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19453_2ndRangerInfantryCompany(UnitedStates) | 2nd united_states 2nd airborne ranger light infantry company united_states_army active korean war small special operations unit specialized irregular warfare segregated unit personnel including officers african americans activated trained successor organization 2nd world war 2nd ranger company formed trained extensively airborne warfare deployed south_korea december company quickly adopted motto buffalo rangers worked extensively scouting force role company undertook major operations chinese people volunteer army including operation early racial politics resulted company receiving replacements performed small scale engagements time summer company employed line advance force push chinese attacks lines static company highly regarded actions capturing holding hill company inflicted hundreds casualties chinese single ranger killed disbanded august ranger companies unit soldiers awards month existence included campaign purple heart medals subsequent research focused economy force rangers employed performance impacted racist policies time origins june korean war began invaded trained equipped troops easily overran smaller poorly equipped response united_states united_nations began intervention campaign prevent south_korea collapsing troops engaged north battle badly defeated july better trained north suffered steady stream defeats pushed august time north korean agents began infiltrate lines attack military targets cities units spread perimeter difficult time units guerrilla warfare north korean special forces units like great success defeating troops prompting chief staff general order creation elite force infiltrate enemy lines attack command posts artillery tank parks key communications centers facilities army ranger units previously undertaken role disbanded world war required time consuming training expensive equipment defeat strength infantry units question commanders felt recreation ranger units essential early august began ordered lieutenant colonel head miscellaneous division create new experimental army ranger unit trial concept small light infantry companies specialized irregular warfare meantime established fort georgia organization successful development establishment additional ranger companies ordered composition new 2nd formulated documents world war ranger units 2nd organized heavily armed overseen headquarters element men platoon comprised men squads assault squads heavy weapons squad platoon furnished mortars super sniper designated platoon remainder troops equipped rifles authorized vehicles ton cargo truck overall company far heavily armed standard infantry companies like numbered ranger companies organization called officers enlisted men troops ranger company airborne qualified heavily recruited troops completed spite ranger operation conflict required airborne landing initially wore black gold shoulder sleeve insignia insignia later redesignated rangers adopted black red white similar unofficially worn world war soon arriving korea unit took nickname buffalo rangers newspapers applied unit homage buffalo subsequently division motto patrols return company lines 2nd ranger company ranger company history consist entirely african americans history formation training point typically allow african american soldiers serve special forces units authorized african americans apply rangers spite executive order segregated military army opted pool black applicants company units facto segregated ranger applicants came black units including applicants world war veterans seen combat served pool applicants october selected officers enlisted men ranger companies entirely white fourth african american company organized days later 2nd airborne organized october assuming lineage company 2nd ranger battalion initial strength enlisted men officers command lieutenant company commander second lieutenant executive officer originally designated companies switched designations apparently prevent accusations racial discrimination unit formally activated october fort rangers trained extensively reconnaissance long range patrols scouting setting land navigation camouflage adjusting indirect fire undertook frequent live fire exercises night raids rangers trained hours week ran miles day frequently held miles speed marches considered traditions ranger training world war training numbered companies included program second lieutenant train spite percent rate men completed course graduated november rangers left fort december traveled california sailed japan december aboard transport uss general bound lines korean war company arrived japan december flown air base days later korea arriving korea december 2nd ranger company attached 32nd having badly battle signaled unexpected entry chinese troops war day division ordered block chinese southward advance main roads railroads area january rangers arrived regimental headquarters security element medical units protect rangers established counter guerrilla patrols regiment main aid station headquarters saw combat january driving north korean inadvertently run repulsed company sized second attack position action rangers lost killed action sergeant class wounded north killed january 3rd platoon conducted patrol ambushed advance north korean patrol killing suffering wounded hour company soon created attacking encountered dark effectively disrupted communications resupply local chinese guerrilla unit instead opted rangers area operation january rangers formed armored attack village offensive push chinese forces area company entered village ambushed battalion chinese troops entrenched fortified positions rangers able capture village fend counterattack heavy weapons suffering killed wounded killing chinese soldiers moved reinforce infantry company advancing north 2nd ranger company hit strong chinese counterattack forced withdraw running ammunition suffered killed wounded continued patrols skirmishes area non battle casualties sickness middle korean winter 2nd ranger company men end january commander major general ordered black replacements sent ranger company trained rangers action seen racist historians troops segregated ranger replacements short supply order effectively ensured company brought strength reduced company effectiveness reinforcements career fields including non combat troops joined company reached strength saw action effort push north korean chinese forces 38th parallel away seoul early february engaged series successful limited objective small unit attacks advancing slowly cleared enemy positions remainder month time 2nd acted force attacks february led 17th infantry regiment attack taking town superior force chinese troops action undertaken war observing battle bringing international attention ranger unit rangers commended particularly aggressive attack pursued surprised chinese column moving village attack fixed apparent chinese force larger anticipated chinese routed heavy fighting days later field commanders reported pentagon company performing extremely pulled lines new mission operation february 2nd ranger company attached alongside 4th ranger infantry company began unit training jumps tactical exercises preparation combat parachute drop exercises continued march force conducted aggressive large scale chinese north korean forces follow attack lieutenant general commander planned mission insert rangers chinese lines cut chinese supplies force retreat north seoul weeks training rangers reinforced platoon directly ranger school lieutenant march attached rangers dropped miles northwest seoul mission hold interfere chinese north korean logistical network 6th hours drop force left transports north korean coast 2nd dropped aircraft time history conducted aerial combat suffering rangers injured jump force nonetheless able surprise capture positions 19th division rangers moved south terrain feature known hill point company surprised overwhelmed chinese platoon village mile north hill killing capturing took hill despite north korean resistance killing capturing forcing north retreat hill rangers suffered killed wounded linked advancing days rangers commenced north korean chinese resistance advancing miles north april 2nd time 31st company spent month training replacements enlisted men company process transferring men units began units korea driven necessity began slowly rangers eventually settled force men white member unit rangers hill lines 31st 7th marine regiment 1st conducted frequent patrols outpost network encountering engaging chinese troops fortified hill surrounding areas served advance outpost warn chinese attacked period fighting entered troops resumed rest allen freeman left rotation number men leaving queen enlisted men hill hill shortly chinese began appearing regularly area queen discovered chinese moving force hill miles position chinese attack hill queen led platoon sneak attack chinese force covered 7th division artillery fire engaged surprised chinese conducting double supported continued artillery fire rangers secured hill chinese suffered killed wounded attack chinese troops force battalions infantry supported mortar fire aided 7th division artillery fire rangers held hill chinese resistance rangers repulsed successive chinese assaults battalions grenades running short ammunition point second chinese battalion commenced assault surprising rangers driving peak hill queen retook hill chinese gave attack having severely unsuccessful attempt hill chinese losses amounted killed injured rangers having relied tight dug positions suffered wounded battle commanders 7th stunned 2nd effectiveness fight result action company came considered model unit 2nd moved east help relieve 7th marines chinese attacks days intermittent fighting company conducted number search destroy missions culminated attack hill estimated company chinese troops previously pushed marines surprised rangers forced withdraw losing killed rangers wounded final battles disbandment june peace talks underway ranger company employed aggressively offensive roles means secure better position table number operations north 38th parallel 7th division june rangers moved attack hill operation crafted allen win strategically high ground position line morning company support artillery advanced hill strikes chinese forces resisted sporadically withdrew end day having lost men killed thirty wounded rangers lost seven wounded july rangers continued attack backed 31st seized high ground near forced chinese troops retreat attack ranger killed wounded following fighting 38th parallel occurred sides took time positions conduct fewer patrols need offensive action diminished july ordered ranger companies army noted establishment ranger companies trial directed pentagon completed decision clarified relation 2nd ranger company army stating racial differences prevented company effectively offensive operations result decision ranger units 2nd august korea like ranger units 2nd veterans folded airborne unit believed sending men airborne skills end turned operation airborne jump war result rangers chance exercise skills awards decorations 2nd awarded campaign service korean war unit designated company 2nd battalion 75th unit carries 2nd lineage rangers company received numerous individual decorations rangers received received total purple heart medals awarded members company rangers receiving rangers receiving analysis 2nd sixteen ranger companies formed seven combat korea subsequent military science studies korean war rangers analyzed economy force focusing military employed rangers special forces thorough analysis operations ranger units korean war major proposed thesis rangers korea ineffective contended ranger formations lack support personnel logistical administrative liability attached conventional units support furthermore argued small size ranger units meant lacked manpower conduct basic tactical maneuvers employment divisional elements meant necessary intelligence information conduct effective operations concluded problems lack understanding ranger capabilities limitations inherent rangers force structure basic distrust elite forces thesis lieutenant colonel said 2nd performance korea spite racial discrimination troops trained members airborne units joining company quickly gained exceptional soldiers bond contended rangers properly receive credit actions korea noting company receive units attached decorated bond said accomplishments company attributed white units command climate precipitated war 2nd honored korean war documentary war directed members 2nd interviewed film include recalls unit unique combat accomplishments recalls encounter north korean tree sniper recalls caring wounded white soldier ends interview line bullets start fly color | 2nd Ranger Infantry Company (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19605_No.5AirfieldConstructionSquadronRAAF | airfield construction squadron raaf airfield construction squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf construction squadron unit formed july served borneo campaign world war squadron raaf airfield construction units retained end war formed australia contribution occupation japan disbanded june raised august worked raaf airfields australia addition provided small detachments engineers support raaf deployments thailand vietnam war squadron raaf airfield construction unit onward disbanded december history world war july men detached unit stationed victoria organised new squadron intended serve new_guinea unit designated special works force arrived port august difficult voyage ship carrying australia ran aground twice squadron began work constructing august airfield ready use weeks later airfield completion delayed january shortages personnel equipment special works force redesignated mobile works squadron november order support allied new_guinea moved late february march constructed facility initially comprised metre fighter runway metre bomber runway headquarters maintenance logistics facilities march april detachment squadron assisted mobile works squadron bay departed november period rest australia early force raaf united_states_army aviation engineer units selected build airfields new_guinea air support provided allied operations army forces landed april departed melbourne february eventually joined main body airfield engineer force april received training infantry tactics landing took place april came ashore day airfield ready april later expanded aviation engineers july landed formed aviation engineer force tasked repairing expanding island airfields allied forces landed island july secure construction work began result personnel required man perimeter defences captured japanese personnel redesignated july november main units wing wing formed raaf main mobile force january moved island worked improving facilities army mid traveled remained island june departed australian led battle north borneo squadrons landed june worked repairing maintaining island airfield end war august occupation japan raaf airfield construction squadrons disbanded end war november informed form australia contribution japan deployment assigned wing advance party arrived japan late rest squadron arrived east hiroshima february time unit strength officers airmen volunteered occupation duties personnel arrived march april provided engineering support years initial priorities repair airfields engaged work airfields building small forward army reconnaissance aircraft maintaining airfields area responsibility tasks great importance australian aviation historian written achievements probably significant australian unit land sea air occupation japan japanese labourers employed projects squadron personnel undertaking specialist roles size reduced decided reduce raaf force japan single flying squadron accordingly remaining responsibilities gradually transferred works officer squadron squadron disbanded june cold war reformed august new south wales fill raaf need engineering units provide nucleus potential formation airfield construction squadrons initially worked projects sydney moving undertook major upgrade base lasted period squadron worked raaf facilities new_south_wales march november detachment men deployed islands coast western_australia support british nuclear weapons test area operation hurricane detachment squadron assisted construction range facilities test range south_australia moved darwin build foot runway supporting facilities detachment remained june detachments formed undertake engineering tasks sydney region rebuild runway raaf base expansion completed following disbandment airfield construction squadron april left raaf construction unit took personnel equipment short period remnants designated detachment completed works sub unit disbanded september completed headed south develop near squadron advance party arrived october work began base late metre runway opened march base ready support raaf units early work expanding continued period detachments worked projects darwin headquarters moved september detachments formed australia contribution vietnam war following deployment squadron thailand june party personnel sent plan oversee construction facilities squadron work facilities undertaken thai civilians built support infrastructure squadron time project concluded end raaf units began deployed detachment formed improve airfield support equipped squadron members detachment returned australia october detachment subsequently deployed january build facilities bombers air base task completed april june detachment moved complete construction facilities work airport finished january detachment disbanded february major project development western_australia initial works began project march detachment formed main body squadron arrived february task extend existing runway site build facilities support raaf combat aircraft case war indonesia works undertaken difficult climatic conditions living conditions provided airmen families inadequate nonetheless runway extensive support facilities officially opened december work needed completed time august announced going disbanded squadron strength declined personnel left raaf moved units disbanded december raaf airfield construction units disbandment civilian contractors build maintain air bases memorial plaque commemorating unveiled raaf memorial grove outside canberra march | No. 5 Airfield Construction Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19631_2/17thBattalion(Australia) | 17th battalion australia 17th battalion infantry battalion australian_army raised april new_south_wales formed 20th brigade eventually allocated completing basic training australia unit deployed middle_east early took fighting defending port relieved period garrison duties followed syria lebanon battalion took second battles focus australian_army operations shifted pacific theatre fight japanese 17th battalion returned australia early battalion fought new_guinea conducting amphibious landing operations capture early september end campaign participating follow landing peninsula japanese forces withdrew inland early battalion withdrawn australia rest reorganisation long period inactivity followed returned combat final campaign came late war committed fighting borneo june landing following end war battalion disbanded early history formation formed service world war 17th battalion raised april 2nd volunteers new_south_wales authorised strength personnel like australian infantry battalions time 17th formed nucleus rifle companies designated consisting supported battalion headquarters headquarters company specialist signals pioneer anti aircraft transport administrative mortars formation battalion placed command lieutenant colonel previously served militia commanded colours initially chosen battalion unit colour patch 17th battalion unit served world war raised militia formation colours black green diamond shape border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart later changed following unit involvement fighting adopted completing individual training battalion moved foot complete collective training following 17th embarked middle_east sydney october board queen mary moving convoy queen mary briefly stopped continuing bombay early november battalion disembarked following days camp ashore transferred leg voyage convoy continued sailing african coast suez_canal finally egypt battalion assigned 20th brigade 13th 15th battalions initially allocated 7th division following arrival middle_east november battalion transferred rest brigade middle_east arriving middle_east late november battalion undertook training near palestine moving mid december relieve garrison returning palestine early january conducted number exercises late february march battalions 9th division sent desert relieve 6th division deploying greece 17th garrisoned near tripoli shortly germans landed forces africa reinforce italians british forces libya forced retreat strategically important port town 17th fell general retreat subsequently took defence remaining seven months time battalion personnel alternated conducting patrols man land raiding occupying main defensive position working rear areas night april party germans broke australian position set machine guns couple mortars field guns seeing nearest platoon commander lieutenant launched counterattack small party men consisting corporal soldiers covered fire position flank small party able successfully attack position result corporal single accounted number germans despite mortally wounded later posthumously awarded victoria_cross nation highest military decoration award member 2nd battalion losses fighting including withdrawal prior siege consisted dead causes wounded captured following relief units 17th battalion evacuated sea alexandria moved palestine arriving mid october establishing camp shortly company detached battalion undertake guard duties syria january rest battalion followed tasked undertaking garrison duties occupation force established syria lebanon campaign defend possible german attack allied flank relieving 12th battalion battalion established north march 2nd arrived battalion moved later july axis forces launched offensive threatened egypt units 9th division moved north_africa help stem advance 17th battalion subsequently carried blocking operation occupied position conducted patrols observed german movements september 17th relieved 15th battalion went reserve prepare operations battalion subsequently tasked active patrolling area clashed german parties number occasions positions heavily shelled number occasions resulted casualties exercises training undertaken prior upcoming offensive time effective strength officers ranks late october early november battalion took second battle forces went offensive engaged right allied line coast dawn october australians left assembly area advanced westward coast road cut inland 17th right brigade initial advance attacking companies forward battle continued endured heavy germans sought regain control strategically important coast road repelled focus fighting shifted away australians british forces able launch break subsequently forced germans withdraw subsequently withdrawn battle 17th heavily committed losing men killed action died wounds wounded captured pacific early rest battalion brought australia order fighting japanese pacific final stage withdrawal 2nd divisions middle_east australian_army focus shifted operations pacific theatre japanese process 6th 7th divisions brought australia earlier previous year embarking transport january battalion sailed large convoy established operation pamphlet convoy included transports armed merchant cruiser queen bermuda escorted destroyers voyage lasted month troops arriving sydney february converted jungle divisional establishment return australia battalions 9th division reorganised prepare jungle warfare saw establishment drop men loss vehicles heavy equipment following training queensland battalion deployed new_guinea took campaigns time concentrating bay august 17th involved amphibious landing conducted australian soldiers landing april took landing operation september fell quickly allied planners expected result quick follow operation planned secure september battalion landed tasked securing flank proceeded inland efforts capture finding way blocked battalion later took significant actions finally fell drive battalion casualties time amounted killed action died wounds died accident wounded action march battalion returned australia rest organisation sailing transport australian_army heavily committed combat operations pacific early years war japan united_states military assumed primary responsibility combat operations pacific resulted uncertainty role australian_army future operations result long period training followed significant turn personnel men discharged medical reasons transferred units young replacements brought concentrating battalion rebuilt focusing individual training collective training battalion level september battalion moved close amphibious training conducted training continued october november end year tempo dropped battalion personnel occupied sporting activities prior leave february march finally early battalion moved boarded transport bound 17th concentrated rest allocated operations recapture borneo battalion plan saw land june operation coming ashore near battalion took capturing capital companies secure individual objectives outlying areas australians advanced coast mid july company carried patrol board august following atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki order cease offensive action received 20th brigade headquarters days later war came end japan capitulation despite september japanese borneo formally surrendered bulk battalion remained deployed end month time involved ensuring japanese forces area received surrender instructions complied collecting escorting surrendered japanese soldiers indian prisoners war battalion operation completed early october battalion final campaign cost men killed wounded disbandment following end hostilities process began personnel began repatriated australia return civilian life transferred units 34th brigade service occupation japan october battalion declared redundant transferred having withdrawn area personnel subsequently occupied sporting competitions education programs intended help transition civilian life return australia return awaited australian troops remained months british indian troops arrived relieve 9th division occupation duties mid december remained 17th embarked return australia arriving brisbane battalion personnel moved sydney went christmas leave february 17th battalion disbanded course war total personnel served battalion killed action died wounds died active service wounded action taken prisoner members 17th received following decorations victoria_cross bar british military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches addition members battalion appointed officers order british empire appointed member order british empire memorial 17th battalion built battle honours service world war 17th battalion received following battle honours north_africa south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea borneo battle honours entrusted 17th 18th battalion north shore regiment formed australia time military force raised guise series organisations battle honours passed 2nd 17th battalion infantry battalion currently based central new_south_wales commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 17th battalion lieutenant colonel april january lieutenant colonel january march lieutenant colonel march february lieutenant colonel february february | 2/17th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19726_392nd(Croatian)InfantryDivision(Wehrmacht) | croatian infantry division croatian infantry division german croatian called division german_army world war formed august soldiers german division commanded germans battalion company level nearly cases originally formed intention service eastern division anti partisan operations territory croatia end war commonly known history formation axis invasion soviet_union june leader newly created axis puppet state croatia offered adolf_hitler volunteers serve eastern offer soon resulted formation deployment army air force naval detachments trained equipped germany committed fighting largest element croatian reinforced infantry regiment january croatian forces performed eastern germans continued support development forces aim raising divisions serve lack trained leaders staff divisions raised german commencing august croatian infantry division assembled trained austria croatian division raised service following sister divisions croatian infantry division croatian infantry division infantry regiment divisional artillery regiment formed infantry regiment signals battalion pioneer battalion built german troops soldiers regular army formed command remained commander weeks war austrian served france north_africa awarded knight commanded 11th division eastern received oak leaves division wore uniform coat arms right sleeve originally intended use eastern long formation germans decided division utilised outside division deployed january combat partisans territory puppet state known german croatian anti partisan operations initial deployment task division arrival western secure adriatic coastline croatian including islands kilometres inland critical task german fears anglo american landing adriatic coast operation included securing crucial supply route areas largely dominated partisans italian capitulation autumn particular port division placed command initially headquartered division took responsibility security railway line 1st division engaged partisans night garrison areas division completed initial deployment called relieve garrison involved drive southwest january initially led engagements partisan units croatian soldiers panicked german leaders quickly wounded killed bodies killed recovered found stripped equipment found naked january relieved advance continued south villages area secured operational history followed operation push coast forcing passes mountain range passes metres sea level snow knee thigh deep delayed mines division captured passes minimal casualties followed series engagements road coast close quarter fighting partisan 13th captured destroyed division supply dump northwest secured allocated task securing coastline directed secure divisional main supply route started improved bases road including italian forts established passes spread coastline supported elements divisional artillery pioneers began building fortifications feared allied invasion troops linked responsible coast southeast supply situation quickly difficult partisan route allied bombing coastal shipping harbour late february early march supported battalion advanced south stopped deep snow partisans attacked supply lines killing soldiers bodies dead soldiers looted mutilated captured battalion independently pursued partisans returned looted items march occupied adriatic islands encountering partisan resistance month conducted operation river valley assisted enforcing conscription orders population divisional area spring lightly armed mobile hunter teams company battalion strength conduct follow sightings partisans transport moving travel convoy security division able restore land connection garrison reliant supply sea italian surrender drove partisan battalions outskirts difficulties faced division fighting mountains lack mountain artillery accompany battalions field divisional artillery equipped field range kilometres seriously limited artillery cover provided mobile operations april promoted germans identified partisan 13th valley huge hiding captured italian arms ammunition villages fake graves major concern feared allied landing mid april ordered blow clear area parts supported divisional artillery battalion weeks division pushed 13th north area captured sufficient material equip divisions including tonnes long tons short tons small arms ammunition tonnes long tons short tons artillery ammunition partisan 35th division attacked area captured village partisans road response planned operation morning star clear partisan forces region elements croatian infantry division regiment battalion 1st regiment units involved according german sources resulted significant partisan losses including killed captured capturing weapons ammunition vehicles animals large amounts equipment division received german reinforcements formed field replacement battalion division saw action partisans end war fighting alongside grouping units numbered troops final months months war division engaged defence northern adriatic coast shot head partisans near april died hospital following day task division fight 4th advancing south east support consisting danger near division arrived area mid april april croatian manpower division significantly reduced release time released leaving small number remaining division released apparently succeeded travelling closing days war organised separate unit largely remnant croatia command general formally general unit direct command general later unit retreated british occupied northern italy division including remaining ordered north austria remaining members division killed attempted push formation lacked strength achieve objective result commander chief authorised including surrender partisans accepted german surrender area time remaining italian fascist troops fighting alongside germans corps released days disarmed german troops corps allowed travel germany partisans decided prisoners war order battle division included following principal units iii battalions iii battalions anti tank battalion artillery regiment battalions april announced mass graves containing remains approximately members division discovered near locals indicated partisan 21st responsible massacre | 392nd (Croatian) Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19804_1stBrigade,7thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states 1st brigade infantry brigade united_states_army brigade based fort california history korean war activated brigade returned united_states saw action operation golden finally history post korean war wake korean war 7th defended main garrison camp south_korea period division compliance tables organization division headquarters company grew 1st brigade april division brigades returned united_states fort lewis washington october 7th brigades reactivated garrison division tasked close watch south american developments trained fort october division redesignated organized light infantry division battalions 17th 31st 32nd regiments moved division replaced battalions regiments including battalions 21st infantry regiment 27th infantry regiment 27th infantry participated operation golden honduras 1st brigade commonly known participated panama recommended closing fort escalating cost living central california coastline garrison closed division relocate washington division slated post cold war army 1st brigade relocated lewis later 2nd brigade 2nd division headquarters formally june fort lewis honors unit decorations campaign | 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
19853_61stInfantryDivision(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom infantry division british_army raised expansion response nazi german occupation czechoslovakia division created duplicate 48th south midland infantry division assigned home defence duties division deployed overseas headquarters staff deployed norway briefly fought division deployed northern_ireland years result rumours german intention invade northern_ireland division manned static defences conducted internal security trained future operations returning england division participated numerous military exercises scheduled join operation overlord allied invasion german occupied france late role taken away division assigned train replacements combat units division aided overlord deception formats men posted combat formations late division organized light division going deployed far_east fight japanese surrender resulted november division disbanded background 1930s tensions built nazi germany united_kingdom allies late german demands annexation czechoslovakia led international crisis attempt avoid war british prime minister met german chancellor adolf_hitler september munich agreement agreement war allowed germany annex intended agreement reconcile differences future issues resolved peacefully relations countries soon deteriorated march germany breached terms agreement invading occupying remnants czech state response march british secretary state war announced plans increase men double number territorial divisions intended plan action existing units recruit allowed establishments aided increase pay removal restrictions promotion major recruiting preceding years construction better quality barracks increase supper time rations form second line divisions small built result created unit duplicate line 48th south midland infantry division april limited conscription introduced time age regular army intent trained months deployed forming second line units despite intention army grow size programme complicated lack central guidance expansion process issues lack facilities equipment instructors history initial service despite ongoing efforts regiments able recruit required numbers form new battalions process words historian progressed paper stage second world war began september outbreak war division active command major general composed supporting elements following division formation assigned end november adrian took command division spread ranging birmingham portsmouth headquarters based oxford april divisional staff deployed norway given command division headquarters deployed norway opening assault norway german troops seized trondheim response british_army planned launch attack retake city troops undertake attack came 49th west riding line territorial division service norway prior german invasion division temporarily broken brigades acting individual commands bulk form northern began landing april time restraints troops assigned expedition division deployed norway instead given command allowed select staff drew headquarters southern miles south separated mountainous terrain rivers undertaken landed soon arriving leading battalions began south april troops engaged encounter war british german troops british troops largely confined road network advancing deep snow engaged slightly larger german force supported artillery air support germans utilizing ski troops able force british german follow attacks luftwaffe heavily bombed small port stated lack equipment incapable advancing trondheim little point remaining norway sitting like rabbits snow evacuation ordered end month completed early days following loss men lack success norway withdrawal forces attempting retake trondheim resulted collapse considered daring aggressive commander historian hampered climatic geographic conditions addition troops inexperienced poorly prepared badly backed early middle waged began fear germany immediately launch invasion british isles fear compounded historian commented catastrophic allied defeats soon followed produced summer fear imminent invasion second fifth column panic initial fear invasion aroused alleged capture german documents dutch contained plans german invasion included information simultaneous attack ireland assisted document longer exists caused panic information reinforced following months reports warning german intent invade ireland diplomatic missions following return united_kingdom resumed command 61st infantry division evacuated france british acted rumours german intent invade ireland decision reinforce garrison 53rd welsh infantry division deploying 61st following months division followed 5th 48th south midland divisions mcmahon commented history ing unreliable information foreign past failures ignored reports reinforced fears invasion suggested possible plans discovered holland planted deliberate deception british intelligence truly argued dutch document seen british known german deception operations prepared anticipation operation included manufacturing rumours stories plans attack ireland build invasion commented ireland place initial plans december german planners looked possibility concluding operation possible launched result failure memoirs commented believe germans intention invading ireland grateful reason sent ideal training ground troops division improved enormously moment arrival 61st moved northern_ireland came command june division responsible manning static defences northern_ireland defending belfast responsible internal security country based northern_ireland largely positioned divisional headquarters division trained repel invasions german forces addition airborne landings small raids beaches county seen likely areas invasion end autumn concrete pillars barbed wire firing positions constructed division stay northern_ireland lieutenant general took command british forces country appointment resulted losing command division grounds age month shy 61st birthday replaced assumed command april turn followed september return england training operation overlord division returned england february placed command based essex march division participated exercise largest military exercise held united_kingdom commented exercise designed problems arise force landed hostile shore advancing exercise revealed weaknesses elements senior leadership particular officers overall command armies deployed exercise highlighted improvements general infantry division transferred moved kent following took command division role operation overlord wrote exercise indication division line unit september division conjunction 1st placed control months following exercise division relegated lower establishment status meant division strictly home defence static role compared higher establishment divisions intended deployment overseas combat change priorities division training formation intended find suitable replacements fighting formations october division assigned anti invasion duties kent based german cross channel guns periodically shelled area flying bombs minor issue december division reinforced exercise 31st played defending force exercise vulcan day training exercise aimed improving attacking process 43rd infantry division division aided number formats april ceased exist formation formed aid invasion preparation regiment attached aid men 4th created fake steel canvas positioned river 10th constructed fake landing craft dover addition fake river june battalion constructed dummy displays british double agent known reported germans division ostensibly based brighton addition allegedly took build division fictional british vii corps equally fake travelled scotland returning south furthermore division maintained wireless traffic germans impression included division lower establishment divisions allocated home defence duties 38th welsh 45th 47th london 55th 61st combined total men number available replacements fighting france remaining men considered ineligible time service abroad variety reasons including lack training medically unfit following months cent men deployed reinforce following completion training certification fitness example eligible overseas service transferred battalion tasked training considered unfit training soldiers recovered wounds training men anti aircraft units infantry july concentration area reverted infantry role days later brigade staff headquarters likewise headquarters staff august transferred force planning end german occupation attack entire force transferred europe reinforce september remaining division transferred month stint defensive garrison remainder year makeup division changed role division remained example role find drafts battalions fighting overseas light division disbandment august following conclusion war europe division reorganized light division light division concept undertaken burma campaign following initial defeats commented concluded existing indian formations road bound surviving 17th reorganised light division included reduced infantry brigades non cross country capable vehicles replaced wheel drive trucks field artillery completely replaced pack changes greatly increased road mobility increase pack animals allowed operate away road network extended period time 61st retained infantry brigades changes divisional troops lines intended division able transferred air theatre war personnel trained fight terrain encountered ground entire division mobile utilizing help adapt new role training exercises carried initial destination division far_east support fight japanese surrender resulted cancelled division left united_kingdom november division disbanded general officer commanding order battle | 61st Infantry Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20179_18thBattalion(NewZealand) | 18th formation served initially infantry battalion armoured regiment second world war 2nd formed new_zealand september period training embarked middle_east greece 2nd participated later fighting crete evacuated crete fought suffered heavy losses brought strength battalion participated breakout 2nd june encircled german 21st division following month battalion fought battle october battalion converted armour designated 18th armoured regiment replace men lost personnel drawn tank brigade formed new_zealand regiment spent year egypt training tanks embarking italy october join rest 2nd participated fighting actions later regiment finished war remained weeks large numbers yugoslav partisans present city withdrew required service pacific theatre operations regiment late history formation training following outbreak second world war new_zealand government authorised formation 2nd service home abroad following consultation british government decided main new_zealand contribution war effort form infantry division 2nd command major general new division require battalions infantry consequently infantry battalions formed new_zealand volunteers formed september command lieutenant colonel infantry battalions designated 2nd destined overseas service personnel volunteers drawn took upper half new_zealand formed rifle companies designated corresponding bay plenty districts headquarters company included specialist support troops anti aircraft mortar pioneers transport administrative personnel period rudimentary training followed firstly confirmed battalion active service departed new_zealand orient liner middle_east january 2nd left public addressed commander lieutenant colonel destination convoy liners way arrived egypt battalion disembarked train ride cairo battalion arrived main base middle_east mid february battalion undertook training following italy entry war june moved newly established defensive position perform garrison duty remained months conducting regular patrols working improvement defensive positions time battalion suffered casualties war non fatal result italian air raids january defensive work completed battalion moved near cairo intensive large scale training greece early anticipated invasion greece germans decided send troops support greeks engaged italians albania 2nd number allied units dispatched greece early march new_zealand unit depart egypt sailed greece march aboard royal_navy cruisers 2nd tasked defence northern greece positioned northern manned left new_zealand section line 6th brigade took right complete unit line company positioned pass remainder started digging sector allocated april battalion defensive work completed april germans invaded greece advanced rapidly forces quickly threatened new_zealand positions april withdrawn began moving south pass 18th battalion positioned hills town right 19th battalion defending pass april mounted air raids new_zealand positions germans brought artillery bear days later ground forces approached artillery barrage april battalion suffered fatality war day 18th battalion initial attacks elements germans manage occupy despite battalions remained good defensive positions withdrawn days later new defensive position kilometres south pressure flanks walking foot cover night harassed artillery fire withdrawal smoothly having travel stage companies got lost making way safety rear waiting transportation clear pass battalion transport subjected air raids finally defensive position new defended 2nd held reserve 5th 6th manned lines april allies decided abandon greece battalion moved day rest 4th brigade intended rearguard originally battalion hold gorge units pass hours ended remaining days intervening period intended route battalion departure greece cut germans entire brigade way east athens battalion units 2nd shipped island crete total casualties campaign greece killed action wounded addition men personnel hospitals athens unable evade germans captured crete situated vital air sea lanes communication middle mediterranean crete considerable strategic importance sides conclusion campaign greece allies fully expected germans attempt invasion stationed reserve force area 18th battalion near newly established general hospital airborne invasion began battalion quickly dealt company landed near carried operations patrolled area days assisting 19th battalion attack established strong defensive position nearby despite heavy casualties initial attack germans able land reinforcements situation island quickly deteriorated allies brigade abandoned initial positions moved new location west eliminate threat separated 5th deal scale attack caused heavy casualties large portion battalion company captured despite reinforcements arriving best efforts gray rounding position breached township captured battalion personnel led gray bulk 23rd battalion participated attack briefly took township later abandoned fighting battalion withdrawn east order evacuate crete received making way allied ships taking troops beaches way subjected heavy air raids killed company commander captain member parliament electorate evacuation 4th brigade took place 18th battalion formed rearguard helping police maintain order battalion brigade taken casualties fighting crete heavy 18th battalion men killed missing taken prisoner north_africa base egypt ranks restored reinforcements arrived june battalion began intensive weapons training september moved occasion worked alongside tanks training exercises november battalion commanded lieutenant colonel gray hospitalised participated engaged offensive operations area night november tasked night time capture hill adjacent companies leading battalion portion advance objective captured bayonet charge wounded attack remained command battalion held hill days swapped positions 20th battalion november 15th surrounded attacked 20th battalion effectively destroyed 18th battalion managed evacuate time reached manned lines gray command german attacks december withdrawn period near cairo february 2nd dispatched syria defend possible attack turkey middle_east germans rest 4th brigade 18th battalion worked defences north damascus division recalled libya june following attack line army africa initially based fall forces division ordered june establish defensive positions temporarily detached rest 4th brigade act main infantry component divisional reserve june division defensive positions encircled battalion lead units subsequent breakout night battalion withdrawn line brief period recovery box commanded lieutenant colonel gray promoted brigadier given command served security divisional headquarters late june early july entire division relocated times period evening july battalion parent brigade attack held enemy italian caused battalion fashion advanced western end ridge taking prisoners way german counterattack afternoon july overwhelmed 19th 20th battalions caused heavy losses 18th battalion including lynch men able return allied lines following effective destruction 19th 20th battalions 18th battalion remained field attached supported attack 6th brigade supported armour attack proved failure battalion escaped relatively casualties remained line august september having reduced personnel withdrawn rejoin conversion armour previously decided form armoured brigade provide tank support 2nd result 1st formed brigade undergoing training new_zealand september decided convert 4th brigade armour instead creating personnel transferred tank brigade new_zealand bring strength constituent units brigade officially designated 18th armoured regiment squadrons tanks october squadron equipped squadrons operating regiment spend year training command lieutenant colonel taken command death lynch personnel active duty years majority men returned new_zealand close north african campaign attention turned european theatre operations despite preference sections new_zealand government 2nd pacific theatre operations fight japanese decided division remain europe continue service accordingly october division transferred italy italy 18th armoured regiment disembarked taranto october gradually travelled north duly crossed december following weeks regiment supported 5th 6th brigades attack infantry gains german defences strong attack soon faded stalemate number forth actions winter set led regiment tanks stuck ground offensive operations ceased late december new withdrew area january following withdrawal area 2nd number divisions transferred engaged western overall strategy breach break italian supporting british american artillery division formed lieutenant general command corps moved defenders resisted american forces weeks 18th armoured regiment play supporting role forthcoming attack infantry 5th 6th brigades bearing battle attack began march regiment initially held reserve ready exploit breakthrough infantry infantry struggled progress face determined resistance regiment tanks artillery support weeks squadron rotated day position overlooking town mid april squadron detached remain squadrons withdrawn training regiment remained fragmented training completed squadron detached sent man tanks effectively set end regiment reunited strength supported infantry brigades 2nd advanced florence duly entering city august division transferred advanced october involved action brigade attack 18th armoured regiment right flank primarily tank action contrast previous battles armour supported infantry attack success pushed germans progress slower expected poor weather muddy conditions new advanced anticipation crossing instead supported attack river december operation tanks 18th regiment fired shells single day attacked supporting infantry division positioned months worst winter period regiment spent time lines short spells relieved polish unit march regiment returned lines early april period rest series advances retreating german rearguard 2nd entered german garrison quickly surrendered necessary deal elements refused surrender new yugoslav partisans present city partisans reluctant allow germans surrender new regiment remained weeks large numbers yugoslav partisans present city withdrew required service pacific theatre operations regiment december war 18th battalion successor 18th lost nearly officers men killed action later died wounds exactly personnel prisoners war men died captivity honours seven members battalion including commanders awarded member appointed officer order british empire second member order officers awarded received soldiers received distinguished conduct medal military medal soldiers received awards bronze medals successor 18th armoured regiment awarded following battle honours greece crete 42nd street withdrawal middle_east defence line north_africa advance florence italy commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 18th battalion lieutenant colonel september july august november march june lieutenant colonel july august november march lieutenant colonel june july lieutenant colonel july december january march lieutenant colonel december january july january lieutenant colonel march july march december lieutenant colonel february march lieutenant colonel march lieutenant colonel june december | 18th Battalion (New Zealand) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20338_HighSeasFleet | high seas fleet high seas fleet battle fleet german_imperial_navy saw action world war formation created february renamed high_seas_fleet admiral architect fleet envisioned force powerful challenge royal_navy kaiser championed fleet instrument seize overseas possessions germany global power concentrating powerful battle fleet north_sea royal_navy required disperse forces british_empire believed germany achieve balance force seriously damage british naval heart risk theory held britain challenge germany fleet posed significant threat primary component fleet battleships typically organized ship squadrons contained formations including creation high_seas_fleet consisted squadrons battleships squadron added dreadnought revolution greatly affected composition fleet pre dreadnoughts fleet rendered obsolete required replacement dreadnoughts squadrons completed outbreak war mid modern pre dreadnoughts constitute squadron additional squadrons older vessels mobilized onset hostilities end conflict formations disbanded fleet conducted series sorties north_sea war designed lure isolated portion numerically superior operations frequently fast battlecruisers raid british coast bait royal_navy operations culminated june high_seas_fleet confronted grand fleet battle inconclusive british won strategically convinced admiral german fleet commander highly favorable outcome fleet action secure german victory war leading advised kaiser order resumption submarine warfare campaign primary responsibility high_seas_fleet secure german naval bases north_sea boat operations fleet continued conduct sorties north_sea detached units special operations baltic_sea following german defeat november allies interned bulk high_seas_fleet scapa_flow ultimately scuttled crew june days signed treaty versailles creation admiral state secretary ardent supporter naval expansion speech support naval law december stated navy question survival germany viewed great_britain powerful royal_navy primary threat germany discussion kaiser month post state secretary stated germany dangerous naval enemy present england attacking fleet require percent advantage strength achieve victory decided ratio required german navy final total german battleships britain required build meet ratio envisioned royal_navy adhered called power standard formulated naval defence act required larger fleet largest naval powers combined risk theory building fleet ratio germany strong event british naval victory royal_navy damage allow ranked naval power rise implicit theory assumption british adopt offensive strategy allow germans use mines submarines numerical odds fighting decisive battle thames fact believed germany emerge victorious naval struggle britain believed germany possess superior ships manned better trained crews effective tactics led capable officers program envisioned fleet nineteen battleships divided ship squadrons ship flagship reserve squadrons divided ship divisions supported classes coastal defense ships large eighteen small cruisers divisions torpedo boats assigned fleet secured naval law passed march construction fleet completed april rising international tensions particularly result outbreak boer war south_africa boxer rebellion china allowed push expanded fleet plan second naval law passed june doubled size fleet battleships large small cruisers planned larger fleet early september informed kaiser sought battleships potentially secure double squadron total strength battleships naval arms race initial period german naval expansion britain feel particularly threatened lords admiralty felt implications second naval law significantly dangerous threat fleet set naval law believed important focus practical situation speculation future programs easily reduced cut entirely segments british public quickly seized perceived threat posed german construction programs despite dismissive reaction admiralty resolved surpass german battleship construction admiral head admiralty introduced sweeping reforms large counter growing threat posed expanding german fleet training programs modernized old obsolete vessels discarded scattered squadrons battleships consolidated main fleets based europe britain series diplomatic arrangements including alliance japan allowed greater concentration british battleships north_sea fisher reforms caused problems plans counted dispersal british naval forces early conflict allow germany smaller concentrated fleet achieve local superiority longer depend higher level training german officer corps enlisted ranks superiority modern german squadrons british fleet britain signed france britain primary naval rival destruction russian fleets russo japanese war strengthened britain position removed second traditional naval rivals developments allowed britain power standard focus solely building germany october admiral fisher stated probable enemy germany germany keeps fleet concentrated hours england fleet twice powerful concentrated hours germany damaging blow plan came launch february new battleship armed main battery inch guns considerably powerful battleship afloat ships capable battle dreadnought need significantly larger old pre dreadnoughts increased cost necessitated expensive canals accommodate german naval budget stretched thin new funding abandon challenge britain result went request additional funding amendment second naval law passed appropriated funding new battleships required increased size passed second amendment naval law march provide additional billion marks cope growing cost latest battleships law reduced service life battleships years allowed push replacement older vessels earlier final amendment passed represented compromise parliament amendment authorized new battleships light cruisers amendment called high_seas_fleet equipped squadrons battleships squadron battlecruisers eighteen light cruisers ship squadrons placed reserve armored light cruisers outbreak war august ship squadron dreadnoughts battle squadron assembled nassau class battleships second squadron dreadnoughts iii battle squadron included kaiser class battleships completed class battleships entered service early result squadron remained composed pre dreadnoughts naval law passed britain germany attempted reach compromise led british war minister arms reduction mission ended failure law announced shortly germans aware early royal_navy abandoned idea decisive battle german fleet favor distant blockade entrances north_sea british easily control geographical position emerged distinct possibility german fleet unable force battle terms render militarily useless war came british fact adopt strategy coupled restrictive orders kaiser preferred fleet intact chip peace settlements ability high_seas_fleet affect military situation markedly reduced strategy german_navy pre war planning held british compelled mount direct attack german coast defeat high_seas_fleet place close blockade course action permit germans away numerical superiority grand_fleet submarines torpedo boats rough equality forces achieved high_seas_fleet able attack destroy british fleet implicit strategy assumption german vessels better designed better trained crews employed superior tactics addition assumed britain able concentrate fleet north_sea owing demands global empire start conflict powers germans able attack royal_navy local superiority british accommodate projections appointment fisher began major reorganization royal_navy concentrated british battleship strength home waters launched dreadnought revolution introduced rigorous training fleet personnel british concluded joint defense agreement france allowed british concentrate north_sea french defended mediterranean worse british began developing strategy distant blockade germany starting removed ability german light craft reduce britain superiority numbers essentially german naval planning start world war logistics personnel primary base high_seas_fleet north_sea wilhelmshaven western jade bight port located mouth major base north_sea island provided fortified forward position german bight kiel important base baltic supported forward bases kaiser canal connected baltic allowed german_navy quickly shift naval forces seas peacetime ships active duty high_seas_fleet stationed wilhelmshaven kiel danzig germany possessed major overseas base china stationed steam ships period burned coal fire boilers naturally tied stations friendly ports german_navy lacked sufficient overseas bases sustained operations single ships operating commerce raiders navy experimented device transfer coal warships underway practice general use german capital ships cruising range nmi operate atlantic_ocean year came position state secretary consisted total officers petty officers enlisted men ranks branches positions outbreak war increased significantly officers petty officers men capital ships typically commanded captain sea corvette captain ships typically total crew excess officers men light cruisers screened fleet crew sizes fleet torpedo boats crews officers men later classes approached history early battleships classes constructed allow creation second squadron february renamed admiral brother commander high_seas_fleet flagship sms peace time fleet conducted routine pattern training exercises individual ships squadrons combined fleet year entire fleet conducted cruises atlantic_ocean baltic_sea prince henry replaced late vice admiral served april vice admiral command high_seas_fleet months world war took command following departure vice admiral sms friedrich der replaced fleet flagship march despite rising international tensions following assassination june high_seas_fleet began summer cruise norway july peacetime cruise fleet conducted drills proceeding norwegian july following day fleet began steam germany result austria-hungary ultimatum serbia 27th entire fleet assembled returning port ships remained heightened state readiness war austria-hungary serbia broke following day span week major european powers joined conflict world war high seas fleet conducted number sweeps advances north_sea occurred november british forces encountered admiral commander high_seas_fleet adopted strategy battlecruisers rear admiral raided british coastal towns lure portions grand_fleet destroyed high_seas_fleet raid december operation evening december german battle fleet dreadnoughts pre dreadnoughts came nmi isolated squadron british battleships skirmishes rival destroyer screens darkness convinced von faced entire grand fleet orders kaiser avoid fleet von broke engagement turned fleet germany following loss sms battle bank january kaiser removed admiral post february admiral replaced commander fleet admiral conducted series fleet advances march fleet steamed north returned incident followed april fleet covered mining operation days later april high_seas_fleet advanced failed meet british forces sortie followed fleet advanced far forced turn weather august fleet steamed north cover return auxiliary cruiser month later september fleet covered laying operation operation year conducted october advance result direction vice admiral commander chief high_seas_fleet january admiral ill continue post favored aggressive policy predecessor advocated greater usage boats coordinated attacks grand_fleet received approval kaiser february carry intentions ordered fleet sweeps north_sea march april april battlecruisers conducted raid english coast april fleet provided distant support planned raid mid battlecruiser struck previous raid repair work forced operation pushed end month battle jutland admiral fleet composed dreadnoughts pre dreadnoughts light cruisers torpedo boats departed jade early morning fleet sailed concert hipper battlecruisers supporting cruisers torpedo boats british navy room intercepted german radio traffic containing plans operation admiralty ordered grand_fleet totaling dreadnoughts battlecruisers sortie night order cut destroy high_seas_fleet utc battlecruiser forces encountered began running gun fight south battle fleet reaching high_seas_fleet vice admiral battlecruisers turned north lure germans rapidly approaching grand_fleet command admiral run north leading ships engaged queen elizabeth class battleships 5th battle squadron grand_fleet arrived scene deployed position cross northeast fleet position ordered point turn south west decided conduct point turn launch attack british fleet maneuver dangerous position turned fleet south crossed point turn followed hipper battlecruisers charged british line cover retreat ordered fleet adopt night cruising formation completed series ferocious engagements battleships destroyer screen ensued germans managed punch way destroyers high_seas_fleet reached jade june ordered undamaged battleships defensive positions jade kaiser class battleships maintain state readiness outside wilhelmshaven high_seas_fleet sunk british vessels grand_fleet sunk german leading battleships taken terrible capital ships including sms vessel line battlecruisers drydock extensive repairs months june british capital ships fighting condition compared german warships subsequent operations august warships repaired allow undertake fleet operation august damage incurred sms loss jutland battlecruisers available operation sms von der sms joined sms new battleship sms turned north receiving false report british unit area result bombardment carried warned grand_fleet approach turned forces retreated german ports fleet sortie took place october attack enemy shipping east despite signal intelligence grand_fleet attempt intercept operation cancelled poor weather cruiser torpedoed british submarine hms fleet reorganized december class battleships remained iii squadron newly commissioned kaiser class ships transferred squadron march new battleship built serve fleet flagship entered service 17th hauled flag friedrich der transferred war fourth year taking toll crews ships high_seas_fleet acts passive resistance posting anti war battleships sms january began appear june july crews began conduct active forms resistance activities included work hunger strikes taking unauthorized leave ships came head august series protests anti war speeches demonstrations resulted arrest dozens sailors ordered arrest men battleship center anti war activities series courts martial followed resulted guilty men sentenced death roles men executed early september following german conquest russian port german navy decided eliminate russian naval forces held navy high command planned operation seize baltic island specifically russian gun batteries september order issued joint operation army capture primary naval component comprise flagship iii battle squadrons high_seas_fleet operation began morning october ships engaged russian positions squadron shelled russian gun batteries october fighting islands winding moon german possession previous day ordered cessation naval actions return dreadnoughts high_seas_fleet soon possible admiral light surface forces attack british convoys norway beginning late result royal_navy attached squadron battleships protect convoys presented possibility destroying detached squadron grand_fleet operation called hipper battlecruisers attack convoy escorts april battleships high_seas_fleet stood support april german fleet assembled roads outside wilhelmshaven departed following morning despite success reaching convoy route operation failed faulty intelligence reports boats indicated convoys sailed start middle week west bound convoy left bergen tuesday 22nd east bound group left scotland 24th thursday result convoy hipper attack sortied force battleships battlecruisers late intercept retreating germans germans reached defensive minefields early april approximately nmi torpedoed submarine successfully returned port scapa_flow final fleet action planned end october days armistice effect bulk high_seas_fleet sortied base wilhelmshaven engage grand admiral fleet intended inflict damage possible british navy order retain better position germany despite expected casualties war weary sailors felt operation disrupt peace process war morning october order given sail wilhelmshaven following day starting night october sailors battleships unrest ultimately forced hipper cancel operation informed situation kaiser stated longer navy following capitulation germany november high_seas_fleet command rear admiral interned british naval base scapa_flow prior departure german fleet admiral adolf von clear von allow allies seize ships conditions fleet british light cruiser cardiff led ships allied fleet escort germans scapa_flow massive flotilla consisted british american french warships ships interned guns disabled removal breech blocks crews reduced officers enlisted men capital ships fleet remained captivity negotiations ultimately produced treaty versailles believed british intended seize german ships june deadline germany signed peace treaty unaware deadline extended 23rd ordered ships sunk opportunity morning june british fleet left scapa_flow conduct training maneuvers transmitted order ships interned fleet battleship light cruisers eighteen destroyers saved sinking british harbor personnel royal_navy initially opposed salvage operations decided allow private firms attempt raise vessels scrapping cox company founded handled salvage operations including heaviest vessels raised cox withdrawal financial losses early 1930s took salvage operation remaining ships capital ships raised sms deep permit raising remain scapa_flow light cruisers legacy high_seas_fleet particularly wartime ultimate fate strongly influenced later german navies kriegsmarine officers continued serve subsequent institutions including admiral hipper chief staff commander chief advocated long range commerce raiding surface ships constructing large surface fleet challenge royal_navy viewed futile endeavor initial version construction program kriegsmarine late 1930s called large number class cruisers long range light cruisers reconnaissance forces attacking enemy shipping overruled adolf_hitler advocated large fleet battleships | High Seas Fleet | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20369_NorthernAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed covered northern australia headquartered queensland northern area command primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries january following outbreak pacific war divided counter japanese threats northern australia respectively history prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke raaf began command structure expected increases manpower units march divided australia geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary headquartered queensland formed leadership command controlled units northern new_south_wales queensland responsible air defence entire north coast australia main air base raaf augmented satellite bases region june november took lead tracking japanese pearl increased presence north western australia regarded significant intelligence services disbanded august responsibilities divided newly formed training group december strength consisted squadron flying lockheed squadron squadron based pacific war broke nos squadrons deployed forces advanced operational bases dutch_east_indies nos squadrons flying based port squadron instructed strike japanese bases shipping possible obtain warning possible attempted southward movements japanese open shipping routes coral deny enemy access territories new_guinea nos squadrons engaged reconnaissance maritime patrol sporadic bombing missions japanese targets dutch_east_indies short modern fighters sufficient numbers bombers raaf units words official history australia war virtually powerless attack defend japanese forces building region january split counter distinct japanese threats darwin case port remained new headquartered darwin inaugural aftermath following end war chief air staff air vice marshal proposed reducing extant mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland rejected plan wartime area command boundaries essentially remained place supplanted functional command control system home operational training | Northern Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20383_6thDivision(Australia) | 6th infantry division australian_army raised briefly world war broken provide reinforcements seeing action raised outbreak world war formed unit 2nd served greek campaign crete syria fighting germans italians division left middle_east returned australia meet threat japan entry war division garrisoned ceylon short period time division committed new_guinea campaign new_guinea component brigades major role successful counter offensive track late division organised australia committed complete formation australian operations war formation 6th division formed britain world war effort expand existence short lived result manpower shortages occurred failure good heavy losses suffered western decided division subordinate units september use personnel reinforce units result division broken replacements months later saw action division raised interwar years subsequently remained australian army order battle world war broke provisions defence act existing militia divisions serving overseas government decided raise volunteer force known 2nd division formed 2nd raised september initially command lieutenant general formation division consisted 16th 17th 18th brigades established infantry battalions later reorganised result 18th brigade sent united_kingdom june decision adopt british establishment infantry battalions brigade 19th brigade subsequently raised division infantry brigade formed taking battalion brigades reduced division infantry battalions 11th raised new_south_wales victoria early majority sent palestine complete training joining france 7th division formed australian corps france fell german forces july corps arrived rest division training middle_east division artillery regiment 3rd field regiment 1st anti tank regiment sent united_kingdom help bolster garrison light expected invasion following partially broken provide personnel serve infantry 25th brigade threat invasion regiments sent middle_east rejoin division arriving december north_africa 6th division saw action early italian forces north_africa advance time major general taken command division june italy declared war allies began build forces libya september italian invaded egypt british colony threatening allied control middle_east particularly suez_canal international supply routes british forces general sir expelled italians pursued border december 6th division moved forward training camps alexandria relieve british troops end december ordered prepare attack january small coastal town inside border major australian action world war took place amidst heavy artillery barrage supported tanks carriers divisional cavalry penetrated defences italian stronghold despite heavy resistance town fell australians days later australians captured large italian war material thousands italian prisoners war shipped prison camps australia fighting continued january italian position cut allies took nearly italian prisoners considerable amounts enemy weapons supplies equipment battle cost australian lives men wounded january italian held port fell italians prisoners january february 6th division british units pushed italian army libya including actions destroyed initially planned leave 6th division defence 7th division trained equipped early april 6th division withdrawn north_africa defend greece replaced took epic siege april november italian german forces campaign division lost killed wounded captured greece crete syria hitler concerned greece october fighting italians albania british ally romania germany relied fuel open air attack greece germans planning invasion russia june allow threat essential oil supplies began planning invasion greece march prime minister australia cabinet agreed sending australian troops greece defend german attack corps commander felt operation risky end disaster stated greece supported german aggression defence greece great risk good cause arrived greece late march early april joined new_zealand british force april germans began invasion greece sending total divisions arriving greece australians transported north yugoslav border took defensive positions fighting followed troops 4th 8th 3rd field regiment brigadier fought brigade despite efforts allied force greek units unable halt rapid german advance central greece athens allies germans april driven greek mainland final act defiance division casualties greece amounted killed wounded captured withdrawal greece elements division evacuated alexandria majority sent crete form hasty garrison 19th brigade landed intact infantry battalions elements 16th 17th brigades landed combined form composite battalions addition infantry division field artillery units 2nd 3rd field regiments landed lost equipment greece result 2nd thrown line infantry 3rd hastily equipped captured french italian artillery pieces germans launched airborne assault island course week half heavy fighting ensued airfield heavy casualties inflicted germans having exhausted ammunition lacking air support garrison evacuated egypt close end month greece large number men unable evacuated result 6th division personnel including majority 1st 7th 11th battalions taken prisoner great deal equipment lost fighting 7th infantry battalion fighting alongside new_zealand 28th undertook bayonet charge position known 42nd street later described war resulted germans killed fighting crete added killed wounded captured division casualty list majority division crete 6th sent greece detached british 7th armoured brigade subsequently took operation following evacuation crete 6th division began rebuilding palestine cavalry allocated bloody successful attack french forces syria lebanon campaign depleted infantry battalions 17th brigade 3rd 5th committed subsequently took drive damascus mid june later joined 2nd fought campaign french mid july process suffered casualties total 6th division casualties syrian campaign amounted killed wounded conclusion fighting syria rest 6th division joined 17th brigade undertook garrison duties december division received news japanese attacked pearl harbor invaded malaya division remained syria christmas time endured cold winter saw heavy snow falls finally january decision withdraw australia meet threat posed japanese advances pacific 19th brigade departed subsequently arrived march 16th 17th brigades diverted defend ceylon sri_lanka japanese remained mid march early july pacific war return australia 16th 17th brigades ceylon 19th brigade proceeded mid march remained april short period leave granted men reported brigade split 11th infantry battalion sent western_australia undertake garrison duty brigade infantry battalions divisional cavalry regiment sent bolster defences wake japanese successes 19th brigade subsequently combat half years 11th place 19th brigade taken militia unit 23rd 21st battalion time division experienced officers non commissioned officers transferred militia units order prepare operations japanese 6th division headquarters subsequently form april appear officially reformed right august september june division artillery regiments 3rd transferred having spent nearly months ceylon 16th 17th brigades arrived australia august subsequently returned states origin brief period leave welcome home held sydney 16th melbourne 17th week later 6th division received orders deploy overseas time meet japanese southward thrust new_guinea division spend remainder war fighting elements new_guinea final year war individual brigade level components unified command mid september 16th brigade command brigadier elements division sent new_guinea reinforce relieve militia 30th brigade 7th division units fighting desperate holding action july campaign point consisted series battles fought track japanese landed pushed south port checked divisional headquarters opened port september 16th brigade arrived days later 17th brigade sent relieve 18th brigade following successful defensive action fought earlier month japanese having reached extent supply lines began withdraw australians went offensive pursuing north october detached 7th division command moved track subsequently took advance exhausted troops 25th brigade days later japanese established strong positions high ground north week half brigade fought desperately terrain driving rain cold conditions positions making heavy work strong resistance australians slowly japanese remained possession citadel finally october 3rd infantry battalion took japanese right flank killing forcing remaining defenders retreat securing crossing brigade suffered casualties suffering disease rations running low brigade continued eastern fork track amidst opposition took passed setting november heavy resistance encountered day 2nd infantry battalion advanced high ground held number days moves 1st infantry battalion temporarily detached 25th brigade pushed japanese enabled brigade continue advance taken mid november brigade having suffered battle casualties committed fighting finally reached swollen crossing 16th brigade ordered support joint australian effort attack japanese area situation grown worse time progress slow march proved difficult soldiers weakened physical states november 2nd infantry battalion led brigade 3rd moved vanguard days experienced opposition november japanese artillery began target 1st launching quick attack companies 1st japanese gun pit companies provided support fire rout followed japanese killed nightfall 1st dug subsequently fought number japanese relieved forward position kilometres coast brigade severely depleted reaching position point fit men ordered hold position provide cover troops slowly moving cape track junction november 16th brigade finally received artillery support battery 1st field regiment flown hastily established airfield began firing inexperienced american regiment slow progress result 16th brigade held position december progressively relieved troops 30th brigade having suffered cent casualties withdrawn night december small element division remained action fell late january 1st field regiment detachment expanded troop guns troop sent support forces force sent addition artillery assets october small group carriers 17th brigade carrier platoon sent bay support general 32nd division crews drawn mainly 7th infantry battalion 5th thrown action december support major assault despite making heavily entrenched japanese wiped heavy casualties 6th division involvement campaign lost killed wounded 16th brigade involvement new_guinea campaign fought successful conclusion 17th brigade preparing encounter japanese shortly japanese landings march small band known force established commenced seven month campaign area early january japanese heavily reinforced area moving troops suffered setbacks hope destroying capturing lay strategically important offered allies serve potential large concentrations troops attack japanese bases fighting 17th brigade command brigadier kept bay australian commanders intention keeping fresh reinforce garrison bay brigade significantly reduced sickness specifically malaria response arrival japanese reinforcements 17th brigade relieved bay 29th brigade shipped january company 6th infantry battalion representing brigade advanced elements flown arrival company company began moving link establish defend amidst difficult flying conditions limited resources arrival rest battalion took place following days rest brigade delayed january japanese began moving small groups intention taking response 5th dispatched january arriving course days morning january main japanese thrust fell man strong company 6th infantry battalion day company fought desperately hold japanese reinforcements 5th brought mid afternoon looked like overrun desperate bayonet charge temporarily bought australians relief eventually withdrew mile south west formed night defensive position having successfully delayed japanese advance inflicted killed following day poor weather hampered efforts fly 7th infantry battalion large group japanese bypassed company position continued response companies 5th moved reaching early january japanese mortars began firing mid morning weather cleared allied aircraft soon began arriving airfield men 7th quickly thrown line night fought following day section guns 1st field regiment arrived 17th brigade went offensive company machine guns 7th machine gun battalion flown february japanese began withdrawing area significant fighting occurred february course weeks clashes took place australians followed retreating japanese actions came february withdrawal complete japanese establishing following 17th brigade advanced supply problems ground halt march april series patrols sent late april brigade detached primarily militia formation took task defending time engineers 6th division including 1st field company improve supply lines area cutting road 2nd field ambulance provided support brigade operations establishing medical services close australian forward areas april 7th infantry battalion end long supply line unsuccessfully attacked southern japanese lines area features known allies north early course days 7th repelled strong japanese relieved time allies began planning wider operations capture taken initially secure 17th brigade capture push north secure moving steep muddy ridges amidst dense jungle terrain 7th found going tough late 6th took drive feeling way located path jungle coast june company came heavy attack japanese battalions regiment amounting men days intense fighting followed japanese successfully beaten australians relied established linked defensive positions featuring extensive cleared free fire zones battle later described australian_army classic engagements world war end month 6th reached secured landing beaches amphibious landing troops established 6th led way west ranging ahead americans allies began early july 7th attacked observation hill japanese began withdraw 5th sent north act support newly arrived moving mid july amidst heavy close quarters fighting captured southern parts late july situation stalemate developed held australian advance result decided bypass early august sending 6th battalion north west path eventually found securing australians began working northern end 7th heavily involved 15th brigade time fighting position known finally japanese abandoned august 17th brigade advance continued days brigade reached final ridge 29th brigade arrived 7th infantry battalion detached 15th brigade continued result remained thick end fell september rest 17th brigade way australia mid september arrived queensland placed 6th division command campaign cost 6th division killed wounded long period waiting training followed division organised jungle divisional establishment saw reduction division artillery vehicles equipment manning divisional strength falling men division lost experienced personnel time promoted moved formations received reinforcements disbanded division deployment come november committed campaign unified division units previously detached including 3rd field regiment 19th brigade rejoining division campaign japanese occupied area northern new_guinea held april americans undertaken amphibious landing later year responsibility clearing remaining japanese troops area passed australians sought troops philippines early october began troops unit arrive 6th cavalry commando regiment formed early division cavalry regiment converted headquarters formation commando squadrons 7th 9th 10th assigned corps unit campaign result shortages available shipping rest division arrived slowly course couple months starting december division commenced limited offensive advancing main japanese base coast japanese having established number gardens 19th brigade 7th commando squadron leading coast route december 17th brigade 10th moving series small scale actions followed mid january 19th brigade relieved 16th 9th commando squadron continued drive coast 17th brigade infantry battalions took turns leading way closed terrain hindered movement supplies rear areas consequently australians slow progress dense jungle limited size forces deployed largest formations sent division limited company size time isolated pockets japanese offered significant resistance places overcome artillery air tank support daily patrols ambush attacks elements posed significant threat australians men drowning attempted cross flood swollen rivers taken april fell operations area continued end war australians exploited south east taking coastal route expanded east patrols ranged inland campaign members division performed actions later awarded victoria_cross commonwealth highest gallantry decoration awarded posthumously lieutenant 2nd infantry battalion courage leadership commanding platoon march second went private 4th infantry battalion destroying japanese holding company advance campaign significant distance division travelled landing traversed kilometres inland kilometres coast 6th division captured square kilometres japanese killed captured division suffered highest casualties war losing killed wounded men hospitalised sickness disbandment september division took formal surrender commander lieutenant general division remained new_guinea constituent units slowly transport shortages delayed process division employed garrison duties aiding war crimes investigations finally november 6th division units returned australia division formally disbanded majority division infantry battalions disbanded shortly early months year existence total men served division ranks killed action died wounded total men prisoners war structure 6th division structure changed considerably existence units detached attached meet operational needs particularly early late divisional order battle indicative generic addition listed 14th 21st 25th 30th brigades attached albeit temporarily varying periods infantry units state origin 16th new south wales 1st australian infantry battalion 2nd 3rd australian infantry battalion 4th australian infantry battalion 19th brigade 17th victoria 6th australian infantry battalion 7th 8th australian infantry battalion 19th brigade 18th 7th division 19th formed 6th division brigades new south wales 8th australian infantry battalion victoria 11th australian infantry battalion western australia armoured australian divisional cavalry later 6th cavalry commando regiment artillery new south wales 2nd field regiment victoria 3rd field regiment new_south_wales south_australia western_australia 5th field regiment queensland tasmania 1st engineer new_south_wales victoria 3rd field company south_australia 8th field company victoria 1st field park company queensland 1st australian machine gun regiment 1st 1st field ambulance 2nd field ambulance 7th field ambulance 6th division signals 6th 1st division company 6th division postal unit 6th division salvage unit 6th commanders following officers served divisional commander lieutenant general october april major general april august major general august april september major general september march major general march july july november | 6th Division (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20396_29thBattalion(Australia) | 29th 29th battalion infantry battalion australian_army formed service world war fought trenches western france belgium disbanded late provide reinforcements heavily depleted australian units following battalion raised unit australia time military forces based melbourne victoria amalgamated later raised right following outbreak second world war undertook garrison duties australia amalgamated form 29th 46th battalion late subsequently seeing service japanese new_guinea history world war 29th battalion originally formed world war raised victoria august command lieutenant colonel officer years service time military forces battalion undertook initial training later battalions 8th brigade assigned november battalion embarked departed australian waters port egypt december battalion arrived middle_east late fighting gallipoli result initially undertake defensive duties protect suez_canal ottoman forces undertook comprehensive training program time orders arrived transfer europe june reached peak subsequently embarked alexandria bound france june battalion arrival egypt 8th brigade divisional level early assigned reorganisation saw expanded infantry divisions battalion arrived june transported rail july called training lines order replace battalions australian 4th division transferred 29th battalion undertook difficult day mile approach march roads loads pounds arriving night july taking position relieved july subsequently took attack german positions farm held 21st following attack battalion held line days beating particularly heavy german counterattack july eventually relieved introduction trench warfare 29th battalion lost men killed action men wounded half years fought number major battles trenches western including playing supporting role number including allied days offensive launched august battalion took 8th brigade advance subsequently achieving considerable feat capturing town battalion fought battle war late september alongside 30th breached german defences line final allied offensive war aimed line near battalion began advance september moving left flank elements infantry regiment support attack proved highly successful prisoners captured field guns quantity german small arms battalion lost men killed wounded following withdrawn line time casualties reached critical level result battalions authorised strength men able field result decision reduce number infantry battalions brigade disbanding battalion personnel reinforce chosen broken result october 29th battalion disbanded majority battalion personnel officers ranks transferred 32nd battalion reinforcements service western battalion suffered men killed men wounded members battalion received following decorations bar member order british_empire military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals bars service medals mentioned despatches awards allied nations bestowed battle honours involvement war inter war years battalion raised organisation australian military took place time battalion time unit assigned 4th brigade formation battalion drew personnel previously existing units 2nd battalion 29th 6th infantry regiment 15th infantry regiment 29th light horse battle honours traditions associated battalion based melbourne battalion brought authorised strength men compulsory training scheme following year army budget cut half scope scheme reduced following resolution arguably improved australia strategic outlook result battalion authorised strength reduced men ranks training recruitment scaled significantly territorial titles introduced australian_army battalion adopted title east melbourne regiment time battalion afforded motto following election government compulsory training scheme suspended altogether decided maintain time military force volunteer basis order reflect change renamed militia time end compulsory training fiscal followed economic great depression meant manpower available militia units time dropped authorised establishments result decision number units subsequently 29th battalion amalgamated 22nd forming 29th 22nd battalion later split august 29th raised right second world war following outbreak second world war australian government decided raise volunteer force service overseas provisions defence act compelling militia serve outside australian territory force known 2nd 2nd raised trained officers non commissioned officers drawn militia militia main role time provide training men called compulsory training scheme early battalion undertook number short periods continuous training following japanese bombing pearl harbor invasion malaya december war service march sent queensland undertake garrison duties man defences coast defend possible japanese invasion manpower shortages occurred australian economy result military forces australian government decided number militia units order release personnel civilian workforce result decision august 29th battalion amalgamated form 29th 46th battalion unit went serve overseas new_guinea war following wartime army australia time military formed 29th battalion raised time battalion state suspended animation entrusted battle honours awarded 29th battalion service malaya world war earned 29th 46th battalion battle honours 29th battalion received following battle honours including inherited 29th world war road canal france flanders egypt second world war malaya liberation australian new_guinea fortification point alliances united_kingdom | 29th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20562_Jagdgeschwader1(WorldWarII) | world war german world war fighter unit wing aircraft unit derives meaning hunt meaning wing formed eastern prussia original groups created luftwaffe expansion plans operated primarily western northern occupied europe initial days war faced little resistance apart occasional royal_air_force raf unit rarely engaged large scale confrontations time late onwards tasked defence day elements moved france tasked air support air defence role severely reduced strength end war unit disbanded remaining pilots aircraft organized remained groups surrendered allied forces end war unit attempt aerial bombing techniques heavy bomber formations unit equipped jet fighter added unit title late kills killed action enemy aircraft claimed shot war unit formation history luftwaffe envisaged year expansion plan utilized single engined short range domestic defence duties twin engined external long range offensive roles summer luftwaffe replaced long term plans fast creation new starting july plans failed groups created existing groups group created new group commanded major based modern russia unit equipped june entire organization luftwaffe changed result large number units designated command title changes took place given designation high profile senior home wing designation left second place invasion france low countries merged designated iii temporarily dissolved unit seven months later december new unit formed defensive units based north_sea coast role provide air cover large portion north_sea coastline commander operational area stretched netherlands january handed command major commander fighter forces reorganization similar parent designated donor unit forming new unit called march transferred designated new formed netherlands commanded major new moved protect occupied dutch territory tasked protecting north german border netherlands denmark replaced major mid came control went form organization structure generally organization followed standard luftwaffe organization typical wing commanded equivalent wing commander captain supposed rank lieutenant colonel colonel position filled relatively junior officer initially luftwaffe fighter wings consisted groups equivalent groups groups identified roman followed unit number unit expanded incorporate fourth group partly result expansion luftwaffe fighter wings incorporated fourth group group usually consisted squadrons identified numbers squadron subordinate headquarters flight associated squadron establishment aircraft usually consisted flights aircraft usually flying finger formation commanding officer squadron usually held rank senior lieutenant captain flights squadron color coded red blue yellow green headquarters flight essentially headquarters unit entire wing headquarters units level initially formed constituted november intention navy kriegsmarine signals units autonomous command defending coastline placed august stab alternatively called equipped variants consisted commenced administrative control seeing extensive service group designated iii july reformed december holland squadron holland formed july netherlands formed march parts squadron units operated independently september grouped major ordered sicily later africa designated november formed day january unit transferred located major commander august transferred reinforce september von transferred eastern germany rest supply november transferred northern netherlands january designated group involved eastern campaigns kills september assigned task coastal defence protection shipping routes early reinforced day fighters defence additional units eastern august increased addition equipped base arrival equipped designated august designated point end consist headquarters flight stab january fighting wings luftwaffe created training group prepare operational service parent wing training group operating squadron doubled supplemental squadron consisting instructors iii formed iii formed january consisted supplemental flights fighter pilot schools iii designated april new iii established led major expanded include 4th group time iii formed training groups training squadrons wings march designated iii established day elements previous training squadrons fighter schools april designated aircraft formed primarily iii started converting continued operate later models including specialized high altitude fighter boost april largely transitioned iii returned april iii luftwaffe units equipped improved water boost units equip design deliveries february april moved near factory receive deliveries new aircraft unit emblem color schemes initially formed emblem designed german cross flight incorporated original emblem iii reformed emblem mythical norse origins group displayed individual aircraft engine designated iii example sword chamberlain umbrella badge depicted pistol heart surrounded words translated german shoots gets life appointment introduced new emblem november red winged inside white diamond surrounded black circle disputes emblem details version white diamond red circle instead black spring briefly introduced high visibility geometric patterns alternating black white horizontal stripes engine units patterns unique variation colorful identification scheme black white striped engine divided black white black red black yellow respectively following general adoption aft coloured fuselage bands identification utilised black white bands started painting red aft fuselage bands distinguish aircraft use colored fuselage bands generally abandoned point color scheme painting tail rudder white units dedicated duties wartime history original based played little deployed forward bases involvement enemy aircraft downed casualty pilot injured friendly september group returned day stop group arrived came administrative control temporarily administrative control june came control days later arrival aircraft credited squadron raf shot reconnaissance mission february major promoted position succeeded unit went participate extensively claimed air victories scorer kills established december primary responsibility air defence germany northern occupied territories role unit exclusively worked netherlands prior transfer central west_germany main opponents lone raf reconnaissance aircraft anti shipping aircraft medium bombers group little action compared theaters time sector considered relatively safe compared theaters defence raf bombers escorts insufficient range reach german somewhat isolated raf lean europe fighter offensive involved veteran world war years age claimed 13th kill famed air cover plan operation german kriegsmarine battlecruisers cruiser february assigned victory scored early group started equip earlier completing notable ace early leading scorer tally february late onwards increasing bomber offensive brought forefront defence operating high altitudes american bomber streams 8th air_force equipped experimented official unofficial ways downing heavy bombers varying degrees success unofficial methods developed air bombing bombers delay fused bomb second fuse loss aircraft performance vulnerability bomb carrying aircraft fighters meant method widely adopted initial operation air bombs metres bomber formation march reported breaking wing bombers lost day iii pioneered use rockets stand anti bomber weapon proved heavy fighter aircraft removed later year start mainly equipped large scale air battle occurred bombed naval base wilhelmshaven january force flying fortress facing base route attacked strength broken cloud cover intercepted lack heavy armament lack experience meant satisfactory results crews noted press home attacks combat damage failed return american casualty defence campaign captain claims unconfirmed bomber shot second kill went pilots killed damage naval base minimal cloud cover target bad radio communication meant formation broke smaller formation lost way crossed netherlands near wandering turned north north_sea bombs took intercept pass bombers claimed confirmed intercepted downing result collision downed cut bomber tail loss february night fighter wing equipped twin engined night fighters joined poor weather conditions able find formation claiming claimed downed cost fighters claimed february attack wilhelmshaven boat yards confirmed lost claimed claimed thirteen claimed downed total march sent bomb near bremen parts iii formations intercepted bombers southwest attacked bomber head target exploded claimed target england shot north_sea bomber return fire fight lasted hours claimed shot loss pilots aircraft actually lost april shot lancaster april shot unit claimed total confirmed loss pilot claimed shot june iii saw action time group intercepted formation approaching wilhelmshaven claimed victory viii organized large attack june main objective involving bombing synthetic rubber plant groups intercepted credited bombers june formation headed germany primary secondary targets covered cloud bombers attacked convoys groups fighters intercepted iii claimed seven bombers responsible iii lost pilots including adjutant pilots injured weather july poor bomber formations selected secondary target abandoned mission iii downed bombers lost crashed north_sea 37th victim day bombers went rubber factories robert iii claimed bomber july day dubbed blitz week mission targeted factory iii bombers bombed returning iii intercepted bombers near dutch border unexpectedly confronted iii aircraft damaged repair shot lost campaign recorded loss fighter bombers shot august bombed targets escorted time drop tanks force land suffered heavy damage losing pilot october lost high scoring killed fighters heard announce victory transmission stating attack saw aircraft disappear cloud wounded enemy aircraft successful forced landing reinforced time including kills missions kills june kills late appointed december lost joined november promoted replace killed december day major formed experimental unit evaluate new methods bomber attack consisted entirely volunteers trained engage enemy bombers extremely close quarters specially armed armored called intended attack bombers rear tight formations closing extreme close range replacements dedicated twin engined heavy fighters shot increasing numbers allied escort fighters january unit transferred major january based defence unit kills following months noted experts transferred kills kills major kills assigned march recovering wounds suffered serving february replaced commander led spoken criticism luftwaffe leadership led leading operation training group transferred january ordinary pilot welcomed assurances command responsibilities managed utilize skills formation leader death march appointed acting commander february attempted repeat success february 1st flew east germany east northeast escort crossing attacked targets baltic sea coast 1st considered main thrust attack went bombers 2nd division scheduled bomb directed attack strong flying lower altitude bombers separated escorting fighters reached bombers major led diving attack claimed attacked head claimed downed time assembly directive place dictated senior pilot landing fighter airfield assume command fighter pilots unit landing airfield aircraft enabled large hoc formations fighters quickly thrown battle led attack improvised command march ordered bombers bomb berlin time escorted fighters 8th air_force raf commander requested received reinforcements led stab major led accompanied iii initially intercepted sixteen escorted group went wave waves attacks bombers multiple directions pilots ended exhausting ammunition resulting bombers shot minutes escorting arrived half allied attacks railway networks thoroughly frustrated happy inability stop bombing questioned commitment fighter wing leaders flying personally leading units regular basis bombers 8th air_force attacked vital railway networks north east belgium eastern france escorted greater number fighters sick bed time angered took fighters headquarters flight green versions death version suggested reported damage asked break engaged escorting possibly ensuing minute killed crashing near memory granted transferred having claimed victories months replaced appointed command iii june wing served exclusively netherlands transferred moving france providing air cover army day received orders transfer west base near took command headed essay late afternoon aircraft landed news original destination bombed meant diversion newly added later attacked near shot killed based complement day saw notable loss commander iii shot killed started perform fighter bomber missions specialised training june sent ground attack missions attacked allied shipping normandy coast raf aircraft bombed airfield night june resulting losing seven aircraft damaged flew june route attacked claiming unconfirmed kill result follow bombing attack june resulting loss june downed north downed human loss june moved complement essay tasked defending skies beaches normandy transfer probably attacked fighter wing near lost pilots mechanic riding passenger lost aircraft human loss claiming downed credited 24th kill 13th kill base essay bombed day making airfield unsuitable missions prompted transfer landing ground south east unit establishing came fresh attack shot airfield destroying putting battle non operational destroyed resulting final losses normandy weeks lost pilots captured wounded total aircraft lost reasons august transferred germany training new lightweight jet fighters november bombers fighters 8th air_force attacked oil yard poor flying conditions new inexperienced pilots lost aircraft shot assigned support preparations counter offensive restart battle providing air support army hard losing experienced pilots december lost pilots lost included operation late luftwaffe operation aim allied tactical air forces based low countries reviving progress battle operation launched new year day participated action orders destroy enemy aircraft ground possible large number allied aircraft destroyed luftwaffe lost large number pilots targets included polish squadron squadron squadron located near belgium squadron located near belgium squadrons near belgium lost pilots killed seven missing captured fight squadron engaged kills crashed near railway station body thrown clear wreckage shot green crashed near flying officer claimed piloted turn attacked crash landed crash land lack fuel squadron returned base shot fighters arrived engaged shot taken prisoner squadron joined arrival warrant officer shot eye witness account suggested downed pilots faced wrath belgium civilians citing body pilots stripped attacked angry mob pilot barely escaped surrendering allied forces shot flight lieutenant squadron von shot squadron turn flight lieutenant shot killed allied pilot crash landed downing german aircraft pilot officer credited downing german aircraft flight lieutenant shot german aircraft chase ground level german shot wing man warrant officer remaining pilots started journey like downed enemy came fire friendly downing pilots claimed short ground raf records state destroyed shot aerial combat listed lost aerial engagements defence disastrous losses failing maintain air superiority area severely weakened transferred modern russia faced british fighters january lost pilots killed wounded missing shot entire airport took loss threatened court martial major new leader disastrous loss unable transferring eastern poland briefly assigned assigned defend left germany final allied time unit began converting new jet propelled started training new jet aircraft march pilots killed accidents flying new unfamiliar fighter moved performing defence duties bases pioneering german jet fighter wing far today neighborhood factory located easier pilots pick new jets germany brink collapse transportation fuel supply getting difficult increased allied air attacks april flying fortresses bombed field days relocated nearby airfield moved week later time moved airfield started taking delivery new jet aircraft widespread combat late introduction shortage pilots aircraft fuel longer field complement effectively fly operations required new minutes worth fuel endurance simply pilots killed making landing exhausting fuel april scored number kills cost pilots losses attributed issues engine flame outs occasional structural failures probably attributed poor design insufficient development time april iii disbanded april fell victim squadron wrote took concrete runway stayed metres right usual climbed metres suddenly appeared instantly shot plane saw canopy catapult parachute deploy lucky press attack combat matches account flight lieutenant squadron reported shooting unusual looking german aircraft armed reconnaissance area loss combat dissolution april combined form new groups combined total pilots aircraft surviving formed special consolidated intervention groups war ended effectively grounded surviving crews collectively turned allies entire war task defending north west flank americans entered air war little attention came fore start defence harsh baptism fire notable successes losses famous group commanders major promoted wing commander credited kills 8th ranking aerial ace time notable aces highest scoring luftwaffe ace jet ace scoring possibly victories serving victory occurred april credited 15th kill high scoring pilots associated example score confirmed prior death losses high fourteen group commanders killed action serving notable losses early prior day led experienced formation commanders unit suffered heavy losses wings west pilots killed wounded aircraft destroyed confirmed victories engined bombers significantly highly experienced experts losses notable loss march kills group lost seven experienced team leaders flight leaders february kills february kills march kills kills kills kills kills originally transferred eastern pilots august pilots killed captured severely wounded lieutenant sole pilot remaining luftwaffe units committed battle day landings suffered catastrophic losses overwhelming numbers allied fighters present weeks action following day lost aircraft air combat pilots air claims experienced killed time claims killed action polish wing june north paris june claims shot killed aerial combat fighters june moving france came attack near ensuing lost pilots mechanic riding passenger mechanic lost aircraft loss life total pilot losses world war killed action wounded killed accidents commanding officers wing commanders originally formed single wing formed november wing commander august november january major january august mix august march april october major october november november major acting originally formed single group group designated iii temporarily ceased exist reactivated months later november formal came exist september major february february july september august august september september major april april december january major january january april major january june june october major october april april june june january february march major march june june july august january december march paul march april iii april iii designated new group added iii based operation squadrons fighter schools february october october november october march major april july july october friedrich october april major april june june alfred june june june august july september august october october december december designated april afterward added continued exist group wing dissolution january march march april | Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20584_2ndBrigadeCombatTeam,10thMountainDivision(UnitedStates) | 10th united_states 2nd 10th infantry brigade united_states_army based fort drum new_york subordinate unit 10th activated 10th second brigade elements saw numerous deployments world 1990s global war terrorism brigade deployed times initially deployed kuwait elements brigade later deployed afghanistan brigade deployed early split iraq afghanistan entire brigade returned iraq return afghanistan sixth deployment organization 2nd subordinate unit 10th nature means capable operating independently division infantry brigade combat team brigade consists headquarters headquarters company seven subordinate battalions stationed fort drum new_york 14th infantry regiment 2nd battalion infantry regiment 4th battalion 31st infantry regiment 1st squadron 15th field 41st history february 10th activated fort drum new_york decades inactive accordance plan division longer centered regiments instead brigades activated division 10th activated fort drum 2nd brigade 10th activated fort moving fort drum division assigned round brigade 27th division specially designed light infantry division able rapidly deploy equipment design oriented reduced size weight reasons strategic tactical mobility division received distinctive unit insignia division sent soldiers support operation largest units soldiers supported iraq following cease fire march support soldiers began fort drum june year hurricane andrew struck south florida august killing people leaving homeless causing damages excess billion dollars september 10th assumed responsibility hurricane andrew disaster relief task force mountain division soldiers set relief camps distributed food clothing medical building supplies helping rebuild homes clear debris division soldiers deploy florida returned home october operation restore hope december division headquarters designated headquarters army forces operation restore hope major general division commander named army forces commander 10th mission secure major cities roads provide safe passage relief supplies population suffering effects 10th efforts humanitarian agencies declared end food emergency fighting decreased task force ranger team pinned raid later known units provided infantry quick reaction force sent rescue 10th soldiers killed fighting longest sustained regular forces vietnam war division began gradual reduction forces february soldiers returned united_states march operation uphold democracy division formed nucleus haiti joint task force haiti operation uphold democracy division troops deployed operation september 1st brigade conducted army air assault aircraft carrier force consisted helicopters soldiers occupied port prince international airport largest army air operation conducted carrier raid world war division mission create secure stable environment government president democratic elections held accomplished 10th handed control haiti january division soldiers served haiti january task force eagle fall division received notice serving senior headquarters task force eagle providing force support ongoing operation area responsibility selected division units began deploying late summer approximately division soldiers deployed successfully performing mission bosnia division units conducted assignments soldiers early summer 10th soldiers returned safely fort drum global war terrorism following september attacks elements division including special troops battalion infantry 31st infantry regiment infantry deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom late forces remained country fighting secure remote areas country participating operations operation fall division participated fighting valley return battalions welcomed home praised president bush elements 2nd brigade combat team 10th returned afghanistan support forces operating western region country return division headquarters 10th began process transformation division september division headquarters finished transformation 1st brigade 1st 10th activated time january 4th 10th activated fort louisiana transformed september pending deployment iraq late deployed iraq supporting operation iraqi freedom 2nd undertook combat operations baghdad including prison camp returning late time 1st deployed iraq staying country 1st 2nd brigade combat team scheduled deploy iraq fall rotation iraq summer brigades deployed months support war terrorism february associated_press reported officials fort drum said members 2nd deploy spring summer southern afghanistan brigade fourth deployment afghanistan deployment ended october honors unit decorations campaign | 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20638_2/10thBattalion(Australia) | 10th battalion australia 10th battalion adelaide rifles infantry battalion australian_army raised overseas service volunteer 2nd world war formed october 2nd unit raised state south_australia war completing period training australia battalion embarked overseas initially intended 10th parent brigade 18th brigade sent middle_east join brigades 6th division instead 18th brigade sent united_kingdom help strengthen garrison france reassigned 10th remained united_kingdom undertaking defensive duties late finally arrived middle_east 18th brigade 7th division battalion experience combat came attack italian garrison march followed defensive actions year 10th joined allied garrison syria early following japan entry war 10th withdrawn australia august height japanese advance pacific battalion committed fighting bay suffering heavy casualties debut pacific fighting came 10th brought australia reorganisation march august returned new_guinea undertaking jungle training near port december moving inland later fought withdrawn australia battalion fighting final months war committed fighting july conclusion hostilities 10th battalion disbanded december history formation training australia 10th battalion established adelaide october volunteer 2nd raised australia shortly outbreak war overseas service organised rifle companies designated headquarters company 10th 2nd unit raised state south_australia war colloquially known adelaide rifles colours chosen battalion unit colour patch 10th battalion unit served world war raised militia formation colours purple light blue horizontal rectangular shape border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart 9th 11th 12th battalions 10th command 18th brigade recruited populous states queensland western australia south_australia tasmania initially allocated 2nd infantry divisions command lieutenant colonel world war veteran served 10th 50th battalions battalion recruits concentrated 10th carried initial training city east camp moving new_south_wales east coast australia training completed early battalion ready deploy overseas embarked transport ship departed sydney bound middle_east garrison duties united_kingdom 10th departed australia germans launched lightning assault france low countries rapidly led capitulation france evacuation amidst concerns possible invasion united_kingdom australian government decided divert troops middle_east consequence 18th brigade sailing middle_east united_kingdom june docked port scotland brigade subsequently australians transported south england eventually establishing wiltshire number battalion personnel married local girls amidst backdrop stationed battalion carried garrison duties undertook training enable rapidly respond event invasion took place received large new equipment time improve mobility including new universal carriers weapons lightweight personal load carrying equipment experienced german air attacks time july battalion incurred casualty members wounded air raid early october 10th undertook large scale exercise near middle month winter set moved replaced tents living stone buildings battalion stay short lived following month threat invasion passed order arrived australians embark middle_east 10th subsequently mid november moved north scotland november boarded fighting middle_east having journey egypt travelling south_africa red_sea threat attack present mediterranean battalion arrived new years 18th brigade reassigned february time 7th division remainder war time brigade converted battalion structure 11th transferred help form 19th brigade march battalion undertook ground action war companies company supported 9th battalion attack italian held fort battalion major action complete unit come april undertook defensive actions battle fought early 10th took position northern flank perimeter relieving 48th battalion coming heavy air attack initial german italian assault evening 18th brigade counter attacked retake positions lost 10th given supporting role tasked carrying raids deep opposing forces territory 9th 12th battalions attacked shoulders fighting followed 10th casualties missing wounded inflicted heavy casualties enemy withdrawing blue line fighting early 10th withdrawn brief respite placed reserve middle returned advanced line yards 10th carried raids man land siege continued august battalion withdrawn palestine training september 10th sent syria assigned allied garrison occupied country following conclusion syria lebanon campaign defeat french forces order defend possible german attack strategically important middle eastern time 10th battalion stationed near battalion manned outposts near syrian turkish border frontage miles long new_guinea campaigns 10th remained syria january having endured freezing cold winter included snow transported palestine preparation return australia following japan entry war previous december light allied pacific australian government requested return forces order bolster defence australia concerns possible invasion 10th subsequently embarked dutch passenger ship bound australia early february stopping bombay battalion transferred transport continued journey adelaide arrived late march period reorganisation training followed queensland battalion committed campaign new_guinea following japanese landings north coast new_guinea july australian forces area fighting desperate holding action seen pushed port early august situation australians critical august 10th embarked dutch transport week later august 10th infantry battalions 18th brigade landed bay reinforced 7th brigade defending area fortnight later japanese landed force bay attempt secure airfields australians built ensuing australians eventually won significant victory 10th suffered heavily losing killed wounded october 10th flown near coast tasked carrying patrols defending beach possible japanese landing helping construct airfield battalion major action came late december transported sea arriving south heavily engaged disused japanese constructed fortnight fighting battalion suffered casualties including killed attack mid january 10th withdrawn fighting flying port february embarking transport march return australia landing march establishing queensland months period battalion men taking leave discharged tropical diseases injuries previous campaign battalion brought strength large draft volunteers 11th motor regiment militia light horse unit consisting largely period rest reorganisation followed units 2nd converted establishment large scale divisional manoeuvres took place mid july battalion received orders sail overseas embarking transport canberra arrived port early august period 18th brigade held reserve port defend approaches december 10th sent joined rest 7th division campaign culminated heavy fighting months proved significant action 10th withdrawn australia transported home borneo disbandment period leave followed battalion july went camp near brisbane august took march brisbane travelling north september moved near large number reinforcements arrived time battalion severely transfers injuries illnesses 10th began long period training result employment australian troops war spent year waiting final campaign came final months war committed fighting borneo staging early morning july came ashore operation landing fought control high ground west dubbed ridge australians prior fighting town july withdrawn fighting placed brigade reserve fighting cost 10th killed wounded battalion undertook series local patrols fighting constituted 10th major actions war hostilities ended mid august following japan surrender battalion personnel slowly repatriated australia drafts discharge chose remain army group transferred units subsequent service 34th brigade formed undertake occupation duties japan battalion finally disbanded december disbandment members battalion left 10th final parade battalion flag entrusted served briefly garrison role australia war subsequently raised south_australia war course war total men served 10th battalion killed died active service wounded members battalion received following decorations member order british empire seven military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches battle honours 10th awarded following battle honours north_africa south west pacific cape new_guinea honours subsequently entrusted 10th battalion link maintained commanding officers following officers commanded 10th world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/10th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20710_PolishLegions(Napoleonicperiod) | polish napoleonic period polish known napoleonic period polish military units served mainly units continued serve partition poland poles believed allies come poland aid france enemies included poland prussia austria polish soldiers officers volunteers emigrated especially italy leading expression polish italy france joined forces local military number polish recruits soon reached thousands support polish military units formed bearing polish military ranks commanded polish officers known polish polish army exile french command best known polish commanders included polish serving alongside napoleonic wars saw combat napoleon campaigns west_indies italy egypt created veterans formed core army raised force fought victorious war austria fight alongside french army numerous campaigns culminating disastrous invasion russia marked end napoleonic empire including allied states like numbers historians degree uncertainty period existed notes activity falls years defines units operated similarly davies defines time existence years polish defines units operating period reorganized brigades polish notes ended death personnel campaign concluded history polish works describe operations polish units french period smaller formations existed time notable existed estimates strength polish vary believed men served ranks time course existence estimate period davies suggests period offer estimate period soldiers came ranks percent drawn nobility origins partition poland poles believed revolutionary france public opinion sympathetic ideals polish constitution come poland aid france enemies included poland prussia austria paris seat polish organizations laying claim polish government exile agency polish soldiers officers volunteers emigrated especially italy france eventually agency successful convincing french government organize polish military unit french constitution allow employment foreign troops french soil french decided use poles bolster allies italy high ranking officer army polish lithuanian commonwealth began work year total destruction commonwealth time went paris later milan idea received support saw poles promising source new recruits appeared receptive idea poland soon authorized french allied create polish army newly created republic agreement drafted napoleon signed january marked formal creation operational history war coalition polish italy polish soldiers serving granted citizenship paid wage troops allowed use unique polish style uniforms french symbols commanded polish speakers early february legion strong having bolstered arrival new recruits deserted austrian army austrians allies italy march garrisoned end month took combat days end april ranks legion time lobbied plan push polish territories eventually rejected napoleon instead decided use troops italian april legion took uprising known treaty signed month promised peace austrians french blow polish morale correctly assumed sources vary regards singular expanded multiple note legion reorganized formations commanded second numbering infantry counting artillery support davies states formed july suppressed insurrection time treaty signed october resulted short period relative peace hopeful renewal war seen pro french foreign forces poles helped french secure putting peasant revolts garrisoned rome entered obtained number trophies roman representative polish king sent victory ottoman_empire siege vienna ottoman standard subsequently colors accompanying end fighting anti french forces defeating battle december soon afterward supplies captured fortress allowed creation legion cavalry unit poles fought naples january war second coalition italian end beginning marked beginning war second coalition year formation legion new series struggles proved difficult anti french coalition advanced italy elite french units napoleon egypt overall saw significant casualties legion general fought russians june suffered heavy casualties battalions survived battle wounded polish fought battle july second battle september suffered heavily particularly battles march april estimated lost half thirds complement men commander general killed battle april remainder second legion garrison soon placed siege austrians finally end siege april july french commander decided release polish soldiers austrian custody austrians claimed marked end small number poles able evade capture french allowed withdraw forces condition remain neutral war second coalition german end reorganized france napoleon ascended power consul decreed foreign troops serve february remnants italian reorganized near strong unit soon reduced legion fought sources vary organized strong legion danube legion fight austrians bavaria bolstered cavalry unit fought fortress armistice july polish forces fought december according davies danube legion suffer significant casualties short period battle end campaign december year size decreased treaty february disappointment mention poland transferred police duties morale weakened poles fights directly affect chance poland regaining independence including general felt french resigned remained command reorganized milan strong units march december reorganized french government brigades italian legion forming core second foreign brigades danube second legion foreign brigade campaign france sent brigades strong haiti revolution caribbean island haiti known napoleon wanted regain colony preferred save main french army important matters closer home polish units accompanied contingents germans swiss french allies french units fallen favour napoleon french high command campaign proved disastrous combat casualties tropical diseases including yellow fever reduced strong polish contingent survivors space years time french forces retreated island poles died disease combat survivors remained island dozen dispersed nearby islands united_states returned france claims sent returned poles little interest desire support french cause distant colonies fighting people desired independence haiti popular myth polish soldiers sympathetic slaves cause deserted french supporting significant numbers entire units changing sides fact actual rate lower nonetheless polish soldiers joined rebels loss patriotic military personnel caribbean blow polish aspirations regaining independence experience cast doubts poles france napoleon good intentions poland wars fourth coalition war coalition polish troops italy renamed 1st legion attached left old brigade consisting infantry regiment cavalry regiment service fought franco turning austrian attack november july suffered severe defeat polish officers served french army allied formations war fourth coalition napoleon decided encourage polish prussian army september decreed creation northern legion general napoleon want commit polish cause legion explicitly polish napoleon words gathering children north french armies including legion units defeated battle poles entered polish territories near city resulted influx recruits legion year later napoleon having defeated russian armies met russian alexander ensuing negotiations agreed new small polish state french control created creation main period active chose remain french forces fought italy veteran formed new february remaining infantry cavalry regiments continued french service italy reorganized near polish italian legion new infantry regiments added newly liberated polish lands february legion relocated france reinforced poles french formations incorporated french army march year legion officially named strength july napoleon attempted form second polish polish prisoners war new formation attract sufficient recruits merged original war spain gained fame battle small polish force managed defeat anglo spanish expeditionary force capturing commander process troops served napoleon polish regiment distinguished battle polish cavalry regiment fought spain distinguished times including battle destroyed british infantry brigade conflict inspired british create units equipped polish style uniforms weapons napoleon entered russia poles rallied napoleon hope commonwealth withdrawn spain early reorganized division planned strength fully attained napoleon invasion forces poles formed largest foreign contingent strong entire french strong unit cross grand entered russia unit enter moscow distinguished battle personally saved napoleon life units served rear guard napoleon retreat later led claim enter leave russia sustained heavy losses campaign original strong contingent returned elite entering russia strong strength end campaign definitive end polish came conclusion napoleon career abolition occupied prussian russian troops following napoleon retreat russia polish troops remained loyal bitter end polish units holding ground battles leipzig october october sustained major losses legion recreated early fought napoleon defeat war sixth coalition napoleon forced exile unit allowed guards polish poles returned polish territories unit men colonel fought napoleon final campaign days participating napoleon second final defeat said accompanied exile assessment remembrance analyzing creation polish historians argued napoleon poles source recruits little desire invest creation polish state notable napoleon contemporary polish detractors refused join arguing napoleon restore poland form regard stated created napoleon supported polish sovereignty memory napoleon polish strong poland napoleon regarded hero napoleon reputed said poles equal enemy soldiers despite destruction legendary poland helping spread civic democratic ideals french revolution country formed later notable source themes contained future polish national anthem poland lost created anthem includes words promising return polish army italy poland states poland lost long live reference polish fiction song novel origin isbn | Polish Legions (Napoleonic period) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
20719_11thAirborneDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states angels united_states_army airborne formation activated february world war consisting parachute infantry regiments supporting troops division underwent rigorous training played vital role successful organized determine viability large scale american airborne formations utility called question following disappointing performance allied invasion sicily held reserve united_states half june division transferred arrival entered period intense training november judged combat ready saw action island philippines traditional infantry role january division took invasion infantry regiments operated conventional infantry securing fighting way inland parachute infantry regiment held reserve days conducting division airborne operation combat drop ridge reunited division participated companies divisional conducted raid camp thousand civilians combat operation world war north aid combined american philippine forces battling subdue remaining japanese resistance island august division sent southern japan occupation force years later recalled united_states training formation parachute infantry regiment detached service korean war june division briefly reactivated february 11th air assault division test explore theory helicopter assault tactics june division personnel equipment transferred newly raised world war formation inspired pioneering german use large scale airborne formations later invasion crete allied powers decided raise airborne units resultant american british airborne divisions officially activated february camp north_carolina command major general formed division consisted complement men half strength regular infantry division world war division initially remained united_states training common airborne units extremely elite status training included lengthy forced marches simulated parachute landings foot foot towers practice jumps transport aircraft doorway aircraft resulted automatic failure candidate rate high shortage candidates especially american airborne units rate pay higher ordinary training complete debate developed best use airborne forces small compact units july large scale allied airborne operation carried elements support allied invasion sicily code named commanding general temporarily transferred act airborne advisor general operation observed airborne assault went badly inserted parachute suffered high casualties leading perception failed achieve objectives reviewed airborne role concluded large scale formations difficult control combat practical lieutenant general overall commander similar airborne supporter greatly disappointed performance airborne units north_africa recently sicily high ranking officers including army chief staff believed marshall persuaded set review board judgement outcome large scale maneuver planned december assessed swing returned united_states resume command mid september given role preparing exercise ordered form committee composed air force parachute infantry artillery officers arrangements maneuver effectively decide fate divisional sized airborne forces reserve united_states combat selected test formation maneuver additionally provide individual units training occurred months previously earlier large scale exercise conducted attacking force assigned objective capturing auxiliary airfield near north_carolina force defending airfield combat team composed elements 17th battalion entire operation observed commander ultimately significant deciding fate parachute infantry divisions maneuver took place night december thirteen separate objectives transport aircraft transport aircraft divided groups carried towed group took different airfield carolinas groups deployed total troops wave eighty percent delivered targets navigational error airborne troops seized auxiliary airfield secured landing area rest division daylight initial objectives taken launched coordinated ground attack reinforced infantry regiment conducted aerial resupply casualty evacuation missions coordination transport aircraft exercise judged observers great success pleased results attributed success great improvements airborne training implemented months following result division sized airborne forces deemed feasible permitted retention following maneuver 11th airborne remained reserve january moved train camp camp louisiana weeks final preparation combat role april division moved california transferred june june september division underwent continued airborne training conducting parachute drops new_guinea jungle airfield period troops parachute qualified making division fully airborne november division boarded convoy naval transports escorted philippines arriving november days later attached committed combat operating infantry division airborne capacity ordered relieve 7th stationed area engage destroy japanese forces operational area protect rear area supply airfields swing ordered guard rear installations secure division rear conduct aggressive patrols eliminate enemy troops area assigned task destroying japanese formations division operational area began november relieved 7th infantry advanced overland battalions abreast reserve progress proved slow face fierce japanese resistance lack mapped trails heavy rainfall inches falling november advance continued resupply progressively difficult division resorted large numbers aircraft drop food ammunition attempts improve rate advance dropping transport aircraft drop artillery pieces regiment location forms transport trains failed december japanese tried disrupt operations conducting small scale airborne raids attempted deploy small number japanese airborne troops occupy key american held airfields failed aircraft shot crash landed destroyed ground passengers second larger raid carried thirty transport aircraft supported fighters despite heavy losses japanese managed drop number airborne troops airfield headquarters located sentinel reconnaissance aircraft transport destroyed raiders eliminated hoc combat group engineers support troops led swing reinforced continued slow steady progress december broke japanese lines arrived western shoreline linking elements period private earned posthumous medal honor helped repel counterattack personally killing seven japanese soldiers mortally wounded sniper regiment ordered set temporary defensive positions relieved december 1st 2nd considerable casualties heavily dug enemy original base camp january january division placed alert operation island north days later regiments embarked sea flew transport aircraft dawn january led amphibious assault near southern supported short naval barrage havoc light bombers lightning fighter aircraft beach head established face light japanese resistance regiment moved rapidly secure advanced island arterial highway deny japanese time establish defenses inland moved south crossing securing division right flank elements pushed deep southern creating space come ashore relieved regiment continued advance reaching river securing vital bridge destroyed japanese combat engineers following highway regiment began encounter heavier japanese resistance midnight took lead infantry regiments rested briefly main japanese defensive lines consisted trenches linked fortified caves manned infantry numerous artillery pieces support february infantry launched assault midday managed break japanese position spent rest day conducting operations morning february second line breached midnight broken divisional reconnaissance platoon vicinity intended site combat drop airborne operation originally scheduled february insistence drop ahead ground forces range offer support japanese resistance encountered delayed operation transport aircraft available forced deploy waves regimental staff half drop rest regiment arrive second lift drop february troops lift entered transport planes transports left protected escort black widow night fighters arriving followed highway ridge open space thousand yards long thousand yards wide places largely cleared japanese troops local filipino soldiers recognized lift approximately men successfully drop zone second consisting approximately men dropped prematurely landed thousand yards east lift encountered problems men dropping correctly dropping early pilot error poor jump discipline entire regiment assembled hours landings overcoming minor japanese resistance contact entire division assembled single formation ridge having cleared remaining defenders division began advance manila reaching city protected major japanese defensive belt stretched manila southern edge line consisted approximately story deep naval guns large caliber mortars entrenched heavy anti aircraft weapons machine gun nests traps naval bombs completed defenses manned japanese soldiers ordered breach drive manila link american forces attacking city north regiments committed assault division attack february overcame fierce resistance broke crust japanese position soon relieved regiment took push westwards face heavy opposition changed axis advance attempted city north february division penetrated far airfield formed center heavily fortified number entrenched naval guns series short artillery bombardment morning february attacked airfield north west corner entire regiment moved south south eastern corners movement succeeded taking airfield despite local counter attack nightfall position secured following day division thrust fort william headquarters commander japanese defenders advance private class japanese division progress capturing single killing eighteen japanese soldiers posthumously awarded medal honor february 1st battalion alongside american units launched attack extremely heavily fortified position featuring defensive measures days hard fighting multiple frequent use heavy artillery point secured having taken heavy casualties approach particularly japanese detonated quantity buried naval depth charges february rest assaulted fort led break february area cleared defenders sporadic fighting continued march organized japanese resistance ended raid los large number civilian prisoners detained japanese camps scattered island largest located campus los miles south east manila general tasked rescuing february division ongoing combat operations left unable divert resources time accomplished february gather information primarily liaison groups operating los swing command staff daily officer working groups major civilians escaped camp established surrounded barbed wire fences approximately feet tall guard towers perimeter containing guards prisoners left morning armed guard gather food supplies nearby town informed camp population consisted american civilians distinct groups protestant missionaries families roman catholic priests professional workers doctors engineers families group included women children inmates appeared good health weak food february swing finally able release sufficient troops raid camp phase plan devised major divisional staff officers divisional reconnaissance platoon travel nearby lake outskirts camp securing large adjacent field drop zone company having landed eliminate japanese resistance area secure camp prepare evacuation amphibious transport additional companies lake shore established continued camp evacuate occupants simultaneously task force consisting reinforced infantry battalion battalions heavy artillery tank destroyer battalion advance highway los japanese attempts interfere assisted group night february divisional reconnaissance platoon way lake collected despite navigational difficulties platoon came ashore near following morning securing drop zone concealed jungle near camp afternoon company 1st battalion transferred airfield deployed rest battalion convoy morning february took transport aircraft arriving drop zone shortly landed reconnaissance platoon supporting fighters opened fire camp defences rounds penetrate concrete entered camp engage garrison soon joined battle japanese guards overcome rounded evacuation companies secured convoy reached camp incident priority loading given women children wounded able bodied men walked alongside returned beach evacuation convoy left camp approximately company reconnaissance platoon remaining provide rearguard civilians evacuated convoy returned rearguard leaving beach approximately highway deployed protect operation met heavy japanese resistance suffered casualties able block japanese forces advanced camp retreating american lines raid complete success civilians southern day freed headquarters assigned task destroying japanese formations southern south manila bulk division moved south following day advancing abreast detached main advance swing eliminate japanese units operating hills southern shore manila bay forces belonged strong groups general end april acting conjunction filipino soldiers recognized elements subdue conducting combat operations extremely difficult mountainous terrain japanese units elected fight death surrender organized resistance southern ended division captured near city established base centered japanese outskirts runway lengthened accommodate transport aircraft engineering work completed division combat troops participated training courses operation took place june province northern time japanese forces remaining island positioned far north belonged strong general groups proved forcing commander sixth united_states_army commit infantry divisions armored task force large band filipino soldiers units recognized forces pinned japanese 37th began advance northwards defeating weaker formation main japanese force ensure success 37th drive called airborne force land near southwards meet advancing 37th drop battalion sized combat team approximately miles south advance southwards eliminating japanese resistance linked leading elements 37th accomplish swing formed special unit comprising 1st companies regiment artillery battery parachute field artillery battalion platoon engineers miscellaneous signal medical detachments transported thirteen commando aircraft land supplies task force june detachment division flown secure days later transport aircraft carrying troops escorted fighters area detachment set colored smoke mark drop zone fierce winds uneven ground airfield proved hazardous causing deaths seventy injuries drop despite casualties force rapidly concentrated began advance southwards japanese resistance stiff forcing airborne troops rely eliminate fortifications route days fighting having eliminated significant portion task force encountered lead elements 37th continue resistance september marked final combat operation war occupation japan general plans use invasion japan remain operational reserve committed required end hostilities shortly nuclear weapons hiroshima nagasaki division instead selected general lead american forces occupy japan divisional staff received orders effect august division transported okinawa august operation involved bombers commando transport aircraft men vehicles approximately million pounds equipment remained okinawa weeks august ordered land airfield outside main japanese home island instructions secure surrounding area evacuate japanese civilians military personnel radius miles finally occupy large number transport aircraft available carrying swing divisional staff landing airfield august took week fully assemble division september joined japan time later moved northern japan established camps coast island training occupation duties japan continued relieved recalled united_states division transferred camp campbell kentucky training formation subordinate units including training continued outbreak korean war service korea renamed detached division formed separate saw years fighting korea conducting airborne operations operating conventional infantry rest division continued training role processing training approximately thirteen thousand recalled september december remained korea october transferred japan years replaced returned united_states july unit independent parent division sent germany early operation replace stationed munich division route relocated fort campbell taking camps 11th recently vacated july year arc transferred newly reactivated began organisation known battalions designated early 1st transferred join parent formation 2nd remained july 1st instead moved 11th air assault division early 1960s united_states_army began explore alternative means conducting future combat operations ideas resulting effort concept helicopter assault test concept feasibility reactivated february renamed 11th recommendation known board president lieutenant general 11th existed division test period intent create air assault brigades reality air assault brigade parachute qualified brigade ground air artillery elements air artillery provided armed helicopters known aviation group control helicopters assigned division 11th aviation group consisting elements original combat units reformed new division years 11th developed refined air assault tactics equipment required operate effectively role tested helicopters exercises ranging command control maneuvers scouting screening aerial resupply assess ability perform combat aircraft division final time june personnel equipment merged form newly raised colors time assigned korea transferred fort 2nd moved korea earlier predecessor current air assault badge worn troops 11th qualified making helicopter feet feet soldiers required aircraft safety procedures familiar aircraft orientation proficient hand arm signals combat assault operations able prepare inspect rig equipment external loads able equipment inside helicopters badge awarded early authorized wear soldiers 11th | 11th Airborne Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21030_ArmedBoatsSquadronDubrovnik | croatian volunteer unit ran naval blockade siege formed croatian war independence consisted vessels type lightly armed armoured unit crucial defence providing resupply route population troops defending besieged city boats assigned squadron transported approximately troops civilians wounded tonnes cargo total personnel served squadron siege suffering fatalities siege associated blockade running operations squadron took place september peak fighting croatian war independence commencement siege preceded declaration croatian independence october early area saw fierce fighting combat operations largely ceased croatia following agreement january vessel squadron sunk late refloated placed permanent exhibition squadron collectively decorated bravery croatian war independence surviving squadron members founded squadron association preserve heritage unit background revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas city parts regions eastern croatian settlements significant population areas subsequently declared serbs declared intention integrate politically serbia action viewed government croatia rebellion march conflict escalated war croatian war independence june croatia declared independence yugoslavia followed month decision decision came effect october increasingly supported unable cope situation formed renamed november development croatian armed forces hampered united_nations arms introduced september final months saw fighting war culminating battle barracks siege agreement led areas croatia siege fighting continued wartime history established september volunteer unit served siege key factor successful defence city unit commander lieutenant colonel formation squadron tasked naval blockade maintaining route instrumental delivery necessary successfully defend city including food fuel medical supplies arms ammunition squadron transported reinforcements arriving parts croatia evacuated wounded besieged troops civilian population operations began september english undertook voyage squadron consisted craft sizes volunteers craft armaments light millimetre steel plate armour protection light machine gun vessels squadron relatively fast fastest capable achieving knots kilometres hour miles hour squadron typically deployed craft pairs sailing close possible yugoslav navy vessels passing island reach relative safety inlet order utilize blind spots naval guns existence squadron nautical miles kilometres miles transported approximately troops civilians wounded tonnes cargo unit suffered combat fatalities dawn october squadron sailed meet convoy fleet civilian vessels largest shipping line deliver humanitarian aid city siege fleet sailed port calls growing vessels approached convoy accompanied president yugoslavia prime minister stopped searched island squadron linked convoy escorted event marked large delivery aid city beginning siege naval vessel fly flag combat ship squadron originally italian smuggling confiscated authorities fitted armour squadron resupply blockade running operations missions sailing trip croatian island chased yugoslav driven aground beach near miles kilometres north recovered continued service december sunk anti tank missile unit ceased operations forces besieging defeated second vessel preceded landing craft designated brought use days earlier squadron disbanded december postwar decorations heritage refloated restored exhibit squadron collectively decorated bravery members croatian war independence individual decorations awarded squadron members promoted result service 15th anniversary arrival convoy besieged celebration held squadron volunteers invited attend august surviving members squadron founded objective preserve heritage squadron document contribution croatian war independence render assistance members similar associations croatia preserve promote role croatian soldiers played achieving independence | Armed Boats Squadron Dubrovnik | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21278_42ndMilitaryPoliceBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states military police brigade united_states_army based washington subordinate unit corps activated customs unit post world war germany brigade long history duties customs unit meant unit garrisoned germany years seeing action american operations korean war vietnam war post cold war military reactivated brigade provides force protection corps joint base lewis brigade subordinate units seen tours support iraq war operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom organization brigade subordinate unit corps separate meaning report division level headquarters theater operations brigade contains prime components headquartered brigade permanently assigned battalions joint base lewis brigade contains unit detachment brigade marshal additionally 42nd subordinate unit 13th history origins traces lineage military police detachment established march fight organized widespread black market activities posed threat german economy unit enforced investigated violations controlled parcel post shipments black goods manned border stations military personnel crossing international borders occupied germany august germany requested services later designated control eastward movement restricted goods satellite countries increase tensions united_states soviet_union function important interests europe november detachment relieved strategic export control function subsequently resumed german authorities germany regained sovereignty land military forces rights privileges obligations foreign forces members stationed germany based forces convention forerunner nato agreement followed result unit charged establishing customs controls germany responsibility unit deployed support korean war vietnam war cold war years january headquarters headquarters detachment constituted activated germany group charged providing customs enforcement maintaining liaison cooperation german customs authorities levels addition group responsible establishing customs policies procedures negotiate german authorities questions procedure forces arising tax customs issues nato status forces agreement received unit outstanding job performing role group received distinctive unit insignia july transferred 15th retaining missions affiliation december drug suppression anti protection added missions june relieved assignment reassigned october placed 21st support command december commander 42nd group executive agent customs matters executive agent group commander provided staff supervision inspection programs countries europe responsibility included staff supervision military customs inspection programs operated army navy air_force january reassigned headquarters deputy commander chief converted major command august commander designated executive agent customs forces personnel germany brigade responsibilities europe prevented deployed gulf war soldiers participate customs clearing cargo equipment forces shipped usa war august military military forces europe inactive unit redesignated brigade preparation fall iraq war late june 1st military police brigade provisional based washington received word october provisional brigade activated day brigade received shoulder sleeve insignia responsibilities brigade joint base lewis include direction inter service operations northwestern joint regional facility emergency services force protection operations area unit received word deploy iraq thirty days activation deployed baghdad iraq november november support operation iraqi freedom relieving previously assigned brigade operated forward operating base volunteer tour tour subordinate units brigade responsible training cadets baghdad civilian police department training included law training human rights education aid weapons training counter terrorism class iraqi officers assignment brigade suffered casualties including multiple soldiers killed improvised explosive devices soldier killed rocket propelled grenade attack organizational operation deployment received praise basis organization subsequent brigades deployed return iraq brigade operations assumed brigade received unit work deployment brigade received orders deploy iraq spring assignment conduct theater wide facility reconciliation center operations managing iraqi officer training subordinate units brigade deploying iraq regularly company deployed months november january battalion deployed iraq july deployed 54th march brigade deployed iraq assuming command task force 42nd brigade operated forward operating base located southeastern corner iraq near port border kuwait duties brigade deployment included force protection operation facilities reconciliation teaching iraqi prisoners read write training technical skills boost employment potential deployment soldiers brigade worked closely iraqi police forces united_states_navy forces operate facilities june brigade colors transferred command task force brigade tactical actions center brigade joint base lewis mid june brigade received unit work deployment war afghanistan brigade scheduled deploy afghanistan winter subordinate units brigade deploying afghanistan regularly deployed afghanistan june months deployed 54th military police company currently deployed afghanistan honors unit decorations campaign | 42nd Military Police Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21332_1stParachuteBattalion(Australia) | 1st australia 1st parachute infantry battalion australian_army raised service second world war formed early volunteers airborne training despite achieving high level readiness battalion action war disbanded early history like british_army australia parachute operations capability outbreak second world war demonstration effectiveness forces germans early stages conflict soon provided impetus development efforts raise operational parachute capability australian_army began november volunteers selected initial training newly formed new_south_wales initial parachute courses consisting jumps march personnel trained army consider forming parachute battalion result 1st raised time near sydney new_south_wales initially raised reduced scale rifle companies battalion personnel mainly drawn volunteers army units independent companies set carry irregular warfare result battalion personnel seen active service prior accepted volunteers completed parachute training 1st parachute training unit joining battalion completion training qualified wear adopted 1st symbol elite status april based battalion raised troop engineers consisting officers ranks 1st specially trained undertake clandestine work alongside battalion rifle companies battalion australia airborne unit required extensive training consequently addition basic parachute training richmond battalion trained jungle warfare queensland september major 13th field company appointed commanding officer time training continued tactics reserve fatalities occurred rifle company formed october january battalion strength following company battalion level exercises battalion declared ready operations moved fourth rifle company formed june august battalion gained organic indirect fire support joined parachute qualified 1st equipped short pounder guns late battalion alerted begin preparations operations borneo borneo campaign preparing airborne operations battalion conducted amphibious training late january early february possible role amphibious landing battalion operation shortage suitable aircraft months later battalion warned prepare mission rescue thousands allied prisoners held japanese operation cancelled lack aircraft prisoners subsequently killed japanese subsequently known disappointment deployed borneo caused significant frustration battalion soldiers requesting transfers infantry units requests denied battalion instructed prepare operate alongside british planned liberation singapore taken place later war ended operations took place following japanese surrender battalion ordered prepare deploy singapore garrison duties advance party men arrived singapore september rest battalion remained australia unit contributed honour guard main surrender ceremony men sent join force performed general garrison duties returning australia january orders received battalion january carried following day sydney composition 1st organised following sub units company company company october company june 1st 1st mountain battery august | 1st Parachute Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21484_AirCombatGroupRAAF | raaf royal_australian_air_force group raaf fighter bomber aircraft formed february merging attempt improve speed raaf deploy combat aircraft current commander group formation aircraft deployed operation formed australian contribution invasion iraq worked operation guardian protection providing larger ground crew strike force iraq tasks included support operation melbourne commonwealth games participation exercises australia united_states aircraft group performed domestic security tasks participated overseas exercises comprises wings wing raaf headquartered commands squadron based squadron based operational conversion unit based squadron provides technical training specific flight training wing raaf headquartered commands squadron based squadron based squadron based wing raaf headquartered commands squadron based squadron based based air_force super hawk squadrons aircraft equipped fighter attack aircraft trainers forward air control training aircraft establishment purpose created january merging force element groups hawk tasked deliver core capabilities hope allow raaf quickly deploy combat aircraft fighter strike elements continue operate units time provide opportunity raaf test organisation required deliver range combat capabilities responsibilities bases force element groups air_force aircraft support personnel based australia air_force super hawk squadrons aircraft wings located raaf base near brisbane queensland near newcastle new_south_wales near perth western australia near northern territory headquarters located training operational history maintains busy training schedule air ground crew super hawk group tasks included support operation melbourne commonwealth games participation exercises australia united_states operation detachment australian fighter aircraft provided air defence military base island campaign called operation initial detachment provided squadron raaf december february detachment replaced detachment squadron raaf deployed february australian units deployed united_states_air_force commented favourably raaf contingent deployment operation guardian operation guardian squadron deployed protect march south east queensland pilots given permission destroy hostile aircraft happened time australian peace time deemed necessary september attacks months earlier operation squadron deployed february australian contribution invasion iraq operation squadron equipped recently serviced aircraft drawn wing squadrons squadrons provided pilots bolster numbers squadron squadron saw action iraq war provided air defence high value assets control aircraft close air support ground troops attacked iraqi targets squadron flew combat missions war dropped laser guided bombs squadron prohibited operating near baghdad electronic warfare suite judged sufficient heavily defended air space squadron rules engagement banned conducting close air support urban areas squadron conducted final combat mission april aircraft returned structure located elements based western australia aircraft personnel commander current commander previously commanded wing wings control took position commander january components wing wing raaf headquartered commands squadron based flying aircraft squadron based flying aircraft squadron provides technical training specific flight training wing conducts operational training ground air hawk nos squadrons operational conversion unit currently increasing role providing training maintenance personnel air_force bases australia wing headquartered commands operational conversion unit based flying aircraft squadron based flying aircraft squadron based flying aircraft squadron based flying aircraft wing responsible provision combat air power australian coalition forces defensive counter air operations squadrons nos squadrons wing wing raaf headquartered commands squadron squadron based raaf base flying aircraft based flying aircraft squadron aircraft conversion unit combat unit wing strikes designated targets conducts reconnaissance nos squadrons forward training unit aircraft equipped fighter attack aircraft trainers forward air control training aircraft aircraft different role fighter aircraft modern weather strike fighter jets designed attack ground aerial targets australia built 1980s early 1990s currently upgraded improve capabilities extend service lives operates total single seat fighter seat variant mainly pilot training planning replace lightning onwards dedicated strike aircraft raaf service considered superior ability acquire track moving ground targets continue upgraded delivered training aircraft british advanced jet trainer flew operations hawks trainers aircraft limited air air land strike capability equipped aircraft variant single engine low wing tandem seat training aircraft modified perform forward air control tasks upgrade upgrade program commenced project sought continues seek ability current fleet aircraft associated support systems upgrade project set time run project conducted phases project established upgrade fleet combine allow aircraft effectively perform air defence tasks project conducted main phases phase concluded phases currently production phase phase incorporation upgraded radios mission computers gps navigation systems upgraded identification friend foe structural modifications upgrades added following weapon system support systems operational flight trainer mission planning system mps phase phase broken separate sections phase radar upgrade phase incorporated link secure data link multi function information distribution system cockpit colour displays tactical air moving map capability operational flight program phase added electronic warfare suite upgrade radar warning receiver radio frequency phase upgraded following support systems upgraded replaced operational flight trainer replaced training system mps miscellaneous support equipment simulated aircraft maintenance training system replaced phase phase broken separate parts phase project fleet undergo structural refurbishment program number aircraft undergoing replacement centre barrels adjacent structural components addition phase started aaa ongoing minor projects undertaken ensure fleet continue perform air defence tasks planned withdrawal date timeline signed september prime contract signed june aircraft modification started mid completed modified aircraft delivered june purchase new radars announced august commonwealth accepted sales case october prototype modification commenced august production modified aircraft completed august aircraft completed august phase multi purpose upgrade remaining equipment installed time frame phase systems announced phase commercial contract targeting pod receive targeting pods phase prototype activities completed january production installation commenced april completion expected phase activities completed installation set commence january completion expected conducted conjunction installations activities commence february completion expected january production installation begin july completion expected dependent number undertaken | Air Combat Group RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21769_No.2ServiceFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | service flying training school raaf service flying training school flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf operated world war formed july command wing commander responsible intermediate advanced instruction pilots empire air training scheme eats school based near new_south_wales operated aircraft phased july school unit raaf divided personnel equipment nos service flying training schools respectively disbanded april base facilities taken aircraft depot history raaf training expanded dramatically following outbreak world war response australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war flight training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools turned new flight instructors provided basic training prospective pilots successful instruction operational service flying course typically consisted streams intermediate advanced included techniques instrument flying night flying advanced formation flying dive bombing aerial gunnery total duration training varied war demand rose fell initially running weeks course cut weeks included hours flying time october year later raised weeks including hours flying time weeks months later continued increase peaking weeks june service flying training school formed near new_south_wales july came control service flying training school later basic flying training school neighbouring called flying training schools graduated pilots 1940s 50s unit inaugural commanding officer wing commander subsequently strict discipline german ancestry quickly earned establishment nickname concentration camp served station commander school instructors flying officer later awarded victoria_cross bombing raids new_guinea new air base roads buildings construction course flying training commenced july crashed august killing instructor student later month second flying course began school reorganised initial september collided mid air locked followed shortly injured pilot lower aircraft pilot upper found able control aircraft flaps coupled engine power underneath managed successful emergency landing near town reported having achieved nominal strength personnel including students october time flights month said taking place night instructors completing hours flying time week school underwent reorganisation february establishment successful students unit awarded wings proceeding advanced squadron new unit formed march point phased single engined multi engined aircraft training split orders end july operation numbers eventually reaching crashed instrument training flight august killing pilots october posted raaf station darwin group captain turn assumed command like served station commander following outbreak pacific war december school classified second line reserve aircraft defence australia base fortified trenches gun pits january squadron established forest hill aircraft personnel equipped unit formed expansion australian military response rapid japanese advance month pacific war contingent began arriving forest hill january subsequently eats facilities southern new_south_wales dividing staff aircraft nos service flying training schools nearby respectively remained command school shortly disbandment april suffered total accidents resulting deaths instructors students pilots graduated school later australia leading fighter ace war future prime minister squadron disbanded april brief career activities limited training exercises base facilities taken aircraft depot responsible maintenance raaf engines equipment | No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
21879_AucklandMountedRiflesRegiment | mounted infantry regiment new_zealand raised august service world war assigned regiment established officers ranks horses formed squadrons belonging pre war regiments 3rd mounted rifles 4th mounted rifles 11th north mounted rifles included small headquarters maxim machine gun section war maxim guns withdrawn regiment fire power increased squadron hotchkiss machine guns troop end war mounted infantry regiment rode battle horses expected fight foot regiment fought predominantly forces engagement gallipoli campaign december participated largest battle theatre fighting hill evacuated egypt regiment took early battles included later war force occupied took raids salt final wartime operation connection capture years war regiment sustained dead causes wounded war regiment played minor role egyptian revolution disbanded june history formation raised august start world war region new_zealand regiment commanded lieutenant colonel comprised headquarters machine gun section squadrons formed regiments included compulsory training system new_zealand military districts required supply mounted regiment meet obligation regiments provided squadron kept regimental traditions squadrons came 3rd mounted rifles 4th mounted rifles 11th north mounted rifles establishment regiment comprised officers ranks mounted riding horses seventy draught horses pack horses squadron men field headquarters troops regiment horses cavalry mounted infantry expected ride battlefield fight traditional infantry regiment assigned serving alongside mounted infantry regiments remained august september taken training regiment received orders set sail september transport ships returned harbour morning believing german cruisers area troops disembarked october sailed time reached wellington october days later large convoy transport ships warships men sailed unknown destination stopping new_zealand convoy waited november joined australian contingent thirty ships set sail heading north brief coal november november convoy entered suez_canal december days later regiment disembarked alexandria cairo established camp edge desert suburb following months regiment practised conducted small arms bayonet training learned construct trenches gallipoli regiment rest brigade warned prepare embark serving role australian rear party remained look horses officers ranks boarded transport ships landed day took line regiment responsible section known walker opposite possibly strongest turkish position yards away defeated turkish attack position subjected small arms fire midnight turkish troops assaulted walker quinn post attack lasted hour cost regiment dead seven wounded held position relieved 9th light horse regiment moved rear june regiment repeatedly moved rear area positions involved major battle ill major arrived egypt assume command regiment followed days later officer ranks reinforcements followed days later officer ranks reinforcements situation remained july officers men arrived replace casualties august saw regiment involved largest engagement campaign successfully capturing turkish position old post august fought counter attacks august strength men started battle withdrawn rear area casualties seven dead wounded seven missing action august survivors returned line days later took fighting hill assault began regiment captured turkish line following passed regiment capture turkish reserve line regiments suffered heavy casualties fight counter attacks august regiment relieved moved safer area casualties battle amounted thirty dead wounded early september regiment officers eighty men moved line ridge relieved september left gallipoli day rest camp island joined officers ranks reinforcements october days later assumed command regiment temporary promotion lieutenant colonel temporarily commander brigade november regiment officers ranks returned gallipoli prepare defences days later reinforcements arrived moved line december regiment left remained island december sailed egypt days later returned previous camp returned command regiment december regiment spent month egypt training establishment moved forward defend suez_canal area great bitter lake time lost veterans including wounded england men transferred infantry artillery western march regiment brigade assigned newly formed april regiment ordered counter turkish attack british following week brigade relieved 2nd defeated turkish troops withdrawn east miles brigade ordered attack positions moved advance brigade position south south east regiment ready attack started turkish position mound defended men reaching base mound charged fixed defenders withdrew pursued turkish reinforcements appeared squadron rejoined regiment turkish casualties assault unknown regiment man wounded regiment lost maxim machine gun section guns withdrawn help form brigade replaced lewis guns squadron loss section reduced regiment establishment officers ranks end july sent patrol miles south near observing left flank turkish force crossing august patrols 11th squadron sent east wells defence force expand wells support brigade august rest regiment moved time turkish force occupied result regiment ordered rejoin brigade observing turkish troops thirty minutes regiment bombed turkish artillery brigade attack ordered supported lewis guns machine gun sections positioned centre line british regiment advance forced turkish outposts withdraw cover available regiment drew close charge turkish defences capturing prisoners field hospital brigade took prisoners mountain artillery battery regiment casualties dead wounded early day moved intention attacking turkish gun brigade positioned 2nd left right taking lead regiment advanced close charge position horseback continued attack foot face heavy rifle machine gun fire progress spent rest day returning fire cover engagement cost regiment dead wounded night regiment returned site battle day august turkish army withdrawn eastwards brigade ordered advance contact regained turkish force located east regiment remained contact day suffering casualties located telephone wire withdrawing turks failed enabling monitor german turkish command issuing orders day brigade division reserve regiment day rest following day august advanced later day reconnaissance patrols located turkish force miles west halting overnight regiment led attack turkish position regiment contact turkish outposts advanced foot main turkish defences covering fire regiment left troops machine gun section right right flank supposed covered failed arrive consequence regiment extend lines cover open flank troops 4th squadron sent things going flank canterbury mounted rifles forced retire midday turkish battalions men attacked regiment supported brigade held positions half hours brigade subjected heavy artillery bombardment followed attack turkish battalions holding regiment ordered pull day fighting cost regiment dead wounded months spent reconnaissance patrols manning observation posts december advance east regiment forming vanguard travelling overnight reached dawn evacuated turkish forces man garrison miles south east december sent advance division determine support brigade brigade leaving midnight followed squadron daylight division surrounded ensuing fighting village captured bayonet charge late afternoon regiment held reserve took battle left charge village clearing dead collecting war materials returned christmas day palestine january headed objective police post thirty miles east egyptian palestinian border regiment rested hours dawn regiment surrounded village miles south inhabitants shot killed men knocked unconscious hit head sword escaped horses regiment crossed border palestine moving desert ground easier horse wheeled transport minutes later regiment located ridge line observing turkish defences consisted trenches good field fire brigade ordered attack position right flank covering area north mediterranean_sea attack started forward mile regiment subjected turkish artillery fire got miles turkish lines advanced foot regiment advanced 3rd leading reserve right 1st left brigade reserve midday complete brigade attacked unable progress held position 11th squadron moved right able forward regiment preparing charge position division received word turkish reinforcements approaching loss daylight convinced commanding division order withdrawal order reached brigade fixed charged remaining yards turkish trenches captured trench line defenders started surrender seeing happening remainder division returned assist position captured regiment casualties battle seven dead wounded march regiment set division circle town cutting escape route east provide blocking force stop turkish reinforcements 53rd welsh division brigade 54th east division carried frontal assault positioned mound east 4th 11th squadrons regiment assigned watch turkish reinforcement coming main attack progressing brigade rest division ordered attack watching turkish reinforcements regiment held reserve brigade good progress inside town ordered withdraw division rearguard regiment returned early day april squadrons issued hotchkiss machine guns scale troop replaced regiment lewis guns second british attempt april day brigade moved providing flank protection preventing turkish reinforcement direction regiment reached stopped water horses dawn hostile aircraft appeared overhead engaged forcing fly higher altitude regiment positioned overlooking rail line times day machine hostile aircraft casualties sustained night ordered returned day regiment returned previous task flank protection midday 3rd 11th squadrons located ridge south east forcing turkish observation posts retire day replica previous regiment instead resting overnight moved arriving april division required aggressive draw turkish forces lack progress force attacking detailed guard force division artillery accompanying squadron moved line losing dead seventeen wounded time withdrew rest regiment held reserve having men wounded aircraft attack end day second attempt called defences strong frontal assault instead withdrawing british remained forward line trenches regiment positioned assumed command regiment appointed administrator khan region months patrol duty interspersed occupying line training october regiment located miles started moved forward objective miles south east reached october rested days setting travelling miles south waiting night started north attack miles road followed miles stopping suspected turkish post night march started hour later daylight brigade positioned miles miles south south east thousand feet high hill regiment brigade reserve regiment ordered attack east positioned right 3rd light horse regiment left leading advanced machine gun fire plenty cover men horses squadron yards turkish line continued foot 3rd 4th squadrons rode yards north continue foot advancing troops covered machine guns good progress regiment ordered assault position thirty minutes later hill yards east taken prisoners machine guns short later captured prisoners machine guns regiment dead wounded including squadron leader regiment remained consolidating november brigade regiment fighting turkish cavalry force november brigade moved day 4th squadron tasked support canterbury mounted rifles advancing turkish position yards away turks counter attacked canterbury mounted rifles moved forward support attack defeated regiment lost man dead wounded day fighting rest brigade retired west regiment remained manning observation posts november relieved regiment left rejoin brigade miles british left flank travelling night reached rested hours continuing advance reached finally established rest camp march difficult men horses virtually food water horses taken sea drink supplies finally caught regiment night moved new camp miles north day regiment rejoined brigade outside village november brigade vanguard encountered turkish observation posts brigade ordered attack main turkish defences regiment positioned cover left flank advancing troops came machine gun fire dispatched occupy high ground regiment right squadrons took cover force turkish cavalry appeared left sent 11th squadron check numbers squadron encountered heavy rifle machine gun fire forward assist troops ordered charge horseback troops captured position continued forward occupying high ground left reserve provided covering fire 11th squadron moved forward alongside 4th left covered 11th squadron moved forward advance troops 11th squadron located orange grove turkish concentration troops counter attacked regiment kept forward line troops ordered rest regiment including headquarters troops support forward line engaged turkish attack fire forcing turks retire covered artillery barrage machine gun fire turkish troops counter attacked regiment machine gunners returned fire short time battle machine gun engagement time right occupied prominent hill heavy fire support 3rd squadron sent troops engage opponents caught valley fire regiment fresh turkish battalion sent assault places turkish force got close throw hand grenades regiment defences killed wounded defending small hill occupied turkish troops bringing indirect fire rest regiment positions sent 4th squadron asking assistance failed eventually squadron received message charged open ground hill brought rest turkish line range squadron guns confronted new threat turkish troops retired starting point ordering regiment attack orange grove wounded neck shoulder forcing major assume temporary command regiment getting dark turkish offensive action artillery bombardment instead attacking regiment spent rest day evacuating wounded strengthening lines casualties battle dead seventy wounded morning discovered evacuated turkish troops river november brigade moved forward village miles south port day regiment moved forward established line observation posts miles reconnaissance patrols discovered occupied turkish forces moved provide garrison rest regiment returned regiment moved north november days carried reconnaissance november brigade secured river help defend crossing 3rd 11th squadrons dug northern bank day squadrons attacked horse holders regiment mounts sent river squadrons forced retire lines supporting infantry entire british position threat withdraw south river regiment casualties dead missing nineteen wounded including command regiment temporarily passed major battle brigade camped south east range turkish artillery regiment having sixteen officers ranks left effective spent time building strength men horses month regiment lost seven dead eighty wounded evacuated rear ill men missing returned december resume temporary command regiment days later regiment returned came command 52nd lowland division december assaulted regiment patrolled north river supporting division december rejoined jordan valley recovered wounds resumed command regiment january officers ranks february ordered cross british right flank conduct operations jordan valley capturing february regiment east started described little goat track times track steep men lead horses hand stopping overnight regiment set vanguard moving single file soon turkish guns opened fire hills dominate approach reaching valley regiment spread provide difficult target moving forward turkish artillery machine gun fire regiment cover cover troops continued midday got close assault turkish position right valley time 3rd 4th squadrons advancing centre left australian light horse brigades british infantry having similar problems eventually british secured position allowed bring fire turkish defences regiment forcing retire hill regiment horse holders brought mounts forward regiment charged position horseback turkish forces retired kept hill occupied regiment artillery barrage day trace turkish forces advance continued times possible moving single file leaving brigade spread miles tracks regiment moved hills north south miles time taken negotiate track allowed turkish forces retire east bank river bridge australians captured regiment established camp valley north brigade responsible guarding river bridge february rest returned leaving regiment valley command 60th london division tasked carry mounted patrols river raid regiment involved raid village east force assembled operation comprised 60th london division reconnaissance patrols discovered river construct bridges viable sites selected means ford miles north crossings constructed bridge steel assembled mounted troops second crossing point damaged bridge bridges 60th division normal bridge barrel bridge infantry bridge midnight march infantry tried cross river flowing fast swimmers success constructed ferry men materials dawn turkish discovered crossing engaging crossing infantry machine gun fire engineers finished bridge troops crossing exploitation restricted yards river line confronted strong turkish defences march regiment mounted force began cross river passing infantry forward troops troops 11th squadron dispatched east north east troop men encountered force turkish cavalry charged armed rifles troop killed captured seven exchange death man troop leader ordered charge troop sent north forced machine gun post covering river withdraw gun crew later captured men progressing troop 11th squadron sent north crossing time 3rd north turkish defenders rear leading troops loss captured turkish outpost seventeen prisoners troop captured machine gun posts overlooking crossing allowed rest squadron drive remaining defenders 3rd squadron concentrated crossing ordered capture village unable approach village confronted heavy artillery fire day battle cost regiment dead wounded night bridge completed remainder crossing morning crossed river given command vanguard comprising regiment squadron canterbury mounted rifles hong_kong progress slow steep tracks camp hills night altitude feet night started rain making travelling small tracks harder daylight rest division having worse problems brigade stopped village ain sir day captured seven germans eighty turkish troops problem regiment lack supplies rations stuck track remainder division arrived day raid planned day march set heading south east plan called assault south vanguard provided regiment 4th squadron leading got miles village came turkish artillery barrage regiment yards rail line right flank position turned north turkish train arrived tracks south regiment machine gunners opened fire charge continued turkish artillery machine gun fire proving effective regiment unable progress defended numerous machine guns 4th squadron sent forward support assault 11th squadron moved right higher ground covering fire turkish troops mounted counter attack regiment left regiment held position nightfall progress division decided hold territory occupied wait assistance 60th division day fighting cost regiment eighteen casualties received supplies rations carried exhausted night march turkish forces reinforced prevented regiment advancing infantry battalions artillery battery arrived plans assault faced heavy artillery machine gun fire regiment managed advance yards lower slopes position regiment forced withdraw better location night day march division consolidated positions planning resume assault march given command assault position main objective approach route ridge line troops case turkish tried intervene attack captured believed surrender regiment battalion attack point support attack regiment left regiment moved forward managed close objective charge home seen capturing trench machine guns prisoners regiment continued capturing position turkish troops able bring fire point regiment positions providing covering fire mounted attack captured position turkish troops seen gathered north east hill asked artillery support break troops available mountain battery time rounds left turkish forces attacked managed close regiment defences stopped rifle machine gun fire progress arrival turkish reinforcements withdrawal ordered night plans wounded leave fighting troops falling turn gave unit exact times retire presented continuous line moved withdrew attracting attention turkish troops regiment arrived ain sir brigade designated force rearguard large turkish force reported approaching north regiment sent help turkish force come yards new_zealand lines attack day april withdrawal continued times turkish troops sighted following eventually reached night regiment exact casualties documented lost thirty dead wounded thirteen men reported missing raid raid regiment spent april patrol guard duties west rugby football team presented lieutenant general commanding division cup champion team second raid jordan salt began april brigade initially held reserve operation similar problems raid april brigade moved forward ordered support assault infantry regiment remained reserve 4th squadron sent forward support canterbury mounted rifles turkish artillery barrage batteries landed preventing going forward artillery fire increased rest regiment retire horses harm way making progress day regiment returned night turkish reinforcements arrived overnight opposition british advance increasing eventually regiment ordered forward line deploying cover miles track things observed party going guns forced abandon 3rd began digging trenches regiment hold position covering way 4th australians ordered withdraw reaching regiment position day night regiment withdrew ford engineers constructing bridge regiment remained day rest returned previous camp near regiment relieved day rejoined brigade summer regiment remained western foothills jordan valley based end moved men granted leave jerusalem june regiment returned valley based carrying patrols enhancing defences start july moved time relieving july 1st regiment left attacked large force germans turkish troops supporting attack attempted break regiment line fought relieved days later regiment returned casualties month malaria diseases men evacuated hospital august returned duties valley men evacuated hospital month september commanding given command mixed mounted infantry force carry deception plan regiment helped constructing dummy camps dummy horse lines increased patrolling objective discovering turkish strength positions rest army aligned left flank september started attack major attack campaign turkish forces retiring counter attack west september ordered forward reinforced battalions 29th night september regiment left base headed north leading covered miles reaching opposition encountered turkish defence line bridge captured prisoners machine guns night infantry left guarding bridge continued advancing north secure important bridge cutting road midnight regiment supported section brigade machine gun squadron set leading brigade road sent ahead force turkish troops believed withdrawing road capture bridge remained road blocking force 4th squadron headed north east captured turkish convoy came road 3rd squadron caught force capturing prisoners discovered turkish cavalry picket line forced hills low ground river bridge holding high ground counter attacked infantry supported artillery squadron forced retire better defensive position reinforcements observed arriving turkish force regiment attack ordered reinforcements requested support came squadron west_indies infantry company regiment yards bridge surrounding turkish position planned assault troops machine gun left provide fire support left right troop reserve rest regiment positioned left right followed west indies company canterbury mounted rifles squadron right attack began supported machine gun artillery fire turkish line pierced started withdraw bridge pursued regiment bridge secured intact prisoners seven machine guns regiment dead wounded west_indies soldiers wounded regiment settled defending bridge canterbury mounted rifles squadron crossed started clearing far bank salt day brigade crossed bridge midday continued east regiment camped west town entered following day horses continued east vanguard passing abandoned wagons dead men animals caught turkish rearguard stop village water horses wait rest brigade catch night selected group men commanded major sent miles country damage rail line south squadrons provided officer thirty men tools picks force divided tackle rails provide protection found rail line followed miles hearing sounds digging continuing foot located group turks digging trenches objective remain withdrew leaving turkish force eventually located section track looking road alongside tracks turkish traffic establishing base yards track rail group forward attack tracks work interrupted armoured train trucks soldiers came rails disturbed mounted patrol passed observing eventually removed rails making tracks group returned horses returned regiment dawn day value efforts seen train wrecked broken rails command operation invested companion distinguished service order september day railway group returned brigade set approaching north supported assault 2nd regiment machine gun section artillery section ordered forward left turkish defenders surrounded barbed wire sent squadron attack west came turkish machine gun fire covered artillery squadron gradually able advance reserve squadron forward came machine gun fire regiment pushed forward succeeded reaching double charge defenders surrendered withdrew town capturing turkish defences rear battle brigade captured prisoners seven machine guns artillery pieces horses military supplies night regiment camped days later moved south support 2nd light horsemen taken surrender large turkish force defend arab brigade arrived australian turkish troops armed holding perimeter facing arab force brigade appearance resolved situation turkish troops surrendered post war october regiment war returned men struck malaria days able returned established camp november regiment officers ranks hospital died disease men regiment infected way regiment remained december carrying military training playing sports moved school established discovered war regiment schools inspector immediately promoted major taking charge lessons waiting new_zealand regiment played minor role egyptian revolution nationalist uprising region regiment reissued equipment sent support authorities martial law declared uprising soon ended major incidents incident regiment deal request egyptian woman officer grant divorce june regiment moved suez_canal boarded transport sail new_zealand june regiment ceased exist weeks later august arrived casualties service men regiment died causes killed action died wounds disease lost sea thirds men killed seven months fought died years palestine campaign men wounded unfortunate wounded twice accounted half total number wounded men wounded twice men wounded wounded twice gallipoli dead known grave commonwealth war graves commission constructed site turks buried allied war dead evacuation graves men identified nearby hill cemetery graves seventy dead identified honours men regiment recognised service british empire awards system commanding officers invested companions order michael companions distinguished service order received bar second award invested commander order british empire men received majors raid rail line gallipoli civilian awards officer order british empire member order british empire awarded officers men received bars second award ranks awarded distinguished conduct medals sixteen military medals men mentioned dispatches ranks | Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22026_12thLightHorseRegiment(Australia) | 12th 12th light horse regiment mounted unit australian_army raised new_south_wales service world war fighting gallipoli reinforcements regiment served palestine campaign ottoman_empire seeing action notable battles including capture jerusalem capture damascus aftermath war regiment suppress egyptian uprising disbanded late organisation australia military following disbandment regiment raised time unit based new_south_wales remained existence inter war years amalgamated 24th result manpower shortages 12th light horse regiment formed undertook garrison duties australia second world war having converted motor regiment armoured car regiment disbanded having seen action raised honours traditions 12th 16th hunter river history formation training 12th light horse regiment established march liverpool new south wales days later began forming volunteer raised service overseas world war drawing majority personnel new_south_wales regiment assigned 4th 11th 13th light horse regiments placed command lieutenant colonel establishment regiment authorised strength officers ranks organised regimental headquarters squadrons consisted troops armed usually standard infantry weapons instead swords mounted horses australian light horse regiments performed roles similar cavalry mounted infantry mainly fought horses obtain mobility foot soldiers possess conduct certain cavalry roles scouting screening mounted following regiment undertook basic training including weapons handling ceremonial drill mounted tactics regimental manoeuvres late april marched centre sydney farewell deploying overseas june brigade concentrated regiment embarked days steaming ship regiment disembarked horses concerns death rates horses travelling time year men continued journey days later undertaking rifle signals training deck day crossed equator early afternoon july short time later epidemic broke july 4th received orders journey egypt instead ottoman attack expected briefly ashore time conducted reconnaissance frontier undertaking route march expected attack come june regiment embarked arriving june moving camp near cairo receiving draft reinforcements replacement horses regiment began period intense training guard duties local conditions gallipoli gallipoli campaign developed stalemate regiments 1st 2nd 3rd light horse brigades sent peninsula reinforcements failed august offensive resulted heavy casualties australians reinforcements required result regiments 4th broken losses brigades troops initially informed following train trip alexandria august embarked transport sailed transferred early morning august regiment went ashore later afternoon received news broken distributed new_south_wales light horse regiments ashore sent 1st light horse regiment walker ridge regiment squadron squadron went 7th light horse regiment post adopting designation squadron squadron went 6th light horse regiment holly spur lone pine squadron absorbed headquarters took command 10th light horse regiment remainder campaign men regiment including batch reinforcements arrived early october carried mainly defensive duties leaving australian troops evacuated peninsula december large scale battles involved fighting number sharp attacks exact number casualties suffered known men regiment known killed time following evacuation gallipoli regiment february squadrons assembled new commanding officer lieutenant colonel veteran boer war replaced sent england regiment began form time forming intended 12th assigned divisional light horse regiment decided reduce size divisional light horse components squadron 12th removed 5th division order battle units 4th 13th light horse regiment sent europe fight western 12th bulk australian light horse units remain middle_east palestine campaign initially regiment served detached unit conducting infantry training early april regiment crossed canal new railway constructed palestine established position known hill following month ottoman forces clashed positions british garrison attacked away regiment positions hill tasked relieving squadrons dispatched delayed navigational error suffering heat regiment arrived disorder began work constructing defences squadron detached garrison early july sent later month 12th relieved moved lieutenant colonel took command regiment following elevation temporary commander 2nd july regiment machine gun section detached 2nd sent relieve 9th light horse regiment undertaking journey train marched rest way early august ottoman forces launched attack fighting 12th provided flank protection carrying patrols directly engaged machine gun section early september regiment moved attached british column 11th light horse regiment regiment artillery battery command carried raid hills ottoman position away arrival discovering ottoman force greater expected dallas decided limit operation demonstration attack plan 12th allocated task advancing right flank attack proceeded advance open ground horses ascend high ground ottoman fire increased 12th provided covering fire machine guns rifles 11th came forward clear defenders forward position light horsemen ordered withdraw instead assaulting main position early october regiment received orders designated 2nd australian largely regiment continued refer old designation plan convert 11th 12th light horse regiments occur late october 12th sent rear rest arriving squadron established squadrons sent time undertook frequent patrols squadron permanently troop palestine early 4th february command brigadier general assigned brigade 4th 11th light horse regiments regiment time operating detached unit came end officially designation 12th light horse regiment time month undertook training exercises joining advance palestine men regiment detached join persia april regiment took second battle assigned task attacking early morning april regiment advanced foot initially good progress captured ridge objective firing shot defensive fire grew intense men forced ground began fire movement drills spread men 12th dangerously exposed machine gun fire began inflict casualties checking australians advance regiment held position day withdrawn nearby hill night time suffered percent casualties included commanding officer wounded subsequently died wounds replaced second command major later promoted lieutenant colonel day attack 12th light horse regiment dug sent patrols preparation possible ottoman counterattack harassed day sniper fire attack came days withdrawn worked improve defences conducted patrols fortnight squadrons early attack ottoman foraging party attack proved unsuccessful australians approach spotted allowing ottomans workers withdraw engaged period stalemate followed time regiment rest brigade rotated forward position positions support reserve preparations future offensive regiment major action came october conceived attack jerusalem line regiment took battle 4th light horse regiment 12th light horse carried successful mounted charge advancing open ground late afternoon ottoman guns capture town vital water supplies late afternoon 12th advanced according historian squadron frontage lines apart 4th light horse regiment launch pure cavalry charge advancing hands advancing light horsemen subjected rifle machine gun fire artillery bombardment flanks trenches supporting artillery helped suppress machine gun fire flanks speed charge difficult ottoman gunners adjust range ottoman trenches protected wire jumping trenches light horsemen hand hand fighting followed 4th light horse 12th remainder stayed mounted continuing charge town british official historian claims half troops town captured killed guns town captured ottoman soldiers captured significantly australians litres water secured achieving 12th lost men killed wounded horses killed wounded sick success significantly reduced ottoman resistance heavy fighting continued including regiment remained days receive fell early november ottoman forces fell british_empire troops followed pursuit 12th advanced palestine plan capture jerusalem november regiment joined 11th light horse regiment attack support 60th division forced halt charge amidst artillery machine gun fire horses needed water following day 12th sent contact searching water captured number ottoman troops rejoining november 12th provided support 11th light horse regiment came attack hill strong ottoman counterattack turned moving day regiment squadrons received heavy fire providing flank protection attacked south early november aftermath reconnaissance patrol found evacuated 12th occupied town secured water source quantity supplies large equipment lost fire set withdrawing garrison 12th took observation position support british flank moving november water horses ordered launch attack moving regiment recalled following day amidst heavy rain moved days later 12th week rest majority brief respite 4th sent relieve british forces 12th went reserve horses sent patrols reconnaissance parties sent early december 12th relieved scots north jerusalem supported artillery regiment advanced december established line arrival moved defensive position ottoman positions initially planned unit stay night result cold weather equipment left stay extended winter came heavy rain set temperature dropped established shelter men took caves hills briefly escape elements soon abandoned found contain december 4th having relieved withdrawn reserve formation december brigade advanced line hold ground captured advance jerusalem 12th established early january regiment received orders coast near months undertook training march 4th commanded inspected duke according author likened snap automatic precision ceremonial drill battalion following month moved near support attack ottoman position established railway line stretched north direction division progress flank regiment involvement attack called heavy resistance 12th rest 4th sent occupied british_empire forces taking positions near sent patrols jordan river jordan syria late april regiment joined attack undertaken plan capture village staging point advance railway junction regiment role raid advance eastern jordan river capture crossing north salt stop ottoman reinforcements sent initially operation met success 12th squadrons met strong resistance stopped bridge track village secured dusk april troops night 4th assumed defensive positions 12th centre 4th left 11th right following day confronted force ottoman infantry track force infantry cavalry south ready force second crossing coming attack finding hard pressed 4th forced south exposing rear troops holding course days little progress british empire troops despite arrival reinforcements commander operation lieutenant general decided necessary withdraw position regiment crossed jordan days later returned previous positions regiment constructed defences temperatures high flies spiders snakes infested regiment camp men 12th sick malaria conditions moved solomon pools climate late june regiment manned defences sent camp olive early august regiment received cavalry training issued swords rest regiment departed september taking camp near dawn morning regiment led advance moving day position near rested midnight 12th original ottoman line regiment rested midday making encountering number surrendering ottoman troops way arrived afternoon halted briefly continuing mouth night morning regiment moved support 3rd taken prisoners capture sent patrols outlying villages hills established signal stations september following 4th relief 5th regiment tasked escorting prisoners moving jordan river near confluence lake early hours september 12th light horse regiment rest brigade regiment 5th departed conduct dawn attack rejoining division advance dark advancing australians came heavy rifle machine gun fire german ottoman positions near railway station away response 11th light horse regiment conducted mounted charge checked short objective squadron 12th advanced left flank horseback squadrons attempted draw fire close squadron 12th attacked forced defenders village germans defending fortified railway station house point defenders raised white flag truce australians 11th 12th advanced surrender germans manning station killed australians attacked clearing building later refused bury german dead amounted leaving bodies looted villagers battle regiment lost man killed wounded losses suffered horses amounted killed injured regiment moved high ground western jordan river mid morning september reached afternoon garrison seen withdraw advanced concert number armoured cars regiment entered capturing german ottoman troops large stores september began final advance damascus crossing jordan river early following day established divisional min september objective 12th 4th mounted charge forming 4th left regiment attacked field spur near advancing position believed strongly held end defenders fire shot withdrawing australians took position suffering casualty capturing machine guns taking prisoners 12th spent night south west city following day october australian units enter damascus sending patrols ahead main advance period guard duty followed regiment withdrawn city outskirts suffering heavily illness shortly october regiment moving armistice came effect ending fighting disbandment following end war 12th light horse regiment remained middle_east number months time command lieutenant colonel suppress egyptian uprising uprising 12th carried security operations protect infrastructure area situation resolved regiment handed stores equipment preparation australia horses transferred concerns costs availability shipping restrictions decision horses returned australia sold service local according concerns mid morning july 12th personnel embarked transport cruising ceylon regiment landfall august men granted brief period leave ship continued sydney stops adelaide melbourne arrived august regiment disbanded war regiment lost men killed men wounded members regiment received following decorations bar military crosses bar distinguished conduct medals bar military medals mentions despatches member regiment major nominated victoria_cross involvement fighting award approved instead received inter war years subsequent service reorganised replicate numerical designations units honours traditions result 12th light horse regiment raised new_england region new_south_wales headquartered forming regiment drew lineage new england light horse existed parallel light horse regiment remained australia war regiment complex series traced lineage 6th raised units contributed personnel fight south_africa boer war time regiment assigned 15th 16th light horse regiments territorial designations adopted 12th light horse regiment known time regiment adopted motto fortune comes initially strength time units maintained voluntary compulsory service election government compulsory service ended replaced volunteer militia economic hardships great depression reduced training opportunities resulted decline number volunteers consequently number units disbanded amalgamated amidst inter war years regiment remained existence october merged 24th light horse form 12th 24th light horse units later militia expanded following increased political tensions europe march second world war 12th light horse converted motor regiment known 12th motor regiment september redesignated 12th armoured car regiment assigned period process resulted light horse units giving horses australian_army faced manpower shortage japanese threat mainland australia decreased militia armoured units broken personnel sent units reinforcements result regiment disbanded october having undertaken garrison duty australia australia time military force reformed regiment raised right amalgamated unit known 12th 16th hunter river established unit 12th light horse regiment honours traditions alliances 12th light horse regiment held following alliances united_kingdom king united_kingdom royal scots battle honours 12th light horse received following battle honours south_africa world war gallipoli egypt palestine jerusalem jordan salt damascus commanding officers following list 12th light horse regiment commanding officers lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 12th Light Horse Regiment (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22302_26thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army major formation based boston massachusetts history today division heritage carried formed july activated august camp edwards consisting units new_england area division commander selected nickname yankee division highlight division geographic makeup sent europe world war division saw extensive combat france sent europe world war division fought france advancing germany concentration camp end war following end world war division remained active command national_guard gradually expanding command contain units divisions consolidated division called support major major combat eventually reorganized brigade 29th history world war constituted july formally activated august year boston massachusetts division commanded brigades comprising national guard units massachusetts connecticut rhode_island new_hampshire vermont maine contained contained shortly division commander major general called press conference determine nickname newly formed division edwards decided settle suggestion yankee division subordinate units division new_england shortly division approved shoulder sleeve insignia reflect september division arrived saint france second division arrive theater time division wholly organized united_states joining additional divisions completed wave american troop deployment 2nd division formed france arriving october division immediately moved training division soldiers raw recruits new military service division force trained experienced french forces trained extensively divisions organized january moved quiet sector trenches february remained relatively quiet region lines des months relieved near april line taken extended vicinity west far jury right french line joined american line division headquarters stay division sector marked encounters enemy considerable forces engaged furthermore nightly encounters patrols ambush parties fire artillery sides active april lines held near french left heavily attacked germans enemy secured advanced trenches strongly held succeeded driving enemy losses line entirely established late april german infantry conducted raid positions attacks americans war april german field artillery bombarded positions near german moved village artillery box barrage continuing hours isolated american units germans overwhelmed machine gun company infantry companies temporarily breached trenches elements division rallied recaptured village germans withdrew division counterattack inflicted casualties including killed wounded captured losing men including killed similar raids struck infantry june repulsed 26th division relieved june moved train entered line northwest relieving july size grew division placed command july campaign began shortly division placed command french sixth army protecting east flank offensive began division advanced spine weeks pushing moving miles july august pulled lines near prepare offensive division offensive battle saint division moved position major offensive war campaign war armistice signed shortly world war division spent days combat suffered killed action wounded action division returned united_states camp massachusetts years following world war division remained national_guard seeing periodic major deployments weekend training replaced guard replaced replaced briefly year later relieved division order form world war army wide reorganization division brigade headquarters disbanded favor regimental commands division instead based regiments assigned division 39th 26th company 26th major general took command division lead rest war deploying overseas 26th trained camp campbell kentucky europe division assigned 12th commanded lieutenant general shipped united_states directly france sent britain landed france september enter combat division month later elements patrol duty coast september saw action october division reassigned october 26th relieved canal rhine sector maintained defensive positions division launched limited objective attack october woods november 26th went offensive took november advanced captured december house house fighting reaching fortifications december entering december time reassigned rest interrupted german offensive battle division moved north december battle break attacked december beat strong german captured christmas day heavy fighting attacked forced withdraw face determined german resistance january attacked crossing january division continued advance taking january crossed river january division reassigned division immediately shifted east bank maintained defensive positions area january march division drive rhine river jumped march carried division march rhine march rhine march division reassigned took house house reduction march broke drove april helped reduce april moving southeast austria division assisted capture changed direction advance moving northeast czechoslovakia cease fire order received day later division overran concentration camp conjunction german forces discovered germans forced labor elaborate tunnel system underground aircraft production facilities officers camp allegedly planned demolish tunnels prisoners inside movement 11th armored divisions prevented post war world war spent days combat time suffered killed action wounded action missing action prisoners war non battle casualties total casualties conflict soldiers division received medals honor won distinguished service crosses seven merit silver stars soldier medals division returned united_states camp massachusetts december cold war division reactivated april boston remained major command command took control units states following consolidation division remained active reserve component selected deployments cold war division received distinctive unit insignia division reorganized accordance organization probably battle groups division reorganized 1st division reorganized plan regimental commands favor brigades headquartered headquartered springfield massachusetts division units infantry infantry division organized light infantry division time established provide air support consolidated 26th division command dissolved arose place battalions formed basis new divisional april division relocated camp edwards massachusetts division headquarters consolidated place assigned division round unit following end cold war army began process forces army reactivated 29th began forces consolidating result army decided brigade command 29th september division 26th designated place based springfield 3rd 43rd brigades command october division formally designated 29th 26th brigade transitioned 26th yankee infantry brigade honors division received campaign world war campaign world war total campaign operational lifetime campaign legacy city boston massachusetts route nicknamed honor contribution concentration camp united_states continually flies division colors entrance high profile memorial ceremonies honoring divisions assisted liberation german concentration camps notable members division include surviving veteran world war dog served division combat world war resident member division awarded medal honor france world war additionally members division received medal honor world war | 26th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22310_95thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army today exists training division component headquartered fort oklahoma activated late deploy world war division remained army reserve world war sent europe renowned fighting fierce german division earned nickname iron men fighting liberate defend town world war division spent brief period reserve activated army training divisions years division numerous changes structure training roles changed subordinate units shifted command activated large number regimental brigade commands fulfill training roles division began conducting station unit training responsibility continues day history world war constituted september national army organized month ohio division organized oklahoma organized reserve division slated deployed overseas fight world war training division units began immediately november armistice germany signed ending hostilities division deployment cancelled december division officers enlisted men discharged military transferred units june division reactivated organized reserves point division remained reserve unit based world war july division ordered active military service reorganized camp swift texas disbanded army wide elimination infantry brigades instead division based infantry regiments assigned division major general took command division command held entire duration world war making generals division received year years division trained extensively locations united_states europe assigned ninth united states army division sailed europe august arrived england august receiving additional training moved france month later september time reassigned division near october assigned united states army division sent combat october sector east south patrolled near capturing forts surrounding enemy attempts cross river defense town repeated german attacks division received nickname iron men november elements went offensive reducing enemy pocket east november units crossed advanced heavy resistance captured forts surrounding captured city november division pushed november entered germany 28th seized bridge december engaged bitter house house fighting suburbs city fell enemy resisted fiercely firmly established december units went assembly area held area strong german attacks february division began moving area netherlands february elements line near relief british units time division returned saw temporary assignments corps spring february division relieved assembled near germany march forced enemy pocket near hitler bridge cleared pocket march elements advanced rhine march established defenses vicinity assembling east rhine april launched attack day captured 6th clearing enemy pocket north rivers division took april april maintained positions north bank held position end war division returned united_states june began process preparing join invasion forces united_states_army ending war japan division remaining orders pacific staged minor mutiny orders changed resulted division releasing soldiers army service october camp mississippi division spent days combat suffering killed action wounded action missing action prisoners war division suffered non battle casualties total casualties world war division turn took german prisoners soldiers division awarded medal honor distinguished service crosses soldier medals division awarded campaign time combat cold war division reactivated reserve unit mobilized combat duties following world war division underwent reorganization change addition oklahoma second change year division withdrawal assignment transferred headquartered new_orleans louisiana activation world war year saw changes division changes assignment subordinate elements january assigned subsequently january january reassigned 75th headquarters moved new_orleans oklahoma date saw relocation headquarters arkansas arkansas april redesignated training major reorganization mission assignments underway personnel trained infantry combat field artillery military police combat support roles undergo training enable train division new role training divisions year division size increased reassigned 75th redesignated advanced individual training reorganization division regiments redesignated divisional artillery common specialist training headquarters louisiana basic combat training reassigned new training sites division received distinctive unit insignia division reorganized according plan army wide transformation division world war components reorganized brigades division headquarters reactivated oklahoma 2nd brigade louisiana division center changed oklahoma division located states oklahoma arkansas louisiana headquartered oklahoma elements regiments battalions headquartered oklahoma elements regiments headquartered oklahoma september consisted elements headquartered louisiana suburb includes element headquartered arkansas regimental elements headquartered oklahoma division headquarters headquarters headquarters company division maneuver training command january division brigades reorganized specifically station unit training division experienced tremendous expansion october addition louisiana strength personnel activated division administrative control designated expand training base army field artillery training center located fort oklahoma division location returned present day division continued mission training operating station unit training division received additional brigades army consolidation training commands activated san_antonio texas 6th brigade activated kansas 7th brigade activated training command arkansas brigade took additional responsibility training cadets 8th brigade activated provisional unit charge units southwestern united_states division headquarters relocated oklahoma division area major training center allowing effectively provide training oversight honors unit decorations division received unit award united_states_army recent ceremony columbus indiana bridge named iron men memorial bridge campaign legacy film hell heroes actors wear division shoulder patch uniforms division element legacy book series number soldiers served division later went achieve reasons include journalist writer oil lieutenant general additionally soldier division received medal honor service received medal world war division fight miller captured number german machine gun nests soldiers leading squad men assaulting city german born served commissioned january directly assisted negotiations capture | 95th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22385_Triarii | singular elements early roman military early oldest wealthiest men army afford high quality equipment wore heavy metal armor carried large shields usual position battle line equipped spears era fought shallow formation supported light troops battles lighter troops usually defeated enemy committed battle meant decisive force battle prompting old roman saying comes meant carrying bitter end history deployment evolved old class army kings class comprised richest soldiers legion equipped spears large shields like heavy greek served heavy infantry early roman army large formation time engagements appear taught romans importance flexibility rough hilly ground central italy era 4th century military formations romans inherited use efficiency doubtful proved effective rome largely local adversaries invaded inhabitants requested help rome small contingent rome sent repel invaders provoked scale attack rome entire roman army destroyed battle crushing defeat prompted reforms new system men classes according wealth richest mounted armed spears metres feet long carried swords centimetres inches long case spear broke enemy drew close fought usually carrying large round greek shields bronze helmets number feathers fixed increase stature heavy plate armour favoured mail popular paint portraits ancestors shield believing bring luck battle type new roman legion formed military units men turn larger units stood line legion line second line pitched battle armed attached form legion harass enemy fire cover advance spear armed infantry failed break enemy fall let heavier experienced infantry break retire engage enemy turn expression come signaling act desperation pursue routing enemies poorer reserve soldiers troops armed support role providing mass supporting areas line system time second war late 3rd century system proved inefficient enemies series organic changes opposed single intentional reform new system gradually came infantry classes according age experience wealth experienced equipment role similar previous system carried large rectangular shields offered greater degree protection old round number reduced legion forming men line legion line second line phased replaced similar role attached pitched battles conducted similar fashion gather cover advance failed break enemy fall carried swords spears break retire engage enemy order battle followed battle great plains battle notable exceptions great plains roman general formed men usual manner begun engage enemy flanking force routing opposing arranged men columns large lanes opposing elephants drawn lanes killed inflicting casualties romans surviving elephants routed formed men long line centre flanks ready engage infantry reforms formal military reforms implemented combat shortage manpower wars africa tribes north different classes units scrapped entirely wealth age requirements removed join career service city equipped state purchased equipment local irregular troops fulfill roles serving cavalry war describes instances roman allied regular heavy infantry equipped light equipment light supposedly common practice | Triarii | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22480_Principes | singular later armies early roman republic men prime lives fairly wealthy afford decent equipment heavier infantry legion carried large shields wore good quality armour usual position second battle line fought formation supported light troops eventually away reforms history deployment appear born remnants old class army kings reformed second class stood ranks large equipped similar manner support heavier class ranks probable engagements crushing defeat hands lots smaller military units large ones taught romans importance flexibility rough hilly ground central italy system early system organisation 3rd 4th centuries men classes based wealth wealthiest armed short spears metres long fought formation usually carrying large rectangular shields bronze helmets number feathers fixed increase stature wore heavier armour types common form offered good degree protection movement type legion formed military units men stood second battle line line pitched battle armed light infantry form legion harass enemy fire cover advance light failed break enemy engagement fall let heavier break retire heavy engage enemy turn pursue routing enemies final battle line troops support role providing mass reinforcing areas line system time wars 2nd century form organisation found inefficient new system infantry classes according age experience wealth older veterans greater degree experience equipment role similar previous system carried swords instead spears carried heavy bent impact prevent removed victim thrown increased number legion formed men away replaced similar role attached legion pitched battles conducted similar fashion gather cover advance armed swords failed break enemy fall break retire engage enemy order battle followed battle great plains battle notable exceptions great plains roman general formed men usual manner begun engage enemy flanking force routing opposing arranged men columns large lanes opposing elephants drawn lanes killed inflicting casualties romans surviving elephants routed formed men long line centre flanks ready engage infantry reforms formal military reforms intended combat shortage manpower wars africa tribes north different classes units away entirely wealth age requirements scrapped soldiers join career service city equipped miles soldiers state purchased equipment local irregular troops fulfill roles serving cavalry | Principes | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22783_61stBattalion(Australia) | infantry battalion australian_army originally raised world war disbanded year seeing active service later raised militia brisbane queensland outbreak second world war initially undertook garrison duties australia deployed new_guinea took japanese defeated time major land battle late 61st battalion withdrawn australia period organisation training deployed overseas late time deployed taken american garrison battalion joined drive japanese stronghold south island following end war disbanded process january history formation initially raised united_kingdom february world war effort raise 6th division following manpower shortages occurred result heavy losses western failure attempts introduce conscription australia decided division subordinate units september use personnel reinforce units result disbanded seeing active service 61st battalion raised militia response growing tensions europe time battalion formed area small detachment based main driving force convincing government establish battalion sir outset intended unit scottish battalion approval gained personnel equipped scottish style uniforms including caps funds equipment provided government cost battalion meet appeal donations public time battalion initial personnel men scottish birth ancestry later personnel included men diverse heritage battalion officially bestowed title queensland cameron alliance queen approved king training undertaken voluntary unpaid basis weekly undertaken field training took place july battalion strength officers ranks second world war home duties outset second world war provisions defence act prohibited sending militia fight outside australian territory decision raise volunteer force 2nd serve overseas initial operations conceived likely middle_east france later possibly england decided militia defend australian mainland possible attack improve australia overall level readiness compulsory military service extended periods continuous periods training ultimately number men joined units 2nd militia fact lower anticipated large number personnel left seek opportunity serve overseas time 61st battalion lost experienced senior officers non commissioned officers 25th 33rd battalions raised queensland royal_australian_air_force note loss battalion pipe drum band joined 25th 61st battalion officer major went serving initially second command later 25th commanding officer despite loss personnel battalion undertook number periods continuous training militia called progressively periods extended training consisting days time joined rest 7th brigade assigned battalion replaced scottish equipment regular service gear september strategic situation pacific worsened battalion called provide time service duration war result battalion brought strength personnel ranks december japanese attacks pearl harbor malaya undertook defensive duties moving defend possible invasion early situation pacific grew worse garrison singapore fell japanese began advance south australia march landed north coast new_guinea later july landed time australian government decided bring units 2nd middle_east defend possible japanese invasion australia process begun troops available respond immediately japanese landings units militia troops 30th brigade deployed course month july august 61st battalion rest 7th brigade moved situated eastern tip new_guinea 61st took defensive duties alongside 25th battalion night august japanese marines tank support carried amphibious landing north japanese advanced 7th brigade main defensive position 61st battalion bore initial assault temporarily halted japanese advance ambush launching counterattack following morning 10th battalion come attack japanese armour forced formed defensive line main japanese thrust came august strong artillery support 61st 25th battalions managed turn japanese attack inflicting heavy casualties process seizing initiative following elements 18th brigade advanced japanese subsequently captured september inflicting japanese defeat major battle land war involvement battle 61st battalion suffered killed wounded remained bay march withdrawn near port battalion undertook training exercises carried patrols villages scattered start track battalion brought establishment warned combat number occasions eventually decided withdraw 7th brigade australia november leadership battalion time 61st battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel awarded captain commanded company fighting bay received new_guinea period leave battalion began reform queensland february months undertook number exercises training periods prepared stage war time battalion authorised strength reduced men ranks converted jungle divisional establishment july 61st battalion embarked proceeded overseas arrived new_guinea days later considered isolated pockets japanese area battalion began patrolling operations soon landed remained undertaking garrison duties november 61st battalion transferred australian troops took responsibility island american garrison initial allied intelligence estimates placed size japanese forces men later determined number closer decided australians offensive pursue advance island main effort advance southern sector narrow coastal plain japanese stronghold initially 7th brigade battalion attached employed northern sector holding positions trail january took 29th brigade operating southern sector march 61st battalion took advance inland advancing bounds occupying company bases sending patrols battalion began south january rest month battalion involved number relatively minor engagements japanese carried patrolling ambush operations australian line advance start february reached receiving intelligence japanese force detected sent raid camp reaching patrol set fire japanese force withdrew later reconnaissance determined japanese died blaze february battalion married patrols 25th battalion moving later battalion continued company linked patrols february late february japanese forces withdrew pressure captain company action later awarded establishing headquarters continued advance alongside 25th battalion 25th battalion crossed patrol 61st clashed group japanese holding entrenched position establishing contact patrol artillery forward observation officer called indirect fire supporting artillery battery patrol assaulted position japanese defenders withdrew leaving dead position subsequently revealed consist main pits smaller ones engagement battalion withdrawn line brief period concerns morale rest 7th brigade continued advance road february march march japanese resistance steadily increased time number attacks australian rear areas line communications result committed advance company allocated defend 25th battalion rear road near feature named japanese launched designed check australian advance 61st battalion main engagement came march april took march battalion company attacked times japanese force men attack repulsed loss australians killed wounded dawn following morning company attempted clear japanese track led coming entrenched force japanese forced abandon attempt exchanging fire minutes course week japanese launched number attacks australians time suffered estimated men killed wounded main japanese attacks concentrated majority battle 61st took defensive operations periphery 25th position protect rear provide close infantry support tanks 4th armoured regiment time involved number minor contacts incidents disease casualties coupled combat fatigue poor leadership resulted poor state morale battalion period april 7th brigade commander relieved 61st battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel suffering command major given task temporarily commanding battalion lieutenant colonel following month problems men refusing patrol performance duty continued early april 61st battalion remained role rear area security remainder 7th brigade involvement sector april following conclusion fighting 7th brigade relieved 29th returned remained end war course campaign 61st battalion lost men killed wounded disbandment following end hostilities 61st battalion took surrender ceremony took place later waiting australia battalion employed guarding japanese prisoners war november orders arrived battalion return australia embarking landed november moved brisbane train battalion strength result process men returned civilian life decision unit occurred january victoria barracks brisbane casualties war consisted killed died active service wounded members battalion received following decorations military crosses military medals mentioned despatches alliances 61st battalion held following alliances united_kingdom queen battle honours service second world war 61st battalion received battle honours south west pacific bay liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers 61st battalion commanding officers lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 61st Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22818_No.1LongRangeFlightRAAF | long range flight raaf long range flight temporary royal_australian_air_force unit formed participate london air race known air race flight established february equipped canberra bombers specially modified june august following extensive training departed mid september race began october flight aircraft placed second total flying time hours minutes aircraft forced race tyres burst landing island refuel completed flight repaired brief period new_zealand aircraft returned australia modified standard configuration flight disbanded november history training long range flight formed raaf base february begin preparations raaf participation london air race squadron leader unit initial commanding officer february held position senior wing commander assumed command man fly jet aircraft australia previously commanded raaf aircraft research development unit announcing appointment command long range flight minister air described raaf outstanding test pilot flight received aircraft canberra bomber june aircraft built britain raaf canberra flown australia wing commander july journey completed hours minutes setting unofficial record route flight second aircraft arrived july australian built canberra assigned long range flight shortly completed second australian built canberra assigned flight august aircraft modified specialised role modifications included fitting distance measuring equipment aircraft fuel tanks bomb bays wing commander told journalists august australian preferred british models grounds national prestige aircraft fitted superior navigation equipment retained flight reserve aircraft modifications completed time race long range flight undertook intensive training lead race involved making regular long range return flights ceylon singapore air bases australia exercises establish fuel consumption rates practice navigation practices race training flight broke australian new_zealand air speed records setting fastest time crossing flight raaf base august engineer attached long range flight route september raw visited government aircraft factories facility melbourne thank workers building canberra bombers raaf race aftermath selected australia entries london air race departed bound september arrived 16th month detachments long range flight ground crew stationed airport ceylon indian_ocean detachments departed australia september detachments stationed airport left board raaf transport september detachments led raaf navigator main role develop flight plan leg race provide time spent ground raaf supported aircraft countries deploying air traffic control team specialised radar equipment neptune long range patrol aircraft perth search rescue coverage aircraft carrier destroyer stationed provide weather reports race london air race began october piloted wing commander took london airport piloted followed minutes later manned pilot navigator aircraft flew separately brief stop continued airport tyres burst landing island putting race time minutes ahead minutes ahead royal_air_force raf continued landed raaf airfield south_australia refuel nose wheel locked landing ice able repaired aircraft took local time repairs delayed aircraft minutes arrived airport local time placed second race flight time hours minutes winning aircraft completed flight hours minutes prize money awarded raw placing second later donated october replacement tyres flown repair aircraft departed 12th month flew total flying time hours minutes later told journalists crew drunk beer gone swim waiting aircraft repaired later flew demonstration flights airport returned october aircraft transferred aircraft november returned standard configuration long range flight overseas detachments returned australia november flight disbanded 16th month total cost raaf entry air race minister mcmahon claimed bargain rate given results air force participation long range flight disbanded wing commander returned subsequently appointed officer order british empire december leading flight participating london air race squadron leader raw awarded role race decoration presented brisbane march raw assumed command squadron december raaf squadron equipped canberra bombers flight lieutenant raw pilot race airmen killed june crashed near wing commander presided man court inquiry investigated cause accident gate guard | No. 1 Long Range Flight RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
22968_IndianArmyduringWorldWarI | world war world war contributed large number divisions independent brigades european mediterranean middle_east theatres war world war million indian troops served overseas died wounded total indian soldiers died war world war fought german western battle indian awarded victoria_cross indian divisions sent egypt gallipoli nearly served ottoman_empire divisions sent overseas remain india guarding internal security training duties field marshal sir commander chief asserted british couldn come wars world war hadn reforms appointed commander chief india years term office extended reformed reforms directed armies merged unified force time regiments states available called british_army continued supply units service india addition term instituted refer overall command structure included british units new formation set divisions division cavalry infantry brigades divisions independent infantry brigades serve india responsible supplying division burma brigade assist command control new divisions field armies formed divisions brigades responsible divisions india formations outside responsible southern india regiments battalions new organisation numbered single sequence old titles bombay madras discontinued new regiments battalions instead remaining home base called serve country tour duty established posting change accepted formation british indian brigades system having british regiment battalion brigade remained organisation largest volunteer armies world total strength men british_army strength regular volunteers outbreak war november contained men considered regularly called deal incursions raids provide garrison forces british_empire egypt singapore china field force divided armies stretched divisions brigades command stretched southern india turn divisions command formations outside armies contained cavalry regiments infantry battalions including joint cavalry infantry unit regiments mountain artillery batteries divisions formed reforms consisted cavalry infantry brigades cavalry brigade british indian regiments infantry brigades consisted british indian battalions battalions smaller british battalions consisting officers ranks compared british officers ranks indian battalions segregated companies different tribes religions additional troops attached headquarters division included cavalry regiment pioneer battalion artillery provided division men strength somewhat weaker british division smaller infantry battalions smaller artillery forces weakened british officers home leave officer indian battalions posted new british divisions formed addition regular armies regiments european volunteers called assist emergency formed men cavalry regiments infantry battalions end war men served overseas auxiliary force field men regiments horse volunteer infantry battalions available field men field force headquarters located delhi senior officer commander chief india assisted chief general staff india senior command staff positions alternated senior officers british indian armies commander chief general sir chief general staff lieutenant general sir british_army indian battalion staffed officers british_army india officers british officers serving colonial indian administration war intensified officer casualties mounted ability replace casualties officers british origin extremely difficult cases officer battalions reduced accordingly officer cadets indian descent permitted selected officer training normal annual recruitment indian army men course war men volunteered army volunteered non roles total million men volunteered service million indian troops served overseas war total indian soldiers died world war britain indian child soldiers young years old war home service world war deployed maintaining internal security defending incursions afghanistan tasks end declaration war divisions deployed frontier existing 1st 2nd division 4th war formed division serve india 16th formed stationed divisions place took war end world war supporting war effort india left vulnerable hostile action afghanistan german mission arrived october obvious strategic purpose treaty obligations maintained afghanistan neutrality face internal opposition factions keen ottoman sultan despite actions frontier took place included operations operations operations operations tribes india burma actions carried tribes december february supported 7th rifles pioneers november march operations carried tribes auxiliary units divisions remaining india internal security training divisions 5th division 8th division 9th division course war divisions lost brigades formations active service 5th division lost 5th 2nd 8th division lost 8th cavalry brigade 1st 22nd brigade 11th indian division 9th division lost 9th cavalry brigade 2nd 27th brigade sent pre war units remained burma war internal security duties likewise brigade remained entry war oil discovered commercial quantities head start war privately owned owned concessions fields bought primarily fuel soon clear august instructed prepare plans protect strategic assets plans dictated event coming support germans act secure command lieutenant general sir sailed bombay october expeditionary force sent europe end september response request imperial general staff men support war effort indian elements committed war outside india independent brigades addition permanent divisions formed number independent brigades brigade stationed strategically important naval route europe india limited fighting deployed brigades designated command general formed start persian campaign protect anglo persian oil installations south persia formed dispatched seven expeditionary forces overseas world war outbreak war trained men indian government offered services cavalry infantry divisions service overseas force known command general sir force attached divisions formed army corps infantry arrival september weeks declaration war moved took battle october march 7th division chosen lead assault hampered lack familiarity new equipment issued lee rifles arrival france artillery relying support neighbouring corps line accustomed continental weather poorly equipped resist cold leading low morale compounded reserve system reinforcements drafted regiment affiliation new units officer casualties handicap replacements unfamiliar speak language morale low soldiers fled scene battle infantry divisions finally withdrawn egypt october replaced new british divisions withdrawal infantry divisions units western cavalry divisions november indian cavalry divisions renumbered 1st 2nd 4th serving alongside british cavalry divisions held line awaiting hoped breakthrough times war served trenches infantry cavalry brigade formed regiment meant divisions went line cover brigade area withdrawn egypt march took battle advance finally indians served france belgium died governor requested assistance deal german forces german problem handed assembled forces shipped aid consisted 27th brigade 9th division pioneer battalion mountain artillery battery engineers sent task invading german force command major general landed november following men badly beaten men german commander force embarked november having suffered casualties loss rifles machine guns rounds ammunition second force assembled service british force formed 29th half battalions states volunteer pounder artillery battery 22nd mountain battery frontier force volunteer maxim gun battery planned force defensive unlike force primarily guard railway support king african rifles communications protection duties arriving force broken units subsequently served separately action involved october force men gathered near border british german commanded brigadier general flawed intelligence reports estimated german military presence region men companies plus colonial volunteers young germans horseback november british force advanced slope night near caught strong german defensive position advanced morning fog large force indian infantry effectively resisted day british attackers suffered substantial casualties mid morning german mounted patrol ambushed supply column roughly carrying water troops away germans british officers widely scattered troops waited darkness having determined situation withdrew mountain marched british having accomplished largest force serve abroad command lieutenant general sir unit sent november 6th division tasked guarding british oil installations campaign served command major general string early successes campaign delivered setback battle november logistical constraints following engagement withdrew decision hold city siege began january march launched attacks attempt lift siege sequence attacks took place battle battle attempts break succeed cost heavy sides suffering high casualties february food hopes running disease spread rapidly contained cured surrendered april december 3rd 7th divisions arrived western british force included cavalry seven infantry divisions india advanced baghdad captured march advance continued october turkish forces surrendered armistice signed campaign largely campaign british formations involved 13th western division british battalions assigned indian brigades campaign killed died wounds died disease missing prisoners including prisoners wounded consisted 22nd brigade sent egypt october designation retained subsequent forces sent indian cavalry divisions transferred france service palestine joined 15th imperial service cavalry brigade unit formed regiments states 3rd division 7th division transferred time indian army battalions sent reinforce british 10th irish 53rd welsh 60th 2nd london 75th divisions reformed indian division lines british indian battalions brigade consisted 10th 11th formed egypt defend canal formations attached regular 22nd brigade 8th british battalions 10th division disbanded brigades assigned formations 28th assigned 7th division 29th served independent brigade gallipoli campaign disbanded june 30th assigned 12th april transferred 6th division september captured fall disbanded earlier brigades survive longer 22nd brigade broken january 31st joined 10th division january disbanded month later 32nd brigade disbanded january april sent reinforce gallipoli campaign consisted 29th brigade serving away parent 10th consisting battalions brigade dispatched egypt attached earlier battles held reserve second battle played major advancing left brigade quickly halted shore 6th rifles managed advance 14th advancing floor wiped losing men officers brigade involved 10th rifles managed advance half mile brigade took cover naval bombardment 6th rifles assaulted captured hill shelled royal_navy casualties mounting command battalion medical officer forced withdraw starting positions failure assault brigade withdrawn egypt duration campaign 29th brigade suffered dead wounded operations siege battalion china 36th took siege german controlled port china powers concerned japanese intentions region decided send small symbolic british contingent effort fears man contingent commanded consisted soldiers 2nd battalion south wales later followed soldiers 36th japanese led force laid siege port october november end siege japanese army casualties numbered killed wounded british indians killed wounded german defenders suffered dead wounded singapore mutiny singapore mutiny involved half comprising 5th british singapore war conspiracy 5th arrived singapore madras october sent replace ordered france 5th consisted roughly equal numbers serving separate companies morale constantly low effected poor communication discipline weak leadership regiment employed guard captured crew german ship reportedly attempts fan discontent regiment orders embark garrison duty hong_kong rumours started going sent fight middle_east fellow muslims ottoman_empire february preparations departure way companies remaining companies scattered confusion british officers barracks killed moved german prisoner war camp killed thirteen camp guards military personnel germans refused join streets singapore killing european civilians encountered mutiny continued nearly days suppressed local volunteer british regular units plus naval detachments allied warships assistance following immediate courts martial total executed transported life imprisoned varying terms later 5th saw service campaign subsequently sent mission men 19th deployed general support known revolutionary organisation led armed conflict soldiers composed austro hungarian prisoners war joined found prison camps closed following february revolution victoria_cross recipients indian soldiers eligible victoria_cross instead received indian order merit older decoration originally set days rule india honour indian recipient victoria_cross conflict went duke october belgium british officer charge detachment having wounded gun action shell wounded remained working gun men gun detachment killed members awarded victoria_cross world war 39th rifles great gallantry night november near france regiment engaged clearing enemy trenches wounded places head arm push round successive traverse face severe fire bombs rifles closest range 34th prince albert victor conspicuous bravery near november entering german destroying traverse face enemy bombs subsequently rescuing heavy fire wounded man lying exposed open rifles december near night attack bruce command small party captured enemy trenches spite severely wounded neck walked trench encouraging men hold counter attacks hours killed fire rifles bombs heavy day disposition example encouragement shown bruce men able hold dusk trench finally captured enemy 51st attached january valley operations captain commanding party dozen attacked surrounded overwhelming force gave order retire escaped sacrificed life attempting effect rescue men lost horse 55th rifles frontier force april belgium led platoon great bravery attack collected parties regiment british officers left kept command retirement ordered displayed great courage day helped carry british indian officers safety exposed heavy fire 15th conspicuous bravery near bombing party men voluntarily undertook duty conveyed supply bombs yards enemy position exceptionally dangerous ground attempts parties failed lieutenant succeeded taking bombs desired position aid men having killed wounded effect purpose swim stream exposed time machine gun rifle fire september france having wounded found wounded soldier line german trench urged save stayed wounded man day night early day weather took german wire leaving place comparative safety returned brought wounded went broad daylight british soldier carrying way enemy fire 41st january finding british officer lying close enemy dragged temporary shelter wounds lance heard calls adjutant lying wounded open enemy yards away insisted going help stripped clothing wounded officer warm stayed dark returned shelter dark carried wounded officer safety returning carried adjutant january ruins captain attended wounded heavy fire conspicuous bravery devotion duty shot arms refused hospital remained long daylight lasted attending duties heavy fire previous actions captain displayed bravery april near khan charge machine gun covering gap new line yards entrenched enemy beat counter attacks worked gun single handed men belt casualties hours held gap heavy fire gun knocked belt held ground rifles ordered withdraw help brought gun ammunition severely wounded man finally remaining arms equipment night november december east france times volunteered carry messages regiment brigade headquarters distance miles open ground heavy fire enemy succeeded time delivering message occasion horse shot compelled finish journey foot 3rd rifles april egypt attack men forward lewis gun intense fire engage enemy machine gun lewis gun team opened fire shot immediately pushed dead man gun opened fire knocked enemy gun crew fire enemy bombers remainder day magnificent work finally assisted covering fire withdrawal enemy close 14th murray september west bank palestine squadron charging strong enemy position realised heavy casualties inflicted small hill occupied machine guns infantry collected ranks entire disregard danger charged captured position mortally wounded hill capturing machine guns single handed guns infantry surrendered died aftermath information world war aftermath list regiments men shortage experienced officers officers having killed wounded war indian government started review military requirements protection internal security priority army india reduced troops indian battalions allocated roles field army infantry divisions cavalry brigades covering troops infantry brigades supporting arms act reserve force case invasion finally internal security troops infantry battalions aid civil power support field army required number cavalry regiments reduced infantry regiments converted large regiments battalions regiment plus training battalion numbered 10th included regiments single battalion regiments disbanded large regiments later disbanded economic reasons 20th burma rifles burma ceased governed india end world war end fighting involved war campaign operations finally outbreak world war operations india gate built commemorates indian soldiers lost lives fighting world war | Indian Army during World War I | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23068_16thSustainmentBrigade | 16th brigade 16th brigade brigade united_states_army based germany subordinate unit activated summer brigade traces lineage 7th 16th corps support groups combined form brigade active brigade provides forces army commands europe africa saw deployments iraq support operation iraqi freedom deployed iraq tour brigade july october organization 16th brigade directly subordinate 21st theater command turn subordinate located army garrison subordinate battalions currently supporting operations located 16th special troops battalion 18th located germany germany history origin unit constituted october 16th activated december dominican_republic group returned continental united_states subsequently september fort georgia group redesignated september activated germany 1990s 16th participated operations kuwait saudi_arabia received distinctive unit insignia april group aligned include located barracks germany located increase combat service support capabilities march 16th battalions deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom group provided logistical support include direct support maintenance transportation supply support units operation group saw second deployment iraq october deployment soldiers group executed convoys provided million gallons fuel million cases water million gallons water allied forces september group rotated iraq germany replaced activation january lineage honors designated transferred 16th brigade july group reorganized effort reform support groups larger versatile brigades 16th brigade subsequently activated germany 7th combined form new formation subordinate units moved redesignated brigade sized logistics unit supporting command 21st theater command overall command logistics element major logistics formations redesigned efficient brigade retained previous logistics functions responsibilities assumed additional services like finance medical signal capabilities brigade composed 16th special troops battalion headquartered 18th combat support battalion received shoulder sleeve insignia november announced 16th brigade deployed iraq summer force soldiers deploy brigade major units europe deploy middle_east units came 21st theater command spring unit prepared deployment conducting training exercises germany july brigade deployed iraq tour operation iraqi freedom brigade mission country provide force protection operations support life support logistical operations july brigade soldiers underwent final preparations departing air base northern iraq brigade operated west supported dozen iraqi small businesses october brigade leaders attended conference joint base hosted expeditionary conference attended 1st 7th 16th 55th discussed coordinating region brigade operations water project province brigade operated air_force engineers repair infrastructure brought water entire province including base brigade undertaken support duties units operating northern iraq brigade participated joint exercises 18th elements 21st spring exercises involved extensive battle role play missions test overall effectiveness units october brigade served command control element strike cooperative training effort aimed improving preparing lithuanian troops upcoming deployments support afghanistan honors unit decorations campaign | 16th Sustainment Brigade | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23131_No.2ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established november queensland partially utilised aircraft facilities civilian air training organisations based school renamed january disbanded march operations transferred elementary flying school new south wales victoria history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed queensland november inaugural commanding officer flight lieutenant home private aviation clubs schools including airfield position hub civilian flight instruction state led base second flying school raaf raised world war principle followed establishing later renamed elementary flying training school south australia elementary flying training school victoria elementary flying training school mascot new south wales renamed elementary flying training school january training aircraft delivered days later augmented privately owned pressed military service training course lasting weeks began january students graduated end month school strength included officers men civilian instructor students unit log book reported lack telephone system kitchen facilities beds hot water flags maps charts clothing second civilian instructor queensland club joined school february later month assigned control proposed eventually formed interim units queensland came control headquartered sydney school inaugural eats course consisted thirty students arrived april students graduated second eats course commenced june eighteen students graduated july responsibility aircraft maintenance school assigned squadron leader fighter ace world war assumed command october died private plane passenger crashed taking increased august september strength included officers men civilian cross country exercises students far training accidents school frequent particularly heavy landings result fatalities eats training hold january following outbreak war pacific resumed month owing urgent requirements house raaf units elements australia disbanded march operations transferred elementary flying school new south wales victoria time closed trained eats students gone | No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23161_65thInfantryRegiment(UnitedStates) | infantry regiment united_states infantry regiment nicknamed original island puerto rican regiment united_states_army regiment motto honor latin honor fidelity army appropriation bill created act congress march authorized creation body native troops puerto_rico june provisional regiment infantry organized july congress incorporated regiment united_states_army regiment activated additional men assigned unit sent serve panama june regiment renamed world war regiment saw action europe especially france germany participating naples rome purple hearts handed posthumously members medal honor granted participated world war world war korean war known united_states war terror april infantry awarded congressional gold medal early history puerto participated military conflicts united_states involved example participated american revolution volunteers puerto_rico cuba mexico fought british command general continued participate present day conflicts iraq afghanistan puerto_rico treaty paris ended spanish american war united_states appointed military governor soon united_states_army established san_juan march army received funds authorization meant formally organize troops puerto_rico march general commander mayor general ordered creation volunteer infantry formed companies named trough assigned san_juan unit activated lead shortly company received additional men total major swift replaced commander notified issued new general commander february organized later designated following year units renamed band battalion sent washington march participate inauguration july united_states senate passed bill require strict mental physical examination wanted join regiment approved recruitment native puerto rican civilians appointed grade second term years passed required tests april congress authorized recruitment local population second leading recognition battalions sent march brigade roosevelt inauguration act congress approved reorganized regiment regular army provisional regiment infantry renamed native puerto rican officers puerto rican citizens citizens united_states required undergo new physical examination determine fitness commissions oath citizenship new officers oath january training camp las located section san_juan world war different units regiment stationed forts island command lieutenant officer day stationed castle march built confused german world war war ship carried armed german supply ship tried force way deliver supplies german submarines waiting atlantic_ocean gave order open fire ship walls fort manned machine gun fired warning shots little effect fired warning shot cannon located battery fort considered shot world war fired regular armed forces united_states ship flying colors forcing stop return port supplies confiscated confiscated united_states renamed assigned served retired racial segregation policies united_states implemented puerto_rico refused designate white black african descent assigned black units battalion companies service machine guns integrated regiment united_states declared war germany regiment transferred regular army recruited men considered time war strength regiment sent panama defense panama canal zone regiment returned puerto_rico march renamed infantry regiment reorganization act june period young puerto rican officer major sent camp las serve instructor preparation puerto rican officers future known father provided personnel newly created infantry regiment world war underwent extensive training program sent panama protect pacific atlantic sides november colonel succeeded col commander officer command regiment january regiment embarked new_orleans later sent virginia preparation overseas deployment north_africa served naval battle regiment underwent amphibious training enabled attached 12th air_force tasked guarding airfields march april reassigned north_africa battalion arrived battalion moved france commanded period europe earned combat badge time rumors regiment sent live combat officers moved act observers september landed france regiment moved maritime alps entered action december time puerto rican unit saw action europe offensive attack came following day response enemy fire col allowing return fire casualty lost regiment sgt total border france italy battalion lost men including commander col november company provided security headquarters seventh united_states_army rest battalion assigned tasks defending sixth second battalions assigned defend communications seven members received service world war december command lieutenant colonel relieved regiment japanese americans command col native puerto_rico member infantry regiment december faced regiment suffered total seven battle casualties puerto killed action infantry sgt town arriving freezing isolated outposts maritime alps unit morale dropped severely apparent effort boost unit morale new commander west colonel personally led patrol german lines january reaching forward german outposts colonel ford immediately shot killed followed enlisted man mentioned killed wounded forcing patrol abandon colonel body march regiment sent district germany assigned activities anti sabotage security missions participated campaigns rome october regiment sailed france arriving puerto_rico november operation infantry regiment distinguished united_states conducted military exercise island eve korean war exercise code named operation acronym objective combined forces army marines navy air_force enemy captured territory core ground forces puerto rican soldiers belonged infantry regiment consisted combat troops marine_corps received support navy air_force despite large number troops deployed able halt offensive forces beaches island colonel commanding officer stated stopping assault forces water edge proved hold best trained soldiers united_states_army field successful military maneuvers prompted army leadership deploy infantry korea korean war august officers men organized infantry battalions artillery battalion tank company departed puerto_rico arrived korea september long sea voyage men nicknamed peaceful original indian tribes inhabited island puerto_rico men direct descendants race people men attached army meet enemy korea november fought daily units chinese entered war north korean took place puerto_rico korea regiment covered retreat 1st hardships suffered lack warm clothing cold harsh winters born seen lived fought complaint enemy attempts regiment time failed casualties inflicted held positions enabled marines withdraw december marines surrounded chinese communist troops close border ordered retreat work way men rushed defense ordered stay fight enemy result marines able withdraw ships holding rear guard attached 1st awarded navy unit defense units embark battles operations participated january regiment cross south_korea operation april regiment participated corridor drives june regiment cross han took held instrumental breaking iron triangle hill july november regiment fought attack regimental size enemy units colonel requested transfer active service korea december chief staff visited puerto_rico granted request replacing col col formally named commander february highest ranking ethnic officers army brigadier captured distinguished history command puerto_rico fighting san_juan inc isbn asked fight time came colonel answer direct puerto rican fight command decorated battles outpost kelly july regiment defended main line resistance days saw action king queen successful attacks chinese positions september infantry defended hill known outpost kelly chinese communist forces overran hill known occasions overwhelmed chinese artillery driven october regiment saw action hill lower called honor col fought desperate battle hold hill enduring days artillery bombardment limited artillery support withdrew avoid overrun numerically superior foe june conducted series successful raids half miles southeast november regiment successfully counter attacked enemy units held positions armistice reached non puerto rican served infantry war distinguished combat served conflict member young lieutenant mexican american descent entered military texas served company commander company hispanic star general united_states_army recipient silver star medal mass court martial col relieved command col west_point graduate continental officer mainland united_states officer staff replaced non hispanic officers upset fact company hold hill ordered unit stop calling cut special rations rice beans ordered men wear sign read language barrier shortage poor leadership factors influenced men company refusal continue fight puerto infantry arrested november december ninety soldiers court tried separate trials ninety found guilty sentenced prison terms ranging years hard labor largest mass court martial korean war according cultural historian government puerto_rico caught middle potentially damaging affair political agenda kept silent nearly months finally incidents known local newspaper alerted letters written imprisoned soldiers families secret negotiations puerto rican governments took place secretary army moved quickly sentences granted involved breakdown resulted number factors shortage officers non commissioned officers rotation policy removed combat experienced leaders soldiers tactical doctrine led high casualties shortage artillery ammunition communication problems largely white english speaking officers spanish speaking puerto rican enlisted men declining morale report found bias prosecution citing instances continental soldiers charged refusing fight similar circumstances men court pardoned campaign formal launched awards korean war master awarded courageous actions serving member infantry regiment combat operations armed enemy korea april award upgraded medal honor march medal honor citation master united states army service set forth following citation medal honor posthumously presented extraordinary heroism connection military operations armed enemy united_nations serving infantry regiment master distinguished extraordinary heroism action enemy forces vicinity korea april date took vulnerable position company exposed right flank enemy force overrun section line notified elements company withdrawing refused leave exposed position delivered fire hostile troops broken road block hostile troops approached position accurately hand grenades short range halting attack held position night allied counter attack organized launched enemy repulsed enemy dead found feet position extraordinary heroism exhibited occasion reflects great credit keeping finest traditions military service total puerto served military korean war saw action korea volunteers awarded battle participation credits following campaigns 2nd korean winter 3rd korean credited battalion sized bayonet assault history silver stars bronze stars awarded men infantry distinguished service crosses awarded members awarded puerto sergeant class master upgraded medal honor corporal master according newspaper total puerto killed korea branches armed forces according korean war casualties total puerto rican casualties korean war total vary slightly non puerto captain mistakenly included plus casualties suffered war total men listed missing action accounted men missing action total suffered regiment month september occurred day september list names declared list puerto missing action korean war according korean war casualty file site members fought korea awarded total purple heart medals february general wrote tokyo post korean war infantry relieved assignment november returning puerto_rico assigned december 23rd encompassed geographically separated units caribbean region april camp puerto_rico relieved assignment february regiment soon adopted identifying number existing camp mainly composed reserve component personnel february organized consist 1st element february commemorated infantry regiment formally transferred activity handed units colors col year company regiment created spanish employer volunteers serve instructed job employees entity participate training idea initiative processing request leave absence train weeks summer reorganized consist remained assigned reorganized april consist separate followed reorganization september consist 1st 2nd battalions separate years later reorganization february eliminated separate company retaining 1st 2nd battalions october regiment withdrawn cars reorganized headquarters reorganized september consist remained assigned february ordered active federal service home stations released february territorial control october year reorganized infantry regiment active separate company ranger unit given federal recognition effective april total authorized strength personnel added date cargo deleted ranger relocated san_juan february federal recognition withdrawn effective february resulted allocation ranger company transferred ranger activated houston elements effective april century infantry regiment sister battalion infantry transferred battalions served united_states allies war terrorism operation iraqi freedom enduring freedom infantry regiment deployed stationed camp completing month deployment bay cuba company carried crew served weapons protect camp operated entry control protected allied ships massive port guarded rest battalion deployed case larger combat maneuver element needed operate base area considered unstable africa border miles camp legacy korean war awarded upgraded medal honor silver stars bronze stars puerto_rico honored unit naming principal avenues san_juan names killed combat inscribed monument remembrance unveiled situated capitol building san_juan puerto_rico november governor senate puerto_rico chartered infantry honor task force appointed chairman work director committee 50th anniversary korean war commemorate infantry regiment infantry honor task force coalition individuals veterans organizations groups dedicated advocate preserve legacy infantry regiment group organized tree planting plaque commemoration ceremonies usa include virginia fort san del san_juan puerto_rico fort logan national cemetery denver government puerto_rico unveiled monument honoring infantry regiment monument artist called mission accomplished contains statue soldier wearing rifle hand regiment flag hand june pbs aired documentary infantry written directed director english spanish november entire stretch new_york named boulevard october infantry honor task force organized veterans families attend salute regiment infantry old guard virginia tour tomb unknown soldiers laying ceremony korean war combat veterans memorial video credits march infantry honor task force organized salute medal honor awarded new_york daughter attendance senators korean war combat veteran presented proclamation attended nearly million people broadcast live dedicated congressional gold medal congressional gold medal award bestowed united_states congress presidential medal freedom highest civilian award united_states awarded persons performed achievement impact american history culture likely recognized major achievement recipient field long achievement awarded native american code japanese airmen point marines 1st special service force devil brigade wasp bill infantry regiment introduced congress signed president barack_obama ceremony june public law decision designs congressional gold medal awarded infantry regiment selected june congressional gold medal recommended design depicting close portrait unit staff sergeant soldiers traversing rocky ground background recommended reverse features historic box puerto_rico olive branch infantry insignia patch unit motto honor honor fidelity april leaders united_states house senate awarded infantry regiment notable puerto rican members notable served infantry regiment predecessor provisional regiment infantry unit awarded following | 65th Infantry Regiment (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23200_4thParachuteBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom airborne specifically parachute infantry brigade formation british_army second world war formed late mediterranean middle_east brigade composed parachute infantry units 10th 11th brigade assigned prior allied invasion sicily played invasion instead brigade saw action september operation amphibious landing port taranto early stages allied invasion italy largely unopposed brigade captured ports withdrawn end year 4th england preparing allied invasion brigade action france instead placed standby emergency normandy landings june august speed subsequent allied advance need deploy airborne forces september brigade formed second day parachute landings battle operation market garden problems reaching bridges forced divisional commander major general divert brigade battalions assist 1st short delay brigade headed objective halfway remaining battalions confronted prepared german defences brigade having suffered heavy losses eventually forced withdraw day weakened fighting close quarters numbering men brigade eventually reached divisional position week subjected constant artillery tank infantry attacks remnants brigade evacuated south battle brigade total casualties amounted seventy cent disbanded reformed survivors posted 1st formation impressed successful german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating corps parachute troops june commando turned parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing later 1st men took british airborne operation february success raid prompted expand existing airborne force setting creating converting number infantry battalions airborne battalions battalions assigned 1st 1st general officer commanding division boy expressed opinion fledgling force sacrificed penny urged formation brigades formed raf middle_east december formation consisted brigade headquarters signals company defence platoon parachute battalions battalions assigned raised british servicemen india 10th formed 11th parachute battalion created brigade battalions composition rifle companies comprising company headquarters mortar machine gun carrier brigade commander lieutenant colonel replaced brigadier january facilities weather conditions proved unsuitable airborne operations brigade moved palestine continue training brigade came strength june sent tripoli joined assigned division 1st 2nd parachute brigades infantry 1st brigade command parachute field ambulance 2nd light battery 2nd anti tank battery italy 4th kept allied invasion sicily shortage transport aircraft 1st took operation 1st operation brigades suffered heavy casualties time operation proposed 2nd 4th parachute brigades strength deception operation divert german forces main allied landings attempt seize intact italian ports taranto lack air transport meant division available brigades transported sea cross mediterranean royal_navy cruisers escorts landing successful sicily 8th middle_east command lieutenant general sent reinforce landings palestine 4th available landings september day landings lieutenant general brigade landed taranto unopposed objective airfield del miles inland route airfield near town came german defended unit battalion assault observing action hit burst machine gun fire killed time carried successful flank attack defending town days later having involved minor skirmishes brigade occupied september reached northernmost point advance ordered taranto playing operations italy brigade withdrawn sea united_kingdom arriving november casualties fighting italy amounted officers ranks killed action december working independently mediterranean rejoined brigade operation involved company sized parachute assault greek island italian garrison surrendered company relieved men 1st england england brigade trained operations supervision scheduled normandy landings brigade support operations invasion beaches experienced difficulties operation planned brigade act independent formation operations prepared deployed entire 1st speed allied advance onwards paris northwards accomplished airborne assistance plans cancelled brigade operation scheduled early september plan called brigades land netherlands capture river crossings bridge second bridge grave finally objective 4th bridge grave planning advanced september mission cancelled instead new operation market garden proposed objectives time carried divisions 1st landings 1st divisions began netherlands september allocation aircraft division roughly similar landing use lift grave required lifts need lifts american divisions delivered quarters infantry lift 1st airborne similar drop half infantry capacity remainder deliver vehicles artillery required capacity deliver parachute brigades borne anti tank weapons parachute brigades brigade day instead vast majority division vehicles heavy equipment plus 1st divisional troops lift brigade remain landing grounds defend following day lifts parachute brigade set capture bridges ferry crossing second day lift ninety artillery vehicles crews scheduled arrive away drop zone early possible monday september brigade objective capture high ground north west briefing departure dismissed officers battalion commanders brigade staff told forget told surprise gone opposition alerted given german capability swift violent response threat expect hardest fighting worst casualties defence final perimeter trying division fourth unit 1st arrive day dropping troops north south river units place division form defensive ring bridges relieved advance miles south september day landings september successful night september divisional commander major general reported missing brigadier philip assumed command division september subsequent problems forced change divisional plan 2nd reached road bridge strong german defences stopped battalions decided link 1st attempt reach objective september day operation bad weather england kept second lift ground troops arrive netherlands delay gave germans time approach northern landing grounds engage defenders scottish german attacks stopped division artillery guns jumped feet german machine gun fire despite enemy having range drop zone brigade landed minor casualties brigade arrived germans drop zone withdrew offered resistance unit ground attacked destroyed personally captured germans shortly landing arrived brigade headquarters informed lieutenant colonel division staff change plans explaining detached brigade support push time responsible defending northern landing grounds attached replace defend landing zone protect arriving day formulated new plan returned divisional headquarters informed arrival german tanks approaching north transport aircraft passing occupied channel ports confirmed german suspicions second lift able troops minutes advance notice allies arrival prepared advance mobile unit dispatched likely landing grounds decided brigade advance railway line road order capture objectives high ground overlooking farm woods near finally high ground delay england meant brigade started moving element surprise gone intelligence german headed objective followed slightly left bringing rear brigade reserve acting infantry role hours later covered miles darkness fell came strong german defensive position unable dark battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel des contact brigade headquarters decided stay night continue advance daylight september early day attack german guns destroyed transport battalion capturing guns nearby farm building brigade advance restarted 9th established blocking position road brigade expected route repeated assaults battalions find way advancing heavy woodland confronted infantry supported mortars self propelled guns gun fighter aircraft battalion suffered heavy losses stage company penetrated german line dig officers killed wounded short ammunition remaining men counter attacked germans driven leading units reached 2nd south started new attempt fight bridge battalion arrived appreciation ground held reserve played attack dawn intense fire attack ordered carry left flanking attack relieve pressure intervention freed trapped stopped assault having recognised battle prepared reinforce failure major general ordered outskirts support advance occupying high ground north west outskirts battalion caught open subjected mortar attack attacked caused heavy casualties including commanding officer lieutenant colonel unable proceed survivors forced withdraw 4th forward casualties mounting asked permission withdraw south railway line intention division support units waited change direction complicated lack vehicle crossings railway line battalions contact germans withdrawal north having travel reach relative safety rail crossing obvious germans battalion fighting rearguard action capture positions railway line captain awarded posthumous victoria_cross highest british military decoration actions command battalion rear guard battalions headed railway line carrying 1st polish vehicles artillery arrived landing zone defending area holding repeated german attacks landing ground range germans guns time closely followed german armoured vehicles mortar fire reached clearing leading companies cleared woods started open ground arrived confusion groups fire thought enemy began shooting polish anti tank battery virtually destroyed vehicles got away majority guns trapped burning pursuing german troops tried cross landing zone suffer heavy casualties hands defending companies confusion company covering withdrawal cut eventually forced surrender buildup vehicles men trying use crossing caused progress slow wait brigade headquarters chose head railway embankment foot south railway line support company mixed making battalion headquarters companies headed south divisional headquarters issued orders units fall position germans continued pressure 4th dug south came constant attack leading fighting close quarters night morning september east men remnants 1st 2nd south having failed break trapped 2nd gathered eventually placed command major known force following day fighting men awarded victoria_cross major daylight started moving east division moving night arrived parachute battalions brigade troops remained outside village order march followed brigade troops bringing rear virtually surrounded brigade fought running hand hand battle german infantry supported armour attempted break fighting commanding officer lieutenant colonel second command killed action high ranking casualty commanding officer lieutenant colonel wounded prisoner war leading remnants brigade carried bayonet charge cleared germans large hollow provided shelter exhausted troops pinned day numbers led charge divisions position brigadier men battalions allocated positions eastern perimeter battalions men major slightly better men battalion officers missing result captain brigade anti tank battery given command official war photographers inside perimeter wrote fourth day fighting camera work question day shell mortar machine gun fire completely surrounded perimeter smaller hour matter fighting lives land forces don contact soon september holding nights days 2nd surrendered overnight men 1st dug form perimeter including ammunition short supply men eaten hours headquarters 4th began function small number parachute battalions reunited units brigade responsible units eastern half perimeter descending order north south 1st airborne reconnaissance squadron squadron crossroads squadron finally south east major armed anti tank engaged fight german armoured vehicles awarded victoria_cross brigade positions germans mounted number small attacks times supported armour shortage ammunition defenders hold fire germans got yards tactic successful time time germans beaten german infantry attacks defenders came constant mortar artillery bombardment responsible destruction divisional ammunition dump stage major discovered men surrounded british units pulled informing asking permission withdraw gained impression headquarters forgotten thought wiped gaps perimeter allow individual german infiltrate brigade positions send dedicated anti sniper patrols hunt patrols sides moved brigade area caught open daylight liable confronted shot touring brigade positions lieutenant colonel thompson artillery brigade major caught open mortar fire killed outright thompson wounded taken house treatment days later expected parachute battalions 1st polish landed south east unable cross river poles relieved pressure troops germans diverted troops contain division contact miles south guns medium regiment break german attacks poles arrival germans attacked attack came west attacked houses holding set assaulted german infantry continued hold september previous day attacks contracted division perimeter yards wide river stretching north yards widened yards brigade original parachute battalions consisted officers men officers men thirty men losses men vehicles beginning tell german troops attacking perimeter changed tactics tended rely artillery mortars infantry armour break british line attacks germans persisted attacking company strength supported armoured vehicles method employed germans tank gun street blowing holes house walls followed supporting infantry try use holes gain entry houses day men destroyed guns engaged supporting infantry south river unit fought linked poles night brigade attempt men rhine command captain brigade engineer squadron men makeshift fleet boats managed transport poles river september day began hour artillery mortar bombardment indications attack force squadron attack started intense pressure brigade headquarters called artillery fire positions broke assault attacks continued morning shortage hand held anti tank weapons allowed german tanks safely approach brigade positions tanks targeted houses shooting room time forcing defenders trenches dug gardens units managed hold situation officially described grim numbers british casualties exhausted available medical supplies wound wounded required urgent treatment directed german hands fresh german assault south east saw germans demolish defended houses high explosives set fire shells midday german officer white flag asked speak explained attack area supported artillery mortar barrage knew wounded nearby suggested brigade forward positions moved yards refused placed divisional headquarters yards new german line expected artillery barrage arrive rounds landed area september overnight second attempt reinforce polish boats belonging 43rd infantry division men cross river line command 4th despite urgent need reinforcements operation begin boats available dawn poles carried river route reinforce squadron poles caught open machine gun fire killing commander captain man pinned day poles reached pilots position dark welcoming poles brigade departed headquarters caught open mortar barrage wounded seriously injured taken command given lieutenant colonel afternoon truce agreed allow evacuation british wounded inside perimeter wounded including taken german captivity september perimeter river yards wide south east large force germans managed break brigade perimeter overran division artillery batteries located rear artillery batteries opened fire germans range yards requested infantry anti tank weapons come assistance german force including tanks guns came close cutting defenders river defeated artillery followed bayonet grenade counter attacks spent rest day close quarters battles infantry fight likened fight grenades tank destroyed bomb afternoon germans managed infiltrate perimeter intervention guns medium regiment firing british positions prevented division headquarters overrun south river lieutenant general commander lieutenant general decided reinforce position north rhine instead ordered corps staff prepare plan withdraw division evacuation surviving men able crossing begin evacuation north south modelled evacuation gallipoli world war day fighting units isolated received order evacuate capable taking formed groups fourteen maximum capacity boats guided river men day marked routes river cover artillery barrage evacuation started german perimeter caused problems withdrawal groups got fire fights captured reached river priority given wounded regardless rank soldiers waited line turn boats crossing secure germans realised happening opened fire machine guns targeted south bank artillery fire sinking boats killing crews dawn evacuation ended men waiting north bank small number men tried swim far bank men left evaded capture reached safety south bank following days outcome taken men killed half men prisoners war wounded capture 4th men arrived killed evacuated missing prisoners war total casualties amounted seventy cent severe highest division 1st suffered eighty cent casualties slightly lower eighty cent figure overall division recovered battle disbanded men evacuated reform battalions 1st new raised assigned composed 10th battalion 14th battalion parachute regiment brigade renumbered 44th brigade composition commanding officers lieutenant colonel brigadier lieutenant colonel units 10th lieutenant colonel 11th parachute battalion lieutenant colonel parachute battalion lieutenant colonel sir des parachute field ambulance lieutenant colonel 2nd anti tank battery major 4th parachute squadron detachment | 4th Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23351_RussianCorps | german russian serbian armed force composed anti communist russian territory military commander serbia world war commanded lieutenant general served primarily guard force autumn spring incorporated december later clashed yugoslav partisans late fought belgrade offensive later withdrawing bosnia germans withdrew balkans killed april replaced colonel subsequently managed evade communists surrendering british instead men eventually set free allowed west background formation balkans world war approximately white russian fled aftermath russian revolution april axis forces invaded poorly equipped poorly trained quickly defeated country serbia reduced borders placed government german military occupation pre war politician known pro axis selected germans lead territory military commander serbia formed officers defeated communists russian civil war years earlier course uprising serbia summer communist backed yugoslav partisans killed approximately russian injured acts vengeance response local russians began organize self defense units time estimated russian men borders yugoslavia majority lived serbia founded belgrade general september took shape supervision occupying german authorities cooperation regime group independent force reporting economic affairs composed white russians sided germans opposition communism believed hope non communist russia lay german victory world war russian bulgaria croatia hungary subsequently came belgrade join unit illness replaced month chief staff lieutenant general said warm friendly relations milan initially designated independent russian corps renamed russian defense corps october envisaged germans strong unit organized regiments late members recruitment carried white russian german service head german serbia corps initially consisted single regiment organized battalions major general commanded 1st battalion colonel second colonel colonel fourth respectively second regiment set october commanded colonel operations early actions aim fight communist forces soviet_union engaged combat exclusively fight yugoslav partisans areas occupied yugoslavia composed cavalry regiment infantry regiments reinforced younger soviet prisoners war armed germans weapons captured command language russian autumn spring members corps responsible primarily protecting weapons factories mines roads railroads occupied serbia accordance priorities established time corps referred russian factory protection group german initially anti partisan operations guard mines later november began actively collaborating time corps composed regiments men russian attempt expand recruiting soviet prisoners proved unsuccessful corps operated unified fighting force regiments largest operational units later assigned act german bulgarian occupying forces december corps defended yugoslav partisans corps grew numbers following influx volunteers bulgaria croatia romania greece time maintained good relations administration guarding facilities members corps largely assigned manning brick protecting railway valley mines serbian borders danube rivers deployed serbian factions serbian closely allied corps closely period members plundered serbian villages initially deployed towns hand operated towns regiments operationally established january placed command colonel deployed operationally 1st bulgarian corps established april commander deployed area corps divided brigades placed command headquarters established town november disbanded assigned rest manpower assigned december incorporated members required swear oath german leader adolf_hitler december started transformed arrival led january fully composed march commander fought april participated large operation engaged heavy combat communist forces july regiment stationed participating defence bridge partisans time regiment allowed passage wounded croatian soldiers civilians healthy soldiers refugees sustaining casualties killed seventeen wounded clashed partisans village july clashed partisans town established december based regimental headquarters moved april october retreat surrender despite numerous clashes corps focused increasingly fighting partisans penetrating serbia bosnia january combat partisans resulted deaths 1st regiment january formed strong partisan force advancing march april prepared defences areas expecting 16th 17th attempt crossing fought partisans village sustaining casualties killed wounded summer corps agreement germans parties agreed fight partisans serbia july fought regimental headquarters moved battalion headquarters established elements 3rd 5th regiments fought partisans august near village partisans attacked positions august september corps reached peak members skirmishes occurred partisans areas month september fought partisans trying deny crossing september elements moved september september fought group partisans south major combat partisans erupted september causing regiment fall losses killed wounded combat continued daily september suffering casualties day october headquarters evacuated soviet armour approached town parts regiment moved belgrade force came contact soviet troops armour area south belgrade sustaining heavy casualties october renamed serbia elements 2nd regiment arrived october moved october october october october parts regiment moved october october october october october fought advancing soviet troops partisans defended road october abandoned moved october ordered hold ground fought area october november faced 2nd forced abandon city captured soldiers turned soviets november moved railway elements deployed december north december fought partisans near village killing arrived december elements subsequently moved december fighting partisans area december time battalion guarded north order allow german forces stationed greece withdraw town january elements corps participated german capture operation withdrew april killed passing colonel took commander surrendered british forces near members corps allowed west hostilities ceased time surrender corps consisted men suffered members killed wounded missing overall men served ranks course war order battle existence composed 1st regiment infantry regiments iii corps divided brigades disbanded november established december created january commanders commanders existence general september lieutenant general october april colonel april uniform members corps wore uniform september november uniform worn alongside special rank insignia collar uniforms insignia adopted december old uniforms continued worn time | Russian Corps | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23417_No.75SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf fighter unit based squadron formed saw extensive action theatre world war operating disbanded reformed following year operated jet aircraft cold war squadron based malta flying malaysia returning australia squadron equipped fighters moved placed alert support australian led deployment saw combat australian contribution invasion iraq military intervention history port bay february march allied position new_guinea pressure japanese aircraft sighted northern australia result priority given basing fighter squadron port new_guinea defend town important airfields port facilities raaf received allocation fighters late february flown queensland form squadron march need reinforce defences pressing squadron allowed days train aircraft deployed commanded initially squadron leader squadron advance party arrived port march aircraft followed 19th squadron leader assumed command 21st month time squadron pilots including commander previously seen combat squadron took march april squadron scored kill afternoon march shot japanese bomber conducting reconnaissance town march attacked japanese destroying aircraft including damaging australian aircraft lost operation crashed separate accidents march japanese launched raid port day squadron action day late march april generally outnumbered japanese aircraft mounting attacks japanese positions frequently escorted squadron dive bombers stationed port squadron casualties quickly mounted exacerbated high rates disease squadron leader jackson shot killed april shortly destroyed japanese fighter younger brother squadron leader assumed command day time squadrons arrived reinforce april squadron reduced aircraft seven need repair squadron withdrawn operations losing aircraft day period port squadron confirmed destroyed japanese aircraft probably destroyed damaged squadron suffered fatalities lost including accidents squadron departed port return australia located later moved followed equipped period received number pilots served equipped squadrons europe late july unit departed queensland returned new_guinea squadron arrived bay july joined squadron equipped time allied base developed bay protect port mount attacks japanese positions new_guinea nearby islands japanese aircraft major raid august intercepted squadrons mid august bay defenders warned target japanese landing august japanese barges sighted heading area vessels destroyed day night august japanese convoy landed invasion force resulting squadrons provided important support allied defenders heavily attacking japanese positions japanese air raids area august withdrawn japanese troops came close returned bay day squadrons later supported allied counter offensive bay ended remaining japanese troops evacuated early september following battle lieutenant general commander stated attacks squadrons day japanese landing decisive factor allied victory september squadron flew sorties support 12th battalion late september australian squadrons bay relieved squadrons squadron subsequently moved period rest returning february command squadron leader deployment squadron operated alongside squadron squadron flew patrols mixed force squadrons inflicted heavy casualties force japanese aircraft bound single australian aircraft lost squadron major air battle war august december squadron issued lightning aircraft photo reconnaissance tasks squadron moved october support allied offensive offensive operations december squadron wing turn formed newly established group formed provide mobile organisation capable supporting new_guinea planned half squadron frequently moved air bases support allied operations based january march march june june july period role provide close air support australian ground troops protect allied shipping air attack squadron stationed july november conducted long range attacks japanese shipping eastern islands renamed tactical air force october time squadron continued form wing alongside squadrons squadron ordered november provide air defence island displeasure pilots considered taken war sorties flown squadron returned december squadron rest wing moved late december squadron arrived december flew operational sorties month attacks japanese positions nearby islands attacks islands continued early squadron flew sorties support troops attacking remaining japanese similar operations seen fighter pilots leaders april officers including group captain wing commander attempted resign protest mutiny squadron participated borneo campaign squadron ground crew landed invasion force early delays bringing island operation meant aircraft deployed mid july originally planned period squadron pilots remained conducted little flying causing morale decline established attacked targets near supported australian forces war weeks following japanese surrender squadron flew reconnaissance patrols prisoner war camps continued general flying later flown queensland ground crew returned australia december board british aircraft carrier squadron suffered fatalities world war cold war december squadron maintained located manned officer airmen aircraft squadron moved near sydney issued aircraft personnel moved september year equipped fighters squadron aircraft routine training exercises disbanded march squadron formed january equipped jet fighters early squadron conducted training exercises included teaching new pilots operate vampires making acceptance flights vampires delivered raaf period key role squadron training pilots combat korean war equipped squadron march decided reform wing deploy malta form british force sought counter soviet_union influence middle_east squadrons selected form wing flying units arrived malta july equipped vampires leased royal_air_force raf based malta wing took numerous training exercises mediterranean region europe including large scale nato exercise involved aircraft personnel addition wing participated royal review commemorate coronation queen elizabeth_ii wing moved raf station june remained returned australia late december preparation return australia squadron disbanded november squadron april initially equipped vampires fighters replaced sabre aircraft early operating squadron number deployments darwin air defence exercises involved raf units december squadron transferred wing independent unit direct command november squadron pilots took emergency deployment darwin indonesian attack feared apparent indonesia malaysia confrontation squadron australian fighter unit equipped fighters december declared operational aircraft august subsequently maintained detachment darwin early following period training squadron transferred malaysia base squadron took regular exercises occasional exercises involving raf squadron trained united_states_air_force united_states_navy occasion including large scale series exercises deployed philippines period based squadron deployed detachments air base singapore basis squadron raaf responsibility units months decided withdraw raaf fighter squadron malaysia darwin pending completion near squadron unit selected arrived darwin october fighter squadron permanently based world war unit began convert moved october year squadron wing close raaf newly developed squadron assigned light transport aircraft january fly supplies facilities current role late squadron placed alert provide close air support air defence protect international forces deployed despite threat posed indonesian forces ultimately required squadron saw action time australian contribution invasion iraq announced deploy squadron middle_east february squadron flew february following outbreak iraq war march squadron initially escort high value coalition aircraft aircraft clear posed threat role squadron shifted providing close air support coalition ground forces air iraqi forces missions initially flown support army squadron later switched supporting marine_corps squadron supported april units captured squadron flew combat sortie april war squadron flew combat missions dropped laser guided bombs operations squadron augmented pilots wing squadrons squadron aircraft returned ground crew arrived day squadron awarded unit citation november sustained outstanding service operations operations iraq operation august group current veteran members squadron travelled commemorate 60th anniversary end pacific war 63rd anniversary squadron remained raaf largest equipped unit squadron regularly exercises units military conducts training facilities squadron scheduled transition lockheed martin lightning fighters late march squadron deployed middle_east operation military intervention aircraft replaced detachment squadron began flying combat operations late month squadron deployed middle_east september handed rotation squadron | No. 75 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23445_No.1ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme unit established november melbourne victoria relocated south australia december renamed following month training activities relocated new_south_wales school disbanded december year history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed melbourne november inaugural commanding officer squadron leader december school moved south australia building work completed home south australian club airfield position hub civilian flight instruction state led base flying school raaf raised world war principle followed establishing later renamed elementary flying training school queensland elementary flying training school victoria elementary flying training school mascot new south wales thirteen training aircraft delivered december unit renamed elementary flying training school january week flying training course began january students joined week later according unit operations book limited flying possible owing number available january permission granted continue training supplies forthcoming second flying course began february instructor cadet killed crash march complement aircraft augmented april arrival tiger school inaugural eats course consisting students commenced april students graduated arrived june july aircraft belonging club pressed service training club ceased received trainers june august control school transferred formed march newly established training group december students instruction total air cadets eats students passed school year later eighty students instruction total passed relocated new_south_wales reportedly allow expansion civil aviation training units new_south_wales came control training group september student killed crashed south flying training came end september time total students passed school pilots undergoing instruction posted new south wales victoria raaf ordered school closure august general reduction training informed longer required eats graduates war europe significant reserves trained commonwealth built early prior invasion normandy lower anticipated casualties resulted supply june numbered australians officially disbanded december care maintenance unit formed day staff raaf raised storage surplus aircraft prior disposal war disbanded july commanding officers commanded following officers | No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23452_ArmyoftheDanube | field army southwestern campaign valley formed march simple renaming observing austrian movements border french republic commanded general 1st formation army long term strategy undermine influence conversely strengthen french central europe wars despite treaty austria france remained suspicious motives purpose watch austrian border understanding negotiations going instructed cross rhine rhine secure strategic positions southwestern germany present day engage austrian army meantime command secure strategic locations pass upper rhine basin army participated battles battles withdrew suffering heavy losses reorganization elements army combined switzerland withdrew engagement charles superior force early june second battle secure victory december merged background initially rulers europe holy roman emperor viewed revolution france event french king subjects interfere rhetoric grew started view events distrust succeeded saw situation surrounding sister children greater greater alarm revolution grew radical sought avoid war late summer consultation french nobles prussia issued declaration declared interest monarchs europe interests louis family threatened vague consequences happen royal family french republican position increasingly difficult internal economic social problems french agitated abroad support counter revolution restore absolute monarchy chief prince cousin son duke grandson duke base immediately french border sought direct support military intervention royal houses europe raised small army ascension young francis holy roman emperor elect death father july contributed april declared war austria war coalition france ranged european states sharing land water borders plus portugal ottoman_empire coalition forces achieved victories efforts northern italy pushed austrian forces italian austrian border resulted negotiation peace april subsequent treaty october october crossed germany march signatories treaty avoided armed conflict despite agreement primary combatants france austria remained suspicious motives diplomatic incidents undermined agreement french demanded additional territory mentioned treaty reluctance hand designated territories additional ones congress proved transfer territories compensate german princes losses ferdinand naples refused pay tribute france followed general rebellion french suppression subsequent establishment republicans swiss supported french army central government established factors contributed rising tensions way egypt napoleon stopped malta forcibly removed possessions paul russia honorary head order furthermore convinced austrians start war weaker seriously austrians russians english actually discussed possibility purpose formation military planners paris understood northern south western german territories switzerland strategically important defense republic swiss passes commanded access northern italy consequently army held passes troops northern southern theaters quickly river formidable barrier french perceived austrian aggression state controlled crossings controlled river finally control allow france troops italy north_sea point offering immense strategic value end early november arrived near swiss city command called function observe security french border rhine assessed quality disposition forces identified needed supplies manpower found army inadequate assignment army flanking armies switzerland equally short manpower supplies ammunition training documented shortages pointing lengthy correspondence consequences manned supplied army petitions little effect sent significant additional manpower supplies orders army germany secure strategic positions particularly roads western border lake similarly commander acquire strategic positions switzerland particular passes particularly hold central plateau positions prevent allies second coalition moving troops forth northern italian german theaters french access strategic passes ultimately positioning allow french control western roads leading vienna finally complete vienna isolation army sweep north blocking access vienna northern provinces britain crossing rhine march order battle approximately men divisions crossed rhine units crossed took advance guard approximately men general temporary commanded included detached left flank eventually took approximately men general division approximately men general iii division approximately men constituted left flank reserve approximately men army advanced columns division right wing assembled crossed advanced eastward north shore rhine lake crossed led north east mountains column eventually left flank followed rhine division division reserve crossed divided columns iii division traveling reserve artillery horse south valley find forage mountains past established position immediate eastern slope mountains better advised pushed eastward danube plain taking temporary position eventually directed army establish line centered planned engage austrian army commander chief plateau like good plan choice ground created problems later plain streams brooks danube tributary drained marshes swamps spring years best choice ground moderate heights north village establish reasonable artillery positions diminish impact austrian line marsh prone hinder visual planning tactics furthermore ground use cavalry difficult cavalry maneuvers difficult likelihood fog finally major charles army immediately east knew sent agents germany instructions identify location strength enemy kilometers distant passage facilitated available bridges permanent construction temporary traverse friendly territory engagements march engaged major battles southwestern german theater battle march battle war second coalition austrian forces command defeated french forces french suffered significant losses forced retreat region taking new positions spelled second battle march austrian army achieved decisive victory french forces pushed french army west instructed generals positions established base general relegated command army chief staff traveled paris ask better troops ultimately forthcoming request medical leave army reorganized portion placed command merged following reorganization change command army participated months later second battle battle battle called battle occurred march early march pressed forward imperial city nearby village belonging salem goal cut austrian line switzerland preventing coalition use switzerland overland route central southern europe ostensibly armies coalition northern italy germany prevent assisting furthermore french held interior passes switzerland use routes forces theaters battle occurred holy week amid rain dense fog marsh southeast village initially march french able hold village nearby hamlet morning march general later wrote austrian army attacked men disappear cloud referred austrian uniforms evening hours general engagement austrians flanked left wing force pressed heights early morning fog lifted formidable force plains arrangements clear heights withdrew portion right flank cut main force casualties appeared numbers sides austrians fielded significantly larger fighting force nearly stretched line lake french casualties amounted percent force austrian approximately percent french forced march armies engaged time greater losses sides decisive austrian victory battle battle directed french force austrian force respectively attempting rally troops nearly death soldiers barely escaped capture austrians charles personal intervention crucial austrians thick fighting buying time reinforcements arrive french defeated driven rhine general engagement brutal bloody march french left wing launched attack austrian right wing coordinated assaults austrian left ferocious attack forced austrians woods positioned overnight pushed village fearing forces shortly flanked charles directed reinforcements right wing led battalions hungarian fight action killed french case shot main french assault austrian center stalled superior numbers french right flank general attempted push austrians followed attack woods sides road hamlet charge succeeded taking road austrian forces reformed line artillery head wedge bombarded french troops bayonet charge french took hamlet troops hold withdrew night ordered general withdrawal region instructing divisions retreat lines march followed region establishing command post sent cavalry western horses expect find better forage mid austrians control eastern portions newly formed french forces pushed sizable force strong crossed rhine west prepared join armies friedrich baron count switzerland command tried prevent merger austrian forces crossroads sent newly promoted general division stop austrian advance eastern switzerland austrians succeeded uniting army east directly north lay north west french half encircled dangerously exposed morning assembled force columns marched opposite deployed force heights called ring low lying hills kilometers north city overall commander forward line informed send division support understood mean stand entire outpost line isolated small force receive reinforcements division consequently directed weakest brigade command long valley brigade command right preventing austrian flanking maneuver mid morning advanced guard encountered moderate french resistance brigades disposal austrian advance troops quickly overran weaker brigade took possession woods surrounding village securing villages west deployed columns facing french angled french right expected appeared later court withdrew forces main force outskirts day later force united main austrian force battle battle june approximately french austrians clashed plains city left wing battalions infantry plus support artillery squadrons cavalry total men right wing general count commanded battle cost sides general brigade killed french austrian general infantry count killed french died wounded captured austrian killed wounded captured austrians took french positions city captured guns ultimately french general yielded city austrians retreated managed positions force harassed retreat secured river shoreline despite aggressive harassment french retreat charles follow withdrawal established opposite bank threat pursuit main body annoyance russian liaison officer august russian force cavalry infantry joined force vice like operation russians surround smaller army banks taken refuge previous spring divert attack general attacked bridges austrians crossed rhine destroying making rest charles orders arrived imperial body vienna charged conduct war plan charles troops leave supposedly capable hands cross rhine march north charles stalled operation long eventually vienna orders consequently russian troops general replaced austrian troops seasoned commander strategically important city charles withdrew force north rhine marched slowly italy russian horrified heard depended stable austro russian presence switzerland protect flank expected join army september october latest order charles rhine march north eventually time instructions reached gone far return time second battle second battle french regained control city rest switzerland notably surrounded tricked took half army prisoner captured baggage train cannons inflicted casualties fighting took place banks river gates city declared neutral spared general destruction general commanded french forces right bank general left time led small force musket men river men held muskets heads water protected crossing site remainder force baron commander austrian force advanced position near direct defense killed french musket ball successor push french organized retreat region falling losing men guns time arrived early october austrians russians pushed forced lead men alps resulting additional losses organizational command problems french army experienced variety command problems especially early operations southwestern germany defeat army withdrew relinquished command capable staff officer insufficient experience hold varied force retired claimed time arrived command organization discipline divisional generals remained posts arrest pending courts martial failure organize timely cavalry attack disappeared different parts southwest gone france knew gone retired injured withdrawn paris recover strategically remained late november able offer napoleon direct assistance coup acquired attention gratitude school initially army included future commander chief saint joseph defeat army reorganized command shifted future marshal subsequent variations portions merged joint command april june portions strengthen army rhine army rhine subsequently merged november form new enlarged army designated army rhine commanders | Army of the Danube | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23502_1stBrigadeCombatTeam,10thMountainDivision(UnitedStates) | 1st 10th united_states 1st 10th infantry brigade combat team united_states_army based fort drum new_york subordinate unit 10th formed 10th original headquarters company brigade traces lineage division fight italy world war commanded training division infantry division briefly deployed europe reactivated april fort drum new_york command task force warrior consisting organic battalions 32nd infantry infantry 22nd infantry principal units assigned warrior missions post deployments major exercises 6th field artillery 10th 62nd air defense artillery 41st engineer 10th 1st elements saw numerous deployments world 1990s war terrorism brigade seen multiple deployments afghanistan support operation enduring freedom iraq support operation iraqi freedom organization 1st subordinate unit 10th nature means capable operating independently division brigade consists subordinate battalions combat element consists infantry battalions infantry regiment 22nd infantry regiment provides armored reconnaissance services 6th field artillery regiment provides field artillery support brigade headquarters command services provided 10th supporting services brigade provided 10th battalions located fort drum rest 10th history february 10th reactivated fort drum new_york accordance plan division longer centered regiments instead brigades activated division 10th activated fort drum 2nd brigade 10th activated fort moving fort drum division assigned round brigade 27th division specially designed light infantry division able rapidly deploy equipment design oriented reduced size weight reasons strategic tactical mobility division received distinctive unit insignia hurricane andrew struck south florida august killing people leaving homeless causing damages excess billion dollars september 10th assumed responsibility hurricane andrew disaster relief task force mountain division soldiers set relief camps distributed food clothing medical building supplies helping rebuild homes clear debris division soldiers deployed florida returned home october operation restore hope december division headquarters designated headquarters operation restore hope major general division commander named commander 10th mission secure major cities roads provide safe passage relief supplies population suffering effects 10th efforts humanitarian agencies declared end food emergency fighting decreased task force ranger team pinned raid later known units provided infantry quick reaction force sent rescue 10th soldiers killed fighting longest sustained regular army forces vietnam war division began gradual reduction forces february soldiers returned united_states march operation uphold democracy division formed nucleus haiti joint task force haiti operation uphold democracy division troops deployed operation september 1st brigade conducted army air assault aircraft carrier force consisted helicopters soldiers occupied port prince international airport largest army air operation conducted carrier raid world war division mission create secure stable environment government president democratic elections held accomplished 10th handed control haiti january division soldiers served haiti january war terrorism late following september attacks elements division including special troops battalion infantry deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom forces remained country fighting secure remote areas country participating prominent operations operation fall division participated fighting valley return battalions welcomed home praised president bush division headquarters 1st brigade returned afghanistan time operated frontier regions country going places previously untouched war search forces fighting small scale conflicts division maintained strategy small units moving remote regions country interact directly population drive insurgents undertook number humanitarian missions reorganization recent deployments return division headquarters 10th began process transformation division september division headquarters finished transformation 1st brigade 1st 10th activated time january 4th 10th activated fort louisiana 1st 2nd deployed iraq fall rotation iraq scheduled deployment returning iraq fall deployment canceled october brigade deployed afghanistan returned garrison early honors 1st brigade 10th earned campaign world war campaign war terrorism total campaign unit decorations operational history note brigade battalions received fewer decorations depending individual deployments unit decorations campaign | 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23580_RAFCoastalCommand | formation royal_air_force raf founded raf maritime arm fleet air arm transferred royal_navy naval aviation neglected inter war period raf having control aircraft flying royal_navy carriers consequence receive resources needed develop properly efficiently continued outbreak second world war came prominence owing concentration referred phrase lord admiralty time alexander primary task protection allied convoys attacks groups known protected allied shipping aerial attacks luftwaffe main operations defensive defending supply lines theatres war notably mediterranean middle_east african battle atlantic offensive capacity mediterranean theatre baltic sea attacked german shipping carrying war materials italy north_africa scandinavia germany finally received sufficient aircraft needed operations proved decisive victory boats aircraft early aircraft fitted air surface vessel radar latest depth charges including torpedoes officially classed mines nicknamed wandering annie wandering rockets command saw action day hostilities day second world war completed million flying hours operations destroyed boats casualties amounted aircraft causes sank german transport vessels damaged total sunk tons tons damaged persons rescued command comprising allied crew members enemy personnel non personnel killed action war command continued warfare duties cold war combat threat posed fleets warsaw pact ceased exist newly formed absorbed bomber later absorbed formation neglect years end world war major change command structure raf heading pace arm british military face nazi threat area formations called commands fighter bomber areas fighter renamed headquarters located lee air marshal sir raf coastal area oversaw renaming handed command air marshal philip august march threat nazi_germany prompted series expansion schemes pushed number squadrons expansion scheme outbreak war number aircraft fully implemented scheme squadrons aircraft scheme ran course produce modern aircraft adequate provision reserves percent bomber forces received percent averaged percent schemes maritime air units cent british air strength pre expansion strength squadrons flying boats figure maritime squadrons rose september strength aircraft allocated trade defence given policy place retirement developing bombers maritime arm bolster air offensive specialised aircraft thoroughly aircraft fell outside bomber function highly critical attitude service exercises carried operation submarines home_fleet judge surface fleet defence submarine air attack despite experiences world war attention paid problem attacking submarines air trade protection measures owing imperfect invention appeared royal_navy longer considered boats threat britain sea lanes keen concentrate strategic air forces dispute admiralty conclusions receive guidance saving grace services construction combined headquarters enabled rapid collaboration maritime operations successes organisation preparation outbreak war review role play war assessed sir informed senior air staff officer commands bomber fighter clear mission objectives given clear mandate assumed sea communications open merchant shipping prevent raids british coastlines ports mention man assumed aircraft surface raiders presented greater threat british waters followed admiralty line boats longer danger admiral sir aerial assets trade commerce defence chief air staff 1st baron replied jam resources stated risk losses trade routes weaken raf ability protect britain air attack bomb enemies march director captain complained role war supporting bomber offensive second support naval forces british coastline limited danger command main concern october deputy chief air staff air vice marshal confirmed formal role service location units reverse decision strategic bombing support primary function changed trade defence purposes trade routes suffering little interference intensity air attack britain air attacks enemy targets required available air units purposes december naval met changed priority north_sea reconnaissance naval staff insisted commerce raiders presented greatest danger aircraft prove decisive locating enemy warships remained place direct operation surface fleets december changed moved second priority august moved priority went war task operate navy prevent enemy vessels escaping north_sea atlantic oceans secondly provide support steps significant language indicates change passive reconnaissance enemy warships submarines active directive involved attack vessels aircraft late 1920s tension air naval services declined arose briefly question operational control arose occasion sided admiralty despite spirited defence asset minister coordination defence sir decided transfer arm content let matter rest threat existence long passed budgetary reluctance engage battle waste resources factors decision contest issue inter service assured maritime aviation especially shore based elements virtually operation existed area research development case continued come list priorities fighter bomber commands late 1930s second world war early war formation receive support required effective naval air service september nazi_germany invaded poland beginning war europe command position comfortable months war period known war german submarines able reach atlantic undertook dangerous transit journey north_sea britain northern waters english channel guarded royal french navies powerful french_navy responsible covering half atlantic shipping routes contributed half allied forces available events april june overturned balance naval air power germans conquered denmark norway netherlands belgium france occupation countries permitted luftwaffe kriegsmarine operate french ports atlantic coast hundreds miles closer atlantic shipping lanes german medium bombers reach british ports country westernmost northernmost coasts advantage enjoyed germans allowed merchant shipping supplying food war materials britain effectively potential britain merchant shipping suffering losses proven ineffective german air sea attacks shipping particular ineffective protecting english channel convoys forced abandon operations months starting july given task enjoyed majority raf resources time objectives strategic air attack defence raf despite warning signs boats threat experience aircraft suitable counter operations result service situation improve meantime operate effect alongside disrupting enemy shipping attacked shipping mined waters invasion ports german invasion britain eventually cancelled owing german defeat years second world war admiralty fought continuous battle raf trade defence relation bomber effort mainland germany strategic cost air staff enjoyed backing churchill maritime air effort struggled receive recognition needed outbreak war order battle listed aircraft operational february placed operational control admiralty instrumental improving strike rate submarines scientific advisor assistant director research applied scientific analysis logistical problems great effect present meetings cabinet anti boat committee downing street prime minister owing starvation resources late march atlantic supply lines threatened situation arose direct result lack long range aircraft despite enormous losses disastrous period known germans second happy time refused invest trade defence delays resource led german success defeated britain forced war caused allied landings french operation overlord landing france respectively research indicates losses affected build operation neptune naval phase landings europe mid later war eventually command given investment needed radar long range aircraft enabled command hunt destroy boats growing efficiency german submarines sinking large number allied ships stretch water central atlantic range allied aircraft covering gap long range aircraft equipped radar helped reduce effectiveness campaign reached peak large number boats sunk little loss allied shipping time gained initiative known germans black suppression german submarines effective atlantic transit routes june normandy landings subsequent operation overlord liberated france cost germans air submarine bases won boats forced relocate norway germany august restoring difficulties faced kriegsmarine early entire strategic position foundation boat war june undermined years war sank boats service continued hold technological advantage onwards brief threat shape submarine emerged late alter course events event technological answers type available form radar magnetic aircraft midnight june official wartime operations ceased mission flown wing commander commanding officer squadron raf time decorations awarded included survived war distinguished service orders cold war beginnings capitulation germany followed rapid immediate disbandment combat units transfer aircraft commonwealth personnel sent home powerful wings reduced command maintained strong air sea rescue reconnaissance forces exceptions handful squadrons aircraft remained january command retained minimum peacetime force intention maintaining fleet reduced suffered problems short short rejected replacements maritime version promising lincoln ordered time lend lease programme ended august short forced continue main operational type end aircraft operated command second world war types lancaster command kept busy late 1940s units sent middle_east palestine air policy operation prevent conflict countries owing formation state israel undertook major operation prevent floods illegal jewish immigrants coming israel variety aircraft reduced despite increasing demand operations palestinian terrorists supporters began attacking british military installations region largest british post war action operation dawn launched support june involved berlin soviet_union attempted cut aid city jointly occupied major powers soviets east americans french british west joint american british operation continued year aircraft involved flying boats aircraft internal anti treatment allowing bulk salt transported command operations grew intensity july daily sorties risen october sorties flying supplies flying boats flight river operations came close december hazard wreckage cases deliberately placed soviets prevent supplying city operations impractical sorties tons supplies flown people mainly children evacuated soviet threat nato north atlantic treaty organisation began preparations military defence western_europe incorporating west european nations defence pact soviet aggression april led west_germany met soon merger warsaw pact alliance soviet_union purpose help bolster defence guard potential soviet naval threat atlantic european waters main concern atlantic march lost photo reconnaissance units transfer complete north_korea invaded south_korea beginning korean war hastily modified ready operations sent owing need aircraft main operational aircraft 1950s replacing wartime neptune end august squadron raf unit complete training type order battle consisted squadrons gibraltar covering south western approaches atlantic covering force numbered aircraft squadrons totalling aircraft split south western approaches numbering aircraft squadrons covered helicopter joined entered service aircraft dispersed britain march finally phased service command expensive maintain cost cuts 1950s caused reduction strength command cut aircraft dominated core force numbering aircraft neptune cut service altogether beginning august little operational action command point british_army forces egypt crisis major action period lack funds active conventional military role saw command struggle line strength high brief alert october cuban missile crisis squadrons possessed high alert came crisis squadrons sent known soviet target list early 1960s soviet navy fishing fleets began operating british isles increasing numbers british public began taking interest operations civilian fisherman began complaining presence operation began began monitoring movements particular vessels areas covering arrival departure routes royal_navy nuclear submarine forces soon counter operations carried aimed searching soviet submarines main threat soviets atlantic came early command units concentrated group raf based scotland monitor activities recorded confrontation took place soviet naval forces time frigates operating soviet submarines carrying surveillance mouth instance based lost making mock attack russian sub special purpose based introduced raf service duties passed general squadrons replacement began october weeks later disbanded ceased exist november organisation commanders chief following officers commanded service depiction film work wartime propaganda documentary named score | RAF Coastal Command | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23758_3rdSustainmentBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states brigade united_states_army headquartered fort stewart georgia responsible providing logistical support nature brigade means takes roles deployed personnel serving brigade wear shoulder sleeve insignia exclusive brigade insignia designated lineage dates unit designated separate unit served tours iraq support operation iraqi freedom tour initial invasion securing country followed second tour duty logistics support units baghdad finally multinational division supply lines northern division country brigade left planned month deployment afghanistan late november organization permanent organization attached battalions number changed unit deployed theater operations permanent include units headquartered fort stewart georgia brigade non deployment circumstances brigade turn directly subordinate history unit constituted july regular army headquarters headquarters detachment activated fort georgia march unit consolidated previously organized band march unit organized designed headquarters headquarters company band unit organized designed headquarters headquarters company deployed cold war buildup hostilities arise region soviet_union unit placed alert constantly saw action time region lasted activation fall deployed support operation iraqi freedom earning rest brigade division spearheaded invasion nation iraq supporting brigades pushed southern iraq capital baghdad initial invasion capture baghdad brigade remained city supporting unit conducted infrastructure activities area returned home fort stewart august renamed deployed iraq fall support operation iraqi freedom iii leading coalition troops control baghdad area baghdad returned home january reorganized june designated april brigade saw deployment iraq iraq war relieving areas responsibility north comprising dozen forward operating bases brigade deployed iraq fall following aviation brigade deployment unit support division directly mission north covered facilities management unit logistics brigade projects focused building infrastructure northern iraq brigade served total months country headquartered west command relieved change command ceremony august time returned fort stewart replaced return brigade participated soccer tournament fort members enjoyed deployed late november brigade deployed afghanistan tour support operation enduring freedom afghanistan honors unit decorations campaign | 3rd Sustainment Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
23959_2/14thBattalion(Australia) | 14th battalion australia 14th battalion infantry battalion australian_army served world war 21st brigade battalion raised volunteers drawn mainly state victoria completing training australia battalion deployed middle_east stationed egypt palestine saw action french syria june july short lived campaign garrison duties lebanon followed battalion withdrawn australia early australian forces concentrated pacific respond threat posed japan entry war short period training australia battalion deployed new_guinea august australians sent reinforcements fight japanese forces advancing port japanese exhausted supplies began fall north coast 14th saw action september period organisation australia battalion took advance allies went offensive new_guinea taking fighting range campaign battalion final involvement war came landing 14th disbanded war early history formation 14th battalion raised april victoria shortly start world war volunteer 2nd established time personnel volunteered serve combat overseas battalion assigned 21st brigade 7th division remain formation existence authorised strength personnel drawn state victoria allocated states later reinforcements battalion initial recruits previous military experience having served militia prior 2nd majority having relinquish rank transfer officially battalion average age formation battalion historian asserts necessarily accurate men found altered ages young old recruitment keeping 2nd recruitment practices pairs brothers early recruits case father son served platoon soon battalion headquarters established battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel began choosing officers set task forming companies unit structure built rifle companies designated battalion headquarters headquarters company consisting specialist including signals pioneer anti aircraft transport administration mortars battalion companies formed largely territorial lines company drawn mainly north eastern regions victoria company drawn brighton company consisted largely men melbourne inner suburbs men scottish ancestry irish ancestry formed battalion complement men arrived formation complete basic training began august battalion presented regimental colours ceremony members served world war order establish links units later early october 14th battalion changed unit colour patch black blue diamond yellow blue earlier counterpart shortly partially trained battalion received orders deploy overseas october men embarked sydney new_south_wales bound middle_east middle_east travelling india battalion arrived egypt november transported palestine soldiers undertook training later moved january sent april egypt defend possible german attack siege german attack came time battalion subjected aerial attack remained end battalion relieved south african battalion returned palestine begin preparations operations syria lebanon french order prevent area falling hands germans launched attack suez_canal captured persia present day iran 14th battalion involvement syria lebanon campaign began night june unit advanced palestine border attacked outposts village following battalion advanced coast tyre evicted french defenders forcing crossing june 21st brigade advance came determined resistance 14th battalion found troops 6th days battalion came attack french aircraft artillery committed flanking action june conducting kilometre march heat day australians approached mountains arrived town fell 27th battalion following june battalion moved central sector allied advance order reinforce 31st battalion attached 25th brigade holding french counter attack damascus captured june 14th battalion committed fighting secure number features high ground north east town dominated surrounding area attacks proved unsuccessful costly 14th killed wounded june fighting continued june french began withdraw australians regained initiative july 14th battalion left begin preparations committed july july 14th involved number attacks capturing french positions july armistice came effect ending fighting following 14th battalion initially conduct battlefield clearance tasks moving men garrison troops overseeing captured soldiers france later september battalion transferred north construct defensive positions near tripoli lebanon december following japanese attacks pearl harbor malaya decision bring 6th 7th divisions australia early january 7th division left syria undertaking garrison duties returned palestine 14th moved camp near jerusalem time command battalion passed lieutenant colonel previously commanded 8th battalion january 14th battalion embarked transport egypt bound australia 14th casualties deployment middle_east killed wounded captured battalion returned australia bombay transferred city paris early february arrived march period leave followed battalion undertook defensive duties training queensland dispatched rest 7th situation track critical australians japanese advanced port august 21st brigade including 14th battalion disembarked port days later august battalion transported trucks marching reaching august august battalion received orders relieve severely depleted holding japanese shortage supplies possible company time result company dispatched companies dispatched company moved crossing company subsequently reached 39th position late evening august following day japanese launched fresh offensive battalions day number minor engagements took place august japanese offensive began earnest positions subjected heavy mortar artillery fire japanese infantry broke position gaps company depleted situation restored australian counter attacks rest 14th battalion arrived august amidst continuing fighting bringing inch mortar indirect fire support moved rear remained support 14th order help repel wave japanese attack august japanese battalions morning fresh attacks succeeded breaking 14th position company battalion right forced ground situation critical australians launched counter attack attack charged japanese firing light machine gun hip killing forcing withdraw subsequently killed sniper actions allowed australians briefly regain positions later posthumously awarded victoria_cross australia highest military decoration attacks day forced battalion fall kilometre track august japanese began threatening 14th left flank high ground situated attack battalion rear jeopardy battalion forced ground point brigade commander brigadier authorised withdrawal japanese pressing rear guard course following fortnight battalion fought series delaying actions fighting time reached 14th depleted amalgamated 16th battalion form composite battalion men 21st brigade prepared final stand battalions 25th brigade arrived relieve following composite battalion withdrawn line september 14th battalion begun campaign men arriving placed reserve men available officers casualties high men killed action dying wounds killed accidents wounded following 21st brigade relief fighting new_guinea began turn favour allies japanese having exhausted supplies began fall north coast november 14th reformed near port strength total men ranks situation new_guinea meant needed help capture japanese north eastern coast 14th battalion command lieutenant colonel replaced key late september placed vanguard brigade air transported november organised half strength companies following day battalion began kilometre march november 14th attacked coast east japanese positions concealed amidst strong resistance 14th suffered heavy casualties losing killed wounded early morning november battalion lost killed launched planned deliberate attack remaining japanese fortified position minor casualties 14th forced japanese defenders abandon positions managed break beach securing kilometres coast december reinforced platoon 14th ordered conduct reconnaissance village kilometres west japanese landed reinforcements december command lieutenant platoon launched surprise attack numerically superior force hand hand fighting followed japanese killed wounded men 14th wounded attack proved success enabled australians attack concern engaged japanese reinforcements subsequently taken december recommended victoria_cross actions killed leading patrol village december battalion remained area january time fit personnel left subsequently returned australia casualties fighting amounted killed action died wounds accidentally wounded time 21st brigade arrived australia heavily depleted cent authorised strength 14th subsequently underwent period rebuilding queensland preparation operations time units 7th division converted jungle divisional establishment saw reduction 14th battalion authorised strength men battalion brought strength july change command july lieutenant colonel previously commanded fighting track replaced commanding officer august rest 21st brigade battalion moved port undertook training month preparation campaign battalion destined limited role campaign september dispatched airfields relieve army defend vital airfields possible japanese attack 14th committed advance vanguard 21st brigade advance late september early october moving 16th battalion position advancing 14th left proceeded 14th moved 16th right flank protecting japanese attacks north october battalion reached battalion commanding officer seriously wounded moved main defensive position order personally carry reconnaissance surrounding area platoon sent japanese began advancing position directing company level attack japanese handed command captain commander company served acting commander briefly major arrived brigade headquarters lee remained acting command battalion second command major returned staff course officially command battalion lieutenant colonel december early battalion mainly involved patrol operations support 21st brigade advance capture japanese positions saddle effort battalion significant engagement came october platoon lieutenant destroyed japanese company capturing ridge overlooked valley japanese company threatening cut supply line 27th battalion leading 21st brigade advance following day heavy fighting took place john ridge battalion undertook mainly patrol actions following weeks actions varied size small groups company sized forces varied length day week late november battalion relieve 25th battalion john marching miles occupied outpost position opposite strong japanese position clashed times december withdrawn rear lakes area late december port early january limited engagements japanese months 14th involved campaign battalion suffered heavily men evacuated illness accidental injury time died permanently removed theatre contrast battle casualties time amounted seven killed action died wounds wounded borneo withdrawn australia march units 7th division received weeks leave reforming queensland following 14th battalion undertook period training finally committed campaign war campaign saw amphibious landings july initial landings early july 14th came ashore wrong place landing scheduled land landing largely unopposed minutes reorganisation australians able establish correct form point begin advance objective bridge advancing unopposed crossed bridge nightfall dug ridge highway following day battalion captured 21st brigade began advance east 27th battalion subsequently relieved 14th july battalion began came stronger opposition near river held evening following day 14th resumed advance crossing river beginning strip battalion lead company began receive artillery fire japanese coastal defence guns naval gunfire support called provide counter battery fire partially effective following day air support tanks brought days minor infantry actions undertaken periphery position direct indirect fire support reduce position view limiting casualties infantry finally july battalion attacked remaining japanese positions named frost brown australians supported naval bombardment heavy bombers dropped companies 14th battalion captured position found japanese dead number artillery pieces including naval guns high angle guns numerous heavy mortars machine guns represented 14th battalion major combat actions war 21st brigade subsequently captured tempo operations wound anticipation end war australians began conducting patrol operations interior stretching 25th brigade area highway battalion casualties final campaign war amounted killed wounded disbandment following cessation hostilities august 14th battalion remained borneo october moved present day indonesia battalion personnel arrived october shortly 14th transported sea arriving october battalion undertook garrison duties guarding japanese prisoners war maintaining administration law order dutch position assert colonial rule despite complex political situation 14th battalion managed achieve violence january 50th battalion began arrive relieve completed january january battalion embarked bound australia arrival brisbane queensland process began battalion ranks quickly reduced finally february victoria barracks final signed battalion disbanded course war total men served battalion killed action died wounds illness accident active service men 14th wounded action men prisoners war vast majority casualties came fighting battalion suffered battle casualties service war members 14th received following gallantry distinguished service decorations victoria_cross military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals british empire medal mentions despatches addition member appointed officer order british empire section battalion section platoon company believed according highly decorated section australian british military history men assigned section formed received victoria_cross received distinguished conduct medal received military medal commanders following officers served commanding officer 14th battalion lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel battle honours 14th battalion received following battle honours service war north_africa syria south west pacific crossing river liberation australian new_guinea borneo | 2/14th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24043_77thInfantryDivision(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom british_army formed second world war organisation devon existence division changed roles times december training recruits infantry armoured warfare new recruits army assigned complete training december division renamed known holding division responsible soldiers medical leave recruits fully trained men returning injury allocated formations fighting overseas notably formation source reinforcements fighting normandy available british army troops left united_kingdom france division disbanded formed deception unit germany impression british army divisions division held reserve united_kingdom background following second world war united_kingdom threat invasion nazi_germany summer threat year progressed size british_army increased dramatically new infantry battalions raised october possibility german invasion new battalions formed independent infantry brigades assigned newly created including devon men strong assigned defend coastlines threatened sections country including manning coastal artillery divisions largely static lacking mobility divisional assets artillery engineers reconnaissance forces recruits manner allowed regular infantry divisions freed duties undertake training form important reserve counterattack possible german landing june germany launched massive attack soviet_union attack removed threat german invasion united_kingdom british consider threat german invasion possibility soviet_union collapse german onslaught ease germany transfer troops west late arrival autumn winter weather meant threat invasion subsided coupled production new equipment british army allowed begin steps better balance army large number infantry units formed preceding year half reform county divisions disbanded history home defence war divisions british_army divided higher establishment lower establishment formations intended deployment overseas combat strictly home defence static role december devon abolished reformed lower establishment division division like predecessor comprised day division assigned artillery engineers anti tank regiment reconnaissance troops joined following month war establishment paper strength infantry division time men major general commanded devon october retained command division assigned remained based devon area comments division insignia references arthur sword acknowledging division connections west country predecessor division division training formation insignia worn permanent division members training formation winter british_army overhauled train new recruits divisions changed lower establishment units reserve divisions december division renamed training formation process divisions supplemented fourth training formation raised january assigned soldiers completed corps training sent training divisions soldiers given weeks additional training section platoon company level undertaking final day exercise troops ready sent overseas join formations training handled manner relieve divisions replacements units allow train having handle new recruits example 12th provided additional training regiment new recruits assigning battalions regiment restructuring transferred infantry brigade replaced order provide training facilities retain reinforcements ready deployed december division organised restructuring withdrawn lieutenant colonel wrote division role holding personnel temporarily medical causes example change reserve holding division 14th converted regular infantry unit rehabilitation centre prisoners war troops suffering morale issues low physique sent battalion underwent medical physical military tests tests designed establish medical category soldiers assigned job military capability best suit likewise soldiers returning long periods overseas service sent june holding training divisions combined total men immediately available replacements remaining men considered ineligible service abroad variety reasons ranging medical considered fully fit fully trained following months cent men deployed reinforce 21st army group following completion training having come required fitness levels comments september dry losses suffered leaving army britain exception 52nd young old men unfit september division disbanded 45th holding division formed having disbanded august staff assumed command took role division states reason renumbering 45th division known territorial formation war number familiar public recruiting value deception british army facing manpower crisis army men replace losses line infantry efforts address transferring men royal_air_force infantry began disbanding divisions army transfer men units help close strength possible lower establishment divisions united_kingdom chosen disbanded force british deception unit seized opportunity retain division phantom unit army order battle cover story established explain change division status claimed war nearing end divisions revert peacetime recruiting role release equipment resources units equipment transferred transfer equipment raised division held reserve united_kingdom pending future use general officer commanding commanders included order battle | 77th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24065_No.3AircraftDepotRAAF | aircraft depot raaf maintenance unit royal_australian_air_force raaf formed march queensland prime function initially assembly combat aircraft united_states performed salvage operations took role base depot responsible heavy maintenance raaf jet bombers following entry service 1970s began maintaining upgrading swing wing bomber boeing helicopters merged maintenance squadron march form wing maintained disbanding history world war formed raaf station queensland march came control maintenance group depot temporary commanding officer squadron leader establishment main purpose assembly combat aircraft manufactured united_states weeks operation assembled bell fighters dozen medium bombers depot responsible inspection raaf role damaged aircraft units local area aircraft depot new_south_wales repair wing commander later group captain previously charge victoria assumed command june station dissolved july depot took role command control base war progressed australia largest aircraft maintenance facilities way station personnel equipment bound operations addition aircraft types assembled world war north american post war years heavy bomber wing squadrons arrived units february april aftermath world war continued command administer base establishment station headquarters wing converted october flew observation flights operation hurricane british atomic test australia responsible handling collect radioactive particles raaf jet bomber began replacing lincoln december responsible deep maintenance canberra involved stripping aircraft components process generally required years year complete depot performed deep maintenance sabre fighter service raaf crest approved june design featured cross unit home state queensland head gold red december january commanded group captain later chief air staff governor new south wales 1970s depot responsible maintenance raaf bell helicopters canberra bombers maintained leased raaf interim strike force pending delivery long delayed represented significant maintenance challenge undertaken raaf workshops extensively revamped new bomber entry service depot responsible major upgrades complex maintenance involving stripping airframe engines intermediate level carried maintenance squadron unit wing texas modified brought standard photographic reconnaissance modified remaining aircraft depot upgraded model standard delivered replace raaf original order lost accidents conducted red laser guided precision weapons targeting system upgrade took responsibility maintenance boeing helicopters entered service squadron based september depot familiarity dealing significant damage helicopters crashed following engine failure repairs completed 1980s organisation included maintenance management squadron individual flights responsible equipment engines mentioned including armament seal seal process sealing sealing fuel tanks depot undertook lasted months aircraft caused controversy owing hazardous working conditions ground crews brain damage personnel caused chemical exposure resulted class action cost australian government million damages march merged squadron form wing largest unit raaf comprising personnel depot completed disbandment june year wing continued provide deep maintenance logistics support awarded maintenance contract | No. 3 Aircraft Depot RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24255_3rdBrigade,7thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states originally known 14th infantry brigade united_states_army brigade based fort california history activated service world war unit saw brief service conflict fought entire unit korean war reactivated brigade returned united_states saw action brigade sent units support los_angeles riots history world war constituted activated regular army 14th december camp georgia month later organized prepared deployment europe participate world war rest division brigades assigned division headquarters 13th serving brigade infantry regiment bringing total strength brigade men brigade sailed europe aboard time france brigade participate engagements infantry reconnaissance elements engage german forces october 14th brigade 7th division came attacks saint units came chemical attack elements 7th near capturing positions driving german forces region time division received shoulder sleeve insignia 14th brigade wore division early november 14th brigade began attack line division division launched reconnaissance force begin assault allies signed armistice ending hostilities days lines 7th division suffered casualties awarded campaign brigade performed occupation duties year began preparations return continental united_states 14th brigade returned united_states late gradually camp george maryland september year 7th division 13th 14th brigades reorganization july reactivated camp california command major general headquarters element 13th 14th brigades division instead centered infantry regiments 17th 32nd infantry regiment 53rd infantry regiment 14th brigade activated duration war post korean war wake korean war 7th defended main garrison camp south_korea occupation duties division saw complete reorganization compliance plan division headquarters company grew 1st brigade 13th 2nd brigade redesignated renamed formations retained lineage campaign credits previous designations april division brigades returned united_states fort lewis washington october 7th brigades reactivated garrison national_guard brigade 41st periodically train division brigade unit action vietnam post war era tasked close watch south american developments trained fort october division redesignated organized light infantry division division specially designed battalions 17th 31st 32nd regiments moved division replaced battalions regiments including battalions 21st infantry regiment 27th infantry regiment 27th infantry participated operation golden honduras participated panama recommended closing fort escalating cost living coastline post closed division washington 17th infantry regiment assigned military police companies participated final mission united_states called operation garden plot conjunction entire 2nd brigade 7th division division slated instead fort post cold war draw army 2nd 3rd brigades 7th 1st brigade relocated lewis later 2nd brigade 2nd division headquarters formally june fort lewis honors campaign | 3rd Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24282_North-WesternAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf north western area command geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war wartime sphere operations included adjacent portions queensland western australia dutch_east_indies command formed january following outbreak pacific war western covered northern australia headquartered darwin initially responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries official history raaf pacific theatre described north western area campaign entirely air war raid counter raid role increasingly offensive nature allies began advance new_guinea dutch_east_indies command continued operate following end war boundaries reduced australian territory february responsibilities raaf newly established functional command control system headquarters disbanded following year history world war formation formed raaf station darwin january taking western portion established raaf geographically based command control zones covered northern new_south_wales queensland roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary outbreak pacific war december catalyst split nwa counter distinct japanese threats new_guinea respectively nwa inaugural senior air staff officer group captain staff numbered including officers early february soon appointed chief air staff inspected nwa found morale combat units nos squadrons lacking raids counter raids february nwa complement aircraft included seventeen light bombers nos squadrons based darwin fourteen fighters squadron based darwin fighters darwin java half crews service pilots considered inexperienced wilson absence java acting darwin suffered air raid japanese force aircraft bombed harbour town attack bombers directed mainly raaf airfield followed midday raids february destroyed civil military infrastructure aircraft ships killed approximately people raaf personnel deserted darwin exodus known adelaide river stakes words awful panic lot men simply went bush anti aircraft gunners credited shooting japanese aircraft probably destroying wake disaster nwa headquarters moved bush camp south senior leadership changed wilson posted spite praised actions attack federal government commission inquiry took march initial objectives restore morale deal perceived threat imminent invasion tasks complicated poor communications transport early warning systems proceeding intense combat training construct new satellite airfields disperse forces words air_force historian raaf outstanding area commander war australian pacific theatre decorated americans awarded gallantry personally leading raid dutch_east_indies despite northern australia obvious vulnerability attack nwa garrison arrival march april squadrons comprising soon redesignated command colonel darwin area suffer total air raids february november april operational authority raaf combat infrastructure including area commands invested newly established headquarters nwa boundaries august covering command took responsibility portion western_australia north line drawn south east border queensland adjacent flew final sorties august transferred new_guinea following month having claimed seventy japanese aircraft destroyed loss nwa hudson squadrons conducted bombing missions japanese bases shipping seas support raaf fighter squadrons nos equipped equipped arrived september october september saw formation led air vice marshal oversee majority australian flying units exercised overall control air operations area commands continued hold administrative authority australian units defend northern coast western_australia protecting flank general new_guinea coordinate operations involved area command instance fighter squadrons nwa required major attack december nwa flying units included raaf squadrons operating mainly dive bombers photographic reconnaissance unit flew mix continued operate darwin area squadron september duration war units soon augmented squadron dutch_east_indies mitchell medium bombers heavy bombers nwa able conduct heavier strikes japanese forces north australia december transport squadron formed nwa control darwin days air raid aircraft newly formed communications unit remained disbanding shortly end hostilities wing formed nwa december responsible radar stations acted early warning system japanese attacks wing coordinated air defence region fighter sector headquarters raids continued placed bombers inland fighters close coast intercept attackers works wing responsible airfield construction squadrons associated support units according historian nwa areas raaf free run world war employed judgement selecting targets offensive strikes detailed superior headquarters forthcoming february acting intercepted radio launched raid airfield near destroying damaging japanese bombers destined major raid darwin help protect northern australia ongoing air attack squadrons fighters transferred united_kingdom operational march fighter wing group captain major engagement darwin resulted loss combat forced landings owing fuel starvation engine failure destruction japanese bomber fighters immediately ordered strike led wing commander airfield assumption correct happened japanese raiders based enemy aircraft destroyed ground march number sorties flown nwa combat squadrons rose allies claimed total japanese aircraft destroyed loss thirty operations seventeen enemy action thirteen causes june command group captain wing recorded nwa successful interception date claiming fourteen japanese raiders destroyed damaged loss month consisting squadrons came nwa control enhancing strategic strike capability time nwa headquarters staff numbered including ninety officers offensive operations handed nwa air vice marshal adrian cole july cole reported command organised keen good shape considered air defence capability inadequate recommending long range fighters squadrons wing possibility calling reinforcements necessary having started primarily defensive command nwa able support allied advances new_guinea august september cole reduced regular reconnaissance missions increase bombing activity limit following request provide available support allied assaults nwa carried raids destroy japanese bases aircraft divert enemy forces allied columns wing established nwa november consisting attack squadrons flying commanded group captain december character air war northern australia changed markedly japanese longer able mount air raids darwin merely securing nwa cole keen adopt offensive strategy dutch_east_indies according sense plan conduct campaign raaf operational level commanders campaign somewhat static limited march april nwa thirteen squadrons control including wing supported amphibious operations aircraft bombed nwa direction wing took allied attack june july sorties nwa aircraft july totalled wing subsequently transfer nwa undertake operations japanese wing received fresh british squadrons july replace transferred wing formed darwin planned assault wing disbanded august radar stations units area month wing departed later came control raaf main mobile strike force september cole handed nwa stage war allies advancing north tempo operations darwin area decreased raised concerns wing warning higher command morale drop given active role war transferred southern australia rest october wing received orders depart nwa join tactical air force left nwa squadrons disposal including unit squadrons meantime nwa supported assault attacks enemy ports oil facilities shipping dutch_east_indies operations continued november december nwa headquarters staff numbered including officers month assumed command wing arrived queensland coordinate control operations nwa squadrons mined manila bay december support allied landing heavy bomber wing raaf operational nwa control january comprising squadrons wing replaced transferred philippines wing sank seven japanese ships dutch_east_indies march april available aircraft joined wing assault japanese convoy included cruiser anti aircraft fire attacks enemy fighters resulted loss allied submarines sank damaged following day squadron added wing strength late april bombers attacked targets java lead operation invasion commenced subsequent operations invasions nwa responsible mining operations convoy escort aerial reconnaissance attacks japanese bases troops wing mined far north hong_kong china july nwa offensive capability nos wings transferred wing formed month nwa control comprised squadrons operational end pacific war post war activity disbandment following end war august dissolved melbourne assumed control operational formations including area commands squadrons mainly australian prisoners war wings disbanded darwin november darwin subsequently function mainly transit centre base peacetime exercises permanent station flying squadrons continued serve nwa january group captain nwa senior administrative staff officer took officer commanding remained command october time headquarters staff numbered including officers september chief air staff air vice marshal jones proposed reducing extant mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland covering new_south_wales covering western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania federal government rejected plan wartime area command boundaries essentially remained place nwa longer covered dutch_east_indies october february nwa hosted largest exercise war specially modified advanced radar instrumentation flew darwin joint program royal_air_force gathering long range navigation bombing data use potential air campaigns soviet_union wing commander served nwa september december commencing october raaf reorganised geographically based command control system based function february newly constituted functional organisations home training assumed control air_force operations training maintenance nwa headquarters remained existence remote control points headquarters finally disbanded june orders battle april april nwa controlled following squadrons squadron equipped hudson general reconnaissance bombers based squadron equipped general purpose aircraft based squadron equipped based squadron equipped dragon transports based 7th squadron equipped fighters based equipped based equipped based darwin april april nwa controlled following squadrons wing squadron raf equipped fighters based darwin squadron equipped based squadron equipped based squadron equipped based hughes squadron equipped vengeance dive bombers based squadron equipped based hughes netherlands squadron equipped mitchell medium bombers based mcdonald squadron equipped long range fighters based squadron equipped heavy bombers based april april nwa controlled following squadrons wing squadron raf equipped based darwin squadron equipped based squadron equipped based squadron equipped long range based darwin harbour squadron equipped fighters based wing squadron equipped general reconnaissance bombers based squadron equipped based hughes netherlands squadron equipped based squadron equipped based squadron equipped based equipped based equipped based equipped based long | North-Western Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24320_1stArmy(KingdomofYugoslavia) | 1st army kingdom yugoslavia formation commanded german led axis invasion april world war consisted infantry division cavalry division brigade strength infantry detachments formed responsible defence section yugoslav hungarian border danube rivers directly attacked days invasion commenced attacks flanks resulted successive orders withdraw lines danube hungarians crossed border sector responsible withdrawing hungarians faced resistance followed german capture belgrade rear area units remnants 1st army continued resist line days tens thousands yugoslav soldiers captured germans closed accepted surrender april came effect following day composition 1st army commanded chief staff organised geographic basis 1st army district divided divisional districts subdivided regimental regions consisted brigade strength brigade strength support units included 56th army artillery regiment 1st 1st army anti aircraft company 1st comprising attached based south deployment 1st army responsible eastern section yugoslav hungarian border 1st army deployed region danube regions danube right flank independent formation responsible defence region east boundary 2nd army ran east south boundary 6th army ran east confluence danube south yugoslav defence plan saw 1st army deployed division forward infantry detachment flank cavalry division held depth formations 1st army commenced deployment 1st army west east 7th centred forward elements south danube region direct command deployed 1st army area east centred road sad belgrade operations april 1st army faced days commencement invasion exchanges fire hungarian border guards 1st army faced direct attacks 1st army hungarians ready scale fighting deploying forces april events parts yugoslavia right flank ordered withdraw south danube deploy line facing east defend attack direction bulgaria received orders withdraw south line danube began withdraw day elements approaching danube crossing following day situation deteriorated significantly german crossed yugoslav romanian border struck 6th army halting withdrawal disrupting ability organise coherent defence danube april main thrust 2nd army consisting 8th leading 16th crossed 4th army sector turned southeast rivers meeting resistance strong air support reached evening despite poor roads bad weather later day situation increasingly desperate country prime minister yugoslav chief general staff broadcast following message troops engage enemy encountered means disposal don wait direct orders act guided judgement initiative conscience bulk 1st army able cross danube began prepare defences evening april ordered withdraw line form defensive line confluence river days needed night april continued withdrawal units 2nd army left flank included significant numbers began dissolve fifth column activities fascist april dawn april hungarian forces consisting mobile corps lieutenant general crossed yugoslav border north near overcame yugoslav border guards advanced corps continued push east south 8th capturing followed 16th advanced east despite bridge poor roads effectively routed 2nd april day group 26th heavy fighter wing german destroyed 1st rest flown destroyed following day swept airfield effective attacks campaign night april 8th division captured destroyed bridge danube advanced kilometres south belgrade advances delayed withdrawal 2nd south april withdrawal threatened left flank having combat importance right flank attempted pressed drove belgrade west belgrade remnants 2nd tried establish line captured bridges elements captured fight captured rear area units april 1st army counter attacked pushed germans hungarians pursued 1st army south occupied area danube meeting virtually resistance fought isolated engagements hungarian general staff considered irregular resistance forces significant opposition hungarian 1st captured canal bridges airborne operation hungarian history incident battalion aircraft consisted italian transport aircraft civilian airline pressed service hungarian start european war shortly takeoff airport april command plane code crashed loss lives including heaviest single loss suffered hungarians yugoslav campaign captured determined resistance captured evening april elements command crossed danube boats captured belgrade resistance time elements approaching belgrade west away capital elements 8th division continue thrust capture bridges west belgrade entered city night rest 8th division turned southeast drove link left flank southwest belgrade 16th south advanced fate april hungarians occupied resistance pushed south reach line early april remnants including 1st army continued fight 16th april tens thousands yugoslav soldiers taken prisoner germans drive centre country including april 8th 14th divisions entered delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document yugoslav high command surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers web | 1st Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24403_SpecialAirService | special forces unit british_army founded regiment later corps unit number roles including covert reconnaissance counter terrorism direct action hostage rescue human intelligence gathering corps presently comprises regular component operational command artists special air service regiment reserve reserve units operational command traces origins second world war reformed named 21st special air service regiment artists rifles regular army later gained fame recognition worldwide successfully assaulting london rescuing hostages siege lifting regiment obscurity outside military establishment history unit british_army second world war formed july originally called detachment special air service brigade designation tie british campaign trying axis thinking regiment numerous units operating area real prove axis fake existed conceived commando force operate enemy lines initially consisted officers ranks mission november parachute drop support offensive german resistance adverse weather conditions mission disaster men unit killed captured second mission success transported attacked airfields libya destroying aircraft loss men september renamed 1st consisting time british squadrons greek section january captured tunisia replaced commander april 1st reorganised command placed command fought sicily italy 2nd formed north_africa renaming fought end war formed british 1st 2nd french 3rd 4th belgian 5th tasked parachute operations german lines france carried operations supporting allied advance belgium netherlands operation eventually germany operation result hitler issuing commando order october members unit faced additional danger executed captured germans july following captured executed germans october aftermath operation captured executed germans post war end war seeing need force disbanded october following year decided need long term deep penetration commando unit new regiment raised ultimately artists rifles raised headquartered road took mantle 21st regiment january squadron raised fight korean war months training england informed squadron longer required korea instead volunteered fight arrival malaya came command forming new unit called formed squadron volunteers far_east squadron squadron squadron recruitment visit formed volunteers returned home years service replaced new_zealand squadron time need regular army regiment recognised formally added army list based regiment formed renaming reserve reconnaissance unit succeeded members experts escape serving malaya men regular army taken covert reconnaissance surveillance patrols larger scale raiding missions borneo operation communist included taken operations emergency northern_ireland special projects team assisted west german counter terrorism group counter terrorist wing famously took hostage rescue operation london war squadron prepared operation subsequently cancelled whilst squadrons deployed participated raid controversial operation gibraltar provisional irish republican army directed nato aircraft positions hunted war criminals bosnia involved war helping serbian lines according sources sergeant killed serbian special forces gulf war squadrons deployed largest second world war notable failure zero mission took operation hostage rescue operation extract members iraq war formed task force black task force knight squadron singled exceptional service american commander nato forces month tour carried combat missions members involved operation free peace activists men held hostage iraq days christian hostage crisis operations afghanistan involved soldiers regiments british newspapers speculated involvement operation civil war daily_telegraph reports defence sources confirmed libya weeks played key role coordinating fall tripoli guardian reports acting forward air controllers directing pilots targets communicating nato operational commanders advising rebels tactics members deployed late august according chief sent syria tasked trying track islamic state terrorist group press labeled beatles october began executing raids isis supply lines western iraq helicopters drop light vehicles manned sniper squads claimed killed isis fighters day raids began recent years officers risen highest ranks british_army general commander chief british forces gulf war general commander bosnia general chief defence staff head lieutenant general appointed commander deputy commander chief nato regional headquarters allied forces north influence special forces following post war countries commonwealth recognised need similar units formed disbanded squadron formed serve malaya australia formed 1st july regiment august return malaya squadron formed basis creation retained squadron special air service special air service regiment countries formed units based wears traces ancestry partly 5th second world war french 1st parachute regiment trace origins second world war 3rd 4th adopting wins motto american unit formed colonel served exchange officer recognised need similar type unit united_states_army israeli modelled sharing motto ireland army modelled training turn influenced formed lines organisation little publicly information exists british government usually comment special forces matters nature work comprises units regular units regular army unit reserve units special air service regiment artists reserve collectively squadrons normally strength regiment operational squadrons squadron consists approximately men commanded major divided troops troop commanded captain small headquarters section troops usually consist men patrol troop consists men man possessing particular skill signals demolition addition basic skills learned course training troops different areas boat troop specialists maritime skills diving boats train air troop experts free fall high altitude low opening halo high altitude high opening techniques mobility troop specialists vehicles experts desert warfare trained advanced level motor mechanics field repair breakdown mountain troop specialists arctic combat survival specialist equipment mountain climbing techniques squadron renamed formed members regular regiment soldiers commitment reserve service squadron structure squadron boat troop air troop mobility troop mountain troop squadron boat troop air troop mobility troop mountain troop squadron air troop boat troop mobility troop mountain troop squadron mobility troop mountain troop boat troop air troop special projects team special projects team official anti counter terrorism team trained close quarter battle sniper techniques hostage rescue buildings public transport team formed early 1970s prime minister asked prepare possible terrorist attack similar massacre summer olympics ordered revolutionary warfare wing raised wing established squadron rotated continual basis counter terrorist training including hostage rescue siege breaking live firing exercises reported training soldier pistol rounds squadrons training months average deployment trapped unit surrendered heard bbc sent documented action abroad wing assisting west german counter terrorism group involved hostage rescue operational command regular operational command major general grade post previously ranked brigadier promoted brigadier major general recognition significant expansion reserve operation responsible members following review unit operational capability withdrawn task handed regular infantry unit report found lacked clearly defined role stated lacked military capability serve alongside regular special forces september left placed command 1st alongside recruitment selection training regular elements recruit directly general public current members apply special forces selection historically majority candidates commando airborne forces background selections held twice yearly summer winter selection lasts weeks normally starts potential candidates arrival candidates complete personal fitness test aft march cross country clock increasing distances covered day culminating known endurance miles march equipment scaling descending pen fan hours end hill phase candidates able run miles minutes swim miles minutes following hill phase jungle phase taking place belize malaysia candidates taught navigation patrol formation movement jungle survival skills candidates returning finish training battle plans foreign weapons combat survival exercises final week long escape candidates formed patrols carrying tin filled survival equipment dressed old second world war uniforms told head point light final selection test arguably resistance interrogation lasting hours typically candidates hill phase selection process approximately candidates drop days end remain complete phases selection rewarded transfer operational squadron uniform normal barracks sand coloured cap badge downward pointing flames incorrectly referred winged dagger worked cloth shield motto wins pattern parachute wings designed lieutenant based sacred wings isis egyptian depicted cairo worn right shoulder ceremonial dress uniform distinguished light blue stripe trousers stable belt shade blue similar blue stripe dress uniform battle honours british_army battle honours awarded regiments seen active service significant engagement campaign generally victorious outcome awarded following battle honours raid north africa landing sicily sicily greece adriatic middle_east islands western iraq gulf order precedence memorials names members died duty inscribed regimental clock tower originally funded contributions day pay members regiment donation memory killed accident rebuilt new barracks names inscribed said surviving members failed beat clock suggestion commanding officer inscribed base clock verse golden road pilgrims master shall little blue mountain barred snow angry sea main memorial memorial westminster abbey grand france commemorates wartime dead belgian british french recently memorial plaque added scotland smaller memorials scattered europe far_east local church graveyard set aside memorial soldiers buried wall remembrance displaying memorial plaques buried including men lost lives helicopter crash alliances australia | Special Air Service | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24418_PolishUndergroundState | polish known polish collective term underground resistance organizations poland world war military civilian loyal government exile london elements underground state established final days german invasion poland began september perceived supporters legal continuation pre war republic poland institutions waged armed struggle country occupying powers nazi_germany soviet_union underground state encompassed military resistance largest world civilian structures education culture social services underground state enjoyed broad support war supported recognized far left communists nationalists opposed german occupation poland movements quickly replaced included members pre war far right influence communists eventually declined amid military notably failure growing hostility ussr soviet_union created alternative puppet government ensured formed basis post war government poland soviet backed communist takeover poland end war members prosecuted alleged died captivity abandoned finding impossible negotiate soviets wishing avoid civil war key institutions underground state dissolved half ultimately hundreds thousands people directly involved agencies estimates membership given approaching half million people quietly supported millions polish citizens rationale creation secret civilian authority drew fact german soviet occupation poland illegal institutions created occupying powers considered illegal parallel polish underground institutions set accordance polish law scale inadvertently aided actions attempts destroy polish state nation culture including importantly policies targeted polish citizens popular support polish resistance movement development cold war era research curtailed polish communist officials instead emphasized role communist partisans played anti nazi resistance recently bulk research topic carried polish scholars living exile history formation respects history polish underground state mirrors polish non communist resistance general underground state traces origins organization founded september day surrender polish capital warsaw time polish defeat german invasion poland accompanied soviet appeared inevitable founder general received orders polish commander chief marshal organize carry struggle occupied poland decided organization creating needed strictly military format line traditions underground 19th century world war era need encompass aspects civilian life contact subordinate polish government exile envisioned armed resistance organization vehicle polish state continued administer occupied territories following polish constitution president interned romania polish government evacuated poland september resigned appointed general successor unpopular french government replaced september general long term opponent regime resided france support french government polish commander chief september poland prime minister september government quickly recognized france united_kingdom described weak held relatively little influence compared charismatic political differences factions polish exile government particular ties regime dominated polish government reorganized november supported aiming include parties regime supported formation named general head colonel appointed commander german occupation zone commander zone arrested march soviets attempting cross new german soviet border appointed commander zones given focused military aspects struggle civilian dimension clearly defined developed slowly situation exacerbated complex political discussions politicians occupied poland government exile located paris fall france london government opted democratic procedure democratic regime formed government exile december including representatives different polish political factions occupied poland major step development organization civilian structure taken late february established local version structures occupied poland maintained close communication government exile radio communications hundreds thousands significant developments creation office poland nominated december delegate event marked official beginning followed post delegate seen equivalent deputy prime minister particularly legislation unlike operated alongside military structures influence delegation budgetary control military delegation oversee military recreate civilian administration early civilian arm actively supporting underground education set develop social security information propaganda justice networks growth differences politicians occupied poland exile positively settled evolved served basis created january council headed seen parliament military arm underground state expanded dramatically transformed commanders included august march announced long term plan partly designed communists proposals communists increasingly radical fight march november proposing creation heavily socialist communist state denouncing capitalism slavery demanded economy introduction central planning declaration polish nation fighting declared reconstruction poland democratic parliamentary state goal equality minorities freedom speech freedom religion freedom political activity plan called creation central european federal union domination single state economic sector planned economy endorsed embracing socialist christian democrat principles income aiming reduction economic inequality plan promised land reform industrial base demands territorial compensation germany establishment country eastern border according plan country eastern borders treaty kept north west compensation sought german territories main differences communists terms politics rooted radical economic social reforms sides advocated positions issues national sovereignty borders polish soviet relations program criticized nationalist factions socialist christian achieved influence early april polish government exile recognized administrative structure delegate officially recognized deputy prime minister created declined sharply aftermath nationwide uprising initiated spring addition costly eventually unsuccessful warsaw uprising hostile attitude soviet_union puppet polish government non communist resistance loyal polish government exile proved disastrous underground state assumed polish resistance aid advancing soviet forces commanders representatives administrative authority assume role legitimate hosts instead soviets commonly surrounded disarmed arrested underground military authority members civilian representatives administrative structures instead early july resistance continued struggle germans underground state forced order administrative structure remain hiding soviets continued arrests experienced revealed decline dissolution events taking place significantly weakened polish government exile rift developed poland soviet_union increasingly important ally west particularly revelation massacre april followed breaking diplomatic relations poland soviets april subsequent death july charismatic succeeded influential prime minister general commander chief contributed decline representative polish government invited november december conference february crucial events soviet_union discussed shape post war world decided fate poland assigning soviet sphere influence churchill roosevelt objected suggestion polish government exile london representing polish interests historian noted spelled end government influence decided create puppet government poland proclaimed recognized legitimate authority poland london termed soviets illegal self styled authority serve prime minister role november realizing increasing government exile resigned succeeded obscurity words historian signaled arrival government exile total communists refused deal underground state like refused deal government exile leaders soldiers liberated polish territories persecuted number prominent leaders including government delegate jan commander chief general decided reveal soviet invitation begun open negotiations communist authorities arrested sentenced soviets moscow infamous trial sixteen arrests carried march trial took place june year june held session issuing point declaration demanding soviet army leave poland repression non communist political parties cease government delegate office home arrests leadership headed delegate disbanded july creation moscow june disbanding structures marked end underground state composed primarily communist representatives token representation opposition gesture western allies establishment government exile stopped recognized france withdrew recognition june followed united_kingdom united_states july decided support soviet backed increasingly communist body seeing western betrayal government exile protested decision continued operate till fall communism recognized post communist polish government rigged polish legislative election marked onset communist rule poland independent politicians like attempted form opposition threatened arrests retired emigrated military arm officially disbanded january avoid armed conflict soviets civil war years communists solidified hold poland elections opposition eliminating political power remnants armed resistance armed forces delegation poland freedom independence refused lay weapons surrender communist regime continued hold years cursed soldiers fighting soviet backed communist forces political representation underground state represented political factions second polish republic represented major polish parties joined june months created withdrew october march parties known big represented compared representative included representatives smaller political groups lacked significant representation nonetheless supported non polish ethnic minorities primarily represented underground state jews important groups lacked representation underground state included communist military arm far right military arm extreme left communists extreme right nationalists saw opposition opposed polish independence supporting inclusion poland soviet_union seen completely outside framework state groups seen legitimate opposition soviet puppet government structure civilian government exile located france later united_kingdom president prime minister commander chief military civilian authority recognized authorities commanders government exile represented occupied poland poland headed government delegate poland main role civilian branch preserve continuity polish state including institutions institutions included police courts schools branch state intended prepare institutions resume power german defeat world war final years war civilian structure underground state included underground parliament administration judiciary courts police secondary higher level education supported cultural activities publishing newspapers books underground theatres lectures exhibitions concerts works art dealt providing social services including jewish population civil arm involved lesser acts resistance minor sabotage department merged forming subordinate departments seen loosely corresponding departments dedicated war related issues departments mirrored pre war polish divided departments existed end war list included postal information culture geographical division level delegation local offices dividing polish territories underground divided headed separate municipal bodies early delegation employed people administration primarily older people younger ones recruited military operations military military arm consisted primarily branches arm state designed prepare polish society future fight country liberation apart armed resistance sabotage intelligence training propaganda state military arm responsible maintaining communication london based government exile protecting civilian arm state primary resistance operations sabotage german activities including transports headed eastern soviet_union sabotage german rail road transports eastern extensive estimated eighth german transports eastern destroyed significantly delayed activities fought scale battles germans particularly tied significant german forces worth divisions upper estimates suggest troops needed supplies trying support soviet military polish intelligence supplied valuable intelligence information allies percent reports received british secret services continental europe came polish sources height numbered recognized largest largest resistance movement war axis fatalities actions polish underground formed bulk estimated definition historiography remembrance decades research restricted largely communist wish fully acknowledge role non communist resistance postwar years efforts explore topic regarded dangerous bordering illegal research events occurring soviet annexed territories period particularly difficult limited research devoted place mainly polish historians living west communist state importance non communist resistance movements communist movement emphasized primary importance fact opposite true absence research polish scholars obstacles presented foreign scholars seeking access source material communist poland contributed situation virtually discussion western scholars europe largest resistance movements non communist polish resistance movement bulk western research centred smaller french resistance fall communism poland regained independence polish scholars begin research aspects polish history scholars chose investigate underground state confronted issue country nation created similar institution problem defining polish historian discussing historiography defined collection state legal organizational citizenship structures ensure constitutional continuation polish territory concluded constitutional continuity real performance state functions past territory loyalty great majority polish society significant elements existence underground state officially recognized polish government local authorities community major cities poland memorials underground state affiliated resistance dedicated erected september parliament poland declared day september anniversary founding service poland victory organization day polish underground state | Polish Underground State | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24444_RoyalAustralianRegiment | parent administrative regiment regular infantry battalions australian_army senior infantry regiment originally formed battalion regiment size fluctuated battalions raised amalgamated disbanded accordance australian government strategic requirements currently regiment consists seven battalions fulfilled roles including light parachute infantry existence units deployed operations japan korea malaya borneo vietnam iraq afghanistan organisation state based infantry regiments senior corps regiments order precedence currently consists seven light infantry battalions 2nd battalion 6th battalion 7th battalion 8th 9th battalion battalions regiment capable providing seven regular australian_army available deployment current order battle sees 1st brigade based darwin adelaide 7th brigade brisbane battalions 2nd 4th battalion 4th battalion 2nd commando regiment 5th 7th battalion 8th battalion amalgamated 9th battalion amalgamated 10th late 1990s disbanded history formation origins lie decision australian government raise force occupation duties japan end second world war raised october 2nd personnel serving battalions brigade designated formed volunteers 7th division 40th battalion battalion received volunteers 1st troops formed 3rd 6th 11th divisions concentrating island 34th brigade moved japan joined february 34th brigade basis post war regular army decision taken withdraw battalions australia attention turned status designation units brigadier commander brigade concerned despite unit prestige regimental spirit developed october undesirable regular units highest numbered battle honours colours precedence militia units consideration given battalions designated separate regiments example 1st city sydney regiment proposal king australian rifle regiment instead decision taken number units large regiment november battalions 1st 2nd 3rd battalions australian regiment application royal title granted march came australia regiment regular infantry formation battalions regiment competed annual military skills competition known gloucester cup early years japan australia formation regiment following end second world war fundamentally important post war australian_army forming key component permanent professional army available peace war task government direct prior time australian_army substantially time militia permanent major influence raising regiment australia desire secure prominent role occupation japan eventual peace settlement delays battalions arrived japan february subsequent employment involved activities designed reinforce japanese lesson defeat addition guard duty patrolling training december australian component reduced brigade battalion 1st returning australia remained japan return australia 34th brigade 1st brigade subsequently based new_south_wales units significantly men discharged returning australia elected remain japan member regiment later recalled battalions returned australia eighteen months regiment existence times men discharged frustration discontent battalions strong undertake meaningful training activities barracks state disrepair experience came core dedicated soldiers destined non commissioned officers regiment korean war outstanding warrant officers battalions served malaya early vietnam campaign regiment provided units individuals virtually australian_army deployments operations formation period sustained operational service began regiment deployment korea continued withdrawal combat units vietnam years arguably significant regiment battalions involved combat operations time second lengthy period operational service commenced intervention commitments regiment continued present day approximately personnel served time casualties sustained regiment operations including killed wounded korean war korean war major test regiment following preparations japan arrived september attached 27th initial invasion south_korea broken general amphibious landing complicated war manoeuvre involved pursuit 38th parallel october took apple orchard north large scale engagement fought battalion regiment north advance north_korea area following near lieutenant colonel battalion commanding officer mortally wounded october november following chinese intervention withdrawing south rest allied fighting following defensive line established kilometres north seoul april princess supporting forces fought successful defensive action battle battle proved climactic point regiment year korea june moved position command corps battalion spend years war major action fought regiment second half battle san command lieutenant colonel assaulted hill october known hill captured days hard fighting following action war defined fixed defences trenches wire constant patrolling numerous clashes april joined command 28th passed australian officer result expansion commitment korea battalions resulted establishment regimental depot train hold service korea april replaced system unit rotation parade held mark occasion battalions regiment parade served year korea months armistice served war earning nickname old faithful major action war regiment fought july number major chinese assaults hours armistice agreement signed following armistice sides withdrew zone created period followed proved uneventful forces required maintain combat readiness ability react quickly case north violated april returned australia replaced remained south_korea march finally returned australia september years continuous service korea years japan total army casualties korea included killed wounded captured majority fighting korea provided regiment valuable combat experience establishing foundation development marking emergence korean war remains large scale conventional war regiment fought time army developed capability maintain battalions major operations time malaya borneo april australian government committed army navy air force elements assist defence malaya internal external security threats forces operating communist terrorists battalions regiment came relatively late arrived theatre october war running seven years replaced turn replaced emergency battalions involved contacts killing loss seven men killed action according attention detail required years infantry malaya exposed regiment jungle warfare skills developed british_army successful war experience later informed development doctrine emergency making significant contribution regiment regimental depot renamed soon formation subsequently incorporated renamed despite end malaya employed anti terrorist operations thai border late replaced malaya battalion involved training counter terrorist operations subsequently employed operations thai border months june involved number minor contacts handed august returned australia committed operations thai border early indonesia pursued policy confrontation malaysia based camp mainland malaysia subsequently british new_zealand forces small airborne landings near september october february warned service island borneo commencing march completed month tour mounting numerous security patrols area operations including number sensitive cross border patrols indonesian regency operation resulted actions late july operations border severe test skill discipline infantry involving long periods jungle company bases operations conducted reconnaissance patrols remainder fighting patrols resulted contact indonesian forces having reformed battalion previous year assumed responsibility camp october deploying forward borneo april remained september like predecessor conducted demanding routine internal security cross border patrols expansion regiment 1960s early 1960s period strategic uncertainty increasing commitments consequently australian government introduced selective conscription directed significant increase strength army unlike 1950s bolstered strength new scheme serve years instead substantial period service regiment australia malaysia vietnam saw government direct expansion regiment battalions september regiment consisted seven battalions july november formed february abandoned personnel revert personnel allowing form march formed drawn june assisted formation september formed august raised november vietnam war individual members regiment served advisors april government announced battalion deployed vietnam june march units regiment conduct sixteen vietnam seven battalions completing month tours serve consequently following period training administration joined outside june initially defending steadily increased scope patrols example january assaulted large headquarters complex woods americans hailed strategic intelligence victory war battalion subsequently completed month tour attached forces developed new tactics techniques later standard australian battalions supporting arms services subsequently operate vietnam march prime minister announced australia increase commitment vietnam newly raised arrived theatre 1st establishing base months constant patrolling battalions engaged action defining regiment war vietnam fought august men fought ferocious meeting engagement possibly reinforced north vietnamese battalion personnel fighting half hours company surrounded sides assistance strong artillery support able hold position timely arrival relief force infantry armoured personnel carriers finally forced break words official historian company achieved stunning victory assumed responsibility predecessors continued extensive patrolling searches characteristic conflict august fought elements regiment largely extensive artillery support proved decisive infantry battalion arrived december significant expansion time offensive serving theatre actions fire support base coral june later known battalions regiment fight battles conventional attributes seen june infantry company second tour supported troop tanks fought significant combined arms action battalion sized force north vietnamese regulars local force troops following remainder regiment commitment vietnam characterised largely policies emphasis patrolling protect local population training south vietnamese troops increasingly replace allied forces withdrawal australian forces began november completed tour duty replaced possible australians sought bring units battle operation north ward company fought elements guerrilla units august september august prime minister announced cease operations october combat elements regiment returning australia february regiment sustained losses killed wounded vietnam peacetime service withdrawal battalion serving singapore finally saw units regiment stationed australia time began period peace time sort seen regiment end significantly diminished strength army time government directed number battalions regiment reduced achieved linking strength units resources reduced shift strategic tactical concepts forward defence defence continental australia regardless september battalions regiment provided company monthly malaysia 10th raised provide opposing force units training jungle training centre 1980s saw introduction battalion light parachute regiment formation ready deployment force later concept tested mounted response fiji coup subsequently developed battalion equipped armoured personnel carriers parachute battalion australian celebrations contingent drawn battalions command lieutenant colonel supported deployed celebrations mount public duties buckingham palace windsor castle james palace tower london australian troops coronation queen elizabeth_ii brisbane based battalions 6th brigade battalions following trials concept battalion commenced conversion battalion initially issued modified land purpose built infantry mobility vehicle acquired individual members regiment served deployment locations balkans regiment conducted formed body deployment december government announced deploy led sanctioned operation restore hope australian commitment known operation saw deployed weeks square kilometre humanitarian relief sector centred township course months tonnes humanitarian aid delivered protected airfield provided security township conducted depth patrolling escorting aid convoys seriously challenged number contacts resulted casualties sides australian accidentally killed deployment detachment platoon company deployed provide security australian contribution operating airport north west support conducted static defensive tasks patrolling provided ready reaction force joined detachment personnel deployed undertake communications tasks deployment came end november raising fifth battalion approved linked following year returning order battle right august august companies regiment initially company company served australian contingent april member detachment including platoon company forced witness massacre refugees camp members vastly outnumbered frustrated mandate allow engage perpetrators forced passive role massacre incident worked fire attempting assist wounded refugees disbanded scheme iraq afghanistan present ballot favour independence years indonesian occupation august resulted wave violence militia groups pro integration factions indonesian military subsequently deployed september sanctioned charged restoring peace overseeing indonesian departure despite minor clashes including contact indonesian border october control quickly established handed february time battalion regiment serve command korean war serve twice giving regiment wealth operational experience soldier accidentally killed operations wounded years withdrawn deteriorating situation country known saw units regiment deployed conduct security operations time operation response initial crisis deployed special forces commando replaced early september combined australian new_zealand battle group based designated subsequent included elements years followed phased elements withdrawn events largely overshadowed developments elements regiment served periodically onwards member regiment died operations regiment minor role invasion iraq providing force element support based following invasion deteriorating security situation baghdad saw deployment combined arms security detachment charged protecting australian embassy personnel dozen companies regiment provided force elements february prime minister committed battle group southern iraq partially replace dutch unit operating regiment contribution battle group initially known rifle company second led respectively declared july led renamed west fifth battle group serve iraq based time operating based cavalry regiment headquarters time elements regiment conducted operations withdrawn casualties iraq included member regiment accidentally killed based 1st combat engineer regiment protective elements began arriving southern afghanistan early september operation formed dutch led operating task force based forward operating base outside australian commitment expanded task force evolved combined arms battalion sized battle group consisting infantry engineers cavalry artillery elements usually based unit known formed multinational brigade known combined team tasked counter operations conjunction united_states coalition forces partnered operated attached soldiers based took heavy fighting august corporal later awarded role battle member receive award task force withdrawn late following province forces small force protection element remains ongoing reduced australian training advisory mission members regiment killed afghanistan special operations owes heritage originally formed 1st independent company tasked providing army special operations capability regiment right august link time raised commando battalion commando served conventional light role battalion focusing development special operations capability role battalion designed flexible self contained force element able deploy short notice undertake offensive operations support australia national interests operational capability reached elements commando serve iraq afghanistan providing domestic counter terrorism capability east commando renamed 2nd commando regiment longer formally disbanded remained army order battle colours traditions maintained protected ready raised future required reorganisation australian_army began planning reorganisation initiative known army key impact plan regiment surrender parachute role moving sydney adelaide army second battalion august government announced regiment expand seven battalions initiative retitled networking army conducted linking parade december reforming reformed largely mature state included company serving operations iraq reformed company operations afghanistan battalions remained role regiment marked 60th birthday november parade victoria barracks sydney including provided colours regiment achieving operational status relocated adelaide new scheme relinquished parachute role light infantry battalion subsequently relocated reformed battalion october element equipped subsequently served operations afghanistan reorganisation titled time sought balance army shape learning organisation plan element reforms announced confirmed defence white paper brigades similar structure capabilities consisting brigade headquarters artillery regiment combat signals regiment establishment regiments begun giving armoured personnel carriers role light infantry battalions light infantry transport squadron established equipped provide protected mobility selected amphibious warfare theatre battle honours awarded theatre battle honours actions korea vietnam korean war san korea vietnam war coral vietnam note theatre honours displayed battalion colours following battle honours battalion korea vietnam long tan coral commando presented unit citation gallantry october operations afghanistan awarded august actions battle long tan foreign military decorations awarded american military decorations service alongside troops received unit service vietnam received distinguished unit citation following korean war honours shares 2nd battalion princess company received distinguished unit citation actions vietnam respective battle honours borne regiment awarded united_states held solely battalions received displayed regimental colours battalions awarded palm unit citation service vietnam war united_states presidential unit citation republic unit south vietnamese cross gallantry palm unit citation music wide variety regimental music addition regimental quick slow marches battalion set marches quick band pipes drums slow infantry song 1st battalion 2nd black pipes drums 3rd battalion director band pipes drums 4th battalion 5th battalion 6th battalion spirit youth band pipes drums 7th north pipes drums 8th 9th battalion brown grey battalion regiment identified different coloured worn left shoulder blue 2nd green 8th 9th grey beech brown alliances allied following regiments canada princess new_zealand malaysia united_kingdom brigade guards united_kingdom scots guards united_kingdom queens queen royal irish united_kingdom irish guards united_kingdom united_kingdom parachute regiment | Royal Australian Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24455_No.4ServiceFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | service flying training school raaf service flying training school flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed february commenced flying following month responsible intermediate advanced instruction pilots empire air training scheme eats school based western australia operated aircraft reserve squadrons formed response outbreak war pacific saw action flying activity reduced end school disbanded having graduated pilots formed operational base unit renamed disbanded september history flying instruction raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response dramatic increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided basic flying training prospective pilots successful instruction operational service flying course typically consisted streams intermediate advanced included techniques instrument flying night flying advanced formation flying dive bombing aerial gunnery total duration training varied war demand rose fell initially running sixteen weeks course cut weeks included seventy hours flying time october year later raised weeks including hours flying time sixteen weeks months later continued increase peaking weeks june service flying training school formed western australia february came control inaugural commanding officer wing commander civil airport extensive barracks buildings required house raaf unit personnel facilities construction course flying training commenced march challenge school faced related equipment aircraft transferred units according happily disposed oldest air frames coupled shortage spare parts needed aircraft operational result flying hours remained low time received students graduated elementary flying training school western australia approximately new expected graduate arrived days discipline strict aim cut accidents typical service flying training establishments event school suffer fatal flying accident year half commenced operations november took search survivors time operating aircraft including fox remainder personnel totalled including students following outbreak pacific war december school aircraft classified second line reserve aircraft defence australia nos formed maritime search rescue saw action disbandment february september operated squadron crash landed marsh miles north killed injured october march school commanded world war veteran pioneer civil aviator men killed injured crashed trees takeoff satellite airfield july injured died later regaining consciousness occupants killed november wing pilot apparently cloud plane went high speed dive end year flying begun reduced training school concluded december year reorganisation eats establishments australia began disbanding january general reduction raaf flight instruction owing surplus trained task complete graduated pilots awarded raid squadron raf established according safety record operational base unit formed staff june administer facilities maintain aircraft following flying school disbandment disbanded formed care maintenance unit units raaf raised storage maintenance surplus aircraft prior disposal war disbanded september buildings constructed raaf war auctioned removed time commemorative form wing located airport commanding officers commanded following officers | No. 4 Service Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24486_SerbianStateGuard | german auxiliary paramilitary force impose law order territory military commander serbia german military occupation world war formed yugoslav regiments created approval german military authorities long period controlled territory known leader serbian puppet government eventually gained control operations assisted germans imposing brutal occupation regimes occupied europe helped guard execute prisoners concentration camp belgrade leaders rank file sympathetic movement germans occasions reason october closed belgrade transferred control member fleeing administration quickly withdrawal west small number members captured british near italian yugoslav border history background following axis invasion occupation yugoslavia april established territory military commander serbia military government occupation territory included serbia proper addition northern area german occupants established military government exploit key rail transport routes passed valuable resources particularly non metals military commander serbia appointed serbian puppet governments carry administrative german direction supervision august germans appointed general replace short lived commissioner administration formation established basis understanding reached german military commander serbia general der lieutenant general serbia und der general police august maintenance law order occupied territory formed february yugoslav regiments law formally creating force issued march took role functions initially commanded sources vary strength germans initially set maximum strength quickly reached strength initially included groups frontier border guard equipped arms ammunition captured germans europe organised largely static force split regions belgrade battalion region region divided districts included companies branch created specifically service known formed region german minority march numbered thousand intended maintain law order guard borders monitor people requirements offer assistance protection areas health care cultural educational economic life royalist rapidly loyal lacked sufficient officers initial successes developed effective military force took overall control days formation decision strongly opposed operations military paramilitary units partisans operating territory late prior formation serbian participated german led drove partisans area routinely executed captured partisans frequently took murdered hostages towns villages included members assisted german troops round hostages shot october july concentration camp established suburbs belgrade initially guarded sole responsibility eventually transferred behaved violently inmates survivors camp stated executions camp carried executed included children total people killed camp closed october increasingly unpopular population time went despite limited independence actively engaged jews communist serbs killing people groups delivering germans execution engaged execution hostages control initiative clashed formations times specifically serbian loyal march suggested germans incorporated control force idea firmly rejected appointed german approved mayor chief police belgrade chief included responsibility germans considered june replaced colonel brother minister education july consisted men august september tried placed command german refusal contributed resignation threatened resign times previously similar reasons occasion germans took seriously offered audience adolf_hitler basis remained post october transferred arrested officers suspected having links end germans attempt eliminate senior officers arrested purge lieutenant colonel father unit commanders elder passing information arms ammunition october executed germans commanders men rank file sympathetic units regularly disarmed staging mock battles disguise transfers needed weapons ammunition forces provided financial assistance funds april units praised german commanders fighting partisans near eastern bosnia june germans rounded executed civilians suspicion collaborating partisans involved crimes actively involved committing atrocities serbian civilians delays september met hitler berlin promised given command return belgrade called military commander serbia general der arrangements transfer command advised received orders november finally given command late reached maximum strength men february leadership avoiding direct confrontations spring summer declined strength men return partisans serbia proper began casualties example march august lost men killed wounded missing august units responding general openly withdrawal capture days fall regime october transferred command general head principal administration immediately placed remaining troops command renamed serbian shock corps homeland command joined withdrawal formations region northeastern bosnia arrangement resulted difficult uneasy alliance began pressures withdrawal days december participated formations unsuccessful attempt capture partisan held city northeastern bosnia failure mutual resulted effective mid january members rejoined germans returning serbia advantage amnesty transported austria labour battalions direction allowed gap area join forces formations concerned departure describing troops worst troops world remnants remained overall command command december crossed river surrendered british near italian yugoslav border fortunately interned prisoners war senior officers repatriated yugoslavia face trial uniform journal wore pattern olive green uniform earlier pattern green grey case officers colour enlisted ranks obtained stores secured invasion review serbian state guard official gazette published end journal edited contributors included books police force occupation holocaust sources examining perpetrators victims isbn serbia secret war propaganda college station isbn bosnia quiet revolution wouldn quietly new_york isbn serbia history london publishers isbn hitler new disorder second world war yugoslavia new_york isbn isbn regime milan serbia serbs world war london isbn thomas yugoslavia new_york isbn thomas peter publishing isbn war revolution yugoslavia stanford isbn war revolution yugoslavia occupation collaboration stanford isbn journals serbia croatia germany civil war revolution balkans canadian papers | Serbian State Guard | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24507_18thMilitaryPoliceBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states 18th military military police brigade united_states_army based germany subordinate battalions companies stationed germany provides law enforcement force protection duties activated vietnam war brigade oversaw military police operations country large portion conflict undertaking wide variety missions country providing command control military police groups region vietnam brigade deployed units operations operation operation provide comfort brigade deployed supporting units operating attempting settle unrest area war brigade seen multiple deployments global war terrorism iraq war primary responsibilities train equip national iraqi police forces brigade recently returned deployment iraq serving months baghdad area organization 18th military subordinate unit brigade headquartered germany brigade subordinate units military police battalion military police company 15th brigade nature allowing additional units deployed normally brigade headquarters headquarters company organic battalions companies normally don deploy history vietnam war members headquarters headquarters detachment deployed september september brigade assumed operational control non divisional military police units brigade composed major subordinate elements 16th military police group military police group 16th military police groups composed seven military police battalions containing mixture military police infantry companies units stationed corps tactical zone ranging north south total strength brigade numbered personnel members brigade performed wide variety missions including evacuation prisoners war security vessels ports convoy escort security vital installations maintenance discipline law order direct support combat operations battalion fought unit determined embassy 18th brigade units performed similar duties brigade completed service vietnam march oakland california cold war era brigade redesignated august activated frankfurt west_germany battalions brigade deployed support operation operation operation provide comfort elements brigade deployed support operation provide promise operation joint endeavor yugoslavia demonstrating rapid ability support operations unit 18th military police brigade deployed balkans followed deployed bosnia provide security support deployed albania april support task force hawk headquarters headquarters detachment military police companies deployed july support task force falcon headquarters headquarters company 18th military deployed july support task force summit deployed november support task force falcon battalions military police battalions conduct joint operations general support russian greek polish maneuver battalions war terrorism support operation iraqi freedom 18th crossed iraq march year deployment brigade established prisoner war holding areas iraqi prisoners conducted main supply route patrolling kilometers southern iraq brigade entered baghdad april began establishing new rebuilding iraqi police stations beginning operation iraqi freedom february brigade provided command control seven military police battalions battalion military police companies law order detachments brigade mps conducted combat patrols criminals confiscated illegal weapons trained iraqi police officers deployment brigade recovered precious artifacts mask recovered september brigade returned return iraq began serving iraq support operation iraqi freedom served patrol operations local police november headquarters headquarters company brigade deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom iii brigade replaced assigned previously transition ceremony command held october soldiers brigade headquarters took charge area responsibility deployed baghdad area took responsibility training brigade supporting iraqi police logistics personnel management maintenance budget operations training leadership judicial integration training police units included proper search vehicles providing medical assistance iraqi civilians expanding number iraqi police improving training overall theater brigade commanded soldiers units brigade assumed control included brigade worked 35th finish construction primary training facility thousands iraqi police project completed february august brigade began transition 8th set replace 18th brigade month tour duty ended brigade colors december began home bases 18th brigade trained iraqi police deployment lost soldiers addition brigade support war terrorism soldiers brigade continually conduct law enforcement force protection duties communities located central region europe honors campaign | 18th Military Police Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
24963_45thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army headquartered fought world war korean war trace lineage frontier militias operated late 1800s saw major action national_guard units activated world war took intense fighting invasion sicily attack italian campaign slowly advancing italy fought landing france operation joined drive germany ended war europe brief subsequent reorganization unit restricted division returned duty korean war joined united_nations troops lines stalemate second half war constant low level fighting trench warfare people volunteer army china produced little gain division remained lines engagements old end war returning division remained national_guard formation guard units activated replace division carry lineage course history sustained battle casualties men awarded medals honor campaign presidential unit citation history outbreak world war troops national_guard formed units exist today forming forming forming units attached deployed france depot forces provide replacements line units returned home end war units later assigned earn combat participation credit september november france inter war years october organized manned troops arizona colorado new_mexico oklahoma division formed federally recognized national_guard unit august oklahoma assigned colorado consequence militia roots division properly organized members remote frontier regions division commander engaged regular drills major events years division colorado elements called help quell large coal mining strike onset great depression 1930s severely curtailed funding training equipment major general took command followed division troops called time help manage plague affecting colorado division original shoulder sleeve insignia approved august featured common native american symbol tribute region large population native americans rise germany infamous symbol 45th division stopped insignia following long process submissions new designs new shoulder sleeve insignia designed oklahoma native named featuring native american symbol approved august took largest peacetime exercises military history assigned camped near louisiana operating equipment world war division perform exercises poor weather bad equipment criticized officers considered spite deficiencies month later men recalled active duty force concerns impending american entry world war world war september state control regular army force national_guard divisions alongside originally year period men immediately began basic combat training fort oklahoma continued training camp texas moving massachusetts undergo amphibious assault training preparation invasion italy moved new_york briefly winter warfare training hampered continuously poor weather january moved virginia final training division moved camp patrick henry await combat loading transports division combat commands brigades activated army favored smaller versatile regimental commands new conflict instead based assigned division 45th sicily command major general sailed mediterranean region june combat loaded aboard thirteen attack transports cargo attack vessels convoy headed communications ship uss time 45th division landed north_africa june allies largely secured african theater result division sent combat arrival instead commenced training french morocco preparation invasion sicily allied intelligence estimated island defended approximately troops majority drawn weak italian formations german divisions destroyed earlier allies planned land troops including assigned lieutenant general operation division subsequently assigned lead role amphibious assault sicily coming ashore july landing near southernmost objective island division advanced north force eastern flank initially encountering resistance armor division advanced supported landed inland july conducting combat jump war set protect 45th flank german counterattack weapons counter heavy armor rely support armored units german tiger tanks division advanced main objective capture airfields german forces pushed weeks division moved slowly north encountered light resistance italian forces fighting delaying actions italian german forces resisted fiercely hill july days held division allocated drive ordered general cover distance quickly possible spent days city august division withdrawn line rest rear guard patrol duty division assigned lieutenant general preparation invasion mainland italy september italy surrendered allied powers hoping occupy country possible german_army react prepared attack september division conducted second landing southernmost beaches attack opposing elements german 29th stiff resistance 45th pushed week heavy fighting battered pushed german forces september allied forces finally able break establish secure november crossed took division great difficulty moving rivers mountainous terrain advance slow linking advanced south combined force 15th stalled reached january division forward mountains reaching north moving rest area allied forces conducted frontal assault stronghold included assigned detached 15th land enemy lines january mission 1st armored division attached landing schedule surprised germans major general decision consolidate instead attacking gave germans time bring forward oppose landings regiment 45th went ashore landings company advanced north road captured factory encountered heavy resistance german armored units miles lucas ordered rest division deployed southeastern lower january advanced beaches encountered heavy resistance took heavy casualties stopped line perimeter fight battle attrition major german counterattack came early february regiments 45th sent sector reinforce british tank battalion tried recapture repulsed lucas moved rest 45th division left center perimeter west branch months stuck place holding ground repeated german subjected bombardment aircraft artillery february major german attack struck 45th nearly broke february lucas sent famed ranger leader colonel assume command germans repulsed went offensive breaking northeast 45th division forming left half attack german defenses shattered 45th division turned northwest hills rome june 45th crossed rome entered city troops men 45th division allied troops reach vatican june withdrew rest preparation operations time attached seventh united_states_army 45th 36th divisions pulled line italy preparation operation invasion southern france originally planned coincide normandy landings north delayed august shortage landing craft france germany participated fourth assault landing operation august division landed regimental combat teams captured heights meeting 1st special service force german_army pulled short fight overall german withdrawal east following landings soldiers engaged dispersed forces suffering casualties free french forces able advance north quickly september linked united_states_army advancing normandy joining forces slight opposition spearheaded drive gap took strongly defended city september division reassigned advance september division crossed entered western foothills taking remain area month waiting units catch crossing october division remained line sixth southernmost advancing france crossing complete division relieved assigned division allowed month rest resuming advance november attacking forts north forts designed block access plain 45th division crossed pushing defenses time division artillery assets attached provide additional support reassigned new year day january division fought defensively german border withdrawing sent half artillery support infantry division february division pulled line rest training rest period complete division assigned final push german territory 45th moved north area smashed line march taking 21st crossing rhine worms 26th advance continued falling april 20th division crossed april liberated captives concentration camp april division captured munich days occupying city day surrender germany month division remained munich set collection points camps massive numbers surrendering troops german armies number taken years fighting totalled men division slated pacific theater operations participate invasion mainland japan island plans division depart surrender japan day criminal allegations war courts martial convened investigate possible war crimes members division case dubbed massacre american troops alleged shot italian german prisoners july following capture airfield area asked general case dismissed prevent bad press bradley refused non commissioned officer later confessed crimes found guilty officer claimed following orders acquitted second incident army considered court officers lieutenant colonel servicemen accused german soldiers surrendering concentration camp german troops camp guards sick wounded troops nearby hospital soldiers 45th division liberated camp outraged prisoners liberated barely alive victims holocaust entering camp soldiers found filled dead bodies prisoners succumbed starvation minute executions rooms adjacent gas chambers found naked bodies floor ceiling operation soldiers arrived contained bodies skeletons victims apparently died hours entered camp lay died states overwhelmed soldiers senses accounts conflict happened german troops killed investigating incident army considered court officers involved successfully intervened disbanded appointed military governor bavaria placing matter hands veterans said german soldiers killed killed trying surrender admitted killing refusing treat wounded german guards war world war 45th division fought days combat soldiers awarded medal honor service soldiers division received legion merit medals division received seven distinguished unit campaign conflict division suffered killed action wounded action missing action captured non battle casualties total casualties war division returned new_york september went camp texas december division active duty force members reassigned army units following year september national_guard unit instead comprising units states post war 45th oklahoma organization time division reorganized process removed division order battle replaced time underwent drastic reduction size end world war contained divisions active divisions force reserve divisions combat ineffective division retained best officers senior commanders force enjoyed good relationship community 45th time regarded better trained national_guard divisions regardless division troops percent strength authorization percent division officers percent enlisted men combat experience division world war korean war outbreak korean war june looked expand force prepare major conflict invaded divisions occupation duty japan rushed south_korea stand alongside control drastic reductions military spending following end world war divisions equipped worn obsolete weaponry suffered shortage anti armor weapons capable penetrating hulls north korean tanks reinforcement pool initially division provide pool reinforcements divisions sent korean war theater january provided enlisted overseas service later month given new recruits infantry regiments artillery assets unit created week training program prepare new soldiers combat heavy casualties slow reinforcement rates army looked national_guard provide additional units relieve time comprised overwhelmingly high school students recent graduates percent divisional troops conducted training drills division year additionally percent personnel prior experience military service world war division national_guard divisions identified prepared combat based effectiveness equipment training leadership result february alerted sail japan preparation deployment division sent louisiana begin training fill ranks basic training complete division sent japan april advanced training act reserve force fighting korea involvement national_guard fighting korea expanded received warning orders deployment initial struggles september activated national_guard division deployed far_east theater world war deployed korea december advanced training complete following arrival division moved line replace delegated far_east reserve having suffered casualties months fighting 45th remained facto segregated white unit individual unit commanders went great lengths integrate reinforcements different areas ethnicity units fully integrated additionally effort reduce burden national_guard troops division replaced enlisted drafted soldiers active duty force arrived korea half division manpower national_guard troops left july continually replaced active duty troops including increasing number african americans division longer oklahoma unit leaders opted designation time division place battle lines sides largely solidified leaving stationary position conducted attacks ground division command corps conflict deployed assigned protect key routes area seoul terrain difficult weather poor region division suffered casualty december initially division fare improved quickly anti aircraft armor assets mobile artillery continuously chinese positions 45th turn constant artillery mortar attack conducted constant small unit patrols border seeking engage chinese outposts patrols small unit actions majority division combat korea chinese troops dug better trained troops inexperienced 45th suffered casualties frequently attacked division months line chinese forces conducted raids sector retaliation sent tanks raid companies chinese forces ambushed devastated patrol short time later spring division launched effort establish patrol bases old division defended hill series chinese assaults final engagements end war fought repeated chinese attacks line chinese forces frequently attacked old fall year time relinquished command old immediately chinese launched concentrated attack hill forces heavy prevented divisions hill month finally heavily fortified prevent attacks sent assault chinese positions late division held stationary defensive line chinese early north korean forces launched large scale attack hill control ensuing series larger attacks chinese north korean forces produced heavier fighting previous year seen conducted largely order secure better position ongoing truce negotiations chinese forces continued mount concentrated attacks lines forces including division managed hold ground remaining stationary end war summer korean war 45th infantry division suffered casualties consisting killed action wounded action division awarded campaign presidential unit citation soldier division awarded medal honor serving korea korea division briefly patrolled following signing armistice ending war men returned home reverted national_guard status april colors returned oklahoma september year formally ending division presence korea division remained unit participated major actions rest 1950s save regular weekend summer training exercises formation reorganized accordance plan saw establishment 1st 2nd division brigades major deployments events years later year perceived lack need large formations larger reduce number divisions increasing number separate brigades seven place independent separate established received 45th division lineage including shoulder sleeve insignia activated division assets 45th field artillery group later redesignated honors awarded campaign unit award world war campaign unit decoration korean war total campaign unit decorations operational history note similarity dates general commanders beginning general retained korea twin unit activated oklahoma | 45th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25058_No.6SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf training bomber squadron formed served training unit based england world war squadron disbanded formed start subsequently saw combat light bomber maritime patrol squadron world war took disbanded war squadron raised raaf bomber operational conversion unit primarily served capacity time maintained secondary strike capability tasked reconnaissance duties squadron currently based raaf base queensland equipped boeing aircraft january history world war squadron formed england june flying training unit unit initially designated australian training squadron role train fighter pilots service squadron designated australian squadron time western squadron moved day formed june september 1st training wing unit established command training squadrons england squadrons january squadron redesignated squadron units renamed time squadron moved february squadron different types aircraft train pilots including aircraft types outdated suitable elementary flight training date service combat units france like units 1st training wing squadron continued train pilots end war undertaken personnel occupied awaited transport australia strengthen squadron disbanded march personnel left return australia year world war january squadron located raaf station richmond outskirts sydney equipped patrol aircraft redesignated squadron squadron responsible conducting reconnaissance patrols australia east coast undertaking training exercises ran duties continued squadron designated early gained additional role providing conversion training new pilots air gunners squadron maritime patrol activities hindered limitations aircraft obsolete inadequate range bomb load following outbreak world war squadron escorted convoys australian east coast undertook training exercises australian_army ran april crashed near return leg air navigation exercise killing crew members december crashed golf course richmond night reconnaissance flight killing crew members squadron replaced mark lockheed hudson light bombers april modern aircraft capable longer range higher speed greater squadron continued based richmond detachments east coast squadron escorted troop convoys august squadron conducted long range patrols searching german raiders present success squadron continued maritime patrol tasks months outbreak pacific war december time squadron comprised aircraft based richmond based near melbourne late december squadron dispatched malaya good losses suffered squadrons squadron equipped longer ranged january early january aircraft dispatched undertake urgent photo reconnaissance japanese base orders air vice marshal aircraft suffered mechanical problems arriving forward airfield operation conducted successfully january longest photo reconnaissance flight undertaken land based raaf aircraft world war january flight aircraft detached squadron transferred newly formed squadron port new_guinea squadron maritime patrol role increased importance japanese submarines began operating australian east coast june crew squadron hudson attacked believed submerged submarine kilometres northeast sydney squadron gave mark equipped models late august squadron moved established detachment aircraft bay new_guinea bay detachment formed provide reconnaissance bomber support australian garrison expected attacked japanese forces landed bay night august sparking ended allied victory early september squadron flew reconnaissance anti shipping patrols airfields bay battle squadron attacked convoy japanese destroyers patrol boats carrying reinforcement troops bay august squadron claimed damaged destroyer operation japanese force actually damage following allied victory bay squadron continued patrol region near sank japanese transport ship near september based elements squadron moved near town port new_guinea october conducted anti submarine patrols alongside squadron november squadron supported australian_army force engaged track campaign dropping supplies evacuating sick soldiers december near end month squadron conducted night bombing raids japanese included attack destroyer end december squadron concentrated field undertook reconnaissance anti submarine patrols night january japanese aircraft attacked field destroying squadron damaging remainder squadron unable conduct operations weeks attack damaged aircraft subsequently repaired march squadron participated searching barges attacking carrying survivors japanese ships sunk unit high rate flying activities squadron increasingly suffered mechanical problems contributed drop number hours flown squadron march july commanded squadron raaf units new_guinea banned squadron taking combat operations poor condition decided time equip squadron australian built effect change squadron hudson crews flew aircraft australia replaced new equipped september period squadron ground crew frequently labourers aircraft maintain receiving new aircraft squadron tasked anti shipping attacks squadron attack japanese convoy near night october squadron pilot claimed damaged cruiser squadron bombed japanese positions october conjunction squadron addition offensive operations squadron regularly flew anti submarine patrols protect allied shipping november squadron moved wing raaf alongside squadrons november march squadron took attacks major japanese base struck targets region support naval ground forces engaged march squadron mainly undertook convoy escort anti submarine patrols proved uneventful squadron operations hampered mechanical problems issued unit following service raaf squadrons problem continued october received allocation recently built aircraft squadron saw action late late october units wing conducted attacks locations support australian 5th division landing bay subsequent operations island december january squadron moved airfield continued support australian_army operations area new_guinea targets range squadron saw little combat despite limited nature raids conducted squadron offensive operations hampered shortage bombs detachment aircraft deployed late april participate attacks japanese positions near alongside squadrons squadron conducted little operational flying late june commander recommended monthly report squadron disbanded equipped sent active area respond proposal australian squadrons similarly employed time squadron combat operations undertaken detachment deployed july aircraft bombed japanese positions area alongside operated squadron following end war squadron dropped advise japanese troops country surrendered continued anti submarine patrols september squadron posted units located australia replaced squadrons squadron began regular flights bay month squadron remained october returned australia disbanded queensland 31st month squadron suffered fatalities world war operational conversion unit february squadron redesignated squadron unit based queensland equipped heavy bombers squadron formed wing primarily responsible training serve wing line units squadrons training effort increased squadron deployed malaya australia contribution emergency october year squadron deliberately flown cloud resulted british atomic bomb test operation hurricane took place western australian aircraft role determining level caused atomic blast squadron performed similar duties subsequent british atomic bomb tests heavily contaminated flights flown squadron lost day april written collapsed landing destroyed collided ground queensland injured accidents squadron replaced canberra jet bombers early unit operational aircraft july transition canberra squadron remaining posted lincoln conversion flight continued support squadron malaya replacement posted squadron squadron suffered number accidents years damaged result defects aircraft squadron continued training duties new aircraft included regular deployments darwin participate air defence exercises training flights malaya new_zealand early squadron personnel transferred squadron bring unit strength deployed australia commitment vietnam war point onwards squadron heavily engaged training service late 1960s squadrons scheduled equipped strike aircraft mechanical problems united_states_air_force caused raaf postpone acceptance aircraft leading requirement interim aircraft equip squadrons leased squadron equipped aircraft september october proved highly successful severely damaged flight attempted emergency landing cable failed repaired squadron remaining handed october prior delivery squadron arrived june unit flew sorties aircraft 13th month squadron main role remained operational conversion unit secondary strike role august squadron gained photo reconnaissance role issued aircraft modified aircraft concentrated squadron included photo analysts specialised training conducted australia nearby countries occasionally deployed united_states exercises held june squadron expanded include survey flight undertook photo survey flights operation army leased flight conducted surveys south eastern australia northern australia fiji parts indonesia malaysia disbanded squadron replaced purchased training purposes purchase allowed australia mainly strike reconnaissance purposes extended type expected life raaf service assigned squadron unit aircraft transferred squadron squadron typically seven operational point time decided retire replace lockheed martin lightning aircraft time expected delivered result delays program government decided early equip squadrons boeing aircraft interim basis squadron progressively retired months major aircraft type flew september final operational conversion course completed remaining transferred squadron november squadron began process converting years squadron operated bomber reconnaissance unit squadron formally retired ceremony held december squadron declared operational new aircraft days later squadron began equipped january operational aircraft march year squadron super operational conversion course completed october federal government announced plans purchase supplement fleet squadron expected begin taking delivery point transferred squadron squadron expected achieve initial operating capability june operating capacity | No. 6 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25077_CivilAirPatrol | cap chartered federally supported non profit corporation serves official civilian auxiliary united_states_air_force cap volunteer organization aviation minded membership includes people backgrounds lifestyles performs assigned key missions emergency services includes search rescue air ground disaster relief operations education youth general public cadet programs teenage youth addition cap recently tasked homeland security service missions cap performs non auxiliary missions governmental private agencies local law enforcement program established organization title united states code purposes defined title membership organization consists cadets ranging years age senior members years age groups opportunity participate wide variety pursuits cadet program contributes development group structured organization based united states air_force ranks pay grades older members serve instructors operators members wear uniforms performing duties nationwide cap major operator single engine general aviation aircraft execution missions including orientation flights cadets provision significant emergency services capabilities extensive flying opportunities cap members licensed pilots military auxiliary organization headed authority national organization followed regional commands wings states plus washington puerto_rico wing individual groups squadrons comprise basic operational unit organization history conceived late 1930s aviation advocate general aviation potential supplement america military operations help new_york mayor capacity director cap created signed december published december days prove congress major general appointed national commander texas founder cap world war cap seen way use america civilian aviation resources aid war effort instead grounding organization assumed missions including anti submarine patrol warfare border patrols services world war cap coastal patrol flew million miles found enemy boats attacked hit sank dropping total bombs depth charges conflict end war cap members lost lives line duty end world war cap civilian auxiliary united_states_air_force incorporating charter declared involved direct combat activities nature organization overseeing cap changed times included following subordinate command oversight cap flowed star level star level star level subordinate unit star level stand unit lead colonel level incorporation charter cap maintained relationship continued mandated missions congress united_states senate united_states house_of_representatives voted pass bill award members medal presented recognition military service record world war missions mandated missions emergency services education cadet programs emergency services covers emergency services areas principal categories include search rescue missions disaster relief humanitarian services united_states_air_force support services homeland security actions drug trafficking operations increasingly important known search activities conjunction search rescue operations cap involved approximately quarters aerial inland missions directed air force base florida outside continental united_states cap directly supports alaska hawaii puerto_rico cap credited saving average lives year cap active disaster relief operations especially areas florida mississippi louisiana frequently struck hurricanes oklahoma texas frequented large damaging tornadoes cap ground personnel provide transportation cargo officials aerial imagery aid emergency managers assessing damage donations personnel equipment local state federal disaster relief organizations times need hurricanes hit southeast coast united_states florida worst damaged cap instrumental providing help affected areas conducts humanitarian service missions usually support red_cross cap transport time sensitive medical materials including blood human tissue means transportation practical possible following september attacks new_york_city general aviation grounded planes fly site cap aircraft taking photographs cap performs missions combat related support united_states_air_force including damage assessment transportation officials communications support low altitude route surveys cap fleet training exercises prepare pilots intercept enemy aircraft continental united states aircraft flown restricted united_states_air_force pilots practice high speed humanitarian service organization cap assists federal state local agencies preparing responding homeland security needs red_cross civilian agencies frequently ask aircraft transport vital supplies including medical technicians medication vital supplies rely cap provide communications disaster relief operations cap assists united_states_coast_guard coast guard auxiliary assists war drugs cap flew hours support mission led agencies illegal substances valued million makes extensive use airborne real time enhanced reconnaissance system mounted system able evaluate signatures given certain objects allowing system identify example possible marijuana crop education provides aviation related education educational activities members including formal graded courses aspects aviation including flight physics dynamics history application courses covering space program new technologies advances aviation space exploration available programs cap pilots improve flying skills earn ratings mandatory education program order progress cadet number courses tests relating aviation cadets educational opportunities museum tours military civilian orientation rides guest speakers senior members study cap encourages senior members learn aviation history mandatory complete earn education award outreach programs including program cap helps school teachers integrate aviation classroom providing course materials sponsorship members provide communities resources better management airports aviation related facilities promote benefits facilities organization works groups usa fulfill education goal set organization congressional charter encourage foster civil aviation local communities cadet programs cadet program started world war way provide training future pilots program flourished combining education leadership career training today cap cadets members join age age cadets turn senior member remain cadet 21st birthday discretion cadets join military wish remain cap senior members begin active duty cadets join remain cadets activated purpose training cadet progresses cadet program earns achievements successfully passing leadership tests test questions derived reading materials supplied cadets program designed allow cadets fill increasing leadership roles leadership studies questions cadets advance ranks progress stages development phase introduces cadets cap program cadets pass requirements receive wright brothers award second phase begins placing responsibility cadets leaders newer cadets cadets complete leadership phase receive eligible advanced promotion enlisting military phase places cadets directly command cadets allowing cadets accomplish tasks staff members time cadets complete awarded award phase cadet program focus cadets operations entire unit cadets completing awarded award highest cadet award awarded passing extensive cumulative test cadets progress program placed charge lower ranking cadets cadets aren given reign instead expected classes mentor senior members adults program play large role evaluating cadets numerous awards achievements opportunities available cadets allows foster leadership academic environment cadet squadrons located middle schools cap known ready use program teachers conduct leadership training classes students introduced principles flight model leadership cap program similar junior program cap units located classrooms country overseen administered senior members generally composite squadrons senior member programs cadet commander chain command passes deputy commander cadets reaching squadron commander cadet commander reporting directly squadron commander cadet squadrons director positions command levels higher squadron addition deputy commander cadets squadrons leadership officer senior member job military aspects cadet program uniforms customs membership august cap members senior members cadets local units states washington puerto_rico numerous overseas united_states_air_force installations cap members civilians paid united_states government service members responsible paying annual membership fees pay uniforms related expenses senior membership open citizens resident aliens aged able pass fbi background check upper age limit membership restrictions physical disabilities number different tasks members called perform cadet membership open aged maintain satisfactory progress school determined cadet unit commander 18th birthday cadets senior members remain motto members latin cap members service organization core values integrity respect excellence volunteer service senior members senior members members joined cap time past age cadets transferred senior member program happen cadet 21st birthday senior members turned years eligible flight officer grades include flight officer technical flight officer senior flight officer mandatory retirement age cap members physical requirements joining members enter retired status years service physical requirements officer follow weight standards required members wear united_states_air_force style uniforms apply members choose wear uniform designs unique officer grades lieutenant colonel reflect progression training organizational command authority uncommon senior members commanding groups squadrons members superior grades serving current retired members promoted directly cap grade equivalent military grade choose follow standards non prior service members exceptional cases senior members promoted grade cap colonel appointment wing commander responsible administration cap units entire state military enlisted personnel choose retain grade senior members grades cap sergeant cap chief master sergeant available current cap national commander recently unveiled plans cap program allow individuals enlist progress specific professional development program according article subject current design corps cap allows active duty corps upgrade training promotion ranks newly signed corps structure mirror force structure established process promote develop senior members provided optional senior member professional development program encouraged progress professional development program consists levels corresponding grades second lieutenant lieutenant colonel level development components leadership training corporate education professional development chosen designed support organization provide opportunities senior members advantage skills private lives available specialty tracks include public affairs legal administration emergency services finance additionally senior members specific civilian professional qualifications awarded grade basis professional qualifications examples include certified flight instructors attorneys medical professionals clergy licensed administrators promoted directly lieutenant captain cadet members cadet program traditional military style cadet program main missions cap cadets wear modified versions united_states_air_force uniforms hold rank grade practice military customs required maintain physical fitness standards tested knowledge leadership subjects promotion opportunity concept current designed jack held position director 1960s program composed phases learning leadership command executive divided achievements achievements generally correspond grade promotions phases tied levels responsibility operates local unit squadron level weekly meetings weekend activities national wing sponsored events including week long multi week summer activities camps cadets progress program given additional responsibility scheduling teaching guiding commanding cadets units assist senior staff executing unusual cadet officer command hundreds junior cadets cadets given opportunities lead follow hold leadership positions squadron wing activities involved planning activities cadets complete command cadets teach weekly meetings weekend summer events stated promotion act cap similar programs provide significant benefits including significant public relations benefits cadet program awards grade structure cadets rank structure similar united_states_air_force enlisted officer grades excluding general officers cadet starts cadet basic promoted completes achievement unlike regular armed forces possible enter directly commissioned following completion form officer training service academy college etc enlist eventually advance non commissioned officer petty officer status cap cadet promoted cap cadet enlisted grade order achieve rank cap cadet second lieutenant complete achievement cadet pass physical fitness test written tests leadership education exceptions rule promotions cadet cadet staff sergeant test achievements additional test drill proficiency required new promotion system effective drill test cap cadet enlisted grades wright brothers award general award general general august awards earned awarded went united states air force career later pilot air force aerial demonstration team milestone award cadet benefits earning mitchell award grade cadet second lieutenant cadet eligible promotion rank class united_states_air_force cadet earning award promoted age older selected attend according website cadets receiving milestone awards estimated follows mitchell cadets transfer senior member ages receive grade flight officer highest cadet award earned mitchell technical flight officer highest cadet award earned senior flight officer highest cadet award earned cadet waits 21st birthday point required transfer senior member program eligible grade second lieutenant highest cadet award mitchell lieutenant highest cadet award captain highest cadet award activities cadets age eligible orientation flights aircraft including airplane flights flights replaced powered flights discretion wing commander depending availability aircraft cadets years age participate military orientation flights cap wings flight cadets learn fly united_states_air_force united_states_army frequently schedule orientation flights cap cadets transport aircraft hercules iii case army helicopters core cadet activity summer typically day long event cadets intense military structured environment similar certain respects basic military training enlisted personnel weeks 4th class cadet training college air force summer officer training school officers emphasis physically mentally demanding tasks required classes activities classes include education united_states_air_force organization cadet programs drug demand reduction activities include classroom courses physical training leadership development drill ceremonies usually held wing state level available usually military installations active united_states_air_force installations military support region cadet leadership schools provide training increase knowledge skills attitudes leadership management eligible attend cadets serving preparing enter cadet leadership positions squadron conducted region level wing level region approval programs modeled upper programs college stages variation theme cap cadet officer schools cadet schools designed teach basic leadership principles cadet leaders earlier duty positions cadet program oath cadets following oath membership pledge serve attend meetings regularly participate actively unit activities obey officers wear uniform properly advance education training rapidly prepare service community state nation requirement promotion ability oath memory relationship military cap chartered congress auxiliary air_force operating reserve component united_states_air_force federal government stated secretary air_force use services fulfill non combat programs missions additionally shall deemed united_states respect act omission including member carrying mission assigned secretary air_force members subject uniform code military justice command authority members united_states military similarly military officers command authority cap members recognition cap service senior members grade second lieutenant allowed wear collar insignia official dress blue uniform cap members required render military members military friendly foreign nations cap officers commissioned president united_states military personnel required render military cap personnel courtesy cap members expected render military implementation varies widely squadrons military addressing rank informal cap retains title united_states_air_force auxiliary auxiliary status applicable cap members resources united_states_air_force assigned mission air_force assigned mission number cap resources engaged mission air_force communications expenses fuel oil share aircraft maintenance expenses addition cap members covered event injury participating mission times aiding civilian authorities cap remains acts private non profit corporation parent command cap october announced plans cap operational mission activities air_force operations air_force newly created homeland security announcement august air_force chief staff included definition total force accomplish updated doctrine volume leadership expand descriptions total force airmen consist regular civilian auxiliary members inclusion realignment responsible command moved cap officer accession alabama change took place june uniforms uniforms provide distinctive standard set uniform items intended provide positive public image build morale enhance organization membership cap members wear uniforms similar uniforms worn distinctive insignia identify cap members categorized style uniforms style uniforms worn cadets age cadets age senior members meet height weight standards set cap uniform manual addition cap series categorized corporate style uniforms worn senior members cadets age meet height weight standards set style uniform uniforms categorized cap uniform manual environment uniform worn work accomplished uniform types composed united_states_air_force style uniforms service dress uniform class united_states_air_force service dress uniform consisting dark blue trousers light blue shirt tie dark blue jacket flight service cap rank indicated cap distinctive gray shoulder marks senior member officers sleeve stripes senior member non commissioned officers cadet ranks shown shoulder marks pin insignia class identical service dress uniform dark blue jacket tie optional short cadet enlisted wear metal grade insignia collar current style united_states_air_force field uniform dark blue tapes silver text metal insignia collar enlisted grade cadets cloth insignia cadet officers senior members old style united_states_air_force woodland camouflage field uniform tapes metal insignia collar enlisted grade cadets cloth insignia cadet officers senior members flight duty uniform green piece flight suit worn united_states_air_force flight crews styled manner similar flight crews cap insignia worn cap flight personnel dark blue united_states air_force mess dress uniform cap distinctive insignia sleeve worn senior members corporate style cap distinctive uniforms corporate field uniform version battle dress uniform aviator aviator white shirt shoulder marks gray trousers corporate flight duty uniform dark blue version piece flight suit cotton material worn cap flight personnel dark blue jacket worn white shirt gray trousers cap united_states_air_force tie dark blue short sleeve golf shirt cap seal screened chest gray trousers worn senior members equipment operates maintains fixed wing aircraft training ground vehicles national radio communications network owns operates fleet exceed single engine aircraft predominantly aircraft aircraft phased refurbishment program began replacing engines interior paint lower cost new purchases australian designed built seat added corporate fleet fleet carry airborne real time enhanced reconnaissance archer system search aircraft wreckage based signature aircraft types include cap number super ask mainly cadet orientation flights addition cap corporate fleet member owned aircraft available official cap volunteers need arise aircraft search missions generally qualified members responsible safe flying aircraft mission observer responsible navigation communications coordination mission ground observation mission responsible looking crash sites damage clues additionally mission double operator larger aircraft additional aboard providing greater visual coverage additional archer equipment crew include operator archer system depending requirements mission capabilities aircraft cap owns vehicles carrying personnel assigns units use organization missions members use vehicles fuel oil communications costs assigned emergency services mission cap operates national radio network radio strategically located united_states radio communications facilitated specifications applied stringent standards cap radio network designed use national regional emergency existing telephone internet communications infrastructure available outside cap internal communications conducted internet cap frequencies specific locations designated official use information released individuals recognized need know aircraft cap fleet equipped system allows cap send real time images disaster crash site mail address allowing mission informed decisions approximately federally funded systems strategically located united_states additional systems funded state local governments archer imaging system mounted aboard uses visible near infrared light examine surface earth find suspected crash sites evaluate areas affected disasters examine foliage airborne perspective order flag possible marijuana plantations archer systems great success response hurricane katrina archer coordination system hand held radio direction ground teams search downed aircraft ground teams carry equipment person use field equipment includes signal mirrors tactical safety food hours equipment carried ground teams varies mission hand urban direction finding missions small kit gear intensive mountain search rescue require packs provide hours operational supplies tool location rescue extraction lost crashed parties gear includes plus additional water meals survival gear standardized list provided national command teams modify list match needs mission organization organized military model streamlined strictly chain command distinct structure regions wings squadrons flights additional group placed wing squadrons flights wing commander discretion headed national commander currently major general organization governed board governors established federal law consisting members members currently national commander national vice commander members large appointed united_states_air_force representatives appointed secretary air_force members aviation community jointly appointed cap national commander secretary air_force board governors generally meets times annually primarily provides strategic vision guidance volunteer leadership corporate staff volunteer leadership consists national commander staff comprising vice commander chief staff national chief cap inspector general national commander holds grade cap major general national vice commander holds grade cap brigadier general rest national commander staff hold grade cap colonel located outside montgomery alabama headquarters employs professional staff led cap executive director analogous corporate chief operating officer reports board governors national headquarters staff provides program management organization membership support volunteer field units country national headquarters level geographic regions handful overseas squadrons military installations worldwide region commanded cap colonel encompasses statewide organizations referred wings regions northeast middle_east southeast southwest rocky mountain cap units states puerto_rico district_of_columbia coordinated cap wing state wing commander cap colonel sole corporate officer state wing commander oversees wing headquarters staff experienced volunteer members larger wings optional subordinate groups discretion wing commander group encompasses squadrons flights local units called squadrons squadron broken flights squadrons main functioning body squadrons designated cadet senior composite squadrons cap composite squadron consists cadets senior members involved missions composite squadrons deputy commanders assist squadron commander deputy commander seniors deputy commander cadets senior squadron includes senior members participate emergency services education missions cadet squadron largely cadets small number senior members necessary supervision cadets proper execution cadet program overseas squadrons operate independently structure reporting directly cap flight semi independent unit mainly stepping stone new unit large designated squadron nature flights cap structure time flight assigned squadron parent job flight squadron commanders work build flight independent squadron flights temporary units squadron flights dismissed activity meeting created flight squadron assigned letter flight designated charlie flight example larger squadrons flights permanent cadets assigned cap active duty unit operates joint jurisdiction commanded rated cap consists approximately active duty air_force civilian united_states_air_force personnel air_force civil service personnel cap members stationed staff cap members advise assist oversee operations provide liaison cap august commander colonel funding non profit corporation established public law receives funding major sources membership corporate donations congressional private donations squadron group financial support comes donations fundraising units charge membership cap membership donations fund squadrons groups pay equipment rent facilities activities local level today apart member receives funding donations grants individuals foundations corporations grants payments state governments patrolling tasks agreed understanding federal funding fuel oil maintenance plus capital expenses aircraft vehicles communications equipment paid positions located wings paid administrators paid employees | Civil Air Patrol | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25301_174thInfantryBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry brigade united_states_army based fort drum new_york training unit brigade provides operational training readiness units army tracing lineage american civil war brigade deployed world war world war reorganized redesignated numerous times reserve unit united_states_army existence seeing short active duty forces combat role reactivated training unit brigade responsible preparing soldiers reserve national guard deployment battle training maneuvers equipment details personnel brigade instructors combat veterans operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom organization brigade subordinate unit army separate reserve brigade report higher division level headquarters training unit combat brigade battalions headquarters headquarters detachment located fort new_jersey assigned brigade 2nd headquartered fort drum additionally brigade contains headquartered fort massachusetts brigade headquartered syracuse new_york history origins brigade draws origins new york volunteer infantry regiment unit served american civil war called recruited new_york_city auspices metropolitan police organized mustered service years november regiment sailed louisiana december arrival assigned 2nd brigade division preliminary operations port hudson division clinton road engaged plains store took long siege port hudson sustained loss killed wounded missing fall engaged confederate forces cox plantation command end unit lost soldiers killed wounded missing heaviest loss sustained regiment action remainder year spent regiment post garrison duty february regiment consolidated independent existence unit suffered officer enlisted men killed mortally wounded officer enlisted men killed disease causes bringing total number casualties suffered world war constituted august organized august camp new_jersey assigned division saw combat world war like units division brigade labor duties pool reinforcements received campaign world war inscription war camp new_jersey reorganized december louisiana brigade redesignated march redesignated august february unit converted redesignated 3rd platoon assigned division consolidation occurred december unit ordered active military service reorganized rest division mississippi infantry division year world war arrived scotland october trained england end november landed france early december moved 8th went action took troop followed division shifted vicinity near german border december capturing division moving germany launched offensive division placed reserve december december engaging belgium december fluctuating battle captured december december january took january reached january january division moved relieve seized january moved vicinity january attacked captured end month fall february division went defensive february taken night attacks crossed march took march brief rest returned combat march crossing march clearing march division crossed rhine march despite strong opposition consolidated secured april jumped attack carried fell april division took defensive positions april miles czech border took maintained positions day division returned united_states july expecting called play role defeat japanese sudden termination war pacific division fort changed future division september day cold war era reorganized redesignated april reserves activated month birmingham alabama time organized reserves undergoing transformation unit reorganized redesignated december birmingham unit designated following conversion march years brigade continue reserve unit inactive status called participate conflicts brigade withdrawn reserve activated fort drum new_york years later training brigade brigade headquarters reactivated december fort drum reserve brigades activated purpose training brigade headquartered fort drum subordinate responsible early stages training reserve soldiers alerted deployment brigade offers opportunity veterans operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom use skills train new soldiers entering field operations iraq afghanistan training includes convoy live fire training exercises techniques dealing improvised explosive devices primary cause casualties operations summer brigade mobilized fort training april september soldiers trained units land navigation area security urban operations live fire exercises soldiers trained members brigade received distinctive unit insignia shoulder sleeve insignia september items contained allusions brigade honors world war history subordinate army soldiers brigade wear patch shoulders instead later month brigade mobilized north_carolina training mission honors unit decorations brigade received unit decoration united_states military campaign | 174th Infantry Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25475_29thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | 29th united_states 29th 29th known infantry division united_states_army based virginia formation contains units maryland virginia north_carolina formed division deployed france world war called service world war division attached wave troops ashore operation overlord landings normandy france supported special ranger unit tasked clearing strong points rest 29th came ashore later advanced eventually france germany actions subject motion pictures video games following end world war division saw frequent 29th combat years participated numerous training exercises world eventually saw deployments bosnia command elements units division continue deploy locations war afghanistan global war terrorism operation enduring freedom iraq war operation iraqi freedom operation new dawn history 29th division constituted paper july shortly american entry world war division infantry units new_jersey maryland virginia artillery units maryland virginia artillery regiment new_jersey division composed men states units fought north south civil war nicknamed blue gray division blue uniforms union gray uniforms confederate armies american civil war division actually organized august camp alabama world war division departed western june join fighting world war division advance detachment reached brest france june late september 29th received orders join united_states_army offensive days combat 29th division advanced seven kilometers captured prisoners knocked machine guns artillery pieces thirty percent division casualties officers enlisted men killed wounded shortly armistice germany signed ending hostilities division returned united_states camp new_jersey remained active national_guard unit world war outbreak world war united_states_army began buildup reorganization fighting forces division reactivated active service february elements division sent maryland training 57th brigades army wide removal brigades divisions instead division based infantry regiments assigned division 29th 29th 29th 29th counter intelligence detachment march reorganization complete division redesignated 29th began preparing deployment europe division sent england october queen mary based england scotland immediately began training invasion northern europe division moved devon cornwall peninsula started conducting simulated attacks fortified positions time assigned operation overlord cross channel invasion france finally came june day invasion normandy 29th sent support western flank 16th infantry regiment known difficult landing beaches rough terrain overlooking beach fortified german defenders assigned sectors beach soldiers 29th boarded large number attack transports day invasion landing craft tank landing ship infantry ships vessels uss county ships traveling beach heavy seas combined chaos fighting caused landing force thrown course missed landing spots regiment tank support launched far shore sank channel soldiers began hit beach coming heavy fire german fortifications company virginia annihilated overwhelming fire landed westernmost section beach half 2nd landing west catastrophic losses suffered small virginia community led selected site forces ran similar fortifications eastern half beach suffering massive casualties coming ashore landings called lack space beach americans unable overcome german fortifications guarding beach exits lieutenant general commander united_states army considered evacuating survivors landing rest divisions noon elements american forces able organize advance beach landings resumed nightfall division headquarters landed beach percent division total strength began organizing push inland june second wave reinforcements 1st 29th divisions sent ashore end day men divisions casualties added casualties beaches air drops total casualties operation overlord americans british canadians lighter numbers expected entire division landed normandy june june secure division occupied july division reassigned united_states army breakout division cut advanced slowly fighting normandy rows german reserves formed new defensive outside town american forces fought fierce battle miles outside town german forces dense foliage advantage mounting fierce resistance house house fighting ravaged end fight germans relying artillery support hold town following infantry contingent 29th division heavy casualties day depleted intense fighting eventually 29th able capture city direct assault supported taking july division joined battle capturing strongly held city august continued face stiff german resistance advanced key positions southeast reassigned turning west 29th took assault brest lasted august september short rest division returned moved defensive positions line germany maintained positions october november division began drive blasting way reaching end month heavy fighting reduced december december february division assigned held defensive positions prepared major offensive division reassigned attack jumped february carried division march division combat march early april division reassigned helped area april division assigned pushed held defensive positions cleared day division military duty bremen assigned assignment losses decorations world war 29th commanded division high casualty rate said actually commanded divisions field battle hospital cemetery 29th lost killed action wounded action missing action prisoners war non combat casualties total casualties days combat amounted percent division normal strength division turn took german prisoners war soldiers 29th awarded medals honor distinguished service crosses distinguished service medal conflict division awarded distinguished unit campaign conflict division remained occupation duty end near bremen division headquarters january returned united_states january january camp new_jersey october division reactivated norfolk virginia subordinate elements fully manned activated years resumed national_guard status seeing weekend summer training assignments major years division reorganized battle group division organization 29th infantry division short history fighting division says maryland infantry engineer companies reorganized form 29th established 1st reconnaissance squadron established virginia division reconnaissance squadron division reorganized accordance plan eliminating regimental commands favor brigades division took command 1st brigade 29th 29th 29th division continued service national_guard new organization middle vietnam war army divisions realignment resources divisions time division subordinate units reassigned national_guard divisions redesignated redesignated june years landings army announced 29th organized light infantry division reorganization national_guard september division reactivated virginia detachment maryland redesignated 1st brigade 29th division year division received distinctive unit insignia post cold war end cold war army saw reductions spending retained favor assets redesignated 26th brigade 29th largest national_guard training exercise held virginia took place july bringing units 29th large infantry exercise dubbed operation brought guard units virginia maryland massachusetts new_jersey connecticut district_of_columbia exercise began troops 29th 1st 3rd brigades helicopters strategic landing zones nato member forces trained 29th exercise december division dispatched task force near tokyo japan exercises japanese ground self defense force called exercise invasion japan present day hundreds soldiers 29th completed days training june fort louisiana prepare mission bosnia second division headquarters deployed national_guard soldiers states massachusetts california served multinational force operated sector rotation began october lasted months 29th completed week exercise kansas late july nearly soldiers division participated training overseen united_states_army engaged simulation war soldiers exercises covered variety operations ranging large scale airborne civil affairs operations march soldiers mobilized days support operation enduring freedom afghanistan following month train battalion deployed air base afghanistan unit split operational elements element stationed responsible near base security theater north executed kilometer ring patrols increase force security stayed ready react moments notice deploy afghanistan react troops contact requested support element moved south commander control shape operations provinces casualties enemy contact killed attack patrol southern near months unit deploy nearly soldier provinces elections president elected unit united_states july highly decorated efforts mission following hundreds successful combat patrols engagements veterans politicians soldiers representing division went normandy paris france 60th anniversary day landings organized major ceremony 60th anniversary veterans participated invasion 80s time 60th anniversary seen major anniversary landings large number veterans division underwent major reorganization special troops battalion added division command structure brigades redesignated organized brigades 30th north_carolina 29th december division took command eastern region force provide security region division soldiers nato multi national task force consisting units ukraine greece poland romania armenia lithuania command general concurrently served 29th deputy commanding general division returned november month pre deployment train camp deployed kuwait iraq september operation iraqi freedom returning home approximately virginia 29th deployed afghanistan december october 29th security team soldiers assigned nato mission assisting growth development served advisers senior leaders nato coalition troop contributing nations security personnel interacted daily afghanistan replaced november new team 29th team 29th served afghanistan security team july 29th suffered casualty deployment killed february 29th twice sent soldiers germany assist training multinational soldiers preparing head mission 29th performed staff serving subject matter experts enforcing orders systems procedures working help deploying troops achieve training objectives 29th currently serves states east mississippi role 29th prepared assist state national_guard service governors citizens incident response provides defense support civil authority capabilities response catastrophic event conducts joint reception staging onward movement integration forces establishes base support installations forward operating bases sustaining operations july brig took command 29th current organization 29th exercises training readiness oversight following units organic 29th virginia operations company virginia maryland signal company maryland 29th 30th armor regiment field artillery regiment 30th special troops battalion 1st squadron infantry regiment 3rd battalion field artillery regiment 53rd brigade support battalion infantry brigade field artillery regiment brigade support battalion special troops battalion combat aviation brigade 29th aviation regiment 2nd battalion aviation regiment aviation regiment arkansas 1st battalion field artillery regiment harrison arkansas 2nd battalion field artillery regiment fort smith arkansas battery field artillery regiment honors unit decorations campaign legacy 29th featured numerous times popular media particularly role day division actions featured prominently film longest day film soldiers division featured films television smaller roles film war worlds featured numerous video games related world war division advance featured games close combat medal honor duty player assumes role soldier division number soldiers serving 29th gone achieve reasons highly decorated soldier soccer player united_states federal judge historian generals soldiers received medal honor service 29th include world war world war 29th prominent online military simulation group known 29th simply 29th short | 29th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25778_172ndInfantryBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry brigade united_states_army headquartered germany active duty separate brigade active duty separate combat brigades recent activated brigade deployed france world war reinforce line units brigade actions france time completely clear later converted reconnaissance unit deployed world war saw months combat brigade multiple tours duty operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom infamous month deployment longest deployments unit serving campaign recently brigade served month tour afghanistan unit activated numerous times seen brigade combat teams reactivated unit immediately prepared tour duty iraq following series budget cuts force structure reductions unit formally germany organization brigade separate unit report higher division level headquarters instead reported directly consisted battalions companies components included infantry battalions armor battalion field artillery battalion combat engineer battalion support services battalion contained headquarters company signal company military intelligence company armored cavalry company reconnaissance headquarters headquarters company unit located germany unit contained infantry field artillery 9th armor addition brigade contained independent companies 57th subordinate units located history world war separate officially titled infantry brigade constituted august organized 25th month camp grant illinois assigned brigade assigned deployed europe duty world war arrived france september combat record unit world war service clear known depleted force reinforce units lines brigade received world war campaign inscription known fought engagements cease fire signed brigade returned united_states january camp grant camp abandoned june unit organized reserves headquarters headquarters company assigned organized january springfield illinois went including march august world war headquarters headquarters company converted redesignated 3rd platoon assigned march headquarters headquarters company remainder reconnaissance troop december troop mobilized reorganized camp texas cavalry reorganized redesignated august majority involvement world war remained participating army exercises finally staging camp boston massachusetts february shipping boston february arrived france march trained moved germany participated relief 8th defensive positions near march months combat duty europe troop participated amphibious assaults danube inn rivers germany austria assigned seventh fifteenth armies unit day sent prepare operation pacific arriving new_york_city june unit proceeded oklahoma staging camp california august unit shipped san_francisco august arrived philippines september days japanese surrender cold war october reconnaissance troop redesignated reconnaissance troop finally december stationed philippines reconnaissance troop reactivated july continued serving years activation brigade new structure took place july fort richardson alaska army set experimental airborne company commander lawrence new structure unit renamed best use arctic conditions vast area alaska new structure included shoulder sleeve insignia authorized use august distinctive unit insignia authorized june brigade reorganized june reduction infantry battalions reorganized include light infantry battalions known 60s 70s activation known arctic brigades 9th infantry 47th infantry subsequently components fort infantry 60th infantry 37th artillery components fort richardson consolidated administrative split aviation 56th company northern warfare training fort assigned reorganized structure included infantry battalion infantry battalion tank battalion brigade april fort richardson alaska newly reformed transformation late 1990s army leaders including general began shifting army force brigade centered operations separate brigades 1990s army following end cold war subsequent reorganization army divisions saw divisional brigades stationed bases far division headquarters support units brigades difficulty operating support higher headquarters idea separate brigades assign support units allow function independently division level headquarters formations termed brigade combat teams units stationed bases far major commands requiring division level unit support advantage places like alaska europe entire divisions unnecessary impractical separate brigades april reactivated separate 1st brigade unit headquartered fort alaska years later reactivated june italy given airborne infantry battalion existing outside battalions 2nd based korea designed pacific theater brigade located alaska able deploy alaska europe north pole pacific july army announced army new later known combat teams changes brigade included addition vehicles aerial vehicles transformation intended increase brigade mobility operations reduce logistical project entailed billion construction costs training facilities motor pools buildings transformation completed unit formally redesignated october transformation complete brigade army force soldiers new brigade commander changed motto infantry brigade snow hawks arctic wolves early brigade alerted deployed operation iraqi freedom time prepare participated large exercises fort louisiana reserve unit provided additional soldiers assist brigade exercises final preparations deployment operation iraqi freedom august deployed iraq support operation iraqi freedom unit deployed iraq infantry company later attached stationed away rest duties unit deployment included numerous patrol operations searches weapons operations tour ended july unexpectedly extended deployment end november extension unit sent baghdad quell growing violence concerns infamous extension deployment happened units brigade touched home base fort forcing fly staging areas iraq extension occurred unit regular month tour complete making deployment total months result unit action iraq brigade awarded unit award action soldiers brigade killed action wounded additional soldiers units attached brigade killed having returned extended tour baghdad iraq officially 1st activated place december brigade battalions separate companies likewise change units 17th infantry regiment 24th infantry regiment 23rd infantry regiment 21st infantry regiment 11th field 25th company 52nd infantry regiment company 52nd infantry regiment germany grow army plan announced december army activate retain infantry brigades germany march announced activated brigades march formally activated germany 2nd dagger brigade relocated riley colonel commanding brigade time relocated germany unit activated assets 2nd brigade recently completed tour duty iraq activated following unit headquarters formed 28th infantry infantry infantry armor armor troop field artillery field artillery 57th remain attached brigade converts design given organic signal engineer military intelligence companies chemical military police activation brigade began moving components germany grow army plan simultaneously brigade converted structure brigade combat team completion brigade alerted returning iraq fall year deployment set months set start unit month action cycle ended november brigade tour iraq completed tour duty iraq shortly redesignated 2nd brigade brigade began training deployment country soon received orders deployment german military officers trained brigade preparation soldiers brigade soldier troop rotation iraq afghanistan intended maintain previous troop levels countries late fall brigade completed transition brigade combat team redesignated late october brigade began moving equipment vehicles train germany preparation tour iraq containers gear sent train october brigade picked additional kuwait brigade deployed theater december replacing 4th proposal relocate unit white sands missile range new_mexico 7th pending discussions leave heavy brigades europe afghanistan deployed afghanistan summer brigade left heavy vehicles bradley fighting vehicles tanks soldiers spend time deployment patrolling foot normal heavy tracked vehicles incompatible rugged terrain afghanistan deployment brigade responsible province pakistani border controversial aspects deployment formation joint firing base firing support forces district following number budget cuts force structure reductions brigade germany honors unit decorations campaign | 172nd Infantry Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25843_52nd(Oxfordshire)RegimentofFoot | 52nd regiment foot units regimental number 52nd regiment foot 52nd regiment foot light infantry regiment british_army 18th 19th centuries regiment saw active service american war independence posted india napoleonic wars 52nd present major battles peninsula campaign celebrated regiments described sir regiment surpassed arms arms borne men largest british battalion formed final charge napoleon involved campaigns india regiment raised line regiment numbered 54th foot renumbered 52nd regiment foot regional designation 52nd regiment foot given regiment regular british_army regiment designated light infantry regiment merged 43rd regiment foot regiment later known regimental structure period 52nd existence british_army comprised infantry cavalry line regiments household divisions regiments line numbered given territorial designations 52nd case roughly represented area troops drawn rigid english regiments significant proportion irish scots regiments comprised battalion 52nd intermittently occasionally commanded lieutenant colonel infantry battalion composed companies centre companies flank companies regular line regiments specialist light company companies commanded captains beneath battalion comprised men excluding musicians officers 1st senior battalion regiment frequently draw fit recruits 2nd battalion maintain strength sent active service 2nd battalion consequently weaker periods long service battalions generally operating strength seriously strength battalions dissolved temporarily drafted regiments happened 52nd occasions 52nd initially battalion regiment increased recruiting resulted creation second battalion 1st battalion saw action spain portugal 2nd remained stationed england regiment officers men concentrated 1st battalion training light infantry 2nd battalion transferred foot new second battalion raised battalions saw extensive action napoleonic wars time heavy losses resulted reduction 2nd battalion skeleton staff 2nd eventually reformed new recruits saw service holland following conclusion war battalions england 2nd transferred 1st battalion preparation service 52nd remained england campaign disbanded subsequently 52nd remained battalion regiment merger 43rd light infantry initially raised regular line regiment 52nd fought line american wars early indian campaigns light regiment regular british regiment designated prior british_army relied mercenaries provide light infantry conditions demanded temporarily regular line companies regular regiments required include company light infantry training light troops inconsistent frequently inadequate consequently beginning british_army late 18th century duke york recognised need dedicated light troops especially coming war napoleon experienced light infantry early war french british_army bolstered light infantry mercenaries germany british light infantry companies proved inadequate effective french flanders campaign netherlands infantry reform urgent raised later designated rifles decision train line regiments light infantry techniques operate light line infantry sir proponent light infantry model suggested regiment line infantry 52nd undergo training followed shortly 43rd foot fight campaigns line regiments designated light infantry moore wrote 52nd diary evident officers individual soldier knows perfectly discipline carried severity officers attached men men officers method training unlike regiments light infantry officers men expected familiar drill routines including weapons training ranks received additional training encouraged develop initiative self direction field need react direct orders regiments time fought tight formation allowing easy administration orders light infantry worked small groups advance main line complicated calls developed pass orders consequently emblem light infantry regiments light infantry fought pairs soldier cover loading line regiments fired fired taking careful aim targets consideration given light infantry rifles improved accuracy expected difficulty expense obtaining sufficient rifled weapons resulted standard infantry musket issued troops accuracy musket decreased long range french muskets likely took place ranges yards yards provided accuracy point blank range french infantry earlier americans frequently multi shot muskets british light infantry standard ball ammunition light infantry equipped lightly regular line regiments marched minute tasks light infantry included advance rear guard action flanking protection armies forward called regular line formations battles act fortification parties war regarded army elite corps regimental history early history 52nd began standard infantry line regiment colonel received papers raise new regiment numbered 54th foot renumbered 52nd regiment foot stationed england ireland time previous 52nd foot renamed 50th foot regiment posted canada regiment command colonel departed ireland aboard transport quebec route ship ran aground dense fog near coast nova scotia wreck remained intact board including soldiers wives safely transferring effects regimental provisions shore general murray governor quebec sent schooner retrieve personnel belongings carry quebec american war independence years founding regiment saw active service american war independence 52nd shipped america canada arriving boston fought battles lexington major general led main assault bunker hill brigadier leading 52nd 43rd foot support occasion 52nd fought alongside 43rd suffered heavy casualties bunker hill company men left august men drafted regiments officers returned england regiment obtained new recruits introduction county titles regiments resulted 52nd adding indian wars 52nd arrived madras years war spanning second anglo wars second war begun british responded news war france moving french held bases india ali ruler sided french marched british died succeeded son continued war minor campaigns peace treaty signed shortly detachment 52nd took siege 52nd stormed breach command sir lord appointed governor general war sultan resumed attacked british allies known war initially military actions fairly minor 52nd involved battle near regiment fought march near december year flank companies 52nd foot formed party assault defenders abandoned fortress successfully taken cost british soldier wounded assault band 52nd played spur attackers 52nd present february siege battalion company received heavy casualties crossing battle 52nd came aid lord companies exposed danger capture sued peace siege treaty signed ending war august regiment took assault french revolutionary wars war broke following french occupation netherlands january creation assault planned dutch colony ceylon force commanded colonel foot including 52nd left india ceylon laying siege february island british hands 52nd returned britain bolstered new recruits second battalion created 52nd took expeditions short stations returned england january regiment 2nd battalion transferred foot prior transfer men officers 1st battalion converted corps light infantry began training colonel 52nd formed brigade rifles line regiments training undertaken lieutenant colonel devised tactics light infantry training new second battalion raised napoleonic wars battalions 52nd experienced active service napoleonic wars paths occasionally overlapping 1st battalion stationed sicily helped train local soldiers later accompanied moore sweden august 2nd battalion accompanied expedition copenhagen taking assault copenhagen led 52nd landed portugal august 43rd positioned village provide cover army landings nearby companies 52nd posted advance guard encounter enemy battle following battle british commander superseded turn superiors sir sir respectively signed convention commanders recalled england explain actions command british troops sir 52nd colonel october sir led army spain reaching far december reinforced troops england including 1st consisted 52nd 43rd led moore army totalled advance cut short news napoleon defeated spanish held madrid approaching army moore turned men retreated mountain roads bitter winter weather french cavalry pursued british_army length journey set provide rearguard protection british troops core reserve commanded consisted 52nd battalions displayed ill discipline plagued regiments retreat stand buying time rest army away following 52nd reserve reformed comprised 43rd 52nd 1st deployed reserve time protecting crossing river near separated reserve main army marched troops eventual transportation england 52nd remained main army caught french ensuing battle january moore killed army including 52nd evacuated england 52nd 43rd returned peninsula june designated command general lisbon hearing army engagement french undertook forced march arriving mere hours battle march extraordinary achievement covering miles hours time infantry march miles day standard henceforth 52nd generally remained advance army forward party role theirs war february added brigade creating 52nd forming brigade companies holding forward outpost involved july took battle held left main french charge successfully repulsed inflicting high casualties killed wounded captured suffered casualties wellington army retreated lines late acted rearguard french unable defences engaged british army number small skirmishes fought temporary command sir came french divisions fog april engagement wellington later wrote consider action fought french glorious british troops engaged returning england 52nd 2nd battalion joined unsuccessful netherlands surrounded marshes officers men came fever malaria years strength battalion eventually returned peninsula battalion manning outposts near early battle engaged initially set reserve came aid struggling provided fighting retreat wellington retired army rest year battalions 52nd manned outposts constantly moved mark changing french positions january saw siege companies 52nd colonel captured francisco january built trenches main assault enemy fire army artillery breached walls column assault planned january forming column assaulted breach near 52nd led hope followed command 52nd major breach carried fortress taken half hour high cost british portuguese casualties died days later army turned attention strong fortress british failed carry earlier occasion dug trenches near stormed established batteries april deemed ordered storm breach reached ditch french exploded gunpowder defences place toll heavy wellington ordered withdrawal fortress walls achieved encouraging attack fortress taken great cost british casualties days army sacked town revenge 52nd 43rd lost officers men resulting reduction 52nd saw action peninsula soon assault wellington marched men confront french near month armies marched counter marched seeking advantage july wellington attacked battle achieving comprehensive victory reserve battle pursued retreating french august saw army madrid 52nd remained wellington led force attempted siege unsuccessful lifted wellington october 52nd covered army retreat portugal winter retreat bore similarities earlier retreat suffered poor supplies bitter weather rearguard action including skirmish near 43rd 52nd lost men reached november 52nd men clothing set including 52nd described highly men steady aspect mixed little corps attended 43rd good humour relaxed spring army returned offensive leaving portugal marching northwards spain french stood preparation battle took place june held centre allied line took bridges battle proved overwhelming victory british following day 52nd sent pursuit retreating french enemy rearguard august volunteers 52nd involved 52nd crossed france october stormed 52nd fought battles november december february battle 52nd led assault ridge heavy fire advance later described sir majestic seen days end napoleon napoleon april news arrived wellington camp late prevent april battle 52nd city later period 52nd left peninsula bolstered new recruits sent holland sir force unsuccessful attack bergen march spent time belgium returning home england peace agreements finally settled french governor april army left peninsula infantry marched transportation new 52nd returned england june stood dover comrades 43rd official welcome allied visit england later chatham joined 52nd returned belgium transferred 1st battalion january 52nd departed portsmouth embark america fighting war continued prevented sailing time conditions improved news arrived napoleon escape 52nd sent belgium start days napoleon marched swiftly france meet allies formed armies duke wellington commanding commanding 52nd assigned 2nd general adam response napoleon movements june posted west southwest brussels cavalry screen wellington forward army engaged french june later fell remain contact prussian allies retreated following took position near village field wide parallel ridges running west east creating shallow valley allies took position northern ridge army prepared battle june 2nd division initially held reserve placed centre left following french cavalry british squares afternoon adam brigade brought reinforce right position 52nd endured heavy bombardment 52nd reported old officers served war stated exposed 52nd squares undergo occasion hours french artillery mile 52nd squares stood waiting british artillery fired heads activity happening field battle drew close napoleon launched assault british line 52nd left met number regiments including 1st foot guards repulsed 3rd retreat 4th moved forward threaten left 52nd sir wheeled left deploying parallel french column fired left flank watching right later recalled directed fire poured bank fell battle gained seeing 52nd begin advance wellington ordered won stand battalion advanced field later followed bayonet charge general adam guard broke forced retreat having pursued french jean 52nd crossed valley floor start battle separated armies attacked square old guard personal body guard napoleon formed british right inn alliance forced retreat 52nd largest battalion british battalions operating strength men officers present wounded killed later history 1st battalion sent paris remained stationed france 2nd battalion disbanded line reductions army occurred following conclusion napoleonic wars returning england 52nd stationed responsible domestic command col experience fitted posting establish military style metropolitan police service sir regiment posted dublin following years 52nd received number overseas regiment stationed turn new_brunswick nova_scotia newfoundland early 52nd performed garrison duty barbados british units frequently supplemented local forces regiment returned canada posted new_brunswick nova_scotia quebec left canada 52nd later returned india arriving regiment found heat dust india 52nd described great clouds dust rose columns march worse rear order fair chance order march changed daily india indian rebellion took siege delhi artillery bombardment walls attempt city september gate blown party engineers accompanied 52nd won victoria_cross bravery 52nd led assault blown gate amidst action won victoria_cross days heavy fighting city won 52nd remained india returned england sixteen years received ireland england malta gibraltar reforms merged 43rd regiment foot regiment fought alongside campaigns newly combined unit named 52nd 2nd battalion 1st green jackets 43rd 52nd merged rifles colours honours like british regiments 52nd carried flags known colours king colour second regimental colour regiment number centre surrounded following presentation colours 52nd king colour included centre non standard addition second colour regimental buff 52nd case small union flag corner regimental number took centre colours carried battle identification rallying point care attending colours battle dangerous target enemy artillery assault symbolic significance colours loss grave issue extreme measures taken prevent occurring forward positions maintained light infantry frequently bearing colours reason newly raised rifles received colours converted line regiments 52nd retained existing colours light infantry regiments opted carry peninsula 52nd 43rd battle honours awarded regiment performance certain battles campaigns displayed colours 52nd received following honours peninsula delhi decorations regimental badge regimental badge 52nd showed horn suspended knot number horn badge light infantry regiments adapted regiments standard newly formed regiments represented calls orders instead standard line infantry drum regimental badge worn equipment including belts frequently officers shoulder wings war 52nd fulfilled dual role line light infantry contributing fortress assault parties companies led breach assaults known hope dutch lost troop deemed act high honour lead troops faced greatest danger 52nd contributed hope officers survived likely battlefield promotions assured ranks receive commander chance promotion greatly increased 52nd offered recognition survived hope entitled wear right arm badge displaying laurel letters honour awarded 52nd commanding officer restricted 52nd victoria_cross victoria_cross instituted british_empire highest decoration date 52nd merged 43rd soldiers 52nd awarded victoria_cross delhi accompanied party engineers led engineers ordered lay charge blow gate entry city obtained charges detonated sounded advance attended wounded officer explosion party enduring intense fire city defenders explosion party awarded home recipient medal won following assault blown gate carried away wounded heavy fire city delhi morning assault medals display winchester regiment 54th regiment foot 52nd regiment foot sir 6th sir cyrus 52nd regiment foot sir 52nd regiment foot light infantry sir 1st sir 1st sir sir sir sir uniform equipment regiment life 52nd foot wore traditional british_army red coats buff american wars coat long tailed buff buff company wore hat regimental number officers wore crimson silver light infantry regiment uniform accordingly changed light infantry dress origins american war independence uniforms altered allow ease field wings similar worn added shoulders quick removal coats possible time irregular light infantry sought conspicuous dress traditional red coat returned new regular light infantry rifles permitted retain green clothing german regiments line regiments required retain red coat remained duties napoleonic wars 52nd foot continued wear red uniforms buff officers silver lace ranks lace worn pairs red orange stripes according regulations commentator described lace red blue stripes light infantry officers wore short jackets tailed coats line regiments white silver buttons silver scarlet shoulder wings uniform completed crimson match buff turn backs officers generally wore buff grey field officers 52nd wore silver regimental badge light infantry wings designate rank order stipulated star majors crown lieutenant star crown light infantry commonly wore narrow waist belt instead customary shoulder belt 52nd adopt cap retained napoleonic period adorned brass badge green light infantry 52nd officers officers generally carried sabre officers responsible providing paying uniforms consequently variable style decoration present according officer private means equipment consume significant portion officer pay napoleonic era 52nd plain regimental sabre example cost approximately days pay ensign red coat remained standard uniform british_army introduced standard colonial conditions use lighter materials slight change design uniform equipment remained restrictive particularly colonial warfare light bob situation compared enemy light marching order tight red jacket place breast buff leather belts quarter inch thickness nail breadth hang box containing rounds ball weight shoulders square packed containing shirts notions plant cap head point weight equal iron pot place shoulder musket bayonet weighing stone days provisions couple liquid official service uniform developed tropics mutiny india regiments fought uniform white drill standard uniform 52nd regiment white uniforms use field early grey colour purposes discarded coats adopting indian traditions wore shirts shirts dyed 52nd developed wear standard issue forage caps following mutiny regiments returned standard red clothing legacy despite continual merging units legacy 52nd remains 52nd battle honours represented belt badge rifles rifle regiment rifles carry colours museums record actions 52nd hold collections artifacts memorabilia including archives managed officers 52nd recorded experiences regiment notable reverend young ensign carried believed actions taken sir lord 52nd defeat close battle overlooked official dispatches histories wrote memoirs truth regard knew 52nd achieved light volume work history lord regiment 52nd light infantry battle published served primary source historians publish memoirs successfully grandson slavery abolitionist wrote chapter indian mutiny publication book criticised fellow officers 52nd | 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
25869_No.486SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron maintenance unit royal_australian_air_force raaf formed august transport wing operated new_south_wales squadron transferred june relocated april returning richmond august commence maintenance wing newly delivered lockheed hercules squadron disbanded august march 1980s 1990s responsible raaf boeing tanker transports hercules squadron disbanded richmond october functions handed wing hercules squadrons history maintenance squadron established new_south_wales august commanded wing commander allocated strength including officers unit transport wing controlled nos squadrons flying base squadron squadron disbanded february squadron march june wing comprising nos squadrons relocated nearby raaf station richmond squadron role included replacing engines fitting long range fuel tanks equipment occasionally serviced addition maintenance tasks april wing transferred help satisfy federal government transport needs squadron maintained squadron returned richmond august anticipation entry raaf service lockheed hercules official history post war air_force described hercules probably biggest step aircraft capabilities raaf received considering roughly times effective taking account improvements range speed hercules aircraft operated raaf arrival meant time squadron maintaining types transport aircraft hercules heavier maintenance upgrades hercules carried based richmond availability lockheed spare parts caused problems squadron early australian service grounding aircraft year wing disbanded following entry service raaf canada tactical transports april primarily support australian_army overarching wing headquarters hercules considered inappropriate august squadron disbanded equipment staff records divided nos squadrons squadron established richmond february flying hercules consequently march squadron formed auspices service models technicians squadron killed car accident near windsor june unit maintenance program reorganised september played significant role supporting relief efforts wake struck darwin christmas day squadron thirteen hercules available night december new years day nineteen aircraft flew hours carrying passengers pounds cargo operated squadron replaced models having accident free flying hours squadron celebrated 40th anniversary august wing formed richmond february newly established squadron wing controlled squadron flying boeing transports nos squadrons flying hercules respectively development unit squadron responsible operational intermediate level maintenance hercules managed flight ground based equipment operated squadron achieved accident free flying hours years later squadron achieved accident free flying hours maintenance tasks commercial firms beginning late 1980s won year depot maintenance contract following conversion squadron aircraft aerial squadron took responsibility pods australian government employed hercules boeing transport pilots dispute curtailed operations domestic resulting spike operational hours necessitated squadron sending detachments locations country cope increased maintenance demands squadron personnel accompanied hercules transporting australian troops taken united_nations humanitarian operations mid-1990s squadron strength personnel challenges availability spare parts boeing engines undertook heavier maintenance jet base mascot depot level maintenance wing aircraft responsibility wing formed july squadron disbanded october transferring functions nos squadrons | No. 486 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
26361_King'sRegiment(Liverpool) | list battalions king regiment liverpool oldest line infantry regiments british_army having formed numbered 8th king regiment foot unlike british_army infantry regiments associated county king represented city liverpool regiments affiliated city british_army years continuous existence regiment amalgamated form manchester later amalgamated king royal border regiment queen lancashire regiment form present duke lancashire border king notably saw active service second boer war world wars korean war world war regiment contributed dozens battalions men killed second world war 5th 8th irish battalions landed operation overlord 1st 13th fought burma campaign served italy greece king later fought korean war earning regiment battle honour awarded men regiment additional awarded officer attached 10th scottish battalion great war peacetime regiment battalions based united_kingdom colonies british_empire duties varied riots suppressed belfast england middle_east bases garrisoned places west_germany reviews conducted regiment history colonial wars reforms 1860s 1880s substantially reorganised british_army principally single battalion regiments form regiments multiple battalions king regular battalions adopt new title numbering system abolition july battalions 8th king regiment foot 1st 2nd battalions king liverpool regiment 8th foot associated liverpool allocated town 13th regular regiments gained auxiliary battalions integration militia volunteers lancashire transferred king ultimately new system envisaged regular battalion based united_kingdom overseas late 1870s bombed based attack dynamite campaign instigated barracks sustained minor structural damage explosion killed child badly wounded mother soon rioting strikes required battalion intervention prevent disorder battalion moved ireland based uneventful posting 1st responded riots belfast disorder coincided introduction home rule bill battalion returned england years later 2nd king indian fought second war war punctuated battalion overseas service 1880s intent imposing imperial rule britain issued ultimatum consisting demands rejected anticipated invasion began november form progressed transports enabling rapid capture frontier forts capital capital seizure battalion provided escort oversaw exile guerrilla campaign british followed completion annexation january lasting years year king operated small groups pursuing jungle casualties numbered officers men time battalion returned india early 2nd stationed gibraltar overseas service 1st king included year residence nova scotia beginning january battalion provided man guard honour body canadian prime minister returned britain battalion subsequently stationed west_indies second boer war began years later prior outbreak war british boer escalated 1st king formed company mounted infantry underwent intensive training declared october invaded boer force general general held authority british personnel dispersed heavy losses incurred british major engagements war hill retreat british concentrated largest contingent ensued having besieged positioned artillery pieces surrounding hills overlooking town october general white ordered attack northern boer positions white plans described vague ambitious complicated battle proved disaster known british monday 1st king allocated colonel column intended advance secure believed constitute boer left flank unbeknownst half brigade separated column night march following artillery batteries including oblivious morning light brigade discovered right flank exposed distance cavalry french men pinned heavy rifle artillery fire amidst rumours attack town imminent failure evident white ordered column retreat noon artillery provided cover chaos followed prevented greater loss life north west took prisoner enclosed november beginning day siege king commanded lieutenant colonel assigned north eastern defensive sector colonel instituted programme fortification development area construction defences occurred night rain oppressive heat cold limited opportunity rest january king mounted infantry helped boer attempt penetrate southern perimeter late january supplies particularly acute disease town resorted consuming garrison horses reinforcements began arrive south_africa november general relief besieged garrisons general priority divided corps assumed personal command expedition relief effort hindered successive defeats december termed british black week january early february siege ended february king gained volunteer company mounted infantry absorbed battalion britain eventually extended prosecution war august van corporal knight held positions evacuated wounded mounted heavy fire received victoria_cross days later boer forces attacked forefront advance south protracted engagement ended king ordered withdraw having expended ammunition casualties exceeded earned victoria_cross nominal annexation september resolve war instead boer transitioned guerrilla warfare resisted british king concentrated operated detachments occupied networks provided armoured trains detachment overwhelmed december situated near railway garrisoned primarily contingent king equipped gun nicknamed nocturnal attack conducted fog yielded considerable success scores prisoners taken gun captured king attack circumstances controversial general court martial later sentenced major ordered surrender dismissed army author publicly questioned decision contended wounds major cotton sustained revision officer sentence boer war provided opportunity regiment volunteer battalions serve overseas regular forces supplying individual detachments service companies militia battalions numbered 5th 6th war deployed south_africa intact late conflict memorial sculpted commemorate regiment service afghanistan burma south_africa erected liverpool unveiled field marshal sir september world war regiment fielded battalions world war pre war establishment regular militia territorial battalions served abroad receiving battle honours victoria crosses service western balkans india russia died course war battalions suffering average deaths thousands wounded sick taken prisoner specific formations battalions nearly casualties 55th composed entirely battalions king incurred dead wounded missing period january november vigorous recruiting campaign involving pre war personalities lord lord derby facilitated rapid expansion british_army territorial units formed duplicate battalions august differentiate instance designated 5th 5th battalions respectively second line battalions raised home service recruit training ultimately dispatched western replaced line driven conviction war resolved quickly seeking alternative secretary state war lord appealed initial volunteers form new army 17th earl derby proposed forming battalion recruited men workplace proposal proved successful week thousands volunteered service eventually formed 17th 18th 19th 20th battalions collectively battalions known city liverpool battalions liverpool lord derby addressed recruits august began onset war august time 1st king based command lieutenant colonel 1st king boarded southampton battalion landed august 6th brigade original components engaged german_army belgium went retreat sustained september allies resolved stand river east paris having acted rearguard 2nd division 1st king brigade prevented german force cutting 4th guards brigade forming rearguard battery royal field artillery brigade guns earning praise 2nd division commanding officer allies halted german advance battle ensuing retreat prompted allied counter offensive ended battles fought battalion moved north called race sea action battalion captured small village north east battle progressed german command sought decisive victory outnumbered launched major assault november located south 1st king units available defend british lines force half divisions including composite attacked miles extending german units breached places quickly lost momentum gradually pushed desperate defence advanced dense formations effectively led sword wielding officers defence 1st king held virtually destroyed 3rd prussian foot guards concentrated rapid fire artillery support battle end 1st king casualties numbered officers ranks original strength officers ranks battalion dead lieutenant colonel killed sniper october end march king battalions western 1st 5th participated holding attack designed support allied offensive preliminary bombardment failed destroy barbed wire fatally 1st king hail fire inflicted heavy casualties king wounded lieutenant colonel carter platoon managed reach german lines blockade communications trench hour fire allied artillery withdrawing british lines battalion casualties amounted killed wounded missing month later april german offensive began second 4th 6th king major battle second subsidiary action offensive saint 4th king sustained casualties day period majority supporting 4th rifles 27th 6th supported 1st defence hill regiment involvement second battalions fought collectively excess casualties regiment victoria_cross recipient war assisting wounded soldiers battle 10th battalion fought battle june local action losses liverpool scottish neared killed wounded missing officers present surviving unscathed british instigated new offensive september coincide french champagne regions king represented offensive battalions standard infantry pioneers tons gas day battle discharged thousands cylinders strong winds blew gas backwards advance 1st king units having contend partially uncut barbed wire advance 9th king stalled took germans prisoner battalion later assisted german counter attack october battalions arrived year ended including 17th 18th 19th 20th liverpool formed brigade 30th division battle came big push july day battle worst single day casualties british military history earl derby brother brigadier comprised 17th 19th 20th 18th reassigned 21st brigade december 30th division formed attacked south britain suffered majority nearly casualties 1st 30th division began advance left meeting limited opposition completed objectives comparatively minimal casualties losses incurred 18th heavy machine gun fire advance battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel killed shell july intentionally battalion casualties avoid deployment brigade reserves battalions entered offensive battalions contributed attempts capture village july september early hours august attempt 1st 5th 8th attacked conditions rendered visibility poor 1st 8th reached german line trenches entered village situation deteriorated 8th support battalion driven germans continued occupy line trenches isolated contained counter attacks 8th companies 1st surrounded captured 8th annihilated losses amounting killed wounded missing 1st lost commanding officer colonel sustained casualties 1st later received draft officers men wanting alleviate pressure french south believing holding high command ordered 2nd 55th divisions resume battle 9th attack failed proved ill prepared identical starting time objectives actions battle captain attached liverpool scottish gained attending rescuing wounded man land village captured final struggle began september time 12th king contribution regiment casualties ended november allies began prepare series combined allied april plans significantly disrupted german_army strategic withdrawal northern france phased withdrawal conducted february april reduced german miles regiment second line battalions arrived western 57th 2nd west lancashire division february support ill fated britain initiated area april involved regiment 11th 13th battalions 13th moved forward near les capturing men completing objectives south barbed wire varied results 18th consolidated wire relieved 10th 19th 20th eventually withdrawn having suffered heavy losses yards wire casualties king initial phase offensive exceeded battle allies prepared offensive north flanders notorious conditions transformed terrain shell holes trenches mud regiment battalions active stage july august belonged situated sector north territorial battalions overcame second objectives progress difficult confusion prevailed 18th king 2nd nocturnal advance battalions consolidate 30th division initial objective king losses accumulated surpassing 3rd supporting 8th casualties heaviest officers ranks 10th medical officer captain received posthumous second victoria_cross attending recovering wounded spite wounds fatigue battle succumbed wounds august account captain 6th liverpool rifles described conditions endured soldiers area king contributed november assisted defensive actions new year neared acute manpower shortages western left divisions decided adopt battalion system 5th 8th 9th 10th king integrated second line hundreds men distributed king battalions 20th disbanded february strength dispersed liverpool allies germany prepared final attempt achieve decisive victory contingent western march hour artillery gas shell barrage mile beginning operation michael spring offensive pioneers 11th king occupied trenches near attack began companies engaged troops battalion casualties day exceeded reserve 21st 22nd undertake counter attacks largest conducted 19th village battalion advanced darkness uncertain german positions retook original trenches unopposed later came sustained attack holding support lieutenant colonel ordered withdrawal germans overwhelmed survivors capturing wounded situation dire forcing troops withdraw evacuated went retreat 1st king occupying positions near came attack 24th held deteriorating flanks compelled retreat covered men headquarters battalion commander lieutenant colonel murray men command arrived later day march offensive extended soon repulsed allies having lost suffered casualties comparable allied losses germany abandoned operation april german_army launched operation flanders april day battle involved king battalions situated bombardment allied positions began subsequent infantry attack displaced portuguese forces exposing left flank king repulsed frontal assaults heavy casualties continued attacked flanks counter attacks 7th king 5th took prisoners german forces significant gains capturing april british commander chief general issued backs walls order day days later 1st king volunteered messenger having witnessed preceding runners killed awarded regiment victoria_cross 4th king experienced heavy fighting near april casualties despite relentless battles allies discontinued april battle liverpool fought climax 17th having withdraw loss company 18th 19th repelled attackers german_army halted july king 11th battalion disbanded april followed temporary consolidation 17th composite battalion brief unity ended reduced form training august months defensive allies launched offensive area meticulous preparation gave element surprise began 8th prisoners taken hours german collapsed following battle albert begun 21st 13th king suffered casualties captured soldiers machine guns 1st assisted taking war end europe came signing armistice november history illustrated initial reaction soldiers december remnants 1st king marched german frontier ease fixed colours battalion based months british_army rhine joined battalions 13th including 25th reserve served egypt belgium majority disbanded late hostilities end 17th king november battalion sailed russia october allied intervention force assembled support white forces civil war battalion moved based intact short period battalion companies served separately duration stay russia 17th left september disbanded later reformed regiment battalions reformed inter war reductions reduced regiment territorial battalions 8th disbanded early 1920s 9th absorbed restructuring infantry mid-1930s converted 6th 7th 10th new roles 6th transferred 38th king 7th joined 40th king 10th battalion queen 1st king britain control ireland eroded irish war independence 1st battalion deployed county county republican activity british forces frequently subjected movement supporters oppressive measures attempt escalating violence compared regiments operating county king acquired favourable reputation adversaries humane treatment prisoners saved lives conduct described prominent leader circumstances establishment south battalion moved northern_ireland stationed brief deployment turkey army occupation battalion returned england resumed overseas service malta egypt battalion time egypt peaceful comfortable occasionally dealt rioting occasion company deployed jerusalem october greek cyprus demanding union greece battalion reinforced british garrison companies arrived air transports followed sea transported india 1st king posting initially battalion relocated service volatile continued second world war 2nd king continued serve india following armistice war leading special column battalion reached feet high war concluded battalion engage forces personnel remained majority joined garrison battalion reformed hong_kong followed india finally iraq year stationed near baghdad residence lasted years uneventful distinction british battalion serve second world war immediately returning england 2nd king battalion regiment undertake public duties buckingham palace battalion based parts country nearly decade gibraltar garrison second world war regiment expansion modest scale great war battalions list battalions formed including 8th liverpool irish battalion battalions converted armour anti air roles 11th continued wear cap badge black infantry units converted way 12th transferred late regiment battalions 1st 2nd 13th stationed abroad remainder defend united_kingdom possible german invasion 1st 13th battalions serve burma 2nd italy greece 5th 8th western world war formed duplicate 5th served transferring april battalions switched roles 40th 7th king experienced active service 23rd 40th fought acquired nickname italy greece italy greece having spent years gibraltar 2nd departed december 28th previously reinforce egypt battalion landed italy 4th division joined campaign march division conducted opposed crossing final fourth battle 2nd king constituted 2nd main element initial assault schedule minutes lacking artillery support battalion attempted traverse sustained mortar artillery fire boats capsized strong current resultant losses collectively struggled consolidate minefields determined german defence inflicted casualties 2nd king mortally wounded commanding officer lieutenant colonel williams depleted remnants withdrew 14th 2nd king men killed missing wounded months battles captured broken allies captured rome june 2nd king fought subsequent advance king captured fierce battle involved 4th later secured defended counter attack earning regiment unique battle honour british_army months service difficult mountainous terrain heavy casualties battalion awarded mentioned despatches recipients single secured fortified farmhouse major leadership conduct december deployed greece reinforce british forces embroiled country civil war conflict greece government forces communist partisans followed vacuum created german withdrawal partisans sought establish new political authority confronted british supported government exile ordered hours flown december 2nd king engage partisans brief action seizing occupied barracks cost casualties seven week internal security employment instances house house street fighting athens mid january city cleared insurgents agreed followed agreement february king remained year support tense peace left cyprus burma 13th raised october coastal defence england assigned home battalion sailed india december coinciding japan entrance war intended internal security garrison duties 13th strength contained men old medically downgraded condition result men trained japan occupied burma allies formed unit intended penetrate deep japanese lines india 13th king provided majority british contingent formally designated commanded brigadier organised groups operation began february group commanded formed 13th king divided independent columns nos commanded majors battalion japanese opposition encountered initially allowing cross advance burma took similar operation formed columns expedition suffered heavy casualties fought japanese lines killed crash march decided break remaining formations converted airborne infantry battalions 1st king converted 15th king parachute regiment joined attached 44th remained rest war normandy germany 5th 8th received specialist training preparation planned invasion france selected form nucleus 5th objectives maintaining beach organisation securing positions providing defence counter attack invasion neared battalions moved camps ports southern england embarked aboard landing ship tanks liverpool irish embarked aboard monarch passenger ship served belfast liverpool line war having delayed invasion fleet proceeded normandy june king battalions landed day 5th sword 3rd british infantry division companies liverpool irish landed assault wave intense machine gun mortar fire landing major company proceeded allowing establish command post reaching sand dunes contrast company sector late arrival reconnaissance party tanks exposed landing infantry heavy machine gun fire company officer commanding second command wounded sword moved inland 5th king attempted hostile positions casualties included lieutenant colonel killed sniper platoon lieutenant mortally wounded attack german position captured soldiers fire beach groups collected wounded dead located marked minefields attempted maintain organisation directed vehicles troops inland battalions operated beach groups weeks depleted disbanded august strength having transferred units reinforcements 5th king survived reduced disbandment avoided determination lieutenant colonel argued nearly senior unit active allies advanced nazi_germany february began form dedicated units secure important objectives equipment installations intelligence personnel 5th king provided nucleus target force elements 5th reached naval port kiel securing cruiser admiral hipper taking sailors prisoner battalion continued conduct intelligence operations disbandment july process followed command lieutenant colonel 1st king 15th king remained india responsibility area north east standard infantry battalion departed liverpool late april 2nd king deployed weeks battalion carried internal security duties prelude israel establishment weeks return cyprus army reduced strength 2nd king chose absorbed 1st lineage terminated september battalions amalgamated ceremonial parade attended honorary colonel regiment major general battalion posted west_germany shortly moved february korean war battalion ordered korea june korean war entered period stalemate trench warfare prevailing liverpool king embarked aboard hong_kong underwent training landing korea september replacing 1st 29th 1st king took defensive positions moving miles seoul battalion time proved uneventful night patrols clashed chinese troops battalion withdrew reserve months important feature known hook crescent shaped ridge scene intense fighting commonwealth forces chinese night chinese forces commenced sustained bombardment hook defended duke wellington regiment days later company king conducted nighttime raid chinese positions known raid second lieutenant platoon intended execute actual attack inadvertently minefield suffering wounded strength attack abandoned forcing company withdraw wounded british lines protection artillery king moved right sector hook company platoon company reserve attached hours battle began heavy artillery barrage targeted positions minutes successive chinese waves attacked king moved forward reinforce point position soon came attack infantry companies attack repulsed assistance commonwealth artillery chinese directed attention king point troops assembled 1st king lieutenant colonel called artillery tank machine gun fire effectively destroyed battalion sized formation fighting continued british cleared remaining troops hook approximately british casualties numbered including killed chinese losses estimated killed wounded 1st king left korea hong_kong october time battalion suffered dead wounded men served king korea regular soldiers rest national service king moved britain posted west_germany following year final return home amalgamation defence white paper known secretary state war duncan announced government intention reduce army overseas responsibilities abolish national service regiments units amalgamation disbandment decision merge king dismayed serving retired personnel regiments share historical connection 63rd west suffolk regiment foot constituted 8th foot second battalion redesignated june colours regiments time presence queen mother manchester liverpool formally came september july successor regiment amalgamated joining form duke lancaster regiment surviving territorial battalion king liverpool 5th retained identity reduced company lineage later company formation company integral component duke contained liverpool scottish platoon victoria_cross recipients battle honours regiment battle honours follows martinique delhi afghanistan burma defence south_africa great war retreat albert road wood line canal france flanders macedonia india afghanistan second world war normandy landing line capture line italy athens greece burma hook korea regiment regiment kings liverpool regiment lord sir king regiment liverpool sir grant sir brig general | King's Regiment (Liverpool) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
26419_ArmyoftheRhineandMoselle | army rhine army rhine french field units formed april merging army army figured principal campaigns war coalition unsuccessful campaign concluded removal command army command proved successful time changes inaugurated french military reform taken hold september army rhine merged form purpose formation military planners paris understood upper south western german territories danube river basin strategically important defense republic rhine formidable barrier french perceived austrian aggression state controlled crossings controlled river finally ready access rhine rhine bank german states switzerland gave access upper danube river valley french control point offered immense strategic value french reliable approach vienna undoubtedly armies state disruption experienced soldiers fought raw volunteers urged revolutionary special representatives agents legislature sent cooperation military old officer class emigrated cavalry particular suffered departure artillery arm considered old nobility inferior assignment affected emigration survived intact problems acute following introduction mass conscription french commanders walked fine line security frontier victory protect regime paris hand desperate condition army constantly suspicion representatives new regime price failure evolution successes particularly northern theater war right flank armies center later army army north army combined form remaining center left flank united initially november formally april command order battle formation army included battalions squadrons total men infantry cavalry artillery standing june commander chief chief staff commander artillery commander engineers campaign april january saw austrian armies overall command count defeat attempt republican french armies cross capture fortress start campaign led confronted army lower rhine north lay opposite army upper rhine south august crossed quickly seized advanced south completely army surprise capture french armies held significant east bank rhine french away promising start offensive opportunity seize supply base strangely beat october forced retreat west bank rhine time sealed french temporarily picture austrians defeated left wing army battle moved west bank november gave successfully wrapped siege january concluded armistice french allowing austrians retain large portions west bank campaign entered contact french treason bad actual cause french failure campaign armies coalition included imperial contingents infantry cavalry states amounting including autonomous corps sizable force eighteenth century standards moderate force standards revolutionary wars total troops stretched line switzerland north_sea troops stretched swiss italian border adriatic furthermore portion troops corps pulled july support activities italy troops comprised bulk army thin white line infantry cover territory frankfurt sufficient depth resist pressure opposition spring drafts free imperial cities imperial estates augmented force men largely placed charles like use militias compared french coverage charles half number troops covering mile stretching near furthermore concentrated bulk force commanded confluence rhine main river attack likely offered gateway eastern german states ultimately vienna good bridges crossing relatively defined river bank north autonomous corps stretched thin line french citizen army created mass conscription young men systematically old men tempered teenagers young adults reputation rumor france furthermore army entirely dependent support countryside april pay metallic value pay spring early summer unpaid french army constant mutiny border town revolted june 17th frequently companies rebelled assault german states essential far french commanders understood terms war aims practical terms believed war pay budget payment feeding troops battles june saw republican french divisions commanded attack wing army led duke ferdinand frontal attack combined flanking maneuver forced austrians retreat future france played significant roles engagement division commander brigadier leader flanking column battle occurred war coalition larger conflict called wars french revolution located state germany kilometers east located distance kilometers north frankfurt opening began attack south won sufficient maneuver room east bank supposed join remainder distraction austrians duke moved north oppose cross rhine far south army carried scheme perfection allowing cross rhine june plan lure north army breach rhine defenses south strategy worked designed charles came north heavy forces drive successfully mounted assault crossing rhine near june french executed simultaneous crossings advance guard preceded main force infantry cavalry directed bridge force consisted recruits provided members literally raw recruits field hands day laborers drafted service spring year outnumbered reinforced stationed north river easier cross far away support smaller force troops force reach time relieve troops day divisions river thrust contingent reformed july managed hold city reinforcements arrived charles army away french formed river near executed crossing advanced east german shore rhine 16th 50th brigades 50th line infantry squadrons cavalry included 3rd 7th 10th imperial armies danger french pressed hard moved quickly east shore rhine coalition army east prevent charles executed orderly withdrawal columns valley bavaria trying maintain consistent contact flanks column withdrew mid july column near column included corps retreated eventually fourth austrian column smallest battalions squadrons general marched length northern shore austrian city given size attacking force charles withdraw far bavaria align northern flank perpendicular line autonomous corps prevent flanking south resist french onslaught course withdrawal abandoned french end july thousand charles men executed dawn attack camp remaining thousand french immigrant troops disarmed weapons charles withdrew east neutral zone expanded eventually encompassing southern german states summer summer fall included conflicts southern territories german states armies coalition armies sought flank mid summer situation looked grim coalition continued withdraw east northeast despite charles orders unite appeared probable succeed flanking charles driving wedge force august crushed charles force forcing withdraw east recognized danger changed direction moving corps join charles northern flank august charles inflicted defeat french day commanders lost battle french regardless tide turned coalition favor lines moving far german states separated far offer aid security coalition concentration troops forced wider wedge armies similar french tried charles french withdrew rhine charles pressed forward september attempted halt retreat received word defeat withdraw southern germany pulled troops supervising rear guard austrian corps commanded drew close lost prisoners standards artillery followed sensible distance armies clashed mortally wounded coalition victory french withdrew south west formed battle principal actions summer fall organizational command problems army rhine experienced command problems early operations campaign entirely french failure difficulties army faced especially situation competition direction revolution headed originally dedicated placed command undermined previous year appointment commander army revolution waned late leaning heavily royalist cause replaced later actions associate friend recently executed offered services having received title subdued paris rose insurrection convention bread riots april undeniably capable possibly brilliant popular commander began second campaign crossing october taking drove austrians rhine instead going winter quarters prepared army winter campaign difficult proposition eighteenth century december brigades crossed ice stormed january army crossed entered january surrendered 16th prussian british armies withdrew fled safety bremen succeeded avoiding frozen arrived amsterdam january revolution french occupied rest month major victory expulsion coalition low countries successful occupation alliance new marked unique episodes capture dutch fleet frozen french exceptional discipline french battalions amsterdam faced opportunity richest city europe showed remarkable self restraint consequently took united command armies north rhine crossed rhine force held position hero revolution took allowed colleague defeated understood paris betrayed plans enemy following eighteen months participated conspiracy return coronation king france school campaigns army rhine participated provided exception experience extraordinary young officers volume analysis emphasized importance experience conditions object training received early years war varied theater served character army belonged experience young officers experienced men unfortunate arrested participation army particularly contrasting campaigns disaster mixed success provided young officers like captains time valuable experience furthermore tested class enemy commanders example analysis singular lengthy volumes address detail value school singled french revolutionary army finest school world seen trade arms resurrection regime civil dignity allowed emperor napoleon strengthen newly created power rewarding valuable generals served command campaigns italy egypt soldiers held significant commands french revolutionary wars subsequently senior generals promoted different occasions mainly following major battlefield victories members subsequent incarnations named napoleon regime army included future commander chief saint joseph old man named honorary marshal awarded field position campaigns cavalry commander came command south german swiss campaigns served right hand man swiss campaign like competent inspired regimental commander saint participants campaign received honors fourth fifth promotions commanders | Army of the Rhine and Moselle | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
26551_No.72WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing operated world war formed april queensland led group captain wing soon deployed dutch new_guinea comprised squadrons flying fighters dive bombers succeeded group captain wing took defence undertaking interception patrol occasional ground attack anti shipping duties july original squadrons disbanded transferred operational formations netherlands east indies squadron arrived operating remained february wing headquarters returned australia disbanded following month history wing formed april queensland command group captain early month headquarters deployed described official history raaf world war little port dutch new_guinea controlling squadron flying fighters squadron fighters squadron dive bombers wing purpose assist defence operating undertook air defence patrol tasks western new_guinea making contact enemy forces exchanged fire japanese bombers escaped cloud airfield completed late june nos squadrons began arriving early month wing acquired operational base unit medical receiving station mobile fighter sector headquarters relations strained opinion problems understood mountains posted july lead bombing gunnery establishment south_australia later year form wing group captain charge fighter wing darwin assumed command wing following enemy contact generally sporadic inconclusive september force thirty japanese bombers escorting fighters heading intercepted fourteen wing guns failed fire oil contact australian aircraft claimed bomber fighters destroyed loss squadron fully operational september mainly given patrol duty rarely saw enemy activity following month squadron converted transferred new formation wing controlled units thursday island field late early squadron actively engaged air defence enjoying success japanese bombers escorts participating attacks infrastructure shipping dutch new_guinea squadron departed april squadron subsequently reduced transferred nos replaced dutch australian squadron arrived canberra early operational 9th month month handed command wing group captain july squadron withdrawn queensland reduced status ahead converting heavy bombers eventually serving new formation wing departed september establish army cooperation formation wing raaf units late squadron remained february declared non operational squadron returned operational status departed eventual service april year wing headquarters returned disbanding june | No. 72 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
26784_ListofOps(B)staff | list staff deception planning department second world war established united_kingdom april section charge operational deception planning western major contribution operations bodyguard cover plan allied invasion normandy originally colonel department suffered lack authority resources december replaced colonel member middle eastern force deception department expanded dramatically wild split department operations intelligence sections lieutenant colonel retained charge wild placed read command immediately expanded staff bringing brother liaison officer secretary operations section expanded american officers major sam hood force alumnus joining department july wild won power struggle charge deception planning france consequently involved role sent france head forward section accompanied american officers lieutenant colonel major alfred moody end october american members department returned home leaving entirely british staff brigadier john original head joined university second lieutenant march appointed head deception section held rank colonel main task planning success complexity operation limited resources disposal lieutenant general time senior officer supreme commander having appointed viewed colonel force private army command december read replaced colonel reorganised head operations section deputy following allied invasion france deputy assistant chief staff appointed officer order british empire citation recognised work france retired army having attained rank brigadier colonel deputy cairo april end scheduled expansion assist bodyguard deception cover plan day landings clarke secretly suggested wild department head december year wild sent london believed leave assessed appointed role wild expanded divided sections operations intelligence received greater power including control information flowing double agents wild help planning major segment bodyguard plan situation long force alumnus lieutenant colonel brought head force operational deception unit wild clashed personal professional level eventually rewrote large portions plan pushed supporting role july wild wrestled control operational deception planning sent portion department plus american officers barnes france forward section remained rest staff read section lieutenant colonel son major like father educated oxford later soldier major joined alongside department intelligence officer colonel setting unit felt require operational capabilities intelligence remain arrival wild handed control expanded intelligence section included brother civilian secretary liaison officer following end war sent germany alongside brother search files german intelligence question officers asked write history deception western_europe including work including members prior wild arrival small staff consisting american officers january wild expanded staff include additional american officers experienced deception staff force cairo operations intelligence london gazette london gazette supplement february london gazette supplement war record recommendation award order british empire april | List of Ops (B) staff | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
26785_No.1OperationalConversionUnitRAAF | operational conversion unit raaf operational conversion unit operational training unit royal_australian_air_force raaf formed january raaf base queensland role convert pilots english bombers flown nos squadrons unit complement included dual control trainers bombers originally component wing independent unit april focus provision operationally ready pilots service squadron vietnam war disbanded june following withdrawal squadron raaf canberra unit squadron ran conversion courses disbanding history world war royal_australian_air_force raaf established operational training units convert recently graduated pilots advanced trainers combat aircraft add fighting ability flying skills learned post war saw disbandment operational conversion new pilots responsibility line squadrons practice impacted squadrons standard duties advent korean war introduction jet aircraft necessitated formal training system air_force initial direction establish fighter operational training unit new_south_wales march renamed fighter operational conversion unit september december bomber wing headquartered queensland took delivery australia jet bomber years built australia equipped wing flying units nos squadrons period operational training new bomber performed house wing primarily squadron aside adverse effect regular flying duties task technically challenging potentially dangerous virtue canberra designed pilot single control column january bomber operational conversion unit formed coming control wing purpose convert pilots canberra train operations nos squadrons establishment unit commanded squadron leader equipped bombers trainers dual control model seats pilot instructor sat cockpit navigator seated models purchased britain unit subsequently allocated trainers built seven dual control models converting early british built bombers student underwent bombing navigation instruction simulated operations training course graduated april training course existence flew operational sorties involving naval cooperation aerial photography target radar targeting participated exercises malaysia new_zealand runway upgrades unit based month raaf base richmond new_south_wales later year briefly maintained detachment queensland september intercepted sabre fighter squadron based little known plan effect guard possible attack indonesian forces following recent establishment suffered fatal accident february canberra ran runway crashed killing crew members unit independent wing april role provide trained crews solely squadron active duty vietnam war time maintenance responsibilities transferred squadron relevant staff equipment nos squadrons effectively ceased operations crews underwent conversion expected enter service soon delivery delayed nos squadrons began operating leased interim strike force prepare rotation squadron vietnam students participated exercises august utilised radar controlled squadron september october conjunction australian_army unit lost canberra training flight crashed near march march april unit aircraft flew miles australia conduct seven flying displays raaf golden jubilee celebrations having completed thirty conversion courses years operation disbanded june following withdrawal squadron vietnam unit staff transferred squadron continued operate canberra carry operational conversion disbanding june storage remainder including surviving trainers taken squadron eventually entered service wing squadron took responsibility conversion training squadron acted lead strike unit canberra allocated service squadron vietnam went display victoria | No. 1 Operational Conversion Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27027_1stAirborneDivision(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom airborne infantry division british_army second world war division formed late world war british prime minister winston_churchill demanded airborne force initially command division airborne divisions raised british_army war created units divisions missions parachute landing france mission norway raids division sent north_africa end fought tunisia campaign allies invaded sicily july division undertook brigade sized landings carried infantry 1st second far completely successful took amphibious landing operation allied invasion italy september december minus 2nd returned england began training preparing allied invasion normandy involved normandy landings june held reserve september took operation market garden division polish 1st temporarily attached landed miles german lines capture crossings fought failing achieve objectives division surrounded took heavy casualties held days survivors evacuated remnants returned england soon division fully recovered losses disbanded end war europe depleted formation took operation norway tasked german occupation army returned england disbanded november background impressed success german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating force parachute troops result june commando assumed parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing june formed airfield near manchester tasked primarily training parachute troops directed investigate use transport troops battle time contracted general aircraft ltd design produce purpose result capable transporting soldiers assault training purposes success british airborne raid prompted expand airborne force creation develop plans convert infantry battalions parachute battalions joint army air force memorandum approved winston_churchill recommended british airborne forces consist parachute brigades based england middle_east force men created formation history existing 11th renamed 1st newly raised 2nd formed new airborne formations commanded brigadier later command 2nd formed volunteers ages thirty serving infantry units men unit allowed volunteer october promoted named commander parachute ordered form headquarters develop train airborne forces unit formed 1st october conversion mountain warfare trained 31st commanded brigadier brigade comprised battalions 1st border regiment 2nd 2nd oxford 1st royal rifles men unsuitable airborne forces replaced volunteers units end year command headquarters expressed opinion force sacrificed penny urged formation brigade permission finally granted july 2nd commanded formed 2nd assigned existing new battalions converted line infantry units 5th scottish parachute battalion converted 7th queen 6th 10th comprising 7th previously 10th 8th converted 13th previously 10th formed november assigned division soon 1st left division landings north_africa april commander 1st promoted given command division later year division deployed tunisia operations mediterranean theatre battalions 1st brigade 1st royal rifles 2nd oxford remained england forming nucleus newly raised arrival reinforced formed middle_east addition raised british troops stationed india comprised 10th 11th raised troops based egypt palestine division took brigade sized operations sicily amphibious assault taranto italy fighting italy major general divisional commander predecessor died wounds received fighting service mediterranean division returned england december leaving 2nd independent formation division arrived england posted india oversee formation 44th replaced major general september operation market garden netherlands 1st attached division following market garden fewer men sent netherlands returned british lines having suffered severe casualties disbanded surviving men posted 1st division went period reorganisation fully recovered end war acute shortage manpower british_army strength sent norway german army occupation returning britain november disbanded operational history france known raid raid objective german radar installation france extensive coastal defences erected germans protect array thought commando raid sea heavy losses garrison sufficient time radar equipment destroyed decided airborne assault followed sea borne evacuation ideal way surprise garrison seize technology intact night february company 2nd command major france miles installation force proceeded assault villa radar equipment kept killing members german garrison capturing installation brief fire fight technician come force partially dismantled radar array removed key pieces britain raiding force retreated evacuation beach detachment assigned clear beach failed brief fire fight required eliminate germans guarding beach raiding force picked small number landing craft transferred motor gun boats brought britain raid entirely successful airborne troops suffered casualties pieces radar brought german radar technician allowed british scientists understand german advances radar create counter measures advances norway british airborne operation conducted target chemical plant norway produced heavy water nazi germany german atomic weapons programme come close able develop nuclear order function require great deal heavy water source water plant occupied british government learned german nuclear developments decided raid launched destroy plant deny germans heavy water tactics discussed discarded impractical finally decided small force comprising land short distance plant demolish explosives aircraft left scotland night november managed reach norwegian coast able reach objective pair suffered navigational difficulties severe weather resulted tow rope snapping crash landing aircraft returning base airborne troops killed outright severely injured survivors captured shortly crash second pair fared worse aircraft crashing mountain unknown reasons men killed outright survived taken prisoner prisoners survived long poisoned executed result stated personnel killed immediately captured sicily operation turkey known supply mission north_africa took place march august mission undertaken division pilots squadron royal_air_force preparations allied invasion sicily mission involved halifax bombers miles england tunisia needed complement smaller american capacity required planned operations mission german patrol aircraft located shot halifax combination altogether lost arrived tunisia time participate invasion sicily assault 1st near syracuse began july invasion sicily brigade equipped objective land near town syracuse secure ultimately control city strategically important docks way sicily released early aircraft crashed sea drowning men remainder men arrived bridge successfully captured held time relieved finally ammunition expended soldiers remaining surrendered italian forces italians sought demolish bridge regaining control unable airborne forces removed explosive charges troops brigade landed sicily destroyed communications links captured artillery batteries operation division second mission sicily carried 1st objective bridge intention parachute brigade borne forces support land sides river battalion seized bridge battalions establish defensive positions north south hold bridge relieved advance landed south eastern coast days previously start operation disaster aircraft carrying north_africa shot damaged turned friendly fire enemy action action taken pilots scattered brigade large area equivalent companies troops landed correct locations despite defence german italian forces british captured bridge resisting attacks north south held increasing odds nightfall relieving force led 50th short transport found hard going reach parachute brigade mile away halted night time casualties mounting supplies running short brigade commander relinquished control bridge germans following day british units joined forces armour support attempted recapture bridge finally secured days start operation battalion led established northern bank river italy operation amphibious landing italian port taranto allied invasion italy september mission planned short notice following offer italian government open ports taranto heel italy allies selected undertake mission time located north_africa shortage transport aircraft meant division land parachute landing craft area allocated landings western coast instead division transported mediterranean ships royal_navy landing unopposed airborne division successfully captured ports taranto later adriatic coast working order german forces area elements german 1st engaged advancing british fighting withdrawal north end september advanced miles reinforcements infantry divisions 8th indian british landed allowed airborne troops withdrawn taranto despite casualties italy relatively light killed watching assault 10th mortally wounded burst machine gun fire replaced brigadier previously commander england december division returned england begun training operations supervision scheduled normandy landings plan drawn division support invasion beaches delays experienced plan turned required 6th fighting normandy numerous plans parachute france formulated avail june july plans included landing west support seize airfield support intended support capturing operation lucky strike objective seizing bridges operation sword division port brest destroy operation hands intended support army seizing airfield august division waiting deployed plans envisioned larger force operation involved division 52nd 1st polish landing close gap paris operation force seize bridges support force seize assault flying bomb sites near end month units formulated seize crossings drawn early september involved entire landing belgium trap retreating german armies estuary aiming threaten antwerp finally september division brigades land netherlands capture river crossing bridge second bridge bridge planning advanced september mission cancelled instead new operation proposed objectives carried divisions operation market garden airborne assault divisions netherlands september including 1st american secure key bridges towns expected allied axis advance north 1st airborne supported 1st landed secure bridges initially expecting easy advance planned reach airborne force days 1st airborne landed distance objectives quickly hampered unexpected resistance especially elements 9th 10th divisions small force able reach road bridge main body division halted outskirts city unable advance north quickly anticipated failed relieve airborne troops days small british force bridge overwhelmed rest division trapped pocket north river sufficiently reinforced poles arrived southern bank days fighting shattered remains airborne forces eventually withdrawn south rhine 1st airborne lost men battle saw combat norway post war immediately europe day sent strong german occupation army norway division maintained law order arrival remainder force occupation force time norway division tasked supervising surrender german forces norway preventing sabotage important military civilian facilities delivered general commander german forces stationed norway 1st landed near oslo transport aircraft carrying division landed safely crash caused fatalities division encountered little expected german resistance operational duties included welcoming looking allied prisoners war arresting war criminals supervising clearing minefields norway division able investigate happened airborne troops taken division returned britain disbanded august order battle commanders major general major general major general major general units 1st 2nd troops divisional headquarters signal squadron 1st light regiment 1st forward airborne observation unit 21st independent parachute company 1st airborne reconnaissance squadron 9th airborne field company airborne airborne light company field park detachment field security section | 1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27221_CorpsofColonialMarines | marine units raised slaves service americas british behest units created different times later disbanded military threat disappeared corps small unit served caribbean october recruited slaves address shortage military manpower caribbean locally recruited men susceptible tropical illnesses troops sent britain corps followed practice british_army recruiting slaves soldiers second substantial corps served august greater corps stationed atlantic coast smaller body occupying fort gulf_coast florida recruits accepted escaped slaves gained freedom coming british hands unwilling join establishment force sparked controversy time slaves representing psychological threat slave owning society americas consequence senior officers corps florida register association corps inducing slave revolt end war british post florida evacuated corps florida detachment paid disbanded men accompanied british bermuda majority continued live settlements wooden corps garrisoned symbol slave insurrection legacy community armed fugitive slaves substantial arsenal lead tensions united_states_of_america remaining later took july joined southward migration african americans escaping american advance members battalion deployed atlantic coast withdrew american territory continue british service garrison residence bermuda unit disbanded marines trinidad corps rear admiral sir raised commander chief british naval forces leeward_islands station napoleonic wars british captured island earlier year french governor guadeloupe attacked island hearing illness weakened british garrison slaves assisted british promised returned means island preserved british control arrival companies 1st west india regiment named slaves enlarged fugitive slaves guadeloupe corps paid revenues clothed royal_navy stores commanded officers maintained corps october men ships squadron battery group small islands south guadeloupe remaining garrison saw action distinct body listed ships wages description colonial marine vice admiral assumed position commander chief british forces north_atlantic station april ordered recruitment body colonial marines years earlier rear admiral second command atlantic coast implemented order recruiting second served british forces atlantic gulf coasts united_states war april issued proclamation persons wishing persons received british military outpost aboard british ships seeking sanctuary enter majesty forces free settlers british possessions north_america west_indies historical precedent november offered freedom bore arms british forces recruitment atlantic coast service virginia coast occupied british offered accessible location seeking refuge male refugees given option blue jackets arms join working party constructing infrastructure corps embodied combat debut raid skirmish known helped capture american artillery battery captain later described involvement excellent specimen likely conduct marked great spirit perfect obedience soldier named killed early battle check contrary animated seek revenge initial impressions positive observed new recruits getting fine corps participated campaign subsequent correspondence wrote recruits behaved unexpectedly engagements committed improper members corps served alongside counterparts squadron dragon schooner hms participating series raids british failed destroy american bay flotilla battle creek conducted coastal raids towns june force colonial marines accompanied boats raid days later june force colonial attacked artillery battery creek failed prevent escape left creek days later arrival july battalion left bermuda june enabled squadron mount expeditions ashore series raids marines landed august accompanied recently arrived army veterans battalion accompany colonial marines attacks washington august company fought battle companies took burning washington firing parties led second lieutenant battle family later granted coat arms depicting torch casualties suffered colonial marines action man killed wounded september companies joined remaining companies form royal colonial marines later month companies fought battle north point maryland fourth company created december recruitment begun georgia coast quarter number allowed companies raised taken companies recruited corps suffered combat losses campaign actions greatest losses arose disease poor conditions outbreak winter killed surgeon men battalion corps tour war georgia december march admiral seized southern coast disrupt trade communication transportation troops gulf_of_mexico admiral forces planned southwestern territories corps joined successful british attack fort point peter corps occupied aiding emigration estimated slaves southeast georgia recruitment gulf coast service addition british outposts atlantic coast similar outpost gulf_coast prospect bluff florida attracted detachment landed gifts thousand muskets blankets indians fort constructed sent oversee operations prospect bluff left bermuda field pieces uniforms muskets recruits corps august issued order day battalion remains uncertain men command time muster pay records found escaped slaves recruited pensacola spanish forced return prospect bluff november american capture pensacola post war developments war ended february european companies royal colonial marines sent britain departure battalion reformed colonial marines consisting infantry companies staff company brought canada performed garrison duty royal naval dockyard bermuda disbanded trinidad august near known princes town colonial marines formed free farming community known spelled supervision non commissioned officers men formed acre households settlements successful ownership land formally recognised community descendants retains identity commemorates roots annual celebration detachment florida grown men paid disbanded british post evacuated end war small number men went bermuda british refugee group rejoining main body florida unit remained settlements wooden symbol slave insurrection opposed presence group armed fugitive slaves sparsely populated area spanish florida led july beginning war involvement conflict auxiliary officers corps executed known incident believed refugees group escaped bahamas founded west coast island community retains identity present day | Corps of Colonial Marines | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27590_MāoriBattalion | 28th battalion commonly known infantry battalion served second world war formed following pressure labour government members parliament mps organisations country wanted unit raised service overseas followed footsteps served world war success wanted raise profile serve alongside subjects british_empire gave generation people noted military ancestry chance test warrior skills raised second new zealand expeditionary force 28th battalion attached 2nd extra battalion moved division infantry brigades battalion fought greek north african italian campaigns earned formidable reputation fighting force subsequently acknowledged allied german commanders decorated new_zealand battalion war following end hostilities battalion contributed contingent personnel serve japan disbanded january history formation 28th battalion origins start second world war war europe began seen inevitable sir started discuss proposals formation military unit volunteers similar served world war proposal support community idea began grow seen opportunity participate citizens british_empire test warrior skills new_zealand government hesitant october decision announced proposal accepted battalion raised addition battalions support units formed brigades 2nd decided battalion key positions including officers non commissioned officers initially filled largely new european descent decision met assurances time suitable candidates positions regard decided battalion commanding officer regular officer major later promoted lieutenant colonel january second command reserve officer lieutenant colonel position rank major men veterans world war considerable experience immediately effort focused selecting identifying officers end volunteers called units formed 2nd new recruits end november reported serving officers required prove positions new battalion concurrently recruiting men fill ranks positions began early october weeks nearly men enlisted process carried recruiting officers worked closely tribal authorities recruits restricted single men aged later married men allowed join children similar ages january battalion came time marking official raising north grounds formation decided battalion organised tribal lines unit consisted headquarters company rifle companies designated company recruited company company east_coast company wellington chatham february saw issuing equipment commencement training punctuated medical dental treatment ceremonial duties surrounding commemoration treaty lack previous experience technical trades hampered training battalion unit short men able serve roles drivers majority personnel drawn mainly rural backgrounds consequently men roles trained scratch organisation battalion finally completed march men allocated respective companies march 28th battalion declared active service days leave battalion conducted week concentration period embarking battalion strength time officers ranks united_kingdom sailing cape_town battalion arrived scotland weeks sea initially destined join rest 2nd middle_east concerns possible invasion united_kingdom decision divert division second brigade sized force included 28th battalion britain help bolster island defences late june early july 28th battalion attached mixed brigade brigadier time manned defences south england undertook training battalion suffered lack equipment largely priority given equip british units following losses suffered france consequently training largely focused anti gas procedures route marching july inspected king said impressed close order arms drill fine physique determined men shortly began quick deployment defensive manoeuvres earnest fears invasion grew exercises training undertaken battalion worked improve fixed defences july august september exercises varied size company battalion level involved differing scenarios enemy forces september divisional review undertaken amidst massive german air raids london new declared ready line service event german landing warning orders deployment egypt cancelled new placed command taking defensive positions dover region october attached command squadron tanks squadron cavalry medium machine gun company following month invasion considered unlikely battalion returned winter remaining months time limited training undertaken invitation battalion fielded rugby team welsh park losing later month battalion received order begin preparing egypt advance party dispatched mid december january rest battalion left middle_east embarking liverpool castle middle_east sailing cape town castle sailed east coast africa entered suez_canal arriving harbour march afternoon battalion days later arrived desert met motor transport carried camp miles cairo point met reinforcements replace men laid bring battalion higher establishment shortly moved alexandria embarked bound greece greece april german invasion greece yugoslavia began order help defend greece composite force divisions australian british new_zealand troops deployed grouped title force time invasion began divisions arrived new consequently spread thin holding position north tasked defend strategic pass south time 28th battalion attached later grouped australian new_zealand units form vastly outnumbered days situation allies good germans broken defences bulgarian border yugoslav resistance collapsed situation worsened orders came brigade headquarters passes held man round april fall precipitated order battalion withdraw positions south events battalion remained position digging constructing defences april ordered withdraw gorge western aspect time 5th orders changed holding action delay withdrawal pass alongside 28th battalion fought engagement war preparation coming attack built position running barbed wire digging german bombers overhead night carried patrols contact following morning divisional cavalry carrying rearguard action conducted withdrawal battalion position making forward allied unit german forces halted battalion position doubt ordered withdraw decided stand miles south end remained position april previous days battalion worked hard repel repeated attempts elements infiltrate lines finally received order fall isolated contact germans amidst high winds heavy rain new difficulty withdrawing difficult terrain pass manoeuvre continued night germans continued harass rearguard units carried considerable urgency intention blow bridge battalion withdrawn order delay german advance end battalion engineers tasked carrying demolition received order complete task detonate battalion arrived shortly meeting motor transport battalion moved began prepare defend order help seal exit pass withdrawal continued april called conduct delaying action rest pulled miles south roads packed vehicles civilian traffic withdrew amidst considerable confusion arrival battalion time dig receiving order position order way 6th completed april taking positions army defended according legend took position marsh preparations defence april athens decision units forces withdrawn country course days battalion withdrew athens arrived early morning april continued beach destroying vehicles equipment went confusion orders counter orders battalion carrier mortar gotten separated rest unit april final beach commenced arrived operation went according plan april transports embarked groups detached battalion able way beaches number ultimately captured battalion casualties greece killed died wounds wounded captured wounded captured crete evacuated greece embarked landing ship infantry hms taken crete formed island hastily formed garrison allocated area surrounding airfield battalion positioned north coast brigade right flank germans launched opening stages campaign large scale parachute drops troops landings focused airfield troops landed area held small force troops found occupying house beach miles platoon dispatched attack brief fire fight new wounded germans killed remaining men house surrendered main german attack focused 22nd battalion defending airfield hard pressed late day 22nd requested reinforcements commander sent company 23rd 28th task given company company commander knew direct route night approach march miles cover march came contact platoon sized force germans briefly held company reinforcements arrive german force surrendered number threw grenade new wounding men response fixed carried bayonet charge new_zealand force war killing short later killed separate engagement continuing 22nd battalion number small pockets germans eventually linking 22nd battalion headquarters told return lines decision withdraw airfield hours later company reported 28th battalion lines course days battalion involved series engagements fought defend island notable probably bayonet charge undertook australian 7th battalion 42nd street germans killed accounting soon clear garrison crete need evacuated bulk began germans begin retreat took turns australian battalions carry rearguard action guard pass troops traverse order escape final order received shipping losses possible evacuate order maintain battalion allotted certain number men remain defend beaches allow away allocated men embark officers men stay large number men volunteered remain midnight remainder headed beach taken landing ship hours later battalion suffered casualties brief defence island including men killed men wounded captured wounded leadership battalion fighting crete received north_africa escape crete 28th battalion evacuated egypt issued summer uniforms began receive reinforcements june carried ceremonial parade queen commander 2nd lieutenant general july battalion undertook desert training sports moving concentrated rest 5th week combined operations exercise later august moved position miles west known september october undertook unfamiliar task road construction october brigade received orders link rest division preparation commitment battle frontier november concentrated near days later division assembled began advance libya task capture seaside town taken november italian garrison casualties follow artillery inflicted killed wounded including commanding officer lieutenant colonel company commanders seven italian prisoners taken following placed command 4th 28th battalion took positions near days later battalion attacked column tanks infantry column december later notable actions undertaken italians prisoners captured following battalion deployed syria returning egypt june officially command time lieutenant colonel love having taken took 2nd breakout undertaking successful bayonet charge time battalion skills bayonet earned reputation hunters german commanders including september october battalion took important actions offensive depression second battle november battalion supported final breakthrough allied forces decided outcome battle casualties high time commanding officers killed wounded july november battalion remained fighting march undertook defensive role switching offensive point gap responsible completely destroying german battalion action second lieutenant performed deeds led posthumously decorated victoria_cross battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel received leadership attack weeks later night april battalion took 5th attack village village situated atop steep slope attack stalled heavy concentrations indirect fire wounded number men including commanding officer sections command managed scale western gain pinnacle early dawn following heavy hand hand combat italian defenders forced pinnacle twice time led small force counterattack afternoon men captured number machine gun mortar positions italians forcing surrender actions recommended victoria_cross nomination approved received distinguished conduct medal instead italy battalion returned egypt 5th late underwent period refit bulk original unit given months leave returned new_zealand following evacuation hospital lieutenant colonel suitable senior officers available replaced commanding officer lieutenant colonel september having taken allied invasion sicily july august 2nd committed battle late battalion subsequently arrived italy october landing taranto undertook period training close country tactics remaining camp taranto november ordered north miles join 2nd moved line november order relieve 8th advance planned end month brigade subsequently occupied positions brigade reserve occupying series low hills formed river valley forward units reached early november general commander 15th planned lieutenant general strike river coastal plain november montgomery shifted 8th right secret narrow corps concentrate power bringing newly arrived gap heavy rain flooded river forcing offensive giving germans time reinforcements early hours november attack began supported heavy artillery concentrations new advanced steadily capturing bulk objectives brigade reserve stood attack required december 2nd took time attacking battalions exploited forward moved forward truck december crossing heavy congestion road delayed battalion movements scheduled assault arrived find 23rd battalion completed task ordered reserve occupying positions mile east december 6th assaulted involved heavy fighting capturing losing following counter attack german armour subsequent attack planned new 5th attack scheduled december brigades advance battalion lead assault 5th section spur cut road east 6th objective planned assault companies forward depth reserve support armour anti tank guns provided difficult terrain prevented tracked vehicles moving attack began following half hour artillery bombardment marked battalion battle italian soil initially progress germans managed hold december amidst intense hand hand fighting finally withdrawn line night january relieved indian unit course battle lost men killed wounded new subsequently transferred advance west coast italy rome leaving bitter cold peninsula battalion undertook period training reorganisation near time replaced officer major promoted lieutenant colonel subsequently led battalion july advance valley major engagement came early took fighting position dominated historic monastery january allies continued advance checked german positions advance stalled night february attempt establish german lines tasked attacking railway station met stiff resistance managed reach railway station unable control defenders lacking armoured support failed arrive fought morning afternoon position assaulted german tanks forced withdraw assaulting companies suffered cent casualties losing men killed wounded march involved fighting position eventually captured time new withdrawn line transferred losses battalion return july subsequently took allied advance florence believed reach city august time major led battalion acting commanding officer young hospitalised returned late august subsequently led fighting september november took command december battalion launched attack commanding officer later received winter snow set allied temporarily focused offensive action died january february march battalion undertook defensive duties withdrawn line mid march april battalion returned line final stages war april battalion entered line near rest 5th month involved main battles rivers allies pursued germans war came end involvement final stages fighting italy cost killed wounded losses entire italian campaign men killed wounded disbandment news received german forces west surrendered officially end fighting italy days later night battalion received news germany surrendered allies war europe tensions remained high concerns intentions yugoslavia disputed province meant 28th battalion remained high alert continued early june agreement reached yugoslavia withdrew troops east following routine battalion settled time found men company spend fortnight hotel beach preparations began battalion return new_zealand war japan continued time believed operations pacific new_zealand policy time long serving men repatriated places taken men time service regard commencing late drafts men departed order arrival battalion included commanding officer lieutenant colonel replaced lieutenant colonel july battalion undertook garrison duties 2nd withdrawn august news received japan surrender ending plans battalion combat pacific september decided departure new_zealand troops theatre memorial services held locations division major battles program services held crete smaller parties sent batch long service men departed shortly battalion arrival lake decided battalion return new_zealand formed unit return delayed found winter quarters florence time decided men battalion included new_zealand contribution occupation japan vein strong contingent battalion sent japan designation squadron command major finally december battalion florence embarked dominion monarch taranto boxing day passing suez_canal sailed arriving wellington january met acting prime minister official welcome home ceremony men sent homes battalion disbanded course war men served battalion killed died wounds wounded died result service following discharge killed accident training new_zealand service germans north_africa earned distinguished reputation respect allied commanders frequently unit commented infantry distinguished record saw fighting heavy casualties battalion reputation acknowledged opponents sources state commander remarked conquer world sources attribute comment chief staff general met chaplain reverend reunion dinner germany decorations total received individual bravery decorations new_zealand battalion member battalion second lieutenant awarded victoria_cross war member recommended award fighting led section men sheer limestone capture number italian positions following day set capture italian outposts generals including recommended receive victoria_cross recommendation downgraded london distinguished conduct medal lodged claim award distinguished conduct medal upgraded victoria_cross december released findings supporting claim october new_zealand minister defence announced award king ruled awards second world war ought instead decided recognised presentation altar cloth personal letter queen elizabeth_ii acknowledging gallantry sword award presented son duke york march ceremony awards members 28th battalion included seven distinguished service orders member order british empire military crosses bars distinguished conduct medals military medals british battle honours following list battle honours received 28th battalion second world war pass crete north_africa italy greece 42nd street withdrawal middle_east defence line advance florence salute commanding officers following list 28th battalion commanding officers lieutenant colonel january february lieutenant colonel february lieutenant colonel july lieutenant colonel july november lieutenant colonel november april lieutenant colonel april september lieutenant colonel september december lieutenant colonel young december july lieutenant colonel july august lieutenant colonel young august november lieutenant colonel november june lieutenant colonel june january | Māori Battalion | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27649_SouthWestPacificArea(command) | command given allied supreme military command major allied commands pacific war included philippines borneo dutch_east_indies excluding sumatra australia new_guinea western primarily consisted united_states australian forces dutch filipino british allied forces served general appointed supreme commander creation april created subordinate commands australia philippines command disappeared surrendered far_east reformed assumed responsibility administration leaving purely logistical agency swept away reorganisation commands remained abolished september origins forerunner short lived american british dutch australian command december january referred rapid japanese advance dutch_east_indies effectively divided area late february dissolved recommendation commander field marshal sir commander chief india retained responsibility allied operations burma sumatra command established emergency conditions convoy intended supply philippines known rerouted brisbane attack pearl harbor brigadier general ordered assume command troops convoy december concurrent designation task force south pacific place command day chief staff united_states_army general ordered barnes assume command commander troops australia charge troops supplies december convoy arrival brisbane command designated australia renamed australia january mission create base australia support forces philippines staff known remember pearl harbor group selected arrived melbourne february aboard president large convoy bearing personnel supplies munitions intended java philippines australia brief time increased isolation philippines fall java withdrawn command placed continued direction support java philippines replace subject discussions australian new_zealand chiefs staff held melbourne february march proposed creating new theatre war encompassing australia new_zealand command deputy lieutenant general assumed command australia february president united_states prime minister united_kingdom winston_churchill discussed matter command arrangements pacific washington march roosevelt proposed world divided british american areas responsibility united_states having responsibility pacific american supreme commander responsible churchill responded favourably proposal governments australia new_zealand consulted endorsed idea american supreme commander wanted input matters strategy resulted creation met time london february churchill deputy prime minister foreign secretary represented united_kingdom represented australia representatives netherlands new_zealand india china page replaced australian representative june parallel created washington met april chaired roosevelt later representing australia prime minister representing canada effective body influence strategy allow concerns president formation obvious choice supreme commander pacific general ordered leave philippines australia command area february promised command discussions solid support president army american people navy commander chief admiral saw pacific lines communication primarily naval responsibility yield command army officer proposed division placing australian area excluding new new_zealand army planners led brigadier general willing compromise divided command objected placing australia new_zealand separate theatres discussed matter march result decision adopt navy plan minor amendments going general marshall contacted asked australian government nominate arrival australia imminent choice supreme commander march arrived march issued directive formally designating pacific theatre area american strategic responsibility march divided pacific theatre areas admiral active theatre divided annex defined boundaries coast thailand malaya singapore singapore south north coast sumatra round east coast sumatra leaving eastward line point coast sumatra east south latitude south southeasterly australia reaching east south north east boundaries south latitude north east east south equator east east south latitude south southwesterly latitude south east south april prime minister australia directed australian defence forces personnel treat orders army workshops fixed fortifications royal_australian_air_force raaf logistical training infrastructure placed having placed troops disposal australian government adamant consulted alteration boundaries command arrangements government particularly concerned supreme commander troops outside australia australian territory consent legal restrictions australian militia serve matter changes command came replaced commander agreed change status government consulted proposed changes vice admiral replaced months later consulted concurred change general headquarters supreme commander southwest pacific area april preferred use conventional title commander chief created subordinate commands australia philippines command short life lieutenant general philippines following weeks disappeared entirely surrendered announced composition staff known general headquarters april major general chief staff brigadier general deputy chief staff colonel assistant chief staff colonel assistant chief staff brigadier general assistant chief staff colonel assistant chief staff brigadier general signal officer brigadier general brigadier general officer colonel colonel public relations officer marshall recommended appoint australian dutch officers senior positions possible staff army officers served philippines rest including chamberlain staff reported marshall qualified dutch officers australia australian_army critical shortage staff officers wish dutch australian army officers american naval officers served junior positions staff july moved north melbourne brisbane located building original intention found impractical lacked communications facilities required headquarters located building advanced headquarters opened kilometres away advanced subsequently moved september october manila major reorganisation april planned invasion japan army forces pacific placed command including new command formed operating headquarters units remained operational control major formation pass control july abolished september remained australian_army commander chief general sir appointed commander headquarters existing general headquarters australia known australian commander chosen land forces australian april american ground troops australian controlled major commands lieutenant general sir army based queensland lieutenant general sir victoria lieutenant general western australia major general controlled australian american divisions august australian_army strength men women army ground personnel late eighteen american divisions australian_army seven moved brisbane remained melbourne formed advanced deputy chief general staff major general moved nearby major general replaced september remained post january resumed post july remained december main body moved advanced followed opening december main moved february advanced remained formed remained located main body main body remained moved operations borneo april practice controlled land operations task forces reported directly commanders control allied land air naval service forces area japanese land attack imminent important formed commanded personally september september february lieutenant general arrived headquarters force force reported directly result command majority american land forces theatre time post abolished march met detailed plans western new_guinea campaign explaining assume direct command land forces reached philippines suggesting army commander remain australia commander chief new organisation went effect september lieutenant general lieutenant general lieutenant general australian_army lieutenant general major general reporting directly remained important administrative logistical command abolished september april reorganisation created created unlike created completely integrated headquarters royal_australian_air_force raaf officer air vice marshal chief staff staff officer paired raaf officer senior staff posts divided evenly majority command positions held australians shortages raaf assigned air groups serving role aircraft commander australian government appointed air vice marshal chief air staff responsible matters operations administration training soon clear jones preferred operational command regarded jones happy leave arrangements way orders bombing mission philippines order delivered personally protested informed wanted mission carried mission flown personally wrote henceforth communications handled disagreements followed washington general lieutenant general alarmed integration raaf disturbed inability work july marshall offer major general brigadier general replacement selected sent home australia found talented recently arrived brigadier generals reorganised command august appointing commander walker commander composed raaf personnel moved separate brigadier general arrived september replaced air vice marshal chief staff took newly created walker shot january successor brigadier general disappeared march normal structure air force creating advanced new headquarters authority alter assignments aircraft forward area fast changing weather enemy action orders drawn australia created 1st 2nd control air operations forward area specific mission departure doctrine enthusiastic innovation washington like objections converted air task forces june added created headquarters raaf formed australian october commander army forces pacific seventh air_force added major general replaced march replaced abolished september vice admiral appointed commander april february commander east australia extending include fiji headquarters melbourne command included naval element air forces responsibility land defense directly admiral king important force command rear admiral formed april commander task force june succeeded royal_navy officer divided australian coastal waters sea air lines communication hawaii north_america fell special provision having designated sub commander admiral agreement australian government succeeded commander commander vice admiral september like predecessor reported king role like senior naval officer theatre chief naval staff admiral sir vice admiral senior agreed serve carpenter commander south west pacific sea frontier formed march renamed seventh fleet march task forces renumbered match task force task force important component task force formed rear admiral january vii amphibious force later year training centre established port new_south_wales queensland initially consisted australian american attack transport uss henry allen gradually grew size landing craft landing ships arrived annoyed way royal_navy officer communicated directly admiralty aware critical command arrangements decisions proposed australian officer captain replace appointment supported admiralty objections appointed collins replace commander task force june rank commodore intention collins replace term expired occur collins seriously wounded october twice asked replaced embarrassed november king replaced vice admiral informing seeking approval australian government face saving formula agreed invasion massively reinforced ships cover provided admiral fleet remained battle gulf divided command brought allies brink disaster arose abolished september australia series bases gradually built australia initially support forces philippines seven base sections established australia operate base section northern territory base section brisbane base section melbourne base section adelaide base section perth base section sydney july command brigadier general barnes returned united_states lieutenant general sixth united states army headquarters arrived australia february administrative functions taken given new headquarters far_east command old headquarters philippines function different left logistical responsibilities new arrangement awkward required considerable adjustment functioned properly september marshall replaced brigadier general formed port august sub bases created bay bay advanced sub base advanced sub base respectively april advanced sub base created april discontinued island handed control july advanced sub base formed port sub bases bases august advanced base formed advanced base november followed respectively worldwide shipping crisis end long supply line region developed transportation nets regional logistics entirely dependent water transport fleet composed assets available commander chief royal_navy australian_army operational command maintained respective organizations assets inadequate resulting creation large army fleet unique later finally starting retention admiral convoy diverted brisbane december core augmented vessels fleeing japanese advance particularly dutch vessels later known vessels dutch shipping line april army fleet grown ships january fleet large ships exceeded ninety peak ninety august number count larger fleet small vessels ranging landing craft barges floating equipment vessels tons including section locally constructed craft vessels manned largely australian civilian employees june vessels floating equipment delivered united_states permanent fleet vessels army general fleet periods vessels small obsolete poor condition unorthodox management comparison allied forces advanced new bases formed old ones australia closed closed january base section june remaining bases base section formed brisbane control bases closed december leaving bases june functions absorbed base section renamed february new_guinea base closed july bases september leaving series bases opened philippines base base base base manila came base section redesignated philippine april june command lieutenant general absorbed intelligence april brigadier general australian counterpart major general agreed pool resources establish combined intelligence organisation known australian british armies raaf ran supplied personnel formation worked japanese message traffic magic ultra intelligence important operations handle forms intelligence created included special unit carried special operations like secret watched japanese aircraft ships observation posts japanese lines propaganda specialists important combined organisations translated japanese documents prepared maps charts drafted terrain quality tended important quantity intelligence proved field minor allies australia netherlands play key good intelligence enabled allied forces risk failures chances success organisation built australia proved useful war later wrote prove present day intelligence cooperation proved lasting important legacy australia experience coalition warfare second world war legacy allied command structure faced challenges coalition warfare ways varying degrees success benefits wartime alliances proved substantial required constant effort maintain australia new_zealand coalition warfare norm experience proved formative political military lessons following decades australian new_zealand american forces fight korean war vietnam war war terror | South West Pacific Area (command) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27652_FirstAustralianImperialForce | 1st main expeditionary force australian_army world war formed august following britain declaration war germany initially strength infantry division light horse brigade infantry division subsequently fought gallipoli april december reinforced second division later raised light horse brigades evacuated egypt expanded infantry divisions committed fighting france belgium western march sixth infantry division partially raised united_kingdom broken reinforcements following heavy casualties western mounted divisions remained middle_east fight turkish forces palestine volunteer force end war gained reputation trained highly effective military force playing significant role final allied victory reputation came heavy cost casualty rate highest war included consisted combat training squadrons deployed united_kingdom western middle_east war war evolved royal_australian_air_force remainder 1st disbanded war achievements soldiers known colloquially central national mythology legend generally known time today referred 1st distinguish raised world war formation start war australia military forces focused time militia small number regular personnel engineers generally assigned task coastal defence provisions defence act sending overseas outbreak war realised totally separate volunteer force need raised australian government pledged supply men organised infantry division light horse brigade plus supporting units service british desired subsequently began forming shortly outbreak war brain child brigadier general later major general chief staff major white officially coming august word imperial chosen reflect duty australians nation empire initially intended service europe separate man force known australian naval military expeditionary force formed task capturing german new_guinea addition small military forces maintained australia defend country attack formation consisted infantry division 1st colonel australian born officer previous time military service 2nd colonel irish born australian politician minister defence 3rd colonel british regular officer australian_army war 1st commanded colonel australian regular divisional artillery commanded colonel initial response recruits good september decision raise 2nd 3rd light horse brigades commanded colonel prominent melbourne civil engineer businessman continued grow war eventually numbering infantry divisions mounted divisions mixture units operated british war effort units generally organised lines comparable british_army formations small differences structures british australian units especially regards infantry divisions support units hastily deployed contingent essentially suffered widespread equipment shortages early largely inexperienced force small percentage members having previous combat experience officers non commissioned personnel previously served pre war permanent time forces significant proportion enlisted personnel received basic military instruction australia compulsory training scheme predominantly fighting force based infantry battalions light horse regiments high proportion close combat troops support personnel medical administrative etc exceeded fact partially accounted high percentage casualties later sustained eventually included large number logistics administrative units capable meeting force needs circumstances provided support nearby allied units mainly relied british_army medium heavy artillery support weapons systems necessary combined arms warfare developed later war including aircraft tanks organisation command originally formed commanded bridges commanded 1st division bridges death gallipoli australian government appointed boer war veteran replace bridges command british lieutenant general sir commander british troops egypt objected bypassing communicating directly australia australian government failed support deferred lieutenant general commander australian sent egypt command 2nd division representations australian government act commander australian government transfer bridges authority temporary basis september promoted major general took command 1st division november major general wounded australian born officer command division commander command australian passed british officer lieutenant general commander resumed command assumed command formation egypt early swapped designations march officially confirmed commander september september commanding western retained overall responsibility units middle_east practice fell left egypt commanded later promoted lieutenant general subsequently commanded australian command corps later given command formation november australian lieutenant general took command corps despite promoted command retained command time divisional commanders australian officers exception commander british_army officer australian_army war joined australia august vast majority brigade commands held australian officers number british staff officers attached headquarters predecessors shortage suitably trained australian officers structure infantry divisions organisation closely followed british_army divisional structure remained relatively unchanged war war following infantry divisions raised broken seeing combat new_zealand division comprised infantry brigades brigade contained battalions later reduced australian battalions initially included rifle companies reduced expanded companies january conform organisation british infantry battalions battalion contained men divisional structure evolved course war formation included range combat support service units including artillery machine gun mortar engineer pioneer signals medical administrative units brigade included light trench mortar battery division included pioneer battalion machine gun battalion field artillery brigades divisional trench mortar brigade companies engineers divisional signals company divisional train consisting service corps companies salvage company field section mobile section changes reflective wider adaption tactical innovation adoption new weapons technology occurred start infantry brigades making 1st division joined sole new_zealand infantry brigade form new_zealand formed egypt sent gallipoli august reinforce 1st division artillery having partially completed training gallipoli infantry underwent major expansion formed australia sent france new_zealand broken new_zealand elements forming original australian infantry brigades 1st 4th split half create new battalions form brigades new brigades 12th 15th form 4th ensured battalions new divisions core experienced soldiers 6th division commenced forming england february deployed france broken september year provide reinforcements divisions australian infantry regiments british sense battalions identified number 1st 60th battalion originated geographical region men recruited area new_south_wales victoria populous states filled battalions brigades outer states queensland south australia western_australia tasmania combined assemble battalion regional associations remained war battalion developed strong regimental identity pioneer battalions 1st 5th formed march recruited machine gun battalions 1st 5th formed march brigade divisional machine gun companies personnel states manpower crisis following battle divisions sustained casualties plans follow british reorganisation reduce brigades battalions british regimental system traumatic regimental identity survived disbanding single battalion australian system disbanding battalion meant extinction unit september decision seven battalions 19th 21st 25th 37th 42nd 54th 60th led series disbandment ranks refused report new battalions mutiny charges carried death penalty enemy instead charged mutiny charged absent leave doomed battalions eventually permitted remain forthcoming battle following survivors voluntarily disbanded motivated mainly soldiers loyalty battalions artillery underwent significant expansion war 1st division embarked november pounder field guns australia able provide division batteries heavy guns included establishment lack equipment shortages unable prior landing gallipoli provided high angled fire required rough terrain 2nd division formed july complement artillery december government offered form division basis artillery provided britain time overcome australian field artillery expanding field brigades end majority heavy artillery units supporting australian divisions british australian heavy batteries raised regular australian 54th equipped inch 55th inch mounted divisions following mounted divisions raised gallipoli campaign light horse brigades fought alongside infantry divisions march formed egypt named contained mounted brigade new_zealand likewise formed february originally named contained british 5th division consisted mounted light horse brigades light horse brigade consisted regiments regiment included squadrons troops machine gun section initial strength regiment men establishment changed war machine gun sections regiment concentrated squadrons brigade level like infantry light horse regiments raised territorial basis state identified numerically 1st 15th corps following corps level formations raised australian corps corps australian corps desert mounted corps australian formed preparation commanded initially corps consisted new_zealand mounted brigades australian 1st deployed gallipoli april mounted formations terrain considered unsuitable brigades deployed 2nd 3rd light horse brigades reinforcements later campaign continued corps reinforced began arriving august february reorganised egypt following evacuation gallipoli subsequent expansion included australian 1st later transferred july replaced initially employed egypt defence suez_canal transferred western march included australian 4th forming egypt transferred france july november australian divisions merged british new_zealand elements corps largest corps fielded british_empire france providing percent manning peak numbered men corps troops raised included 13th light horse regiment army artillery brigades corps included battalion majority australian light horse remained middle_east subsequently served egypt palestine syria august column expanded consisted included number australian british new_zealand companies contrast static trench warfare developed europe troops middle_east experienced fluid form warfare involving manoeuvre combined arms tactics 1st included soon outbreak war aircraft sent assist capturing german colonies north east new_guinea colonies surrendered quickly planes operational flights occur half flight called assist protecting british oil interests iraq corps later saw action egypt palestine western remainder world war end war squadrons nos seen operational service training squadrons nos established total officers ranks served remained australian_army disbanded later forming basis royal_australian_air_force specialist units addition number specialist units raised including australian companies arriving western undertook mining counter mining operations alongside british canadian new_zealand companies initially operating following year operated section november 1st took canadians hill subsequently playing key role june german offensive march companies served infantry later supported allied advance traps mines mechanical boring company supplied electric power units area motor transport units formed required gallipoli sent western units serve motor transport rejoined reached western australia formed railway operating companies served western specialist ordnance units included ammunition mobile workshops units formed late war service units included supply columns ammunition sub parks field depot units hospitals specialist medical dental units formed australia overseas number depots small armoured unit raised 1st armoured car section formed australia fought equipped model served palestine 1st light car patrol companies raised egypt patrol formed fought palestine converted light horse 14th 15th light horse regiments administration operationally placed disposal british administered separate national force australian government responsibility promotion pay clothing equipment feeding personnel administered separately home based army australia parallel system set deal non operational matters including record keeping finance ordnance personnel issues separate conditions service rules promotion graduation list officers responsibility initially fell bridges addition duties commander administrative headquarters later set cairo egypt following australian infantry divisions western relocated london additional responsibilities included liaison melbourne whilst tasked command australian troops britain training headquarters established salisbury headquarters subordinate units entirely independent british_army allowed force self sustaining fields generally followed british administrative policy procedures including awarding imperial honours awards weaponry equipment weaponry equipment australian_army british_army prior outbreak world war war equipment changed tactics evolved generally followed british developments standard issued rifle inch short magazine lee pattern light horsemen leather load carriage equipment large pack issued marching order issued long sword bayonet rifles manufactured hand grenades rifle grenades short supply gallipoli necessitating use improvised jam tin grenades grenade discharge cup issued fitting muzzle rifle projection mills bomb machine guns initially included small number maxim vickers medium machine guns subsequently included lewis light machine gun issued greater numbers war continued increase firepower available infantry response tactical problems trench warfare light horse units underwent similar process issued hotchkiss guns replace lewis guns early light trench mortar issued infantry replace range trench smaller trench mortars whilst battery brigade level provide organic indirect fire support addition individual soldiers range personnel weapons including knives clubs pistols western pattern sniper rifles sights light horsemen carried initially considered mounted infantry adopted cavalry swords late artillery included pounders equipped field batteries inch batteries inch inch equipped heavy siege batteries inch heavy mortar equipped heavy trench mortar battery medium trench mortar batteries equipped inch medium mortar later inch mortar light horse units supported british indian artillery main mount light horse draught horses artillery wheeled transport mounts transport pack animals personnel recruitment enlisted defence act volunteer force duration war australia introduce conscription war south_africa system compulsory training introduced home service australian law extend overseas service australia conscription expand defeated october december preserving volunteer status stretching reserves end war total men enlisted army war representing percent white male population aged men sent overseas serve approximately percent served born united_kingdom marginally proportion australian population occurred australia people recruited overseas indigenous australians officially barred october restrictions altered allow called half join estimates number indigenous australians served differ considerably believed women served mainly australian recruitment process managed military districts outset planned recruit half initial commitment personnel australia time forces volunteers initially recruited designated regimental areas creating units units home service militia early stages men selected toughest criterion army world war believed roughly percent men applied rejected medical grounds enlist men aged years age believed men old young managed enlist feet inches chest measurement inches strict requirements lifted later war need replacements grew casualties initial volunteers high original soldiers survive end war end volunteers accepted allowing second contingent depart december reinforcements sent rate men month landing subsequently resulted significant increase men recruited july level reached remained high late early gradual decline occurred news gallipoli increased recruitment fighting similar effect monthly totals dropping june august significant losses coupled failure volunteer system provide sufficient replacements resulted referendum conscription defeated narrow margin increase september october december fell lowest total year exceeded march heavy losses resulted second referendum conscription defeated greater margin recruitment continued decline reaching low december monthly fell early peaked remained relatively steady albeit reduced previous periods slightly increasing october prior armistice november ultimately voluntary system recruitment proved unable sustain force structure failing provide sufficient replacements heavy casualties sustained requiring number units disbanded end war decided allow men enlisted return australia home leave manpower shortage experienced regardless year war long serving force citizen army professional like pre war british_army containing men years service including despite heavy casualties suffered gallipoli western men enlisted battle hardened experienced result fact partially explains important role subsequently played final defeat german_army pay soldiers highest paid war pay private set shillings day additional deferred paid discharge result earned bob day tourists married men required shillings day separation added reflecting progressive nature australian industrial social policy era rate pay intended equal average worker including rations accommodation higher soldiers militia contrast new_zealand soldiers received shillings british initially paid later increased junior officers paid rate higher british_army senior officers paid considerably counterparts training early stages formation prior gallipoli training rudimentary performed mainly unit level formal schools volunteers proceeded straight recruiting stations assigned units process established arrival makeshift camps recruits received basic training drill officers non commissioned officers trained instructors appointed mainly previous service time forces camps established state including queensland brighton tasmania western australia units training took place period weeks 5th battalion spent little day live firing departing overseas following initial force middle_east training undertaken desert organised training provided australia rushed individual training consolidated progressed quickly collective training battalion brigade level training exercises marches drill practices followed standard exercises limited lacked realism meaning commanders benefit handling troops battlefield conditions soldiers received training compulsory training scheme established served volunteers time forces war members british_army numbers limited cases quality training received limited original intention half initial intake consist soldiers currently serving militia ultimately come fruition original intake prior military experience compulsory training volunteers terms officers situation better example 1st division initial officers previous military experience largely service pre war militia little formal officer training addition small junior officers trained permanent force numbers small outbreak war class graduated early order join placed mainly staff positions small numbers graduates january means commissioned ranks enlisted personnel result majority company battalion commanders risen ranks initial senior officers members pre war military substantial experience managing brigade sized larger units field training exercises scale rarely conducted outbreak hostilities inexperience contributed tactical mistakes casualties gallipoli campaign transferred european battlefield training system greatly improved efforts formal training organisation curriculum consisting weeks basic training established egypt expanded early brigade established training battalion formations later sent united_kingdom absorbed large system depots established branch including infantry engineers artillery signals medical logistics completing initial instruction depots australia united_kingdom soldiers posted theatre base depots received advanced training posted reinforcements operational units like british_army sought rapidly pass lessons learned war progressed widely transmitted regularly updated training documents experience gained combat improved skills surviving officers men trained led force coming terms conditions played development new combined arms tactics offensive operations occurred defence employed patrolling trench raids tactics dominate man land following deployment reinforcement system replace reinforcements received training australia camps country sailing drafts consisting officers ranks joining assigned units initially drafts assigned specific units prior departure recruited area unit assigned later war drafts sent general reinforcements assigned unit required drafts gallipoli continued late early units reinforcement drafts provide officer reinforcements series officer schools established australia officer training eventually concentrated school near schools produced large number officers eventually closed concerns graduates inexperienced replacement officers drawn ranks deployed units candidates attended british officer training units theatre schools established france february issue training taken seriously schools established training initially weeks duration increased months discipline war gained reputation british officers indifference military authority away battlefield leave included reputation refusing salute officers sloppy dress lack respect military rank leave public reportedly widespread egypt number personnel involved civil disturbances riots red light district cairo period australians appear represented british_empire personnel convicted court martial disciplinary offences western especially absence leave partially explained refusal australian government follow british_army practice applying death penalty unlike new_zealand canada high proportion line personnel instead australian soldiers received prison sentences including hard labour life imprisonment offences including assault theft minor offences included defiance authority examples australian soldiers involved looting practice widespread stresses prolonged combat contributed high units especially france heavy fighting april october following war portrayed harmless australia working class culture influenced approximately quarters volunteers members working class high proportion trade soldiers frequently applied attitudes industrial relations army war incidents soldiers refused undertake tasks considered protested actual perceived officers actions similar strikes soldiers taken pre employment men seeing protests occurred planned disbandment battalions similar tactics employed industrial disputes judged frequent use industrial action led improved conditions soldiers contributed having strict military culture common british_army uniforms insignia pre war australian_army uniform formed basis worn adopted broad hat rising sun badge peak caps initially worn infantry light horsemen wore distinctive hats standard worn arms steel helmets gas masks issued use infantry western loose fitting pocket service dress jacket worn knee tan ankle boots heavy worn cold weather uniform soup colour buttons prevent shine personnel wore shoulder title bearing word australia rank insignia followed british_army pattern worn upper arms shoulders officers identical hat collar worn units initially distinguished small metal letters shoulder officers system adopted worn upper arm soldier jacket wound stripes gold authorised worn denote wound received distinguishing included brass letter worn colour patch men nurses served gallipoli blue representing year overseas service red represent year war uniforms worn similar rest officers wore double jacket worn pre war wings worn left breast colour patch standard rising sun worn operations gallipoli contingent departed ship single convoy albany november originally bound england undergo training prior employment western australians subsequently sent british controlled egypt pre turkish attack strategically important suez_canal view opening aiming knock turkey war british decided stage amphibious gallipoli following period training reorganisation australians included british indian french forces committed campaign combined australian commanded british general subsequently landed gallipoli peninsula april promising transform war successful ill conceived shortly landing blood stalemate developed ultimately lasted months allied commanders decided evacuate troops having achieved campaign objectives australian casualties totalled including killed egypt palestine withdrawal gallipoli australians returned egypt underwent major expansion infantry began france mounted infantry units remained middle_east fight turks australian troops saw action major battles playing pivotal role fighting turkish troops threatening british control egypt australians saw combat uprising combined british forces successfully primitive pro turkish islamic sect heavy casualties subsequently saw considerable action august turks eventually pushed following victory british forces went offensive pace advance governed speed railway water pipeline constructed suez_canal captured january small turkish garrisons eliminated february advance entered palestine initial unsuccessful attempt capture march second equally unsuccessful attempt launched april assault occurred october november time took battle complete success british running line capturing turkish soldiers critical moment capture day australian 4th charged miles turkish trenches overrun australians capturing wells securing valuable water contained prisoners loss killed wounded later australian troops assisted pushing turkish forces palestine took actions jerusalem turkish government surrendered october units light horse subsequently help nationalist revolt egypt efficiency brutality suffered number fatalities process total australian battle casualties campaign including dead western infantry divisions saw action france belgium leaving egypt march subsequently took positions quiet sector south april half years participated major battles western earning formidable reputation spared disastrous day battle weeks australian divisions committed positioned left flank action july suffering casualties single day entered line july assaulting time relieved 2nd division july suffered casualties attacked august casualties totalling men time withdrawn suffered casualties days march 2nd pursued germans capturing town april assaulted disastrous battle losing casualties captured april 1st 2nd divisions counter attacked near forced abandon town took second battle beginning succeeded taking sections holding relieved finally 5th division relieved 1st remaining line battle ended mid combined efforts cost australian casualties june british corps launched operation flanders eliminate south attack commenced million pounds explosives placed underneath ridge destroying german trenches advance virtually unopposed despite strong german day succeeded australian casualties included nearly men took belgium campaign capture september november individual actions took place road wood course weeks fighting australians suffered casualties march german_army launched effort win war divisions mile allies fell 3rd rushed south offensive lasted months divisions france engaged attempt stem tide late germans pushed miles paris time australians fought commander successfully combined arms including aircraft artillery armour attack time german offensive ground halt mid july brief followed australians undertook series raids known peaceful allies soon launched offensive days offensive ultimately ending war beginning august offensive included australian divisions striking combined arms techniques developed earlier significant gains known black day german_army offensive continued months second battle australian corps fought actions final engagement war october actions successful australian divisions suffered considerable casualties september average strength infantry battalions percent authorised strength withdrawn rest reorganisation following engagement subsequently line armistice declared november artillery units continued support british american units november maintained flying operations end war total australian casualties western numbered including died men wounded approximately taken prisoners war theatres small numbers personnel served theatres australian troops 1st provided communications british forces participated number battles including march september year following russian revolution collapsed leaving open special force known commander formed hand picked british officers organise remaining russian forces civilians ready fight turkish forces australian officers served party captain instrumental protecting thousands refugees australian nurses staffed british hospitals india disbandment end war gained reputation trained highly effective military force enduring years costly fighting western playing significant role final allied victory albeit smaller wider british_empire war effort like dominion divisions canada new_zealand australians viewed best british forces france operations australians awarded victoria_cross reputation came heavy cost sustaining approximately casualties killed died wounds represented total casualty rate percent highest war men captured majority casualties occurred infantry sustained casualty rate percent artillery percent light horse percent incurred significant losses war units went camp began process involvement occupation german turkish territory limited prime minister requested early exceptions squadron participated occupation 7th light horse regiment sent occupy gallipoli peninsula weeks new_zealand regiment time armistice soldiers france england middle_east plus nurses india transported home australians decided delay departure instead joined british_army serving russian civil war officially australian government refused contribute forces campaign troops france men returned home come basis process overseen britain cairo soldiers undertook government funded training civilian awaiting australia australian soldiers remained england september senior australian commander repatriated december transport organised troops departed london april officially ceased exist april july military hospitals australia passed civilian hands volunteer force units end war australia time military force subsequently reorganised replicate divisional structure numerical designations units identities battle honours legacy war portrayed glowing terms legend soldiers depicted good men little time military life strict discipline fought fiercely battle australian soldiers seen self reliant wartime official correspondent post war official historian central development stereotype believed character achievements reflected unique nature rural australians frequently exaggerated democratic nature force proportion soldiers rural areas journalism war perceived qualities seen unique product harsh australian environment bush notions built concept men bush excellent natural soldiers prevalent australian culture war achievements especially gallipoli campaign frequently portrayed having marked birth australia nation performance seen proof character australians passed test war exploits gallipoli western subsequently central national mythology years followed including volunteer status quality factors resulted success military formation exclusively australian modern armies recognising importance small unit identity group maintaining morale qualities arguably defined australian soldier claimed new canadians having exhibited soldiers whilst undoubtedly soldiers german british american armies exhibited traits known different terms foundations performance likely military based discipline training leadership sound doctrine volunteer status seen explain military performance means unique regard status little difference artillery machine gun fire wire obstacles modern industrial warfare rate equally individual skill morale proved important sound tactics effective fire movement ultimately making difference australians allied armies embracing tactical innovations new technologies integrated weapon systems relied provided british_army commemorating celebrating entrenched tradition following world war forming remembrance war soldiers served known colloquially time paramount australian raised following outbreak world war seen traditions predecessor perceptions evolved time 1950s 1960s social critics began associate legend popular discontent concerning vietnam war conscription mid-1960s led people reject historians increasingly questioned views concerning leading realistic nuanced assessments force historians continue stress achievements state representative australia legend grew popularity 1980s 1990s adopted new australian nationalism portrayed uniquely australian force fought people wars sacrificed british military campaigns little importance australia depiction controversial rejected historians oxford companion australian military history judges unclear popular perceptions australia military history evolve clear legend remain important national myth time come | First Australian Imperial Force | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27807_1stSustainmentBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states 1st brigade brigade united_states_army based fort riley kansas provides logistics support activated unit brigade capable variety actions assigned permanent basis capable independent operations taking subordinate units fulfill large scale operations united_states_army formed brigade carries lineage honors division dating world war campaigns early having seen action world war vietnam war gulf war brigade numerous awards decorations previous designation brigade seen tours iraq support operation iraqi freedom organization 1st brigade garrison fort riley composed subordinate battalions 1st special troops battalion contains 24th 1st permanently assigned training readiness relationship explosive ordnance demolition thanks brigade design capable gaining additional subordinate units deployment theater operations history origins traces origins world war formed support newly formed division trains consolidated special troops world war special troops deployed kansas subordinate battalions served world war different divisions units deployed germany support 1st world war participated campaigns credited division support organizations returned kansas division deployed vietnam war buildup units supported division campaigns participated deployed vietnam underwent changes established finance reorganized battalion commands deployed time support operation desert storm deployed europe time consisted fort riley kansas germany germany germany headquarters headquarters company operation iraqi freedom deployed turkey support operation iraqi freedom simultaneously supported operations balkans deployed logistics task force support operation iraqi freedom iraq support operation iraqi freedom addition organic units hawaii north_carolina deployed support logistical operations task force danger finally germany prepare future operations awarded unit contributions operation iraqi freedom january consisted germany germany germany headquarters headquarters company months january july returned task organized 2nd brigade combat team preparation deployment operation iraqi freedom task organized later deployed fort riley kansas august build brief period gained administrative control military police battalion band activated december deployed task organized away november brigade reviewed items based heavily 1st infantry division later month brigade informed deployed iraq 1st brigade activated february local time fort riley kansas mission statement plans monitors distribution operations conducts operations assigned area operation operations directed provides support joint multinational forces directed brigade deployed iraq late operating areas brigade headquarters time brigade history june heralded return battlefield promotion system army system previously discontinued pilot program army looking bring battlefield promotions soldiers brigade use resistant ambush protected vehicle soldiers vehicles train soldiers use vehicle particularly leaders 10th replaced late 1st provides spectrum support including maneuver brigade support brigades joint multinational elements directed 1st supports hub operations providing postal replacement casualty operations essential personnel services area basis brigade assigned unit operate independently assigned units missions independent division honors command brigade received campaign participation credit awards conflicts independent unit retained separate lineage unit decorations campaign | 1st Sustainment Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
27888_FirstMotionPictureUnit | motion picture unit motion picture unit later 18th primary film production unit world war military unit entirely professionals film industry produced propaganda training films notable entertaining films unit known include resisting enemy interrogation memphis story flying fortress bomb released theatres veteran actors future president ronald_reagan directors served unit produced training films trained combat personnel served distinction world war motion picture unit eponymous title self produced documentary unit narrated radio television announcer background united_states entered world war december army motion picture production responsibility commanding general believed formation independent film entity help lead air service gaining independence meeting march general arnold commissioned head producer create unit warner lieutenant colonel captain production accept offer immediate concern critical shortage pilots recruits arnold told warner needed pilots contracted produce release recruitment film come known winning wings directed featured pilot stewart masculine portrayal changed public perception military film completed weeks great success according general arnold pivotal recruiting pilots produce films prior activation notably line duty rear gunner formation success created demand training recruitment films proved difficult fulfill began process developing organizational structure independent motion picture unit dual mission unit produce training morale films train combat ranks filled film industry professionals time history unit raised july active unit key personnel formed initial roster included col warner commanding officer 2nd 2nd ronald_reagan unit operated offices burbank california moved hollywood maintained proved inadequate movie production scale required sheer came studios according writer facility perfect studio motion picture unit needed warehouse size sound stages prop rooms editing bays costume makeup departments outdoor set look like city street lot comprised acres dozens buildings october unit moved men nicknamed fort warner returned running company col took commanding officer life fort personnel assigned included known film professionals day filmmakers great success war actors directors including served unit future president ronald_reagan transferred cavalry reserve captain unit personnel officer responsible maintaining personnel files new recruits operational aspects later appointed adjutant like notable actors reagan appeared films produced unit avoid distracting audience eventually relegated films unique comparison military units methods employed obtain recruits members middle age unsuitable combat duty men sent war zone special mission unit able bypass normal recruiting channels empowered draft directly basic training rigorous experienced servicemen according unit member basic training mandatory wasn basic basic military fort formal units optional unit members called names barracks home commonplace men area nearby film production film project undertaken flight training aid titled learn live set pilot heaven feature length film stars order demonstrate correct aviation techniques common flying mistakes addressed film highly regarded led series films including learn live desert ditch live learn live jungle resisting enemy interrogation lauded military according considered best educational film produced war tells story captured dramatic fashion interrogated german layout interrogation strategy overall experience film extremely realistic airmen captured viewing film reported able successfully resist german efforts extract information feature length film highest quality recognition documentary nominated academy_award animation essential integral component films produced fort animation provided filmmakers scenarios possible live action photography technical secrecy constraints introductory training film pilots learn fly help colorful cartoon characters named thrust gravity drag representative forces act character created teach fine points military camouflage trigger joe appearance immediate hit gunners animators humor illustrate common loading firing techniques maximize efficiency accuracy gunnery personnel want films like theory simple clear interested trigger joe great joe central character entire series films developed gunnery training animation department staffed stellar assortment animators including department head creators disney bombing japan important assignments unit develop navigational materials support bombing campaign japan secret series films code named special film project according important challenging effort come motion picture unit unit given days produce films crews united_states forces final assault japanese mainland 20th air_force tasked carrying bombing campaign lacked necessary information flight routes targeting data explains unit expected deliver landmark check point initial point bomb release point radar center japanese naval vessel harbor railroad building forest rice objects appear seen clear day naked eye viewed radar screen overcast conducting extensive research topography japan foot scale model foot mile target areas fabricated complete mountains buildings railroads rice depicted clouds fog films produced specially mounted overhead camera camera moved simulate airplane flight model according camera recorded crew feet films pilots 20th air_force easily found targets amazed level detail accuracy unit able produce general arnold said following units accomplishment good briefing men dangerous missions bomb damage europe nazi germany surrendered general arnold ordered document extent damage caused aerial bombardment project code named special film project crew color film surveyed bomb damage inflicted major european cities addition recorded nazi civilian military personnel allied custody capture concentration camps american soldiers viewing film camps time summer day reagan came seen like crew shot hundreds hours film seen declined fund production editing footage estimated cost million documentary story special film project points effort biggest color film project world war biggest unseen film time combat training primary function training combat units based nearby approximately combat units seven officers enlisted men trained use variety photographic equipment cameras received combat weapons training sent army air force base document aspects base operations aerial battle tactics enemy airplane performance trained load film camera adverse conditions need develop location aerial motion picture photography shot world war filmed alumni unlike regular personnel combat suffered number casualties alumni program highly praised decorated trained fort assigned cairo egypt combat mission shot gunner wounded heroism awarded returned instructor effect personnel assigned combat duty significant contribution war effort reported air superiority enjoyed europe partly training films delivered field marshal commander chief germany armed forces noted decisive role played film production units calculated perfectly speed allies able train people war major quick complete mastery film education unit efforts unnoticed american military office investigative report wrote investigating officer conclude discussion saying sincere patriotic officers men contributed excellent work motion picture unit vast majority personnel succeeded producing training orientation films superior standard motion picture art training effectiveness men motion picture unit probably represent higher civilian income found military organization proud work right said combat camera units noting sheer volume footage shot auspices unit historian said time flip history channel world war american perspective watching work gentlemen legacy filmography list selected films produced prior formation growing demand training films overwhelmed established film production unit released films lost destroyed list representative output notes director narrator | First Motion Picture Unit | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
28234_27thBattalion(Australia) | 27th 27th battalion infantry battalion australian_army initially raised service world war conflict battalion saw action briefly gallipoli later fighting western disbanded raised later militia world war battalion mainly garrison role year war committed fighting japanese campaign following end hostilities disbanded battalion raised disbanded number times eventually disbanded final time amalgamated 10th form 10th 27th battalion history world war gallipoli restrictions defence act placed deploying units overseas following outbreak world war australian government decided raise volunteer force overseas service force known initially consist infantry division following 1st division late units raised eventually organised form 2nd division 27th battalion formed march park camp adelaide recruits drawn mainly south_australia originally allocated 24th battalion period basic training battalion embarked middle_east arriving july undertook months training egypt urgent request reinforcements led dispatched gallipoli landed september attached 7th brigade 25th 26th 28th battalions reinforced battle worn new_zealand took defensive position october defended ridge time suffered killed wounded relieved new early november moved new positions undertook defensive operations alongside losses time amounted killed wounded december took 28th battalion happy valley decision evacuate allied forces peninsula december battalion embarked bound following 27th battalion returned egypt undertook period training organisation reinforcements arrived australia time expanded infantry divisions fifth forming australia infantry battalions seen service gallipoli split provide staff newly raised battalions battalions 2nd division split manner 27th battalion remained intact western early decision transfer europe fighting trenches western france belgium attached 7th brigade 27th battalion entered line time april australians took quiet sector near july 7th brigade ordered march support australian 1st division taking fighting july 7th brigade undertook attack german line time 27th battalion held reserve attack proved unsuccessful result ordered launch second attack august centred german positions time 27th battalion play key role moving positions afternoon battalion advanced companies forward reserve cover intense artillery barrage congestion assembly trenches battalion arrived objective late wave managed capture line german trenches follow waves lost amidst thick smoke assault companies began consolidate position night early morning august heavy german counterattack launched turned considerable cost germans suffering estimated men killed men captured following battalion sent patrols reinforcements brought later day positions subjected heavy german guns positioned successful attack proved costly battalion reporting following casualties killed wounded missing relieved eventually transferred belgium rested quiet sector south early october undertook number small scale raids german line capturing number prisoners withdrawn line october transferred subsequently took unsuccessful attacks german positions east january 7th brigade moved sector took british units holding line near offensive operations time largely curtailed bad weather march battalions 5th 7th brigades launched combined attack north initial assault yielded ground germans completed successful left threatened momentum attack reinforcements brought 27th battalion linked left flank near road cover mist managed establish new trench line yards long captured number prisoners battalion engagement came march undertook attack lost killed wounded 27th battalion undertake major engagement september took resulted success australians battle committed fighting wave routed german forces advancing cover artillery machine gun fire battalion captured section german line known position known later successfully took battle october major offensive action early 7th brigade placed divisional reserve extreme winter weather conditions set end january brigade relieved moved tasked covering miles length line time 27th battalion near strength officers men positioned remained february march time undertook training men given leave visit march germans launched spring offensive effort bring end war offensive saw considerable tactical gains missed opening phase offensive line time brought april help stem tide german advance effort 27th battalion returned 7th brigade relieved 13th brigade canal night april end month moved area german offensive focused called undertake supporting role australian counterattack relieving 6th brigade sur following 6th assault town early june plans australian 2nd division attack preparation significant attack june battalion advanced right 7th brigade line capturing german line trenches battalion taking prisoners loss men july battalion undertook supporting role successful australian attack following initial success albeit small advance july german offensive 27th battalion undertook peaceful penetration operations german line allies began prepare launch offensive august allies launched days offensive fighting battalion responsible capturing prisoners number machine guns artillery pieces remained line august september undertaking attacks casualties time high end september battalion strength fallen officers men final engagement war came night october took battle battalion attacked suffering casualties following night crossed road took position northeast support 6th brigade attacking positions following battalions removed line rest october request australian prime minister severely depleted suffering acute manpower shortages result combination decrease number volunteers australia decision grant home leave men served years subsequently armistice signed november returned rear training end hostilities process began men slowly repatriated australia process took considerable period time large number men able undertake training england france prepare return civilian life finally numbers battalion disbanded june battalion suffered men killed died active service war wounded members 27th battalion received number decorations including companion order michael military crosses bars distinguished conduct medals military medals bars mentions despatches foreign awards total battle honours awarded 27th battalion involvement fighting gallipoli western interwar years decision battle honours traditions organising units adopt numerical designations related units 27th battalion recruited mainly personnel served infantry regiment result successor units 2nd 27th regiment amalgamated raise 27th battalion link 27th inherited battle honour south_africa establishment battalion formed based south_australia formed 4th military district territorial titles adopted units result battalion adopted title south australian regiment adopted motto inter meaning equals following year battalion formed alliance known 27th regiment foot year later following election government compulsory training scheme abolished place new system introduced maintained time voluntary basis renamed militia time decision suspend compulsory training coupled economic great depression meant manpower militia units dropped considerably result decision number units 27th battalion suffer fate adopted territorial title south australian scottish regiment afforded right wear forming alliance time raised pipe band world war following outbreak world war provisions defence act deploying militia outside australian territory government decided raise volunteer force overseas service known 2nd militia provide force main role provide training compulsory training scheme established early time militia called periods continuous training 27th battalion rest undertook garrison duties south_australia running number training camps designed increase nation defences case war pacific japan entry war following attacks pearl harbor malaya battalion wartime service december transported darwin northern australia formed garrison force defend possible japanese attack time based took building defences north later december 27th battalion transferred 23rd brigade unit previously 2nd unit loss battalions deployed resulted formed militia battalions 27th joined 7th 8th battalions round establishment march having endured bombings japanese aircraft arrival darwin previous year battalion replaced darwin garrison personnel returned adelaide leave december queensland jungle training 23rd brigade converted jungle establishment preparation undertaking active service new_guinea time battalion battalion meaning cent personnel volunteered service outside australian territory deployed limits set defence act september 27th battalion deployed relieved american troops defending americans subsequently fighting philippines battalion moved australian campaign initially tasked relieving 55th 53rd battalion central sector island march april battalion pressed took 31st 51st battalion began carry patrols ridge course weeks battalion carried number minor attacks process captured key features moving northern sector island peninsula continued harass japanese forces active patrolling continued end war august following japanese surrender 27th battalion ceased operations transported wait shipping available australia begin process process began october albeit slowly gradually battalion numbers decreased men repatriated australia transferred units service long service men received priority discharge men volunteered transferred battalions 34th brigade formed service japan finally battalion disbanded 27th battalion lost men killed action died wounded service world war majority coming final weeks war addition normal campaign battalion personnel received number decorations distinguished service bravery included battalion received battle honour involvement war post world war australia wartime army complete decision raise time forces militia albeit new reduced establishment 27th battalion raised assigned attached compulsory training scheme reintroduced result size units march approved battalion regimental march national service scheme suspended result numbers dropped following introduction divisional structure early reorganised number infantry battalions disbanded amalgamated form new state based regiments changes july 27th battalion amalgamated 43rd 48th battalion regiment 10th form 1st battalion 27th battalion personnel forming companies organisation battle honours awarded 2nd 27th battalion served north_africa syria new_guinea 7th division entrusted battalion army order australian_army experiment structure abandoned reorganised battalions split form additional battalions july split 10th 27th 43rd battalions reformed right battalions november 10th 27th battalions linked form 10th 27th battalion unit continues exist day maintaining battle honours traditions predecessor units alliances 27th battalion held following alliances united_kingdom royal united_kingdom battle honours 27th battalion awarded following battle honours south_africa inherited world war road wood france flanders gallipoli world war liberation australian new_guinea battalion longer australian_army order battle entrusted battle honours awarded 27th battalion service 2nd world war honours inherited time north_africa syria liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers world war lieutenant colonel march lieutenant colonel august lieutenant colonel october world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel november lieutenant colonel april | 27th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
28278_No.5OperationalTrainingUnitRAAF | operational training unit raaf operational training unit operational training units royal_australian_air_force formed new_south_wales october train bomber pilots service world war unit initially equipped later received types transferred october disbanded july raised april jet fighter conversion unit operating ceased operations july following year history world war world war royal_australian_air_force raaf established operational training units convert recently graduated pilots advanced trainers combat aircraft add fighting ability flying skills learned operational training unit formed forest hill new_south_wales october initially equipped inaugural commanding officer squadron leader training course ran november december end month unit strength personnel sixteen aircraft increased personnel aircraft including remainder unit aircraft complement augmented oxford august time relocated new south wales october begun running courses arrived following month april unit complement aircraft including ran conversion courses experienced pilots training courses newer operational training unit disbanded new south wales april small detachment remained hand base advance party following day rest transferred july unit commenced photo reconnaissance courses august october strength personnel fighter ace briefly served chief flying instructor late november marred fatal accidents space days thirty crews training january compared dozen november time complement aircraft increased seventy including reached highest level personnel unit chief flying instructor killed crash august fellow instructors time flight lieutenant leading engine mechanic witnessed accident end hostilities pacific saw dissolution raaf february reorganised crew conversion unit fighter operating north american february complement aircraft personnel activity began winding unit disbanded july establishment formed april provide pilots operational training prior conversion fighter unit celebrated dinner attended original commanding officer aircraft operational conversion unit divided operational flights conducted training concert squadron aircraft participated joint exercises display flights including air shows celebrating raaf golden jubilee unit equipped sabre jet fighters jet trainers previously operated lead fighter training vampire operations began winding september type withdrawn april sabre conversion course completed december early following year australian government announced phased retired july time raaf fighter pilots trained progressively sabre considering feasibility direct conversion maintaining government determined possible remove sabre process retire type trainers available subsequently approved purchase new dual trainers augment service disbanded july date sabre retired raaf service unit transferred following disbandment donated australian government aircraft returned raaf subsequently display new_south_wales victoria raaf loaned new south wales restored flying condition | No. 5 Operational Training Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
28327_No.77WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing world war formed later australian tactical air force establishment november comprised squadrons equipped dive bombers wing commenced operations early flying soon vengeance units withdrawn combat replaced squadrons flying wing saw action assaults time formation nos squadrons taken june unsuitable landing grounds meant units withdrawn sitting remainder war returning australia disbanded wing headquarters history wing formed attack component established november group act mobile strike force capable supporting allied ground naval units advanced japanese distinct raaf area commands geographically based static defence function led wing commander wing consisted flying squadrons operating dive bombers units recently acquired australia equipped nos squadrons protected attack missions fighter component wing operating headquartered wing fully operational february following arrival nos squadrons queensland squadron based theatre operations able carry sortie january bombing targets support february escorted concentrated retreating japanese 20th division attacking enemy airfields march decision withdraw dive bombers operations newer equipment raaf squadrons flying flying flying assigned wing replacements operating new squadrons aircraft wing took commencing june wing headquarters relocated july followed nos squadrons month wing composition october changed australian tactical air force ostensibly emphasise formation impressive size ambitious purpose month wing aircraft credited sinking enemy transport ships barges support allied landings november wing advanced island attacked japanese airfields shipping infrastructure end year wing commander taken command wing formation complement augmented squadron unit previously based darwin squadron withdrawn december equip return wing formation operating squadrons type week january wing aircraft undertook missions targets provided air cover operation days leading operation wing attacked enemy targets metres allied demolition teams laying charges breach obstacles beach prior landings read personally led squadron action battle june raaf pilot land newly operational airfield june following month wing taken final allied offensive proved unsuitable operate withdrawn largely sat rest pacific war wing headquarters transferred new south wales december joined nos squadrons disbanded august squadron transferred disbanded july wing headquarters disbanded november | No. 77 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
28424_EasternAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed controlled units based new_south_wales southern queensland headquartered sydney primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries area continued function following end war transferring headquarters time raaf operational units based boundaries formed october renamed raaf new functional command control system history world war prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke raaf began command structure expected increases manpower units march australia divided geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding controlled administration operations air bases units boundary disbanded august responsibilities divided newly formed training group outbreak pacific war resulted split january counter separate japanese threats new_guinea considered appropriate division owing size proposed assigning responsibility operational maintenance units new_south_wales new area command assume control units southern queensland headquartered sydney suburb formed leadership air vice marshal staff numbered including officers training units new_south_wales remained training group maintenance group formed sydney june took responsibility maintenance units initially controlled september commander major general formed majority flying units australian counterparts led air vice marshal exercised control australian air operations area commands continued hold overarching administrative authority meaning area commanders ultimately dependent chief air staff air vice marshal supplies equipment necessity raaf northerly area commands primarily responsible bombing air defence commands maritime patrol anti submarine warfare aircraft flew patrol anti submarine convoy escort missions january april command operating seven combat units squadron flying army cooperation missions queensland squadron flying dive bombing missions squadron flying dive bombing missions new south wales squadron flying reconnaissance bombing missions new_south_wales squadron flying maritime reconnaissance anti submarine missions squadron flying maritime reconnaissance anti submarine missions new south wales squadron flying fighter missions queensland area headquarters staff numbered including ninety officers squadron credited damaging japanese submarine june raaf able destroy enemy submarines coastal waters anderson handed command air commodore july group captain senior air staff officer october lancaster piloted flight lieutenant headquarters building flying regulations largest aircraft pull stunt month proposed carving new area command considered large controlled headquarters division new command known responsible training operational units southern queensland war cabinet deferred decision proposal concept raised august time control maintenance units training operations southern queensland came proposal appointed december japanese submarine activity decreased months prior taking command concerned allied ships observed general procedure ships seldom minority merchant ships identify aircraft raaf patrols settled predictable pattern submarine captain easily avoid relinquished command september december aircraft took search german submarine prevent sinking liberty ship christmas squadron based located wreck squadron lost crew shortly takeoff search called january month held command duration pacific war post war activity reorganisation following end pacific war august dissolved assumed control operational elements including area commands according official history post war air_force considered australia senior operational delegated chief air staff day day responsibility nation air defence raaf bases aircraft employed operations situated sphere control new_south_wales southern queensland frank succeeded december end month headquarters staff numbered including officers bomber wing came control april moved queensland initially operating wing equipped soon time headquarters occupied seven sydney subsequently relocated retired air_force took command july august oversaw establishment transport wing operating new_south_wales displacing fighter wing moved began operating following month air vice marshal jones proposed reducing mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland covering new_south_wales covering western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania proposal larger plan post war raaf federal government rejected plan wartime area command boundaries largely remained place succeeded eastern area october held command retirement air_force july successor air vice marshal responsible preparing transfer headquarters park hotel process completed commanding view surrounding countryside property kilometres miles thirty kilometres miles incorporated disused railway tunnel offered according government correspondence complete protection attack adjoining property purchased soon augment new headquarters accommodation facilities completed term october air vice marshal appointed march following year commanded early years emergency oversaw deployment composite wing administer raaf units stationed lincoln squadron detached wing squadron wing having equipped jets wing departed garrison duties raf malta july group captain announced air_force planning equip wing jet bombers sabre swept wing jet fighters federal government retired replaced raf proceeded organise raaf command control system functional lines establishing home operational training october formed considered raaf facto operational organisation second formed hub training services controlling new_south_wales queensland victoria south australia functional command formed extant headquarters melbourne transition functional system completed february new commands assumed control operations training maintenance western north eastern areas aftermath functional commands established revised renamed training merged renamed years later split training command evolution home operational headquarters remained logistics management responsibility air force raaf component defence wide later training command formed force element group sole command level organisation raaf order battle controlled following squadrons squadron equipped based squadron equipped based squadron equipped based squadron equipped based | Eastern Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
65_LoveMeLikeYou | love like love like song recorded british girl group studio album weird song released september second single album produced wrote song backed instrumental bells percussion song tempo retro homage lyrics love composition compared critics artists 1950s 1960s shadow critical response love like positive critics praised vintage style highlighted album standout reached number singles chart certified gold bpi accompanying music video song set high school dance unbeknownst member group invited attend date previously meeting different situations arrives girl near end night realise invited guy end little mix performed track australian british versions factor good morning america united_states background release love like written studio album weird published exclusive licence ltd sony song produced mac mixed virginia engineered mixing engineered mastered new_york track recorded london provided background vocals keyboards performed mac guitars played laws performed drums percussion respectively group announced september love like second single released album available pre order september released september released columbia ireland united_kingdom september single artwork released day review mtv_news joked group suggesting number band members writing help hint hunt chart topping trophy clearly thinks distance imagining brain jade definitely thinks hear noise records sold convinced floor magazine writer described artwork vibrant collection alternate versions called love like collection released australia new_zealand addition ireland united_kingdom october consists christmas mix remixes instrumental version love like album track called lightning composition love like described tempo ode 60s retro style pop song lasts duration minutes seventeen seconds song composed key major common time tempo beats minute instrumentation provided vintage bells pumping tenor use percussion gives track modern style track band members vocal range spans octave low note high note song opens group lyrics love sing night lay bed blue cause realized truth love like tried find somebody new baby ain got clue love like fuse writer described song reminiscent 1960s girl group modern feel radio highlighting line try romance got nasty want example digital spy writer thought line got biggest fool listeners thinking actually talking music critics compared song recordings era 1950s 1960s independent material composed shadow mtv_news likened production material composed christmas mix version features added church bells critical reception independent described track having nice retro sound singled songs album download black magic grown writing nme nick_levine thought love like reminiscent songs recorded added performed style forced sense fun similarly billboard writer digital_spy critic likened retro style songs performed respectively writer praised composition charming described track totally charming reviewer commented song club night night criticised track interviewed review selection songs released described horrible modern day toxic compound song chart performance united_kingdom love like debuted number singles chart october later peaked number january peaked number singles downloads chart track certified gold british_phonographic_industry bpi denoting shipments copies scotland song reached number achieved success ireland reaching number december peaked number belgium flanders chart october peaked number slovakia number czech_republic number france outside europe love like reached number japan hot number australia number chart music video accompanying music video love like released october video takes place school dance professor hall man appeared previous single video black magic tells dance jade waiting dates arrive scenes girls waiting date intercut video sitting table couples dancing unbeknownst man played david junior invited dance meeting different situations prior night asked jade picking car date gets invites date dance presents wear wrist night high school basketball game watching boys play court sees good sport walks asks date giving asked date cinema shared bucket gives throws bucket shoulder jumps lap causing fall chair finally invited date fell bike staring work field pouring water cool helps gives end video sit bench entrance date walk girl wearing ones given realise timed guy ends girls date dancing whilst good time metro writer noted man video strongly resembled fiancé direction wrote fans noticed wearing engagement ring video meaning video filmed split august live performances little mix performed love like live seventh season factor australia october capital praised performed writing set amazing example contestants vocals pitch perfect november group performed love like black magic medley twelfth series factor united_kingdom featured group wearing dresses performance love like torn reveal sing black magic little mix sang track live united_states november returned perform love like november following morning breakfast love like included set list segment capital annual december singles released weird black magic secret love song previous singles salute wings track listing digital download love like digital download collection love like christmas mix lightning love like love like jones remix love like 7th heaven remix love like exclusive interview love like instrumental charts certifications | Love Me Like You | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
2938_IcePrincess(song) | ice princess song ice princess song recorded american rapper debut studio album broke expensive taste released fourth single album march production song handled written banks ice princess contains sample air originally produced progressive house lyrically banks wealth pitchfork_media describing banks rhymes diamonds ice princess garnered praise music critics describing song banks best promote song accompanying music video track released march features banks ruling kingdom ice warriors flying sky destroying colorful turning ice background reported banks working studio album british producer despite having signed record label time january banks signed record deal work new music month later announced title album broke approximately year later handed complete version broke expensive taste labels banks initially thought receive favorable reception labels representatives told banks recorded hit single album ultimately banks ended record deal july later approached signed contract company banks eventually released album november reception ice princess received positive reviews critics pitchfork_media gave song best new track honor commenting displayed banks best unexpected simply spin described song having potential single finally breaks harlem radio time commented song praising banks flow video better song flow unbelievable broke honey banks cause loan money colder december diamonds fly ice life don limits shine twice banks raps fit rhyme winter automatically gets points promotion music video video ice princess directed duo released march vevo channel video depicts banks frozen leader robotic army snakes hair style greek mythology leads cgi army battle volcano produces clouds eventually end destroying reviews video positive called video epic daily_mail called spine according slick music video banks initially caused controversy promotion song posting pictures makeup video claiming caused outrage internet banks ultimately revealed media makeup finished applied music video ice princess later tweeted wish cared ice princess live performances april banks performed ice princess festival july performed set live festival spain credits personnel credits adapted broke liner notes credits ice princess contains sample air song progressive house personnel songwriting vocals songwriting songwriting production release history | Ice Princess (song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
5345_DrinkYouAway | drink away drink away song recorded american singer songwriter justin_timberlake fourth studio album experience written produced additional writing sent country radio stations november fourth final single album musically defined critics multi genre song including classic rock country pop gospel blues memphis soul lyrically track compares love alcoholism making references alcoholic brands including song sold copies drink away received generally positive response contemporary critics labeling song highlight impressive moments album performed song american music awards set list experience world tour november singer gave rendition track country music association awards following drink away sold digital copies debuted number hot chart peaked number canadian hot chart production release drink away written song produced jones provided additional production recorded los_angeles arranged produced vocals provided keyboards song played guitar track engineered mixed process assisted keyboards provided sent country radio united_states november fourth final single experience single release executive vice president promotion artist development stated received requests key programmers decided shortened version drink away didn air longer cut album adding promotion actively working single simply wanted song easily accessible country radio play like interview billboard composition lyrical interpretation drink away runs duration minutes thirty seconds radio edit lasts minutes seconds time magazine described track country pop hand greg_kot chicago_tribune thought gospel blues song according classic rock homage noted drink away memphis soul song gritty country riff instrumentation includes organ acoustic guitar elements pop rock music heard song guitar lyrically song features references alcoholic drinks seen lyrics drink away tried jack tried jim tell baby medicine heartbreak mtv_news described alcohol references lot sorrow according song lyrics continue love analogy started lyrical themes experience particularly love girl noted trying bitter memory opening bar taking tennessee head slant_magazine described drink away song singer compares love alcoholism reception critical hitfix gave drink away grade called best track experience potential mirrors similarly stern mtv_news thought song biggest surprises impressive tracks album digital spy labeled highlight album encouraged explore tennessee present track popmatters called song hat trick album described successful moments according way lists lyrics unorthodox style singer addition differs musically rest material album reason works noted song suit better montgomery gentry grow rolling_stone described big genre bending feel good sing actually feels good jason king spin called song organ laced thought hit country lifted heaven harmonies pitchfork media thought falls flat song described plastic blues compared works american country singer variety described drink away lows album compared music rock concluded track relies heavily repetition commercial performance issue dated november song sold digital copies appeared number hot chart peaked number chart dated february song debuted number billboard country airplay chart climbed mainstream radio airplay chart single 26th entry solo artist peaked number hot hip hop songs chart sold copies united_states drink away peaked number canadian hot chart south_korea following release parent album song sold digital copies peaked number digital chart live performances covers performed drink away time american music awards held los_angeles rolling_stone grow ranked performance number performances night song setlist experience world tour performed song tennessee whiskey november rolling_stone_magazine praised best performance entire new_york_times editor highlighted crossover appeal entertainment_weekly declared best performances wrote display talent nashville met country music biggest night hands air church mash hope star duet american country music artist performed song concerts cover drink away peaked number country airplay chart credits personnel credits adapted liner notes experience recorded mixed charts certifications release history | Drink You Away | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
7663_CatchMeIfYouCan(Girls'Generationsong) | catch girls generation song catch song recorded languages japanese korean south korean girl group girls generation korean version released april japanese version released april emi song composed korean lyrics written japanese lyrics written musically described critics track song marked release member group following dismissal member september single received generally favorable review music critics praised musical styles compared song works american musicians commercially single peaked number number japanese oricon singles chart music videos created single korean version japanese version released simultaneously april music videos hailed mind blowing choreography described billboard magazine background south korean girl group achieved success asian music scene hit singles got boy debut piece girl group consisting members september announced dismissed member parent company schedule conflict group mutual music activities fashion business release catch marked girls generation release member group february announced girls generation preparing comeback japan releasing ninth japanese single named catch scheduled released japan april march information single announced japanese version catch distributed formats single digital download inch single korean version released digitally worldwide april popularity youtube song received airplay hits radio week april versions single contain track titled girls composition reception music catch composed korean lyrics written japanese lyrics written musically song described electronic dance music track writing fuse noted departure group signature bubblegum pop styles named high turbo song synthesizers tribal house beats bass drops release catch received generally positive reviews music critics benjamin compared track musical styles russian german wrote song rise mediocre label wrote article billboard compared musical styles american smart chart performance korean version catch peaked number digital chart sold digital downloads peaked number world digital songs chart billboard magazine group highest charting single chart japanese version debuted number japanese oricon singles chart selling physical copies week release sold physical units japan 31st highest selling single april japan additionally charted number japan hot billboard japan taiwan single charted atop chart week music videos promotion april released korean music video youtube online web sharing websites japanese music video disclosed group japanese official website audio revealed simultaneously south korean online distributors prior release members promoted new song social network profiles including started contest twitter accompanying group comeback following release song group official promotion south_korea girls generation later performed song south korean music program music core conjunction release group subsequent single party july performed song concert japan month music video catch directed features members dancing white tank tops orange uniforms construction zone american music magazine billboard described choreography powerful sexy mind blowing commented members sure dance compared video music video work construction zone background white tank look similarly filipino channel praised music video visual commenting group keeping hot moves outfits june earlier version music video featuring member unofficially released internet presumably filmed dismissed group september track listings formats chart release history | Catch Me If You Can (Girls' Generation song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
8011_HastalaRaíz(song) | song english root song mexican recording artist released january attaining success previous album tribute mexican singer songwriter decided record album original recordings spent years writing process searching inspiration different cities resulting songs personal feelings love song produced enlisted musician assist production wrote track mexican artist release lead single album title received positive reviews music critics song commercially successful peaking number billboard latin pop songs number mexico music video track directed recorded mexico_city gathering fans responded invitation posted social networks video ranked list best latin music videos earned accolades record year song year best alternative song 16th latin grammy awards background joined mexican orchestra conductor album musical project created celebrate mexico analyzed mexican singer songwriter catalogue decided record tribute album songs singer wanted opportunity perform songs written person wanted find balance heart mind body traveled veracruz colombia cuba searching inspiration write new music new album parallel experience singing music result need proud songs said album sixth studio album album original material years produced musician mexican singer songwriter record producer expensive album version track released digital download january new version entitled root version available included song live sessions featured italian edition album series summer hits writing recording overcame writer block felt songs wrote similar compared previous albums sought inspiration repertoire native country mexico things wanted happen record find connection mexico people mexican proud positive parts mexico musically singer wanted simplicity forced write judgement recording voice phone process singer inspired work latin american songwriters recording demos realized songs direct emotional previous work writing process took years complete resulting approximately songs singer selected strongest ones album personal life wanted record best bunch represent making album wanted songs songs stand written mexican singer songwriter wanted experiment composers music friends working album album idea song finished music referred collaboration magical song anthem human strength roots came conversation maintaining sense connection come played riff started singing producer recorded final result session critical reception release received positive reviews music critics website coffee saturday music editor agreement song keeps musical style similar previous album influence evident club stated song sounds rich resembles chilean singer songwriter doesn sound like bold step outward certainly need lower expectations declared track evokes rhythm veracruz mexico hometown performed track latin grammy awards won record year song year best alternative song commercial reception released promotional single titled album january later released second single following song peaked number mexico monitor latino pop songs chart number general airplay charts respectively united_states track peaked number billboard latin pop songs chart highest peak single reached respectively following performance song climbed number pop sales increase selling downloads music video music video directed mexico_city gathering fans responded invitation posted social networks singer asked fans send thought inspired song personal story derived identification thought answers received responses immediately later turned riot know control happened fans super cool told video shot black white surrounded people lead stage perform song meantime throws flowers air kisses guy plays guitar according latin post video shows singer simplicity included number list best latin music videos track listing credits personnel following credits album liner notes producer vocals keyboard electric guitar producer acoustic guitar voice director programming electric guitar percussion drums percussion percussion bass guitar | Hasta la Raíz (song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
8427_IDidIt,Mama! | mama mama song recorded romanian singer songwriter eponymous second studio album released november single track produced members writing process handled collaboration stan dance pop song incorporating ethnic influences sound record described resembling lyrical message madonna don preach mama met negative positive reviews music critics calling great named boring radio airplay official music video mama shot uploaded november youtube order accompany single release clip presents stan surrounded different types half naked men aroused controversy cut scenes shown sexual intercourse oral sex background dancers commercially track peaked number stan native country composition lyrical interpretation song written stan production handled alias lyrically mama conflict different generations specific children parents lyrics stan urges parents accept misunderstood new boyfriend refrain song stands ground repeating track title times writing music website compared message song madonna don preach stan confessed song rebellious recording parents understand play named tune mixture music described mama successful dance pop track named italian portal daring pointed ethnic influences featured composition critical response release track met mixed reviews music critics pop crush positive song calling immediately infectious stan pop masterpiece review concluded track doesn sense doesn praised refrain tune criticized drop main destroy song little bit spanish music website eventually named recording great successful european clubs daring provided negative review mama saying boring radio potential zero romanian magazine compared song title mama music video promotion accompanying music video shot song released november stan youtube channel stan particularly confessed filming clip felt good like absolute goddess lot males hours video men employed models rugby players clip arriving abandoned place followed stan lying plastic horse neon room singing rugby players subsequently shown scattered ground dark room half naked men sporting white boots appearing left right fellow males perform song clip ends stan left horse beginning scenes interspersed main video portray posing blue wall sporting black sun glasses cross styled clip received positive reviews pop crush calling dresses displayed european mixture style old hollywood glamour fringe recommended video called feast romanian newspapers click pointed cut scenes portray stan sexual intercourse oral sex fellow dancer according reason clip banned romania named video daring negative commending presents scenes seen countless times leaving viewer annoyed feeling stan included mama japanese week concert tours promoted release studio album territory performed stripped version song romanian radio station romania singer dancer stan covered track native interactive talent credits personnel credits adapted liner notes track listing digital download mama digital remix mama mama mama remix mama extended mix mama remix mama radio remix mama mama charts release process mama released digitally worldwide november itunes labels subsequently remixes available purchase january january european territories cover artwork italian extended play featured blue coloring original edited green sleeve releases featured changed red italian radio stations began adding track november history | I Did It, Mama! | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
15366_TilItHappenstoYou | happens happens song produced performed american singer lady_gaga wrote song documentary film hunting ground deals campus rape united_states song leaked internet unofficial recording film premiere film festival later released digital retailers september director producer film looked influential write song music supervisor contacted warren interested wrote song gaga producer accompanied recording providing suggestions universal song kind loss life happens placed sequences film highlighting pain sexual assault song consists orchestral production strings emotional vocal delivery gaga lyrically asks listeners stand victim position try understand turmoil happens later included public service announcement video directed video depicts instances violence women sexual assaults ends note effects distress individuals finding close friends relatives song video received positive critical response reviewers complimented gaga vocal delivery sympathetic tone lyrics related subject realistic depictions sexual assaults clip direction portion proceeds retail sales donated organizations supporting victims sexual assault commercially song reached thirty finland greece spain peaked number billboard hot united_states march happens nominated best song written visual media annual grammy awards best original song academy awards numerous awards background release happens written lady_gaga recorded hunting ground documentary film campus rape united_states director producer wanted major influence record song film believing generate publicity promote subject contacted executive producer explaining idea added resources find started searching met music supervisor introduced warren warren moved idea saying write song write song movie going gift wrote song viewing scenes film year track release warren called gaga played rough demo unsure involvement decided fly new_york try work gaga accepted song decided record warren said song gaga contributions heard film touched stuff life relate gaga talented artists worked life excited lot levels song vulnerable defiant especially way gaga sings verse vulnerable tell going better second verse comes builds gets better don know happens warren added song message universal nature loss faced life gaga victim rape revealed song theme important family father sister sexually assaulted attending college subsequent worsened prevailing resulting death profoundly affecting gaga family singer involved new_york state governor push new legislation help rape culture american universities signing letter supporting titled legislation went effect july documentary features versions song body film second closing highlights sequences pain sexual assault song played lead subject assault survivor impact rape walking college campus concluded having gaga sing track fulfilled need publicity brought demographic kind platform reach sorts people maybe necessarily inclined interested issue incredible happens leaked internet officially released unofficial recording film premiere film festival april warren confirmed song official release waiting final audio mixing gaga later released digital download single september recording composition interview billboard spoke song recording sessions working gaga warren met gaga party invited join studio recording gaga singing note note music played suggested warren vocals song sound like country track instead chords thirteenth octave plus sixth serving dominant function warren accepted suggestion song recorded gaga reportedly struggled recording song caused recall trauma warren explained emotional couldn talk times gaga told interviewer variety warren helped feel comfortable song subject matter allowing singing correct emotional depth performance played begun song needed convincing record sharing world talked lot felt song needed order reach young people possible felt needed stay purely emotional state going grow performance song end kind rage feel like song women men rising think hurt don know power don know stronger happens somber tune featuring orchestral production soaring strings pop ballad delivers empowering message hold head strong fall got described stirring emotional featuring classical production song emphasizes gaga vocals keeping focus lyrics happens don know feels feels happens won know won real won real won know feel lyrics ask tell victims cope pretend understand assault try stand shoes gaga feels events need experienced order understand verse sung gaga vulnerable voice gradually changes aggressive tone changes sound like survivor final verses according sheet music published happens set time signature common slow tempo beats minute composed key minor gaga vocals spanning song follows basic sequence chord progression critical response fuse noted song contains powerful message composition evocative biting ballads like spin said song highlights gaga evocative voice similar tone gypsy reviewing documentary hollywood reporter said song provided extra film described track robust orchestral adding lyrics command attention complimented decision gaga sing track given connection sexual abuse compared comparing string arrangement music stern described massive production complimenting lyrics straightforward new_york_times dick able successfully change mood documentary inclusion song atlantic praised song gaga vocals saying somber subject matter singer delivery dramatic probably remind people time gaga single bad romance ruled radio declaring song gaga stirring release called track sweeping intensely powerful number ordinary pop song variety praised gaga warren songwriting describing anthem cause strongest contenders year race best original song academy_awards far rally cry movement wrote nme song somber piano ballad topic lyrics depict frustration told pick carry people couldn possibly understand situation idolator claimed powerful unsettling visuals complimented strong vocal performance gaga brittany rolling_stone called evocative track highlighted gaga vocals believed perfect follow gaga cheek cheek album added academy award win triumph following gaga critical commercial miss recent album help break warren losing streak chart performance happens charted charts belgium flanders wallonia finland debuted peaked number europe peaked number france number spain reached number greece digital songs chart published billboard united_kingdom song entered download chart number official singles chart reached peak number song reached peak number scotland belgian charts happens reached number flanders region number wallonia united_states song initially failed chart billboard hot later entered number march following gaga performance song academy awards according billboard song sold downloads week academy_awards sales period following performance song sold nearly downloads sales increase best digital sales week debuted number hot digital songs chart garnered million streams tracking week contributing debut hot billboard reported song sold writing wall having won academy award best original song according nielsen soundscan happens sold total downloads country song gaga 14th entry reach chart issue dated january landing 10th place ranking artists number ones dance chart song reach chart applause rise dance chart aided remixed versions track including dirty pop billboard issue dated february song debuted number adult contemporary chart reached peak number according radio program directors song received positive response listeners prompting airplay accolades happens won award best song documentary media awards took place november best original song 20th satellite awards best song movie 3rd music awards nominations song came listed category category annual grammy awards best song written visual media happens received nomination academy_award category ceremony fifth song documentary listed award category gaga dedicated nomination survivors sexual assault message twitter account february gaga warren honored 11th annual fashion festival song year award song received nomination primetime emmy awards outstanding original music lyrics warren credited cue sheet requirement nomination happens song nominated year music video development synopsis august announced song released public service announcement video directed raise awareness sexual assaults college campuses hollywood reporter described casting emotional spotlight young women vulnerable situations college students readily recognize said important message watch documentary screaming screen tried capture stories way add voice powerful action production costs film executive producers video released day digital release gaga link adding hope feel love solidarity song find peace knowing film warren believed video highlighted observations victims coming forward speak assault like coming dark closet secretive wasn talked people saying going victims anymore going campus want people know victims survivors clip portrays sexual assaults women cope incident black white video opens warning message following contains graphic content emotionally unsettling reflects reality happening daily college campuses shows girl walking corridor followed young people activities college campus reading portrayed actress trans man adjusting chest bathroom attending party portrayed actress sexually assaulted scenes showing couple young girls raped party girls trans man cry alternate images expressing emotions words ultimately find hope friendship leave college friends words inscribed bodies change positive messages near ending music video displays message college women sexually assaulted year changes following message points audience facebook page hunting ground white_house support website people endured sexual crime portion earnings song digital sales donated organizations supporting victims sexual assault reception analysis described video socially conscious wondered gaga released like video adding good surprises unfortunately time better comes discussing issues singing entertainment_weekly described clip powerful disturbing emotional writing daily_telegraph declared scenario video appeared realistic wrote making sure attacks differ location scenario appearances victim gaga breaking myth typical rape believed graphic emotional hard watch video able deliver powerful message close gaga real life rape experience wright described video nme brutal rendering subject matter depictions added rape statistics end video complimented gaga popularity promote awareness subject believed gaga previous music videos political aspects open interpretations music video happens showed maturity featuring chilling scenes staged sexual assaults cosmopolitan felt video contained uncomfortable footage added emotionally unsettling images able reflect actual reality happens college campuses publication described clip beautifully shot brilliantly acted short film hold comes portraying real horror sexual assault graphic way possible positive clip calling chilling beautiful overall effect credit acclaimed director brutality scenes remarkably moving way possible disappointed aspect victims supported friends close ones cope trauma instead wanted legal traumatic incidents victims going police concluded review saying gaga deserve props creating powerful aesthetically striking brought tremendous attention rape sexual assault attention inadequate victims rape conversely fast company believed video important statement gaga believed direct attention hunting ground live performances gaga performed happens live time october annual gala cover versions irresponsible baby shot rose performed song music event december presented award woman year song performed intimate gathering peninsula hotel beverly_hills audience consisted filmmakers rape survivors featured documentary gaga reportedly emotional performing song thanked filmmakers including song film performed song hunting ground awarded special recognition trophy actress america introduced gaga appear stage leading moments nervous laughter audience tried joke situation singer finally arrived piano stage gaga performed song academy awards introduction vice president united_states sang sitting white piano near conclusion survivors sexual assaults joined onstage words like survivor fault written bodies wall_street_journal called poignant performance night billboard listed performance best moments awards saying gaga huge impact stage performance powerful opened reveal sea sexual assault survivors standing solidarity emotional bar raised level performed cover song accompanied warren piano los_angeles track listing formats digital download happens remixes promotional single happens tracy young happens tracy young happens tracy young happens tracy young happens happens happens late mix vocal happens late instrumental happens happens happens happens credits personnel lady_gaga bmi sony songs bmi personnel credits adapted soundtrack net charts release history | Til It Happens to You | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
15932_UsedtoLoveYou | love love song recorded american singer studio album written produced scrapping album singles baby don lie spark fire favor start released love album official single october serviced mainstream radio october love emotional ballad instrumentation consisting piano restrained synths drum lyrically song talks painful break protagonist questioning fell love described song inspired end year marriage bush lead singer love critically acclaimed lyrical content emotional delivery critics calling heartbreaking song critics viewed single improvement releases later described rushed premiered song concert october music video released days later music video single shot black background displaying emotions occasionally words song song received televised performance ellen degeneres october background release october released solo single years baby don lie following moderate impact reception new single released december year singles charts prompting album postponed release months updates album revealed interview entertainment_weekly scrapped entire album favor starting feel fulfilled totally involved previous project started writing new material june following divorce month later felt inspired interview claimed needed needed write record needed write songs natural worrying happened going happen living moment trying present trying feel president asked songwriters producers julia michaels work album recalled saying following recording session listen don care don care hits don care coming room right want truth want truth come michaels revealed gwen written things feeling moment phrase read don know cry think remembered time hated love said crazy line goes cool melody let song written told label album personal release rebelled advice continued writing personal songs day ended writing thought commercial song album love approved october performed concert ballroom new_york_city prior performing encore wrote official twitter account ready encore hold tight new single performing love said want share song wrote recently song special october revealed single cover art featuring close picture day later october song released digital download itunes online platforms october serviced song mainstream radio official lead single album composition love written song producers song vulnerable emotional ballad having driving piano melody length minutes seven seconds spin wrote song largely showcases passionate conflicted vocals restrained electropop leaning swells emotional synths drum lyrically love break anthem questioning fell love place majority music critics noted song inspired divorce year marriage interview today confirmed track inspired end marriage claiming record actually going things real time like wrote song like couple weeks ago according rolling_stone seen lines chorus don know cry think cause remember time hated love poignant lyrics sings guess taught taught love compared lyrical content love dreaming dream song doubt sixth album push claimed song recalls best ballads like cool early winter morning critical reception release love received critical acclaim contemporary music critics felt song hyper personal lyrics immediate affecting immediately following release usa_today awarded track song week october adding song spiritual sibling best works doubt classic don speak noting time coming mature artist fewer things prove pain feels fresh idolator praised fact singer stepping away pumped previous tracks like baby don lie noting immediately ask gwen praised slow songs refreshing witness current album era new vibe called fantastic comeback single tremendous improvement baby don lie praising repeatedly sings don know love climax feel agreed noting haven heard breakup anthem girl tragic kingdom days series stellar singles safe later review parent album stated impressed vulnerability displayed comparing previous singles cool girlfriend concluded saying potential evident tracks like love wrote song sentimental fare calling track praised track stating reaches nailed fingers heart chest throws floor pitchfork media claimed years continued rare moment album pick sea pop singers concluded claiming love greatest song don speak comparing effect madonna single like prayer warned listening track tissues consequence sound critic enjoyed track calling recognizable moment heartbreak delivered charming falsetto appreciated somber track renowned sound awarded stars claiming lyric note sung heart chorus gets website acknowledged love strongest songs calling unexpectedly heartfelt writing atlantic called love heartbreaking parent album sentiment execution stated raw observation vocal chorus prompt tears like ones accompanying video rest song struggles mixed review found ing close bitterness complimented singer ing beautiful violated critic national claimed single feel connected pop star sing track wouldn notice difference chart performance love moderately successful release united_states love debuted number bubbling hot singles chart serves extension billboard hot entered hot number week ending november addition debuting number pop songs component chart following performance love entered hot number new peak performance helped sell additional digital copies prompting chart artist number single lasted total weeks hot peaking number december departing position number january week performed love voice single peaked number component chart given highest increase week ending december october released contemporary hit radio united_states radio adds prompted track enter adult peaked number spending total weeks charts second highest peak chart nearing cool peak number week ending january song peaked number adult contemporary chart mainstream charts highest entry second lowest entry march love certified gold recording_industry_association_of_america reporting sales copies marked certification single girl outside united_states love successful peaking countries canada track peaked number lowest charting single follow single like later lowest charting single peaking number february additionally single spent weeks canadian radio charts spending seven weeks chart peaked number spent weeks chart peaked number addition spending weeks hot list charted number love failed enter united_kingdom instead peaking number singles chart october australia single debuted peaked number scotland peaked number week october november music video october day song release premiered music video directed facebook shot video shows verge tears sitting dark space white tank noted video filmed inside dressing room new_york performance intended released track official music video remarked video spent near tears sings key lyrics additional emotional trigger online emphasized ability hold tears reveals strong sense self writing website noted video simple tell story recent heartbreak calling heartbreaking billboard echoed thought huffington_post called spare vulnerable raw exact opposite videos come expect doubt idolator described poignant raw live performances october performed love live concert users ballroom new_york_city television debut song ellen degeneres october regards live performance huffington_post considered moving called emotional rendition wrote idolator black clad band stood shadows quietly playing singing backup vocals gwen center emotional breakup tune ellen appearance looking sounding point november performed love performed song live public appearances including voice tonight starring jimmy new years eve shortly countdown new year ended track listing credits personnel recording recorded studios los_angeles adapted liner notes charts certifications release history | Used to Love You | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
20356_Thunder(LeonaLewissong) | thunder song thunder song british singer songwriter fifth studio album song written lewis produced track lyrically thunder finding strength pick falling difficult times lewis explained song self reflection self empowerment finding ability look order decide best released thunder july lead single united_states single released album overall remixes released track garnered positive response music critics complimented powerful stance declared album highlight critic believed lyrics directed lewis label boss thunder reached thirty adult pop songs charts chart song accompanying music video shows lewis variety outdoor spaces clips varying weather patterns intercut performed track television shows including late late talk background release thunder written producing track lewis fifth studio album published behalf recorded mixed los_angeles lewis provided vocals thunder performed instrumentation programming track audio mastered studios new_york_city assistance acoustic version thunder lewis additional vocals recorded london june lewis released minute teaser video title track power media site idolator exclusively premiered length version thunder july lewis told idolator thunder song close heart wrote strength rising fall able share interview magazine lewis songs meaning like coming place hard situation reflect look deep inside figure want said lewis breakthrough feel strong strong decisions ready overall single released following fire feet title track thunder served lead single album release united_states released united_kingdom subsequently released download digitally july days later sent contemporary radio stations country remix thunder released september later released september remix released australia france germany new_zealand united_kingdom september despite initial claims thunder released added list october composition lyrically thunder ballad finding strength rising fall follows self empowerment theme album song begins lyrics heaven roses fire later coming thunder lewis projects stance empowerment performs line heart free beat accompanied piano vibe described track celebratory salute self love highlighted lines won wait longer let got stronger empowering times thought thunder record label boss friend writing lyrics won wait longer let got stronger lewis way saying check high song key major tempo beats minute lewis voice spans octaves reception stephen_thomas_erlewine thought thunder fire feet lewis strongest compositions date added sharply crafted passionate digital spy writer thought lewis appear sound new sense passion leads tried tested formula charge listed thunder tracks download love song power got idolator praised thunder described track equally fire feet wrote soulful soaring ballad lewis songs difficult immersed strong emotional sentiment writer highlighted albums great tracks writing lewis beat opener thunder announce return magazine writer picked thunder standout song fire feet essence knew united_states thunder peaked number chart week peaked number adult pop songs chart spent seven weeks charting number chart peaked number hungary number czech_republic number slovakia promotion promotional tour lewis performed acoustic version thunder chicago radio station july august performed mini set list interviewed lewis started bleeding love followed cover single want want rendition thunder host bet lewis add lewis beginning performance style sings songs lewis obliged won bet day lewis released music video thunder shows singer open outdoor spaces clips rolling clouds rays sunshine intercut vibe writer described simplistic theme perfect visual uplifting track september lewis performed thunder live new_york_city fall concert series idolator wrote lewis performed track stunning vocals september singer sang track late late days later lewis appeared talk interviewed performed thunder song included tour track listings thunder album version thunder acoustic album version thunder remix thunder remix charts release history | Thunder (Leona Lewis song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
21686_Gate(SorewaAkatsukinoYouni) | gate sore gate sore japanese gate gate looks like dawn song recorded japanese group released group single years subsidiary label july lyrics written music arrangement created band musically gate sore rock song features guitars drums bass guitars instrumentation alternative version different lyrics slightly edited composition released january title gate release received positive reviews music critics complimented composition whilst rest praised production commercial appeal commercially song moderately successful japan peaking number consecutive entry accompanying music video featured band singing warehouse surrounded construction tape ornaments promote single opening theme song season japanese anime television series gate background release june confirmed japanese group rockets release new song titled gate sore serve opening theme song season japanese anime television series gate lyrics written music arrangement created band musically rock song features guitars drums bass guitars instrumentation according japanese music magazine journal described rock composition loud sharp released group single years subsidiary label july released single japan included track song titled hero respective instrumental versions second format dvd single included audio track list featured music video second disc final physical format special anime included track shortened version dubbed size instrumental digital included recordings released japan format apart digital release includes different artworks promotional images taken television series reception release received positive reviews music critics staff member journal positive complimenting songwriting holds sharp message listeners understand review concluded reviewer labeling similar review said times anime beginning listen theme song consider group anime let gate fans called catchy energetic anime theme songs enjoyed song fan stated opening song catchy sounds like typical mainstream female lead vocals commercially song moderately successful japan debuted number group lowest entry time despite falling outside following week lasted weeks inside june gate sore group best selling single according oricon style success japan billboard competent charts peaking number japan hot chart chart number hot single sales chart music video promotion accompanying music video single released july official japanese channel youtube opens blurred long shot band sitting couch music starts performing warehouse surrounded music gear ornaments intercut shots vocalist surrounded construction tape appears songs verses whilst seen performing guitar instrumental breaks tank video ends long shot group standing warehouse singles promotion japan inclusion opening theme song season japanese anime television series gate alternative version different lyrics slightly edited composition released january title gate version second season series track listings formats personnel credits adapted liner notes gate sore recording management recorded management record label credits background vocals composing songwriting producing arranging vocals background vocals arranging producing guitar background vocals arranging producing drums background vocals arranging producing guitar background vocals arranging producing charts release history | Gate (Sore wa Akatsuki no You ni) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
23153_HoldTight(Madonnasong) | hold tight madonna song hold tight song recorded american singer madonna featured thirteenth studio album track written produced madonna additional writing provided demo hold tight leaked internet december final version released madonna february itunes_store song later sent italian radio july single country hold tight pop song incorporating military drums atmospheric keyboards electronics instrumentation lyrically song talks love tough times having message holding strong song received mixed reviews music critics praising chorus picking standout track named dull generic song charted european territories reaching finland hungary spain background release initially madonna set release thirteenth studio album march lead single set premiere valentine day year demos songs leaked internet november december led singer release completed tracks itunes pre order album december days later fourteen tracks leaked online including demo version hold tight february madonna released tracks album including finished version hold tight iconic joan arc album release websites suggested song producer confirmed working material rebel heart claiming songs madonna best stuff decade tracks hard explain productions album final track list rumors claimed producer hold tight later rumored producer eventually confirmed madonna official website produced track hold tight selected single single italy added country radio stations july recording composition hold tight written produced madonna additional writing provided background vocals song engineers song mixing additional recording additional editing hold tight recorded different places moscow barcelona denver colorado venice california wrote provided background vocals track remembered working english duo recommended working rebel heart started idea hold tight madonna loved finishing writing lyrics invited recording studio finish production rapper commented session madonna interview digital_spy claiming cool nice session lovely guess song hold tight came fans respond yeah awesome legend awesome opportunity work like madonna literally shaped careers artists wanted work look queen hold tight reflective pop ballad having atmospheric keyboards military drums electronics main instrumentation tribal chorus picked whistle according reminiscent running hill noted song synths remind confessions dance floor forbidden love british electronica band lyrically song talks holding strong madonna singing bruised song lyrical content living love noted anthem shoulder shoulder survival collective communal intimate romantic reception billboard described song immediately familiar track epic arresting chorus lewis corner digital_spy wrote track heels giving emphasis space madonna voice given shine like hear described old school pop song picked standout track whilst claimed mid tempo track dirty bass bears little resemblance sparse pedestrian demo noting melody lush singing recipe far care saw seen lens lost generation slant_magazine called perfectly acceptable album filler lyrically pop briefly works exciting threatens mac noted wouldn particularly fact better choices standard edition album relegated bonus tracks called dull ballad national song tracks cut criticizing atmospheric keyboards sleep inducing popmatters named album forgettable jams generic new zealand herald opined hold tight little substance wrong song following digital release february instant pre ordering album hold tight entered record chart countries united_kingdom song unable enter singles chart reached number download chart charted number singles chart compiled france hold tight entry spain hungary digital charts sweden credits personnel inc like turtles music songs emi april digital ltd copyright control recorded moscow barcelona denver colorado venice california appears courtesy division adapted madonna official website charts release history | Hold Tight (Madonna song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
23549_Iconic(song) | iconic song iconic song recorded american singer songwriter madonna thirteenth studio album written madonna iconic produced madonna served additional producers features american rapper spoken intro american professional boxer song demo leaked internet december alongside tracks album iconic rumored album title final version released february hold tight joan arc itunes store trap influenced song iconic features instrumentation ice cold synths marching drums bass stabs electronic gears lyrically song encourages people control life pursue dreams find greatness song received generally favorable reviews critics praised song weird beat odd collaboration recognizing criticized addition confused song message charted european territories peaking inside finland hungary spain madonna performed track rebel heart tour performance inside medieval looking cage like dancers dressed background release recording process madonna enlisted collaborators including madonna posted photograph trio working recording studio account said photograph having iconic moment studio throat hurts singing laughing crying worked madonna fourteen songs appeared album multiple iconic according week intimidating like test phase criticize likes honest harsh critics things worked got track initially asked american rapper featured verses icons called american rapper said better somebody new person thought new icon got record chance madonna met american recording artist concert friends prompting singer accept suggestion madonna enlisted american professional boxer speech track according singer thinking eyes super iconic look alive today feel like lot survived stories tell evolved human survivor came mind right away revealed moved impressed seen hbo documentary undisputed truth directed contacted revealed song inspired admitted seen arrogant tried come positive perspective uplifting interview rolling_stone explained didn know hell going having good time hanging madonna producer studio didn know wanted talk rap start talking talking life things endured saying crazy stuff intense december thirteen unfinished demos tracks album including iconic leaked internet leaked material included artwork suggesting album titled iconic leaked version didn feature day madonna expressed dissatisfaction leaked material claiming artistic rape form terrorism avoid leaks madonna released completed tracks pre order album itunes store december early christmas gift january updated version previously leaked demo version surfaced online chance february singer released finished tracks including final version iconic album track list composition lyrics iconic written madonna produced madonna tucker served additional producers features chance rapper responsible programming song instruments providing background vocals track engineered mixed song trap influences starts crowd cheering applause opens song spoken word segment later verses build hook having rhythm sung high melody like pre recession club classic described added sparse verse breaks song featuring stabs grinding electronic gears pre chorus drops stabs ice cold synths instrumentation consisting marching drums bass weird beat described slant_magazine arm wrestling lyrically iconic talks taking control life letting inner fire burn encourages listeners pursue dreams song urges listeners making voices heard voice echoing like announcer ring encouragement informs letters difference icon inspiring listeners find greatness singing shine light like beautiful star world opening speech talks best world seen worked hard tears later falling come chance hand raps critical reception iconic received favorable reviews music critics los_angeles_times noted song driving focus puts sweet spot club kind lift spirits emotional heights daily_telegraph described song reflect contemporary trend fast furious funny mash ups conflicting ideas constantly edge collapse pulling beat hook things moving similar mode entertainment_weekly confessed thought song track admitted kind admire barely conscious chaos spin dismissed inclusion praised song having statement album robotic authoritarian iconic conveys point love hate madonna icon getting rid soon gave track stars claiming finished product wholly different demo getting better play lewis corner digital_spy defined club ready dash trap pop selected song tracks download nick_levine time agreed writing sassy stuff excellent especially catchy trap tinged iconic slant_magazine noted song album toughest beat mention stopping chance rapper verse pretty message singer unsure madonna meant embrace iconic status fight way oppressive expectations track praised discontent uncommon message making album committed work american life positive saying result confidence compliment gym continued ominous beat drops certainly trend hold tight song feels fresh strange opposed late party excursion thrilling weird semi embarrassing ultimately empowering centerpiece rebel heart feels bold song called iconic madonna billboard called collaboration odd expect labeled fairly affair chance verse fire intense busy production ultimately adds little consequence sound pointed odd circumstances track surprisingly far smoothly expect attitude named bow moment said song wonderfully mixed analysis called talk worn encouragement club anthem national called album mini slump musicomh noted song falls flat confused song message saying decide wants fame encourage people embrace wrote song definitely accused trying emulate success dark horse dismissed appearance declaring spoken word turn iconic consequence sound criticized song lazy rhymes according awkward hybrid hip hop featuring hip hop finest sounds place amid bass drops robot vocals live performance iconic chosen opening song begins video featuring madonna glamorous dress bare bodied males talking inside cage commented shooting saying word intense cage hostage naked look like savage shot didn intense watch like national geographic need man madonna performed wearing ornate like wide lined inside medieval looking cage surrounded religious later breaks sings lines guards dressed similar west castle marched onstage performance hung upside cross performance received positive response critics montreal gazette called performance theatrical broadway worthy wrote entertainment_weekly visually spectacular sic heavy handed felt like tour featured dark found madonna wielding gun stage song ended video footage knocking looking madonna statue tone changed madonna built career playing hold sacred underground dance sacred thing tearing madonna credits personnel inc emi april bmi davis blake sony personnel adapted madonna official website charts | Iconic (song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
25403_JoanofArc(Madonnasong) | joan arc madonna song joan arc song recorded american singer songwriter madonna thirteenth studio album written madonna production madonna song demo leaked internet december tracks album final version released february tracks itunes store joan arc eighth track rebel heart similarity demo version lift tempo chorus guitar led pop electro folk ballad drums guitars added song instrumentation lyrically song uses metaphor explain strong people fragile hearts break showing air self confidence carry entire life shield lyrical content present song compared compositions previous albums like prayer ray light especially drowned world substitute love song received positive reviews music critics commended raw vocals lyrics matched album thematic noted highlight record charted european territories peaking inside hungary spain sweden madonna performed track acoustic version ellen degeneres performance received acclaim critics noted improvement vocals background release recording process thirteenth studio album madonna enlisted collaborators toby announced new collaborators album april madonna posted photograph trio working recording studio account said photograph having iconic moment studio throat hurts singing laughing crying worked madonna fourteen songs appeared album multiple joan arc according week intimidating like test phase criticize likes honest harsh critics things worked got december thirteen demos tracks album including joan arc leaked internet song described gentle ballad avoid leaks madonna released completed tracks pre order album itunes store december early christmas gift february singer released finished tracks including final version joan arc album track list composition lyrics joan arc written madonna production madonna responsible programming additional backing vocals song instruments played guitar track engineered mixed joan arc guitar led pop electro folk ballad starts acoustic similar demo version having new beat lifts considerably chorus added drums guitars turning mid paced radio friendly pop song preserving string laden bridge acoustic madonna vocals considered tinged voice sounded ray light opening lines lyrically song talks detachment loneliness madonna feels face press singer time write word dragging soul dirt wanna die compared lyrical content song madonna drowned world substitute love explaining lyrics essentially autobiographical talks led media trying hurt talks madonna tough heart feels media chorus features drums strings madonna simply saying don wanna talk right hearts steel break interview new_york_times madonna explained lyrics conviction joan arc hurt negative words elaborated rolling_stone interview drawn story drawn commitment believed face death theme women need female role models like lot mean burned stake leading country victory defeating english mean idea instead celebrating called dressed like boy person girl victorious clever strategy knowledge wage win war wrong witch destroy didn admire critical reception song received generally favorable reviews music critics billboard compared song demo studio versions claiming studio version joan arc massive improvement illegally leaked demo preceded news album apparent joan arc solid album track sounds times better leaked version reviewing tracks released prior album slant_magazine called arguably standout blown affair noting song sounded like highlight acoustic demo form album version song sounds bit like circa long gone daylight strongest ballad madonna albums strong argument artists responding art considered medium art snap public statements previously released songs joan arc establishes themes albeit evident poorly album adding previous review praised album lyrical content according vulnerable engaging work years particular joan arc ben kelly attitude called fresh sounding pop guitar tune new territory carry currency single nick_levine time labeled sublime electro folk ballad furthermore los_angeles_times considered kind song lift spirits emotional heights reviewing rebel heart journalist named joan arc ambitious interesting song lyrically pointed song compliment analysed joan arc metaphor bit stretch song album far music critic alexis_petridis wrote guardian song moments album singer genuinely revealing personal feelings saying cut emotional cloth like prayer promise try ray light drowned world substitute love agreed like prayer influence noting lyrically easily don cry digital_spy lewis corner reflected song lyrics madonna sensitive soul despite hardened public persona singer acknowledging mortality reason feels wholly intriguing suggestive rhetoric belongs work 90s time agreed song album highlights thought song convincingly vulnerability new_york cited joan arc affecting songs album feeling defeated directly largely positive declaring song possibly madonna best ballad miles away era hand consequence sound mixed feelings song calling lukewarm love track couples easy melodies historical christian imagery criticism came national production called pedestrian chart performance joan arc released iconic hold tight february song managed reach number hungarian charts spain sweden song peaked inside reaching numbers seven thirty respectively france songs managed enter charts joan arc second highest charting non single album managing peak number seventy peaking higher single bitch madonna reached number live performances madonna performed joan arc acoustic version time week ellen degeneres march madonna dressed heart performed track slightly slower studio version parts song minimal production idolator praised performance calling little good true nice madonna showing softer reviewer wrote outstanding vocal performance madonna showcased tremendous control voice allows lyrics speak delivery emotional vulnerable delicate writing praised vocal performance saying showed world voice calling version beautiful furthermore applauded performance calling great super vulnerable super emotional guitar finish wonderful surprise madonna added song set list tears clown free concert australia intimate singer combined mix acoustic music comedy storytelling considered gorgeous ballad website credits personnel inc emi april personnel adapted madonna official website charts | Joan of Arc (Madonna song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
25404_IAm(LeonaLewissong) | song song british singer songwriter fifth studio album song written lewis white producing lyrically feelings emotions experienced lewis following departure record label boss dance influenced track makes use strings piano drums instrumentation composition garnered comparisons singers island released july lead single united_kingdom second single released album overall remixes released track garnered positive response music critics praised lewis strong vocal performance described standout album lewis performed song live win bbc festival background composition written white producing track lewis fifth studio album published behalf white performed song instrumentation credited playing piano drums bass bells string drum programming strings recorded white studio arranged white contracted violins played played viola played cello mixed additional mixing carried los_angeles track audio mastered studios new_york_city assistance lewis provided vocals track acoustic version undertook instrumentation performed mixing dance influenced song critics believe lyrics lewis emotions feelings following departure label boss friend digital spy writer felt title track barriers exemplified lyrics breathing somebody lewis performs lyrics instrumentation strings sings won change heavy drum beat occasional piano reminiscent songs played release remixes june lewis released minute teaser video power thunder released second single album lead single united_kingdom promoted united_states decision release album overall single thunder lead single instead length version premiered july day track available automatic download previously pre ordered album track remix dance remixes available digital download july united_kingdom australia france germany ireland new_zealand added list august critical reception idolator highlighted gorgeous standout example lewis ability sing song opposed auto tune power singing got digital_spy felt track simon place way dream likened song massive attack song unfinished sympathy different song official_charts_company writer described uplifting daily thought stand track good listen thought track lyrical theme album theme flawed concept writing problem repeatedly declaring don need approval message false clearly lewis straight bitter songs bad relationship obviously person people dirty live performance lewis performed time live showcase london april singer premiered tracks including got thank fire feet described instant crowd lewis later performed track live win september following day bbc festival set list included performances better time bleeding love run fire feet got included opening song concert tour track listings album version acoustic album version remix remix release history | I Am (Leona Lewis song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
25878_Infinity(MariahCareysong) | infinity mariah carey song infinity song american singer songwriter mariah carey sixth compilation album infinity released april single album carey wrote song collaboration carey hudson produced track song lyrics carey putting emancipation critics likened content singer separation husband entertainer critical response infinity positive carey vocals humorous songwriting praised particular emphasis placed reference united_states song reached number eighty billboard hot charted component charts europe peaked number seven chart spain thirty hungary carey performed medley debut single vision love infinity billboard music awards live kelly michael jimmy live accompanying music video directed filmed carey las_vegas residency shows background infinity new recording included carey greatest hits album infinity written produced carey additional songwriting carey unveiled single artwork april music identification service idolator wrote carey looks typically exposing black ensemble huge diamond fabulous hair composition lyrical interpretation infinity mid tempo ballad lasts duration minutes song key sharp slow feel tempo beats minute carey voice spans octaves carey belts lines close door lose key leave heart mat end infinity songs hook consists singer title repeatedly descending vocal run accompanied orchestral synth string brass instrumental slant_magazine described infinity welcome throwback mariah early ballads spin likened intro work blaze finishes song whistle note according lyrics carey putting order described infinity distinctly kiss anthem writing sits carey previous singles obsessed eternal according sheet music published song written key major tempo beats minute song written cut time follows chord progression carey vocals spanning octaves lyric boy like generated positive response critics fans alike mtv_news reporting fans described inclusion hilarious camp likened form product placement billboard highlighted chorus close door lose key leave heart mat end infinity verses hold weight like boy like ain business tea got life game free throw don know noting sweet compared lyrics aroused suspicion critics referring carey separation second husband time called infinity kiss track directed cannon camp wrote song better remembered lyrical content aimed cannon reviewer billboard wrote carey possibly returning form queen post heartbreak empowerment speculated lyrics likely cannon usa today felt infinity kiss come track documented fans lyrics marriage cannon mtv_news noticed carey appeared refer separation ongoing twins monroe line ain friends false come story ain happy ends carey denied lyrics way related personal life access hollywood asked lyrics relationship cannon carey responded saying putting lyrics directed cannon publicly confirm don feel like personal life written women men gone type relationship looking infinity love loving infinity love anybody career kids life like like emancipation wanted everybody able sing big chorus tend private personal life song particular like private thought remix july carey posted photo account accompanied hudson french montana recording studio hollywood reported carey hudson montana working remix infinity decided pop played remix expressing admiration carey song decided contribute vocals august leaked appeared final mix track called mad infinity remix featuring montana carey performing hook original version infinity theme remix rejects featured artists proposals song begins rap montana followed carey singing hook synth laden chorus heavier instrumental bass compared original version begins verse approximately minute seconds singing new lyrics like time know leave lonely cause need said end thought happen way tell gone got number things end followed chorus verse song ends fade reviewer praised collaboration idolator critical remix writing don sound like grown men longer verses french rapping key attempts sound sounds second time carey collaborated recorded carey song want christmas christmas album critical reception infinity garnered positive response critics complimented throwback feel carey vocals songwriting billboard complimentary song writing throwback flavored track soaring break track complete sassy lines shut guy singing complimented non lyrical boy like life game free throw noted infinity recapture glory past singles baby sure gets sound right wrote infinity showcases carey vocal range writing hilarious liners echoed sentiment writing song carey trademark wit concluded review writing singer perform infinity carey camp wrote infinity delivers listeners come grow accustomed hearing carey whistle notes sudden shifts chest head voice disapproved drawn non hook criticised song melodic structure writing appeared cover carey ailing voice despite praising song critics wrote infinity unlikely nineteenth number billboard hot chart performance united_states infinity peaked number eighty billboard hot week sales figures downloads million streams seventh entry hot years following debut places ninth artists entries peaked number chart number songs chart number songs hip hop digital songs charts number chart united_kingdom song reached number seven chart missed singles chart peaking europe infinity spain thirty hungary song peaked number sweden eighty france song peaked number japan promotion carey performed medley debut single vision love infinity promotion time billboard music awards appearance awards seventeen years video tribute singer shown prior singer entering stage wearing sheer dress billboard noted octave performance memorable night carey vocals despite confirming suffering prior performance garnered mixed reaction users twitter wrote sang vision love evident confidence noted key lowered day carey repeated medley singer performed medley live kelly michael week long platform road main street carey wore dress inspired disney character aurora sleeping beauty wears film adaptation infinity included set list headlining residency mariah carey number hotel las_vegas song accompanying music video directed longtime friend carey premiered june clips carey performing infinity las_vegas residency intercut cameos credits personnel following credits adapted liner notes recording locations recording recording studios mixing beat club atlanta mastering powers mastering charts | Infinity (Mariah Carey song) | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
26335_LaMordidita | english song recorded american singer featuring tenth studio album released april sony music latin single album song written martin alongside production handled uptempo song prominent elements latin pop lyrics detailing feelings lust desired person song received positive reviews music critics praised blend music elements received numerous nominations latin award ceremonies commercially successful spain countries latin_america reached number billboard hot latin songs number spain certified double platinum music video filmed colombia directed premiered june features martin dancing streets accompanied dancers models infected dancing virus transmitted bite received positive response public winning video year award singer viewed video vevo promotion martin appearances televised shows award ceremonies performed song live performed live world tour background composition written martin tenth studio album production completed talking collaboration said interview big collaboration able work cuban brother big producer composer admire respect lot interview talked song saying song presents party union cultures energetic remixes song digital download remix june july uptempo song contains musical elements yahoo found esque propulsion modern electro touches website renowned sound felt song reminiscent latino party vibe characteristic martin songs critics found influences african latin music instrumentation rhythms contains soccer chant bridge short rap contribution song lyrically translates english talks lust felt desired person reception accolades release received favorable reviews contemporary music critics praised track sexy fun website renowned sound described intense felt musically exemplified latino party vibe love allmusic writer picked song best opined songs album singer delivering rhythms yahoo praised interesting mix musical elements journalist called song pure wrote created dancing blend style techno writer dubbed track dance number martin latin style present described fusion added going present dance floors praised song energy received nominations latin based award ceremonies latin american music awards held song received award category favorite pop rock song nominated category latin pop song year lost received nomination category 31st annual international dance music awards acknowledged award winning song pop category latin awards chart performance following release february debuted number seventeen billboard latin digital songs chart digital downloads sold martin extended record singles latin pop airplay jumped chart mid august earned martin sixth hit fourth artist tens year history chart late august martin earned fifteenth number latin airplay chart percent million audience impressions eventually peaked number hot chart number latin airplay number seven reached number latin pop airplay number latin pop number billboard year end charts ranked twentieth position thirty second peaked number thirteen chart number certified gold shipment copies country spain song debuted number country singles chart week april chart issue dated august reached peak position number later certified double platinum shipment copies later emerged 25th successful single spain topped charts dominican_republic venezuela music video music video filmed colombia mid march serving director scenes clip filmed martin accompanied actress ballet dancer scenes filmed local streets city speaking concept video brand elaborated revolved martin spreading virus bite converting people sensual amusing dancing zombies concluded basically spreading city short teaser clip shown youtube channel mexican magazine june music video later premiered spanish language television program broadcast june released martin vevo account shortly scenes video released vevo june music video opens martin biting hand girl continues dance dances inside house goes garden bites neck continues dancing streets bites street infected people biting people gather martin perform dance routines streets end gather continue dance party appears video end praised video wonderful scenery writer website described martin sensual huffington_post wrote singer gives looks movements gestures journalist found fun colorful image sequence images felt video showed taste clip martin watched music video vevo seventh music video song nominated categories best video male artist video year best choreography won video year award making martin awarded artist history award live performances june appeared program performed song performed july opening number awards ceremony described martin choreography shocking performed medley november song performed martin set list world tour sang medley martin older songs track listing charts certifications release history | La Mordidita | Music | Songs | 2015 songs |
66_Shaoguanincident | incident incident civil disturbance took place overnight june china violent dispute erupted han workers toy factory result allegations sexual assault han female groups han set workers leading killed workers witnessed incident report dead wounded people injured event widely cited trigger event july riots ostensibly started peaceful street protest demanding official action died following trials october person executed sentenced terms life imprisonment seven years background factory incident took place early light toy factory owned hong_kong based largest toy manufacturer world company factory district employs workers behest authorities hired workers ethnic program relocated young start according guardian workers sign year contract travel factory south addition salaries ranging month free board lodging away home work time said authorities initiated controversial plan ship workers factories amid continuing labour shortages young workers families charged forced send children south lack basic chinese language skills find difficult fit dominant han culture new_york_times quoted saying percent young signed employment voluntarily residents families refuse threatened fines months worth income official charge ethnic religious affairs said province hired aged small group arrived workers factory remarked relations groups deteriorated number increased state media confirmed workers reported workers factory employed earned day compared factory noted rights workers han alike frequently violated verbal abuse factory unpaid overtime poor dormitory conditions illegal labour contracts executive director said low pay long hours poor working conditions combined inability communicate colleagues exacerbated deeply held han causes events overnight june tensions factory leading blown ethnic brawl han result fighting died people injured seriously injured police anti riot vehicles official sources state rioting began reports lasted police arrived initial disturbance reported security guards responded help female worker felt intimidated chanting male dozen han workers armed metal rods responded called backup phones maintained attacks started night shift han stormed started amateur videos posted online showed brutal attacks han chasing floors man said saw security overwhelmed arrival outside gangs said common knowledge outsiders brought han witnesses interviewed foreign press thought casualties understated authorities han claimed killed seven cited assaults rioting stopped soon police arrived policeman explained delay arriving scene difficulties assembling officers dead men later named rape rumours rioting sparked allegations sexual assault han women rumours incident female han workers sexually assaulted workers factory according authorities said rumours false initiated worker said man faked information express discontent failing find new work job factory responses police said investigations found evidence rape taken place government spokesman called ordinary incident said exaggerated unrest guardian reported video riots photographs victims quickly circulated internet exile groups claims death toll reported police slow act protests assembled email reported authorities arrested people suspected having spread rumours online alleged sexual assault han women taken place addition reported july suspects taken custody following incident quoted year old saying angry turned job june toy factory posted article forum june alleged boys raped innocent girls detained writing online chat space june people died factory fight vice director said offenders face days administrative detention july released interview han girl alleged rape triggered disturbances year old rural worked factory months said lost entered wrong dormitory saw young men room felt turned ran recounted stood stamped feet chase later realized making fun said found hours later cause violence authorities moved workers temporary accommodation workers transferred july facility belonging early light away town factory reported sporting facilities serving food round clock staff clinic plain clothed police officers midst according staff apparently unable mix colleagues previous location language barrier local shop worker estimated spoke months found willing talk events night authorities claims workers granted requests following violence contested workers deputy secretary led working team june member responsible security reportedly visited early september august reported chinese police arrested chef arabic restaurant claimed confessed agent allegedly spread rumours later pretext trigger riots july alleged fabricated report factory brawl caused death people including females sent mail trial october intermediate people court sentenced death principal violence given life sentence people sentenced seven years assault day jailed han workers participating brawl sentenced seven years imprisonment | Shaoguan incident | History | World history | Asian history |
399_IndependenceDay(India) | independence day india independence day observed annually august national holiday india commemorating nation independence british_empire august india attained independence following noted largely resistance civil led independence coincided partition india british indian empire divided religious lines pakistan partition accompanied violent riots mass casualties displacement nearly million people violence august prime minister india day raised indian national flag gate delhi subsequent independence day prime minister raised flag given speech holiday observed india flag ceremonies cultural events indians celebrate day displaying national flag attire accessories homes listening patriotic songs watching patriotic movies bonding family friends books films feature independence partition narrative threats terrorist attack august militant organisations history european traders established outposts indian 17th century overwhelming military strength british east india company subdued local kingdoms established dominant force 18th century following rebellion government india act led assume direct control india decades following civic society gradually emerged india notably formed period world war marked british reforms reforms witnessed enactment calls self rule indian activists discontent period nationwide non violent movements non cooperation civil led 1930s reform gradually british congress won victories resulting elections decade political turmoil indian participation world war congress final push non cooperation muslim nationalism led escalating political tension capped independence tempered bloody partition india pakistan independence day independence session declaration declaration independence india january declared independence day congress called people pledge civil carry congress instructions issued time time india attained complete independence celebration independence day envisioned indian citizens force british government consider granting independence congress observed january independence day celebration marked meetings took pledge independence described autobiography meetings peaceful speeches envisaged meetings day spent work spinning service reunion prohibition work following actual independence constitution india came effect january january celebrated republic day immediate background labour government britain exhausted recently concluded world war realised mandate home international support reliability native forces continuing control increasingly restless india february prime minister announced british government grant self governance june latest new lord advanced date transfer power believing continuous contention congress lead collapse interim government chose second anniversary japan surrender world war august date power transfer british government announced june accepted idea states successor governments given dominion status implicit right indian independence act new independent india pakistan including bangladesh effect august granted complete legislative authority respective constituent assemblies new countries act received royal july partition independence millions muslim hindu refugees newly drawn borders months surrounding independence borders divided regions halves massive followed presence communal violence people sides new borders died violence entire nation celebrating independence day stayed calcutta attempt stem august independence day pakistan new dominion pakistan came sworn governor general met fifth session august constitution hall session chaired president session delivered destiny speech proclaiming india independence members assembly formally took pledge service country group women representing women india formally presented national flag assembly dominion india independent country official ceremonies took place assumed office prime minister lord continued governor general invoked crowds celebrating occasion took official events instead marked day hour fast spoke crowd calcutta encouraging peace hindu muslim celebration independence day national holidays india republic day january birthday october observed indian states union territories eve independence day president india delivers address nation august prime minister indian flag historical site red fort delhi gun shots fired honour occasion speech prime minister highlights past year achievements raises important issues calls development pays tribute leaders indian independence movement indian national anthem sung speech followed march past divisions paramilitary forces showcase scenes independence struggle india diverse cultural traditions similar events place state capitals chief ministers individual states national flag followed flag ceremonies cultural programmes place governmental non governmental institutions country schools colleges conduct flag ceremonies cultural events major government buildings adorned strings lights delhi cities flying adds occasion national flags different sizes allegiance country citizens clothing cars household accessories tri colour period time celebration changed emphasis nationalism broader celebration things india indian celebrates independence day world particularly regions higher concentrations indian immigrants locations new_york cities august india day local populace celebrate india day august adjoining weekend day security threats early years independence called boycott independence day northeast india protests region intensified 1980s calls terrorist attacks organisations marred celebrations increasing late 1980s protesters independence day strikes use black flags flag burning terrorist outfits issued threats carried attacks independence day celebration advocated rebel organisations anticipation terrorist attacks particularly security measures intensified especially major cities delhi mumbai troubled states declared fly zone prevent aerial attacks additional police forces deployed cities popular culture independence day republic day patriotic songs hindi regional languages broadcast television radio channels played alongside flag ceremonies patriotic films broadcast decades according times_of_india number films broadcast decreased channels report audiences patriotic films population belong generation combine nationalism popular culture celebrations mixture exemplified outfits dyed designer represent india cultural traditions retail stores offer independence day sales promotions news reports publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders themes defence related themes august independence partition inspired literary artistic creations creations describe human cost partition limiting holiday small narrative novel midnight children won booker prize narrative children born midnight august magical abilities freedom midnight non fiction work chronicled events surrounding independence day celebrations films center moment independence instead highlighting circumstances partition aftermath internet google commemorated independence day special indian | Independence Day (India) | History | World history | Asian history |
756_ShamanismintheQingdynasty | dynasty dominant religion people northeast asia descendants people early dynasty conducted ceremonies called kinds entered trance let possessed spirits conducted regular sacrifices heaven clan ancestors clan protective spirits unified tribes rule early seventeenth century imposed protective spirits clan clans destroyed early placed center state ritual sacrificing heaven engaging military campaigns son successor renamed officially founded dynasty practices service state notably forbidding erect new ritual purposes ruler conducted sacrifices capital soon seized beijing begin conquest china named new capital erected official shrine beijing women quarters emperors professional usually women conducted ceremonies dynasty eighteenth century core spiritual life differentiated han chinese garrisoned chinese cities adopting aspects chinese lifestyle commissioned publication code revive regulate practices feared lost distributed guide practice know little effect policy han chinese forbidden attend ceremonies partly secret aspect rituals attracted curiosity beijing visitors capital code translated chinese published outsiders little understanding practices populations 1910s russian found surviving practices build theory shaped later theoretical debates late 1980s theories criticized relation state historians arguing practices northeast asia tied establishment states analysis fits case background religion typical peoples word language appears language origins common religion ancestors practiced long leaders conquered china emperors dynasty historical origins early shrine altar spirits chinese equivalent means hall derived chinese start translated rendered chinese temple term originated portable god boxes placed god mobile hunters bands started settle villages typical kind settlement permanent fixtures village clan village association villages claimed share common ancestors sacred protective spirits woman charge spirits dead ancestors contacting seek good hunt harvest quick healing success battle favors point contact community spirits spirit pole chinese pinyin played crucial role early communities authority clan depended kinds rituals corresponding kinds common domestic ritual ritual based sacrifices heaven clan ancestors conducted hereditary clan primitive ritual hand performed people undergone illness seen sign chosen spirits entering trance let possessed animal spirits sought help spirits purposes like healing set altar houses received different kind training hereditary typically wore apron cap denoting ability fly spirit world belt bells carried knife wooden sticks bells drum ceremonies attributes observed early twentieth century rise practices transformed rise founder started unify tribes destroyed defeated tribes replaced protective deities animal clan tribes voluntarily joined allowed gods absorption clans rituals clan started process state religion continued eighteenth century transformation mirrored process political state traditional belief multiple heavens replaced heaven called han new heaven object state cult similar rulers cult heaven dynasty worship thirteenth century state sacrifice early counterpart chinese worship heaven early appealed heaven right wrong heaven shrine leaving campaign tribe belonged rival confederacy annals report announced seven great grievances dynasty april conducted ceremony burned oath heaven written piece yellow paper ceremony deliberately omitted later chinese translation event court son renamed forbade officials ritual purposes making monopoly ruler banned treating illness albeit little success chronicle documenting history state rituals held capital commanding banner troops china early prince regent newly led princes heaven personal purposes eldest son supposedly tried entire lineage help state beijing months seized city beijing peasant rebels pushed emperor dynasty suicide constructed new city modeled capital sanctuary octagonal building shape specific clan located outside southeast occupied making convenient imperial visits emperor offerings heaven deities including horse spirit chinese strictly forbidden entering ritual area state main ritual performed emperor day new year eras ceremony emperor activity day new year era fell second rank private sacrifices ancestors somewhat diminished importance rites continued end dynasty destroyed foreign powers aftermath month siege international quarter new shrine rebuilt inside palace december site expanded italian notes today beijing old located avenue directly opposite modern wing palace daily rites conducted women quarters palace chinese pinyin building located near north gate central axis palace complex palace served empress residence dynasty converted ritual use installing spirit pole present sacrifices heaven changing style windows setting large cook food palace women era sacrifices performed wives men emperor selected wives imperial guards chinese pinyin high officials belonging households registered upper banners belonged directly emperor chinese pinyin assisted managed chinese pinyin bureau authority members imperial clan attend ceremonies role emperor promote dynasty legitimacy peoples lived near northeastern borders empire taught language fashion legends founder assisted spirits exploits emperors adopted different images address different subjects multi ethnic empire khan presented incarnation universal buddhist ruler protector buddhism emperor china sponsored civil examinations based classics altar heaven aspect flexible view community healing rituals state ritual resorted treat illness brother helped conquer southern china fell ill smallpox highly disease particularly called named ritual failed died april age began sacrifices performed imperial sons survived attempted cure sixth son rites june son died days later code emperor worried traditions lost especially lived garrisons empire fight trend commissioned code based rites imperial clan explain use instruments meaning ritual transmitted fluent point completed title scholars translated variously commissioned rituals sacrificing deities heaven rites worship heaven spirits commissioned code rituals sacrifices code attempted practices sees attempts cultural spiritual life taking practices imperial clan model code kept manuscript form french study des par chef religion published amsterdam emperor ordered code translated chinese inclusion version printed chinese language edition titled completed compilation code opened bureaucratic review modified practices ordinary code distributed guide practices commercial editions produced sale common public editions dated survived code fully unify practice banners helped fluid diverse belief system diversity practices little evidence concerning practices common garrisons know publication code clans like tribes like wrote rituals showing court model followed sacrifices ordinary households simpler imperial clan noble beijing erected spirit poles private homes households forbidden having private offerings spirit small altar called installed portraits ancestors clan worship heaven chinese imperial tradition paralleled sacrifices emperor offerings chinese heaven ordinary worship heaven chinese heaven encompassing principle cosmic order human destiny state legitimacy ceremonies number gods including deities buddhist handful chinese gods integrated rituals state palace ritual sites large hall received offerings times year including new year ordinary households rarely sacrificed buddhist deities association war identity eighteenth century served strengthen ethnic identity forming spiritual core life emperors shape identity dated april opposed jesuit attempts convert chinese catholicism singled converts criticism emperor lord heaven jesuit god chinese heaven chinese convince nobles use existing rituals heaven explained empire temple honoring heaven sacrificing day year burn paper honor heaven particular rites honoring heaven know french translation court refers literally spirit jumping chinese ceremony according historian proficiency qualities promoted old way attempted heritage late reign countered seen listed qualities court expected documents formally way comments rituals codified formal regulations mere ancestral lost place center spiritual life clans nonetheless persistence practices court twentieth century suggests automatically sole fact ruled china argues contributed identity constructing obvious boundary han chinese residents visitors forbidden observe rituals performed shrine saw rites different mysterious secret alien visitor beijing early remarked things didn ask capital difference rites chinese rituals aroused significant interest korean visitors instance asked questions secret rites writers wanted satisfy readers curiosity exotic practices speculate rely late eighteenth century code nineteenth century chinese accounts rituals error prone explanations ritual language positively confusing scholarly interpretations peoples russian found surviving practices develop influential theory noted northern heavily influenced language culture wore clothing read books conducted weddings according customs discovered buddhist deities northeast asian buddhism thesis widely accepted definition widely discussed equipped specific ritual enters trance gain control harmful spirits cause illness clan tribe role recognized society explicit explanation masters spirits claimed true existed despite warnings understood relation elements culture findings serve develop general interpretation ideas shaped theoretical debates social student drew work emphasize social roles lewis influential analysis spirit possession directly inspired historian religion borrowed russian build seminal theory presented based french original dated notion classic strict proper sense based models emphasized control spirits chief function rituals stated visionary spirit journey induced trance central aspect views centered individuals role small groups instance considered eighteenth century authentic historians northeast asia criticized interpretations neglect political roles relation state claim essence archaic socially led followers neglect historical contexts fulfilled political functions served needs state | Shamanism in the Qing dynasty | History | World history | Asian history |
3223_SSGothenburg | steamship operated british later australian new_zealand coastlines february left darwin australia route adelaide encountered cyclone strength storm north queensland coast ship wrecked great barrier reef north west february survivors rescued days later occupants managed reach rescued days later men survived died including number high profile civil servants dignitaries description history commissioned following construction building yards london ton foot long vessel horsepower coal burning engine rigged funnel set aft main masts fitted port starboard owner operated near tower london sweden acquired renamed june melbourne purchased australian trade year protracted voyage england australia sail modern vessels working australian coastline 1860s popular ship considered reliable years australia new_zealand run owners transferred australian coastal service lengthened refitted adelaide enable longer distances steam greater passenger cargo capacity following modifications reverted november contracted years south australian government provide round trips colonial capital adelaide outpost feeling effects gold rush pine creek growing quickly trade post dutch_east_indies local banks sent money government east coast adelaide successful completion voyage south australian government pay owners sterling left wednesday february captain orders best possible speed captain adelaide darwin run time built solid reputation man sea man kindness respected fellow sea captains approximately passengers crew surviving records vary government officials circuit court judges darwin residents taking miners aboard french vice consul medical officer expedition found colony port darwin prisoners aboard bound adelaide jail locked captain cabin approximately kilograms gold valued million reportedly carried tin box containing gold coins worth excess days fine weather travelled kilometres darwin somerset weather began ship stopped ballast somerset anchored conditions deteriorated point anchor chains parted loss anchors forced prematurely steam kilometres nmi strong currents point brought night days later tuesday february passed wind rain severely increased cloud cover thick blocked sun despite continued journey south weather deep water passage coastline great barrier reef known inner route taking route provided protection open sea captains navigate thread way number reefs passengers crew expected newcastle sunday evening scheduled evening february ship heading south cyclonic conditions fore set steam engines running speed flooding rains entire queensland coast captain reportedly land sun approximately reasons altered course shortly speed knots hit section great barrier reef low tide miles north west struck force left high reef immediately order came lower sails panic passengers returned cabin expecting come reef high tide attempt captain ordered forward water ballast passengers positioned aft tide rose success finally fatal attempt reversing engine hard vessel came half reef badly broadside waves worse position tide rising cargo dumped overboard aboard expected float free strong winds changing direction seas increasing boiler fires extinguished water rising damaged stern midnight chief engineer came deck report engine room flooded engine use heavy seas rushing doomed captain forced admit situation desperate storm launching impossible captain ordered port lowered crew board passed astern boats broke painter crew tried hard pull ship impossible heavy accidentally let boats heavy seas unable retrieved thursday february continued heel deck steep passengers crew climb rails remaining starboard lowered rushed passengers starboard women children capsized tried board half dozen men water damaged food water quickly drifted away found second starboard capsized sea crashed washing occupants sea passenger recalled sea ship covered human heads like men woman climbed hull boat connected painter unable recovered heavy sea wind swept woman drowned passenger swam connected secured rope tied minutes nearly people drowned washed away trapped water filled time sharks wreck board tried rigging early morning february people drowned swept overboard large broadside waves passengers associated gold unwilling let gold money belts probably life savings insisted keeping tied overboard reportedly drowned quickly survivors morning february masts visible protruding water people rigging remained hours cyclonic weather low tide ground twisted broke fore main masts remaining starboard capsized held painter rope attached light february weather eased survivors managed right boat bail prepared makeshift sail mainland seven hours later realised mainland altered course island seen distance arrived met crew port severely damaged rocks opposite island attempt land day port crew board picked steamer island entrance passage days disaster steamer immediately reversed course wreck reached approximately friday february complete wreck funnel gone sunk eyes lower rigging chief officer hands went alongside masts seen water body naked man floating nearby assumed victims taken sharks searched survivors light way alarm raised survivors living raw bird eggs rain water island rocks rescue uncertain engraved ship details names concave large turtle shell hope found future sunday february set starboard island miles away south appeared closer main shipping lane rescue ship sent looking survivors picked group took safely rescue ship called subsequently returned rescued remaining survivors aftermath reports vary records people drowned records state death toll people survived crew passengers women children aboard officers died magistrate commissioner remained darwin lost wife children devastated news given months leave pay government retired fifth premier south_australia wife anne drowned french vice consul notable passengers died family justice judge acting south australian editor senior public servant commander royal_navy justice wearing senior assistant secretary mining companies employees australian history high profile public servants dignitaries diplomats died single tragedy passengers died darwin residents news tragedy severely affected small community reportedly taking years recover crew melbourne result children left victoria survivors left captain lake ship victoria headed sydney got free passage owners survivors second port picked steamer remained ship subsequently way brisbane weeks later hard hat sent recover gold found bodies women foot saloon staircase arm tried reach lock hair personal item identified loved ones restriction air line impossible gold captain cabin recovered difficulty recovering gold sharks caught near wreck found contain human bones remains jewellery heroes identified tragic night attested survivors attempts save passengers recognition bravery july governor south australia sir presented passengers gold medals gold watch presented gold chain report report determined speculation time adelaide melbourne press launched earlier survivor pointed filled capacity survived severe weather conditions experienced commented passenger vessels required carry concluding insufficient places passengers crew sank years later compulsory british registered ships carry sufficient board present day today parts deteriorated iron hull coal fired square boilers remain wreck lies approximately metres water western kilometres southeast registered place heritage site protected section commonwealth requires divers permit enter protected zone declared wreck official location old reef great barrier reef kilometres north east reef wreck provides good diving extensive coral garden strict non disturbance policy applies marine flora fauna fabric wreck fish reef sharks common legacy northern darwin suburb named family lost lives streets northern darwin suburb adjacent suburb named local darwin residents interstate visitors crew lost lives inner darwin suburb stuart park named ship large turtle shell engraved survivors displayed adelaide survivors detailed list passengers crew published albeit errors spelling mistakes document main source following survivors table survivors reconciled rescue ships log books records photo engraved turtle shell known clarified possible comments section known passenger list known crew list | SS Gothenburg | History | World history | Asian history |
3864_NarodaPatiyamassacre | massacre massacre took place february india riots muslims killed mob approximately people organised militant wing supported power massacre occurred strike protest called day train burning post rioting lasted hours mob looted stabbed sexually assaulted gang raped burnt people individually groups conflict imposed state army troops called contain violence communal violence deemed largest single case mass murder riots accounted greatest number deaths single event survivors faced socio economic problems left homeless orphaned injured number destroyed schools adversely affected cancelled exams closed entirely surviving victims given shelter relief camps provided state central government efforts begun restore destroyed properties state government formed state commission inquiry citizens forum recommendations suggest reforms mainstream media criticised government handling riots remarked number reports exaggerated headlines stories pictures published resulting anti muslim prejudice hindu readership allegations state police state government chief minister citing government authorities involved police personnel played role massacre number reported police officers favouring mob allegedly injuring killing muslims damaging public private property allegations proved false government police cleared wrongdoing initial report case filed police accusing people deemed unreliable formed investigate case team submitted report accused people wrongdoing charged august convicted people acquitted insufficient evidence convicted cabinet minister women child development sentenced years imprisonment received life sentence background february train burning incident initiated series riots hindu pilgrims returning train attacked train stopped station set fire causing death including women children activists following attack false rumours spread senior hindu leader muslims kidnapped hindu girls incident attacks muslims began evening number incidents muslims attacked killed reported cities incident attacks muslim community occurred hindu began throwing stones later burnt muslim housing complex initial violence believed instigated rumours muslims kidnapping hindu girls violence spread largely rural districts day massacre time riots suburb kilometre constitute municipality located largest city daily wage earning muslim inhabitants immigrants evening february declared statewide strike response train burning incident starting february day strike mob approximately people allegedly led attacked attempted burn entire muslim community rioting began destroyed exploding petroleum gas cylinders cases looting stabbing sexual assaults including public gang victims burnt reported people burnt alive individually groups chasing huge pits setting fire cylinders burnt bodies thrown dry women girls sexually assaulted raped killed burning stabbing supplied weapons crowd raped killed women cylinders destroy number buildings residential working areas massacre lasted hours finally imposed towns cities homes muslims burnt hindu homes remained undamaged riots ended estimated people killed violence rioting bodies recovered people reported missing later declared dead people found injured dead muslims comprised women children men incident considered post violent incidents largest single case mass murders claimed highest number lives events riots aftermath evening february imposed towns cities state attempt curb violence days later hit approximately towns villages state districts affected post violence particularly severe districts violence heavily february march slowed briefly restarted march continued mid june northern central north eastern tribal belt closer worst affected remained relatively peaceful army troops flown evening march restore order intelligence officials alleged state government deliberately delayed deployment police chief appointed security adviser government transferred senior police officers taken steps contain investigate violent attacks administrative positions according official estimate people killed riots muslims people reported missing injured women widowed children orphaned people missing riots declared dead seven years total deaths rose unofficial estimates death toll closer muslims forming majority police records temples churches damaged riots opposition parties coalition partners led central government demanded dismissal chief minister failing contain violence calling removal minister july asked governor dissolve state assembly fresh elections ruled early elections citing prevailing law order situation decision union government unsuccessfully appealed supreme_court elections held december returned power rehabilitation victims residents left homeless massacre given shelter relief camps constructed state government march state government formed party committee consisting member chaired provide relief rehabilitation victims riots proposed close camps end march later decided close pressure opposition party party committee reached consensus implement rehabilitation measures suggested non governmental organisations aid people build houses effects children education number children killed injured orphaned violence organisations citizens initiative reported violence resulted disturbance children studies lack students unable examinations cancelled chances disruption schools state postpone cancel exams reported schools held examinations police protection reported students forced leave studies lack funds earn lost income earning members families restoration number including year old heritage destroyed rioting petition filed advocate behalf asking court direct state restore religious destroyed violence response petition government stated secular state aid community build february high_court directed state government rebuild said state constitutional responsibility restore matter went supreme_court refused stay order response government state government stated massacre spontaneous reaction train state government ruling party march talking violence said tried control riots resulting natural justified anger people referring massacre said million people shown remarkable restraint grave state government appointed state commission inquiry investigate case recommendations committee chaired retired judge formation committee raised concerns delays implementing recommendations similar reports reforms dave commissions pending implementation respectively government presented report india role stating findings massacre state government report mention involvement hindu activists despite statements numerous report included according counted total destroyed violence role played media television newspaper reports particularly local language media carried graphic times images accounts train fire massacre major communal violence advent satellite television india television news channels identified community involved violence breaking long standing practice setting precedent critical reporting government handling situation helped bring indian government intervention controlling violence government banned television news channels critical response cnn local stations blocked rejected charge graphic news coverage aggravated situation saying coverage exposed riots attitude state helping propel action team language newspapers pro distorted provocative reporting train fire extensively covered subsequent violence presentation union budget overtook said media exaggerated covering extent violence criticised media provoking violence naming religion victims newspapers particularly reported organisations published headlines stories pictures headline february read avenge blood blood massacre muslims returned published headline pilgrims return deadly conspiracy caused terror returning muslim community escorted army officials homes given protection avoid attacks report stated major effect media long period feed prevalent anti muslim hindu readership provoke twisting news passes expose truth report political weekly released hidden camera footage members admitting role riots report criticised politically motivated newspapers said revelations simply reinforced common knowledge statements cast doubt sting operation said visited day massacre thank official record shows visit government blocked cable news channels broadcasting expose action criticised attacks women number women girls raped sexually assaulted killed incident reports presented citizen initiative human rights watch stated women killed massacre sexually assaulted deaths surviving women reported assaulted according human rights watch women girls brutally raped killed took place public victims killed bodies burnt women surviving relief camp suffered forms sexual violence including rape gang rape mass rape stripping objects bodies citizens initiative report stated majority rape victims burnt alive evidence state police crimes women effort protect women women police deployed state police continuing women survivors continue denied right file existing institutional mechanism women seek justice according human rights watch pregnant women cut open removed thrown fire incident came light richard alias caught camera sting operation talking belly pregnant removing killing sword alleged involvement police massacre alleged police helped mob muslim community day massacre evidence included complaints filed victims family members state police officials fired bullets helped mob resulting killings alleged police guided mob residents hiding places according human rights watch police houses people burnt day violence respond telephone calls massacre ended numerous saw police aiming tear gas shells firing muslim youths tried defend allegations police burnt houses looted violence extensive use petroleum gas reported cited evidence involvement officials easy access report based eyewitness statements submitted citizens initiative national human rights commission india states force specially trained emergency police seen chasing victims helping situation according human rights watch victims said able handle crowd police joined difficult police sided fired muslim residents state government denied allegations said police fired contain violence added people quell violence defended role played officials said stop violence allegations state government human rights watch indian human rights groups alleged government authorities police helped mob day violence human rights watch found evidence state government helped mob attacks action police officials delayed effective insider alleged human rights watch state government involved riots stating admit police instructions administration act firmly new_york_times reported witnesses dismayed lack intervention local police watched events taking place took action attacks muslims property leader main organisers massacre stated called state home minister end day told happened said advised leave state hiding stated officer statement promoted legislator described violence judge later appointed minister women child welfare government cell phone records showed touch chief minister office home minister police officials chief minister office touch state government denied involvement riots april cleared government riot cases stating law order review meetings held things control situation army called time contain communal violence busy steps control situation establishment relief camps riot victims efforts restore peace filed supreme_court basis report testimony suspended officer ordered police officers active actions riots said night february said allowed carry violence muslims report filed supreme_court lawyer alleged gave instructions police officers slow said prosecuted sections indian code promoting different groups riots including incident criticised report relying heavily testimony according sit unreliable witness remained silent years report rejected team according sit case chief minister connection communal riots mentioned investigations initial investigation investigations began victims reported didn cooperate declined lodge information report people later police filed complaints presented report police accused arrested persons case investigation criticised special court considered unreliable investigator recording statements special investigation team report directed case transferred police investigation committee appointed court police riot cases team led director case sixth riots case assigned investigation taking account findings telephone records activists major leaders included report time findings added names people arrested police trial began accused died trial started accused died final report covered people report said leaders led violence mob telephone records revealed calls chief minister office day massacre telephone located places violence occurred contacted numerous police officials especially police inspector charge time massacre logs revealed received calls police officers reasons unknown trial court examined witnesses including victims doctors police personnel government officials forensic experts special public case prosecuted judgement verdict case handed august judge special trial court convicted sitting minister women child development politician indian code section criminal conspiracy murder convicted people murder criminal conspiracy criminal charges acquitted accused giving benefit doubt lack evidence woman minister convicted riot case richard alias convicted rape murder prosecution requested death penalty sentencing took place august given year prison term received sentences years indian code section voluntarily causing hurt dangerous weapons means second years section murder sentences set run making total years received life imprisonment rest convicted sentenced minimum years minimum years prison included convicted alias sentencing deferred comments initial investigation said victim politics judge described violence months trials ended court said statement received help state government efforts avoid appearing list accused statement said favoured investigating agencies took care cost duty investigating officer interest victims taken involvement come books fact comes way believe victim politics verdict special court criticised initial investigation police riots deliberately conducting poor investigations verdict said statements witnesses recorded police unreliable investigator recording statements special court judge criticised actions investigation said force totally inactive fronts aspect court added doubt task investigate kind crimes believed senior investigating officers having experience know priorities kind investigation element responses verdict residents city including victims appreciated judgement celebrated welcomed verdict statement role riots said proved ministers officials involved riots happened guidance minister riots support chief minister president said twitter justice delayed denied thousands bars awaiting law able touch response sentencing minister cabinet refused said government played role riots hanged trying save lives people want bad mouth political reasons answer spokesman cabinet government said involved responsible actions practising minister time massacre individual action cumulative responsibility cabinet citation | Naroda Patiya massacre | History | World history | Asian history |
3874_IndonesianoccupationofEastTimor | indonesian occupation indonesia occupied december october centuries portuguese colonial rule coup portugal led colonies creating instability leaving future uncertain small scale civil war pro independence declared victory capital city declared independent november claiming assistance requested east leaders indonesian military forces invaded december destroyed armed resistance occupation following controversial said genuine act self determination indonesia declared territory province indonesia years indonesian government subjected people executions routine systematic torture deliberate starvation santa massacre caused outrage world reports killings numerous resistance indonesian rule remained strong nobel peace prize awarded men ongoing efforts peacefully end occupation vote determine future resulted overwhelming majority favour independence independent nation estimated number deaths occupation famine violence including violent deaths population approximately truth commission held indonesian forces responsible violent killings immediately invasion passed resolutions condemning indonesia actions calling immediate withdrawal australia indonesia nations world recognise province indonesia soon began negotiations divide resources found gap governments including japan canada malaysia supported indonesian government invasion suppression independence movement caused great harm indonesia reputation international credibility vote independence paramilitary groups working indonesian military undertook final wave violence country infrastructure destroyed australian led restored order following departure indonesian forces administered territory years establishing investigate prosecute crimes committed limited scope small number sentences delivered indonesian courts caused numerous observers international tribunal background portuguese arrived 16th century came portuguese colonial administration portuguese rule island divided significant pacific war occupied japanese troops fighting helped prevent japanese occupation australia resulted east deaths indonesia secured independence world war leadership claim control aside general anti colonial rhetoric oppose portuguese control territory revolt portuguese endorsed indonesian government united_nations document notes government indonesia declared maintains friendly relations portugal claim portuguese assurances continued took power indonesian official declared december indonesia territorial ambition question indonesia wishing annex coup lisbon caused significant changes portugal relationship colony power shift europe movements independence colonies like new portuguese government began process opening political process east political parties april emerged major players landscape formed group wealthy landowners initially dedicated preserving portugal september announced support independence week later revolutionary independent east appeared initially organised group endorsed universal doctrines socialism right independence political process grew tense group changed declared legitimate representative people end saw creation party advocating integration indonesia originally named indonesia indonesia expressed concerns independent economically weak vulnerable indonesian nationalist military particularly leaders intelligence agency special operations unit saw portuguese coup opportunity integration indonesia central government military feared governed base incursions powers indonesia independent archipelago inspire sentiments indonesian provinces fear national played military leaders close remained indonesia strongest refusing entertain prospect east independence autonomy late 1990s military intelligence organisations initially sought non military annexation strategy intending use integration vehicle january established tentative coalition dedicated achieving independence time australian government reported indonesian military conducted pre invasion exercise months command supporting named broadcasting accusations communism leaders coalition indonesian government fostered instability observers said created pretext invading tensions groups caused withdraw coalition attempt negotiate settlement dispute future convened conference june meeting protest presence representatives complained effort process memoir unfinished saga leader recalls protests party refusal attend meeting writes tactical political errors find intelligent explanation coup civil war independence declaration tension reached boiling point rumours began circulating possible power independence parties august staged coup capital city small scale civil war broke describes fighting bloody details violence committed cites counted people dead war fighting forced portuguese government nearby island defeated forces weeks surprise portugal indonesia leaders fled indonesian controlled signed petition september calling integration indonesia accounts indicate support position forced indonesia gained control faced attacks west indonesian military forces known indonesia small group troops indonesia captured border city october nearby taken days later raid members australian television news crew later dubbed killed indonesian soldiers indonesian military officials deaths accidental east witnesses journalists deliberately killed deaths subsequent campaigns investigations attracted international attention rallied support east independence start november foreign ministers indonesia portugal met rome discuss resolution conflict leaders invited talks sent message expressing desire work portugal meeting ended parties agreeing portugal meet political leaders talks took place mid november indonesian forces began city sea captured end month frustrated portugal leaders believed ward indonesian advances effectively declared independent national political commissioner conducted diplomatic tour africa gathering support governments according effort yielded assurances countries including soviet_union sweden cuba recognise new nation cuba currently shares close relations today november declared independence indonesia announced leaders respond day declaring region independent officially indonesia declaration drafted indonesian intelligence signed later described declaration pun indonesian word lie portugal rejected indonesian government approved military action begin annexation invasion december indonesian forces invaded largest military operation carried nation troops military organisation engaged forces streets reported indonesian killed descended city reports dead indonesian troops end year troops occupied deployed massively outnumbered troops fled mountains continued guerrilla combat operations indonesian atrocities start invasion onward forces engaged wholesale massacre civilians start occupation radio sent following broadcast indonesian forces killing women children shot streets going killed appeal international help stop invasion refugee told later rape cold women children chinese shop owners bishop time said later soldiers landed started killing find dead bodies streets soldiers killing killing killing incident group men women children including australian freelance reporter lined cliff outside shot bodies falling sea took place ordered observe count aloud person executed estimated days invasion addition supporters chinese migrants singled execution killed day mass killings continued indonesian forces advanced held mountain regions guide senior indonesian officer told australian consul portuguese early months fighting troops killed encountered february capturing village south driving remaining forces indonesian troops machine town population allegedly shooting age young children spared taken trucks time fell indonesian forces population time indonesian relief workers visited village september remained june troops badly battered attack retribution large refugee camp housing near border setting houses fire indonesian soldiers men women children march australian consul published report detailing charges december indonesian forces killed civilians consistent statement february leader killed previous months civil war suggesting death toll months invasion delegation indonesian relief workers agreed late report catholic_church estimated death toll figures indonesian government interview april sydney morning herald indonesian foreign minister said number dead people indonesian government presented annexation matter unity booklet entitled east paid tribute sacred right self determination recognised true representatives east majority claimed popularity result policy threats blackmail terror later indonesian foreign minister reiterated position memoir shoe diplomatic struggle island original division east west indonesia argued invasion result colonial oppression enforced portuguese dutch imperial powers according indonesian government annexation 27th province merely step unification archipelago begun 1940s response international law day following invasion committee convened debate situation nations allied indonesia including india japan malaysia wrote resolution blaming portugal political parties rejected favour draft prepared algeria cuba adopted december calling indonesia withdraw delay days later unanimously adopted resolution echoes resolution immediate indonesian withdrawal year later expressed sentiment resolution general_assembly passed resolutions year calling self determination governments large countries like china united_states opposed action smaller countries like costa_rica guinea iceland calling strong enforcement resolutions resolution calls secretary general initiate parties directly concerned view exploring avenues achieving comprehensive settlement problem legal expert notes indonesia invasion occupation violated key elements international law right self determination prohibition aggression petition september calling integration later resolution qualify informed democratic processes conducted based universal adult suffrage required establishes guidelines norms self determination existed petitions indonesia use military force cited violation chapter united nations charter states members shall refrain international relations threat use force territorial integrity political independence state observers argued state time invasion protected charter claim mirrors indonesia dutch legal scholar points considered portuguese colony doubt application provision charter chapter context armed conflict colonial power colony hardly doubt applies force sovereign state state colony indonesian december indonesia formed headed dos president sources describe institution creation indonesian military activities formation consisting elected representatives leaders walks life like usually characterised instrument propaganda created indonesian military international journalists invited witness group meeting movement tightly constrained assembly drafted request formal integration indonesia described act self determination indonesia kept shut rest world years late 1980s early 1990s claiming vast majority east supported integration position followed closely indonesian media east acceptance integration indonesia taken granted non issue majority came seen training ground officer corps tactics suppression pivotal ensuring military sector dominance indonesia indonesian campaigns resistance leaders indonesian intelligence influential initially envisaged invasion resistance integration indonesia quick relatively ensuing indonesian campaigns devastating enormous drain indonesian resources severely damaging indonesia internationally ultimately failure wholesale killings near coastal regions opening months invasion driven large portion population remaining central regions proved left indonesian troops fighting enemy equipped access agricultural resources population civilian population came indonesian forces led heightened support resistance protected population fled coastal regions conditions active support rallied communities suggests fact indonesian military power base remained barely mid-1970s intelligence ongoing failures measure military dominance indonesian affairs end stalemate existed indonesian army unable overcome heavy resistance drained resources began indonesian navy ordered missile firing patrol boats united_states australia netherlands south_korea taiwan submarines west_germany february indonesia received thirteen aircraft aid official government foreign military aid sales credit ideal invasion specifically designed counter operations difficult terrain beginning february operating helped indonesian military positions dealt heavy blow aircraft attacked forces conventional weapons soviet supplied known new weaponry additional troops sent begin new campaigns known final solution implemented strategy attrition beginning september accomplished rendering central regions unable sustain human life attacks chemical warfare destruction crops order force population surrender custody indonesian forces food population catholic officials called strategy campaign troops surrounded areas support killed men women children air naval followed ground troops destroyed villages agricultural infrastructure thousands people killed period early entire civilian population near indonesian border killed supporting bombarded success campaign led final campaign children men forced hold hands march indonesian units searching members members found members forced surrender fire people period allegations indonesian use chemical weapons arose villagers reported appearing crops bombing attacks radio claimed indonesian planes dropped chemical agents observers including reported seeing dropped countryside commission reception truth reconciliation based interviews witnesses indonesian military papers intelligence international sources confirmed chemical weapons poison food water supplies controlled areas campaign brutal indonesian campaign effective broke main militia capable president military commander shot killed helicopter borne indonesian troops december enforced starvation result destruction food crops civilians forced leave hills surrender surviving villagers came lower lying regions surrender military execute killed outright troops sent receiving centers prepared advance camps located close proximity local military bases indonesian forces screened population order single members resistance aid collaborators transit camps surrendered civilians registered interrogated suspected members resistance detained killed centers constructed toilets additionally indonesian military barred red_cross distributing humanitarian aid medical care provided result weakened starvation surviving small rations given captors died cholera tuberculosis late passed camps period months strategic imprisoned subjected enforced starvation camps prevented traveling farmland subjected truth commission report confirmed indonesian military use enforced starvation weapon east civilian population large numbers people positively denied access food sources report cited testimony individuals denied food detailed destruction crops livestock indonesian soldiers concluded policy deliberate starvation resulted deaths church worker reported east dying starvation month district world vision indonesia visited october claimed east risk starvation envoy reported percent camp population situation bad warned tens thousands risk starvation indonesia announced working government run alleviate crisis charged organisation selling donated aid supplies indonesian military launched operation security named fence legs program operation indonesian forces men boys march mountains ahead advancing troops human shields counterattack objective sweep central region fence legs died starvation exhaustion shot indonesian forces allowing slip fence villages indonesian forces unknown number civilians villagers september eyewitness testified australian senate stated soldiers deliberately killed small children smashing heads rock operation failed crush resistance popular resentment occupation grew stronger troops mountains continued sporadic attacks indonesian forces carried numerous operations destroy years cities villages non violent resistance movement began shape operation clean sweep failure successive indonesian campaigns led indonesian military elite commander based colonel initiate peace talks commander controlled area march sought portugal negotiations commander broke announcing new offensive called operational clean sweep august time time going hit mercy breakdown agreement followed renewed wave summary executions hands indonesian forces august people burned alive village killed nearby river august december documented arrests people capital city relatives told indonesian forces disappeared sent suspected opposing integration arrested tortured published indonesian manual received instructing military personnel inflict physical mental troops avoid taking photographs showing torture given electric stripped naked memoir inside resistance describes tortured indonesian soldiers question punches face punches hard feels face broken people hit sides hands kicked location psychologically tortured didn hit strong threats kill gun table book personal woman named describes watching torture place prison people sit chair chair toes mad yes soldiers food mix person eat use electric shock use electric machine violence women indonesian military abuses women numerous documented addition suffering arbitrary torture execution women faced rape sexual abuse crime related independence activist scope problem difficult owing intense military control imposed occupation compounded shame felt victims report violence women indonesia wrote women reluctant pass information non governmental organizations rape sexual abuse let report violations military police authorities forms violence women took form harassment intimidation enforced marriage amnesty report cites case woman forced live commander harassed daily troops release marriages took place regularly occupation women encouraged accept procedures pressured knowledge effects researcher released book voice east women chronicles personal stories violence abuse dating earliest days occupation woman tells interrogated stripped half naked tortured threatened death describes hands feet raped repeatedly interrogated weeks woman prepared food arrested burned cigarettes tortured electricity forced walk naked past row soldiers tank filled abuses indonesian government reported mass graves containing scores people killed found near confirmed reports expressed concern killings claimed responsibility human rights watch condemned series attacks carried led deaths civilians economy portuguese language banned indonesian language government education public commerce indonesian school curriculum implemented official indonesian national ideology applied government jobs restricted holding certification training east belief systems fit indonesia constitutional resulting mass conversions christianity portuguese clergy replaced indonesian priests latin portuguese mass replaced indonesian mass invasion percent east roman catholics 1980s percent registered catholics percent catholic population currently densely catholic countries world particular focus indonesian government program aimed densely populated regions media censorship new order meant state conflict unknown predominantly poor wet rice farmers arrival found ongoing threat attack east resistance fighters object local resentment large tracts land belonging east appropriated indonesian government settlement gave returned island origin migrants stayed contributed integration families people settled estimated free indonesian settlers lived mid-1990s including offered jobs education administration migration increased resentment overtaken business immigrants following invasion portuguese commercial interests taken border opened resulting influx west farmers january territory open private investment economic life towns subsequently brought control immigrants south products exported partnerships army officials indonesian businessmen military controlled firm lucrative commercial activities including wood export hotels import consumer products group profitable business monopoly export coffee territory valuable cash crop indonesian came dominate military enterprises local portuguese period way indonesian imports indonesian government primary response criticism policies highlight funding development health education communications transportation agriculture remained poor following centuries portuguese colonial neglect indonesian critic points conflict early years occupation lead sharp drops rice coffee production livestock populations critics argue infrastructure development road construction designed facilitate indonesian military corporate interests military controlled key businesses private investors indonesian international avoided territory despite improvements indonesian government report estimated quarters districts half lived poverty 1990s changing resistance integration campaigns major investment indonesian government improve infrastructure health education facilities end east resistance indonesian rule 1980s forces dropped armed men increased contacts young especially armed civil resistance seeking self determination took shape protest movements young children time invasion educated indonesian system resented repression cultural political life expense indonesian ambivalent indonesian economic development spoke portuguese stressing portuguese heritage seeking help portugal self determination considered indonesia occupying force abroad members notably journalist later prime minister president pushed cause diplomatic forums reduced armed resistance prompted indonesian government open improve commercial prospects including lifting travel ban journalists new policy came foreign minister advice military leadership feared lead loss control diplomats policy response international concerns late military commander replaced brigadier general promised approach anti restrictions travel territory reduced groups political prisoners released use torture interrogation common attempted increase military discipline february indonesian soldier prosecuted unlawful conduct action invasion reduced fear persecution encouraged resistance movements anti integration protests accompanied high profile visits including pope end cold war removed justification western support indonesia occupation resulting increase international attention self determination human rights pressure indonesia subsequent events 1990s helped dramatically raise international profile turn significantly boosted momentum resistance groups massacre memorial mass november pro independence youth shot indonesian troops strong crowd flag banners pro independence peacefully following brief confrontation indonesian troops protesters indonesian soldiers opened fire crowd killing foreigners cemetery quickly reported international news organisations video footage massacre widely broadcast internationally causing outrage response massacre activists world organised solidarity new urgency brought calls self determination british organisation formed advocate democracy indonesia increased work united_states founded soon chapters cities country solidarity groups appeared portugal australia japan germany malaysia ireland brazil coverage massacre vivid example growth new media indonesia making increasingly difficult new order control information flow indonesia post cold war 1990s government coming increasing international scrutiny number pro democracy student groups magazines began openly critically discuss new order broader history future indonesia sharp condemnation military came international community parts indonesian elite massacre ended governments opening territory new period repression began removed position approach resistance superiors arrested human rights abuses rose ban foreign journalists hatred intensified indonesian military presence trained militias gangs dressed black crush remaining resistance arrest november leader arrested indonesian troops sentenced life imprisonment rebellion sentence later years arrest universally acknowledged leader resistance major frustration anti integration movement continued serve symbol hope inside prison resistance east continued president bill_clinton visited east students occupied embassy protest support indonesia time human rights observers called attention continued violations indonesian troops police report noted abuses territory continue mount including torture limitations basic rights series riots september october criticised indonesian authorities wave arbitrary arrests torture report indicates beaten iron bars kicked threatened death nobel peace prize suddenly brought world attention nobel peace prize awarded work peaceful solution conflict indicated press release hoped award spur efforts find diplomatic solution conflict based people right self determination nobel scholar notes indonesia prize great embarrassment public statements government tried distance recognising prize thought exercise control accusing responsibility atrocities civil strife declaring political award ceremony chairman answered charges pointing civil conflict country return tried reconcile parties diplomats indonesia portugal continued required general_assembly resolution series meetings intended resolve problem foreign minister called indonesian shoe end indonesian control renewed united_nations efforts indonesia portugal began early transition indonesia independence limited regional autonomy going allowed new order notwithstanding indonesian public opinion 1990s occasionally showing appreciation position widely feared independent indonesian unity asian financial crisis caused tremendous indonesia led resignation ending thirty year presidency command powerful indonesian strategic reserve went exile jordan military operations costing bankrupt indonesian government million dollars day subsequent period relative political transition included unprecedented debate indonesia relationship remainder discussion forums took place working referendum foreign minister described plans phased autonomy leading possible independence pain gain indonesia june weeks taking office successor announced indonesia soon offer special plan autonomy late drafted letter indonesia advising change australian policy advocating staging referendum independence decade president saw arrangement implying colonial rule indonesia decided snap referendum issue indonesia portugal announced agreed hold vote allowing people choose autonomy plan independence vote administered originally scheduled august later postponed august indonesia took responsibility security arrangement caused worry observers believe indonesia refused allow foreign vote referendum groups supporting autonomy independence began campaigning series pro integration paramilitary groups east began threatening violence committing violence country alleging pro independence bias groups seen working receiving training indonesian soldiers agreement announced april paramilitary attack left dozens east dead gang accompanied indonesian troops attacked suspected independence activists village june group attacked office indonesian authorities claimed helpless stop violence rival factions joined notions february said indonesia wants major havoc promised consistently heard years indonesian military militia leaders warned indonesian ambassador declared people reject autonomy possibility blood flow paramilitary announced vote independence result sea fire expression referring indonesia war independence dutch date vote drew near reports anti independence violence continued accumulate day vote august generally calm orderly percent registered voters cast ballots september secretary general announced percent votes cast independence brought new order insistence supported integration shocked east voted indonesia accepted media stories blaming supervising united_nations australia pressured resolution hours results paramilitary groups begun attacking people setting fires capital foreign journalists election observers fled tens thousands east took mountains islamic gangs attacked catholic diocese building killing dozen people day headquarters attacked burned ground people killed later reports similar poured withdrew personnel compound flooded refugees workers refused evacuate refugees withdrawn insisting die hands paramilitary groups time indonesian troops paramilitary gangs forced people camps described conditions delegation arrived september told indonesian president reports fantasies lies general indonesian military insisted soldiers situation control later expressed emotion singing hit song feelings event military wives indonesian withdrawal force violence met widespread public anger australia portugal activists portugal australia united_states nations pressured governments action australian prime minister consulted united_nations secretary general lobbied president bill_clinton support australian led international peace keeper force enter end violence united_states offered crucial logistical intelligence resources horizon presence commit forces operation finally september bill_clinton announced indonesia dire economic straits relented president announced september indonesia withdraw indonesian soldiers allow australian led international force enter september expressed concern deteriorating situation issued resolution calling multinational force restore peace security protect support united_nations mission facilitate humanitarian assistance operations time united_nations force approved deployed area command australian major general entered september october indonesian troops left arrival thousands international troops caused militia flee border indonesia sporadic cross border raids militia forces conducted established end october administered region years control nation turned government independence declared september year joined united_nations member state bulk military forces australian troops peak including infantry brigade armoured aviation support eventually nations contributed force height numbered troops united_states provided crucial diplomatic support crisis cruiser uss mobile bay protected naval fleet marine infantry battalion men plus organic armour artillery stationed coast aboard uss wood provide strategic reserve event significant armed opposition international response indonesia fear communism garner varying degrees support western countries including united_states australia invasion occupation invasion suppression independence movement caused great harm indonesia reputation international credibility criticism developing world undermined efforts 1980s secure chair strongly desired indonesia condemnation indonesia continued 1990s australia main article september australian prime minister met indicated support indonesia annexed november government dismissed placed restrictions government results december election known action required approval political parties governor general december australia unsuccessfully sought resolution determine independence australian government evacuated australians foreign nationals arrived darwin december saying aid agencies australian red_cross banned news conference said accept assistance included australia winning december elections government took approach trade southeast_asia political ties southeast_asia important risk seen lost cause australia government officially recognise province indonesia year later australia indonesia began drafting treaty share resources gap treaty signed december estimates ranging seven billion barrels oil secured agreement general economic partnership indonesia frequently cited crucial factor australian government position given nearly east died fighting australian japanese forces followed invasion japanese pacific war australians believed government owed special debt portuguese colony senior foreign affairs adviser occupation condemned government position saying later vital strategic value irrelevant australian world war veterans protested occupation similar reasons successive australian governments saw good relations stability indonesia australia largest neighbour providing important security australia north issue complicated operation nations australia provided important sanctuary east independence advocates like based australia exile australia trade indonesia grew 1980s signed security pact indonesia gave relations high priority fall indonesian president shift australian policy helped proposal referendum question independence late prime minister foreign minister drafted letter indonesia setting change australian policy suggesting given chance vote independence decade letter upset indonesian president saw implying indonesia colonial power decided announce snap referendum sponsored referendum held showed overwhelming approval independence followed violent clashes security crisis instigated anti independence militia australia led united_nations backed end violence order restored intervention ultimately successful australian indonesian relations years recover altered policy adopted policy support east independence opposition indonesian presence spokesperson credibility attacked governing government foreign affairs minister prime minister howard assisted campaign labor later lead victory australian federal election philippines owing strong relation indonesia philippines initially cold issue fact denied entry supposed lecture president included immigration widespread support countries philippines finally changed policy independence philippines contributed medical logistics personnel ground troops named filipino lieutenant general command fledged force takes tuesday sharing roman catholic heritage philippines natural ally maintained good relationship removed frequently gives lectures universities philippines notably philippines portugal day invasion portugal cut diplomatic ties indonesia went support resolutions condemning invasion late 1970s early 1980s portuguese government appeared reluctant push issue american indonesia specialist suggests stemmed uncertainty time application portugal criticism mounted sharply mid-1980s public pressure country highest profile international forums east self determination 1990s portugal took indonesia united_states united_states completing retreat vietnam anti communist indonesia considered united_states essential friendly relations indonesian government considered important process united_states wanted maintain access deep water straits running indonesia submarine passage indian pacific oceans day invasion president secretary state met indonesian president reportedly gave approval invasion response saying want understanding deemed necessary rapid drastic action ford replied understand press issue understand problem intentions similarly agreed fears use arms invasion exposed public scrutiny talking desire influence reaction america chance people talking way hoped invasion swift involve protracted resistance important succeeds quickly said main fear appears violent partly communist inspire similar communist victories asia possibly lead revolts threatening survival indonesia state supplied weapons indonesia invasion subsequent occupation week invasion prepared detailed analysis found vast majority military equipment supplied government said suspended military assistance december june military aid actually proposed congress continued increase nearly doubling violence climax united_states furnished approximately million weaponry indonesian government military aid arms sales indonesia increased continued bush clinton years stopped arms provisions indonesia amounted approximately billion commission reception truth reconciliation stated responsibility chapter final report political military support fundamental indonesian invasion occupation report stated supplied weaponry crucial indonesia capacity intensify military operations massive campaigns destroy resistance aircraft supplied united_states played crucial role claimed degree support indonesian government efforts extended diplomatic support material assistance report sydney australia dated june quoted press release stated american military advisers mercenaries fought alongside indonesian soldiers battles meantime american pilots flying aircraft bombing raids liberated areas control united_states resolutions indonesian invasion ambassador time wrote later memoirs department state desired united_nations prove utterly ineffective measures undertook task given carried forward success countries britain canada japan nations supported indonesia occupation britain resolutions relating sold arms occupation indonesia purchased jet trainers campaign britain sold dozens additional jets indonesia 1990s canada early general_assembly resolutions opposed canadian government regularly sold weapons indonesia occupation 1990s approved million exports spare weapons parts japan voted general_assembly resolutions indian government supported indonesia occupation seizure analysts remarked indonesia delayed action prevented peaceful transfer similar manner french transferred india member nations consistently voted general_assembly resolutions calling self determination impacts number deaths precise estimates death toll difficult determine report commission reception truth reconciliation reports estimated minimum number conflict related deaths report says approximately killed disappeared approximately died hunger illness excess expected peacetime mortality figures represent minimum conservative estimate says scientifically based principal finding report provide upper bound speculated total number deaths conflict related hunger illness high truth commission held indonesian forces responsible violent killings researcher says toll likely close truth throw estimate higher estimated total close catholic church estimate population people church reported led estimate people killed occupation widely reported world sources support estimate killed according specialist basis statistical data available portuguese indonesian authorities catholic_church december december approximately lost lives constituted pre invasion population similarly indonesian professor java concluded study data fact killed early years occupation argues toll significantly exaggerated argues census counted reliable source probably minimum maximum estimate total population worth recalling hundreds thousands east disappeared violence september later writes census face census counted require growth rate year nearly identical high growth rate highly unlikely given conditions brutal occupation including indonesian efforts discourage reproduction noting relative lack personal accounts atrocities indonesian soldiers adds appear basis news reports academic accounts society mass death leading massacre indicate society retained way probably possible treated treated indonesian military strategy based winning hearts minds population fact support charges mass killing starting base population based census calculated expected population assuming growth rate year result occupation accepting count regards low concluded died war argued growth rate suggested census high citing fact church previously growth rate produced figure line portuguese population estimate maintained portuguese census certainly believed likely correct church census fact church attempt size total population seen light incomplete access society half catholic assuming growth rate line nations yield accurate figure expected population slightly accounting decline birth rate resulting indonesian occupation deficit remaining exactly according indonesian policies restricted birth rate born killed missing result indonesian authorities conducted census variety factors exodus tens thousands homes escape deaths thousands civil war deaths combatants occupation killings natural disasters diminish civilian toll indonesian forces time considering data argues lower toll absolute minimum mere tenth civilian population dying years responded asserting influx workers occupation increase population growth rate typical mortality crisis accepting census valid despite estimate church census possible maximum discounted church lack access society resulted concluded combatants civilians killed sides died unnatural deaths true yield result civilian population killed separately estimated expected accounting reduction birth rates civilian population died period believes deficit probably accounting reduction birth rates population mid value report deaths analyst political killings estimates observers called indonesian military action example genocide study word legal meaning occupation legal scholar concludes group recognised international law targeted indonesian authorities charge genocide applied notes conflict accurately genocide political group alternatively cultural genocide concepts explicitly recognised international law occupation compared killings yugoslav wars genocide accurate numbers indonesian casualties documented complete names indonesian soldiers pro indonesian militias died action illness accidents entire occupation engraved located south justice goes discuss responsible parties crimes humanity war crimes gross violations human rights years end occupation number proceedings carried end resolution described history systematic widespread violations international human rights law demanded responsible violence brought justice achieve ends established attempted investigate prosecute individuals responsible violence criticised relatively little presumably funded limited mandate crimes committed reasons indonesian trials punish responsible violence described inadequate commission deficiencies processes led number organisations international tribunal prosecute individuals responsible killings similar established yugoslavia editorial said number committed period international court pursue confirm invasion occupation destruction indonesia long standing systematic criminal conspiracy planned ordered highest levels government perpetrators continue authority influence nearest neighbour future peace justice democracy indonesia depends holding highest level perpetrators indonesia commission truth friendship set goal establishing truth relating crimes occupation healing divisions countries received criticism rejected united_nations offering indonesian governors president december july dos dos maria september september september october | Indonesian occupation of East Timor | History | World history | Asian history |
5217_SoutheastAsiaTreatyOrganization | international organization collective defense southeast_asia created signed september manila philippines formal institution established february meeting treaty partners thailand organization headquarters members joined organization primarily created block communist gains southeast_asia generally considered failure internal conflict dispute hindered general use military funded cultural educational programs left long standing effects southeast_asia dissolved june members lost interest withdrew united_states considers mutual defense aspects treaty active australia france new_zealand philippines thailand united_kingdom origins structure signed september manila creating anti communist collective defense treaties treaties agreements intended create alliances contain communist powers communist china case policy considered largely developed american diplomat soviet expert president secretary state john foster considered primary force creation expanded concept anti communist collective defense southeast_asia vice president richard_nixon advocated asian equivalent nato returning trip organization headquartered created meeting set treaty contrary preference organization intended southeast asian version nato military forces member coordinated provide collective defense members country headed secretary general office created meeting canberra council representatives member nations international staff present committees economics security information secretary general thai diplomat politician served thailand ambassador prime minister thailand september january unlike nato alliance joint commands standing forces addition response protocol event communism presenting common danger member nations vague ineffective membership alliance provide rationale large scale military intervention region vietnam war membership despite included countries located outside region interest region organization australia france new_zealand pakistan including bangladesh philippines thailand united_kingdom united_states philippines thailand southeast asian countries actually participated organization shared close ties united_states particularly philippines faced communist governments thailand member discovery newly founded thai autonomous region china apparently feeling threatened potential chinese communist land regional countries like burma indonesia far minded domestic internal stability concern communist threat rejected joining malaya including singapore chose participate formally kept updated key developments close relationship united_kingdom rest southeast asian countries vietnam prevented taking international military alliance result geneva agreements signed july year concluding end war lingering threat coming communist possibility theory turning communist frontier got countries protection act considered main involvement vietnam war rejected protection majority members located southeast_asia australia new_zealand seen satisfying organization collective defense organization great_britain france joined partly having long maintained colonies region partly concerns developments pakistan simply interested joining appeal potential support long struggle india southeast_asia pivotal frontier cold war saw establishment essential cold war policy membership reflected mid-1950s combination anti communist western nations nations southeast_asia united_kingdom france united_states joined ratified treaty vote represented strongest western powers canada considered joining decided order concentrate nato responsibilities general general military aspects creation quickly insignificant militarily member nations contributed little alliance military forces held joint military training employed internal disagreements unable intervene conflicts france britain rejected use military action result provided support sought involvement vietnam war denied lack british french cooperation united_states australia cited alliance justification involvement vietnam american membership provided united_states rationale large scale military intervention southeast_asia countries great_britain key nations asia accepted rationale commitment royal_australian_air_force deployed squadron thailand began play role vietnam war air defence responsibilities expanded include protection aircraft base strikes cultural effects addition joint military training member states worked improving mutual social economic issues activities overseen proved greatest successes secretary general created currently thailand train engineers sponsored creation offered technical programs created training facilities especially thailand ninety training workshops established provided research funding grants agriculture medical fields set later establishing second bangladesh laboratory soon world leading cholera research facility later renamed bangladesh interested literature literature award created given writers member states criticism dissolution secretary considered essential element american foreign policy asia historians considered manila pact failure pact rarely mentioned history books geneva conference sir diplomat naval described leaf american policy citing manila pact zoo paper tigers consequently questions organization arose pakistan withdrew bangladesh 26th march france withdrew financial support council agreed organization final exercise february organization formally dissolved june | Southeast Asia Treaty Organization | History | World history | Asian history |
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