsmouth suffolk smaller cities counties towns resort city miles beaches hundreds hotels restaurants year city hosts soccer championship beach soccer tournament home state parks long protected beach areas military bases number large corporations universities international headquarters site television broadcast studios numerous historic sites near point chesapeake_bay atlantic_ocean meet site landing english colonists eventually settled april city listed having longest pleasure beach world located southern end longest bridge tunnel complex world history historic indigenous people area known virginia time european encounter little known evidence suggests related people spoken languages common numerous tribes coastal area loose confederacy numbering tens thousands population occupied area defined independent cities norfolk portsmouth voyage days ships headed captain carrying men boys landfall new world mainland southern mouth chesapeake_bay meets atlantic_ocean named prince wales eldest son king james england english colonists moved area orders seek site inland sheltered ships competing european countries created permanent settlement north king norfolk england earliest settle area developed age contracted servant pay passage virginia colony hopes life earned freedom years leading citizen area elected sic subdivided areas established colony divided original virginia soon renamed counties credited home england helping following year split soon renamed resided named home england large organized defined atlantic_ocean west past encompassing entire area modern cities portsmouth norfolk attracted including family belonging london immigrated netherlands international trade settled land north virginia east developed norfolk following increased settlement divided form norfolk princess anne counties princess anne easternmost county extended mouth chesapeake_bay south border north_carolina colony included area atlantic_ocean princess known jurisdiction years early centuries area rural developed plantation agriculture late 19th century small resort area developed princess arrival rail service coast opened operated norfolk improvement company near tiny community hotel railroad reorganized hotel upgraded reopened princess anne hotel guests new hotel watched wreck rescue efforts norwegian bark dictator ship washed beach days later erected monument victims stood years 21st century inspired pair matching norwegian sculpted installed moss norway resort initially depended railroad electric service completion virginia beach boulevard extended norfolk opened route automobiles buses trucks passenger rail service eventually discontinued traffic increased vehicle growing resort incorporated town years continued grow popularity seasonal vacation spot replaced amusement parks family oriented attractions opened popular vacation spot gained status independent city ties remained princess voters jurisdictions passed supporting referendum approval political subdivisions consolidated new larger independent city retaining better known resort dome significant building city history constructed dedicated career resident astronaut area changed dome frequently hall building razed room municipal parking lot potential future development real estate defense tourism major sectors economy local public private groups maintained interest real estate redevelopment resulting number joint public private projects commercial parks examples public private development include town center city assisted financing project use tax financing creating special tax districts constructing associated street infrastructure support developments town center opened related construction continuing opened city begun run clear land available new construction north green line urban growth boundary dividing urban northern rural southern sections city development residential neighborhoods placed number operating constraints naval air station major fighter jet base enjoys wide support large commission proposed closure decade geography climate located according city total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water largest city virginia total area largest city land area average elevation feet sea level major portion city drains chesapeake_bay way tributaries city located southeastern corner virginia area bordering atlantic_ocean officially known 37th largest united_states total population area includes virginia cities norfolk portsmouth suffolk counties gloucester isle york north_carolina county populated city actually currently functions suburb city norfolk recognized central business district resort district primarily centers tourism neighborhoods modern city created consolidation square miles km2 princess square miles km2 city newly larger city divided seven princess anne distinctive communities neighborhoods boundaries including largest sub division completed london bridge princess anne red mill climate climate humid subtropical winters mild snowfall light summers hot humid official weather statistics recorded norfolk international airport extreme northwestern border mean annual temperature average annual snowfall inches airport inches southeastern corner bay average annual rainfall higher inches airport inches year bay seasons spring summer rainfall constant year round highest recorded temperature date july lowest recorded temperature january recorded norfolk international airport additionally geographic location city respect principal storm tracks especially favorable earned reputation vacation destination south average path storms originating higher latitudes north usual tracks hurricanes major tropical storms exception hurricane effects chesapeake_bay atlantic_ocean northernmost location east coast species plants reliably grow spanish moss example near northernmost limit natural range northerly location widespread plants like hardy citrus successfully grown colder winter temperatures north inland west demographics according racial composition follows white white black african american american indian asian filipino chinese indian vietnamese korean japanese native hawaiian pacific race races hispanic latino race puerto rican mexican dominican cuban source census people households families residing city population density people square mile housing units average density square mile racial makeup city white non hispanic white african american native american asian pacific races races population hispanic latino race households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals living years age older average household size average family size age distribution age years age older median age years females males females age males median income household city median income family 5th highest median family income large cities capita income city families population poverty line including age age city lower crime rate regional cities norfolk portsmouth exceed national average crime rates experienced murders giving city murder rate people murders murder rate people lower national average year city total crime index rate people lower national average according city crime rankings crime metropolitan america virginia ranks violent crime cities containing inhabitants city named city religion city population affiliated religious congregations compared nationwide figure adherents different religious congregations city catholic_church southern baptist convention charismatic churches independent economy best known tourism military sectors contribute city economy city economy contains large retail component places major companies headquartered include american headquarters major employers include ranked number forbes list best places business careers tourism produces large share economy estimated million spent tourism related industries jobs cater million visitors city benefit visitors provide million revenue opened large group meetings events hotels line cluster town center parts city restaurants entertainment industries directly benefit tourism large portion tourism market adventures companies offer tours land water seen inland tours available natural habitat conducts tours coast bird sightings season right offer school field trips overnight adventures surrounding regions focus education lessons stand popular area summer programs offer sighting tours large sector produces million city economy seventy farms exist southern portion city farmers able sell goods products city farmer market home bases include united_states navy training support center roads joint expeditionary base east located additionally located city carries norfolk address largest employer decreed close city houses areas designated accident potential zones action position united_states_navy navy recommended potential closure issue closure remains unresolved training support center roads considered largest respective kind world furthermore located nearby norfolk central hub united_states navy norfolk navy base culture city home points interest historical scientific visual performing arts areas popular tourist destination recent years features regularly changing exhibitions variety media exhibitions feature painting sculpture photography glass video visual media internationally acclaimed artists artists national regional renown born annual art began museum largest fundraiser operating national standard received popular near features containing sand tiger nurse brown sharks sting rays large open ocean sea turtle sea turtle laboratory hands ocean exploration exhibits octopus life size model whale features include salt marsh nature trail built features wide variety popular shows concerts ranging seat performing arts theatre opened town center november home sites historical importance sites national_register_of_historic_places sites include oldest surviving colonial homes virginia year old plantation nearby second tower established beds psychic kentucky claimed healing abilities known father new age movement 1960s resided died january followers active street facility features large private library books psychic matters open public traditional beach architecture headquarters building features therapy appointment opened closed years later opened originally intended study readings research spiritual subjects city largest festival neptune festival attracts visitors visitors air celebrating city heritage link norway events held september town center areas august provides festival attendees live music performed stages including beach fifth street festival ends sports norfolk contains central business district major spectator sports located area recently considered viable prospect major league professional sports regional leaders attempted obtain major_league_baseball nba franchises recent past team relocated area 3rd largest metropolitan area united_states club major professional sports league las_vegas austin metropolitan areas won franchise played virginia beach league collapse soccer teams men team premier development league women team play virginia beach contains central training site women national field hockey team city home annual contest world professional estimated amateur north_america oldest contest golf courses open public city country club military holes course best known public courses hell hosted virginia beach open event hosts annual tournament host year labor day weekend conjunction largest world final miles cities trying lure sacramento kings play parks recreation home city parks encompassing acres including neighborhood parks community parks district parks open spaces park unique offers wide open spaces picnic shelters clearly visible traveling park acres hill high long created layers solid waste clean soil highest point park features lakes lake lake stocked fish fish residents advantage park major park city acres park located facilities include large group shelters mini shelters family picnic tables pits courts machines walking trails baseball fields located end scenic walkway overlooking established acre km2 fresh water refuge borders atlantic_ocean east bay west barrier islands feature large sand dunes maritime forests fresh water marshes ponds ocean beach large managed located coastal areas city corporate limits offer camping facilities outdoor recreation activities addition nature history tours rural park located deep southern end city right owned maintained city park features shelters baseball fields boat ramp boat pits nets light hiking trails outdoor fully equipped electrical outlets available reservations weddings outside classroom activities events parking machines gardens available use boat ramps disc golf courses rented additionally famous miles packed fascinating entertainment outdoor concerts people concrete links hotels attractions bike path naval aviation monument park formally dedicated planned partnership park features heroic scale tell history acres hectares park undeveloped land shore located south bridge chesapeake_bay includes beds wetlands maritime forest location site planned development collapsed acquired help bay foundation largest undeveloped parcels land preserved future generations location provides hands educational programs students learn chesapeake_bay lastly course city abundant ample indoor recreational facilities include basketball courts weight fitness training rooms olympic sized swimming pools centers play host special programs children youth adults facility example offers classes types styles dance mention seasonal offerings young children senior citizens extensive park system recognized best united_states ranking reported 8th best park system populous cities ranks city park systems formula city median park size park acres percent city area percent city residents half mile park spending park services resident number residents government chartered municipal corporation january city currently operates council manager form government city fall jurisdiction county government state law functions independent city operates political subdivision state city legislative body consists member city council city manager appointed council acts chief executive officer staff policies established council members city council normally serve year terms elected basis non partisan elections beginning general elections held tuesday november numbered years previous years elections held tuesday numbered years registered voters eligible vote council members council members mayor serve large basis elected district live district represent beach princess anne rose hall mayor elected year term direct election mayor city council meetings serves ceremonial head spokesperson city vice mayor elected city council meeting following council election current mayor republican citizens elect constitutional officers candidates offices permitted run affiliated political party offices deal substantially public safety justice sheriff commonwealth attorney clerk circuit court offices concerned fiscal policy city treasurer commissioner revenue located virginia 2nd congressional district served representative republican education according population national average hold bachelor degree higher nationally high school diploma equivalent city home largest school systems state based student enrollment currently serves students includes elementary schools middle schools high schools include princess anne cox salem colonial high schools number secondary post secondary specialty schools centers provides excellent courses trying gain place technology field maintains rigorous math science academy houses health sciences academy courses medical genetic medicine salem high school houses preparing students jobs contains helps prepare students jobs engineering home courses forensic science intro law preparing students jobs law field recently founded world studies academy princess anne oldest high school city diploma programme school specialized courses offered occasionally overlap courses offered specialized centers mile away number private independent schools city including lady mount catholic school parish cape henry collegiate school bishop sullivan catholic high school home universities private university founded christian leader historically focused graduate education recently established undergraduate program associated organization offers degrees new age subjects thanks link old nearby norfolk operate satellite campuses major junior college largest campus located city private liberal arts college located border norfolk physical address school norfolk majority campus main campus located additional institutions higher education located communities greater provides free access accurate current information materials individuals promotes reading critical life skill library supports educational leisure needs citizens system area libraries central library virtual library public law library municipal reference library library collection items including special subject collections media based norfolk daily newspaper papers include inside business focuses local business news publishes newspaper norfolk area served variety radio stations towers located area served television stations norfolk portsmouth newport news designated market area 42nd largest homes total major network television cbs nbc abc fox station residents receive independent station broadcasting channel north_carolina receive pbs affiliate affiliate portsmouth religious television station affiliate broadcasting channel served popular alternative cable television addition large portion city served serves headquarters located adjacent notable program club originates studios home infrastructure transportation primarily served lid region major commercial airport airport located near chesapeake_bay city limits neighboring norfolk seven provide nonstop services destinations passengers land facility pounds cargo processed facilities provides commercial air service area provides general aviation services located miles outside city limits served amtrak norfolk stations connecting buses norfolk line runs southwest suffolk virginia turns northwest richmond points line runs west richmond downtown main street suburban stations points high speed rail connection richmond northeast corridor southeast high speed rail corridor study provides service central bus terminal adjacent norfolk station located road mile west bus services new_york_city bus today bus located road city connected runs intersects east norfolk continues downtown norfolk portsmouth rejoining terminus roads interstate completes loop forms travelers access direction norfolk use choice bridge tunnel facilities cross reach peninsula richmond points north major roads include route shore drive route connects atlantic avenue princess anne road state route state route parkway independence boulevard general parkway streets hotel entertainment district arranged fairly regular grid like pattern atlantic avenue parallel shoreline pacific avenue arctic avenue going inland city connected virginia region longest bridge tunnel complex world known seven engineering wonders facility carries transportation city rest served regional bus service extension tide light rail system norfolk currently studied study ranked largest cities utilities water sewer services provided receives electricity local sources including gas power plant coal fired plants norfolk headquartered subsidiary natural gas city storage plants receives water area grown faster local freshwater supply river water fresh longer available areas currently water area pumped virginia north_carolina border rivers pipeline miles long inches diameter follows right way abandoned portion railway capable pumping million gallons water day norfolk partners project city provides services residents transports regional treatment plants healthcare served virginia beach general hospital princess anne hospital modified stand treatment center known city line norfolk clinic offers basic medical services residents notable people actor known role aka hulk series rapper singer songwriter producer dancer semi finalist artist creative poet writer contestant survivor curtis bush olympic mayor florida nfl player composer themes npr shows professional governor virginia professional singer songwriter rapper nba player television preacher mlb player mlb player rapper singer record producer songwriter producer rapper singer record producer composer fashion designer mlb player actress best known roll rapper songwriter sister cities northern_ireland norway san juan del sur nicaragua popular culture honor game birthday held online vote order determine cities updated version monopoly edition game virginia received fourth highest number votes online contest earning green spot board spot went | Virginia Beach, Virginia | Geography and places | Places | North America |
27213_HarrisonCounty,Indiana | indiana located far southern state indiana county officially established census county population increase county seat capital indiana metropolitan statistical area county diverse economy sector employing local workforce largest employer followed tourism plays significant role economy centered county historic sites county government divided bodies including boards county school districts elected commissioners exercise legislative executive powers elected county council controls county budget circuit superior court township trustees oversee government function county county incorporated towns total population small unincorporated towns interstate highway route run county railroad lines migratory groups native americans inhabited area thousands years permanent settlements created american settlers years american revolutionary war population grew rapidly decade 19th century officially capital state early important historic events occurred county including writing indiana constitution state capital years afterward remained important hub southern indiana major strike fought battle american_civil_war occur indiana history humans entered indiana near end ice age region particular value early humans abundance flint evidence flint mining local caves early bce stone produce crude tools passing migratory tribes frequented area influenced succeeding groups peoples including flint working camping location known swan landing site important early archaic archaeological sites eastern north_america permanent human settlements county began arrival american settlers decade 18th century area united_states following conquest american revolutionary war veterans revolution received land grants eastern county clark grant brother early explorers county entering kentucky settle county beginning smith built home later county seat originally separated indiana county formed indiana territorial legislature governor county originally contained land parts floyd washington jackson clark lawrence perry scott orange counties county named governor later general war hero 9th president harrison largest land holder county time small estate settled permanently died buried cave near home daniel son settled decade 1800s county church built east present day church reconstructed known settled near wealthiest settlers amassed acre km2 tract land built large home maintained inn paul immigrated north_carolina bringing slaves freed arriving slaves left group largest communities free blacks state road built connecting tow ferry line operated family bringing settlers county kentucky road ferry greatly expanded county economic viability ease access outside world leading rapid settlement area county population doubled following decade lived near county early leading citizens speaker territory legislature began competing southern indiana settlements new capital territory reorganization hostilities broke native american tribes frontier territorial capital moved suggested safer years political center territory subsequent state state constitution drafted june town served state capital division county occurred northern portion county separated county divided western county separated division occurred created eastern county eastern border minor adjustments land transactions change occurred northern county known named early settlers lack timber decades settlement settlers refused purchase land considered far timber needed build homes fires fences swept annual prevented growth trees largest barren ran northern edge northward east westward central barren covered upper middle county settlement expanded farming grew early 19th century settlers began discover fertile state quickly filled settlement increased stopped start 20th century parts forested remained modern times large fell near march causing panic area site impact preserved fair held county fair annual event longest continuously running fair state county built southwest corner home stood fair original burned county purchased new minor league baseball team parkway field louisville kentucky civil war battle fought indiana occurred july brigadier general morgan raid morgan crossed ohio river morning july crossing contested legion artillery indiana shore armed river boat morgan opened fire batteries opposite shore legion quickly retreated citizens fled town morgan landed east thousand cavalry marched north burning homes farms mills county militia stand block advance county seat resulting conflict known battle won town sacked stores looted battle left dead wounded captured battle morgan continued northern looted new salisbury area main body troops robbed sacked detachments forces left county july eventually defeated captured union_army railroad reached line completed northern half county running connecting continuing west southward extension connecting completed train wreck killed southern extension connecting purchased operated tourist attraction closed financial difficulties ending passenger service county county courthouse small log building territory capital county territorial officials shared building stone building constructed served state capital building capital moved space needed buildings constructed supplement courthouse 1920s latest office buildings razed way new courthouse old building acquired preserved state capitol building new courthouse built cost building designed constructed started state indiana purchased land western acre km2 park largest state forest indiana surrounds woods state park located eastern completed connected neighboring bridge donated acre km2 nature reserve county developed adding public facilities western preserve second largest nature reserve county opened casino river boat hotel complex golf course county tourism industry casino complex purchased july geography located far southern indiana halfway state east west borders ohio river defines county southern border river lies state kentucky city louisville runs county western border counties adjacent indiana north east west kentucky southeast south according census county total area square miles km2 square miles km2 land square miles km2 water located west feet diameter feet deep making largest deepest spring indiana rises solid rock level spot land water turned flour mills past largest spring volume indiana producing million gallons water daily spring derives owned land surrounding surface covered hills valleys begins southeastern county rising sharply ohio river following course roughly eastern edge county significant series hills indiana highest near ohio river feet surrounding valley greatest local relief difference state ohio river borders entire southeastern southern southwestern county forms western border primary internal drainage systems western county preserved woods state park county extensive cave systems including smaller highly decorated caves devil graveyard caves towns communities population largest town county county seat center economic activity located northern edge county second largest town population largest town population population town sits western border county majority population lives county incorporated towns elizabeth populations unincorporated incorporated communities include county subdivided franklin harrison jackson morgan taylor washington climate weather humid subtropical climate region united_states climate classification meaning cold dry season hot summer close southern edge region recent years average temperatures ranged low january high july record low recorded january record high recorded july average monthly precipitation ranged inches october inches government county government constitutional body granted specific powers constitution indiana indiana code executive legislative power fiscal power seven member county council fiscal branch county government controls spending revenue collection county representatives elected county districts elected large council members serve year terms responsible setting salaries annual budget special spending council limited authority impose local taxes form income tax property tax taxes service taxes county income property taxes subject state level approval council members district district large large large consists commissioners elected county wide terms serves year term commissioners typically senior serves president board commissioners manage budget set forth council collection revenue enact repeal managing day day functions county government commissioners hold public meetings twice month discuss issues affecting public receive community input commissioners district district district handles adult criminal cases small claims cases traffic tickets handles rest cases county including divorce cases juvenile matters cases civil proceedings estates civil commitments civil cases judges court serve year term judge referee handle family law cases county elected offices including sheriff treasurer recorder surveyor circuit court clerk elected officers serves term years oversees different county government members elected county government positions required declare party residents county trustee rural fire protection ambulance service provides poor relief manages cemetery care duties trustee assisted duties member township board trustees board members elected year terms falls district represented republican county state house district represented republican entire county state senate district represented senate democrat county indiana 9th congressional district represented united_states congress republican economy diverse economy manufacturing industry centered automobile related manufacturing prevalent large scale farming rural areas county corn county largest crops service shopping district centered medical facilities county including nursing facilities operated number private practices county developed tourism industry main attractions historic sites county golf courses casino hotel area famous caves near adjoining casino county single largest source tax revenue produced million tax revenue multiple utility companies serve county electricity provided natural gas provided small distributors provide rural service land line telephone service provided exclusively cable television provided parts county water pumped number corporations largest july county largest employer southern indiana casino employees large employers employees employs employs employs employs employs icon metal forming employs employs employs employs employs employs additional businesses employ workers total workforce retail government manufacturing services accommodations food services agriculture construction working local utilities finance insurance real estate trades louisville metropolitan statistical area belongs unemployment rate december transportation major east west interstate highway entrances exits route crosses northern county following route north south state road east west state road roughly perpendicular cross near center county state road east west route north central county crossing state road state road connects elizabeth neighboring casino located route state road crosses county northwest southeast passing center county short county state road runs miles east elizabeth southeast county connecting state roads state road connects state road southwest county running miles railroads operate county mile railroad beginning downtown moving northward industrial park facilities located northward intersects east west line near line runs entire state passes northern county towns small depot education county schools public schools school districts private south harrison community schools largest district pupils district covers southern half county includes central junior high school south central junior senior high school pupils enrolled north harrison middle school north harrison elementary smallest district serving consists elementary teachers district averaged annual salary south harrison teachers averaged teachers averaged graduation rate students performed average statewide tests south harrison students performed average county private schools supported local churches lutheran school near pupils catholic school pupils county high school students including public private home schools attend school school technology neighboring high school curriculum notable people born kentucky age went adopted raised joined army world war 1950s actor appearing western variety film genres appeared times guest star television shows including andy twilight zone best known role sheriff born attended school taught high school history years starting like studied law returned practiced law joined partnership active indiana historical societies wrote books indiana history died buried born raised attended earned degrees government law served years air_force state senator years served lieutenant governor years governor died chicago complications stroke term ended years old demographics united states census people households families residing county population density inhabitants square mile km2 housing units average density square mile km2 racial makeup county white black african american asian american indian races races hispanic latino origin population terms ancestry german american irish english households children age living married couples living female husband present non families households individuals average household size average family size median age years median income household county median income family males median income versus females capita income county families population poverty line including age age | Harrison County, Indiana | Geography and places | Places | North America |
28010_Omak,Washington | washington city located foothills north central washington united_states estimated residents distributed land area square miles km2 largest municipality largest municipality north greater area inhabitants census largest urban cluster country region encompassing twin city population increased significantly census reporting residents prior incorporation land inhabited native american tribes arrival non indigenous settlers early 19th century city began develop completion affecting grand dam nearby electric facilities housing municipal infrastructure regional infrastructure connecting new town municipalities built simultaneously supported local agricultural industry comes term said mean good medicine plenty referring favorable climate annual high acts gateway consists central business district residential neighborhoods code city governed seven member council state 4th district economy dominated primary industries agriculture forestry economic occurred recreational tourism nearby recreational destinations include walking trails state parks national forests city home weekly newspaper county chronicle campus standards education higher state average drugs alcohol remains problem students prominent intersects town connects city respectively road located approximately miles seattle washington miles washington miles british_columbia history origin traditional homeland called native americans territory extended north canada acquired horses century helped expand northward met non native traders missionaries early 19th century participated trade held mouth trading networks strengthened acquisition horses century fort built confluence fort ownership passed hudson bay company near important fur trading outpost fur brigades traveling late 1850s route known trail widely inland route canyon gold rush 1850s european americans settled area built houses inaugurated mining logging agricultural activities white settlers arrived dispute land ownership arose native americans response treaty stating indian reservation formed disputed land european americans remaining land signed indian land later reduced acres developed president tribes federally recognized tribe formed executive order individual bands general act federal government decided location west columbia river reducing area acres continue reduced years nearby alma unincorporated community alma renamed honor later renamed present upset replaced requested surveyor civil engineer establish town miles north born illinois ross worked shortly moving decided found new community proposed location named supposedly word said mean good medicine plenty referring town favorable climate according comes ross sold items present trying town recognized built cabin provide shelter daughter son grandchildren white men settle area growth town began develop completion designed facilitate farming time farmers came looking homes fruits including cultivated served census designated place incorporated city february shared rivalry high school sports great depression residents forced work nearby communities result promoted work available improvement project grand dam nearby employed approximately people ended city home buildings structures including church satisfied residential needs 1910s chosen location expand economic growth controlled mill nearby orchard processing factory bought organization built outside municipal boundaries nearby mountain secondary constructed area company mills purchased associated organization acquired mills company ultimately went bankrupt response employees purchased mill million dollars renamed attempt save jobs payroll decreased early 1990s later went bankrupt quality later owned property million dollars tribes reservation later purchased mill million dollars having closed low demand ending jobs proposals reopen mills summer season geography topography canada united_states border official crossing british_columbia lies approximately miles north idaho border lies miles southeast state largest city seattle lies miles southwest coming town riverside defines city northern border southern border defined city terrain mountainous forested nearest primary statistical area metropolitan area located northeast city named proximity census county divisions western half eastern half situated foothills central country region extending british_columbia lies inland northwest centered columbia plateau near mile tributary flows central portion city receives east outside municipal boundaries known balancing acre lake feet sea level largest lake washington acre located miles northeast border acre km2 forest comprises varied terrain mountain peaks elevations area range feet sea level mouth feet sea level average elevation feet sea level according moses mountain summit sits east city located feet sea level mountain located feet sea level adjacent west city anchored cascade range mountain peaks western portion area range feet feet mountain summit feet sea level located directly adjacent municipal boundaries according city encompasses total area square miles km2 including square miles km2 water accounting percent overall area area expanded april square miles km2 land city accumulated fourth largest settlement area km2 km2 km2 covers percent county total area square mile km2 urban cluster greater area includes city surrounding metropolitan region comprises total area square miles km2 officially designated statistical area climate city experiences semi arid climate climate classification little precipitation hot summers cold winters average temperatures range january july lowest temperature recorded february highest july annual daily mean temperature average monthly precipitation ranges inches august inches december despite geographical location south city maintains average annual temperature southern communities experiences distinct seasons summers hot relatively dry daily average july winter season year inches snowfall november february spring autumn mild seasons little precipitation city located plant zone according july severe thunderstorm occurred producing heavy rainfall gusty winds hail forced temporary closure requiring repairs public streets affected earthquake state largest historical earthquake occurred december lake earthquake magnitude followed earthquake minor shaking affected city november planned city 20th century ross designed city year establishment town central business district public bank hotel supported local agricultural industry town provided post office previously known ross founded soon school built meat market hardware shop law office store constructed downtown steel bridge built following year collapsed initial use quickly rebuilt problems city consists central business district residential areas central business district economic center functional churches city post office managed city listing national_register_of_historic_places notable restaurant music venue downtown city maintains memorial cemetery comprising graves region located adjacent having known acre city business park bordered east city residential neighborhoods encompassed south demographics city incorporation recorded residents following census define distinct subdivision counted residents making populous municipality having surpassed residents subsequent census counts documented increase residents shrink population census fruit prices rose land lost major employers shut decline population steadily increased approaching approximately residents census city population experienced boom percent population increased percent estimated residents representing percent increase census estimate documented population decrease percent people study showed residents percent increase census according census residents living households inhabitants square mile km2 residents created average age year higher entire state percent residents single percent lone parent households housing units average density inhabitants square mile km2 city populace consisted females males giving gender balance close national averages percent male percent female racial makeup dominated white people percent population increase families decrease lone parent families population people inhabitants square mile km2 percent county residents complete census found average household consisted residents average family consisted approximately people approximately percent residents age spoke english home according estimated people comprising percent local inhabitants german ancestry largest ethnicity percent irish ancestry area relatively high percentage people american indian mexican american indians mexican immigrants combined percentage percent residents conversely city small asian population making percent census showed approximately percent residents lived female age comprised percent population efforts provide service homeless people official population figures released economy commercial center rural communities nearby settlements regional center services trade county city economy experiencing significant growth according agricultural community reliant forestry industry late 1990s early 2000s percent manufacturing jobs city infrastructure services retail trades major industries private firms employed total workers local industries including manufacturing retail infrastructure time located adjacent city serves administrative center region largest employer civilians age employed city despite recognition agricultural community inhabitants employed agriculture forestry industries surrounding area agricultural jobs office sale services largest occupation comprising approximately percent city total employees followed business percent majority residents work public services approximately seven percent people unemployed percent live poverty line including percent percent aged cost living rate unit state national averages city capita income average income household code maintained businesses average payroll city store built state store serving residents process opening retail facility took discussions proposals began square feet land local retailers feared chain businesses people felt increase business shopping regions city shortly opening numerous came area looking items hired approximately employees city economy significantly largest retailer short period store later allowed remain open hours day economy driven mixture tourism nearby recreational destinations mild climate increase local economy significantly local big sporting goods big retail stores maintain license vendors recreational activities square foot shopping mall located route attracts residents nearby rural communities established mall home stores services hotels include inn headquarters infrastructure organizations cascade columbia river railroad culture nicknames municipality named tree city consecutive years april announced april named tree city continuous efforts urban forests healthy vibrant years brands heart referring significant economic importance uses branding define greater region officially recognized residents known tourism operates suicide race hosted local facility renovated occurs annually second weekend august event city estimated population approximately people suicide race horses riders run suicide hill degree slope runs feet horses pass examination ensure physically healthy swim test ensure cross river demonstrate ability run race navigate river animal rights groups including defense animals humane society united_states expressed concerns horses welfare opposed specific event significant events include film festival inclusive variety films annual carnival western native art native american carnival attempt increase tourism operates main street historical tour central business district local recreational complex comprises native american wooden sculpture area functional movie theaters single screen built screens built service city drive theater capacity automobiles proposed built deemed best little information center west historical images gift shop offering pamphlets surrounding regions comprises historic fire hall research center area display historical photographs area seat venue hosts presentations ceremonies performances built square foot casino operated tribes incorporating gaming machines convention center arcade nearby casino route primarily serves consisting approximately gaming machines recreation area mild climate close proximity lakes rivers mountains outdoor recreational destination city maintains general recreational complexes acre enclosed park municipal pool seven baseball diamonds soccer fields tennis courts basketball courts largest municipality oldest park park newest city park board formed protect public spaces beaches north south shores lake comprising acres sandy land fishing boating available lake near city local airport home species valley lanes bowling alley serves city hosted competitions country club yard golf courses located largest forest west_coast provides residents trails walking hiking cycling close home encompasses skiing regions received approximately visitors came miles away numerous general recreational opportunities hunting rock scenery available nearby hiking trails nearby hilly areas including mountain look tower granite mountain trail located forests miles away city skiing available miles west town nearby state parks include northwest south north southwest turkey wild turkey bald eagles area camping available local recreational vehicle parks parks including adjacent duck lake park half dozen proximity region known rock climbing structures early 1970s nearby communities offer horseback riding hunting fishing boating short distance nearby lake pioneers represent baseball basketball football soccer wrestling teams separate teams based age gender terrain vehicle courses located nearby specifically media established years later renamed county chronicle expanded coverage county primary newspaper february online version established approximately viewers april later owner publisher newspaper expanded serve nearby based world based administration office nearby serve alternative publications licensed radio stations city branded broadcasts middle road format serves entire country music station features programming broadcasts programming hot adult contemporary format operates stations including commonly known british_columbia area served television radio major networks english language stations available cable viewers receive vancouver british_columbia nearest major television market area based seattle metropolitan area market area includes broadcast television stations received city channel broadcast translator branded pbs channel cbs affiliate municipality abc affiliate translated channel translator national_broadcasting_company nbc community television stations translator owned operate addition owned station riverside market area nearby contains licensed television stations received including government politics mayor council government comprises mayor represents north central washington separate economic development district seven member council positions stipulated city code subject large elections years geographic subdivisions like portions united_states government laws run series ballot initiatives citizens pass reject laws citizens approve reject legislation passed specific government agencies propose new laws tax increases directly people federally washington 4th congressional district represented republican elected current mayor elected appointed state washington operates public government administration office access social health assistance considered code city based proposals provide local government authority previous second class city status functional court traffic parking civil city maintains sewer water local road street lighting animal control building inspection park recreation services funds volunteer fire department services nearby rural communities estimated service calls included fire emergency medical incidents hazardous conditions service calls calls related excessive heat concerns governed member planning commission operates greater comprehensive plan adopted april consisting improvements considered city surrounding communities member divisions public meetings taking place year terms participants local services city income consecutive years expenditure shortly incorporated unsuccessfully contested administrative center lost status movement national prohibition residents favored alcohol washington opposed united_states_army usa operates military recruiting centers historical military band operated officer detachment covered municipality nearby rural communities reported criminal code offenses city crime rate offenses people percent higher state average percent higher federal average according statistics compiled fbi violent crimes property crimes violent crimes consisted rape aggravated assaults motor vehicle arson defined property crimes fbi having people located area city highest crime rate recorded incidents people murder motor vehicle theft occurred city homicide consecutive years crime decreased past decade marijuana washington marijuana users arrested state law drug lords international residing area arrested education census estimated people attended college residents received academic degree percent higher state average approximately percent graduated high school advanced institution percent higher state average schools administered county largest educational district operate mainstream high schools mainstream middle school mainstream elementary schools virtual schools built enrollment students alternative high school enrollment students contrast municipal average females males males females attending institution children males females school season city primary schools combined enrollment children february settlement washington virtual school season combined enrollment pupils private operates outside pupils affiliated nearby general conference seventh day operated region managed established provisions state law passed library open daily sundays summer season community college maintains campus enrollment increase percent educational seasons located approximately miles main campus established 1970s offers adult education classes year associate degrees based miles away operates campus consolidated providing degrees academic subjects infrastructure census estimated percent residents work automobile state average percent percent residents fewer washington average percent walked close state average median time travel work minutes state average minutes late 1960s rerouted east downtown bypassed large signs located promote city central business district runs north south connecting city miles south route state route run north south connecting municipality miles south route miles south miles southeast connected community east west state route spur route continues west avenue terminate state route residential areas separated industrial sector highway near major highways central business district connected spur routes municipal roads riverside drive main street drive rail air bus services regional state transportation rail lines cascade columbia river railroad enter north south line interchanges area operates general airport paved runway largest central washington airport provides daily charter flights saturdays sundays wings christ airport private aviation ports closest commercial airports located provides bus services city federal amtrak lines maintain bus stops bed provides medical services including hour emergency medical service ambulance service nursing care center trauma center facility employs physicians registered nurses licensed practical nurses established july serves city alternative medical facility numerous nursing homes including operate city clinic constructed local funds city measures residents drinking water use provides storm drains solid waste garbage services residents charged percent utility tax purchases electricity supplied natural gas utility companies serving include telephone telephone internet cable television notable people born german american father mother later active member primarily serves sculptor painter photographer known creating artworks strong geometric patterns reflective landscape native american heritage exposed direction worked art instructor earned degree moved leaving teaching position born raised northern idaho served united_states_navy attending entered politics elected governor january laid elected represent outside politics member north american fishing association wife later decided reside idaho children born later entered baseball major league debut catcher philadelphia_phillies chose fourth round draft pick major_league_baseball draft end participating total games major league spent years playing minor leagues detroit_tigers farm teams later managed served bench coach long_island ducks atlantic league short period replaced delivered garage table norwegian father mother raised farm near norway family later moved years old left home attend seminary united_states trained ohio years later ordained priest serves bishop emeritus roman catholic diocese having retired june appointed administrator baker oregon january appointment california international relations according lieutenant governor washington sister municipality british_columbia district population people according canadian census located lake adjacent regional district incorporated december located miles north agricultural community like comprises trails hiking walking cycling | Omak, Washington | Geography and places | Places | North America |
69_FrenchcruiserSully | french cruiser french cruiser armored cruiser class built french_navy early 1900s named honor duke trusted minister king henry ship struck rock french months completed total loss design description class ships designed enlarged improved versions class armored cruisers crew numbered officers men ship measured meters overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propeller shafts powered vertical triple expansion steam engine rated total indicated horsepower belleville water tube boilers provided steam engines designed speed knots mph carried long tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph main armament consisted millimeter caliber guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft intermediate armament caliber modèle guns single gun turrets sides ship casemates anti torpedo boat defence carried caliber millimeter guns casemates eighteen millimeter hotchkiss guns armed millimeter torpedo tubes submerged water waterline armored belt class ships millimeters thick amidships tapered millimeters bow stern main belt belt millimeters thick tapered ends ship conning tower armored sides millimeters thick main gun turrets protected millimeters armor intermediate turrets millimeters flat lower armored deck millimeters increased millimeters sloped sides ship service laid shipyard launched june ship completed june sent french commission february struck rock crew injured guns equipment salvaged ship broke abandoned total loss | French cruiser Sully | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
784_Danton-classbattleship | class battleship class battleship class pre dreadnought battleships built french_navy world war ships assigned mediterranean_fleet commissioning beginning world war early august sister ships participated spent rest war blockading dardanelles prevent warships breaking mediterranean ship sunk german submarine remaining ships end war assigned secondary roles sisters sent black_sea support whites russian civil war ship ran aground crew members killed protest intervention support whites ships quickly condemned later sold scrap remaining sisters received partial training ships condemned mid-1930s later scrapped survivor afloat beginning world war august serving navy torpedo school captured germans occupied scuttled allied invasion southern france background description class ships ordered second french naval expansion plan began response growth imperial_german_navy discussions began enlarged version preceding class design french analyses russian defeat japanese battle credited victory large number medium caliber hits heavily damaged russian ships started fires crews difficulty superior speed handling japanese ships credited role victory french decided increasing range naval combat dictated use millimeter gun lieu millimeter gun class larger gun greater ability penetrate armor longer ranges having good rate fire navy wanted faster ship reducing armor exceeding metric tons long tons limit imposed minister navy budgetary reasons preliminary design usual triple expansion steam engines accepted march modifications requested proposal replace millimeter guns turrets single millimeter turrets create big gun ship like british battleship hms dreadnought rejected raised displacement metric ton limit slower firing millimeter guns reduced volume weight fire unacceptable degree initial parliamentary discussion design focused anticipated cost ships idea france left technological arms race particularly regard innovative parsons steam turbines response navy sent technical mission inspect parsons factory shipyards gun factories rangefinder factory concluded turbines offered power smaller volume triple expansion steam engines significant increase fuel consumption low speeds ships ordered naval months previously navy decided use turbines july things requested study heavier powerful caliber millimeter modèle gun august endorsing navy decision use turbines october director naval construction requested decision recommending ships use steam engines turbines felt minimize delays expense design needed modified accommodate turbines propeller shafts company france knew build turbines times expensive steam engines inclined accept recommendation december parliamentary debates showed overwhelming support turbines ships contracts remaining ships signed december day conclusion debate delayed deciding boilers use sent technical mission britain look design april decision favor french built boilers june ships laid design estimated displace tonnes long tons adoption heavier gun required new larger turret handle gun meant turret supporting structure reinforced unsuccessful bid reduce displacement sections armor reduced thickness ships exceeded design estimate built general description significantly larger predecessors class ships meters long waterline meters long overall meters longer earlier ships beam meters draft meters deep load class ships slightly overweight actually displaced metric tons long tons normal load tonnes long tons earlier ships serving crew consisted officers enlisted men admiral staff embarked crew numbered officers enlisted men propulsion class ships license built parsons direct drive steam turbines drove single propeller steam coal fired belleville boilers boiler type installed ships class boilers housed large compartments forward boiler room forward funnels aft boiler exhausted rear pair funnels amidships boiler rooms compartments center engine room housed turbines center propeller shafts turbine outer shafts compartment flanking center engine room turbines rated total shaft horsepower steam provided boilers working pressure cm2 kpa psi designed maximum speed knots mph exceeded sea trials speeds ranging knots mph boilers suited use turbines burned coal belleville boilers produced amounts smoke sparks occasionally flames incomplete coal carried maximum tonnes long tons coal gave estimated range nautical miles speed knots mph depending boilers fitted endurance half predecessors fuel consumption turbines low speeds meant needed frequent stops war armament main battery class ships consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets fore aft superstructure turret elevate gave guns maximum range meters guns fired kilogram armour piercing projectiles muzzle velocity rate rounds minute turret stored rounds rear wall kept floor firing chamber turret ships normally rounds gun space available additional rounds secondary armament consisted modèle guns twin gun turrets ship maximum elevation turrets kilogram shell fired range meters guns fire rate rounds minute turret space shells necessary charges rounds gun normally carried maximum capacity rounds gun carried number smaller guns defend torpedo boats included sixteen millimeter modèle guns mounted hull sides guns range meters fire approximately rounds minute shell slow shells difficult handle round cases magazines total rounds stored close guns ready use gun provided rounds maximum storage available rounds gun ships mounted millimeter hotchkiss guns pivot mounts superstructure rate fire larger guns range meters gun rounds nearby ready use ships provided maximum rounds gun battleships armed submerged millimeter torpedo tubes broadside tube angled forward downward ship carried modèle torpedoes kilogram speed range settings meters knots mph meters knots mph storage space modèle mines explosive charge kilograms laid ships loaded use fire control finding coincidence rangefinder design superior existing french designs mounted pair meter atop conning tower meter rangefinder turret use turret commanders integrating overall fire control system took time required knowledge target mast height overall length interim war replaced longer precise instrument triple meter model installed conning tower meter models replaced smaller ones turret roofs armor class ships built metric tons long tons armor percent designed displacement metric tons long tons predecessors waterline armored belt maximum thickness millimeters fore aft turrets reduced millimeters bow stern belt consisted armor meters high covered sides hull main deck extended normal waterline lower armor plates tapered thickness millimeters edge upper plates tapered millimeters amidships millimeters ends ship belt armour backed millimeters teak extended entire length ship stern unprotected stern belt terminated millimeter transverse bulkhead forward millimeter transverse bulkhead connected sides forward barbette belt main gun turrets millimeters armor faces millimeter sides roofs layers millimeter mild steel plates barbettes protected millimeters armor millimeters upper protected deck secondary gun turrets millimeter faces millimeter sides roof layers millimeter plates millimeter turret barbettes sides millimeters conning tower armour millimeters thick sides millimeters walls communication tube fire control center central millimeters thick upper protected deck ships protected decks formed triple layers mild steel millimeters millimeters thick lower curved downwards sides hull meet torpedo bulkhead curved portion reinforced millimeter plate armor lieu millimeter plate mild steel sloped downward bow similarly reinforced form armored internal anti torpedo meters deep hull waterline backed torpedo bulkhead consisted layers millimeter armor plate bulkhead watertight compartments normally kept abreast boiler rooms coal system protection mixed success practice capsized minutes torpedo hits survived torpedoes ships construction careers took long time build construction prolonged number factors chief plus changes original design inability timely decision meant builders rip completed sections incorporate modifications problems shortages necessary infrastructure shipyards lengthy delays delivery parts labor shortages lack building slips naval example water lower end newly completed point slip brest meant building stern delayed months bow began construction begin armored cruiser launched commissioning ships assigned mediterranean_fleet participated fleet maneuvers june war began squadron command vice admiral sea preparing escort troop convoys french north_africa france ships unsuccessfully searched german battlecruiser light cruiser escorted convoys later month ships participated adriatic_sea helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser spent rest war blockading dardanelles prevent german austro hungarian turkish warships breaking participated attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia late post war briefly participated occupation constantinople end war ships sent black_sea early allied intervention russian civil war crew members killed protest intervention support whites suppressed forced return french ships supporting whites ran aground february coast refloated guns armor removed surviving ships reduced second line roles repaired salvage years sold bad shape target ship sold scrap underwater protection modernized early 1920s training ships condemned mid-1930s assigned early 1920s underwater protection modernized training ship completion depot ship torpedo school ship captured intact germans occupied toulon november barracks ship scuttled germans august refloated following year scrapped wreck discovered algeria depth meters | Danton-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
1517_FrenchbattleshipCourbet(1911) | french battleship lead ship class dreadnoughts built french_navy completed world war named honour admiral spent war mediterranean helping sink austro hungarian protected cruiser august spent rest war providing cover barrage blockaded adriatic_sea upgraded times world war deemed class battleship spent interwar period gunnery training ship german invasion france beginning hastily rearmed supported allied troops defence june later month taking refuge england seized portsmouth british forces july turned week later patrol vessel depot ship anti aircraft ship march disarmed engines boilers removed prepare use normandy landings june scrapped lay war description metres long overall beam metres load draft metres bow displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load proved wet service bow heavy superimposed turrets forward propeller shafts powered parsons direct drive steam turbines rated shaft horsepower boilers provided steam turbines boilers coal burning auxiliary oil designed speed knots mph reached knots mph trials carried long tons coal long tons oil steam nautical miles speed knots mph main armament consisted millimetre calibre guns mounted twin gun turrets turrets superimposed fore aft flank ship anti torpedo boat defence carried millimetre guns mounted casemates millimetre modèle hotchkiss guns fitted beam armed millimetre submerged torpedo tubes torpedoes waterline armoured belt extended waterline french concerned protection underwater hits main armour thinner british german counterparts covered area thick fore aft turrets tapered bow stern extended normal waterline main belt belt thick covered sides secondary armament forecastle deck deep fore aft turrets conning tower armour thick main gun turrets armour faces sides roofs thick barbettes armour anti torpedo bulkhead longitudinal bulkhead abreast machinery spaces coal bunker left void career built keel laid september launched september completed november finished trials world war began following year world war joined toulon commissioning flagship vice commander 1st squadron beginning war april decided immediately sweep adriatic surprise austrian vessels enforcing blockade montenegro anglo french force included sister ship succeeded cutting sinking austro hungarian protected cruiser engagement august accompanying destroyer managed escape spent rest providing gunfire support hit december torpedo forced battleships fall malta cover barrage french occupied neutral greek island moved forward activities limited crew man anti submarine ships end war fitted seven millimetre anti aircraft guns single mounts guns adaptations famous french field gun interwar years served vice flagship june october following year gunnery training ship toulon suffered boiler fire june required repairs given upgrades july april sur included replacing set boilers oil fired boilers forward funnels increasing maximum elevation main armament removal bow armour installation fire control director metres rangefinder atop new foremast installation experimental metres rangefinder conning tower boiler fire august remained repair rest year resumed duties gunnery training ship return dockyard refitted january january extensive earlier refit set boilers converted oil firing high medium pressure direct drive turbines replaced geared turbines fire control systems upgraded large cruiser type fire control director added atop foremast coincidence rangefinder metre stereo rangefinder rangefinder conning tower replaced unit carrying rangefinder added armoured hood main mast directors secondary guns added navigation bridge metre coincidence rangefinder metres rangefinder added roof turret second bow guns exchanged guns provided metre unit conning tower turret aft superstructure guns maximum depression maximum elevation fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity rate fire rounds minute maximum effective ceiling metres transferred gunnery school navigation school final refit april september removed torpedo tubes overhauled boilers reverted role gunnery training ship ordered brest sister paris outbreak world war world war sister paris formed beginning war transferred atlantic continue training duties interference ships ordered restored operational status given hotchkiss millimetre twin machine gun mounts single machine guns ordered provide gunfire support defenders advancing covered evacuation town allies lack spotting aircraft meant particularly effective role sailed portsmouth june seized british forces july week later turned depot anti aircraft ship portsmouth march disarmed april deployed target ship scotland initially target vessel trials smaller version raid remained use depot target ship use towed june british engines boilers removed earlier replaced concrete scuttled june hit manned torpedoes nights august scrapped place war | French battleship Courbet (1911) | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
1873_FrenchdestroyerJaguar | french destroyer jaguar french destroyer jaguar class destroyer built french_navy 1920s spent pre world war career flagship destroyer units ship assigned convoy escort duties atlantic start world war september badly damaged collision january months later repairs completed committed english channel began jaguar torpedoed german boats beach wreck written design description class ships designed counter large italian class destroyers overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard metric tons long tons deep load powered geared steam turbines driving propeller shaft steam provided temple boilers turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ship knots mph sea trials jaguar turbines provided metric horsepower shp reached knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime jaguar unique fitted serve flagship equipped accommodate admiral staff officers main armament class ships consisted canon modèle guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear anti aircraft armament consisted canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers carried dozen kilogram depth charges construction career jaguar named eponymous ordered april laid august launched november completed october entered service november completion delayed problems propulsion machinery late deliveries sub contractors formally completed participated baltic cruise visited french west_africa december port visit april spain following month ships escorted president france english channel state visit britain jaguar accompanied light cruiser visited buenos_aires argentina june september ship flagship later redesignated 1st torpedo boat flotilla 1st squadron based toulon months later hosted reviewed fleet july years later ship participated naval review commemorating centenary french landing algeria june depth charge throwers removed years later millimeter guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft jaguar flagship 2nd flotilla 2nd squadron brest july completing maneuvers combined brest toulon squadrons including jaguar reviewed naval minister june following year ship participated fleet review new navy minister brest ship relieved flagship september temporarily resumed role march june repair collision war started september jaguar belonged 2nd division sisters october december ship depth charge throwers gun removed depth charge reduced dozen depth charges improve stability assigned convoy escort duties october january guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur night january jaguar accidentally rammed british destroyer collision killed aboard french ship bow penetrated way jaguar ship able reach brest january begin repairs lasted early british type installed march fitted equipment following month beginning 2nd transferred english channel support british forces entering harbor demolition team aboard jaguar struck torpedo fired boat killed men wounded ship beached les sink written | French destroyer Jaguar | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
2432_FrenchironcladInvincible | french ironclad invincible french ironclad invincible second wooden class ironclads built french_navy ships class classified armoured frigates single gun deck traditional disposition guns length hull meant broadside ironclads invincible uneventful career deployed north american waters franco prussian war timber hull quickly condemned scrapped design description designed french naval architect ships class intended fight line battle unlike british ironclads ship metres long beam metres invincible maximum draft metres depth hold metres displaced tonnes long tons ships class high metacentric height metres consequently rolled badly gun ports metres waterline proved wet crew officers enlisted men invincible single horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine drove propeller engine powered oval boilers designed capacity indicated horsepower sea trials invincible reached knots mph carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam kilometres speed knots mph class ships initially fitted light rig masts sail area square metres later changed ship rig square metres later reduced excessive rolling class ships armed modèle millimetre rifled muzzle loading guns positioned single gun deck broadside remaining guns placed upper deck chase guns fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity metres second proved ineffective armour replaced rifled breech loading modèle guns millimetre guns mounted centre gun deck pair millimetre guns replaced original chase guns invincible wooden hull completely armoured wrought iron plates millimetres thick backed millimetre sides hull armour extended metres waterline metres class ships open topped conning tower armour millimetres thick millimetres armour underneath wooden upper deck construction service ordered march invincible laid arsenal toulon launched april completed march september october conducted tactical trials ironclads assigned mediterranean_fleet ship port visit august brest fleet hosted festivities invincible banquet fleets reportedly enjoyable visit days later french fleet visit portsmouth hosted channel_fleet franco prussian war ship sent defend islands prussian commerce raiders built timber invincible poor shape return decommissioned condemned august ship scrapped | French ironclad Invincible | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
3695_FrenchbattleshipRépublique | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built early 1900s lead ship class sister ship ship built laid december launched september commissioned fleet december time revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought armed main battery guns dreadnought time entered service served mediterranean_fleet duration career accidentally torpedoed moored near battleship exploded accidentally damaged flying debris outbreak world war august covered troop convoys algeria france participated sinking austro hungarian cruiser later month spent majority war mouth adriatic_sea austro hungarian fleet adriatic eventually stricken broken scrap design laid arsenal brest december launched september completed december time revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like outdated ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men powered vertical triple expansion engines boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted eighteen canon modèle guns mounted twin turrets casemates hull carried pounder guns ship armed torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history commissioning december conducted sea trials speed trials reached speed knots mph knot faster contract speed knots mph joining fleet took place annual gunnery competition assigned 1st sister divisional flagship february exercises torpedo accidentally launched sister ship torpedo struck damaging hull september battleship moored near toulon accidental explosion result spontaneous occurred aboard destroyed debris air hit metric ton long ton short ton piece armor plate starboard quarter directly main battery turret outbreak world war august assigned 1st division 2nd squadron mediterranean flagship main battle fleet french_navy french fleet initially cover movement french troops corps algeria metropolitan france result fleet far position catch german battlecruiser majority war french main fleet austro hungarian fleet adriatic_sea participated battle line caught austro hungarian cruiser surprise sank french battleships bombarded austrian fortifications attempt draw austro hungarian fleet refused bait french operations area hampered lack suitable base close mouth adriatic british given french free access malta hundreds miles away austrians possessed submarines torpedoed dreadnought december threat underwater weapons greatly limited french naval activities adriatic war progressed french eventually settled primary naval base area pre dreadnought ship covered allied evacuation gallipoli january later surviving class battleships supported allied operations detached landing parties support allied attempt force greek operations athens december spent rest war athens war pounder guns converted anti aircraft guns new high angle mounts end war placed reserve disarmed following year subsequently stricken naval register broken scrap | French battleship République | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
3751_FrenchsubmarineMariotte | french submarine french submarine submarine built french_navy prior world war intended accompany fleet designed high speed surface navy performance surface boat higher underwater speed french submarine following years plagued engine problems construction navy spent years fixing issues finally commissioning years beginning construction war participated scuttled cables minefield attempt penetrate dardanelles design description winning design competition conducted marine submarine displacing metric tons long tons accompany squadron battleships surface submerged range nautical miles winning design class good sea keeping qualities high speed moderate long thin hull high unusual feature design prominent forecastle built atop forward pressure hull rear virtually odd configuration gave boat nickname submarine actually displaced slightly planned metric tons long tons surfaced metric tons long tons submerged measured meters perpendiculars beam meters maximum draft meters depth meters keel conning tower rear forecastle lead weights located keel dropped emergency hull divided compartments fitted internal trim tanks internal central ballast tank external ballast tanks test depth meters waterline submerged use waterline regular use sets diving planes fore aft control depth water boat evaluated commission felt generally successful surface speed range noted problems following sea superstructure rapidly filled water drained slowly heavier bow tend felt mediocre stability surface surface running boat powered cylinder metric horsepower diesel engines driving meter propeller submerged propeller driven metric horsepower shp electric motor electricity cell batteries reach knots mph surface knots mph underwater speed record exceeded french submarine years surface boat range nmi knots mph submerged range nmi knots mph armed internal torpedo tubes bow drop forecastle internally gave total torpedoes world war boat probably modèle torpedoes kilogram range meters speed knots mph construction service named physicist ordered december boat laid march launched february starboard electric motor place port electric motor repair time installed june brief series trials conducted boat refitted repairs port motor continuing problems propulsion system able conduct diving torpedo underwater speed trials august september boat lightly damaged air modèle torpedo exploded tube december diesel engines years delayed problems factory testing installed march july judged satisfactory oil changed repeated conducted testing october december finally commissioned armament february complete overhaul propulsion system boat assigned 2nd division submarines january joined february visited brest february inspected rear admiral inspection oil fired forecastle exploded lightly burning sailors boat visit king christian denmark later year world war began august transferred toulon patrolled coast july transferred attempt penetrate dardanelles making reconnaissance flight straits having studied reports british submarines successfully entered dardanelles ordered crew cast evening july escorted french destroyer mouth dardanelles rounded surface avoid spotted hour later attempted pass underneath minefield near boat cables surfaced unsuccessful attempt free immediately engaged turkish gun battery close range conning tower penetrated shells decided boat surrender turks ceased fire signaled surrender crew able destroy documents equipment opening sink submarine wreck lies near turkish naval base depth meters | French submarine Mariotte | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
3883_FrenchdestroyerPanthère | french destroyer french destroyer class destroyer built french_navy 1920s aside cruises spent entire career mediterranean_sea ship assigned remained world war began september assigned convoy escort duties atlantic refitted began surrender france month later reduced reserve germans attempted seize french fleet november ships scuttled captured virtually intact germans later turned renamed recommissioned early ship scuttled italy surrendered september scrapped war design description class ships designed counter large italian class destroyers overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard metric tons long tons deep load powered geared steam turbines driving propeller shaft steam provided temple boilers turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ship knots mph sea trials april turbines provided metric horsepower shp reached knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime main armament class ships consisted canon modèle guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear anti aircraft armament consisted canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers carried dozen kilogram depth charges construction career named eponymous ordered february laid december vacated sister ship jaguar launched october commissioned november completed january entered service month later completion delayed problems propulsion machinery late deliveries sub contractors ship assigned 1st division renamed division squadron february based toulon completion sisters jaguar april participated naval review president france ship present reviewed fleet july escorted light cruisers january april months later ship participated naval review commemorating centenary french landing algeria june depth charge throwers removed ship assigned 9th application toulon october years later millimeter guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft war started september assigned 4th sisters assigned convoy escort duties october guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur october december depth charge throwers gun removed depth charge reduced dozen depth charges improve stability began refit toulon included addition forecastle forward fuel tank allow ship refuel sea removal mainmast favor platform twin gun mount light gun france surrendered june worked propeller shaft available shortly ship reduced reserve skeleton crew aboard anti aircraft guns transferred modern ships november ship captured intact germans occupied toulon turned italians december regia marina redesignated recommissioned january head agreed transfer january sailed taranto march italians transport italian waters ship notable mission transported italian premier august ship scuttled september following italian armistice broken war | French destroyer Panthère | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
4296_Charlemagne-classbattleship | class battleship class class pre dreadnought battleships built french_navy 1890s ships spent careers assigned oddly peacetime careers involved accidental collisions sank french submarine hands usually fleet flagship career twice participated occupation port island owned ottoman_empire french expedition international squadron world war initially escort allied troop convoys mediterranean ships ordered dardanelles november guard sortie mediterranean german battlecruiser joined british ships bombarding turkish fortifications early briefly assigned bombard turkish positions palestine badly damaged turkish shell beach avoid sinking later returned dardanelles rejoined sisters providing fire support allies evacuated troops transferred squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations route join sunk german submarine later year surviving ships placed reserve decommissioned later sold scrap briefly training ship converted serve accommodation hulk sold listed disposal design description class battleships metres long overall beam metres deep load draught metres forward metres aft displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew generally consisted officers enlisted men private ship officers men fleet flagship class ships function head sea stormy weather caused captain complain ship forward gun turret casemates flooded ship generated enormous sheets spray water came bow like french capital ships period pronounced captain said ship steady gunnery platform tight spaces criticized armour layout high prevent munitions penetrating main armour belt secondary armament positions ships cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines engine driving metre propeller rated produced metric horsepower sea trials steam generated belleville water tube boilers boilers maximum operating pressure cm2 kpa psi ships reached speeds knots mph trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam miles nmi speed knots mph armament carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft twin gun turrets french_navy rotated electric motors guns hand elevate ranged guns loaded depression turrets ready rack holding shells needed magazine guns fired kilogram armour piercing projectiles muzzle velocity theoretical rate round minutes maximum elevation provided range metres guns provided shells ships secondary armament consisted calibre modèle guns mounted individual casemates remaining pair shielded mounts forecastle deck amidships guns elevation range fired kilogram armour piercing shells minute muzzle velocity gave range metres maximum elevation ships carried total rounds guns carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts superstructure guns elevate fired kilogram shell rate rounds minute muzzle velocity range metres maximum elevation total rounds rounds gun carried ship anti torpedo boat defences consisted calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns fitted platforms masts superstructure casemates hull guns elevate fired kilogram projectiles muzzle velocity rate rounds minute maximum range metres provided total rounds class mounted millimetre torpedo tubes broadside submerged angled ship axis waterline provided total modèle torpedoes torpedoes kilogram maximum range metres speed knots mph beginning water torpedo tubes removed ship common ships generation built shaped ram armour class ships carried total tonnes long tons harvey armour complete waterline armour belt metres high armour belt tapered maximum thickness thickness lower edge armoured deck thick flat reinforced additional plate angled downwards meet armoured belt main turrets protected armour roofs thick barbettes thick outer walls casemates millimetre guns thick protected transverse bulkheads thick conning tower walls thick roof consisted armour plates communications tube protected armour plates thick ships careers ship completed initially assigned ships assigned flagship squadron soon reached toulon participated number port visits naval reviews shortly arrival toulon accidentally rammed destroyer later rammed battleship ships involved seriously damaged participated occupation effort force turkish sultan enforce contracts french companies repay loans french banks french contribution international squadron briefly occupied november december purposes battleships aided survivors april eruption mount naples ships transferred accidentally rammed destroyer repairs combined major refit later year accidentally rammed submarine june killing submarine crew sisters received ships transferred mediterranean_fleet exact assignments differed divisional flagship assigned navy intended assign october war intervened world war older french pre dreadnoughts trio escorted allied troop convoys mediterranean months war ships ordered far turkey november guard sortie german battlecruiser temporary flagship rear admiral arrival return battleship january flagship newly formed february squadron intended attack turkish positions lines communication syria lebanon palestine participated bombardment april transferred dardanelles bombardment february bombarded turkish forts covering mouth dardanelles participate day day action ship hit twice lightly damaged ships traded positions bombardment february damaged march french squadron bombarded targets base days later french squadron attempted suppress turkish guns british battleships bombarded fortifications hit shell attack failed detonate admiral squadron returned march bombarded turkish fortifications returned assist major attack fortifications planned march british ships initial entry dardanelles french ships passed engage forts closer range hit twice bombardment shell significant damage hit waterline starboard bow pushed armour plates waterline opened hole water flooded little staunch ship captain decided head north beach ship temporary repairs escorted case route managed reach islands temporary repairs ship refloated sailed toulon escorted encountered heavy weather route emergency repairs toulon incident ship refitted extensively modified improve stability returning dardanelles july severely damaged repaired returning dardanelles arrived month ships provided fire support french troops ashore transferred october joined french squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations greece departed refit month relieved refitted remained dardanelles august covering evacuation allied troops gallipoli end started refit brest flagship division orient october transferred february returned august remained ordered toulon august route completion refit december sunk december german boat crewmen killed rest crew rescued escorts sisters placed reserve arrivals toulon disarmed november condemned june later sold scrap transferred toulon january disarmed decommissioned following month training ship engineers month ship condemned june converted accommodation hulk listed disposal sold | Charlemagne-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
4763_FrenchironcladNormandie | french ironclad french ironclad wooden class ironclads built french_navy ships class classified armoured frigates single gun deck traditional disposition guns length hull meant broadside ironclads ironclad cross atlantic support french intervention mexico ship active franco prussian war saw action timber hull quickly condemned subsequently scrapped design description designed french naval architect ships class intended fight line battle unlike british ironclads ship metres long beam metres maximum draft metres depth hold metres displaced tonnes long tons ships class high metacentric height metres consequently rolled badly gun ports metres waterline proved wet single horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine drove propeller engine powered oval boilers designed capacity indicated horsepower carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam kilometres speed knots mph class ships initially fitted light rig masts sail area square metres later changed ship rig square metres later reduced excessive rolling class ships armed modèle millimetre rifled muzzle loading guns positioned single gun deck broadside remaining guns placed upper deck chase guns fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity metres second proved ineffective armour replaced rifled breech loading modèle guns millimetre guns mounted centre gun deck pair millimetre guns replaced original chase guns wooden hull completely armoured wrought iron plates millimetres thick backed millimetre sides hull armour extended metres waterline metres class ships open topped conning tower armour millimetres thick millimetres armour underneath wooden upper deck construction service named province normandy ordered september months sisters ship laid arsenal september launched march completed july ironclad cross atlantic flagship vice admiral way support french intervention mexico forced return april outbreak yellow fever killed captain assigned mediterranean_fleet ship port visit august brest fleet hosted days later french fleet visit portsmouth hosted channel_fleet assigned commanded ship assigned ironclad squadron commanded franco prussian war saw action built timber poor shape war decommissioned june condemned august ship subsequently broken engine installed monitor | French ironclad Normandie | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
4924_FrenchbattleshipSuffren | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy launched july named french vice admiral ship originally intended modified version design firepower better armour world war career twice collided french ships twice propeller shafts break quickly sent dardanelles beginning war reinforce british forces joined british ships multiple ottoman fortifications mouth dardanelles moderately damaged major action march sent toulon repairs completion returned provide gunfire support allied forces ship provided covering fire allies withdrew peninsula accidentally sank evacuation ships repairs assigned french squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations route refit torpedoed lisbon november sunk hands design description save time intended updated version modest improvements armament armour number improvements grew project discussed french des marine essentially new design retaining layout biggest changes mounting bulk secondary armament turrets casemates constant thickness waterline belt armour compared belt ends ship shells main armament increased rounds gun general characteristics slightly larger metres long overall beam metres draft metres forward metres aft slightly heavier displaced metric tons long tons normal displacement metric tons long tons load metres longer displaced metric tons long tons earlier ship fitted reduce rolling propulsion vertical triple expansion steam engines engine shaft centre shaft drove bladed screw propeller wing propellers bladed propeller metres diameter engines powered boilers working pressure cm2 kpa psi engines rated indicated horsepower produced ihp gave speed knots mph sea trials slightly designed speed knots mph ship carried maximum metric tons long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph metric tons long tons fuel oil carried sprayed coal improve burn rate ship electrical power provided armament like preceded carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft guns maximum elevation fired kilogram projectiles theoretical rate round minute muzzle velocity metres second gave range metres maximum elevation carried rounds gun ship secondary armament consisted calibre canon modèle guns carried single turrets superstructure remaining mounted individual casemates 1st deck casemates sides guns fired kilogram shells muzzle velocity metres second maximum range metres theoretical rate fire rounds minute carried shells guns carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts shelter deck superstructure guns fired kilogram metres second trained maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute rounds minute sustained ship carried shells guns calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns mounted anti torpedo boat guns mounted fighting tops superstructure fired kilogram metres second maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute seven rounds minute sustained carried rounds millimetre guns millimetre modèle hotchkiss guns mounted upper bridge fired shell weighing kilograms muzzle velocity range metres rate fire rounds minute torpedo tubes carried tubes submerged forward turret fixed angle beam water tubes central pivot limited traverse reserve modèle torpedoes carried combat models armour complete waterline armour belt harvey armour metres high millimetres thick lower edge belt uniform millimetres thickness upper armour belt protected casemates millimetres thick maximum thickness armoured deck millimetres fore aft armoured transverse bulkheads thick main turret armour millimetres thickness millimetre roof barbettes protected armour armour secondary turrets ranged millimetres thick millimetres rear conning tower walls millimetres thick communications tube protected millimetres armour construction service named french admiral ordered april laid january launched july year fitting delayed late delivery fittings armour july began sea trials november commissioned february august participated gunnery trial pre dreadnought mild steel plate centimetres thick measuring centimetres attached forward turret determine resistance armour plate large calibre shell anchored metres away fired number millimetre shells plate training shells knocked splinters armour plate shells fired charges cracked plate turret fully operational electrical fire control system sheep placed turret unharmed splinter struck armour belt left sized hole hull kilogram splinter landed metres naval minister observing trials commissioned february assigned flagship commander vice admiral days later february april carried president france state visit naples time went defects revealed service including weakness barely capable raising anchor waters metres deep problem centre engine propeller shaft tended excessively fleet exercises february rammed submarine fleet movements firing position rose depth metres managed turn quickly crash diving struck blow breach compartments abreast ship starboard engine room docked toulon emergency repairs bow crushed ballast tanks ripped open rapidly dropping weighted keel submarine able avoid sinking casualties suffered vessel summer water torpedo tubes removed adjacent march toulon ship magazine exploded burning fragments started small fire aboard damaged explosion early metre rangefinder mounted navigation bridge manoeuvres august ship port propeller shaft broke propeller fell water metres deep new shaft ordered corresponding shaft success ship engineers requested place save new shaft spare proposal rejected shaft exchanged opportunity taken successfully centre propeller shaft mounting november starboard propeller shaft broke propeller lost deep water shaft immediately available wait months repairs meantime boilers overhauled february port anchor chain broke killing sailor injuring fleet exercise suddenly lost power struck battleship lightly damaged port anchor carried away world war shortly war began fitted additional near bridge mounted transverse rails fore aft bridge bulkhead removed millimetre guns superstructure moved deck lower september battleship ordered dardanelles assist british ships blockading dardanelles prevent sortie german battlecruiser light cruiser mediterranean november french pre dreadnoughts joined british ships bombarding ottoman fortifications mouth dardanelles short minute bombardment french little damage alerted ottomans defences required strengthening november sailed toulon lengthy refit returned dardanelles january flagship squadron french battleships commanded bombarded turkish fort asian february assisted sending firing radio provided counter battery fire suppress ottoman coastal artillery late day british pre dreadnought bombarding fort began taking heavy fire approached fort british battlecruiser hms attempted suppress ottoman coast defense guns allow vengeance unsuccessful combine fire vengeance successfully withdraw fired thirty millimetre shells millimetre shells day participated limited way bombardment february targets far successful ships moved close yards forts march french squadron bombarded targets base march french squadron attempted suppress turkish guns british battleships bombarded fortifications admiral squadron returned march bombarded turkish fortifications returned assist major attack fortifications planned march british ships initial entry dardanelles french ships passed engage forts closer range shortly having heavy fire struck times minutes significant damage including bounced millimetre turret shell port millimetre turret ripped roof port killing entire gun crew debris dropped gun magazine started fire quickly flooded prevent explosion shell tore hole millimetres bow flooded base forward turret withdrawing admiral order struck sank seconds lowered admiral barge intact boat rescued men escort badly damaged away dardanelles taking water bow beached entrance dardanelles sank ordered escort toulon malta march days later ships encountered storm forced seek refuge arrived toulon april repaired returned dardanelles provide gunfire support troops ashore remained area fired mission december returning anchorage island collided sank british steamer horse transport involved evacuation gallipoli badly damaged arrived toulon january repairs april month joined french squadron pre dreadnoughts assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations july flagship squadron departed refit toulon october entered harbour prepared fire greek pre dreadnoughts cruiser things resolved peacefully french ship returned harbour originally intended refit naval base location switched dockyard informed naval staff room november ship departed reached november sailed november gibraltar heavy weather route delayed arrival november departed gibraltar following day escort morning november roughly nautical miles portuguese coast near lisbon torpedoed german submarine route austro hungarian naval base torpedo detonated magazine sank seconds taking entire crew searched scene found survivors | French battleship Suffren | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
5325_FrenchcruiserEdgarQuinet | french cruiser armored cruiser french_navy lead ship class sister ship class armored cruiser built french_navy laid november launched september completed january armed main battery fourteen millimeter guns powerful armored cruisers entered service years battlecruiser hms invincible rendered armored cruisers outbreak world war august participated hunt german battlecruiser joined blockade austro hungarian navy adriatic took later august seizure january saw action war evacuated thousand civilians climax converted training ship ran aground rock coast january sank days later description meters long overall beam draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons power plant consisted triple expansion engines powered coal fired belleville boilers funnels groups engines rated indicated horsepower produced speed knots mph crew officers enlisted men armed main battery fourteen caliber guns twin gun turrets forward aft single gun turrets broadside guns mounted casemates abreast main aft conning towers close range defense torpedo boats provided battery pounder guns casemates ship hull equipped torpedo tubes submerged hull protected armored belt thick amidships gun turrets thick plating casemates marginally thinner protection main conning tower thick sides service history laid brest november launched september completed january commissioned french fleet ship powerful armored cruiser completed france entered service years british battlecruiser hms invincible rendered armored cruiser warship type participated international naval demonstration protest balkan wars ships navies included demonstration british pre dreadnought battleship hms king edward vii austro hungarian pre dreadnought sms italian pre dreadnought german light cruiser important action combined flotilla command british admiral cecil blockade coast goal blockade prevent serbian reinforcements supporting siege montenegro besieged combined force ottomans pressured international blockade serbia withdrew army subsequently occupied joint allied ground force world war outbreak world war august anchored british cruiser destroyer ships moored international support conference status albania armored cruisers mobilized tasked hunting german battlecruiser consort ships flotilla destroyers steam august german cruisers bombarded port previous day attack coupled reports suggested germans try break mediterranean atlantic prompted french high command send west german ships escaped constantinople attack french troop transports north_africa expected joined rest french fleet blockade adriatic_sea based fleet commanded admiral assembled night august following morning conducted sweep adriatic encountered austro hungarian cruiser ensuing sunk losses french french fleet withdrew threat austro hungarian boats area january sister embarked contingent mountain troops seize greek island cruisers sent troops ashore night january greek officials island protested offered resistance later career continued service eastern mediterranean end war culmination immediately followed world war rescued people great fire converted training ship work lasted included reduction armament guns removal funnels reconstruction bridge captain commanded ship underwent overhaul modernization fitted equipment handle reconnaissance purposes returning service ship assigned training ship cadets naval academy january ran aground coast algeria west proved total loss sank days later | French cruiser Edgar Quinet | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
5403_FrenchbattleshipBretagne | french battleship battleship french_navy built 1910s lead ship class sister ships ship laid july arsenal brest launched april commissioned fleet february outbreak world war named honour french region brittany armed main battery guns spent bulk career world war stationed prevent austro hungarian fleet leaving adriatic_sea saw action remained service 1920s 1930s sisters placed reserve participated non intervention patrols spanish civil war escorted convoys outbreak world war september stationed france surrendered june fearful germans seize french_navy british_royal_navy attacked ships attack hit badly exploded killing majority crew wreck eventually raised broken scrap design meters long overall beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men powered parsons steam turbines boilers rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets numbered rear placed centerline superfiring pair forward amidships superfiring arrangement aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns casemates length hull carried seven hotchkiss guns conning tower roof turret ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service laid arsenal brest july launched april completed september commissioned french_navy february entering service sisters assigned 1st division 1st battle squadron unit remainder war flagship squadron spent majority time prevent austro hungarian fleet attempting break adriatic fleet presence intended greece increasingly hostile triple later war men drawn crews anti submarine warfare vessels austro hungarians largely remained port duration war saw action conflict leave port entirety severe shortage coal july ship foremast replaced foremast mounted experimental fire control director mainmast shortened allow ship fly captive balloon returned toulon november ship received lengthy refit toulon june october included modifications gun turrets increased elevation millimeter maximum range meters forward millimeter guns removed millimeter anti aircraft guns millimeter guns replaced guns mounted forward superstructure vickers fire control director replaced experimental model equipped meter rangefinder additional meter installed superstructure control guns flagship mediterranean_fleet mid june ship accompanied naval review toulon september placed reserve leaving member class service spent 1920s conducting periodic fleet maneuvers cruises mediterranean french colonial possessions west_africa fleet flagship september received major refit toulon september elevation main armament increased giving maximum range meters forward hull armor removed bow heavy group boilers converted oil firing meter high angle added guns ship resumed position flagship mediterranean_fleet october refit completed assumed role october began refit repair boilers navy took opportunity upgrade fire control systems replacing vickers system french model adding meter rangefinder foremast conning tower modernized torpedo tubes guns removed anti aircraft guns added assigned 2nd squadron atlantic joined fleet exercises azores morocco ships took cruise africa august involved non intervention patrols outbreak spanish civil war patrols lasted april world war outbreak world war september based toulon time italy remained neutral immediate threat mediterranean_fleet december covered convoy traffic atlantic december cruisers destroyers submarines operated middle month task force began return mediterranean returning toulon underwent extensive overhaul lasted march march left france carrying boxes gold bars french treasury cruiser carried boxes arrived halifax april return voyage escorted american merchant ships carrying aircraft bought france arrived toulon april april sisters transferred alexandria returned loss following french surrender june french fleet disarmed german italian supervision terms armistice british high command concerned french ships seized axis powers placed service axis navies british_royal_navy prime minister winston_churchill ordered vice admiral commander force french fleet instructed order french vessels join british free french surrender sunk july arrived delivered ultimatum french rejected british ships opened fire hit inch projectiles ship especially credited shells simultaneously british hit ship waterline turret shells triggering massive explosion blew bulkheads doors set stern killing sailors meantime massive hole starboard ship allowed massive water estimated rate tons minute pour flooding prevented complete destruction ship limited fire aft magazines opened air second shell struck waterline aft engine room killing sailors inside damaged internal communication system ship seven minutes later high caliber shells struck time detonated base mast ready use anti aircraft projectiles stored anti aircraft mounts second went central exploding deep inside ship huge fire started leaking oil burning ship thirty seconds ship rolled massive explosion occurred sinking caused loss crew vast majority french naval personnel killed attack initial work aftermath attack allied invasion north_africa november interrupted work work extension military harbor military complex anti atomic ultimately salvaged hull cut big parts raised scrapped ashore | French battleship Bretagne | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
5515_Colbert-classironclad | class ironclad class pair armored frigates built french_navy 1870s ships served commander deputy commander careers sister ships took french conquest tunisia notably landing troops relegated second line roles condemned ships finally sold scrap design description class ships designed improved versions ironclad ships authorized reverted single propeller shaft improve sailing qualities chance propellers fallen rigging central battery ironclads armament concentrated amidships like ironclads era equipped shaped ram ships crew numbered officers men metacentric height low little meters ships measured meters overall beam meters maximum drafts meters displaced metric tons long tons exact reason prolonged construction time known believed reduction french_navy budget franco prussian war date work practices french likely causes propulsion class single wolf cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine drove propeller engine powered oval boilers designed capacity metric horsepower kilowatts ihp sea trials engines produced metric horsepower ships reached speeds knots mph ships carried maximum metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck gun forward corners battery additional guns battery deck barbettes upper deck cut away improve ability barbette guns bear fore aft millimeter gun mounted forecastle chase gun ship secondary armament consisted millimeter guns forward battery aft guns replaced millimeter gun stern ship mounted water millimeter torpedo tubes guns fire solid shot explosive shells caliber millimeter modèle gun fired armor piercing kilogram shell gun weighed metric tons long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate millimeters wrought iron armor muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed kilograms gun weighed metric tons long tons muzzle velocity penetrate millimeters wrought iron armor muzzle millimeter gun long weighed metric tons long tons fired kilogram explosive shell muzzle velocity point ship received fourteen eighteen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute armor class ships complete wrought iron waterline belt millimeters thick amidships tapered millimeters stern backed millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed transverse armored bulkheads millimeters thick backed millimeters wood barbettes deck millimeters thick ships service served flagship placed reserve flagship second command squadron sisters bombarded port july french occupied tunisia command vice admiral recommissioned disarmed paid disarmed placed reserve recommissioned resumed role flagship placed reserve ship served gunnery training ship condemned renamed var sold scrap years later condemned sold scrap | Colbert-class ironclad | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
5527_Lyon-classbattleship | class battleship class proposed type battleship planned french_navy construction scheduled begin class comprised ships named cities france rest honored french design improvement previous class mounted fourth quadruple gun turret total sixteen guns construction cancelled outbreak world war august ships laid design starting french_navy began dreadnought battleship construction program starting ships class year ship class authorized year class battleships followed design work began design staff submitted proposals new battleships ranged metric tons long tons short tons long tons short tons designs featured main battery fourteen sixteen guns guns guns mix quadruple twin gun turrets navy authorized fourth class battleships scheduled design staff determined gun long design proposals incorporated weapons cancelled design staff settled proposals proposal mounted fourteen guns long tons short tons ship meters long november design staff instead chose slightly larger second design armed sixteen guns quadruple turrets ships scheduled ordered january followed april world war broke august shifting military requirements particularly army forced cancellation class ships characteristics ships long perpendiculars long overall beam draft load displacement estimated long tons short tons propulsion system settled time class cancelled design staff proposed mixed steam turbine triple expansion engine system ships preceding class turbine system ship previous class considered new geared turbines proved satisfactory new destroyer final design called propulsion system rated shaft horsepower speed knots mph unknown number boilers funnels amidships sixteen modèle guns mounted quadruple turrets comprised main battery turrets equipped electric hydraulic training elevation gear mounted centerline arrangement clear according conway world fighting ships turret placed forward amidships superfiring pair aft contemporary suggests turrets mounted superfiring pairs forward aft turrets weighed long tons short tons electrically trained elevated guns divided pairs mounted twin thick bulkhead divided turrets pair guns ammunition magazine fired simultaneously independently guns range rate fire rounds minute shells kilogram armor piercing rounds fired muzzle velocity meters second secondary battery consist guns modèle new automatic model singly mounted casemates hull guns fired shell muzzle velocity ships equipped unknown number anti aircraft guns torpedo tubes unknown size submerged hull ships protected variation armor layout previous class primary alterations slightly thinner armor upper deck plating compensate improved armor waterline | Lyon-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
5883_FrenchdestroyerChacal | french destroyer french destroyer ship class destroyers built french_navy 1920s initially assigned spent following decade training ship ship assigned convoy escort duties atlantic start world war september committed english channel began crippled german bombers artillery beach near sur design description class ships designed counter large italian class destroyers overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard metric tons long tons deep load powered geared steam turbines driving propeller shaft steam provided temple boilers turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ship knots mph sea trials turbines provided metric horsepower shp reached knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime main armament class ships consisted canon modèle guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear anti aircraft armament consisted canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers carried dozen kilogram depth charges construction career named ordered february laid september shipyard launched september commissioned completed july entered service december completion delayed problems propulsion machinery late deliveries sub contractors formally completed participated baltic cruises cruise november december assigned 1st division renamed division squadron february based toulon completion sister ships april ship participated naval review president france following month ships escorted english channel state visit britain june ship present reviewed fleet july escorted light cruiser french west_africa january april depth charge throwers removed ship briefly assigned 9th application toulon october relieved assignment following year year later millimeter guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft july sister 8th assigned brest april 8th redesignated 2nd sister jaguar joined september september longer 2nd assigned convoy escort duties october guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur november ship british type installed addition depth charge throwers gun removed depth charge reduced dozen depth charges improve stability reassigned 2nd unit tasked carry demolition teams northernmost french ports ship arrived evening smaller destroyers bombarded advancing german troops approached defenses sur 23rd night ship badly damaged bombs bombers shells german artillery beached sink | French destroyer Chacal | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
6053_FrenchironcladLaGalissonnière | french ironclad lead ship class wooden armored built french_navy 1870s named victor bombarded french occupation tunisia present alexandria shortly british bombarded beginning anglo egyptian war ship participated number battles sino french war condemned design description class ironclads designed faster heavily armed versions alma class armored central battery layout predecessors battery lengthened meters provide room work larger millimeter guns propeller layout adopted unsuccessful attempt reduce ship draft measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons ship metacentric height meters crew numbered officers men propulsion wolf vertical compound steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engines produced total indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament ship mounted millimeter guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship funnel secondary armament millimeter guns mounted upper deck replaced millimeter guns armor piercing shell caliber millimeter gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells ship received millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute received towed harvey torpedoes armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high laid millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected thin iron plates service laid brest june launched exact reason prolonged construction time known budget french_navy cut franco prussian war french reformed working practices suitable industrial age ship began sea trials april commissioned july flagship command rear admiral return brest march having world suez_canal ship placed reserve return recommissioned august preparation commission flagship began october years later sailed reduced reserve flagship french division levant rear admiral shortly afterward bombarded port july french occupation tunisia early present alexandria shortly british bombarded beginning anglo egyptian war ship remained mediterranean relieved half sister april flagship command vice admiral time participate sino french war ship fought late stages august tried pass chinese fort known french defending entrance failed destroy fort lightly damaged shell struck bow damaged steam killed man ship supplied landing parties october forced retreat chinese troops men killed known participation war ordered home february laid time return ship condemned december | French ironclad La Galissonnière | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
6283_FrenchbattleshipHenriIV | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built test ideas prominent naval architect began world war sent reinforce allied naval force dardanelles campaign secondary armament removed transfer serbia relegated second line roles sent taranto depot ship struck navy list scrapped following year design designed famous french naval architect evaluate ideas designed small target lacked normal rear superstructure common ships period needed rear turret washed rear hull feet built normal upper deck height amidships bow better sea keeping provide crew superstructure narrow hull main deck general characteristics smaller predecessors metres overall beam metres maximum draft metres significantly lighter class battleships displaced metric tons long tons normally metric tons long tons earlier ships crew consisted officers enlisted men propulsion vertical triple expansion steam engines driving propeller shaft engines rated indicated horsepower steam provided boilers gave speed knots mph carried maximum tonnes long tons short tons coal gave range nautical miles speed knots mph armament carried main armament caliber modèle single gun turrets forward upper deck main deck rear guns fired armor piercing projectiles muzzle velocity metres second ship secondary armament consisted seven caliber modèle guns mounted individual casemates main deck mounted shelter deck gun shields gun mounted shelter deck turret superfiring rear main gun turret superfiring turret naval history case successful barrel gun short clear sighting hood turret guns fired shells muzzle metres second caliber modèle hotchkiss guns mounted anti torpedo boat guns mounted platforms foremast mainmast superstructure fired kilogram metres second maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute seven rounds minute sustained submerged torpedo tubes carried exactly types torpedoes carried unknown torpedoes service war kilograms maximum speeds knots mph maximum ranges meters armor waterline armor belt harvey armor high tapered maximum thickness ship ends belt ended short stern traverse bulkhead lower edge belt tapered thickness upper armor belt thick ran bow aft generally high increased forward ended traverse bulkhead maximum thickness armored deck tapered ship ends thinner armored deck tapered centerline edges curved form torpedo bulkhead met inner system based experiments conducted modern russian battleship close ship main turret armor thickness ammunition shafts protected armor casemates guns ranged thickness ammunition tubes armor construction service laid july launched august enter service september cost ship spent early world war february assigned newly formed squadron intended attack turkish positions lines communication syria lebanon palestine transferred french squadron dardanelles campaign replace sunk battleship damaged allies suffered heavily attempt sail dardanelles past fortifications march ship bombarded dardanelles support french landing april provided fire support troops ashore rest month hit times providing support time guns november sent reinforce french naval mission serbia known mission rail assigned 3rd battle squadron subsequently served egypt sent taranto depot ship stricken navy list scrapped following year | French battleship Henri IV | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
6461_Alma-classironclad | alma class ironclad alma class ironclads group seven wooden armored built french_navy mid late 1860s ships attempted blockade prussian ports baltic_sea franco prussian war patrolled north_sea atlantic ship route japan war began blockaded small prussian ships japanese harbor alternated periods reserve active commissions abroad ships participated french occupation tunisia helped accepting status french played small role sino french war design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads original plan ships deck battery millimeter guns battery deck millimeter guns mounted upper deck gun corner battery design changed substitute barbettes upper battery addition armored bulkheads proved heavy rear pair barbettes deleted save weight partial compensation millimeter guns remaining forward barbettes replaced additional pair millimeter guns like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram ships built general plan differed measured meters perpendiculars beam meters ships mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion alma class ships single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ships reached knots mph unlike single funnels arc funnels mounted ships carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck alma ship positively known exchanged guns newer guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor alma class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates construction service franco prussian war arc assigned attempted blockade prussian ports baltic ordered return september cruised north_sea later watched prussian corvette portuguese waters alma route far_east war began blockaded pair prussian harbor arrived japan end war ships placed reserve sent foreign stations flagship arc spent time spanish waters protect french citizens interests ship rammed sank dispatch vessel july rammed run ashore prevent sinking abroad alma bombarded port july french occupation tunisia participated august attack french forts defending mouth leading vietnamese capital attempt vietnamese government sino french war ship early september carried admiral taiwan september | Alma-class ironclad | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7015_FrenchbattleshipDémocratie | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship class built french_navy sister ships justice laid launched april completed january year revolutionary british battleship ships like obsolete armed main battery guns compared guns caliber mounted dreadnought despite dated design served career including world war participated battle late august spent majority war based coast greece austro hungarian ottoman navies port saw action end war went black_sea assist enforcement terms armistice germany stricken subsequently broken scrap design laid arsenal brest shipyard launched april completed january year revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like outdated completed ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men ship propulsion system consisted vertical triple expansion engines belleville boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets casemates hull carried thirteen pounder guns pounders torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history august 1st squadron mediterranean fleet conducted gunnery practice old ironclad target scored percent hits second best performance squadron surpassed sister justice fleet exercise collided battleship vessel lost power lightly damaged port anchor carried away outbreak world war august assigned 1st division 2nd squadron mediterranean justice french fleet initially cover movement french troops corps algeria metropolitan france result fleet far position catch german battlecruiser majority war french main fleet austro hungarian fleet adriatic_sea participated battle line caught austro hungarian cruiser surprise sank french battleships bombarded austrian fortifications attempt draw austro hungarian fleet refused bait french operations area hampered lack suitable base close mouth adriatic british given french free access malta hundreds miles away austrians possessed submarines torpedoed dreadnought december threat underwater weapons greatly limited french naval activities adriatic war progressed french eventually settled primary naval base area later war sent sister ships reinforce blockade dardanelles shortly end war justice destroyer joined allied fleet including british dreadnoughts hms superb italian battleship sent black_sea port oversaw enforcement terms armistice germany germans previously seized russian naval units stationed occupation forces terms treaty brest french contingent provided crews pair russian destroyers german boats allied ships similarly activated russian german vessels secure area ultimately stricken naval register sold ship breakers | French battleship Démocratie | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7097_FrenchcruiserBruix | french cruiser class armored cruisers built french_navy 1890s served atlantic_ocean mediterranean far_east world war aided survivors devastating eruption island martinique spent years crete protecting french interests region early 1910s beginning war august assigned protect troop convoys french north_africa france transferred atlantic support allied operations german colony september briefly assigned support allied operations dardanelles early began patrolling greek territorial waters ship decommissioned greece beginning recommissioned end war november service black_sea returned home later reduced reserve sold scrap design description class ships designed smaller cheaper preceding armored cruiser design like older ship intended fill commerce raiding strategy ship measured meters perpendiculars beam meters forward draft meters drew meters aft displaced metric tons long tons normal load metric tons long tons deep load class cylinder triple expansion steam engines driving single propeller shaft steam engines provided belleville boilers rated total metric horsepower forced draught designed speed knots mph reached maximum speed knots mph metric horsepower sea trials september ship carried metric tons long tons short tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph ships class main armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft superstructure secondary armament comprised canon modèle guns single gun turrets broadside anti torpedo boat defense carried millimeter guns millimeter millimeter revolving hotchkiss guns armed millimeter torpedo tubes mounted broadside water class generally protected millimeters steel armor meters waterline meters centimeters tapered thickness armor ends ships millimeters curved protective deck thickness millimeters centerline increased millimeters outer edges protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines thin splinter deck watertight internal filled ran length ship protective deck height meters waterline ship conning tower turrets protected millimeters armor construction career named admiral laid arsenal november launched august commissioned trials april ship temporarily assigned november visit russia wife october ship steering broke october return repairs trials lasted early december officially commissioned december assigned august protected cruiser escorted armored cruiser carried president state visit russia shortly departure fractured rod port engine forced return port repairs armament trials lasted january trials completed february assigned based french october port visit manila philippines american victory returning home november damaged starboard propeller 20th suez_canal ship reached toulon 28th repair january rejoining february port visits spain portugal june rod damaged 7th began refit september lasted november modified service flagship november ship flagship cruiser division participated annual fleet maneuvers rest training british steamer collided ship lightly damaging plating armored ram june fitted november december remained dockyard january evaluate operation turrets ship assigned april visited spanish ports month devastating eruption flagship rear admiral ordered render assistance survivors remained august november rear admiral hoisted flag aboard ship spent years commissioned reduced complement assigned reserve ship reactivated late service departed toulon november accompanied sister ship arrived january nagasaki japan ran aground chinese coast ship participated unsuccessful effort rescue sister spent tour far_east showing flag russia china japan departed home april passing suez_canal accidentally collided italian steamer arriving toulon august began overhaul weeks later repeatedly delayed labor shortages dockyard finally towed dockyard french north_africa june overhaul completed january briefly assigned reserve recommissioned service crete relieved sister bay july spent years levant italo turkish war captain protested bombardment fleeing turkish troops near port october protected cruiser breach international law november ship assisted russian protected cruiser formally assigned january remained levant later year assisted salvage steamer struck turkey laid italians war march escorted william voyage albania throne ship returned april began refit lasted july world war began august assigned escort convoys morocco france general patrols sisters sent support allied campaign september bombarded small towns contribution returning home later year short assigned dardanelles squadron february ship spent time patrolling january placed reserve recommissioned november transferred constantinople assigned armored cruiser division 2nd squadron december march patrolled black_sea allied intervention took evacuation german allied troops ukraine march april crew participate mutiny occurred aboard french ships april departed sailed toulon assigned reserve arrival proposals converted accommodation ship merchant ship judged impractical stricken navy list june sold scrap year later day obsolete warships price | French cruiser Bruix | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7111_FrenchbattleshipBouvet | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy laid january launched april completed june member group broadly similar battleships ordered response class like half sisters armed main battery guns guns individual turrets speed mph spent majority career alternating northern outbreak world war escorted troop convoys north_africa france joined naval operations dardanelles participated major attack turkish fortresses straits march attack hit approximately times suffer fatal damage struck sank minutes men rescued complement british battleships sunk mines day disaster convinced allies abandon naval campaign favor amphibious assault gallipoli design member group battleships built broadly similar design different considered unique vessels ship formed basis ships design specifications identical ships different engineers designed vessel ships based previous battleship instead mounting main battery centerline ships arrangement earlier vessel moved main battery guns single turrets wings ships built response class battleships general characteristics machinery meters long perpendiculars beam draft displacement tonnes long tons unlike half sisters deck cut main deck level superstructure reduced size equipped small fighting masts standard crew officers enlisted men wartime complement increased vertical triple expansion engines driving single screw steam supplied belleville water tube boilers propulsion system rated indicated horsepower allowed ship steam speed knots mph built carry long tons short tons coal additional space allowed long tons short tons total armament armor main armament consisted canon modèle guns single gun turrets fore aft mounted canon modèle guns single gun turrets amidships ship sides secondary armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets corners superstructure carried quick firing guns pounders pounder guns armament suite rounded torpedo tubes submerged ship hull tubes mounted water later removed ship armor constructed steel main belt thick amidships tapered lower edge forward central citadel belt reduced stem belt extended entire length hull belt thick armor main battery guns protected armor secondary turrets thick sides conning tower thick sides service history laid january launched april completing fitting work commissioned french_navy june replaced new battleship turn replaced old ironclad battleship northern squadron squadron remained commission months year annual fleet maneuvers july august served flagship neutral observer simulated battles maneuvers battleship accidentally rammed january vessels emerged largely undamaged returned command vice admiral following eruption mount naples april battleships aided survivors disaster annual summer fleet exercises conducted july august maneuvers nearly collided battleship assigned retained active service year reduced crew loss dardanelles older french pre dreadnoughts escorted allied troop convoys mediterranean november ordered dardanelles guard sortie german battlecruiser bombarded turkish fort asian february bombardment assisted battleship sending firing radio provided counter battery fire suppress ottoman coastal artillery march attack dardanelles fortresses plan called british pre dreadnoughts suppress turkish fortifications french battleships attack fortifications close range french fleet commanded admiral acting allied commander rear admiral stood admiral allied battleships arranged line abreast rows stationed center second row force entered straits bombarded town turning fortress nearby fortifications half hour french british battleships shelled forts turning attacking individual gun batteries course attack fortresses sustained hits turkish artillery fire forward turret disabled gas broke shells destroyed masts struck pound explosive charge detonated starboard gun turret mines laid week attack unknown allies capsized sank minutes ship poor condition time age likely contributed rapid sinking speculation ammunition magazine exploded destruction ship caught allies surprise loss came height bombardment torpedo boats smaller vessels rushed pick survivors rescued handful men complement men killed sinking despite sinking loss day british remained unaware minefield thinking explosion caused shell torpedo subsequently british pre dreadnoughts ocean irresistible sunk battlecruiser damaged minefield badly damaged coastal artillery engagement loss british battleships march attack major factor decision abandon naval strategy constantinople instead opt gallipoli land campaign | French battleship Bouvet | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7402_FrenchbattleshipJauréguiberry | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy french launched class roughly similar battleships built 1890s including erroneously referenced single class named admiral mediterranean world war began spent escorting troop convoys north_africa india france supported french troops port said rest war return france accommodation hulk sold scrapping design description group battleships shared layout main secondary armament design cramped upper decks produced pronounced favoured french designers sides vessels bow stern turrets single gun placed close ship metres shorter ships group single turrets secondary armament mounted ship beam millimetre guns mounted twin turrets sited main gun turrets general characteristics metres long overall maximum beam metres draught metres displaced tonnes long tons normal load tonnes long tons load captain described excellent sea boat good fighting ship secondary armament light said stable laid good living conditions propulsion vertical triple expansion steam engines built trials developed indicated horsepower drove ship maximum speed knots mph engine drove metre propeller water tube boilers provided steam engines pressure cm2 kpa psi normally carried tonnes long tons coal carry maximum tonnes long tons gave radius action nautical miles knots mph armament main armament consisted millimetre calibre canon modèle guns single gun turrets fore aft turret arc fire guns probably depressed elevated fired kilogram projectiles rate round minute muzzle velocity metres second gave range maximum elevation secondary armament consisted millimetre modèle guns single gun turrets amidships ship sides calibre canon modèle guns mounted manually operated twin turrets corners superstructure arcs fire guns elevate fired kilogram armour piercing shells muzzle velocity metres second gave range maximum elevation rate fire rounds minute defense torpedo boats provided variety light caliber weapons sources disagree number types possibly indicating changes ship lifetime sources agree calibre millimetre pounder guns fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity metres second agree later eighteen lists fourteen calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns mounted fighting tops superstructure fired kilogram metres second maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute seven rounds minute sustained agree hotchkiss barrel revolving guns mounted fore aft listed fired shell weighing muzzle velocity rate rounds minute range yards millimetre torpedo tubes initially fitted water bow stern broadside underwater water tubes removed refit armour total tonnes long tons steel armour equal normal displacement waterline belt ranged thickness upper belt thick thicker portions protecting water torpedo tubes millimetre armoured deck rested waterline belt main gun turrets protected armour secondary turrets millimetres armour conning tower walls thick service ordered april laid november sur launched october complete begin trials january tube boilers burst june hour engine trial killing wounding months later suffered accident firing trials main armament finally commissioned february explosion torpedo air chamber march delayed assignment mediterranean_fleet january air chamber torpedo exploded killing sailor wounding september transported minister navy transferred arrived brest march lightly damaged touched rock entering brest fog july incident steering compartment flooded torpedo air burst screws torpedo launching exercise visiting portsmouth august ran aground short time outer harbour returned mediterranean_fleet february assigned following year reassigned division 3rd reformed 2nd independent squadron transferred atlantic beginning september boiler tubes renewed october squadron reassigned mediterranean_fleet year later october transferred flagship april start world war assigned escort troop convoys north_africa france escorted convoy indian troops september stationed december february sailed flagship departed port said march dardanelles replace pre dreadnoughts arrival flagship admiral subsequent operations provided gunfire support troops initial landings april subsequently lightly damaged turkish artillery april continued fire guns needed recalled july bombarded turkish owned august resumed role flagship august participated occupation september missions syrian coast transferred january assist defense suez_canal returned shortly afterward refitted malta november december returning landed guns help defend canal reduced reserve arrived toulon march decommissioned transferred march use accommodation hulk stricken navy list june remained assigned sold scrapping june price | French battleship Jauréguiberry | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7438_AmiralCharner-classcruiser | class cruiser class group armoured cruisers built french_navy 1890s designed smaller cheaper preceding design serving commerce raiders times war ships assigned island crete protect french interests citizens exceptions sister ships spent decade 20th century serving training ships reserve aided survivors devastating eruption island martinique transferred french ran aground chinese coast proved impossible destroyed place survivors escorted troop convoys french north_africa france months beginning world war august unlike sisters transferred atlantic support allied operations german colony september assigned blockaded ottoman controlled coast supported allied operations sunk early german submarine training ship late decommissioned decommissioned greece beginning recommissioned end war november service black_sea returned home sold scrap followed breakers years later design description class ships designed smaller cheaper preceding armored cruiser design like older ship intended fill commerce raiding strategy ships measured metres perpendiculars beam metres forward draught metres drew metres aft class displaced tonnes long tons normal load tonnes long tons deep load fitted prominent shaped ram bow ships wet forward generally felt reasonably good sea boats handled captains metacentric height deemed inadequate surviving ships military masts replaced lighter pole masts class ships horizontal triple expansion steam engines driving single propeller shaft steam engines provided belleville boilers working pressure cm2 kpa psi engines rated total metric horsepower forced draught engines powerful sister ships rated metric horsepower ships designed speed knots mph sea trials failed meet specified speed reaching maximum speeds knots mph metric horsepower carried tonnes long tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph armament ships class main armament consisted calibre canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft superstructure turrets operated ships turrets electrically powered guns fired kilogram shells muzzle ranging metres second secondary armament comprised calibre canon modèle guns single gun turrets broadside kilogram shells fired muzzle metres second close range anti torpedo boat defense carried quick firing millimetre guns millimetre millimetre revolving hotchkiss guns armed millimetre torpedo tubes mounted broadside water protection class generally protected millimetres steel armor metres waterline metres centimetres tapered thickness armor ends ships millimetres curved protective deck mild steel thickness millimetres centerline increased millimetres outer edges protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines thin splinter deck watertight internal filled ran length ship protective deck height metres waterline protective deck ship divided watertight transverse bulkheads ship conning tower turrets protected millimeters armor ships service spent career mediterranean sent china boxer rebellion sisters ship assigned island crete protect french interests citizens exception sisters spent decade 20th century training ships reserve served atlantic_ocean mediterranean far_east world war aided survivors devastating eruption island martinique spent years crete protecting french interests region early 1910s transferred french ran aground chinese coast proved impossible destroyed place crew rescued loss surviving ships escorted troop convoys french north_africa france months beginning world war august assigned blockaded ottoman controlled coast supported allied operations time helped rescue thousand syria armenian genocide sunk early german submarine single survivor rescued lightly damaged ottoman shell providing naval gunfire support unlike sisters transferred atlantic support allied operations german colony september briefly assigned support allied operations dardanelles early began patrolling greek territorial waters training ship late decommissioned decommissioned greece beginning recommissioned end war november service black_sea returned home later reduced reserve sold scrap stricken navy list sold scrap | Amiral Charner-class cruiser | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7492_FrenchbattleshipPatrie | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built early 1900s sister ship laid shipyard april launched december completed years later december time revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought armed main battery guns dreadnought mounted guns caliber time entered service served mediterranean_fleet duration career accidentally torpedoed fleet maneuvers outbreak world war august covered troop convoys algeria france participated sinking austro hungarian cruiser later month spent majority war mouth adriatic_sea austro hungarian fleet adriatic shot german ship eventually stricken broken scrap design laid shipyard april launched december completed december time revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like outdated ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load slightly sister crew officers enlisted men powered vertical triple expansion engines boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted eighteen canon modèle guns mounted twin turrets casemates hull carried pounder guns ship armed torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history conducting sea trials pipe boilers burst ship return toulon pipe replaced entering service assigned 1st sister divisional flagship present annual summer maneuvers june july year acted battleships hostile force drydock july battleship suffered catastrophic magazine explosion destroyed ship moored nearby commanding officer attempted flood dock firing secondary guns dock gate shell bounced penetrate dock finally flooded killed shortly afterward fragments ship managed open gates gunnery training exercises suffered mechanical problems sighting equipment disabled main battery turrets battleship accident maneuvers launched torpedo inadvertently struck sister hull damaged forced toulon repairs outbreak world war august assigned 1st division 2nd squadron mediterranean flagship main battle fleet french_navy french fleet initially cover movement french troops corps algeria metropolitan france result fleet far position catch german battlecruiser majority war french main fleet austro hungarian fleet adriatic_sea participated battle line caught austro hungarian cruiser surprise sank french battleships bombarded austrian fortifications attempt draw austro hungarian fleet refused bait french operations area hampered lack suitable base close mouth adriatic british given french free access malta hundreds miles away austrians possessed submarines torpedoed dreadnought december threat underwater weapons greatly limited french naval activities adriatic war progressed french eventually settled primary naval base area ships supported allied operations detached landing parties support allied attempt force greek operations athens december spent rest war athens flagship french squadron war pounder guns converted anti aircraft guns new high angle mounts mounted guns removed landed use ashore anti aircraft gunners shot german retained french navy inventory served training ship toulon mechanics following year stricken naval register sold scrap | French battleship Patrie | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
7861_Mogador-classdestroyer | class destroyer class large destroyers french_navy laid commissioned extremely fast large destroyers intended act scouts fast class battleships design evolved extremely fast class tons heavier carrying guns semi enclosed twin turrets guns single open mounts guns approached light cruiser firepower sister present british attack july managed escape toulon struck inch shell rear hull detonated ready depth charges despite actually destroyed stern water remained afloat repaired sent toulon november reconstruction ships scuttled toulon harbour germans tried seize november design class authorized estimates improved version class new twin mounts carrying modèle gun earlier ships construction suspended period france italy negotiated limits fleets shipyards capacity pause time taken modify design deal severe weather conditions north_atlantic incorporate developments propulsion technology indicated larger hull requiring increase weight proposal catapult abandoned insufficient reserve stability extra twin turret decided boost ship firepower authorized estimates second class battleship general characteristics construction strengthened handle severe weather conditions north_atlantic requirements intended role scouts escorts class battleships force raid longitudinal construction frames spaced metres apart subdivided transverse compartments stress bearing parts hull grade steel remainder hull grade steel save weight internal sides superstructure hull entirely joints despite efforts weight higher earlier classes weight twin gun turrets accommodations cramped poorly earlier ships ammunition passed crew spaces problem ships intended long endurance sorties north_atlantic lack room hull forced number workshops offices superstructure added weight high ship break forecastle intervals permit beam torpedo tubes rotate larger earlier ships meant space premium ships proved excellent sea boats capable high seas sustain knots mph steady ships gentle roll period seven seconds strong cross wind rudder marked improvement earlier comparatively high length beam ratio gave high maneuvers formation difficult propulsion class ships retained unit arrangement propulsion spaces earlier new high pressure boiler rated psi gave power weight size proved fragile difficult maintain set geared turbines rated shaft horsepower consisted main turbines high pressure medium pressure low pressure reversing turbine main low pressure turbine cases small cruise turbines operating parallel engine room low speeds steam directed cruise turbines higher speeds diverted high pressure turbine knots mph cruise turbines entirely vulcan clutch didn work properly ship captains recommended cruise turbines deleted future classes entirely shafts driven single reduction port shaft driven rear engine room significantly shorter starboard shaft driven forward engine room caused significant turning circle depending direction ship turning shaft drove bladed screw propeller diameter suffered severe speed single semi balanced rudder chosen reduce high speed resistance area square metres moved weak steam driven trials turning circle measured metres knots mph service took seconds turn rudder maximum speed ship turning circle approximately double demonstrated trials ships captain cautioned log great care needed operating company battleship ship far class ships designed speed knots mph comfortably exceeded trials achieved speed knots mph shp hour washington standard displacement earlier performance knots mph shp load displacement tonnes long tons short tons impressive normal displacement carried tonnes long tons short tons oil carried tonnes long tons short tons oil normal load tonnes long tons short tons deep load endurance estimated trials nautical miles speed knots mph cruise turbines nmi speed knots mph main turbines attained service consumption auxiliary machinery arguably greatest weakness ships lay inability generate sufficient electric current power multitude auxiliary motors advanced machinery complex gun dependent electrical supply larger cruisers power operated turrets system electrical power generated turbo generators rated small diesel generators rated use ship alongside provided ship minimum lighting electricity needs fires lit boilers order train turrets elevate guns practice maintenance auxiliary motors seriously particularly gun slow train elevate rudder contributed ship poor technological terms ships armament light cruiser hull destroyer type pushed past limits capabilities jordan class armament main guns class ships designed use newly designed twin gun modèle pseudo turrets canon modèle preceding class destroyers guns housed separate coupled elevate maximum electric motors gave maximum training speed second maximum speed second motors initially installed moved outer sides turrets free room inside turrets type ammunition ran fixed shaft center mount shells powder charges transferred drum rotated match bearing angle guns loaded system adapted fixed millimeter ammunition class destroyers unfortunately suited separate loading ammunition gun separate shell powder total drum matching separate ammunition gun shell power rammed charges hand rammed theoretically guns loaded angle power weak ram shells angles problem coupled poor quality manufacture guns unsatisfactory profile breech resulted firing cycle rounds minute early trials jams failures frequent planned rounds minute problem assigned gun crew tired quickly prolonged firing gunnery trials conducted sea trials disaster reasons given identified notably modifications breech installation split loading reinforcement catapult wait ships refit implemented modifications stop gaps entirely new loading system deemed necessary expected months develop current system meantime refitted january turrets modified loading angles higher surrender france june ended work new loading system round ready racks gun added sides turrets refit compensate problems loading systems magazines designed store shells rounds gun plus separate magazine supplied turret anti aircraft suite single millimeter twin gun modèle anti aircraft mount installed forward turret caliber semi automatic modèle gun conventional sliding breech round cartridge boxes gave maximum rate fire rounds minute mount lieu intended power driven modèle twin gun mount use new caliber fully automatic gun expected able fire rate rounds minute new gun development ships commissioned rounds stored near mount main magazine held additional rounds adjacent forward magazines required forward metres pick kilograms cartridge box carry waiting gun crew twin millimeter hotchkiss machine gun mounts fitted anti weapons high rate fire rpm hampered awkward round magazine feed initially mounted forward superstructure deck level fitted gun shields protect spray trials revealed limitations positions poor arcs fire gun shields view target following completion trials guns relocated new bridge turret gun shields removed rounds barrel stored forward magazines underwater weapons class ships designed anti surface warfare anti submarine work given large torpedo battery consequence triple torpedo launchers fitted beam funnels twin modèle launchers located beam second funnel placement beam significantly increased arc fire comparison centerline mount cost torpedo broadside weaker tube older class extra launchers positioned close ship imposed importantly weight stability penalty mounts millimeter torpedo torpedo cylinder radial brotherhood alcohol engine power set speeds fast speed knots mph range metres slow speed setting knots mph range metres twin depth charge tunnels built rear hull class ships tunnel housed depth charges sixteen rear magazine launched remote control patterns chain system equipment fitted depth charges unlikely actually damage submarine fixed pairs rails mounted stern pair carry mines extended section decks carry thirty mines necessary fire control centralized fire control system similar class target designation bridge linked director control towers located atop bridge second funnel metre rangefinder sent range post central fed modernized electro mechanical computer calculated firing solution transmitted turrets turrets controlled locally necessary torpedo control system entirely separate gunnery system target designation mounted bridge transmitted target bearing torpedo director located primary gunnery bridge separate metre rangefinder provide bearing range modèle mechanical computer calculated torpedo firing angle sent remotely controlled torpedo tubes command fire given torpedo director secondary positions wings bridge construction class consisted steel cut beginning late assembly begin autumn following year industrial unrest disrupted construction january handed french_navy sea trials followed months later ship formally accepted french_navy year commissioned armament april march improved class ships ordered named construction suspended start world war design continually modified light wartime experience original plan dual purpose guns shelved apparent developed timely manner reverted main armament anti aircraft armament reinforced anti aircraft guns single twin mount plans came france surrendered june history comprised 6th division assigned force raid based brest war began group purpose hunt german blockade runners raiders escort convoys danger october force raid escorted convoy protect german cruiser sortied north_atlantic war began sortie german battleships north_atlantic november prompted force raid sail brest rendezvous british battlecruiser hms hood patrol area south iceland german ships able return safely cover heavy weather engaged ships refitted early number minor changes necessary improvements identified main armament sea trials year earlier finally implemented canvas cover turrets replaced rolling door new radios installed shields fitted anti aircraft machine guns fitted june proved british attack july severely damaged hit inch shell rear hull detonated ready depth charges present managed escape company battleship ships repaired reach toulon months later undergoing repairs modifications toulon november scuttled toulon harbour november prevent capture germany refloated italians repaired eventually broken | Mogador-class destroyer | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
8313_FrenchbattleshipGaulois | french battleship class pre dreadnought battleship built french_navy spent career assigned ship accidentally rammed french warships early career seriously damaged ship world war began escorted troop convoys french north_africa france month half ordered dardanelles november guard sortie mediterranean german battlecruiser joined british ships bombarding turkish fortifications badly damaged bombardment march beach avoid sinking refloated sent toulon permanent repairs returned dardanelles covered allied evacuation january december route dardanelles refit france torpedoed sunk german submarine design description metres long overall beam metres deep load draught metres forward metres aft displaced metric tons long tons normally metric tons long tons deep load ship cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines engine shaft produced ihp ship sea trials steam generated belleville water tube boilers reached speed knots mph trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft ship secondary armament consisted calibre modèle guns mounted individual casemates remaining pair shielded mounts forecastle deck amidships carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts superstructure ship anti torpedo boat defences consisted calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns fitted platforms masts superstructure casemates hull mounted millimetre torpedo tubes broadside submerged angled ship axis waterline provided modèle torpedoes common ships generation built shaped ram class ships carried total tonnes long tons harvey armour complete waterline armour belt metres high tapered maximum thickness thickness lower edge armoured deck thick flat reinforced additional plate angled downwards meet armoured belt main turrets protected armour roofs thick barbettes thick outer walls casemates millimetre guns thick protected transverse bulkheads thick conning tower walls thick roof consisted armour plates communications tube protected armour plates thick construction career named tribes inhabited france roman times ordered january sister ship built intended ship construction delayed launched laid january launched october year commissioned october completing sea trials ship assigned 1st arrived toulon january stormy weather voyage caused captain complain forward turret casemates flooded head sea following month exercising harbour accidentally rammed destroyer metre hole smaller ship reached toulon repaired battleship barely damaged july combined manoeuvres ship participated naval review conducted president france following year participated international naval review president toulon ships spain italy russia october 1st command rear admiral ordered proceed port island owned ottoman_empire landing companies marines occupied major ports island november agreed enforce contracts french companies repay loans french banks 1st early december returned toulon ship flagship vice admiral vice led small delegation celebrate unveiling statue washington president received aboard ship port visits new_york_city boston heading france port visit lisbon arriving toulon june exercises accidentally rammed battleship january ship seriously damaged accident april ships escorted president state visit italy later year ship port visits athens rest wireless telegraph installed aboard december battleships ship aided survivors april eruption mount naples rest decade participated exercises number port visits france briefly transferred august participated large naval review president september ship reassigned october participated naval review president june june navy planned assign october cancelled outbreak war august world war older french pre dreadnoughts ship mission war escort troop convoys north_africa france later september main turrets required repairs forward turret having difficulty traversing following repairs ordered far turkey november guard sortie german battlecruiser relieved battleship needed refit toulon flagship arrival november transferred flag returned january bombardment february supported ship bombarded turkish forts covering mouth dardanelles late day bombarded fort subsequent bombardment february ship anchored metres shore engaged forts return fire heavy force anchor suppress guns later day closed metres forts engaged secondary armament day action ship hit twice little damage march french squadron bombarded targets base days later french squadron attempted suppress turkish guns british battleships bombarded fortifications hit shell attack caused little damage failed detonate admiral squadron returned march bombarded turkish fortifications returned assist major attack fortifications planned march british ships initial entry dardanelles french ships passed engage forts closer range hit twice bombardment shell struck quarterdeck caused little damage deck second shell hit waterline starboard bow little obvious damage reality pushed armour plates waterline opened hole metres centimetres water flooded little staunch captain decided head north beach ship temporary repairs ordered non essential crewmen ship case route managed reach islands escorted refloated march departed toulon malta days later escorted encountered storm march ship began taking water repairs began leak pressure storm assistance later night armoured cruiser torpedo boats arrived hours later ship arrived following morning repairs arrived incident toulon april entered drydock following day navy took opportunity increase stability masts removing armour superstructure conning tower guns addition ship fitted anti torpedo stretched bridge aft superstructure increase beam stability repairs completed early june departed dardanelles june reached june relieved sister july ship anchored metres shore august bombarded turkish artillery battery splinters return fire detonated shell started small fire trouble voyage home ran aground harbour entrance ammunition refloated august pre dreadnought ship covered allied evacuation gallipoli january badly need refit sailed brest august captain argued range main armament needed increased metres considered fit thought given converting barracks ship ship ordered november fate december reached southern coast greece torpedoed submarine despite escort destroyer armed explosion single torpedo hit slightly mainmast killed crewmen pair drowned attempted abandon ship ship capsized minutes hit sank minutes later | French battleship Gaulois | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
8585_FrenchbattleshipCharlemagne | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship built french_navy ship class spent career assigned twice participated occupation port island owned ottoman_empire french expedition international squadron world war began august escorted allied troop convoys months ordered dardanelles november guard sortie mediterranean german battlecruiser joined british ships bombarding turkish fortifications command rear admiral ship transferred later year squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations placed reserve disarmed late condemned later sold scrap design description metres long overall beam metres deep load draught metres forward metres aft displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew consisted officers enlisted men ship cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines engine shaft rated produced metric horsepower ship sea trials steam generated belleville water tube boilers reached speed knots mph trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam miles nmi speed knots mph carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft ship secondary armament consisted calibre modèle guns mounted individual casemates remaining pair shielded mounts forecastle deck amidships carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts superstructure ship anti torpedo boat defences consisted calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns fitted platforms masts superstructure casemates hull mounted millimetre torpedo tubes broadside submerged angled ship axis waterline provided modèle torpedoes common ships generation built shaped ram class ships carried total tonnes long tons harvey armour complete waterline armour belt metres high armour belt tapered maximum thickness thickness lower edge armoured deck thick flat reinforced additional plate angled downwards meet armoured belt main turrets protected armour roofs thick barbettes thick outer walls casemates millimetre guns thick protected transverse bulkheads thick conning tower walls thick roof consisted armour plates communications tube protected armour plates thick construction career named holy roman emperor authorised september ship battleships class ship laid arsenal brest august launched october completed september commissioned days later initially assigned transferred 1st january july combined manoeuvres ship participated naval review conducted president france escorted minister war minister marine tours tunisia later october following year participated international naval review president toulon ships spain italy russia october 1st command rear admiral ordered proceed port landing companies marines occupied major ports island november agreed enforce contracts french companies repay loans french banks 1st early december returned toulon january march deployed waters participated summer fleet exercises later year naval historians claim ship collided march damaged april ships escorted president state visit italy participated annual fleet later summer cartridge spontaneously ignited magazine january suffered damage incident destroyer ship french contribution international squadron briefly occupied november december participated naval review president september following year engaged summer naval manoeuvres transferred 4th division september transferred october port visits having cleaned brest january ship participated large naval review president september placed reserve brest september overhaul ship rolled sea trials completion overhaul assigned training squadron mediterranean_fleet august beginning world war year later world war older french pre dreadnoughts escorted allied troop convoys mediterranean november ordered dardanelles guard sortie bombardment february ship engaged fort effect march penetrate deep dardanelles british battleships suppressed defending turkish fortifications attack fortifications close range french ships ordered relieved british battleships struck sank instantly hit twice opened large hole hull began flood ship escorted north ship beached temporary repairs moderately damaged bombardment continued onwards repairs lasted return assigned des dardanelles naval operations limited bombarding turkish positions support allied troops time ship transferred october joined french squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations greece relieved major refit lasted august returned later month assigned division orient ship remained ordered toulon august placed reserve september disarmed november condemned june later sold scrap | French battleship Charlemagne | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
8654_FrenchbattleshipBrennus | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built late 19th century laid january launched october completed design unique departed earlier ironclad battleship designs introducing number innovations included main battery heavy guns mounted centerline use belleville boilers formed basis subsequent designs beginning spent majority career served flagship early career accidentally rammed sank destroyer newer battleships commissioned fleet relegated early 1900s outbreak world war august old age poor condition prevented seeing action ultimately stricken naval register sold scrap years later design earlier vessel named laid cancelled tenure admiral vessel sister ship named modified version class ironclad battleships retirement plans ships reworked entirely ships actually completed earlier cancelled vessels confusion result shipyard working ships named use material assembled vessel build second pairs ships distinct vessels second ordered pre dreadnought style battleship built french_navy previous class ships barbette ships type ironclad battleship formed basis subsequent group broadly similar battleships built design specifications begun reverted armament layout earlier saw main guns distributed single turrets pattern general characteristics machinery meters long perpendiculars beam draft displacement tonnes long tons built ship significantly overweight draft greater intended load ammunition armored belt submerged superstructure cut mainmast intended fighting mast replaced lighter pole mast unlike battleships period built ram bow crew officers enlisted men vertical triple expansion engines driving single screw steam supplied thirty belleville water tube boilers decision fit water tube boilers large ship equipped propulsion system rated indicated horsepower allowed ship steam speed knots mph built carry long tons short tons coal additional space allowed long tons short tons total armament armor main armament consisted canon modèle guns twin turret forward single turret aft secondary armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets amidships located directly underneath casemates ship carried pounder quick firing guns fourteen pounders pounder guns pounder revolver cannons armament suite rounded water torpedo tubes later removed ship armor constructed steel compound armor main belt thick amidships tapered lower edge end central citadel belt reduced waterline lower edge belt extended entire length hull belt thick armor main battery guns protected maximum thickness armor secondary turrets thick sides main armored deck thick conning tower thick sides service career laid dockyard january launched october fitting work completed commissioned french_navy french_navy issued new doctrine gunnery control gunnery training exercises test new system ironclad battleships neptune got hits range success prompted navy method standard fleet february july august french fleet conducted maneuvers english channel time flagship vice admiral august returning maneuvers collided destroyer destroyer quickly sank fourteen men crew rescued transferred battleships armored cruisers flew flag annual summer maneuvers july august continued reserve squadron time flagship vice admiral commander chief annual summer maneuvers began late june concluded august following year mediterranean_fleet reorganized squadrons repeated role flagship squadron command rear admiral age condition outbreak world war august mobilized action ultimately stricken naval register sold scrapping | French battleship Brennus | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
9063_FrenchbattleshipLorraine | french battleship battleship french_navy built 1910s named honor region france member class alongside sister ships laid august shipyard launched september commissioned fleet march outbreak world war armed main battery guns speed knots mph spent bulk career world war stationed prevent austro hungarian fleet leaving adriatic_sea saw action modernized significantly 1920s 1930s amidships gun turret removed aircraft facilities installed place outbreak world war carried shipment gold french treasury bermuda returning operate mediterranean french surrender july moored alexandria disarmed royal_navy joining december refitted active service provided gunfire support landings operation august september bombarded german positions april end war gunnery training ship barracks ship late stricken sold design meters long overall beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons designed metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men powered parsons steam turbines temple water tube boilers rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons provided range nmi knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets numbered rear placed centerline superfiring pair forward amidships superfiring arrangement aft completed amidships turret guns installed january secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns casemates length hull carried seven hotchkiss guns conning tower roof turret ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship main belt thick main armored deck thick main battery protected armor turrets casemates secondary guns thick conning tower thick sides service ordered july replacement battleship destroyed magazine explosion previous year laid shipyard august launched september commissioned french_navy march entering service sisters assigned 1st division 1st battle squadron ships remained unit remainder war spent majority time prevent austro hungarian fleet attempting break adriatic fleet presence intended greece increasingly hostile triple later war men drawn crews anti submarine warfare vessels austro hungarians largely remained port duration war saw action conflict returned toulon periodic refit apart voyage saw time sea rest year january went guarded assisted austrian naval personnel escorted austro hungarian warships france italy duty lasted march french_navy intended send sister black_sea join operations major mutiny prevented operation ships went constantinople october formed core operated july underwent refit starting november lasted december emerging refit placed reserve fiscal limitations post war french navy returned service following year 1st mediterranean_fleet modernized second time november august refit followed september lasted june periods dock range main battery increased anti aircraft battery strengthened boilers replaced newer oil fired models september september fourth final pre war refit carried brest amidships turret removed aircraft catapult hangar aircraft installed aircraft initially later replaced flying boats transferred remained outbreak world war september world war start world war served primarily western mediterranean december operated german surface forces cruisers destroyers submarines period carried shipment gold french treasury bermuda january transferred 2nd 1st squadron went drydock refit lasted april april sisters transferred alexandria june italy declared war france time moved western mediterranean french capital ship eastern mediterranean joined british battleships aircraft carrier night june formed center anglo french task force cruisers hms neptune bombardment italian positions operation caused minimal damage combined british french naval operation french surrender following french surrender french commander vice admiral concluded agreement admiral intern french ships alexandria included cruisers destroyers december ship crew decided join allies free french naval forces placed service july ship left sailed africa stopping cape_town way arriving october briefly training ship december sent work included removing aircraft facilities installing large number anti aircraft guns including guns fourteen guns guns radar equipment installed ship overhaul participate operation allied invasion southern france august august joined bombardment force task force supported landings american battleship uss nevada german defenses toulon including coastal guns removed bombardment lasted august course september cruisers destroyers shelled german defenses targets attacked fortresses axis positions left bombardment area september remained western mediterranean sent portsmouth brief refit end year sent december late march left participate final wartime operations operations took place april french_navy focused eliminating pocket german resistance april cruisers destroyers bombarded german fortress support attack german defenders surrendered 20th completing operation returned brest sent toulon starting february stationary gunnery training ship later barracks ship stricken naval register february sold december french company towed outside toulon january broken scrap | French battleship Lorraine | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
9309_FrenchbattleshipParis | french battleship paris paris ship class battleships dreadnoughts built french_navy completed world war naval building programme spent war mediterranean spending providing gunfire support sister ship torpedoed submarine december spent rest war providing cover barrage blockaded adriatic_sea paris supported french spanish troops war school ship modernized separate wars deemed class battleship remained role began hastily rearmed supported allied troops defence june damaged german bomb took refuge later month england seized plymouth british forces july depot ship barracks ship royal polish navies rest war returned french july towed brest following month depot ship stricken december description paris metres long overall beam metres load draft metres bow displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load proved wet service bow heavy superimposed turrets close bow paris propellers powered parsons direct drive steam turbines rated shaft horsepower belleville water tube boilers provided steam turbines boilers coal burning auxiliary oil designed speed knots mph carried long tons coal long tons oil steam nautical miles speed knots mph paris main armament consisted millimetre calibre guns mounted twin gun turrets turrets superimposed fore aft flank ship anti torpedo boat defence carried millimetre guns mounted casemates millimetre modèle hotchkiss guns fitted beam armed millimetre submerged torpedo tubes torpedoes paris waterline armoured belt extended waterline french concerned protection underwater hits main armour thinner british german counterparts covered area millimetres thick fore aft turrets tapered bow stern extended metres normal waterline main belt belt thick covered sides secondary armament forecastle deck metres deep fore aft turrets conning tower armour thick main gun turrets millimetres armour faces millimetres sides roofs millimetres thick barbettes millimetres armour anti torpedo bulkhead longitudinal bulkhead abreast machinery spaces coal bunker left void career paris built shipyard keel laid november launched september completed august time world war working sent sisters mediterranean_sea spent rest providing gunfire support hit december torpedo forced battleships fall malta cover barrage french occupied neutral greek island moved forward activities limited crew man anti submarine ships end war fitted seven millimetre anti aircraft guns single mounts guns famous french field gun interwar years paris sent december supervise surrendered austro hungarian fleet remained march provided cover greek troops returning toulon june received upgrades brest october november included replacing set boilers oil fired boilers increasing maximum elevation main armament removal bow armour bow heavy installation fire control director metres rangefinder exchange guns guns return service supported amphibious landing spanish troops summer attacked french morocco war destroyed coastal defence batteries despite taking light damage hits remained october flagship french forces refitted august january toulon fire control systems upgraded large cruiser type fire control director added atop foremast coincidence rangefinder metre stereo rangefinder rangefinder conning tower replaced unit carrying rangefinder added armoured hood main mast directors secondary guns added navigation bridge metre coincidence rangefinder metres rangefinder added roof turret second bow metre provided anti aircraft guns unit conning tower turret aft superstructure resumed role flagship 2nd division 1st squadron october training ship paris overhauled july boilers overhauled main guns replaced guns exchanged modern guns maximum depression maximum elevation fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity rate fire rounds minute maximum effective ceiling metres world war paris formed beginning war transferred atlantic continue training duties interference ships ordered restored operational status given hotchkiss millimetre twin machine gun mounts single machine guns paris ordered june provide gunfire support covered evacuation town allies lack spotting aircraft meant particularly effective role instead helped defend harbour german aircraft hit bomb june sailed night temporary repairs despite taking long tons water hour transferred brest june carried men port evacuated june wake armistice paris docked plymouth england july british forces forcibly boarded british depot ship barracks ship rest war august war ended paris towed brest continued role depot ship sold scrap december broken june | French battleship Paris | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
10305_FrenchbattleshipIéna | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy ship keel laid completed years later design derived preceding class battleships heavier secondary battery thicker armour retained characteristic large french warships period caused stability issues completion assigned remained duration career participated annual fleet visits french ports mediterranean docked repairs march magazine explosion caused aged powder possible repair ship thought worth time expense hulk gunnery target sold scrap design designed request french des follow class ships qualities entirely satisfactory modified design heavier secondary battery thicker armour distributed slightly different manner increased displacement tonnes long tons comparison older ships retained pronounced cause stability problems general characteristics longer predecessors metres overall beam metres deep load draught metres forward metres aft slightly heavier class displaced metric tons long tons normally metric tons long tons load metric tons earlier ships fitted large reported roll considerably pitch heavily contradicted ship captain report november sea keeping point view excellent ship pitching rolling movements gentle ship rides waves propulsion vertical triple expansion steam engines built engine shaft shaft drove bladed propeller metres diameter wing shafts metres diameter center shaft engines powered belleville water tube boilers working pressure cm2 kpa psi engines rated total indicated horsepower produced ihp ship sea trials reached speed knots mph trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship electrical power provided armament like class preceded carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft guns fired kilogram projectiles rate round minute muzzle velocity gave range metres maximum elevation magazines stored shells gun hours fighting ship secondary armament consisted calibre canon modèle guns mounted individual casemates guns fired kilogram shells muzzle velocity maximum range metres total rounds carried hours fighting practical rounds minute gun carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts shelter deck guns fired kilogram trained maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute rounds minute sustained shells carried ensure hours fire guns metres waterline anti torpedo boat defences consisted calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns fitted platforms masts superstructure fired kilogram maximum range metres theoretical maximum rate fire rounds minute seven rounds minute sustained shells kept magazines admiral criticized arrangements guns report number ready use rounds insufficient desperately slow guns large medium calibre guns fight night guns fire control system designed night operations needs corrected soon possible mounted millimetre torpedo tubes tubes submerged waterline modèle torpedoes carried training models armour complete waterline armour belt harvey armour metres high tapered maximum thickness covered metres amidships ship ends lower edge belt uniform thickness upper armour belt lower thick upper combined height metres amidships maximum thickness armoured deck fore aft armoured transverse bulkheads thick main turret armour ranged thickness roof ammunition shafts protected armour casemates guns thick ammunition tubes armour conning tower face armour sides thick roof protected layers armour thick communications tube protected armour history laid brest january authorized april launched september enter service april assigned sailed toulon days later route ship suffered number problems rudder docked repairs arrived destination completion repairs ship began series port visits france french north_africa repeated career participated fleet review naples april occasion visit president france king victor iii italy cruised levant calling april dispatched provide assistance naples eruption mount loss march moved dry dock toulon undergo maintenance hull inspection rudder shaft days later beginning continuing series explosions began port millimetre magazine devastated ship surrounding area ship dry dock initially impossible flood magazines commanding officer battleship moored nearby fired shell gate dry dock attempt flood shell gate dock finally flooded killed shortly afterward fragments ship managed open gates french battleship moored dock capsized strength origin explosion traced powder based ammunition tended unstable age self estimated contents ship magazines suspect powder time accident explosion loss lives including civilians killed fragments suburb las triggered major scandal dubbed gunpowder scandal french des result navy minister forced resign similar accident later caused loss french battleship disposal multiple explosions superstructure mainmast rear funnel collapsed superstructure surrounding mainmast ship frames ripped open lower edge armour belt machinery area destroyed estimated seven million years fully repair decided ship use target ship useful equipment removed towed target test effectiveness latest design armour piercing shells beginning august completion numerous tests close towed deeper water tow capsized sank december rights wreck sold subsequently broken salvaged | French battleship Iéna | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
10599_FrenchdestroyerMogador | french destroyer lead ship french_navy class destroyers french named town built outbreak world war ship heavily damaged british attack july later repaired sailed toulon scuttled toulon harbor germans tried seize rest fleet november built french_navy entirely successful attempt build ship capable fighting ship technological terms ships armament light cruiser hull destroyer type pushed past limits capabilities design description overall length meters beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons standard load metric tons long tons deep load geared steam turbines designed produce shaft horsepower propel ship knots mph sea trials march turbines provided shp reached knots mph single hour ship carried metric tons long tons fuel oil normal load additional metric tons long tons deep load carried modèle twin turrets superimposed fore aft anti aircraft armament consisted guns single mount positioned rear deck house forward rear turrets mounted heavy machine guns twin mounts located forward superstructure forward guns carried water millimeter torpedo tubes pair triple mounts funnels pair double mounts aft rear funnel pair depth charge built stern housed total depth charges rails fitted rear deck maximum capacity mines service history sister comprised 6th division assigned force raid based brest war began group purpose hunt german blockade runners raiders escort convoys danger october force raid escorted convoy protect german cruiser sortied north_atlantic war began sortie north_atlantic november prompted force raid sail brest rendezvous british battlecruiser hms hood patrol area south iceland german ships able return safely cover heavy weather engaged refitted january march number minor changes necessary improvements identified main armament sea trials year prior finally implemented canvas cover turrets replaced rolling door new radios installed shields fitted anti aircraft machine guns fitted june proved present british attack july severely damaged hit armour piercing inch shell rear hull detonated ready depth charges failed detonate explosion destroyed upper rear hull rear magazines failed explode propeller shaft undamaged shaft propellers intact albeit damaged towed repairs dry docked july remains turret removed bulkheads repaired reinforced sailed toulon december docked pending reconstruction french_navy decided reinforce anti aircraft armament light wartime experience gun turret moved position magazine converted extra fuel storage new twin mount replace rear deck house mounts fitted rear fourth mount replace hotchkiss machine guns forward bridge machine gun planned mounted forward twin guns plan later amended add cable replacement french copy new modèle anti aircraft guns plus mounted forward corners center deck house rebuilding slowed material shortages wasn taken hand shipyard sur late february october estimated wouldn completed scuttled sur november prevent capture germans refloated italians april repaired sunk allied bombers late raised scrapped | French destroyer Mogador | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
10867_FrenchbattleshipProvence | french battleship battleship french_navy built 1910s named honor french region member class alongside sister ships laid arsenal launched april commissioned fleet march outbreak world war armed main battery guns speed knots mph spent bulk career served fleet flagship world war stationed prevent austro hungarian fleet leaving adriatic_sea saw action modernized significantly 1920s 1930s conducted normal peace time cruises training maneuvers mediterranean atlantic_ocean participated non intervention patrols spanish civil war early days world war conducted patrols sweeps atlantic search german surface raiders stationed france surrendered june fearful germans seize french_navy british_royal_navy attacked ships damaged sank harbor refloated moved toulon flagship training fleet late november germans occupied toulon prevent seizing fleet french scuttled ships including raised july guns coastal defense area germans scuttled second time toulon ultimately raised april sold ship breakers design laid arsenal launched april completed june commissioned french_navy march ship meters long overall beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons load crew officers enlisted men powered parsons steam turbines eighteen belleville boilers rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon guns mounted twin gun turrets numbered rear placed centerline superfiring pair forward amidships superfiring arrangement aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns casemates length hull carried seven hotchkiss guns defense aircraft conning tower roof turret ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service entering service sisters assigned 1st division 1st battle squadron fleet flagship ships remained unit remainder war spent majority time prevent austro hungarian fleet attempting break adriatic fleet presence intended greece increasingly hostile triple later war men drawn crews anti submarine warfare vessels austro hungarians largely remained port duration war saw action conflict leave port entirety april returned toulon french_navy intended send ship black_sea join operations major mutiny prevented operation went constantinople october formed core june went naval review toulon september placed reserve leaving member class service service underwent significant refit work lasted february july carried toulon ship armament improved main guns given greater elevation increase range guns installed forward superstructure heavy mast fire control station rangefinder ship anti aircraft guns added refit followed december july elevation main battery guns increased bow section belt armor removed half boilers converted oil firing models final modernization began september lasted august rest coal fired boilers replaced oil fired boilers new turbines main battery guns installed new anti aircraft guns emerging refit assigned 2nd squadron atlantic joined fleet exercises azores morocco ships took cruise africa august involved non intervention patrols outbreak spanish civil war patrols lasted april world war outbreak world war september toulon 2nd squadron serving flagship vice admiral october went drydock periodic maintenance lasted december days later numerous cruisers destroyers sortied cover french merchant shipping west_africa azores middle month french warships returned port sent joined unit conducted fruitless sweeps atlantic gibraltar damaged forced return toulon repairs route intercepted italian passenger ship oceania dispatched inspected sailed january returned force force transferred april arrived days later april sisters cruisers moved alexandria returned following french surrender june french fleet disarmed german italian supervision terms armistice british high command concerned french ships seized axis powers placed service axis navies british_royal_navy prime minister winston_churchill ordered vice admiral commander force french fleet instructed order french vessels join british free french french possessions like martinique outside reach axis powers usa interned sunk july arrived delivered ultimatum hours discussions french rejection ultimatum british ships opened fire returned fire seconds british attacked success hit inch shells exploded killing crew hit times badly damaged shells set fire caused settle harbor explode like sister ship ship subsequently refloated temporarily repaired november transferred toulon arriving 8th escorted destroyers beginning january flagship flag officer training division november german_army occupied toulon prevent seizing fleet including french scuttled ships time moored old pre dreadnought seaplane carrier italians moved toulon raised july guns removed ship coastal battery saint sur outside toulon axis scuttled ship second time harbor ultimately raised april broken scrap | French battleship Provence | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11542_FrenchironcladJeanned'Arc | french ironclad arc french ironclad arc wooden armored corvette built french_navy late 1860s named joan arc roman catholic saint heroine years war arc participated franco prussian war remained commission unlike sisters ship condemned known disposition design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram arc measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph unlike sisters funnels mounted arc carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament arc mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor arc complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service arc laid launched september ship began sea trials march reserve brest commissioned april shortly franco prussian war began assigned july departed company rest cruised danish port july august entered baltic_sea squadron renamed remained baltic attempting blockade prussian ports baltic ordered return september august arc spain departed later day bound accidentally rammed sank dispatch vessel december flagship placed reserve january brest arc recommissioned april service condemned august known fate | French ironclad Jeanne d'Arc | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11619_FrenchdestroyerLéopard | french destroyer french destroyer class destroyer built french_navy 1920s training ship mid-1930s serving convoy escort world war germans invaded france time bombarded advancing german forces near northern french coast took evacuation surrender france seized british july turned escorted convoys beginning year long conversion escort destroyer helped sink german submarine island late ran aground near weeks transferred mediterranean salvage attempts failed wreck abandoned broke half design description class ships designed counter large italian class destroyers overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard metric tons long tons deep load powered geared steam turbines driving propeller shaft steam provided temple boilers turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ship knots mph sea trials reached knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime main armament class ships consisted canon modèle guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear anti aircraft armament consisted canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers carried dozen kilogram depth charges construction career named eponymous ordered february laid august shipyard launched september commissioned june completed october entered service november completion delayed problems propulsion machinery late deliveries sub contractors assigned division based brest completion sister ships jaguar depth charge throwers removed year ship present fleet reviewed president france july year later millimeter guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft july sister 8th assigned brest april 8th redesignated 2nd division sister jaguar joined september world war september longer 2nd assigned convoy escort duties october guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur early ship british type installed addition depth charge throwers gun removed depth charge reduced dozen depth charges improve stability reassigned 2nd unit tasked carry demolition teams northernmost french ports ship arrived sur evening smaller destroyers bombarded advancing german troops approached defenses sur firing shots battle midday special flotilla constituted command admiral flag ships number smaller units support ongoing evacuation june rescued british soldiers boat delivered england mid june defended approaches sailed portsmouth june port surrendered germans ship operation catapult british operation capture disable ships french_navy germans seize use british began july handed august given lieutenant lieutenant went service free french commissioned september repair november british time british took opportunity improve anti aircraft suite gun replaced mounts platform rear funnel guns forecastle moved positions abreast fore funnel pair pounder light guns added platforms forward superstructure completion refit assigned convoy escort duties western approaches february rescued survivors british cargo ship began lengthy conversion escort destroyer kingston hull forward boiler funnel removed replaced additional oil storage additional accommodation ratings reduced maximum speed knots mph increased fuel storage metric tons long tons short tons raised range nmi crew ratings troublesome depth charge sealed machinery removed stern rebuilt accommodate rails stern dozen kilogram heavy depth charges plus additional stored decks existing depth charge throwers replaced improved throwers ship carried total kilogram vii light depth charges throwers compensate weight additional depth charges aft torpedo tubes removed inch gun replaced single millimeter light gun replaced moved positions upper deck occupied guns gun added aft superstructure pair quadruple mounts vickers added forward superstructure type search radar added escorting convoy july frigate hms spotted german submarine surface multiple attacks boat joined sloop hms sank submarine coordinates day collided sloop hms bow british ship repaired south_africa september october selected convince government join free french june collision consequent repairs delayed mission night november arrived island troops aboard landed successfully seized control island capital governor fled interior coast defense battery engaged fired men killed sides hold outs surrendered 30th remained indian_ocean escorting convoys march briefly refitted madagascar march mid april transferred mediterranean arrived alexandria egypt screened convoy malta shortly departed convoy returning alexandria accidentally ran aground near days later aerial attacks disrupted convoy allies attempted failed wreck broke june declared total loss july | French destroyer Léopard | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11620_FrenchminelayingcruiserPluton | french cruiser fast cruiser built french_navy late 1920s able carry troops deck fast troop transport shortly completion modified gunnery training ship replacing elderly armored cruiser shortly beginning world war reverted original role gunnery training equipment removed sent french morocco war began lay minefield order cancelled day later ordered naval mines exploded landing mines september design decided build fast naval programme debut early 1920s similar respects armed single destroyer caliber guns smaller faster fast transport troops sides deck normally open weather metal panels close carrying troops general characteristics long overall beam draft framed hull subdivided transverse watertight bulkheads extensively superstructure save weight resulted problems strength issues fitted single rudder powered electric motor weak job turning circle rudder mph larger long tons light cruiser longer totally relied watertight subdivision survival propulsion shaft unit machinery layout alternating boiler engine rooms single reduction impulse geared steam turbines designed shp shp trials small tube boilers powered turbines pressure cm2 kpa psi auxiliary boiler fitted heat cool ship magazines provide drinking water propeller shaft drove bladed bronze bladed propeller designed speed mph achieved mph trials long tons fuel oil carried originally calculated provide endurance nmi mph revised downwards nmi entered service demands auxiliary machinery seriously turbo generators provided electricity volts diesel generators mounted aft engine room provide power harbor installed special compartment deck emergency use armament originally intended carry single turrets fore aft guns anti aircraft guns light guns guns substituted guns construction began guns added lieu guns construction guns retained future use caliber guns mounts gun shields guns fore aft superfiring positions centerline elevation limits arc fire rate fire nominal rounds minute proved considerably service maximum range shell muzzle velocity rounds provided gun powder shell magazine served pair guns individual semi automatic guns carried fitted amidships funnels platform stern rounds carried rounds ready use boxes near gun guns elevate fired shells muzzle velocity effective anti aircraft range meters guns pair stern removed shortly commissioned obsolete hotchkiss machine guns carried twin mounts mounts bridge atop boiler room housing forward mainmast rounds provided removed shortly commissioned designed carry mines space extra total carried deck deck system rails sides ship moved chain drives pair rails forward end rails transverse spur connected spur facilitated loading mines ship allowed mines moved rails rails ended ramps stern ship sloped angle minimize shock impact mines released chain drive smaller mines carried service entered service experienced problems particularly machinery shortly commissioned navy decided extra role gunnery training ship entered toulon dockyard necessary modifications october quarters men added deck guns machine guns replaced caliber guns hotchkiss machine guns twin mounts mounts guns mounted funnels guns maximum depression maximum elevation fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity rate fire rounds minute maximum effective ceiling hotchkiss guns rate fire rounds minute practical rate rounds minute allow round magazines theoretical ceiling simple fire control director added guns additional installed use spent dockyard hands finishing round modifications april refitted times period add gunnery equipment defects included reinforcement superstructure damaged muzzle blast guns replacement aluminum steel ones high angle fire control director guns added gun converted powered remotely controlled mounts gun shields added guns protect crews blast facilities men installed deck experimental twin gun mount gun shield added starboard guns added bring total boilers repaired refit november march later year major refit involved repair turbines replacement fire control director type long tons light cruisers transfer machine guns positions forward refit november february boilers enclosed director protect weather improved remote control guns added gun shields twin mounts transferred french_navy formed controlled training ships planned convert time training ship consort training cruiser arc june renamed time reserved warfare ships french_navy war approached decided retain extra fire control equipment removed transferred brest reorganization sailed french morocco september mines embarked ordered lay defensive minefield september order rescinded day mines ship ordered mines landing mines september exploded destroying ship killing people crewmen injured significant damage caused flying debris gun armor salvaged war demolition work begin october completed july | French minelaying cruiser Pluton | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11872_FrenchcruiserDupuydeLôme | french cruiser armoured cruiser built french_navy late 1880s 1890s considered world armoured cruiser intended attack enemy merchant ships ship named naval architect completion delayed years problems boilers finally commissioned assigned based brest career ship number visits foreign ports began lengthy reconstruction time completed cruiser regarded obsolete placed reserve aside assignment morocco ship sold paid installments ship remained inactive brest world war french agreed ship keeping money paid sold belgian shipping company converted freighter ship engines broke towed destination cargo coal discovered fire maiden voyage merchant vessel deemed repair towed antwerp later scrapped design description designed fill commerce raiding strategy considered true armoured cruiser superior existing british italian protected cruisers especially relatively thick steel armour control engagement range superior speed heavy armament quick firing guns mounted gun turrets marked contrast intended opponents mounted guns lightly protected casemates pivot mounts ship measured metres perpendiculars beam metres mean draught metres displaced tonnes long tons normal load deep load displaced tonnes long tons metacentric height metres gave ship long slow roll uncertain gunnery platform long cut away bow resembled spur type ram armoured reduced profile reduce blast damage forward guns fired fitted large military masts triple expansion steam engines vertical type centre shaft horizontal types shafts engine drove single propeller shaft propellers metres diameter shaft metre propeller centre shaft steam engines provided fire tube boilers rated total metric horsepower ship designed speed knots mph sea trials april engines produced metric horsepower gave maximum speed knots mph carried tonnes long tons short tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph main armament consisted calibre canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets broadside amidships secondary armament comprised calibre canon modèle guns single gun turrets bow stern turrets stern upper deck interfere anti torpedo boat defence carried millimetre millimetre hotchkiss guns armed millimetre torpedo tubes mounted broadside water ship protected millimetres steel armour edge protective deck metres waterline edge weather deck curved protective deck total thickness millimetres rise ship waterline protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines splinter deck millimetres thick space protective splinter decks filled coal increase effective thickness ship armour cramped coal difficult access watertight internal filled ran length protective deck height metre waterline protective deck ship divided watertight transverse bulkheads protective deck ship conning tower protected turrets armour service laid brest shipyard july launched october number forged steel armour plates proved tests techniques development plates accepted ship commissioned preliminary sea trials april boiler tube burst june burning men necessary modifications fix problem delayed ship completion year testing october showed engines attain metric horsepower hour trial boilers structurally manufacturer agreed replace necessary work delayed ship completion year commissioned new set sea trials november proved reasonably satisfactory finally commissioned assigned based atlantic coast represented france ironclad cruiser opening ceremony following month port visits spain june escorted russian imperial yacht russia began state visit october ship escorted president france visited russia april fitted brief refit began october effectively reduced ship roll half june visited ports spain portugal represented france queen_victoria funeral january february ship began extensive reconstruction brest installation new temple water tube boilers took years complete boilers operating pressure cm2 kpa psi required funnel added necessitated extensive structural modifications rear military mast replaced simple pole mast sea trials july showed ship attain knots mph metric horsepower placed reserve completing refit october recommissioned september service station time ship plates entire water distribution system dismantled cleaning later year placed reserve deemed repair decommissioned march final decision strike navy list february prompted rumoured purchase small italian protected cruiser ecuador peru offered buy french armoured cruiser price million agreed paid peru agreed france costs repairing repairs completed march ship formally transferred renamed instalment paid bought haiti instead ecuador lost interest completing purchase ship left care french october proposals use world war rejected thought obsolete worth january ship officially returned france money paid cost repair money excess estimated scrapping bring turned peru october sold belgian firm converted freighter conventional bow built pseudo ram space accommodate crew engines associated boilers propeller shafts removed forward funnels ship deck armour removed compromise structural strength delivered december began voyage carrying tonnes long tons coal cardiff rio_de_janeiro january engine repairs day completed february engine broke mid atlantic towed spanish arriving march towed ship arrival june coal hold found fire extinguished june ship remained harbour october towed antwerp arriving november lay idle sold scrap march towed | French cruiser Dupuy de Lôme | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11885_FrenchironcladThétis | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy late 1860s named greek sea goddess franco prussian war assigned squadron french ships attempted blockade prussian ports baltic_sea accidentally rammed sister route pacific propeller fell return france sail eventually design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph unlike sisters arc funnels mounted carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service named greek sea goddess laid toulon launched august ship began sea trials reserve brest following year commissioned july franco prussian war assigned july departed company rest cruised danish port july august entered baltic_sea squadron renamed remained baltic attempting blockade prussian ports baltic ordered return september ship assigned detached following year revolution sister spent september october port spain protect french citizens temporary flagship vice admiral october armored frigate caught fire exploded toulon paid march recommissioned april service july accidentally rammed run ashore prevent sinking ship reserve intended flagship sister sent instead october commissioned flagship sailed pacific lost propeller return sail admiral transferred flag ended days hulk | French ironclad Thétis | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11910_FrenchironcladSuffren | french ironclad wooden armored frigate class built french_navy mid late 1860s improvement class ironclad laid ship launched commissioned french ships assigned international squadron gathered force ottoman_empire carry obligations treaty berlin ship paid discarded years later design description class ironclads designed improved version class ironclads ships central battery ironclads armament concentrated amidships time french ironclad watertight iron bulkheads fitted hull like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low feet propulsion class ships horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving single propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph class ships barque rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships main armament mounted barbettes upper deck gun corner battery remaining guns battery deck barbettes armament upgraded commissioned millimeter guns barbettes battery deck millimeter guns millimeter guns millimeter gun millimeter guns replaced millimeter guns caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells point ship received dozen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft late ship career water millimeter torpedo tubes added armor ocean class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected millimeter iron plates says barbette armor later removed improve stability confirmed source service laid july launched december ship began sea trials january completed august placed reserve completion commissioned march flagship career flagship admiral quarters september ship assigned division participated international naval demonstration later month command vice admiral royal_navy attempt force ottoman_empire comply terms treaty berlin turn town montenegro reduced reserve recommissioned august assigned ship transferred remained paid condemned | French ironclad Suffren | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
11990_FrenchironcladFriedland | french ironclad french ironclad originally intended iron version class armoured frigate built french_navy 1870s altered prolonged construction named french victory battle ship spent bulk career assigned supported french occupation tunisia condemned design description central battery ironclad armament concentrated amidships like ironclads era fitted shaped ram ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons metric tons long tons larger ocean class ironclads crew numbered officers men millimetre watertight bulkheads divided hull compartments reached main deck double metacentric height ship low little feet propulsion cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph initially ship rigged masts barque rigged finally fore aft rigged mainmast removed armament armour millimetre guns mounted barbettes upper deck gun forward corner battery remaining millimetre guns battery deck barbettes millimetre guns upper deck fore aft barbettes battery deck calibre millimeter gun fired armour piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells point ship received millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft water millimeter torpedo tubes added added complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt sides transverse bulkheads battery armoured millimeters wrought iron barbettes service laid january launched october exact reason prolonged construction time known budget french_navy cut franco prussian war french reformed working practices suitable industrial age ship began sea trials completed june joined ship bombarded port july french occupation tunisia reduced reserve decommissioned returned active duty paid condemned | French ironclad Friedland | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
12220_FrenchbattleshipLiberté | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy lead ship class laid november launched april completed march year revolutionary british battleship ships like obsolete commissioning assigned mediterranean_fleet served half years moored toulon september explosion badly degraded charges detonated forward ammunition magazines officers men killed ship totally destroyed wreck remained harbor raised broken scrap design laid shipyard november launched april completed march year revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like outdated completed ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men battleship powered vertical triple expansion steam engines belleville boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets casemates hull carried thirteen pounder guns pounders ship armed torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history commissioning assigned september justice visited united_states battleships commanded admiral foreign contingent arrive september moored toulon harbor accidental explosion forward ammunition magazines secondary guns destroyed ship initial explosion charges ship commander captain tried organize damage control teams stern sent party forward flood magazines prevent explosion main magazines flooding located magazines path blocked fires smoke failed attempts reach men returned captain ordered try killed main magazines exploded shortly explosion metric ton long ton short ton armor plate ship battleship moored away caused significant damage french_navy earlier suffered series fatal accidents toulon beginning explosion aboard torpedo boat february men killed following month battleship blew killing men explosion aboard gunnery training ship killed august explosion cruiser killed men killed aboard cruiser year later september explosion aboard killed officers men culprit unstable based responsible destruction possibly explosions wreck remained toulon raised broken scrap accidental explosion high number victims justified state president occurred following october tragedy raised emotional wave solidarity france small villages sending financial support help families victims captain responsibility disaster subsequent naval board hold sea going command | French battleship Liberté | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
12701_FrenchbattleshipCondorcet | french battleship class semi dreadnought battleships built french_navy world war began august unsuccessfully searched german battlecruiser light cruiser western later month ship participated adriatic_sea helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser spent rest war blockading dardanelles german austro hungarian turkish warships war modernized subsequently training ship ship converted accommodation hulk captured intact germans occupied november house sailors navy kriegsmarine badly damaged allied bombing later raised scrapped design description class battleships significant improvement preceding class advent dreadnought completed combined poor traits including great weight coal carry unsuccessful ships overall numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean meters long overall beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew officers enlisted men ship powered parsons steam turbines steam generated boilers turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph reached speed knots mph sea trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam miles nmi speed knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen guns hotchkiss guns ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides wartime modifications war anti aircraft guns installed roofs ship forward gun turrets mainmast shortened allow ship fly captive balloon elevation guns increased extended range meters career begun december ship laid august launched april completed july initially assigned 1st division 1st squadron mediterranean_fleet commissioned ship participated combined fleet maneuvers tunisia june subsequent naval review conducted president france june joined squadron tour october december participated grand fleet exercise mediterranean world war beginning war ship sister dreadnought unsuccessfully searched german battlecruiser light cruiser august cruised attempt prevent german ships breaking west august combined admiral including sweep adriatic_sea allied ships encountered austro hungarian cruiser escorted destroyer blockading coast montenegro ships escape remained allow away sunk gunfire battle coast bar montenegro subsequently participated number raids adriatic later year patrolled december ship participated distant blockade based december athens contributed troops allied attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia shortly transferred prevent breaking mediterranean remained september ship transferred 2nd division 1st squadron returned remained rest war postwar career december march represented france allied squadron supervised settlement yugoslav question ship assigned french_navy modernized improve underwater protection aft guns removed sisters assigned housed torpedo electrical schools torpedo tube fitted port quarterdeck partially disarmed converted accommodation hulk propellers removed famous underwater explorer began diving stationed aboard ship april ship towed sea evaluate battleship battle september gun explosion breech shell thought cause number shots successfully fired aft turret remote control following july ship modified house signal radio schools areas installed bases funnels removed previously latest radio equipment installed students train later year accidentally rammed submarine leaving drydock impact ship hull flooded compartment required repairs ship captured intact germans occupied november unlike bulk toulon scuttled aboard germans barracks ship badly damaged allied aircraft august scuttled month germans ship salvaged september listed sale december breaking completed | French battleship Condorcet | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
12774_FrenchironcladAtalante | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy played minor role franco prussian war bombarded vietnamese forts participated sino french war reduced reserve sank years later having condemned design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service laid june launched april sea trials began april joined reserve brest july commissioned february initially assigned transferring july outbreak franco prussian war squadron ordered lift blockade prussian north_sea ports september return went reserve november recommissioned following year named flagship july command rear admiral baron august sailed return february placed reserve arrival recommissioned december flagship departed january returned ship spent years reserve recommissioned july service french division transferred new french division des formed august participated attack french forts defending mouth leading vietnamese capital attempt vietnamese government assigned bombard french commander vice admiral days bombardment landing party ship captured fort ensign french aboard battle participated landing wrote articles describing experiences published newspaper pen ship assigned french orient admiral formed amalgamation june preparation sino french war early september carried admiral september ship paid reserve condemned years later fell state disrepair night gradually sank mud | French ironclad Atalante | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
12967_Océan-classironclad | class ironclad class ironclads group wooden armored frigates built french_navy mid late 1860s attempted blockade prussian ports baltic_sea franco prussian war participated french conquest tunisia flagship squadron assigned flagship career ships discarded 1890s design description class ironclads designed improved version class ironclads ships central battery ironclads armament concentrated amidships time french ironclad watertight iron bulkheads fitted hull like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram ships measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men metacentric height ships low feet propulsion class ships horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving single propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engines produced indicated horsepower ships reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph class ships barque rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships main armament mounted barbettes upper deck gun corner battery remaining guns battery deck barbettes original armament consisted millimeter guns barbettes battery deck millimeter millimeter guns upgraded millimeter guns barbettes millimeter battery deck commissioned later ships armed millimeter guns barbettes millimeter guns seven millimeter battery deck caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells millimeter guns replaced millimeter guns point ships received dozen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft late ships careers water millimeter torpedo tubes added armor ocean class ships complete millimeter waterline belt wrought iron sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected millimeter iron plates says barbette armor later removed improve stability confirmed source ships service franco prussian war assigned attempted blockade prussian ports baltic recalled september ordered return afterward assigned placed reserve recommissioned service lengthy refit assigned completed ship transferred reduced reserve assigned year later training ship naval condemned running sea trials began immediately reserve recommissioned service placed reserve october ship recommissioned assigned transferred french division levant february bombarded port july french conquest tunisia remained mediterranean assigned flagship led squadron port visit reduced reserve following year sold placed reserve completed sea trials commissioned march flagship career ship flagship admiral quarters september ship assigned division participated international naval demonstration later month command vice admiral royal_navy attempt force ottoman_empire comply terms treaty berlin turn town montenegro reduced reserve recommissioned august assigned ship transferred remained paid condemned | Océan-class ironclad | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
13626_EdgarQuinet-classcruiser | cruiser class type armored cruiser built french_navy ships class built based previous cruiser primary improvement powerful uniform main battery guns class powerful type armored cruiser built france entered service years british battlecruiser hms invincible big gun armament rendered armored cruisers ships operated mediterranean_fleet entering service remained fleet world war participated blockade adriatic contained early war period took august unsuccessfully attacked twice austro hungarian boats participated allied intervention russian civil war black_sea remained mediterranean contemporaneous converted training ship running aground coast january pulled free sank days later served flagship far_east fleet decommissioned returning france scrapped development 1890s naval france particularly admiral advocated building fleet armored cruisers based french ship type ships capable long range commerce raiding action line battle older battleships reconnaissance main fleet french navy subsequently built series armored cruisers culminating class ships design ships based heavily predecessor like design repeatedly reworked construction produced lengthy construction times powerful armored cruisers built france entered service years british battlecruiser hms invincible british ship big gun armament turbine propulsion rendered armored cruisers description general characteristics machinery ships class meters long overall beam draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons hulls constructed mild steel fitted improve stability ships military foremast fighting pole mainmast forecastle deck extended ship far main mast crew officers enlisted men power plant consisted cylinder triple expansion engines powered coal fired belleville boilers boilers boilers funnels groups engines rated indicated horsepower produced speed knots mph engines divided individual watertight compartments boilers grouped pairs watertight compartments maximum coal capacity amounted long tons short tons permitted cruising range nautical miles speed knots mph electrical power supplied electric generators armament armor ships armed main battery fourteen caliber guns twin gun turrets forward aft single gun turrets broadside turret allowed loading angle elevation electrically operated forward turrets range train degrees guns mounted casemates abreast main aft conning towers upper main decks respectively gun rate fire rounds minute ships ammunition magazines equipped standardized french warships following accidental destruction battleship magazine close range defense torpedo boats provided battery pounder guns casemates ship hull ships guns removed pair anti aircraft guns pair guns installed equipped torpedo tubes submerged hull ships protected armored belt thick amidships reduced forward aft armored decks lower main deck thick upper deck gun turrets thick plating thick barbettes casemates marginally thinner protection pairs casemates linked transverse armored bulkheads outer bulkhead thick inner bulkhead thick main conning tower thick sides underwater protection consisted built lower hull longitudinal watertight bulkhead ships service history entering service early respectively assigned mediterranean_fleet participated international naval demonstration included british german austro hungarian vessels albania demonstration protest siege balkan war succeeded forcing serbian army withdraw allowing international force occupy city saw service mediterranean world war joined hunt german battlecruiser august ships participated blockade austro hungarian navy adriatic later august present battle saw sinking austro hungarian cruiser patrol mouth adriatic attacked twice austro hungarian boats submarine able hit cruiser action october austro hungarian destroyers briefly boat attacked cruisers involved seizure january end war ships continued service eastern mediterranean black seas joined allied intervention russian civil war operated support white russians shortly arriving crew poor conditions quickly resumed duties remained mediterranean turkish war great fire climax conflict rescued people city converted training ship role filled remainder decade january ran aground coast freed sank days later assigned flagship far_east fleet remained returned france decommissioned arrival broken scrap | Edgar Quinet-class cruiser | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
13834_FrenchironcladReineBlanche | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy late 1860s improvement armored played minor role franco prussian war accidentally rammed sisters ship bombarded port french occupation tunisia sent pacific quickly returned port worn boilers condemned later year design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suited foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowing ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service laid launched march ship began sea trials april reserve brest completed commissioned july cruise franco prussian war placed reserve september recommissioned july flagship second division revolution sister spent september october port spain protect french citizens reduced reserve february recommissioned april july accidentally rammed run ashore prevent sinking placed reserve recommissioned april service july bombarded port french occupation tunisia ship named flagship january command returned worn boilers hull poor shape paid condemned november | French ironclad Reine Blanche | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
13859_FrenchbattleshipJustice | french battleship justice justice pre dreadnought battleship class built french_navy sister ships justice laid april launched october completed february year revolutionary british battleship ships like justice obsolete armed main battery guns compared guns caliber mounted dreadnought commissioning justice assigned mediterranean_fleet september traveled united_states outbreak world war august assigned 2nd division 2nd squadron mediterranean_fleet covered troop convoys north_africa france days war spent rest based seeing action war ended participated allied intervention russian civil war mutiny french fleet april led fleet withdrawal justice sold scrapping design justice laid shipyard toulon april launched october completed february year revolutionary british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like justice outdated completed ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load justice crew officers enlisted men ship powered vertical triple expansion engines boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons justice main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets casemates hull carried thirteen pounder guns pounders ship armed torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history september justice visited united_states battleships commanded admiral foreign contingent arrive ships departed brest arrived new_york seven days later having run average knots mph performance ships propulsion systems regarded satisfactory contemporary naval experts including early french_navy conducted experiments wireless justice tests wireless pick messages far miles away october accidental fire aboard justice threatened destroy ship way similar explosion destroyed sister ship month fire believed started short circuit electrical system near forward magazines fire nearly reached ammunition magazines ship commander ordered magazines flooded catastrophic explosion occurred days battleship flood magazines accidental fire later year ship featured film day french battleship justice outbreak world war august justice assigned 1st division 2nd squadron mediterranean french fleet initially cover movement french troops corps algeria metropolitan france result fleet far position catch german battlecruiser majority war french main fleet austro hungarian fleet adriatic_sea participated battle line caught austro hungarian cruiser surprise sank french battleships bombarded austrian fortifications attempt draw austro hungarian fleet refused bait french operations area hampered lack suitable base close mouth adriatic british given french free access malta hundreds miles away austrians possessed submarines torpedoed dreadnought december threat underwater weapons greatly limited french naval activities adriatic war progressed french eventually settled greek island primary naval base area later war justice sent sister ships end war justice participated french naval intervention russian civil war black_sea based april mutiny french fleet starting battleship france squadron flagship point mutiny crew justice briefly flew red flag remained relatively calm situation worsened group greek soldiers fired crowd ashore french sailor killed injured justice crew enraged began discussing opening fire greek battleship moored nearby justice captain ordered ship guns disabled removing breech blocks prevent attack situation eventually returning french squadron france primary demands ultimately justice stricken naval register sold scrap | French battleship Justice | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
14367_FrenchbattleshipMirabeau | french battleship class semi dreadnought battleships built french_navy decade twentieth century ship spent world war blockading dardanelles prevent german austro hungarian turkish warships breaking mediterranean participate attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia late briefly participated occupation constantinople end war deployed black_sea early allied intervention russian civil war ran aground february coast refloated guns armor removed returning france ship accommodation hulk condemned later sold scrap broken design description class battleships significant improvement preceding class advent dreadnought completed liked french_navy numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean meters long overall beam meters load draft meters displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew officers enlisted men ship powered parsons steam turbines steam generated belleville boilers turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph reached speed knots mph sea trials carried maximum metric tons long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen caliber millimeter guns millimeter hotchkiss guns armed submerged millimeter torpedo tubes ship waterline armor belt millimeters thick main battery protected millimeters armor conning tower millimeter thick sides wartime modifications war millimeter anti aircraft guns installed roofs ship forward millimeter gun turrets elevation millimeter guns increased extended range meters career construction ship named early leader french revolution construction began ship laid launched october completed august sisters participated large naval review president france september ship assigned squadron mediterranean_fleet commissioned ship participated combined fleet maneuvers tunisia june subsequent naval review conducted president council june joined squadron tour october december making port visits egypt syria greece participated grand fleet exercise world war august ship refitted toulon ship participated distant blockade based malta november transported landing parties ships division athens december landing parties formed provisional battalion participated allied attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia greek resistance allied action ended fired rounds main armament city landed near royal palace spent based prevent german battlecruiser breaking mediterranean april accompanied sisters remained rest war postwar armistice signed october allies ottoman_empire ship participated early stage occupation constantinople november december end year deployed black_sea support white russian forces deter soviet forces advancing city russian civil war ran aground february refloated forward millimeter gun turret barbette forward belt armor removed ship towed toulon battleship justice april subsequently accommodation hulk condemned october later scrapped | French battleship Mirabeau | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
14614_LaGalissonnière-classironclad | class ironclad class ironclads group wooden armored built french_navy 1870s meant heavier armed faster version alma class ironclad ships begun franco prussian war construction ships delayed years navy took advantage extended construction time ships upgrade armament bombarded french occupation tunisia half sister participated number battles sino french war sister career ships decommissioned 1890s design description class ironclads designed faster heavily armed versions alma class ironclads central battery layout predecessors battery lengthened meters provide room work larger millimeter guns propeller layout adopted unsuccessful attempt reduce ship draft later ships designed reduced number screws improve sailing qualities added millimeter bow forecastle increased caliber secondary armament measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons ship metacentric height meters meters perpendiculars beam meters ships mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew ships numbered officers men propulsion wolf vertical compound steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engines produced total indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters single vertical compound steam engine driving single propeller boilers trials engines produced indicated horsepower ships reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ships steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships mounted millimeter guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship positioned funnel later ships theirs forward funnel secondary armament millimeter guns mounted upper deck replaced millimeter guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells ship received millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute received towed harvey torpedoes stocks armament reinforced additional millimeter chase gun secondary armament increased millimeter guns received hotchkiss guns harvey torpedoes completion caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity armor class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high laid millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected thin iron plates construction service initial commissions pacific caribbean assigned french division levant bombarded port july french occupation tunisia early flagship assigned command vice admiral participated actions sino french war ships fought destroying small chinese fleet coastal defenses defending supplied landing parties october forced retreat chinese troops suffering casualties killed wounded ships known participation war helped capture march placed reserve finished sea trials commissions flagship pacific china squadrons relieved flagship april flagship arrived france bad shape soon placed reserve summer maneuvers coast july ship initially condemned reversed convoy torpedo boats plan later cancelled paid outer harbor brest finally condemned following year | La Galissonnière-class ironclad | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
14893_FrenchbattleshipJeanBart(1911) | french battleship second ship class battleships dreadnoughts built french_navy completed world war naval building programme spent war mediterranean helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser august spent rest providing gunfire support torpedoed submarine december compartments flooded able steam malta repairs required half months return spent remainder war participating adriatic end world war sister ship france sent black_sea support allied troops allied intervention russian civil war crew sympathy mutiny returned mediterranean partially modernized twice 1920s deemed poor condition refitted 1930s renamed disarmed harbour training ship toulon germans captured intact occupied toulon testing large shaped charge sunk allied bombing raised scrapped description metres long overall beam metres load draft metres bow displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load proved wet service bow heavy superimposed turrets forward propellers powered parsons direct drive steam turbines rated shaft horsepower belleville water tube boilers provided steam turbines boilers coal burning auxiliary oil designed speed knots mph carried long tons coal long tons oil steam nautical miles speed knots mph main armament consisted millimetre calibre guns mounted twin gun turrets turrets superimposed fore aft flank ship anti torpedo boat defence carried millimetre guns mounted casemates millimetre modèle hotchkiss guns fitted beam armed millimetre submerged torpedo tubes torpedoes waterline armoured belt extended waterline french concerned protection underwater hits main armour thinner british german counterparts covered area millimetres thick fore aft turrets tapered bow stern extended metres normal waterline main belt belt thick covered sides secondary armament forecastle deck metres deep fore aft turrets conning tower armour thick main gun turrets millimetres armour faces millimetres sides roofs millimetres thick barbettes millimetres armour anti torpedo bulkhead longitudinal bulkhead abreast machinery spaces coal bunker left void career built brest keel laid october launched september completed november finished trials world war began following year escorted france carrying president state visit saint_petersburg russia july returning russia world war began france encountering german ships shortly start war commander allied naval forces mediterranean decided sweep adriatic surprise austrian vessels enforcing blockade montenegro anglo french force included succeeded cutting sinking austro hungarian protected cruiser engagement august accompanying destroyer managed escape spent rest providing gunfire support torpedoed submarine december torpedo struck wine store forward magazine able steam malta repairs required half months attack forced battleships fall malta french occupied neutral greek island ships moved forward activities limited crews man anti submarine ships served greece end war fitted seven millimetre anti aircraft guns single mounts guns adaptations famous french field gun april helping defend advancing crew france mutiny collapsed vice admiral agreed meet main demand ships home crewmen sentenced prison terms return sentences bargain prime minister parties left ship returned toulon received october january included replacing set boilers oil fired boilers forward funnels increasing maximum elevation main armament removal bow armour installation fire control director metres rangefinder atop new foremast replacement guns guns millimetre machine guns refitted august september extensive earlier refit set boilers converted oil firing direct drive cruising turbines replaced geared turbines fire control systems upgraded large cruiser type fire control director added atop foremast coincidence rangefinder metre stereo rangefinder rangefinder conning tower replaced unit carrying rangefinder added armoured hood main mast directors secondary guns added navigation bridge metre coincidence rangefinder metres rangefinder added roof turret second bow guns exchanged guns provided metre unit conning tower turret aft superstructure condition poor thought worth expense refit like sisters given disarmed harbour training ship renamed year free use new class battleship constructed new captured intact germans november day scuttled germans experiments large shaped charge delivered composite aircraft sunk allied aircraft later raised scrapping beginning december | French battleship Jean Bart (1911) | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
14983_FrenchseaplanecarrierCommandantTeste | french seaplane carrier large seaplane tender french_navy french built world war designed large possible counting limits spanish civil war protected neutral merchant shipping played limited role world war spent early war north african waters acting aviation transport france north_africa slightly damaged british bombardment july scuttled toulon germans invaded november refloated war considered conversion escort training carrier proposal accepted sold scrap design completion aircraft carrier desired aviation vessel lack hull converted aircraft carrier expensive settled seaplane carrier french transport aviation act mobile aviation base support specific attack ship restricted maximum size long tons standard displacement prevented counting france long tons carrier served costs relatively low description long overall maximum beam draught displaced long tons standard load long tons normal load long tons load ship high profile concerns stability bad weather significant weight mounted high ship notably cranes anti aircraft guns increase stability lateral tanks fitted butterfly valve connecting water flow tanks counter rolling motion trials system judged successful ship roll maintenance system proved problematic tanks difficult access propulsion shaft unit machinery layout alternating boiler engine rooms direct action geared steam turbines designed shp small tube boilers powered turbines pressure cm2 kpa psi temperature boilers required modifications ship trials forward boiler room oil fired use fuel oil coal designed speed mph exceeded mph trials july short tons fuel oil carried short tons coal provided range nmi mph nmi mph coal turbo generators provided electricity volts diesel generators fitted provide power harbor armament originally going carry mixture anti surface anti aircraft guns changed construction began main battery caliber dual purpose guns powered single mounts guns mounted fore aft mounted elevation limits rate fire rounds minute maximum range armor piercing shell muzzle velocity rounds provided gun including rounds rounds semi automatic guns carried fitted fore aft platforms single funnel rounds carried rounds gun guns elevate fired shells muzzle velocity effective anti aircraft ceiling twin machine gun mounts fitted mounts bridge wings upper funnel platform stern hotchkiss guns rate fire rounds minute practical rate rounds minute allow round magazines theoretical ceiling fire control directors mounted control guns bridge atop rear superstructure director fitted rangefinder upgrade planned improve director performance surface targets carried anti aircraft guns controlled single rangefinder provided fore aft guns protection waterline armor belt maximum thickness abreast machinery spaces high ship protected fire waterline partial transverse bulkheads thick magazines protected sides ends roofs deck consisted layers plating increased layers boilers armor protected steering gear sides conning tower thick roof thick aircraft arrangements large hangar amidships decks high measured approximately bulkhead incorporated exhaust funnel ventilation machinery spaces accommodate large torpedo bombers folding wings smaller aircraft folding wings lieu torpedo bomber additional large aircraft smaller aircraft carried dismantled hold hangar aircraft moved system wheeled running rails extended half hangar quarterdeck rear ship torpedo bombers moved quarterdeck wings extended lowered water large crane stern ship hangar compressed air launch capacity long tons smaller fighter reconnaissance lifted large hangar roofs cranes mounted corner hangar mounted catapult trials took hours embark group aircraft minutes embark single reconnaissance seven minutes launch section catapult aircraft designed accommodate naval version torpedo bomber obsolete commissioned torpedo bomber briefly proved fragile landing sea replaced improved july august replaced march scouting squadron initially equipped fixed wing folding wing arrived october replaced turn improved early larger flying boat replaced april modified handle greater weight fighter embarked designed role proved greatly classed contemporary land based fighters built service history served commissioning refitted november august guns given gun shields september based protect neutral shipping commerce raiders spanish civil war february refitted toulon upgrade served aviation transport france colonies north_africa august embarked sailed world war began month north african waters december returned toulon landed aircraft served aircraft transport french north_africa half late june transferred crowded anchorage lightly damaged shell splinters british attack july suffered casualties arrived toulon october subsequently disarmed june reactivated gunnery training ship toulon germans invaded scuttled november avoid capture germans refloated italians captured germans september sunk following year allied bombs august raised february thought considered conversion escort training carrier proposals eventually dropped ship store ship equipment sold scrap | French seaplane carrier Commandant Teste | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
15036_FrenchcruiserLatouche-Tréville | french cruiser class armored cruisers built french_navy 1890s ship spent bulk career mediterranean assigned island crete protect french interests citizens spent decade 20th century training ship reserve ship recommissioned world war began escorted convoys months assigned eastern mediterranean support allied operations bombard ottoman controlled coast lightly damaged ottoman shell providing naval gunfire support training ship late decommissioned stricken navy list following year sold scrap design description class ships designed smaller cheaper preceding armored cruiser design like older ship intended fill commerce raiding strategy ship measured meters long overall beam meters forward draft meters drew meters aft displaced metric tons long tons normal load metric tons long tons deep load class triple expansion steam engines driving single propeller shaft steam engines provided belleville boilers engines rated total metric horsepower forced draught designed speed knots mph sea trials december engines produced metric horsepower ship reached maximum speed knots mph carried metric tons long tons short tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph ships class main armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft superstructure secondary armament comprised canon modèle guns single gun turrets broadside anti torpedo boat defense carried millimeter guns millimeter millimeter revolving hotchkiss guns armed millimeter torpedo tubes mounted broadside water unlike sister ships gun turrets electrically powered rated kilowatts performed trials electrical installation proved unreliable service operated friction clutch tended burn normal operating direct current components caused mechanical components wore quickly anticipated addition system water resistant water entered turrets uncommon occurrence replaced reliable system class generally protected millimeters steel armor meters waterline meters centimeters tapered thickness armor ends ships millimeters curved protective deck mild steel thickness millimeters centerline increased millimeters outer edges protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines thin splinter deck watertight internal filled ran length ship protective deck height meters waterline protective deck ship divided watertight transverse bulkheads ship conning tower turrets protected millimeters armor construction career named honor vice admiral laid april shipyard launched november commissioned sea trials october initial trials successful testing revealed multiple problems required year half work commissioned service initially assigned participated fleet review president august transferred 2nd light division january ship briefly assigned marine sister protected cruiser transferred october sent bay crete march outbreak turkish war stayed june october ship rejoined light division remained mediterranean_fleet july time participated fleet review king italy april combined fleet maneuvers june july presidential fleet review july gunnery training january forward turret damaged repair february installed october ships ordered proceed port landing companies marines occupied major ports island november agreed enforce contracts french companies repay loans french banks gale december toulon small cargo liner blown ram run aground sink cruiser barely damaged incident ship based duty eastern mediterranean december visited naples april entire participated spring cruise eastern mediterranean shortly placed reserve july new armored cruiser replaced light division time guns removed number guns increased addition electrical system turrets upgraded minor modifications recommissioned february assigned gunnery school following month torpedo tubes removed september aft turret badly damaged loaded guns breech opened blew turret door threw sighting hood ship deck ship saved lost closed door magazine ammunition fourteen crewmen killed wounded incident repairs took end year complete resumed duties placed reserve january recommissioned november service levant departed toulon december arrived egypt december ship refitted tunisia november december time military masts replaced light pole masts arrived egypt december resumed duties recalled july surplus equipment tensions rose shortly outbreak world war ship assigned escort convoys morocco france sisters blockaded february transferred dardanelles transferred syrian squadron march later bombarded ottoman installations railroad bridge acre palestine rejoined dardanelles squadron april providing fire support june aft turret struck millimeter shell killed men wounded transferred conduct anti submarine patrols june august repairs toulon august september ship returned support allied forces near greece ordered home january refitted completion february spent year half central eastern mediterranean performing variety missions ship placed reserve december served gunnery training ship returned toulon december decommissioned condemned june hulk company wreck battleship accommodations workshop september sold scrap france | French cruiser Latouche-Tréville | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
15088_FrenchironcladColbert | french ironclad french ironclad lead ship class ironclads built french_navy 1870s ship flagship career took french conquest tunisia notably landing troops july paid condemned ship finally sold scrap design description class ships designed improved versions ironclad central battery ironclad armament concentrated amidships like ironclads era equipped shaped ram crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low little feet ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propulsion reverted single propeller shaft improve sailing qualities wolf cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine engine powered oval boilers designed capacity indicated horsepower sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried maximum metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck gun forward corners battery additional guns battery deck barbettes upper deck cut away improve ability barbette guns bear fore aft millimeter mounted forecastle chase gun ship secondary armament consisted millimeter guns forward battery aft guns replaced millimeter gun stern ship mounted water millimeter torpedo tubes ship guns fire solid shot explosive shells millimeter modèle gun credited ability penetrate maximum inches wrought iron armor gun penetrate inches armor point ship received fourteen eighteen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns gun range meters rate fire rounds minute armor class ships complete wrought iron waterline belt millimeters thick amidships tapered millimeters stern backed millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed transverse armored bulkheads millimeters thick backed millimeters wood barbettes deck millimeters thick service named honor king laid brest july launched september exact reason prolonged construction time known believed reduction french_navy budget franco prussian war date work practices french likely causes ship began sea trials flagship august october flagship post hold january placed reserve bombarded port july french occupied tunisia flagship april disarmed paid condemned august sold scrap | French ironclad Colbert | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
15763_FrenchdestroyerLynx | french destroyer french destroyer class destroyer built french_navy 1920s regarded obsolete training ship torpedo school toulon year assigned convoy escort duties atlantic start world war september july ship present british attacked french ships managed escape damage reached toulon placed reserve remained years november scuttled toulon germans attempted capture french ships wreck salvaged broken design description class ships designed counter large italian class destroyers overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard metric tons long tons deep load powered geared steam turbines driving propeller shaft steam provided temple boilers turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ship knots mph sea trials april turbines provided metric horsepower shp reached knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime main armament class ships consisted canon modèle guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear anti aircraft armament consisted canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers carried dozen kilogram depth charges construction career named eponymous ordered february laid saint shipyard january launched february completed october entered service november completion delayed problems propulsion machinery late deliveries sub contractors ship assigned division 2nd squadron based brest completion sister ships jaguar july participated naval review president france depth charge throwers removed year ship present fleet reviewed new president france july years later millimeter guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft ship assigned 11th application toulon regarded obsolete war started september belonged 4th division sisters assigned convoy escort duties october guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur january ship british type installed months later depth charge throwers gun removed depth charge reduced dozen depth charges improve stability transferred french algeria june france surrendered ship managed escape harbor british attack july sister briefly engaged destroyer sisters depth charged submarine french ships headed toulon arrived following day oldest french service sisters reduced reserve stripped light anti aircraft armament november scuttled toulon rest french fleet prevent capture germans refloated january beached adjacent port wreck raised broken | French destroyer Lynx | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
15960_Courbet-classbattleship | class battleship class battleships dreadnoughts built french_navy world war class comprised ships france paris ships deployed mediterranean_sea entirety world war spending time escorting french troop convoys north_africa covering barrage anglo french fleet led succeeded sinking austro hungarian protected cruiser torpedoed bow december able steam malta repairs france sank striking rock wars surviving ships times rebuilt thoroughly prevent obsolete comparison modern german italian battleships relegated training duties 1930s paris escaped portsmouth depot accommodation ships french armistice renamed school hulk toulon captured november scuttled experiments large shaped charge germans sunk allies later broken place scuttled june harbour design concerned underwater hits class french designers decided extend waterline armour belt waterline compared contemporaries main armour thinner british german counterparts covered area secondary armament smaller size guns germans british inch guns french placed premium rate fire size order stop torpedo boats got torpedo range general characteristics longer predecessors overall ships beam load draft bow ships significantly heavier previous class class ships displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load tonnes long tons earlier ships ships proved wet service bow heavy superimposed turrets forward propulsion class ships parsons direct drive steam turbines rated shp ship belleville water tube boilers small sixteen large large boilers forward boiler rooms small boilers rear boiler room boiler room housed boilers boilers coal burning auxiliary oil speed knots mph faster trials ships carried long tons coal long tons oil steam nautical miles speed knots mph armament french rejected standard configuration main armament class calibre guns mounted twin gun turrets turrets superimposed fore aft flank ship guns maximum elevation fired kilogram armour piercing projectiles muzzle velocity rate rounds minute maximum elevation provided maximum range guns provided shells ships secondary armament consisted guns mounted casemates guns fired kilogram semi armour piercing shells muzzle velocity guns elevated provided maximum range metres rate fire rounds minute gun provided rounds guns low washed kind sea ships carried modèle hotchkiss guns beam class ships armed submerged torpedo tubes carried torpedoes fire control arrangements primitive provided rangefinder conning tower turret rangefinder armoured hood rear turret armour class ships waterline armoured belt deep thick fore aft turrets tapered bow stern extended normal waterline main belt belt thick covered sides secondary armament forecastle deck deep fore aft turrets vertical armour backed wood ship decks armoured built layers plates sides lowest armoured deck curved meet lower edge waterline belt armour increased thickness conning tower armour thick main gun turrets armour faces sides roofs thick barbettes armour anti torpedo bulkhead longitudinal bulkhead abreast machinery spaces coal bunker left void construction career early service class ships completed year start world war known activities time france escorted carried president state visit saint_petersburg russia july returning russia world war began france encountering german ships world war france british agreed french fleet concentrate mediterranean contain austro hungarian fleet class ships sailed war began flagship admiral commander decided immediately sweep adriatic surprise austrian vessels enforcing blockade montenegro anglo french force included succeeded cutting sinking austro hungarian protected cruiser bar august accompanying destroyer managed escape spent rest providing gunfire support hit december torpedo wine store forward magazine able steam malta repairs required half months forced battleships fall malta french occupied neutral greek island moved forward activities limited crews man anti submarine ships post war post war assessment listed weaknesses director control guns elevation main guns insufficient protection torpedoes weak horizontal protection fire weak anti aircraft defense coal fired organisation crew lighting method orders old fashioned survivors refitted times interwar period remedy issues comprehensive planned included installation director control mounted new replacement larger units addition alteration main gun turrets allow elevation partial replacement coal fired boilers oil fired units replacement direct drive turbines geared turbines removal bow armour reduce weight forward addition modern anti aircraft guns inter war careers april helping defend advancing crews france collapsed vice admiral agreed meet main demand ships home crewmen france sentenced prison terms return bargain prime minister parties left france wrecked striking rock low tide deaths crew received stage october january underwent second stage august september condition poor earlier training ship toulon renamed release new class battleship flagship vice june october following year gunnery training ship toulon suffered boiler fire june caused repaired given upgrades july april sur boiler fire august remained repair rest year resumed duties gunnery training ship return dockyard refitted january january transferred gunnery school navigation school final refit april september reverted role gunnery training ship ordered brest sister paris outbreak world war paris sent december supervise surrendered austro hungarian fleet remained march provided cover greek troops returning toulon june received upgrades brest october november supported amphibious landing spanish troops summer attacked french morocco war destroyed coast defense batteries despite taking light damage hits remained october flagship french forces received second upgrades august january toulon resumed role flagship 2nd division 1st squadron october training ship world war paris formed beginning war transferred atlantic continue training duties interference ships ordered restored operational status light anti aircraft outfits augmented ordered provide gunfire support defenders advancing covered evacuation town allies paris supported defenders lack spotting aircraft meant ship particularly effective role paris damaged german bomb june sailed emergency repairs night later transferred brest june evacuated men sailed plymouth june speed knots mph seized july royal_navy winston_churchill plan prevent french_navy falling german hands depot ship rest war temporarily barracks ship returned french control july towed brest august continued serve depot ship stricken breaking december scrapped following year sailed portsmouth june seized july turned week later depot anti aircraft ship portsmouth march disarmed remained use depot ship target scuttled july harbour scrapped place war school hulk toulon remained world war captured november scuttled experiments large shaped charge germans sunk allies broken place beginning december list ships second world war list ship classes second world war | Courbet-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
16272_FrenchironcladMontcalm | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy named lost battle plains played minor role franco prussian war captured prussian sailing ship spent later career abroad chinese waters pacific_ocean ship condemned design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service laid october launched october ship began sea trials june sent mediterranean franco prussian war captured german barque union north_sea watched prussian corvette portuguese waters cruised north south atlantic reserve august recommissioned october sailed china january relieve armored corvette flagship arrived reduced reserve flagship pacific division command rear admiral remained april condemned | French ironclad Montcalm | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
16464_FrenchironcladCouronne | french ironclad french ironclad crown iron ironclad warship built french_navy ship laid british armoured frigate hms warrior completed ship participated franco prussian war saw combat served gunnery training ship following year barracks ship toulon scrapped years completed design description designed french naval architect iron version class ironclads intended fight line battle unlike british ironclads ship classified armoured frigates single gun deck traditional disposition guns length hull meant broadside ironclad ship metres long beam metres maximum draft metres depth hold metres displaced tonnes long tons ship metacentric height metres meant rolled better sea boat gun ports slightly higher waterline predecessors metres took aboard water crew officers enlisted men ship single horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine drove bladed meter propeller steam provided oval boilers designed speed knots mph figures engine designed power vary wildly indicated horsepower reached knots mph metric horsepower sea trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph details sailing rig precisely known presumably fitted light rig masts like class ships unknown multiple changes rigging ships armed modèle millimetre rifled breech loading guns positioned single gun deck broadside remaining guns placed upper deck chase guns fired kilogram shell muzzle velocity metres second proved ineffective armour ship rearmed multiple times career replacement chase guns millimetre replacement rest guns improved modèle guns ship subsequently rearmed modèle millimetre guns main deck millimetre guns upper deck chase guns final armament configuration gunnery training ship millimetre modèle guns millimetre guns main deck pair millimetre guns dozen millimetre hotchkiss revolving cannon mounted upper deck wrought iron hull completely protected armour plates millimetres thick armour backing consisted layers teak totaling millimetres thickness iron work millimetres thick millimetre hull ship conning tower armour millimetres thick millimetres armour underneath wooden upper deck construction service ordered march laid arsenal february launched april commissioned february cost june played incidental role escorted confederate commerce french territorial waters fight assigned mediterranean_fleet ship port visit august brest fleet hosted days later french fleet visit portsmouth hosted channel_fleet franco prussian war ship assigned vice admiral squadron blockaded german ports august september german ironclads wilhelmshaven sortied search french squadron early august french arrived mid september french forced abandon blockade lack coal returned toulon december assigned reconstructed serve gunnery training ship replacing armour replaced wood thickness boilers removed propeller replaced rigging replaced ship rig iron deck decks fitted gave appearance steam ship line type ship rearmed assortment guns training purposes crew numbered officers enlisted men replaced gunnery training ship december disarmed september subsequently converted floating barracks toulon scrapped | French ironclad Couronne | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
16613_FrenchironcladArmide | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy placed reserve completion mobilized spent rest career mediterranean far_east flagship french squadrons use target gunnery trials design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion ship single horizontal cylinder return connecting rod steam engine driving single bladed propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck exchanged guns guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service laid launched april ship began sea trials october reserve brest immediately completion commissioned july serve franco prussian war squadron ordered lift blockade prussian baltic ports september return decommissioned november recommissioned january blockade prussian corvette lisbon duration war afterward transferred mediterranean remained decommissioned october toulon armament reduced guns recommissioned flagship august september ship reduced reserve december brest recommissioned flagship departed brest january relieved sister january singapore decommissioned toulon march condemned october gunnery trials march filled watertight barrels sinking set fired group french ironclads ranges meters towed port examine effects shells | French ironclad Armide | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
16942_FrenchironcladTrident | french ironclad french ironclad second ship class ironclads built french_navy 1870s ship flagship deputy commander career took french occupation tunisia notably landing troops reclassified training ship condemned finally sold scrap design description class ships designed improved versions ironclad central battery ironclad armament concentrated amidships like ironclads era equipped shaped ram crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low little meters ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propulsion single wolf cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine drove propeller engine powered oval boilers designed capacity indicated horsepower sea trials engine produced metric horsepower reached knots mph carried maximum metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck gun forward corners battery additional guns battery deck barbettes upper deck cut away improve ability barbette guns bear fore aft millimeter mounted forecastle chase gun ship secondary armament consisted millimeter guns forward battery aft guns replaced millimeter gun stern ship mounted water millimeter torpedo tubes ship guns fire solid shot explosive shells millimeter modèle gun credited ability penetrate maximum inches wrought iron armor gun penetrate inches wrought iron armor point ship received fourteen eighteen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing range meters rate fire rounds minute armor class ships complete wrought iron waterline belt millimeters thick amidships tapered millimeters stern backed millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed transverse armored bulkheads millimeters thick backed millimeters wood barbettes deck millimeters thick service named weapon mastery seas laid april toulon launched november exact reason prolonged construction time known believed reduction french_navy budget franco prussian war date work practices french likely causes ship completed november flagship second command following month sister ship bombarded port july french occupied tunisia disarmed placed reserve recommissioned february resumed role flagship placed reserve ship served gunnery training ship condemned march renamed var sold scrap years later | French ironclad Trident | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
16988_FrenchironcladTriomphante | french ironclad triumphant ship class wooden armored built french_navy 1870s construction delayed years navy took advantage extended construction time upgrade armament comparison lead ship half sister participated number battles sino french war ship remained asia returned france war condemned sold design description class ironclads designed faster heavily armed versions alma class ironclads central battery layout predecessors battery lengthened meters provide room work larger millimeter guns sister ship modified reduced number screws improve sailing qualities reducing drag stationary propellers added millimeter bow forecastle increased caliber number secondary armament meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion single vertical compound steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship forward funnel millimeter breech loading chase gun fitted forecastle secondary armament millimeter breech loading guns mounted upper deck armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle caliber gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells defense torpedo boats ship mounted millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute received towed harvey torpedoes armor class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high laid millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected thin iron plates service laid august launched march exact reason prolonged construction time known budget french_navy cut franco prussian war french reformed working practices suitable industrial age ship commissioned flagship october command february flagship french division levant rear admiral admiral ordered shift flag ordered half sister assigned command vice admiral participated actions sino french war ships fought sinking wooden destroying coastal defenses defending supplied landing parties october forced retreat chinese troops albeit casualties killed wounded helped capture march losing killed wounded landing party flagship april remained february reduced reserve condemned july sold scrap | French ironclad Triomphante | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
17405_FrenchbattleshipMasséna | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built 1890s member group broadly similar battleships ordered response class named honour marshal france significantly exceeded design weight suffered stability problems accurate firing guns result considered unsuccessful design served northern career included period flagship withdrawn service outbreak world war following year toulon later towed end gallipoli peninsula november scuttled create protect evacuation allied expeditionary force withdrawing design fourth member group battleships built broadly similar design different considered unique vessels ship formed basis ships design specifications identical ships different engineers designed vessel ships based previous battleship instead mounting main battery centerline ships arrangement earlier vessel moved main battery guns single turrets wings ships built response class battleships general characteristics machinery meters long perpendiculars beam draft designed displace tonnes long tons normal load significantly overweight completed displaced tonnes long tons caused ship sit lower water intended partially submerged armored belt built pronounced snout bow improve crew officers enlisted men vertical triple expansion engines driving single screw steam supplied water tube boilers propulsion system rated indicated horsepower allowed ship steam speed knots mph knot slower design speed mph thirds boilers operating economic cruising figures fell ihp mph respectively built carry long tons short tons coal additional space allowed long tons short tons total armament armor main armament consisted canon modèle guns single gun turrets fore aft turret arc fire placement forward gun turret close bow placed great deal weight far forward exacerbated stability problems ship rendered accurate shooting difficult mounted canon modèle guns single gun turrets amidships ship sides secondary armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted manually operated twin turrets corners superstructure arcs fire carried quick firing guns pounder quick pounder guns armament suite rounded torpedo tubes submerged ship hull ship armor constructed harvey steel manufactured main belt thick ran length hull wide belt thick armor bulkheads end armored belt thick main battery guns protected armor secondary turrets thick sides main armored deck thick splinter deck thick conning tower thick sides service laid shipyard september launched nearly years later july completed june time maneuvers conducted july assigned flagship flew flag vice admiral conducted annual training exercises june following month joined combined fleet maneuvers engineering officers seriously injured pipe repair quickly severely escaping steam ship transferred mediterranean assigned 2nd squadron half sister ships august ship participated gunnery trial new battleship mild steel plate centimetres thick measuring centimetres attached forward turret determine resistance armour plate large calibre shell anchored metres away fired number millimetre shells plate training shells knocked splinters armor plate shells fired charges cracked plate turret fully operational electrical fire control system sheep placed turret unharmed splinter struck armor belt left sized hole hull kilogram splinter landed meters naval minister observing trials september assigned ship withdrawn service placed reserve squadron old battleships remained active duty withdrawn placed service reduced hulk year triple launched invasion gallipoli attempt capture constantinople knock ottoman_empire war open route supply russia dardanelles old active service ensuing stalled end having significant progress decided withdraw operation old battleship use towed gallipoli peninsula end year scuttled november form protect evacuation effort withdrew allied expeditionary force january | French battleship Masséna | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
17648_FrenchdestroyerEspingole | french destroyer class destroyer built french_navy late 1890s commissioned saw years service running aground sinking captain acquitted court martial seven years later multiple salvage attempts failed legal dispute arising attempt settled design description overall length meters beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons deep load triple expansion steam engines driving shaft designed produce metric horsepower steam provided water tube boilers ship designed speed knots mph reached knots mph sea trials august september ship carried metric tons long tons coal range nautical miles knots mph hull subdivided watertight transverse bulkheads crew officers enlisted men carried single millimeter gun forward bridge gun maximum range meters rate fire rounds minute ship carried rounds gun mounted millimeter hotchkiss guns broadside guns sustained rate fire seven rounds minute maximum range meters carried total rounds ammunition mounted single millimeter torpedo tubes funnels stern torpedoes carried air charged process took hours modèle torpedo weight kilograms construction career ship laid shipyard class destroyers named french type ships class named weapons launched june completed september ran speed trials construction costs assigned mediterranean_fleet december number port visits france french north_africa rudder damaged striking repair september october 1st command rear admiral consisting battleships armored cruiser escorted destroyer ordered proceed port island ottoman_empire landed companies marines occupied major ports island november agreed enforce contracts french companies repay loans french banks ships number port visits including islands addition ports returned toulon december ship refitted april resumed normal routine port visits lieutenant relieved june refitted november december port visit early resuming training ship struck rock sur february outside channel ripped hole meter hull coal ammunition guns thrown overboard ship sister ship attempted pull broke moving roughly meters injuring crewmen rescued man crew ship sank coordinates finally acquitted court martial seven years ship ran aground initial salvage attempts unsuccessful struck naval register september navy sold wreck auction december decided offer escalating series bonuses winner ship deliver intact salvage company successful abandoned effort months work company claimed navy disturbed wreck sued plus damages dispute settled march | French destroyer Espingole | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
17943_Bretagne-classbattleship | class battleship class battleships super dreadnoughts built french_navy world war class comprised vessels lead ship improvement previous class mounted guns instead guns fourth ordered work suspended outbreak war completed ships named french provinces ships saw limited service world war primarily occupied containing austro hungarian navy adriatic_sea war conducted training cruises mediterranean participated non intervention patrols spain spanish civil war outbreak world war ships tasked convoy duties anti commerce patrols fall france june sunk british_royal_navy attack following month later raised towed toulon scuttled november disarmed british alexandria recommissioned serve provided gunfire support operation invasion southern france shelled german fortresses northern france survived gunnery training ship floating barracks early 1950s broken scrap scrapped respectively design france lay single dreadnought battleship britain completed dreadnoughts battlecruisers types respectively construction germany built dreadnoughts battlecruiser united_states built building late year french_navy laid class ships remedy french fleet government passed naval march authorizing force battleships service ships laid class replacements battleships developed class built hulls primary reason decision use hull design class limitations french shipyards class ships largest possible ships fit existing basins french naval high command ordered construction department prepare designs metric ton long ton short ton ship armed guns twin gun turrets additional weight turrets compared class ships imposed problems designers incorporate turrets arrangement earlier vessels centerline superfiring pairs wing turrets amidships required additional metric tons long tons displacement significant increase length hull proposals chose design twin turrets mounted centerline achieve broadside guns despite reduction number guns width armored belt reduced compensate increased weight main battery ship class laid arsenal laid arsenal brest shipyard brest july followed shipyard months later november outbreak world war summer french industrial capacity army work slowed ships ordered battleship named design work began june ceased outbreak war august resumed contract dispute settled general characteristics ships meters long waterline long overall beam draft designed load ships displaced metric tons long tons combat load increased metric tons long tons crew included officers petty officers enlisted men total crew vessels carried number smaller boats including patrol boats long boat ships propulsion systems consisted parsons steam turbines equipped boilers number belleville boilers equipped eighteen temple boilers ships coal fired turbines drove single screw rated total shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph ships carry long tons short tons coal additional spaces coal storage long tons short tons maximum speed ships steam nautical miles mph range increased significantly nmi reduction speed mph increased range nmi ships modified times interwar period equipped heavy mast given masts early 1920s boilers converted oil firing half boilers rear boiler room similarly converted subsequently new oil fired boilers replace rest old coal fired boilers direct drive turbines replaced parsons geared turbines similarly modified propulsion system improved similar pattern center main battery turret replaced aircraft catapult hangar aircraft initially replaced flying boat march aircraft installation removed armament ship primary battery consisted modèle guns twin gun turrets turrets mounted centerline superfiring pair forward conning tower amidships funnels superfiring aft rear superstructure guns maximum elevation degrees range result belief decisive battle range fleets engage ranges longer modified increase elevation guns degrees increased range similarly modified end war gun supplied rounds ammunition stored shell rooms located beneath magazines guns controlled centrally turret equipped independent rangefinder located turret roofs armored hood canon modèle guns mounted casemates length ship hull expected attack upper works enemy battleships defend torpedo boat attacks secondary battery fire control consisted central directors located abreast superfiring turrets fore aft ships carried seven hotchkiss quick firing guns placed conning tower placed main battery turret world war pair guns added ships armament rounded torpedo tubes tubes submerged ships hulls interwar period ships armament rearranged guns removed guns place guns installed forward superstructure hotchkiss machine guns installed forecastle deck guns removed refit guns replaced anti aircraft guns sixteen hotchkiss machine guns quadruple mounts added forward guns removed equipped similarly received guns quadruple mounts guns fitted followed similar pattern center main battery turret removed aircraft catapult fitted place time guns added quadruple mounts guns removed arm new battleship guns replaced march fourteen guns single mounts added quadruple guns removed fire control provided metre turret metre rangefinder armoured hood rear turret wars fire control directors added main secondary anti aircraft armament rangefinder forward superfiring turret replaced metre instrument armor ships main armored belt thick amidships reduced end ship belt secondary battery casemates armored thick steel plate horizontal protection consisted armored decks main deck thick upper lower decks thick sloped armor thick connected main deck armored belt main battery barbettes housed lower turret assemblies armored thick steel forward rear turrets thick sides superfiring turrets protected thick sides amidships turret heavily armored thick sides conning tower protected thick armor plating total weight armor long tons short tons construction service history ships class entered service french_navy assigned 1st division 1st battle squadron served fleet flagship entirety world war deployed guard southern end adriatic_sea based block possible sortie austro hungarian fleet ships largely remained port repeatedly government greece favored germany war january end war sent guard austro hungarian fleet joined sisters toulon june later year ships formed financial problems forced french_navy reduce battleship force active vessels reduced reserve status went drydock major overhaul returned service remained service conducted training cruises mediterranean coast north_africa 1920s 1930s assigned 2nd squadron based france atlantic coast joined non intervention patrols spain spanish civil war outbreak world war september based toulon 2nd squadron assigned undergoing refit early months war conducted anti patrols based overhauled early war march escorted convoy halifax returned convoy loaded aircraft ordered join force based alexandria operate concert weeks later instead ordered steam high speed join force raid ships remained fall france june prevent ships french_navy falling hands occupying germans british prime minister winston_churchill ordered french warships deliver ultimatum ships based july british squadron arrived outside harbor demanded ships sail britain sunk british french negotiated hours culminated british opening fire french fleet span minutes sunk badly damaged hit shells resolution exploded killing vast majority crew set fire sank harbor subsequently raised transferred toulon later scuttled prevent seized germans salvaged ship starting july main guns coastal batteries outside toulon disarmed alexandria december joined served training ship major refit end year prepare participate operation invasion southern france provided gunfire support landings steaming britain minor refit remained britain march bombarded german held fortresses northern france end war served gunnery training ship toulon barracks ship february stricken naval register sold scrapping end year broken scrap outside toulon following year remained raised scrapping broken raised april scrapped list ships second world war list ship classes second world war | Bretagne-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
19896_FrenchironcladVictorieuse | french ironclad victorious second ship class wooden armored built french_navy 1870s construction delayed years navy took advantage extended construction time upgrade armament comparison lead ship unlike sisters combat participated condemned design description class ironclads designed faster heavily armed versions alma class ironclads central battery layout predecessors battery lengthened meters provide room work larger millimeter guns sister ship modified reduced number screws improve sailing qualities added millimeter bow forecastle increased caliber number secondary armament meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men propulsion single vertical compound steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph ship rigged masts sail area square meters armament mounted guns central battery battery deck millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship forward funnel millimeter chase gun fitted forecastle secondary armament millimeter guns mounted upper deck armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells ship mounted millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute received towed harvey torpedoes armor class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high laid millimeters wood sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron backed millimeters wood ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected thin iron plates service laid toulon august launched november exact reason prolonged construction time known budget french_navy cut franco prussian war french reformed working practices suitable industrial age ship commissioned sea trials november placed reserve toulon completed recommissioned flagship august command rear admiral ship participated conquered admiral uncle years returned toulon ship recommissioned flagship december command relieved sister april flagship arrived france bad shape soon placed reserve flagship second command february ship summer maneuvers coast july years later flagship initially condemned reversed convoy torpedo boats plan later cancelled paid outer harbor brest finally condemned following year | French ironclad Victorieuse | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
20312_Normandie-classbattleship | class battleship class dreadnought battleships group ships ordered french_navy class comprised lead ship design incorporated radical arrangement main battery guns quadruple gun turrets opposed twin turrets navies ships equipped unusual hybrid propulsion system steam turbine triple expansion engines increase fuel efficiency ships named provinces france completed shifting production requirements outbreak war ships sufficiently advanced construction permit launching clear shipyards important work guns built ships instead converted use army war french_navy considered proposals complete ships originally designed modernized account lessons war weak french post war economy necessitated ships broken scrap ship significantly advanced time work halted converted aircraft carrier 1920s remained service capacities 1960s ship ultimately scrapped development december french_navy issued report examined design class ordered concluded amidships gun turret unsatisfactory choice based previous experiences blast damage battleships 1880s position influenced construction class dreadnought battleships design work began shortly french_navy design staff submitted draft new dreadnought design february size french shipyard facilities significantly impacted design length limited meters breadth draft approximately dimensions limited ship displacement metric tons long tons speed knots mph depending armament arrangement design staff advocated retaining armament armor previous class speed knots design staff prepared version armed main battery sixteen guns quadruple turrets speed knots technical department prepared different designs propulsion system direct drive steam turbines proposed class option hybrid system pair direct drive turbines inner propeller shafts steam engines outer shafts low speed cruising design adopted new ships turbine system fuel efficient fifth ship instead equipped sets turbines armor layout class retained load draft fixed greater issue addressed main armament general staff decided march retain centimeter gun class chose new quadruple turret advocated armament guns quadruple double turrets arrangement placed weight bow stern arrangement twin turrets class battleships substituted april accepted design quadruple turret time construction scheduled begin armor layout class retained increase thickness main belt effected possible prepared new designs incorporated twin turrets armed quadruple turrets design long tons short tons lighter design april navy accepted quadruple turret design submitted secondary battery initially comprised guns guns guns added weight design completed time work scheduled begin gun chosen initially proposed mounting secondary guns single twin turrets determined arrangement flexible instead mounted casemates groups guns characteristics machinery ships long perpendiculars long waterline long overall beam draft load ships displace long tons ships equipped pair steam turbines center shafts reversing gear parsons turbines turbines built turbines built ships pair cylinder triple expansion engines steaming astern cruising low speed ship equipped parsons turbines given temple small tube boilers equipped belleville small tube boilers small tube boilers ships engines rated shaft horsepower speed knots mph plans increase power shp knots mph ships designed carry long tons coal long tons fuel oil long tons coal stored hull cruising speed knots mph ships steam nautical miles knots mph range fell nmi speed cruising radius dropped nmi ships crew officers petty officers enlisted men armament armor modèle guns mounted quadruple turrets comprised main battery turret placed forward amidships aft centerline turrets weighed long tons short tons electrically trained elevated guns divided pairs mounted twin thick bulkhead divided turrets pair guns ammunition magazine fired simultaneously independently guns range rate fire rounds minute shells kilogram armor piercing rounds fired muzzle velocity meters second gun supplied rounds ammunition provided fire control main battery mounted conning tower placed atop turrets turrets secondary gunnery control stations ships armed secondary battery modèle guns singly mounted casemates hull guns fired shell muzzle velocity guns supplied rounds ammunition anti aircraft guns converted low angle guns carried ships ships equipped torpedo tubes mounted submerged hull ship supplied torpedoes ships waterline belt armor thick amidships reduced bow stern upper belt thick amidships ends ships armored decks thick sloped armor thick connected lower deck armor conning tower thick sides barbettes supported main battery turrets protected armor turrets thick faces thick sides guns protected thick armor plating ships construction cancellation ordered december followed july ordered december ships permit creation ship divisions class ships construction work class suspended outbreak world war resources needed army government immediately war expected conflict brief ships launched start war clear purposes july navy determined ships priority prohibited work later july work ships armament suspended save guns converted use army completed guns converted railway guns guns built mounted railway carriages end war guns converted service army time work stopped hull percent complete engines percent complete boilers delivered instead installed new destroyers turrets percent assembled percent hull percent engines constructed boilers percent complete percent turrets built hulls percent complete respectively engines percent assembled sets boilers destroyers ships turrets percent complete work significantly progressed time war broke hull percent complete engines percent finished boilers percent assembled turrets percent january final wartime order specified ships remained suspended material work remain place time long tons short tons steel plating taken uses november days armistice germany design staff sent general staff proposal complete modified design general staff replied ships need speed mph powerful main battery dockyard facilities enlarged war size ships significantly increased allowed modest improvements particularly installation anti torpedo february general staff decided ships completed new vessels incorporating lessons war completed years lengthy design studies battleships require created revised design incorporated improvements machinery ships launched war retained increasing speed mph required corresponding increase shp obtained building new turbines elevation main guns increased degrees increase range guns need engage targets longer ranges confirmed examination austrian class ships surrendered france end war main armored deck increased increase resistance fire submerged torpedo tubes replaced deck mounted tubes fire control equipment improved equipment handling seat aircraft installed war admiral chief general staff july argued country primary rival resume work class battleships suspended war suggested options ships complete designed increase range guns improve armor hull install new engines increase speed determined hulls increase speed mph september determined completing ships expensive fragile french economy plans incomplete ships included converting cargo ships fuel passenger liners floating fuel depots plans abandoned ships formally cancelled construction program laid parts broken salvaged material incorporated completing cruisers built program launched april clear slip navy decided vessel plans complete battleship included replacement coal fired boilers oil fired boilers new powerful turbines new quadruple turret allowed greater range considered twin turrets mounting guns navy instead decided complete ship aircraft carrier conversion work began august completed ship carrier french_navy served fleet world war ferry aircraft refitted united_states equipped battery modern american anti aircraft guns remained service war aircraft ferry ultimately broken scrap starting | Normandie-class battleship | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
20866_FrenchironcladRichelieu | french ironclad french ironclad wooden central battery ironclad built french_navy early 1870s named 17th century statesman ship flagship career caught fire toulon scuttled prevent magazines exploding salvaged repaired resumed role flagship ship placed reserve eventually condemned towed ship breakers amsterdam caught storm cast loose ship survived storm recovered near isles towed final destination design description designed improved version class ironclads central battery ironclad armament concentrated amidships like ironclads era equipped shaped ram projected feet hull crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low little feet ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propulsion given propellers cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engines driving single propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engines produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph initially square rigged masts cut schooner rig armament intermediate armament millimeter guns mounted barbettes upper deck gun corner battery millimeter guns battery deck barbettes millimeter gun mounted forecastle chase gun ship secondary armament consisted millimeter guns later replaced millimeter guns caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armor muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells point ship received later millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft late ship career water millimeter torpedo tubes added armor complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt sides transverse bulkheads battery armored millimeters wrought iron barbettes deck protected armor service laid toulon launched december exact reason prolonged construction time known probably financial pressures caused french_navy budget cut franco prussian war coupled outdated work practices french time suitable ship began sea trials april begin service flagship february placed reserve december toulon harbor december caught fire scuttled prevent magazines exploding ship capsized port meters water lay barbettes angle order salvage accessible guns ammunition masts armor decks removed equivalent weight placed ship holds lower center gravity sheer hulk moved port cables connected cubic meters attached starboard prevent ship rolling far way hour half lifting angle subsequent effort completed job repaired returned service flagship october remained squadron port visits sailing brest exercises tested torpedo nets reduced speed maximum knots mph result considered successful ship placed reserve flagship september despite consisted ships commission squadron conducted exercises june august french waters condemned march immediately sold having sold dutch ship breakers departed toulon january tow having left mediterranean time existence storm caused cast loose ship remained afloat subsequently recovered near isles towed amsterdam broken | French ironclad Richelieu | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
21452_FrenchbattleshipDunkerque | french battleship lead ship class battleships built french_navy 1930s class included ships capital ships built french_navy world war planned classes cancelled outbreak war budgetary problems prevented french building new battleships decade war laid december launched october completed armed main battery modèle guns arranged quadruple gun turrets speed knots mph formed french_navy 1st prior second world war ships searched german commerce raiders early months war participated convoy escort duties ship badly damaged british attack armistice ended phase france participation world war refloated partially repaired return toulon comprehensive repairs scuttled november prevent capture germans subsequently seized partially scrapped italians later germans wreck remained toulon stricken scrapped years later development french_navy design staff spent decade following washington naval treaty attempting produce satisfactory design fill tons allowed treaty initially french sought reply italian class cruisers proposals rejected ton cruiser handled inadequate old italian battleships ton battlecruiser concepts expensive naval limitation talks attempts followed intermediate design ton protected cruiser armed guns armoured guns speed mph visually bore profile similar final german class cruisers new focus french naval architects design respect london naval treaty limited french ton ships drawing previous work french developed ton design armed guns armoured german cruisers guns speed mph final main artillery concentrated entirely forward design rejected french parliament july sent revision final revision grew tons guns replaced modèle guns armour slightly improved speed slightly decreased parliamentary approval granted early ordered october characteristics displaced long tons built long tons fully loaded overall length beam maximum draft powered parsons geared steam turbines oil fired boilers developed total shaft horsepower yielded maximum speed mph crew numbered officers men ship carried pair aircraft aircraft facilities consisted steam catapult crane handle initially later armed modèle guns arranged quadruple gun turrets placed superfiring pair forward superstructure secondary armament consisted sixteen dual purpose guns mounted quadruple twin turrets quadruple turrets placed stern twin turrets located amidships close range defense provided battery guns twin mounts thirty guns quadruple mounts ship belt armor thick amidships main battery turrets protected armor plate faces main armored deck thick conning tower thick sides modifications modified times relatively short career funnel cap added guns modèle variant removed replaced following year new guns guns rearranged slightly mounts located abreast second main battery turret moved aft rangefinder installed fore tower service history laid december dock number hull completed forward section dock long launched october towed dock number bow fitted sea trials carried starting april superstructure complete trials lasted late april represented france marking coronation king later month took review french mediterranean atlantic squadrons assembled following combined exercises hosted navy minister new chief staff french_navy vice admiral january departed tour french colonial possessions atlantic ports included antilles returned france march placed active duty september joined flagship vice squadron vice admiral ship went drydock drydock brest periodic maintenance november repairs lasted february emerging drydock assigned force raid fast task force created response germany joined force raid march class battleships formed 1st ships received division stripes funnels division leader time force raid consisted light cruisers large destroyers squadron based brest german class cruisers operating spain time tensions began rise early force raid sent cover return cruiser arc april crisis ultimately resolved munich agreement september led temporary tensions europe official visit lisbon portugal commemorating discovery brazil battleships ships force raid visited britain including stops liverpool scapa_flow returned brest june september day germany invaded poland force raid sortied brest class cruisers reported operating atlantic days sea squadron returned brest october assigned force cruisers squadron based brest ships tasked hunting cruiser admiral november vice admiral ordered french british battlecruiser hms hood intercept german battleships sunk armed merchant cruiser hms north november german battleships attempted break atlantic suffered bow damages huge north_atlantic docked repairs december december cruiser carried shipment gold reserve canada ships arrived december covered troop convoy return voyage returning brest january underwent period maintenance lasted february ship conducted sea trials training maneuvers march faced increasingly hostile italy spring force raid dispatched april mediterranean squadron quickly ordered return brest days later response german landings norway april force raid transferred subsequently april arriving april reports axis vessels area prompted sortie remained mediterranean italians declared war france britain june days later sortied intercept reported german italian ships incorrectly reported area june france surrendered germany following truce negotiations french_navy proposed warships toulon test battle came attack july commanded admiral centered battleships revenge arrived french battleship squadron join british cause ships french_navy refused demand violated armistice signed germany ensure ships fall axis hands british warships opened fire tied alongside mole stern facing sea return fire crew chains started ship underway british opened fire ship engaged hit inch shells quick succession upper turret roof killed men right half turret left half remained operational second shell damaged aircraft installations passed armored belt designed resist inch shells shell penetrated handling room starboard twin turret penetrated forward turbine room putting action fourth shell belt reached central boiler room causing severe damage damage forced crew beach ship crew sent ashore british fire ceased minutes limited damage inflicted admiral admiral french navy north_africa reported french admiralty ship suffered moderate damage boasted press soon able return toulon steam learning status british admiralty ordered return permanently action beached village admiral preferred attack torpedo bombers avoid causing damages civilians second attack took place july torpedoes hit small patrol ship carried load depth charges moored alongside explosion fourteen depth charges equivalent tnt ripped enormous hole battleship hull killed seamen sank shallow water torpedo struck ship tore hole compartments ship probably escaped total loss flooding gun magazines ordered soon torpedo bombers appeared total number killed attacks july july reached temporary repairs began immediately limited drydock space port repairs hull effected september refloated september propulsion system returned operational status major fire broke december slowed repair effort repair work lasted entirety january fire broke temporary repairs completed february permitted ship depart heavy escort bound toulon arrived following day entered large drydock comprehensive repairs toulon repair work proceeded slowly owing shortage material labor occupied zone retaliation successful allied landings north_africa germans attempted seize french warships remaining control november prevent seizing ships crews scuttled fleet toulon including lay incomplete drydock demolition charges placed ship set fire commanding officer captain initially refused sink ship written orders finally convinced nearby light cruiser italians took control wreck found total loss began process ship deliberately damaged prevent french able repair recaptured italians cut main battery guns render partially scrapped hulk turn seized germans italy surrendered allies september germans removed ship bow float drydock free dock continue scrapping process axis possession bombed times allied aircraft hulk condemned september renamed remains amounted tonnes long tons short tons sold final demolition september | French battleship Dunkerque | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
22403_FrenchironcladAlma | french ironclad alma french ironclad alma wooden armored corvette built french_navy late 1860s lead ship class named battle alma war ship spent early career later supported french occupation tunisia condemned sold design description alma class ironclads designed improved versions armored corvette suitable foreign deployments unlike predecessor alma class ships true central battery ironclads fitted armored transverse bulkheads like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram alma measured meters perpendiculars beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph alma carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged sail area square meters armament alma mounted millimeter modèle breech loading guns central battery battery deck guns mounted barbettes upper deck sides ship millimeter guns mounted upper deck later exchanged guns newer guns armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor alma complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt approximately meters high sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron ends battery closed bulkheads thickness barbette armor millimeters thick backed millimeters wood portions sides protected millimeter iron plates service alma laid october launched november ship began sea trials august enter service following year sailing brest added protect armor commissioned flagship command rear admiral ship departed brest june grounded july lost false keel start franco prussian war alma blockaded prussian japanese port mid december end war august alma rode typhoon relieved august reached toulon january ship assigned october reserve alma recommissioned march assigned july ship bombarded port french occupation tunisia reduced reserve january ship condemned march alma sold | French ironclad Alma | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
23124_FrenchcruiserWaldeck-Rousseau | french cruiser armored cruiser built french_navy decade 20th century second final member class class armored cruiser built french_navy laid arsenal june launched march commissioned august armed main battery fourteen millimeter guns powerful armored cruisers entered service years battlecruiser hms invincible rendered armored cruiser proved outbreak world war joined main french fleet blockaded southern end adriatic prevent austro hungarian navy operating mediterranean october november twice attacked austro hungarian boats escaped unscathed engagements alternated southern adriatic patrols eastern mediterranean ottoman_empire joined war november war british french intervened russian civil war included major naval deployment baltic_sea included shortly arriving crew poor living conditions desire return france unrest quickly suppressed joined effort support whites ship sent french serve flagship far_east squadron remained returned france decommissioned ultimately scrapped description meters long overall beam draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons power plant consisted triple expansion engines powered coal fired boilers funnels groups engines rated indicated horsepower produced speed knots mph crew officers enlisted men armed main battery fourteen caliber guns twin gun turrets forward aft single gun turrets broadside guns mounted casemates abreast main aft conning towers close range defense torpedo boats provided battery pounder guns casemates ship hull equipped torpedo tubes submerged hull protected armored belt thick amidships gun turrets thick plating casemates marginally thinner protection main conning tower thick sides world war pounder pounder anti aircraft guns added older pounder guns removed displacement modified carry reconnaissance seaplane service history named recently deceased prime minister france ordered july laid arsenal june launched march fitting work completed time begin sea trials january acceptance trials february struck submerged object bent port propeller shaft damaged screw completed august ship powerful armored cruiser completed france entered service years british battlecruiser hms invincible rendered armored cruiser warship type lengthy construction interfered scheduled keel laying new battleship started launched entering service new cruiser assigned mediterranean_fleet based toulon world war outbreak world war august repair toulon owing grounding incident juan hurricane february work completed september end month joined french fleet blockading southern end adriatic_sea october briefly engaged austro hungarian forces fired austro hungarian boat tried torpedo engaged destroyers supported airplane broke action rejoin french fleet unsuccessfully attacked second time austro hungarian boat patrol november occasion patrolling cruiser engaged submarine forced withdraw november cruiser transferred based patrolled eastern mediterranean coast levant returned malta december resumed patrols southern adriatic early march returned april briefly patrolled southern end adriatic returning station january sister embarked contingent mountain troops seize greek island cruisers sent troops ashore night january greek officials island protested offered resistance rest war patrolled eastern mediterranean action black_sea operations starting french_navy joined allied intervention russian civil war black_sea support whites arrived early flying flag admiral april sailors aboard ship arrived france fresh crew contact russian revolutionaries crew quickly grown weary poor living conditions wanted return france days unrest suppressed returned service relieved command failing control crew vietnamese communist time serving french_navy claimed participated mutiny french records list having aboard time time crews french ships constantinople admiral refused allow join rest fleet owing crew earlier mutiny march provided gunfire support white russian forces outside british dreadnought battleship emperor india anglo french fleet evacuated white russians city peninsula later year assisted evacuation general army collection ships departed november steamed rear fleet way constantinople remained black_sea fleet continued mediterranean eventually algeria december french transport long caught fire united_states destroyer arrived scene took survivors numbered crew passengers aboard arrived shortly survivors transferred larger cruiser better accommodate rescue operations commander lieutenant commander awarded medal honor fate later served flagship french far_east squadron having left france arrived june replaced cruiser flagship served departed france having replaced light cruiser reached france july returning france decommissioned placed reserve june stricken subsequently converted hulk outside brest scuttled june brest ultimately broken scrap | French cruiser Waldeck-Rousseau | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
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