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23277_FrenchironcladMarengo | french ironclad wooden armored frigate class built french_navy mid late 1860s ship running sea trials july began immediately placed reserve war participated french occupation tunisia flagship port visits britain russia sold scrap design description class ironclads designed improved version class ironclads ships central battery ironclads armament concentrated amidships time french ironclad watertight iron bulkheads fitted hull like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low feet propulsion class ships horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving single propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph class ships barque rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships main armament mounted barbettes upper deck gun corner battery remaining guns battery deck barbettes armament upgraded commissioned millimeter guns barbettes battery deck millimeter seven millimeter guns millimeter guns added millimeter guns replaced millimeter guns caliber millimeter gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle millimeter gun long weighed long tons fired pound explosive shell muzzle velocity guns fire solid shot explosive shells point ship received dozen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft late ship career water millimeter torpedo tubes added armor ocean class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected millimeter iron plates says barbette armor later removed improve stability confirmed source service laid brest july launched october ship began sea trials july running franco prussian war began immediately reserve commissioned service remained squadron placed reserve october ship recommissioned assigned transferred french division levant february bombarded port july french occupation tunisia remained mediterranean assigned flagship led squadron port visits august september reduced reserve following year sold march | French ironclad Marengo | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
23847_FrenchbattleshipVoltaire | french battleship class semi dreadnought battleships built french_navy late 1900s shortly world war began ship participated adriatic_sea helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser spent rest war blockading dardanelles prevent german austro hungarian turkish warships breaking mediterranean hit torpedoes fired german submarine october seriously damaged war modernized subsequently training ship condemned later sold scrap design description class battleships significant improvement preceding class advent dreadnought completed liked navy numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean meters long overall beam meters load draft meters displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew officers enlisted men ship powered parsons steam turbines steam generated belleville boilers turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph reached speed knots mph sea trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen guns hotchkiss guns ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship waterline armor belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides wartime modifications war anti aircraft guns installed roofs ship forward gun turrets mainmast shortened allow ship fly captive balloon elevation guns increased extended range meters career begun december sur ship laid july launched january completed august ship assigned 1st squadron mediterranean_fleet commissioned ship participated combined fleet maneuvers tunisia june subsequent naval review conducted president france june joined squadron tour october december participated grand fleet exercise mediterranean world war early august ship cruised attempt prevent german battlecruiser light cruiser breaking west august combined admiral including sweep adriatic_sea allied ships encountered austro hungarian cruiser escorted destroyer blockading coast montenegro ships escape remained allow away sunk gunfire battle coast bar montenegro subsequently participated number raids adriatic later year patrolled december ship participated distant blockade based december sailors transported athens sister participated allied attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia spent april based prevent breaking mediterranean ship overhauled october toulon returning october ship torpedoed island despite struck torpedoes able temporary repairs sailing permanent repairs based toulon modernized improve underwater protection ship training ship condemned march scuttled long term use target wreck sold december broken march onwards | French battleship Voltaire | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
24092_FrenchironcladOcéan | french ironclad wooden armored frigate built french_navy mid late 1860s lead ship class commissioned participate franco prussian war assigned unsuccessfully attempted blockade prussian ports baltic_sea ship later served northern discarded design description class ironclads designed improved version class ironclads ships central battery ironclads armament concentrated amidships time french ironclad watertight iron bulkheads fitted hull like ironclads era equipped metal reinforced ram ship measured meters overall beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons crew numbered officers men metacentric height ship low feet propulsion class ships horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving single propeller engines powered oval boilers sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed steam approximately nautical miles speed knots mph class ships barque rigged masts sail area square meters armament ships main armament mounted barbettes upper deck gun corner battery remaining guns battery deck barbettes original armament consisted millimeter guns barbettes battery deck millimeter millimeter guns upgraded millimeter guns barbettes millimeter guns battery deck commissioned caliber millimeter modèle gun fired armor piercing pound shell gun weighed long tons gun fired shell muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle armor piercing shell caliber gun weighed pounds gun weighed long tons muzzle velocity credited ability penetrate nominal inches wrought iron armour muzzle point ship received dozen millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute hull enable guns battery deck fire forward aft guns mounted barbettes sides hull ability fire fore aft late ship career water millimeter torpedo tubes added armor ocean class ships complete millimeter wrought iron waterline belt sides battery armored millimeters wrought iron barbette armor millimeters thick portions sides protected millimeter iron plates says barbette armor later removed improve stability confirmed source service laid brest july launched october ship began sea trials december commissioned july service franco prussian war assigned attempted blockade prussian ports baltic squadron ordered return september afterward assigned placed reserve recommissioned service lengthy refit assigned completed ship transferred reduced reserve assigned year later training ship naval condemned | French ironclad Océan | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
24410_FrenchbattleshipVergniaud | french battleship class semi dreadnought battleships built french_navy late 1900s world war began august unsuccessfully searched german battlecruiser light cruiser escorted convoys later month ship participated adriatic_sea helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser spent rest war blockading dardanelles prevent german austro hungarian turkish warships breaking mediterranean briefly participated occupation constantinople end war deployed black_sea early allied intervention russian civil war ship crew members killed protest intervention suppressed returned france later placed reserve brief deployment condemned target ship ship sold scrap years later design description class battleships significant improvement preceding class advent dreadnought completed combined poor traits including great weight coal carry unsuccessful ships numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean meters long overall beam meters load draft meters displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew officers enlisted men ship powered parsons steam turbines steam generated boilers turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph reached speed knots mph sea trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen guns hotchkiss guns ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship waterline armor belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides wartime modifications war anti aircraft guns installed roofs ship forward gun turrets mainmast shortened allow ship fly captive balloon elevation guns increased extended range meters career begun december ship laid november launched april completed december cost ship assigned division squadron mediterranean_fleet commissioned ship participated combined fleet maneuvers tunisia june subsequent naval review conducted president france june joined squadron tour october december participated grand fleet exercise mediterranean world war beginning war ship sister dreadnought unsuccessfully searched german battlecruiser light cruiser later escorted troop convoys north_africa france joined sisters malta august combined admiral including sweep adriatic_sea allied ships encountered austro hungarian cruiser escorted destroyer blockading coast montenegro ships escape remained allow away sunk gunfire battle coast bar montenegro ships bombarded september blockaded rest year august based malta february sailed toulon transferred march resumed duties blockading bases rest war ship transferred men sister participated allied attempt ensure greek allied operations macedonia athens december lieutenant charge landing party killed men incident given short refit toulon november january returned transferred prevent breaking mediterranean boiler burst september killing men wounding armistice signed october allies ottoman_empire ship participated early stage occupation constantinople returned toulon december short refit postwar career early ships stationed allied soviet forces city russian civil war despite allied support city white russian forces seemingly hopeless position april french naval high command ordered ships evacuate rejecting commander vice admiral vice attempted forces intervene fighting mutiny ships war weary sailors demanded return home ensuing culminated mass shooting sailor people wounded died sailor battleship crew far remained neutral conflict quickly joined ranks radical red banners support forces day stalemate ended victory sailors ships withdrew black_sea returned france ship departed april merchant ship constantinople based august monitor turkish activities coasts palestine lebanon syria arrived toulon september placed special reserve october ship later found poor shape decommissioned june condemned october disarmed guns handed coastal defence installed existing target ship evaluate effects poison gases bombs listed disposal sold breaking november price monument french erected soviets square sailor killed | French battleship Vergniaud | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
24535_FrenchdestroyerVolta | french destroyer class destroyer french french_navy named west african river built outbreak world war penultimate built french_navy sister ship designed effort build ship capable fighting ship arguably design successful possessed armament light cruiser hull destroyer ships class described having pushed concept limits capabilities service french_navy saw limited action following outbreak war took convoy escort duties initially withdrawn brest refit july british attacked french fleet managed escape damage sought refuge toulon germans tried seize rest fleet november scuttled toulon harbour crew prevent captured design description overall length meters beam meters maximum draft meters displaced metric tons long tons standard load metric tons long tons deep load geared steam turbines designed produce shaft horsepower propel ship knots mph sea trials february turbines provided shp reached knots mph deep displacement metric tons long tons ship carried metric tons long tons fuel oil normal load additional metric tons long tons deep load carried modèle guns twin electrically powered gun turrets superimposed fore aft anti aircraft armament consisted guns single mount positioned rear deck house forward rear turrets mounted heavy machine guns twin mounts located forward superstructure forward guns carried water millimeter tubes pair triple mounts funnels pair double mounts aft rear funnel pair depth charge built stern housed total depth charges rails fitted rear deck maximum capacity mines ship greatest weakness inability generate sufficient electric current power multitude auxiliary motors advanced machinery complex gun dependent auxiliary motors seriously particularly gun slow train elevate rudder contributed ship poor service history sister comprised 6th french division assigned based brest war began group purpose hunt german blockade runners raiders escort convoys danger october escorted convoy protect german cruiser sortied north_atlantic war began sortie north_atlantic november prompted force sail brest rendezvous british battlecruiser hms hood patrol area south iceland german ships able return safely cover heavy weather engaged refitted brest january number minor changes necessary improvements identified main armament sea trials year earlier finally implemented canvas cover turrets replaced rolling door new radios installed shields fitted anti aircraft machine guns fitted june proved july following british attacked french fleet effort destroy french fleet order prevent captured germans despite attack fired shells british destroyer performance rated gunnery officer best point managing escape toulon company battleship number destroyers armistice germany june french_navy decided increase anti aircraft strength class destroyers installed machine guns platforms attached sides gun mount december january version american caliber use standard french ammunition rate fire increased rounds minute fed round flexible belts greater range older hotchkiss machine guns fitted plans time replace hotchkiss machine guns twin mount pair shortage weapons prevented plan fulfilled machine guns fitted crew morale benefit real meter fitted aft end centre deck house improve coverage rear sky arcs increase number aerial targets engaged autumn naval adaptation army anti aircraft gun available modified august november single guns hotchkiss machine guns mounted platform widened additional machine gun added platform hotchkiss guns moved upper deck deck house cable added refit later year scheduled replaced french copy sitting scuttled toulon harbour germans tried seize fleet november prevent allies raised italians effort repair bombed sunk november later refloated scrapped | French destroyer Volta | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25153_FrenchbattleshipDiderot | french battleship class semi dreadnought battleships built french_navy early 1900s shortly world war began ship participated adriatic_sea helped sink austro hungarian protected cruiser spent rest war blockading dardanelles prevent german austro hungarian turkish warships breaking mediterranean briefly participated occupation constantinople end war modernized subsequently training ship ship condemned later sold scrap design description class battleships significant improvement preceding class advent dreadnought completed combined poor traits including great weight coal carry unsuccessful ships numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean meters long overall beam meters load draft meters displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew officers enlisted men ship powered parsons steam turbines steam generated belleville boilers turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph reached speed knots mph sea trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen guns hotchkiss guns ship armed submerged torpedo tubes ship waterline armor belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides wartime modifications war anti aircraft guns installed roofs ship forward gun turrets elevation guns increased extended range meters career construction began december ship laid october launched april completed august ship assigned division squadron mediterranean_fleet commissioned ship participated combined fleet maneuvers tunisia june subsequent naval review conducted president france june joined squadron tour october december participated grand fleet exercise mediterranean world war early august ship cruised attempt prevent german battlecruiser light cruiser breaking west august combined admiral including sweep adriatic_sea allied ships encountered austro hungarian cruiser escorted destroyer blockading coast montenegro ships escape remained allow away sunk gunfire battle coast bar montenegro subsequently participated number raids adriatic later year patrolled december ship participated distant blockade based flagship transferred month sister ships prevent breaking mediterranean remained end war postwar armistice signed october allies ottoman_empire ship participated early stage occupation constantinople november december based toulon modernized improve underwater protection ship training ship condemned march sold july arrived breaking august | French battleship Diderot | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25453_FrenchshipVengeurduPeuple | french ship people gun ship line french_navy funded don des donation chamber commerce launched took naval operations american revolutionary war admiral squadron preston single ship action august taking supporting flagship paris battle took french revolution renamed took glorious june disabled furious duel surrendered losing hope rescued french ship hours british ships beginning rescue operations listed taking half crew sinking propaganda gave birth legend crew gone ship fighting surrender scottish historian repeated tale french revolution history yielding rear admiral witnessed events naval history circles legend lived folk tale inspiring numerous representations fictional account thousand leagues sea career french_navy lost ships seven years war casualties particularly high battle battle replace losses duke launched called don des french individuals organisations donate crown funds necessary build equip warship million raised ships including built named patrons funded chamber commerce ordered january built toulon design engineer named day following request patrons chamber commerce requested ship built determined harbour shallow launch gun ship order eventually confirmed toulon lack timber shipyards busy building delayed construction building directed engineer launched july completed quickly decorated sculptures carved completion reserve remain years february maintenance repairs hull found good shape keel centimetres maintenance completed days later commissioned captain outbreak american war independence caused relations france great_britain deteriorate diplomatic ties broken march admiral took command squadron thirteen ships line frigates toulon assigned fleet active service fleet set sail april crossed gibraltar arrived mouth july campaign french squadron arrived unopposed new_york july british forces amounted squadron smaller ships line frigates admiral lord howe order avoid battle numerous powerful french ships howe retreated protection strong defences new_york wished press attack pilots advised harbour shallow ships squadron spent weeks anchor blockading howe american government july departed newport join american revolutionaries arrived july anchored fleet outside harbour better coordinate attack revolutionary land forces anchored main channel fleet frigates blockaded blocked august french squadron sailed newport harbour coming sixth line begun troops following day howe squadron arrived new_york found anchored ships vulnerable attacks land batteries warships cancelled landing putting sea challenge howe battle howe force moved pursued french august french closed fleets preparation battle easter storm broke scattering fleets sustained damage rigging losing cut bulk french squadron day having erected jury rigging attacked gun ships hour parting rejoined french fleet august took september coming french line battle present encounters british fleets caribbean theatre american revolutionary war year july took sailing rear french fleet later year took siege savannah eighth line battle french fleet sustained damage siege savannah eventually returned europe returned toulon experiment campaign members crew died killed combat wrote report recommendations december found ship high hindered sailing running recommended improvements gun ports castles allowed guns quarterdeck forecastle furthermore substantial repairs rigging needed needed hull heated kill worms wrote appears shall exceptional sailor convinced satisfaction campaign repairs completed captain given command appointed ship squadron flag set sail patrol portugal joined division june november departed joint franco spanish fleet admiral bound brest arrived january campaign brest command passed squadron admiral young served aboard ensign march fleet sailed america reinforce forces arriving martinique april fleet met british forces admiral hood broke inconclusive long ranged artillery duel lasted british retreated day damage sustained sail july bound arrived july fleet joined frigate captain brought news status plans continental_army letters washington requested set sail new_york chesapeake_bay reinforcing fleet squadron admiral soldiers taken garrisons island decided sail september french british squadrons met van french squadron exchanged shots day gun captain early april took day battle sailing rear fleet french british ships trading shots minutes took position line battle later afternoon maintained position line ahead flagship paris supported struck colours point admiral ordered fleet follow fleet reached waves main corps arriving april arrived january took held 5th position line battle returned france point listed september decommissioned campaign october recommissioned december brest ship squadron negotiations peace england started january decommissioned february remained state repairs conducted french revolutionary war february decommissioned renamed probably response participation city revolts recommissioned march captain took command april sailed joined april squadron sailed reaching brest april having joined route arrival ships assigned squadron admiral glorious june fleet departed brest mission protecting convoy ships carrying food france beginning atlantic campaign june french squadron encountered british fleet engagement known glorious june french line battle flagship northumberland british fleet approached french line oblique manner leading individual engagements british ships attempted break points british flagship hms queen charlotte cut french line aft firing devastating broadside killed commander ship astern attempted prevent breaking accelerating close gap flagship left gap captain attempted exploit cut line assist accelerated closed gap turned fire engaged hms prevented cutting french line ahead turned tried cross aft seeing manoeuvre accelerated close new gap collided anchor rigging fired entire broadside point blank range unable fire main batteries ships close prevent french gunners ammunition guns contrast british gunners semi rigid rope handles instead wooden handles able maintain sustained fire holes fight went hours shattering rudder prevent separated fire opened large hole hull duel undamaged hms approached favourable position waiting separate open fire fired leaving foremast standing fell half hour later sustained damage soon inundated powder room denying means defence crew action closed attempting provide assistance proximity british sails endangered eventually sailed away seeing condition ship ordered flags hoisted half mast surrender distress surrender british ship managed men aboard possession left remaining crew attempt salvage ultimately ship pumps began sink timely arrival boats undamaged services cutter saved crew drowning ships taking nearly sailors lieutenant especially commended hazardous work clearly salvage worst wounded dead remained aboard possibly stayed aboard hope rescued french ship british avoid captivity alfred rescued men including captain abandoned ship left british boat taken served meal officers mess son french british officers heard racing gallery party witnessed sink remaining wounded aboard figures casualties precisely known approximately killed battle drowned sinking rescued british legacy sinking exploited political purposes france sailors said cried nation long live nation long live republic bow ship proportion french politicians added sailors sung defiance continued firing guns water reached ship eventually sink surrender entire crew disappeared claim return captured quickly released british captivity origin legend speech july sur des claimed refused surrender flag sailors died ship giving shout long live republic waving sorts flags ship disappeared lord howe denies account entirely claiming occurred position followed british sources originally included legend french revolution history prompting rear admiral lieutenant hms time eyewitness sinking publicly challenge tale set story eventually official report captain concluded devised changed account sinking subsequent editions reports events report captain written captivity june signed british custody report officer cousin found family archives later accounts written rear admiral witnessed event years earlier french drawings depicted flying recently ordered convention flown battle ensign lack brest able distribute flag ships probably flew white flag equal columns red white blue notion ship nailed flag surrendered claimed accounted reports explicitly states surrendered mention flag flown half mast distress surrounded british ships indicating requesting assistance enemy observes point nail flag james makes mentions union jack submission exact cause sinking subject dispute account describes sinking shots hull actually mentions holes lower hull noise like strong identify consistent james account directed shot split rudder shattered stern post making large hole counter water rushed great quantity case battered prompting report place feet rule direction thought touch shot holes attributes sinking crew failed close damaged lower later study conducted captain 1950s suggests water enter gun ports lower battery ripped collision shattered artillery fire crew failed temporary crew aggravated situation failing man pumps explaining took hours sink surrender sinking debated point patriotic shouts claimed accompanied singing shouts denied entirely mentioned french accounts report claim sailors shouted desperation unable reach british craft mention particular defiance intent mention flags position followed proposes variation knowing doomed sailors remaining display patriotic political dying provides alternative theory suggests person behaved manner stricken ship acting influence alcohol critical account dismissed idea captain said naval registry safety fact abandoned ship british boat leaving men disregard military customs standing order captains abandon ship account boat close actually dining mess moment sinking depicted rescue crew british ships large canvas battle lord howe action glorious june contemporary reactions france speech july nation specifically encouraged artists story poets like composed commemorate event wrote new words existing songs produced act opera following decree passed june sunk crew reaction prevented completion programme captain posthumously promoted august later exchanged captain captain september declared convention spite facts myth lived wrote account repeating version refused surrender invented story killed cut half cannon shot like reports indicate legend seriously accepted suggests near eyewitness french account amounted amazing vague faint admission probably false captain relates story probably purported survivor told legend good man nations live legends wrote wonders history remain depiction thousand leagues sea published reported incident revolutionary slant models models known model crafted prisoner war display 55th arsenal model realised master direction captain built plans hull ship sculptures drawings currently display marine | French ship Vengeur du Peuple | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25613_FrenchironcladBelliqueuse | french ironclad french ironclad wooden armored corvette built french_navy 1860s designed cheap ironclad french ironclad sail world december spent bulk career pacific returning toulon target design description designed small cheap ironclad suitable foreign deployments armament armor concentrated middle ship like central battery ironclad unlike ships lacked armored transverse bulkheads vulnerable fire like ironclads era equipped bronze ram weighed kilograms measured meters waterline meters perpendiculars beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons propulsion ship single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving single propeller engine powered oval boilers engine produced total indicated horsepower gave speed knots mph sea trials engine produced indicated horsepower ship reached knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal allowed ship steam nautical miles speed knots mph barque rigged initially sail area square meters later increased square metres armament mounted millimeter modèle guns central battery battery deck millimeter modèle guns guns carried pivot mounts fore aft upper deck partially rearmed exchanged pivot guns pair millimeter modèle guns addition millimeter hotchkiss barrel revolving guns added fired shell weighing muzzle velocity range meters rate fire rounds minute armor completely armored millimeters wrought iron battery deck meters waterline sides battery protected millimeters armor ends closed light screens fore aft battery sides unprotected service laid toulon september launched september ship began sea trials december enter service october day commissioned flagship command rear admiral december ship departed toulon attempt world arrived brest days sea french ironclad november hoisted flag rear admiral commander transferred flagship french division returned toulon june death rear admiral ship sent relieved french ironclad alma flagship station october returned toulon served months june reduced reserve paid november struck navy list target | French ironclad Belliqueuse | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25760_FrenchbattleshipFrance | french battleship france france ship class battleships dreadnoughts built french_navy completed world war naval building programme spent war mediterranean covering barrage adriatic france accompanied sister ship sent black_sea oppose russian civil war crew briefly april combination war communist crew difficult conditions mutiny general lack morale crew caused return france later month striking rock french coast hours later description france metres long overall beam metres load draft metres bow displaced tonnes long tons standard load tonnes long tons load proved wet service bow heavy superimposed turrets forward france propellers powered parsons direct drive steam turbines rated shaft horsepower belleville water tube boilers provided steam turbines boilers coal burning auxiliary oil designed speed knots mph carried long tons coal long tons oil steam nautical miles speed knots mph france main armament consisted millimetre calibre guns mounted twin gun turrets turrets superimposed fore aft flank ship anti torpedo boat defence carried millimetre guns mounted casemates millimetre modèle hotchkiss guns fitted beam armed millimetre submerged torpedo tubes torpedoes france waterline armoured belt extended waterline french concerned protection underwater hits main armour thinner british german counterparts covered area millimetres thick fore aft turrets tapered bow stern extended metres normal waterline main belt belt thick covered sides secondary armament forecastle deck metres deep fore aft turrets conning tower armour thick main gun turrets millimetres armour faces millimetres sides roofs millimetres thick barbettes millimetres armour anti torpedo bulkhead longitudinal bulkhead abreast machinery spaces coal bunker left void career france sister ship paris ordered august naval programme built keel laid november launched november commissioned day celebrations immediately commissioned escorted carried president state visit saint_petersburg russia july returned russia shortly world war began world war france return ordered sister ships serve mediterranean_sea austro hungarian ottoman navies spent providing gunfire support submarine torpedoed december forced battleships fall malta french occupied neutral greek island moved forward activities limited crews man anti submarine ships war france paris supported allied forces black_sea allied intervention russian civil war briefly broke ships april collapsed vice admiral agreed meet main demand ships home crewmen sentenced prison terms return bargain prime minister parties left august struck rock hours later crew lost modernized loss | French battleship France | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25915_FrenchbattleshipSaintLouis | french battleship class pre dreadnought battleships built french_navy spent career assigned usually chosen serve flagship ship involved accidental incidents french warships career sank submarine world war began escorted allied troop convoys months ordered dardanelles november guard sortie mediterranean german battlecruiser transferred participated bombarding turkish positions palestine ship returned dardanelles provided fire support transferred squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations lengthy refit france ship placed reserve april briefly training ship converted serve accommodation hulk listed disposal scrap find buyer design description metres long overall beam metres deep load draught metres forward metres aft displaced metric tons long tons deep load crew consisted officers sailors private ship officers men fleet flagship ship cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines engine shaft rated produced metric horsepower ship sea trials steam generated belleville water tube boilers reached speed knots mph trials carried maximum tonnes long tons coal allowed steam miles nmi speed knots mph carried main armament calibre canon modèle guns twin gun turrets fore aft ship secondary armament consisted calibre modèle guns mounted individual casemates remaining pair shielded mounts forecastle deck amidships carried calibre canon modèle guns shielded mounts superstructure ship anti torpedo boat defences consisted calibre canon modèle hotchkiss guns fitted platforms masts superstructure casemates hull mounted millimetre torpedo tubes broadside submerged angled ship axis waterline provided modèle torpedoes common ships generation built shaped ram class ships carried total tonnes long tons harvey armour complete waterline armour belt metres high armour belt tapered maximum thickness thickness lower edge armoured deck thick flat reinforced additional plate angled downwards meet armoured belt main turrets protected armour roofs thick barbettes thick outer walls casemates millimetre guns thick protected transverse bulkheads thick conning tower walls thick roof consisted armour plates communications tube protected armour plates thick construction career named king louis catholic saint authorised september class battleships ship laid arsenal march launched september commissioned september completing sea trials cost formally commissioned participated naval review conducted president france july ship assigned arrived toulon september squadron flagship october retained duty february transported minister war minister marine tours tunisia later october following year participated international naval review president toulon ships spain italy russia june ship received king spain aboard visiting april ships escorted president state visit italy visited morocco december return toulon following month flagship march flagship april ship briefly transferred flagship october participated large naval review president september days later struck destroyer relieved northern squadron flagship november began repairs combined refit completed april ship resumed role squadron flagship april months later accidentally rammed submarine june killing submarine crew transferred months later arrived toulon november flagship squadron march transferred division flagship february world war older french pre dreadnoughts ship mission war escort troop convoys north_africa france september ordered escort british convoy carrying troops india remained escort duties november ordered dardanelles guard sortie german battlecruiser ship remained station january given brief refit completion ordered flagship newly formed february ships intended attack turkish positions lines communication syria lebanon palestine participated bombardment april transferred dardanelles time naval operations limited bombarding turkish positions support allied troops ship flagship des dardanelles august relieved major refit october refit completed ordered joined french squadron assigned prevent interference greeks allied operations greece arrived flagship division orient october transferred february ship placed reserve april remained january transferred toulon disarmed decommissioned february training ship engineers toulon ship condemned june converted accommodation hulk listed disposal june purchased | French battleship Saint Louis | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
25993_Chacal-classdestroyer | class destroyer class destroyer known jaguar class group large destroyers built french_navy 1920s primary role scouting named predators means named big cats ships initially split based brest ship served flagship 1930s sister ships assigned training ships beginning class assigned convoy escort duties start world war september committed english channel began sunk shortly german forces france surrendered june ships french algeria toulon ship england operation catapult july attack fleet intended prevent turned germans british seized ship england failed prevent escaping toulon attacked port ships toulon placed reserve captured virtually intact germans attempted seize french fleet november turned transport missions italy surrendered september scuttled italians escaped join free french spent remainder war convoy escort mediterranean protecting allied forces meantime british turned free french convoy escort helped liberate island late ran aground shortly transferred mediterranean total loss ship survive war war troop transport training ship struck navy list scrapped year background preliminary studies large destroyers capable defending french attacks enemy destroyers torpedo boats began world war suspended war began resumed planning begin war decided split role destroyer smaller role attacking enemy torpedoes defending french enemy torpedo craft primary role larger scouting defending secondary attacking enemy important required high speed weather good endurance powerful armament capable engaging small cruisers naval minister selected metric ton long ton design armed millimeter guns early rejected influenced large italian class destroyers armed millimeter metric ton long ton german destroyer turned france war armed millimeter guns french went drawing board larger ship armed seven new canon modèle gun ordering delayed negotiations ships class approved naval law description overall length meters beam meters draft meters ships displaced metric tons long tons standard load metric tons long tons deep load double covered ships length hull subdivided transverse bulkheads dozen watertight compartments crew consisted officers crewmen peacetime officers enlisted men wartime raised forecastle prominent sheer bow ensured class ships good proved poor lateral stability despite meter long furthermore square meter rudder small weak taking seconds class powered geared steam turbine sets driving meter propeller steam provided temple boilers operated pressure cm2 kpa psi temperature ships fitted turbines satisfactory initial problems worked turbines troublesome caused enter service years late turbines designed produce metric horsepower shp propel ships knots mph sea trials turbines generated metric horsepower shp reached maximum speed knots mph single hour ships carried metric tons long tons fuel oil gave range nautical miles knots mph fuel consumption high speeds excessive range nmi knots mph ships fitted turbo generators forward engine room addition diesel generators capacity located central superstructure armament main armament class ships originally intended mounted mix single twin mounts twin gun mounts proved unsatisfactory ships armed caliber guns single mounts superfiring pair fore aft superstructure fifth gun aft funnel guns numbered rear mounts range elevation gave gun range meters maximum elevation guns loaded angle fired kilogram armor piercing projectiles muzzle velocity rate rounds minute fore aft magazines total capacity shells mount ready rack holding shells larger supply rounds lacked ammunition magazines deemed gun obsolete shortly ships laid gun wanted use canon modèle available planned replace guns later guns larger ordered ships completed written apparent ships stability marginal tolerate additional weight initial plan fit ship director fed data electro mechanical fire control computer development protracted ready time ships fitted simpler type mechanical computer computer completion earlier ships computers replaced later computer beginning development director abandoned ships fitted meter coincidence rangefinder fed data computers replaced rangefinder meter model anti aircraft armament class consisted caliber canon modèle guns single mounts positioned amidships mounts elevate guns loaded angle kilogram shells fired muzzle velocity guns range meters ceiling meters theoretical rate fire rounds minute half service ships carried rounds plus star shells gun rounds ready use navy decided ships heavy accept director guns replaced twin mounts millimeter anti aircraft installed dedicated meter rangefinder saved metric tons long tons weight proved limited utility combat combat operations shown french anti aircraft defenses inadequate planned augment beginning replacing mainmast platform twin gun mount light gun installed aboard armistice germany removed shortly class ships carried water triple sets millimeter torpedo tubes torpedoes kilogram acid set speed knots range meters knots mph meters pair depth charge built stern housed total kilogram depth charges fitted depth charge throwers abreast fore funnel carried dozen kilogram depth charges depth charge throwers removed badly positioned charges tended cause leaks hull war began space weight reserved pair towed anti submarine torpedoes failure combat space reserved unsuccessful french system cancelled september intended fit passive acoustic system class actually fitted consisted set steel lenses set ship large number ambient sound operator proved useless ship moving faster dead slow removed compartment reused british type system installed aboard ships receive ships service ships commissioned assigned toulon assigned brest ships port visits participated naval reviews 1920s early 1930s visits french west_africa early 1930s jaguar served flagship different destroyer class ships started dedicated training ships beginning continued beginning world war jaguar assigned forces september anticipation german invasion belgium proved large operations shallow waters english channel north_sea ran aground september poor visibility suffered minor damage jaguar thing night october relieved smaller beginning mid october ships assigned convoy escort duties october guarded convoys traveling french morocco sur joined ships replaced jaguar badly damaged collision british destroyer january repairs completed early germans invaded france refitted toulon sisters escorting convoys jaguar assigned support allied forces french coast jaguar sunk day evening near german bombers remained area bombarded advancing german forces near northern french coast surrender france seized british july turned free french following month escorted convoys beginning year long conversion escort destroyer helped sink german submarine july helping liberate island november ship ran aground near weeks transferred mediterranean salvage attempts failed wreck abandoned broke half july present british attacked french ships managed escape damage reaching toulon sisters placed reserve oldest service stripped light anti aircraft armament november scuttled germans attempted capture french ships toulon captured virtually intact turned renamed respectively recommissioned early transports italy surrendered september scuttled italians managed escape join allies resumed given free french following month needed extensive repairs lasted early ship returned convoy work months beginning extensive reconstruction lasted early assigned protected allied forces german forces rest war weeks end war ship supported french forces algeria riots june assigned fast troop transport end gunnery training ship ship stricken navy list broken following year list ships second world war list ship classes second world war | Chacal-class destroyer | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
26042_FrenchbattleshipDanton | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy lead ship class technological leap battleship development french_navy ship fleet turbine engines like battleships type completed royal_navy battleship commissioned career sent great_britain honor coronation later served world war escort supply ships troop transports guarding elements german_navy route aid blockade torpedoed sunk march german boat leaving men dead location wreck remained mystery underwater survey team inadvertently discovered battleship december february wreck confirmed ship remarkably good shape age rests upright ocean floor original equipment reported intact design class battleships significant improvement preceding class especially ton displacement increase advent dreadnought completed combined poor traits including great weight coal carry unsuccessful ships numerous rapid firing guns use mediterranean laid arsenal brest february launched july commissioned french_navy june ship meters long overall beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load crew officers enlisted men powered parsons steam turbines belleville boilers french warship use turbines rated shaft horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted modèle guns twin turrets ship number smaller guns carried defense torpedo boats included sixteen guns guns ship armed torpedo tubes ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service launching ceremony socialist activists prevented ship leaving stocks ship eventually launched july week completed sent united_kingdom honour return france assigned 1st battle squadron sister ships powerful dreadnoughts mediterranean suffered explosion gun turrets killed men injured served world war outbreak war early august assigned guard convoys bringing french soldiers north_africa protect attack german battlecruiser light cruiser operating area time remained 1st battle squadron alongside sister ships command vice admiral august french naval commander admiral took bulk french fleet malta entrance adriatic austro hungarian navy sinking commanded torpedoed commanded march miles nmi south west battleship returning duty refit toulon bound greek island join allied blockade carrying men normal crew members ships foil enemy submarines ship sank minutes men rescued destroyer nearby patrol boats including captain went ship attacked depth charges boat successfully evaded attacker discovery february public late wreck ship discovered remarkable condition underwater survey italy algeria gas pipeline wreck lies kilometres away thought sank sitting upright gun turrets intact depth metres | French battleship Danton | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
27005_FrenchbattleshipCarnot | french battleship ironclad battleship french_navy laid july launched july completed july member group broadly similar battleships ordered response class like half sisters armed main battery guns guns individual turrets speed knots mph fairly uneventful career spent majority service life northern french fleet participated extensive annual maneuvers withdrawn service outbreak world war august action conflict remained french navy inventory stricken naval register sold scrap design second member group battleships built broadly similar design different considered unique vessels ship formed basis ships design specifications identical ships different engineers designed vessel ships based previous battleship instead mounting main battery centerline ships arrangement earlier vessel moved main battery guns single turrets wings ships built response class battleships general characteristics machinery meters long perpendiculars beam draught displacement tonnes long tons bridge cut compared save weight equipped lighter pole masts instead heavy fighting masts half sister crew officers enlisted men vertical triple expansion engines driving single screw steam supplied water tube boilers propulsion system rated indicated horsepower allowed ship steam speed knots mph built carry long tons short tons coal additional space allowed long tons short tons total armament armor main armament consisted canon modèle guns single gun turrets fore aft mounted canon modèle guns single gun turrets amidships ship sides secondary armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets corners superstructure carried pounder quick firing guns pounders pounder revolving cannons armament suite rounded torpedo tubes submerged ship hull ship armor constructed steel main belt thick amidships tapered lower edge end central citadel belt reduced waterline lower edge belt extended entire length hull belt thick armor main battery guns protected armor secondary turrets thick sides main armored deck thick conning tower thick sides history laid toulon july launched years later july fitting work completed years july ship commissioned french_navy spent majority active career alternating northern newer battleships typically served mediterranean older vessels assigned january assigned command vice admiral replacing conducted annual training exercises june following month joined combined fleet maneuvers transferred alongside old battleships commanded flew flag entire french fleet including conducted extensive maneuvers mediterranean july august year transferred participated annual summer maneuvers june july following year mediterranean remained outbreak world war august laid port brest ships retained effective list pending completion new class battleships ultimately stricken naval register sold scrapping year | French battleship Carnot | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
27047_FrenchironcladMarceau | french ironclad ironclad turret ship built french_navy 1880s lead ship class served rebuilt subsequently placed reserve returned service torpedo training ship world war served malta submarine tender old ironclad sold scrapping towed toulon ran aground gale stranded wreck remained visible 1930s design overall length meters meters long perpendiculars beam draft displaced tonnes long tons ship powered pair vertical triple expansion steam engines driving shaft steam provided coal fired cylindrical boilers single large funnel engines designed reach metric horsepower propel ship speed knots mph managed metric horsepower knots mph ship sea trials range nautical miles speed knots mph crew officers enlisted men ship armed main battery millimeter caliber guns slightly newer guns caliber weapons mounted individual barbettes arrangement gun forward aft amidships secondary battery consisted sixteen quick firing guns firing hull light armament varies widely sources range pounder guns eighteen pounder guns pounder barrel hotchkiss revolving cannon torpedo tubes deck mounted launchers naval historian gives seven guns guns guns torpedo tubes water naval historian says guns guns torpedo tubes ship compound armor belt thick amidships reduced stern barbettes thick conning tower protected armor plating deck thick service history ordered october laid january shipyard work proceeded slowly launched april result influence admiral minister marine staunch advocate called opposed new battleship construction fitting work completed quickly commissioned french fleet march commissioning joined french fleet visited inspected russia return voyage fleet stopped queen_victoria reviewed ships turned time operated atlantic returning france assigned remained duration career ironclads formidable nearly ran aground tow port fleet gunnery trials saw use new system centralized fire control french fleet sister neptune new battleship achieved percent hits ranges august returned major reconstruction heavy military masts cut engines modernized boilers replaced boilers gun installed bow forecastle work completed underwent series sea trials remainder year return active service fleet placed reserve toulon converted training ship torpedo operators toulon outbreak world war august converted floating workshop support torpedo boats submarines initially based malta later moved stricken naval register october sold firm based toulon towed toulon storm caused run aground remained visible 1930s | French ironclad Marceau | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
27070_Frenchbattlecruiserproposals | french battlecruiser proposals years outbreak world war french_navy considered proposals battlecruisers navy issued specifications battlecruiser design complete capital ships built designs completed designs similar contemporary battleship designs specifically class introduced quadruple gun turret main battery adopted proposals called gun french dreadnoughts proposed powerful gun design studies complete french_navy authorize begin construction battlecruisers start war background naval law march french_navy called total force capital ships built technical branch subsequently issued set somewhat vague requirements battlecruiser designs requirements stipulated displacement metric tons long tons short tons speed knots mph armament guns crew officers enlisted men numerous proposals submitted technical branch evaluated prepared naval engineer overseeing construction class battleship second lieutenant student proposals design studies authorized ships built design went britain observe construction new class battleships lion class battlecruisers ships prompted decide french_navy ought build battlecruisers britain germany begun acquiring prove useful fast division french fleet decided proposed ship need speed mph retain advantage foreign battleships latest estimated speeds mph need armor main battery powerful fight line battle limitations weight imposed design restricted armor possible traditional french practice entire ship impossible characteristics battlecruiser design called displacement long tons short tons hull meters long perpendiculars beam waterline average draft forward aft hull lines ships proved highly efficient tank tests design process extreme weight main battery turrets bow stern hull strengthened handle strain strong longitudinal incorporated inner outer skins hull reinforce ships expected metacentric height comparable class ship officers enlisted men ships equipped sets steam turbines rated shaft horsepower powered coal fired belleville boilers propeller shaft connected high pressure turbine medium pressure geared turbine low pressure turbine forward steaming direct drive turbine steaming reverse ships speed knots ships supplied long tons short tons coal long tons short tons fuel oil oil firing maximum speed ships cruised nautical miles mph range increased nmi economical mph range grew nmi ships main armament composed modèle guns quadruple turrets contemporary french battleships class turret placed forward placed superfiring pair centerline guns range rate fire rounds minute shells kilogram armor piercing rounds fired muzzle velocity meters second secondary battery modèle guns mounted casemates planned defense torpedo boats guns fired shell muzzle velocity armament rounded torpedo tubes diameter submerged ships hulls armor protecting main armored belt amidships main battery turrets thick lower armored deck thick armor plating sloped sides guns protected steel armor ships equipped thick torpedo bulkhead designs students submit design studies fast capital ship class given displacement long tons short tons limit size officers opted design fast slow battleships exception lieutenant chose instead create design battlecruiser drew pair designs evaluated june saw ships forming fast division battle fleet capable enemy squadron design required heavy armament armor permit ships engage battleships project characteristics battlecruiser design built displacement long tons short tons hull meters long waterline beam waterline average draft ships equipped sets direct drive turbines rated shaft horsepower powered double ended belleville boilers burned coal oil ships speed knots mph ships supplied long tons short tons coal long tons short tons fuel oil ships cruised nautical miles mph fuel additional hours combat speeds ships main armament composed modèle guns quadruple turrets contemporary french battleships class turrets placed centerline end ship secondary battery modèle guns mounted casemates planned defense torpedo boats guns equipped armament rounded torpedo tubes submerged ships hulls main armored belt amidships thick slightly thinner belt class battleships rest ship armor similar class project characteristics second battlecruiser design built displacement design heavier weight increased main battery offset reduction armor protection secondary guns improved performance ship propulsion system hull meters long waterline beam waterline average draft engine systems considered direct drive turbines rated shp geared turbines rated shp steam provided eighteen belleville boilers burned coal oil oil fired ships speed knots mph variant knots second ships supplied fuel design radius action ships main armament composed guns quadruple turrets turrets placed centerline end ship gun fired kilogram shell capable penetrating armor plate range secondary battery defense torpedo boats consisted guns new semi automatic design mounted casemates guns installed carried torpedo tubes submerged ships hulls ships armor system identical design | French battlecruiser proposals | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
27354_FrenchbattleshipCharlesMartel | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship french_navy built 1890s laid april launched august completed june member group broadly similar battleships ordered response class like half sisters armed main battery guns guns individual turrets speed knots mph spent active career french fleet active squadron later reserve squadron regularly participated fleet maneuvers exercises submarine hit dummy torpedo widely hailed press service outbreak world war saw action conflict ultimately broken scrap design member group battleships built broadly similar design different considered unique vessels design specifications identical ships different engineers designed vessel ships based previous battleship instead mounting main battery centerline ships arrangement earlier vessel moved main battery guns single turrets wings ships built response class battleships earlier vessel named laid cancelled tenure admiral vessel sister ship named modified version class ironclad battleships retirement plans ships entirely redesigned later pair ships earlier cancelled designs fact ships named built shipyard material assembled vessel construction second pairs ships distinct vessels general characteristics machinery meters long perpendiculars beam draft displacement tonnes long tons forecastle gave high forward deck cut main deck level aft equipped heavy military masts crew officers enlisted men vertical triple expansion engines driving single screw steam supplied water tube boilers propulsion system rated indicated horsepower allowed ship steam speed knots mph built carry long tons short tons coal additional space allowed long tons short tons total armament armor main armament consisted canon modèle guns single gun turrets fore aft mounted canon modèle guns single gun turrets amidships ship sides secondary armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets corners superstructure carried pounder quick firing guns pounders pounder revolving cannons armament suite rounded torpedo tubes submerged ship hull ship armor constructed steel main belt thick amidships tapered lower edge end central citadel belt reduced waterline lower edge belt extended entire length hull belt thick armor main battery guns protected armor secondary turrets thick sides main armored deck thick conning tower thick sides career laid january april launched august completing fitting work commissioned french_navy june delayed completing sea trials boiler tubes replaced safer design following accident aboard tubes following commissioning service assigned flagship commander including conducted extensive cruise june july culminated grand review fleet end july maneuvers hit training torpedo fired submarine created press early summer transferred battleships armored cruisers ship participate annual fleet maneuvers july august following year remained renamed time command rear admiral ship maintained state state reduced readiness minimal crew commission months year reserve reduced crew remainder remained status duration outbreak world war august laid port brest ships retained effective list pending completion new class battleships ultimately stricken naval register sold scrapping year | French battleship Charles Martel | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
27969_FrenchcruiserAmiralCharner | french cruiser armored cruiser built french_navy 1890s ship class spent career mediterranean sent china boxer rebellion ship assigned island crete protect french interests citizens spent decade 20th century training ship reserve ship recommissioned world war began escorted convoys months assigned eastern mediterranean blockade ottoman controlled coast time helped rescue thousand syria armenian genocide sunk early german submarine single survivor rescued design description class ships designed smaller cheaper preceding armored cruiser design like older ship intended fill commerce raiding strategy ship measured meters perpendiculars beam meters forward draft meters drew meters aft displaced metric tons long tons normal load metric tons long tons deep load class triple expansion steam engines driving single propeller shaft steam engines provided belleville boilers rated total metric horsepower forced draught designed speed knots mph sea trials july engines produced metric horsepower gave maximum speed knots mph ship carried metric tons long tons short tons coal steam nautical miles speed knots mph ships class main armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft superstructure secondary armament comprised canon modèle guns single gun turrets broadside anti torpedo boat defense carried millimeter guns millimeter millimeter revolving hotchkiss guns armed millimeter torpedo tubes mounted broadside water class generally protected millimeters steel armor meters waterline meters centimeters tapered thickness armor ends ships millimeters curved protective deck mild steel thickness millimeters centerline increased millimeters outer edges protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines thin splinter deck watertight internal filled ran length ship protective deck height meters waterline protective deck ship divided watertight transverse bulkheads ship conning tower turrets protected millimeters armor construction career named admiral laid arsenal june launched march renamed march commissioned august ship initially assigned 2nd light division briefly detached service january flagship marine commanding sister ship protected cruiser mission school prepare officers command sea service months later reassigned active fleet october ship sent crete february french contingent deployed turkish war protect western interests citizens remained squadron november reassigned college january protected cruisers detached based brest half year returning toulon late june months later ship returned brest temporarily placed reserve january ordered repairs steam preparation upcoming deployment far_east departed brest june arrived french august supported allied forces later stages boxer rebellion returning toulon november brief refit ship assigned january annual naval maneuvers july august simulated defending force breaking mediterranean atlantic attacked fortifications french north_africa blockaded hostile ports placed reserve toulon january later assigned gunnery school middle bay crete relieved sister july refitted placed reserve tunisia world war began august recommissioned assigned escort convoys morocco france november assigned 3rd squadron based egypt bombarded ottoman positions syrian coast times ran aground enemy fire bulgaria march pulled small italian cargo liner battleship protected cruiser assigned blockade coast tripoli lebanon egypt late august september ship participated rescue north pursuing ottoman troops ship supported occupation island december armored cruiser arc sailing syria egypt torpedoed german submarine morning february sank minutes loss nearly entire crew men lost single survivor rescued days later | French cruiser Amiral Charner | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
28218_FrenchbattleshipVérité | french battleship pre dreadnought battleship class built french_navy sister ships justice laid april launched completed june year revolutionary british battleship ships like obsolete armed main battery guns compared guns caliber mounted dreadnought took french president goodwill trip russia visited america september september damaged explosion destroyed sister toulon outbreak world war august covered troop convoys north_africa france rest spent rest war based later seeing action location end war stricken naval register broken scrap design laid shipyard april launched completed june year radically innovative british battleship hms dreadnought rendered pre dreadnoughts like outdated completed ship meters long perpendiculars beam load draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons load ship crew officers enlisted men powered vertical triple expansion engines belleville boilers rated indicated horsepower provided speed knots mph coal storage amounted long tons short tons main battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted twin gun turrets forward aft secondary battery consisted canon modèle guns mounted single turrets casemates hull carried thirteen pounder guns pounders additionally ship armed torpedo tubes submerged hull ship main belt thick main battery protected armor conning tower thick sides service history major assignment received late july month joined french fleet carried president russia arriving july visited russian inspected joined justice visit united_states september ships representing france celebrations commanded admiral foreign ships arrive ships departed brest reached new_york seven days later having run average knots mph performance ships propulsion systems regarded satisfactory contemporary naval experts including early french_navy conducted experiments wireless justice tests wireless pick messages far miles away september destroyed accidental explosion toulon result spontaneous ammunition magazines debris explosion damaged nearby battleships including outbreak world war august assigned 1st division 2nd squadron mediterranean french fleet initially cover movement french troops corps algeria metropolitan france result fleet far position catch german battlecruiser contrary french expectations steamed constantinople attempt interfere troop transports majority war french main fleet austro hungarian fleet adriatic_sea participated battle line caught austro hungarian cruiser surprise sank french battleships bombarded austrian fortifications attempt draw austro hungarian fleet refused bait french operations area hampered lack suitable base close mouth adriatic british given french free access malta hundreds miles away austrians possessed submarines torpedoed dreadnought december threat underwater weapons greatly limited french naval activities adriatic war progressed french eventually settled primary naval base area later war sent sister ships end war stricken naval register subsequently broken scrap | French battleship Vérité | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
28249_FrenchcruiserChanzy | french cruiser class armored cruiser built french_navy 1890s completion served assigned island crete protect french interests citizens ship reserve years middle decade 20th century transferred french ran aground chinese coast proved impossible destroyed place crew rescued loss design description class ships designed smaller cheaper preceding armored cruiser design like older ship intended fill commerce raiding strategy measured meters perpendiculars beam meters ship forward draft meters drew meters aft displaced metric tons long tons normal load metric tons long tons deep load class triple expansion steam engines driving single propeller shaft steam engines provided belleville boilers rated total metric horsepower forced draft designed speed knots mph carried metric tons long tons short tons coal allowed steam nautical miles speed knots mph ships class main armament consisted canon modèle guns mounted single gun turrets fore aft superstructure secondary armament comprised canon modèle guns single gun turrets broadside anti torpedo boat defense carried millimeter guns millimeter millimeter revolving hotchkiss guns armed millimeter torpedo tubes mounted broadside water class generally protected millimeters steel armor meters waterline meters centimeters tapered thickness armor ends ships millimeters curved protective deck mild steel thickness millimeters centerline increased millimeters outer edges protecting boiler rooms engine rooms magazines thin splinter deck watertight internal filled ran length ship protective deck height meters waterline protective deck ship divided watertight transverse bulkheads ship conning tower turrets protected millimeters armor construction career named general ordered december laid following month shipyard launched january initially commissioned sea trials february began days later revealed problems engines boilers decommissioned repairs december recommissioned test repairs entered service july ship initially assigned 1st light division transferred participated annual fleet maneuvers summer placed reserve repairs toulon august ship began trials december sent crete february french contingent deployed turkish war protect western interests citizens remained squadron february arriving france assigned reserve squadron little rest year participate annual naval maneuvers january ship reassigned 1st notable activities year visits ports middle_east main steam pipe fractured february injured crewmen repaired time participate annual maneuvers spent weeks september attached elderly gunnery ship making cruise french north_africa ship began brief deployment levant february returned april annual maneuvers returning levant october arrived toulon february began long period relative inactivity lasted formally placed reserve new armored cruiser replaced squadron recommissioned september service departed november arrived french january visited hong_kong ports china japan april departing shanghai thick fog ran aground rocks sister ship protected cruisers attempted pull heavy seas crew remained aboard attempting evacuated loss june ship began founder wreck demolished cruisers june | French cruiser Chanzy | Warfare | Warships and naval units | Warships of France |
70_NormanFinkelstein | born december american political scientist activist professor author primary fields research israeli palestinian conflict politics holocaust interest motivated experiences parents survivors graduate received political science princeton_university held faculty positions assistant professor highly publicized feud academic opponent tenure bid denied placed administrative leave academic year september announced resignation coming settlement university generally undisclosed terms official statement strongly defended decision deny tenure stated outside influence played role decision banned entering israel years taught turkey personal background education written jewish parents experiences world war mother grew warsaw survived concentration camp slave labor camps husband died war considered day liberation horrible day life realized parents siblings gone norman father active survivor concentration camp war met displaced persons camp austria emigrated united_states father factory worker mother later mother ardent parents died parents recalled saw world nazi holocaust soviet_union attributed defeat nazis anti soviet extremely harsh supported soviet_union approval creation stated jews earned right state thought israel sold soul west refused truck grew brooklyn new_york attended memoir recalls strong youthful identification outrage mother witness atrocities world war felt wrought united_states vietnam childhood friend recalls mother emotional investment left wing humanitarian causes bordering trait admits rendered talking vietnam war thou attitude time regrets regards absorption mother outlook refusal aside sense moral outrage order life virtue subsequently reading played important role passion bequeathed mother necessity maintaining intellectual completed undergraduate studies new_york studied paris deep admirer ardent devastated news trial gang event totally devastated led abandon received master degree political science later phd political studies princeton doctoral thesis gaining academic employment time social worker teenage new_york taught chicago spent summer guest palestinian families according new_york_times left teaching load salary reduced college administration enjoyed teaching hunter kicked school begging courses semester year hunter set conditions required spend days week thought unacceptable beginning doctoral thesis career marked controversy self described forensic scholar written sharply critical academic reviews prominent writers scholars accuses documentary record order defend israel policies practices writings dealt politically charged topics demographic history palestine allegations existence holocaust industry exploits memory holocaust israeli financial interests citing political activist example notes possible unite scholarly scathing moral outrage supporters detractors alike remarked style work content praised eminent historians described old fashioned communist sense value whatsoever states academic career time doctoral thesis examined claims time best selling book time history defense israel deals demographic history palestine demographic studies tended assert arab population ottoman controlled palestine majority turn century massive immigration radically challenged picture arguing substantial palestinian people descended immigrants arab countries early 19th century onwards followed readers picture native palestinian population overwhelmed jewish immigration little propaganda simultaneous waves immigration met relatively land time praised figures varied wrote jacket endorsement millions people world false history propaganda grateful clear account origins asserted book monumental hoax later opined book received widespread interest approval united_states scholarly demonstration aroused little attention end time received favorable notices united_states false notes chorus praise ran highly critical review small chicago based times published condensed version writer findings devoted series columns nation exposing hoax periodicals time favorably reviewed refused run critical correspondence new republic atlantic monthly commentary periodicals review book rejected manuscript subject little consequence village voice dissent single national newspaper columnist contacted found best selling praised study middle_east conflict hoax later warned follow going trouble going expose american intellectual community gang going like going destroy published review exchange critics review criticized assumptions evidence thesis relied lending independent support expert palestinian demographics doctoral critique house journal professor politics authority middle eastern politics later described critique time landmark essay victory credit demonstration scholarship book israeli historian later praised thesis saying established credentials doctoral student view produced case evidence proving book worthless according controversy surrounded research caused delay earning princeton_university wrote literally faculty read princeton eventually granted doctorate embarrassment princeton refused professional backing published portions thesis following publications palestine question strange case time chapter blaming victims scholarship palestinian question land people joan wilderness image chapter image reality israel palestine conflict published argues exploit memory holocaust ideological weapon purpose writes enable world formidable military powers human rights record cast victim state provide israel immunity criticism calls double gang seeking enormous legal damages financial settlements germany switzerland lawyers institutional actors involved actual holocaust survivors book received hostile reception quarters critics charging poorly researched allowed exploit purposes german historian edition trivial book appeals easily aroused anti semitic israeli holocaust historian called book stating research isn political literature don think reviewed legitimate book book harshly criticized professor university_of_chicago professor holocaust scholar said book expressed views substance found exploitation holocaust describes asked occasion analysis play hands neo nazis purposes replied use fashion afraid comes truth said openly regard consequences undesirable embarrassing critics claim evidence highly selective dubious arguments based history questionable use sources historian wrote swiss banks misconduct holocaust survivors depicts victims jewish terror based sentence important report annex ignored report body describes actions swiss banks inappropriate closing accounts failure adequate records criticism case israel shortly publication book case israel derided collection fraud nonsense debate democracy asserted lacked knowledge specific contents book claimed write book read noted instances pages book cites sources passages book largely sequence places instances errors concluded checked original sources contrary claims suggests copying quotations amounts copying ideas examining copy proof book managed obtain found evidence assistant check harvard library sources read book answered charge letter director arguing smoking gun quotation changed wording cite copy book public debate stated somebody borrowed quote going check said obviously charge insisted checked original source threatened libel action charges book consequence publisher deleted word text publication agreed remove suggestion true author case israel publisher said couldn document asserting consult original sources said simply accusing good scholarly practice citing references learned initially book denies ideas citation taking words claiming borrowed words anybody borrowed ideas anybody fundamentally disagree conclusions book case israel cites book explicitly denies relies conclusions data joint interview democracy cited specific passages book phrase says coined incorrectly attributed coins phrase says play listeners know phrase coined phrase book got confused massive occasions cite copy book page page uses phrase quote chair harvard know use phrase president defended understand charge claim words uses words quotes properly generally cites original sources etc complaint instead cited secondary source come emphasizes importance reuse materials important identify original source claims fair use helps avoid accusation precisely responding article nation cited claim quotes cited original sources secondary source believes correct found quotations book preferred method citation original source emphasizes reuse materials important identify original source helps avoid accusation cite source secondary source quoted generally discouraged responded quoting implies followed rules citing original opposed secondary source chicago original means merely origin borrowed material instance look second bit quote chicago separated preceding sentence point associate discovered passage cite source secondary source occurs page pages later material section titled taken quote left set bold quoted cite source secondary source quoted generally discouraged authors expected examined works cite original source unavailable original secondary source listed chicago clearly insisting went originals obliged cite demonstrated didn originals plus added time distortion language chicago guidelines separate discussions behalf dean asked harvard president investigate assertion charge april interview harvard crimson confirmed sent letter september faculty members lobbying tenure april editor chief ucla law review published analysis charges finding merit single charge concluding matters follow analysis concluded find way avoiding copied quotation time original source claimed interview given film american radical trials norman said don think jew jewish parents controversies tenure denial resignation september sent members law political science described academic sins especially outright lies lobbied professors alumni administrators deny tenure political science committee investigated accusations concluded based legitimate criticism department subsequently invited independent academics known expertise israel palestine conflict evaluate academic merit work came conclusion washington_post noted repeatedly accused holocaust charges proved mother survived concentration camp father survived concentration camp family died holocaust early voted zero favor giving tenure opposing faculty members subsequently filed minority report opposing tenure supported dean college stated opposed tenure personal reputation attacks holocaust authors inconsistent values examples argued lacked respect dignity individual rights hold express different intellectual positions amidst considerable public debate actively campaigned block tenure bid june vote faculty board affirmed university president denied tenure university denied criticized campaign tenure played decision time university denied tenure international studies assistant professor strong supporter despite unanimous support department dean stated engage civil attempts bar teaching students later affirmed right appeal university lawyer said possible council president said terribly concerned correct procedure followed faculty association considered taking confidence votes administrators including president tenure statement issued resignation called prolific scholar outstanding teacher expressed outrage compromise statement particular saying university traded truth peace june weeks protests students staged sit hunger strike support professors denied tenure sent letter university president stating entirely illegitimate university deny tenure professor fear published research hurt college reputation association explicitly rejected appropriate criterion evaluating faculty members interview professor author bounds academic freedom question palestine described tenure case significant academic freedom cases years claiming case demonstrated substantial pressure outside parties place mid tier religious institution perspectives advanced controversial scholar threaten dominant interests denied entry israel denied entry israel according unnamed security officials suspicions involving hostile elements lebanon accounting regard suspicions previously visited south lebanon met families lebanon war banned entering israel years questioned arrival ben airport near detained hours holding cell speaking israeli attorney placed flight amsterdam point origin interview stated best provide absolutely comprehensive answers questions confident hide suicide missions secret rendezvous terrorist organizations travelling visit friends stated interest visiting israel said banning entering country recalls behavior soviet countries reception books attempt examine works mainstream scholarship authors work targeted including work cited scholarship turn accused work quoting books according displays academic courage speak truth support place history writing history assured end proven right triumph albeit great cost peer review said impressive track record exposing american jewish scholarship arab israeli conflict praised sterling qualities famous originality spark meticulous attention detail intellectual integrity courage formidable forensic skills stated shared experience child holocaust survivors engaged research palestinian israeli conflict gave unique position comment according roy scholarship exceptional brilliance fields middle eastern studies political science work considered seminal doubt disciplines weaker norman power value scholarship character life work shaped largely entirely experience child survivors continues informed profound concern human dignity danger israeli newspaper stated difficult opinions preferences especially decided support meet fighters visit graves slain continued banned entering israel meetings constitute security risk film award winning documentary film life career released directed screened toronto hot national international venues received rating film review aggregator rotten_tomatoes year appeared hebrew documentary film award winning israeli filmmaker criticism criticism leveled angles sources responses work discussed book hitler willing criticized claimed scholarship burning political agenda written professor history university_of_chicago noted holocaust historian work says inspired strongly criticized work describing trash similarly book case israel response sparked ongoing feud claimed conspiracy scholars mode attack consistent target directs probe writings minute detail conclude writer didn actually write work hoax fraud arguing leveled charges academics calling distinguished jews sic thieves worse forth received attention attracted significant controversy maintained real issue israel human rights record israeli historian writing judged marred errors exploit holocaust profit politics filled precisely kind current media hype holocaust indifference historical facts inner contradictions politics dubious sense moral intellectual superiority like conspiracy theory contains grains truth like theory accused journalist torture palestinian prisoners service based statements book prisoners says admits personally sending prisoners says repeatedly condemned torture human rights reports referred allegation ridiculous laid hand anybody said principal role making sure prisoners fresh fruit characterized ridiculous figure accused lying purposely book statements israel sharp critic state israel discussing book israeli historian stated critique israel based amazing research read gone reports israeli groups human rights groups human rights watch peace reports evidence israeli sources order sustain critique israeli practices israeli violations human rights israeli house targeted palestinian cutting trees building wall security barrier illegal restrictions imposed forth find critique extremely detailed documented accurate telephone interview today stated think israel number commentators pointed insane state honest rest world wants peace europe wants peace wants peace state wants war war war week reports israeli press israel want ground forces preparing attacks iran reports planning attacks lebanon state asked son holocaust survivors felt israel operation replied long time felt emotional connection state israel brutally keeps vicious wars state russian writer described states telegraph israel computer feel emotion affinity state good friends families course want hurt said feel israel come sic hell state described obsessive anti filled hatred israel called anti said superficial term opposed state ethnic character israel advocate state solution israeli palestinian conflict expressed solidarity respect defensive actions alleging israel invaded lebanon signal rejection seeking diplomatic settlement israel condemned said israel refusal international law opinion international community settle conflict course happy meet people point view rarely heard united_states problem saying want express solidarity going sic don care political organization don know politics irrelevant don live lebanon choice want leaders want represent fundamental principle people right defend country foreign people right defend country invaders destroying country basic elementary question condemning targeting civilians achieve political goal stated believes right target israeli civilians long israel targeting civilians israel terrorist acts claims exists state israel regards military policy targeted killings second according record shows israel routinely targeted civilians killing israel kills civilians concludes argument human rights organizations rate effect difference killing civilians targeting civilians argued israel primary motivations launching offensive signaling wanted diplomatic settlement conflict june border believes joined international community seeking diplomatic settlement describes stance israel prior war peace offensive statements movement criticisms boycott sanctions movement stated think solidarity movement right tactics support said reach broad public explicit goal goal include recognition israel stated supports making point tactics goals february england stated launched attack movement saying cult cult tries pose human rights activists reality goal destroy israel stated movement successes like cult leaders pretend hugely successful reality general public rejects extreme views june appearance democracy elaborated criticisms movement problem movement tactic support course human rights organizations church organizations moved direction problem goal official movement claim neutral term want use question israel reach broad public question israel broad public wants know stand claim stand lose movement says language rights based organization based international law agree rights based international law international law clear read sentence opinion wall israel building sentence says look forward states palestinian state alongside israel peace neighbors law want past law ignore israel reach broad public cult pointless opinion time time know strong word hope won historically criminal time said difference listening shout want cares actually reach people possibility saying certainty saying probability possibility reach broad public careful words use careful political strategy map going real opportunity don want books method madness hidden story israel assaults books new_york old wine promised land books new_york knowing american jewish romance israel coming end books new_york isbn says resistance courage books new_york isbn israel license kill books new_york isbn time went far truth consequences invasion books new_york isbn anti abuse history isbn 2nd updated june isbn contains appendix written right wrong isbn nation trial thesis historical truth written isbn rise fall palestine personal account years minneapolis isbn image reality isbn jewish question jewish state essay theory thesis princeton_university articles chapters palestine question strange case time blaming victims scholarship palestinian question isbn chapter peace process peace panic palestinian march year personal account winter israel iraq double standard reflections palestinian attitudes gulf war sur état reflections responsibility state citizen arab israeli conflict peace process new left review securing occupation real meaning contributor politics anti isbn lessons holocaust compensation palestinian refugees right return isbn vol prospects ending occupation contributor conversations isbn camp david negotiations proved aborted peace process vol peace process palestinian rights israeli needs isbn works academic reviews books joseph holocaust consciousness vol autumn cole tim representing holocaust america mixed motives abuse public historian vol fall reviewed work image reality vol special issue honor spring reviewed work image reality israel palestine conflict vol ethnicity international relations july valuable new perspectives reviewed work image reality israel palestine conflict vol summer palestinian israeli conflict oslo reviewed work image reality israel palestine states reviews books review february review february march alfred review february pigs face earth israel relentless critic review january february mike israel fraud review january magazine reviews review magazine november volume number gordon review anti abuse history history news network october paul phenomenon review judaism fall dangers vulgar anti review accessed november tale review august garner good jewish boys battle supplement december ben worst enemy jerusalem post december jay list observer july march replies machine archived december response uses holocaust letters letter machine calling holocaust washington_post columnist publishes charge holocaust accessed november video interviews sets december january interviews documentary parts resolving vancouver jan interview broadcast january video palestine roots conflict prospects peace presentation seattle washington video presentation washington video youtube april debate debate pro israeli lobby successfully western debate israel actions debate democracy february responds clinton march israel palestine featuring april | Norman Finkelstein | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
5707_ArmenianRevolutionaryFederation | classical armenian known short form armenian nationalist socialist political party founded russian_empire georgia party operates armenia countries armenian present notably lebanon party represented parliament march alliance traditionally advocated democratic socialism member originally joined possesses largest number members political parties present armenian having established countries compared armenian parties tend primarily focus educational humanitarian projects politically oriented organizations traditionally supporters armenian nationalism party campaigns recognition right advocates establishment partially based treaty active ottoman_empire early 1890s aim small groups empire advocating reform defending armenian villages widespread armenian populated areas empire members formed groups defended armenian civilians armed resistance worked wider goal creating free independent unified armenia set aside goal favor realistic approach advocating autonomy party instrumental creation fell soviet communists leadership exiled communists established armenian communities helped preserve cultural identity fall ussr returned armenia significant presence major party armenia parliament prior election president armenia short time member governing coalition nominated candidate presidential elections cabinet february defined long term political cooperation agreement republican_party means share responsibility government policies early history late 19th century eastern_europe russia hub small groups advocating reform armenian populated areas ottoman_empire recognizing need unify groups order efficient created new political party called federation armenian revolutionaries hay eventually called armenian revolutionary federation point agreed join seeing political ideology socialism claimed new party withdrew union original aim gain autonomy armenian populated areas ottoman_empire party began organize ottoman_empire early 1890s held major meeting russian_empire meeting party adopted according chapters different countries allowed plan implement policies tune local political atmosphere party set goal society based democratic principles freedom assembly freedom speech freedom religion reform russian_empire gradually acquired significant strength sympathy russian mainly stance ottoman_empire party enjoyed support central russian administration foreign policy alignment june authorities passed bring property imperial control faced strong opposition perceived threat armenian national existence result leadership decided defend armenian churches acted guards holding mass demonstrations armenian broke involved armed activities sources claim russian government order reinforce authority revolutionary turmoil outbreak violence occurred february held russian authorities responsible larger anti armenian policy revolutionary assassinated russian governor general considered armenian population main hate confrontation unable rely government forces protect interests properties armenian turned protection leaders argued given employment discrimination armenian workers non armenian concerns defence provided armenian essential employment opportunities armenian laborers russian envoy reported bore major portion responsibilities argued helped organize defence armenian population muslim attacks blows suffered hands fighting squads proved catalyst consolidation muslim community period regarded armed activity including terror necessary achievement political goals january members lawyers merchants intellectuals tried russian senate participation party defended lawyer challenged evidence original investigators encouraged local administration use available means convict men succeeded having evidence defendants lawyers openly russian press forbidden attend trials turn greatly embarrassed senators senate eventually opened inquiry chief magistrate brought charges members concluded insane ninety accused acquitted rest imprisoned exiled varying periods severe years held meeting april dubbed fourth general congress leaders discussed engagement established movement political ideological economic components aimed establishing law order human rights interests working people felt work benefit interest armenian final vote votes favour time came power ottoman_empire iran started collaborate iranian revolutionaries political parties notably wanted influence direction revolution greater democracy safeguard gains achieved contribution fight military sent known iran guerrilla campaign ottoman_empire ended rise notable member iran established branch party country highly instrumental constitutional revolution iran persian national parliament shelled russian colonel rallied revolutionary leaders constitutional revolution iran relations resentment viewed ignorant times dubbed great hero nonetheless came collaborate alongside posted victories including capture february end june fighters arrived battles took building mosque appointed chief police caused tensions khan ottoman_empire period major political force armenian life especially active ottoman_empire organized participated revolutionary activities took resistance supplying arms local population help people defend june organized province van soldiers attack city assisted members parties supplied able bodied men van weapons rose defend civilians attack subsequent massacre raise awareness members led occupied august purpose raid demands reform armenian populated areas ottoman_empire attract european attention cause europeans assets bank operation caught european attention cost expedition performed armenian militia tribe july tribe ambushed squad armenian defenders expedition retaliation consider victory ottoman_empire celebrate year remembrance march played major role uprising sent arms defend region second time participating resistance figures managed hold ottoman army months despite lack fighters firepower members organized attempt assassination attempt sultan capital ottoman_empire constantinople modern day istanbul attempt failed assassinate sultan timed bomb missed target minutes lost founders accidental explosion planning operation young revolution largest revolutionary groups trying overthrow group european educated turks general assembly meeting acknowledged armenian turkish revolutionaries goals reforms given rights seats parliament hoped gain autonomy govern armenian populated areas ottoman_empire state state second congress ottoman opposition took place paris france opposition leaders including liberal member attended meeting alliance parties officially declared decided cooperate hoping young turks came power autonomy granted overthrown launched gained seats parliament reforms fell short greater autonomy hoped massacre created turks cut relations world war armenian genocide leaders deported killed alongside armenian intellectuals purge ottoman officials leaders empire armenian communities maintaining ideological commitment free independent led defense armenian people armenian genocide leaders successful van resistance ottoman administrator van tried suppress resistance killing armenian leaders trying risen fame gained nickname van april issued order threatened kill muslims helped lived city van surrounding villages joined ottoman offensive battle started april leader resistance lasted months armenian battalions russian regulars entered city successfully drove ottoman army van involved successful resistance movements end van resistance leader governor worked ease end world war members movement considered assassinated operation nemesis republic armenia result collapse russian_empire armenian georgian muslim leaders united create winter treaty brest drastic consequences turkish forces federation lasted months eventually leading proclamation armenia georgia armenia collapse left fend turkish army approached capital fearing major military defeat massacre population armenia wanted evacuate city instead headed colonel decided surrender confront turkish army opposing armies met near battle major military success armenian army able halt invading turkish forces stood ground battle battle bash creation proclaimed day battle ruling party new state devastated economy hundreds thousands refugees population period group committed massacre killing civilians including muslims mountain jews led tried times seize known city armistice signed way control main city forces got miles city world war ended turkey germany austria-hungary surrendered allies british forces ordered stop military advances assuring conflict solved wanting british retreated strong presence government important government posts prime minister defence minister interior minister controlled members wanted recover country economy create new rules regulations situation required focus overcoming widespread hunger country situation complicated externally provoked turkish muslim riots situation country worse apparent soviet russia turkey turkish armenian war started autumn armenia isolated abandoned western allies newly formed provide help soviet russia intensified pressure armenia losing war armenia signed treaty december resulted recognition large territorial losses turkey armenia military revolutionary committee formed despite tight grip power ceded power troops invading north culminated soviet takeover banned leaders exiled members dispersed parts world exile communists took short lived leaders exiled moved base operations armenian settled large influx armenian refugees levant established strong political structure lebanon lesser extent syria established political structures states including usa large influx settled political geographic division came religious division claimed wanted separate head seat armenian thought moscow tried use promote communists ideas outside country separated branches started operate separately branch churches admit members reasons discouraged people attending churches brought representatives different wing church lebanon members convicted assassination armenian archbishop new_york_city prior murder archbishop accused exclusively pro soviet legally direct assassination world war berlin based members saw opportunity remove soviet control armenia supporting nazis composed largely led participated occupation later based netherlands france result adolf_hitler distrust loyalty 1950s tensions arose armenian death prompted struggle succession largely influenced elected decision rejected based anti coalition soviet armenian authorities extended administrative authority large armenian rift created election event split large armenian community lebanon creating sporadic clashes supporters opposed election religious conflict greater conflict camps armenian resented fact ousted armenia took control leaders supported creation free independent free soviet turkish social democrat party main rivals supported newly established soviet rule armenia lebanon conflicts erupted armenian political parties struggling dominate organize struggle committees parties control newly established town lebanon led assassination member retaliation murder members assassinated respectively consecrated refused recognize authority controversy armenian community lebanon result context civil strife armed conflict erupted supporters opponents prior party closely allied generally ran joint tickets especially large armenian populations refusal armenian groups play active role civil war relations parties militia dominated commanded son responded attacking armenian quarters towns including affiliated took arms voluntarily defend quarters midst civil war guerrilla organization called justice armenian genocide emerged carried string guerrilla organization linked ethnic allocated seats lebanon member branch usually controlled majority armenian vote won ethnic armenian seats major change occurred parliamentary election rift future party left parliamentary seat worst result decades called boycott elections relations august election includes predominantly armenian area decided support candidate backed opposition leader free patriotic movement leader subsequently won seat general elections won seats parliament holds presently june new government formed party members appointed ministerial positions including march alliance lebanon branch headquartered newspaper voice van hour radio station maintained ideological commitment free independent term refers borders armenia recognized president outlined treaty armenia fell soviet control armenian opposed soviet rule armenia rallied support armenian independence contributed organizing social cultural framework aimed preserving armenian identity tight communist control operate armenian political party remained banned independence achieved soon major active political parties mainly subsequently december president famous television speech banned nation leading opposition party country largest daily newspaper introduced evidence supposedly detailed plot hatched engage terrorism administration armenia national security overthrow government evening government security forces arrested leading figures police seized computers machines files printing equipment offices addition government forces closed literary women cultural youth publications thirty men later known named group allegedly plot arrested historian close adviser collected presented evidence defendants later stated interview unsure evidence true inviting notion party banned increasing chances winning seats july parliamentary elections months elections men found guilty exception defendants charged engaging corrupt business practices ban party lifted week fell power february replaced backed members arrested far cooperation agreement place governing coalition consisted parties government coalition republican_party member governing coalition pulled seats major socialist party armenia largest party parliament addition parliamentary seats following governmental headed members science july inaugurated displaying history party notable members announced nominate candidate run president armenia february presidential election innovation november conducted non binding armenia wide primary election invited public vote advise party candidates formally nominate president armenia subsequent official election characterized primary instead standard opinion poll public knew primary advance eligible voters invited voting secret ballot nearly people voted makeshift tents mobile ballot boxes received votes subsequently nominated presidential election secret ballot presidential election placed fourth vote joined ruling political coalition armenia supported strong police actions armenian presidential election protests led deaths signature called left coalition opposition party relations factions armenian opposition remained parliamentary election won seats losing parliamentary seats cabinet february obtaining ministerial posts education result defined long term political cooperation agreement republican_party got appoint regional governors electoral record 2000s party usually garnered vote national elections confidential telegram armenia wrote party historically loyal following percent population probably little chance expand base soviet_union expanded established final years soviet_union established branch january won parliamentary election governed ruling party entirety war actively supported independence aided sending armed volunteers lines supplying army weapons food medicine moral support deciding run second parliamentary elections ran elections won seats june elections electoral alliance movement won seats ideology goals principal founders nationalist elements introductory section party program written entitled general theory set ideological political goals regime denounced ottoman regime conditions life advocated changing regime power securing rights revolution armed struggle socialism political philosophy program expresses entire armenian revolutionary movement including national liberation political social economic aspects despite subsequent modifications mentioned principles tendencies continue characterize ideological world approach issues remained unchanged recent decades section program called general theory adapting current concepts socialism democracy rights self determination party long supported parliamentary republican political system campaigned yes vote constitutional referendum goals creation free independent united armenia borders shall include territories designated armenia treaty regions map international condemnation genocide committed ottoman_empire return lands occupied armenian nation gathering worldwide lands strengthening armenia democracy rule law securing people economic establishment social justice democratic independent republic armenia accused having present strategy differ time ottoman_empire tactics viewed aimed convincing western governments diplomatic circles sponsor party demands joined dissolution world war later joined reformed remained member decided pull organization accepted observer member earned membership international organization party member labour member called eastern armenian western armenian calling members formally address boys men girls women affiliate organizations considered foremost organization armenian having established numerous armenian schools community centers scouting athletic groups relief societies youth groups camps organs world works umbrella organ armenian general athletic union community organizations operates encourages youth join political cause armenian people organizations college university students campuses organizations membership exclusively group canada affiliate organization strongest armenian lobby organization united_states sister organization operated canada countries argentina australia bulgaria canada cyprus egypt england france georgia germany greece iran israel russia switzerland syria subsequently played significant role campaign recognition respective countries media affiliate organizations worldwide publish newspapers daily weekly channels including online radio stations aired everyday including online | Armenian Revolutionary Federation | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
5765_PimFortuynList | list dutch right wing populist political party netherlands eponymous founder party charismatic university professor political columnist initially planned contest general election leader party dismissed party leader february controversial remarks newspaper interview immigration related issues instead founded days later gaining support opinion polls assassinated days election party held support went second largest party election formed coalition government christian democratic appeal internal conflicts led coalition break fresh elections months following election party left opposition clear party viable original leader went decline finally dissolved history background announced intention run parliament television interview august unusual aspect clear political party candidate contact party initially considered running creating list november chosen party leader functioned national extension movement contested municipal national elections concluded acceptance speech saying words slogan service immediately leader went opinion polls january announced head list march local elections official election study found immigration integration problems second important issue voters issues concerning health care system helped speeches interviews given immigration issues major topic national political agenda forcing parties react february received generally sympathetic coverage media situation took dramatic turn february interviewed leading national newspapers strong advice campaign team controversial statements including said islam backward culture asylum allowed country necessary possible repeal anti racism clauses dutch constitution protect freedom speech dismissed party leader day television interview said split preferred remain party founded february opinion polls soon showed took supporters leaving original local held leader hugely successful march local elections won vote strongest party assassination reported february dare appear public owing death threats march attacked pie throwing activists presentation new book van book dutch author netherlands despite authorities provide protection request protection assassinated outside radio studio political murder netherlands centuries excluding second world war claimed political left media created climate opinion assassination possible campaigning immediately stopped suggested elections campaign resumed half funeral days later funeral broadcast live television according lead scenes mass seen dutch national football team won murder years later result political debate netherlands subsequently radical changes immigration related policies public discourse cabinet decided maintain candidacy delayed naming new leader election general election proved great success yielding votes seats house_of_representatives far record number seats netherlands new party second largest party parliament seats labour_party saw largest losses christian democratic appeal won large gains leader earlier announced party follow tougher line asylum later agreed criticism purple coalition holland society leader strongest party leading candidate prime minister following election chosen party leader successor party formed governing coalition supplied members cabinet party granted fourteen cabinet seats immigration economics health sports original leader lack clearly defined structure soon succumbed highly public internal october break government coalition triggered ministers opposition january general election support seats following election exchanged democrats government coalition find hard maintain support opposition members parliament visible party leader work keeping party party went financial straits new coalition continued coalition policies hard oppose government won vote election win seat election surprisingly won seats anti corruption europe transparent successful long term fallen support party lost members parliamentary faction declared independent party participated general election new september party released campaign commercial featured new leader coming heaven parachute presenting brother declared outrageous election receive votes secure seat support july party voted dissolve january political heritage scattered politicians successful include leader leader managed win seat election importantly party tougher line immigration issues mainstream politicians minister integration immigration largely adopted policies end decade supporters moved support ideology ideology political style derived turn called observers variously saw political protest targeting alleged bureaucratic style dutch purple offering appealing political style style characterized variously simply charisma school holds distinct ideology alternative vision society argued ideology contained nationalism campaign accused extreme right saw certain similarities employed anti immigration rhetoric radical nationalist defender traditional authoritarian values contrary wanted protect socio culturally liberal values netherlands women rights sexual minorities openly homosexual backward islamic culture won support ethnic minorities closest associates cape origin party mps young woman turkish descent foreign policy established developed based clash islam western society islamic culture supported nato saw european_union bureaucracy barely interests citizens let party oppose project european integration general present organization lack democracy threat national sovereignty opposing membership turkey albania ukraine russia maintained european_union shouldn cross election results parliament organisation leadership | Pim Fortuyn List | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
7120_OctoberRebellion | october rebellion october rebellion collective series protest events surrounding fall meetings october washington united_states events organized according october coalition action group demanded end world debt financial institutions resources end structural adjustment policies believed profit lives individuals end social environmental issues caused oil gas production mining certain kinds infrastructure development demonstration immigration customs enforcement early day october estimated activists demonstrated outside washington headquarters agency assembled express critical view economic immigration policies united_states chanting justice peace according washington_post said immigration united_states result harsh overseas economic policies government georgetown march called actions georgetown march starting october explaining selection georgetown march organizers stated web site georgetown washington seat power playground rich residents possess enormous wealth expense poor majority live close live close world away hidden plain sight georgetown embodies georgetown event described reason going georgetown delegates staying prior march organizers outline specific actions taken indicate group carry weapons encouraged participants use creativity diversity tactics according suggested 30th streets preliminary destination night march officials issued safety alert indicating demonstration expected occur expected end georgetown commercial district university advised students avoid area citing expectation traffic delays road according officer increased police presence entire city extra precautions taken georgetown taken city recalling past protest activity surrounding peaceful appointed time estimated wearing black clothing masks characteristic black gathered washington circle departing heavy police escort georgetown pennsylvania avenue street march turned north wisconsin avenue reversing course returning street course march newspaper boxes overturned objects thrown trash cans knocked boarded anticipation march windows broken intersection wisconsin avenue street arrests related incident officer pushed event marred accident involving female walking group friends struck forehead brick thrown woman taken nearby hospital treatment following incident georgetown march ended approximately 29th streets police ordered disperse complied order march october approximately gathered franklin square rally march headquarters 18th group consisted mix people including students community activists dressed black protest peaceful exception incident street charged line police group finance ministers arrived crossed police lines mid afternoon meetings police quickly came carrying sent people running according police line charged pushing occurred following police began consisted panel judges line people countries affected policies speaking | October Rebellion | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
7633_GermanEasternMarchesSociety | society german known german des den german radical extremely nationalist organization founded mainly poles known founders von main aims promotion living prussia destruction polish national identity german eastern provinces contrary similar nationalist organizations created period relatively close ties government local administration largely successful opposed policy seeking poles pursued chancellor policies anti polish measures limited significance organization formed notable german anti democratic political landscape era initially formed main headquarters moved berlin roughly members number rose authors claim membership high poland established following world war society continued activities closed nazis created new organisation similar activity background following poland late 18th century large polish lithuanian commonwealth regions royal later annexed predecessor formed primarily inhabited poles greater poland initially formed semi autonomous granted certain level self governance government ethnic cultural tensions region began rise paired growing tendencies nationalism german society tendencies went different directions linked hand new world order demanded desires creating german colonial empire feelings hostility national groups german state growing situation aggravated policies took character parts germany included number specifically anti polish laws resulted polish german communities living virtual observers believed policies polish independence movement question possible personal poles motivation pursuing unlike parts known german cease end decade finally signed informal alliance catholic_church policies continue polish inhabited parts country end von rule advent pressure german landowners feared lead german control polish areas end germany saw natural reservoir workforce land actual extent von concessions poles limited german minority feared step far von government power polish clergy nobility slogan standing opposite dangerous fanatic enemy german existence german honour german reputation world poles society circumstances number nationalist organizations pressure groups formed collectively known german landowners feared interests properly represented organizations decided form society officially launched november referred german opening meeting elected assembly general committee composed members province additional parts social base newly founded society wide included large spectrum people representatives areas germany primarily inhabited poles landed aristocracy ancient feudal roots rest groups middle class germans civil servants teachers merchants protestant priests official aims society strengthening rallying revival consolidation german national feeling economic strengthening german people area seen justified alleged germans eastern territories officially work germans poles reality aims society anti polish aimed polish landowners peasants land cost argued poles threat german national cultural integrity domination east rationale formation presented national polish german struggle group argued poles successfully germans living east face conflict portrayed constant biological struggle eastern european culture counter alleged threat society promoted destruction polish national identity polish lands held germany prevention growing national sentiment local poles paired migration poles rural areas cities region accordance views chancellor society saw language question key factor determining loyalty state view insisted extending ban usage polish language schools instances everyday life including public meetings books newspapers meeting danzig modern society demanded government polish language banned voluntary classes schools universities language banned public usage polish language newspapers forced printed bilingual versions limited local success support functioned primarily nationwide propaganda pressure group press organ eastern march primary sources information polish question german public shaped national conservative views ethnic conflict eastern territories germany society opened number libraries polish dominated areas supported literary production books novels promoting aggressive stance poles popular novels depicted poles non white struggled portray race black poles white germans limit mere cultural struggle domination promoted physical removal poles lands order space german colonization pressure government adopt stance poles ban polish schools reintroduced teaching german language ban german police harass polish trade union movement interpreted public meetings educational important issue polish territory organisation actively supported nationalist policy removal polish population promoting settlement ethnic germans eastern regions main supporters creation official authority fund buy land poles german settlers organisation proposed lobbied law allow forced polish owners land succeed law eventually passed remained paper following years responded large scale propaganda campaign press campaign proved successful october prussian government issued decision allowing polish property owners social base day primarily associated groups oppose society goals initially treated reserve conservative prussian aristocracy time actively opposed society opposed immigration poles area gained large profits seasonal workers migrating year parts poland german colonists brought polish lands german government largely benefited cooperation polish neighbours ignored actively opposed ideas organization formed german settlers middle class members local administration prussian notable group supporters included local businessmen interests endangered organic work polish response economical competition promoted similar organizations sample probe members social classes represented follows civil servants members german administration businessmen teachers landowners army officers people designation effects life poland society roughly members despite fierce rhetoric support local administration certain popularity goals society proved largely unsuccessful projects promoted like similar organizations managed public awareness polish question german public german policies area sparked polish reaction effect external pressure poles living started organize order prevent plans addition main opposition centre polish middle class aristocracy strengthened polish resistance intensified national sentiment polish society pressure german nationalists resulted strengthening polish national democrats particularly polish instance years existence managed plant german families land time reaction polish societies resulted new polish farmers settled area roughly land similarly attempts banning teaching religion polish language met nationwide resistance school strikes sparked campaign foreign media germany influential exact influence german governments best heard polish people symbols oppression national discrimination poisoning polish german relations entire germany eve world war sides ran high liberal politicians seeking compromise seen german politicians trying tone aggressive rhetoric sides attack situation proved vital failure german plans creation great war polish political scene taken politicians hostile germany post war organisation works practically ceased war end members joined german association society aimed preventing newly restored poland acquiring lands prussia members feared possible polish pack belongings head westwards armistice stayed lands taken poland protected minority treaty lost main rationale germany influence lands continued exist form headed berlin tried force government use threat remaining polish minority germany order win concessions german minority poland post war government rejected pleas germans poland poles germany tactics harm german society continued exist berlin limiting activities press campaign rhetoric meaning seriously limited finally advent adolf_hitler rule germany disbanded nazis members living poland remained members german societies organizations formed core german fifth column | German Eastern Marches Society | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
8766_NationalFront(France) | french national french pronunciation socially conservative nationalist political party france major policies include economic zero tolerance approach law order issues opposition immigration party opposed european_union creation political commentators place right far right party representatives reject suggest ways looking left right axis party founded unify variety french nationalist movements time party leader undisputed centre party start resignation daughter elected current leader party struggled marginal force years major force french nationalism presidential election france include national candidate run beat socialist candidate round run finished distant second french electoral system party representation public office limited despite significant share vote father nicknamed devil republic mainstream media pursued policy party image extract far right cultural roots giving culture government controversial members like father suspended expelled party referred nazi gas chambers point detail history second world war later set blue white election leader party popularity continued grow party won municipalities municipal elections french party european elections votes elections france came 1st place regional elections historic result nearly votes lead round presidential elections according polls established largest political forces france background springs right wing tradition france dates french revolution party rejects revolution legacy primary party action founded end 19th century descendants pro monarchy group supports claim count paris french throne recently party drew 1950s started anti tax movement relations right wing included parliamentary deputies nationalists conflict party background war including pen directly involved war right wing dismay decision french president abandon promise holding french algeria presidential election pen unsuccessfully attempted consolidate right wing vote right wing presidential candidate late 1960s early 1970s french far right consisted mainly small extreme movements history early years competed local elections second congress june decided establish new political party contest legislative elections party launched october national pour national order create broad movement sought model new party earlier sought model established time appeared establish broad coalition italian right adopted french version flame logo wanted unite french far right currents brought nationalist group justice liberty movement veterans pen chosen president party militant public image relatively moderate figure far right national fared poorly legislative elections receiving national vote pen won paris constituency party created youth movement rhetoric campaign stressed old far right themes largely electorate time official program point relatively moderate differing little mainstream right pen sought total fusion currents party warned crude activism radical elements persuaded reverted hard activism banned party later year pen soon undisputed leader party cost leading members militant base presidential election pen failed find theme campaign major issues anti communism shared mainstream right issues included calls increased french birth rates immigration reduction establishment professional army generally creation french european renaissance despite nationalist candidate failed gain support united far right groups rallied candidates called voter campaign lost ground published pen alleged involvement torture time algeria presidential election gained national vote rivalry following election obscured appearance founded largely competition weakened parties 1970s time gained new groups supporters including revolutionary nationalists following death bomb attack revolutionary nationalists left party deputy effectively ousted neo fascist tendency party leadership far right altogether legislative elections better election attempt build euro right alliance european far right parties end contested election fielded primary candidate pen called voter presidential election pen declared intentions run increased requirement support elected officials introduced election left pen unable stand election france parties secure support specific number elected officials specific number departments order eligible run election number required elected officials increased number departments election won gave political left national power time dissolved snap legislative election attained best result absolute majority legislative election socialist takeover led centre right anti communist anti socialist voters weeks prepare campaign fielded limited number candidates won national vote worse election marked effective end competition party electoral breakthrough french party system dominated competition clear cut ideological alternatives political 1970s largely moved centre mid-1980s led voters perceive indistinguishable turn seek new political alternatives october pen supported prospect deals mainstream right provided position key issues municipal elections centre right formed alliances number towns notable result came 20th paris pen elected local council vote later elections kept media attention party time allowed pose viable component broader right election october won vote choice defeat political left dealing local minor national sensation agreed form alliance won second round vote events monumental factor rise protested media boycott party sending letters president letter exchanges instructed heads main television channels coverage january party appearance monthly poll political popularity respondents held positive opinion support pen month pen time invited prime time television interview program later deemed hour changed european elections june came shock won vote seats notably election proportional representation low level importance played party advantage right left finished second number towns arguably exploited party order divide right later conceded pen july opinion poll respondents held positive opinion early 1980s featured mosaic ideological tendencies attracted figures previously resistant party party managed draw supporters mainstream right including high profile european elections candidates came parties party list included arab jew positions collaborators accepted party pen urged need reconciliation arguing years war important question wish serve country won overall support elections areas legislative elections took advantage new proportional representation system imposed order moderate defeat election won vote seats seats filled new wave respectable political joined party success won majority smaller centre right parties avoided need deal unable exercise real political influence party project image political legitimacy party time effectively came end reinstated round system majority voting election regional elections held day won seats gained representation french regional councils depended support win regional councils won vice presidential posts regions consolidation pen campaign upcoming presidential election unofficially began months following election promote credentials trips united_states africa management formal campaign launched april entrusted new entourage pen traversed france entire period helped employed american style campaign presidential campaign highly successful candidates came close rival ability audiences rallies boost ratings television appearances populist tone pen presented representative people gang central theme campaign national preference presidential election pen won unprecedented vote double votes hurt snap legislative elections return ballot majority voting limited campaign period departure election party retained support previous legislative election reduced single seat following anti semitic comments newspaper late 1980s valuable politicians left party soon left party remaining member november general secretary wife instrumental early electoral successes died car accident leaving facto deputy leader got elections announced reject alliance including local level european elections held seats won vote wake electoral success immigration debate growing concerns islamic major test relations values islam following event surveys found french public opinion largely negative islam legislative election candidate campaigning anti platform returned symbolic presence early 1990s mainstream politicians began employing anti immigration rhetoric round legislative elections overall vote win single seat nature electoral system election proportional representation won seats presidential election pen rose slightly vote municipal elections won absolute majority cities municipal elections toulon orange won small town pen declared party implement national preference policy risk provoking central government odds laws republic pursued policies regards new cultural towns directly influencing artistic events cinema schedules library holdings cutting halting subsidies associations party won fourth town election similar policies pursued new mayor ran place husband went significant measure introducing special babies born parent french measure ruled illegal court giving suspended prison sentence fine year ban public office turmoil split legislative elections polled best result support metropolitan france confirming position important political force france showed party established compete leader decided run focus presidential election won seat thanks good communication director advanced second round arguably influential seats unusual display dissent favoured tactical cooperation weakened centre right following left victory pen rejected compromise tenth national congress stepped position party rising star potential leader following pen refused designate successor elect instead wife leader list upcoming european election faction left january founded effectively splitting half levels joined new joined mid-1980s vision building bridges parliamentary right particularly influential policies immigration identity national preference following split pen denounced racist support parties equal european election polled lowest national score won effects split competition moderate nationalists left combined support lower result presidential election presidential election opinion polls predicted run incumbent president candidate shock great pen unexpectedly beat round resulted presidential run leftist candidate candidate far right pen advantage election campaign increasingly focused law order issues helped media attention number violent incidents weakened competition exceptional number leftist parties campaign second round widespread anti pen protests media public opinion culminated day estimated million france refused debate pen traditional televised debate cancelled end won presidential run unprecedented vote votes according polls cast simply block pen following presidential election main centre right parties merged form broad based failed hold pen support legislative elections got vote won mere support fielded number candidates late 2000s decline new electoral system round voting introduced regional elections attempt reduce influence regional councils won vote metropolitan france number new electoral system european elections new system favourable introduced party regained strength earning vote seven seats presidential election pen agreed join forces pen came fourth election vote party won seats legislative election year party support lowest score election candidate reached runoff defeated socialist incumbent electoral defeats partly accounted party financial problems pen announced sale headquarters personal armoured car permanent employees dismissed regional elections appeared emerged political scene surprisingly winning overall vote seats marine pen present announced september retire president pen daughter pen executive vice president campaigned presidency succeed pen marine candidacy backed father january announced received thirds vote needed new leader sought transform mainstream party image opinion polls showed party popularity increase elections party won overall vote french electoral system party won seats election presidential election opinion polls showed challenger polls suggesting win round election event pen came round scoring best showing legislative election national won seats polls presidential favourites april pen polled ahead president electoral successes municipal elections held march lists officially supported national won cities 7th sector following municipal elections national cities inhabitants different levels local government international media described results historic impressive suggested hopes real political power remain fantasy national national received votes election finishing vote france seats time anti immigrant party won nationwide election decade history party success came shock france year national went win victory round regional elections december placing newly regions emerging ahead major establishment parties overall pen won vote political profile party ideology broadly described scholars shields authoritarian nationalist populist changed considerably foundation pursued principles adapting changing political climate time message increasingly influenced mainstream political parties moved somewhat closer centre right denounced policies fascist features integral historical generic absent party prominent law order campaigned law order platform zero tolerance sentencing increased prison capacity referendum introducing death penalty program party linked breakdown law order immigration deeming immigration mortal threat civil peace france immigration early years immigration policy minor issue party immigration reduced themes exclusion non european immigrants largely brought party arrival group topic subsequently increasingly important early 1980s recent popular academic press party program reduced single issue immigration party opposes immigration particularly muslim immigration north_africa west_africa middle_east years especially split cultivated moderate image issues immigration islam compared proposals france longer supports systematic legal immigrants supports activities illegal criminal unemployed immigrants leader party focused perceived threat secular value system criticised muslims alleged impose values country following arab spring rebellions countries active campaigning halting migration europe immigrants economy end 1970s pen refurbished party appeal breaking away heritage instead commitment popular capitalism started extremely market liberal program issues included lower taxes reducing state intervention bureaucracy scholars considered program regarded reagan party economic policy shifted 1980s 1990s seen framework changed international environment battle communism nationalism 1980s complained rising number social parasites called tax cuts welfare state party gained growing support economically vulnerable converted politics social welfare economic shift away claim social popular national right claim right left french increasingly party program free market policies political commentators claimed left wing economic policies leadership clear support criticised capitalism certain industries characterised proponent letting government care health education transportation banking energy foreign policy 1980s 1990s party policy shifted favouring european_union turning campaigned pulling france introducing national currency early 2000s party denounced amsterdam treaties foundations entity spelling end france party criticised stage road world government puppet proposed breaking institutional ties treaty rome returned supporting common european currency rival united_states dollar rejected possible accession turkey parties backed france rejection treaty european constitution issues opposed invasions iraq led united_states gulf war iraq war visited baghdad subsequently considered friend advocated france leave euro spain greece portugal wants customs borders campaigned allowing dual citizenship crisis civil war opposed french military recast party image israel israel right secure terrorism criticising leadership iran russia ukraine described russian president defender christian heritage european national considers ukraine united_states ukrainian crisis national anti russian feelings eastern_europe submission western_europe nato interests region critical threats sanctions directed international community russia european countries seek solution diplomacy making threats lead argues united_states leading new cold war russia sees solution peace ukraine organize kind federation allow region large degree autonomy thinks ukraine sovereign free nations wrote guardian national pro russian said russian government considered national capable seizing power france changing course european history moscow favour according french media party leaders frequent contact russian ambassador multiple trips moscow advisers attended event marking independence self proclaimed people republic russian bank loan november confirmed party received million loan czech russian bank moscow national senior officials party political bureau informed installment million loan disputed independent said loans moscow attempt influence internal politics new level stated remarkable political party freedom funded sphere largest european enemy freedom argued donation russian government loan private russian bank bank loan loan meant prepare future electoral campaigns progressively publicly disclosed rejection letters french banks sent concerning loan requests november insists french bank agrees loan break contract received counter accused banks current government april russian group published texts member administration deputy ties france discussing russian financial support national exchange support russia annexation view nazi history relations jewish groups wrote far right weekly magazine german occupation france particularly inevitable country square miles referred nazi gas chambers point detail history second world war repeated claim times said question existence concentration camps historians discuss number deaths existence gas chambers historians speak minds received fines sentence found guilty courts current leader party pen distanced time party machine protest father comment presidential elections sought support jewish people france father went world jewish congress international relations groups group helped establish european right election consisted early inspiration following election teamed german republicans new group left germans arrival evolved chose distance member short lived group mentioned groups party sat non affiliated currently leads group includes polish congress new right member member romania presidency party active establishing extra parliamentary national congress established loose group consisted variety european right wing parties having failed cooperate sought mid-1990s initiate contacts far right parties including countries drew support visited significant refused join efforts sought distance pen later attempted build separate group joined left alliance european parties visited japan movement shrine conference new leaders announced deeper cooperation parties pursuing policy new president national joined october pan european platform founded late recognized individual members linked british independence party movements sweden democrats belgian flanders malta germany slovakia etc visit united_states met republican members associated movement known strong stance time presidential candidate pen complimented stance gold standard apart party parliamentary group european party czech_republic leadership party leaders pen present vice presidents party vice presidents july previously 1st vice president present charge training demonstrations present charge social affairs present charge elections electoral present charge strategy communication present charge local executives supervision present general interim period internal campaign election results national marginal party election participated breakthrough european elections won vote following election party support ranged saw drop late 2000s elections party support increased heights party managed advance final round presidential elections failed attract support initial round vote presidential regional councils french france france | National Front (France) | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
8861_CommunityofRoyalistPeople'sParty | community royalist people party community royalist people party political party lasted march january founded led ousted royalist party drew inspiration political legacy competed voter base january dissolved returned history february prime minister ousted announced plans return politics lead formation reportedly received request party formally registered political party march hosted party official launching ceremony hotel revealed party logo signed registration papers party april registration officially approved month later appointed new chief cabinet party advance registration run general elections scheduled held june held party mark official launch opened headquarters district october public arose personal secretary accused prompted resign months later december reported high ranking officials defected included secretary state provincial governor deputy national police chief january announced plan return ousted party announcement private meeting prime minister urged rejoin party subsequently dissolved returned later january ideology political positions royalist party stated february party political legacy stated directly competed voter base party launching ceremony march added seek align expressed interest resolve problems poverty low wages corruption claimed worsened effects political protests result political differences june outlined reform proposals party meeting youths reviewing year land identify illegal land concessions helping youths seek employment locally maintained relations earlier ousted president announced plans form party february leaders including questioned leadership abilities past political track record particularly critical march denied accusations leader formed aim splitting opposition voter base charged end status constitutional monarchy elected power called form unity government proposed keen act parties logo party logo circular design bears initials language logo includes number represents power according tradition logo circles yellow representing monarchy white representing peace green representing water return party january adopted new logo inspired defunct party logo | Community of Royalist People's Party | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
9847_GermannationalisminAustria | german nationalism austria german nationalism german political ideology historical current austrian politics arose 19th century nationalist movement german speaking population austro hungarian empire close ties germany views nation state ethnic germans possibility incorporation austria course austrian history austria-hungary second austrian political parties groups expressed pan german nationalist sentiment national liberal pan parties termed camp german austrian politics traditionally ranked mainstream catholic conservatives far right political party representation austrian parliament pan roots second world war pan idea political union germany association rising tide civic austrian national identity imperial period context rising ethnic nationalism 19th century territories multi ethnic german national movement german sought creation implementation anti semitic anti clerical policies attempt german ethnic identity starting revolutions ethnic groups imperial rule including italians poles demanded political economic cultural equality traditionally german speaking population empire enjoyed societal privileges dating reign son german considered empire empire elite consisted primarily german speakers struggle ethnic groups empire german speakers defined social political landscape empire 1870s compromise granted renewed sovereignty dissolution empire world war austrian defeat unification known prussian german speakers empire felt excluded german nation state whilst empire tearing fabric conflict germans grew particularly tense minister president include german government party considered main representative german speaking middle class went accuse party fighting rights german speakers empire german formed protect german language schools parts empire german speakers minority promoted establishment german language schools communities public funding non german schools consortium german nationalist groups intellectuals published demanded recognition german empire complete empire manifesto signed radical german nationalist vienna populist pro catholic royalist mayor jewish social democrat diverse signatories manifesto split revised add founded later society demanded annexation german speaking territories austria-hungary prussian led german empire rejected form austrian pan ethnic identity radical racist german nationalism especially popular educated professors grammar school teachers students school tried counteract sentiments encouraging civic pride cult personality emperor efforts largely unsuccessful vienna mayor tried dismiss city school failed national minded students identified prussian led german chancellor victor members pan german movement wore blue known favourite flower german emperor william german national colours black red yellow symbols temporarily banned austrian schools contrast german club accepted dynasty sovereignty austria majority german nationalists liberals adhered moderate ideology german nationalists protested minister president language decree german czech official languages required new government officials fluent languages meant practice civil service exclusively hire educated knew german way support catholic politicians clergy reform triggered launch away rome german movement initiated supporters called german christians leave roman_catholic_church 1880s pan movement fragmented splinter parties factions radical formed later transformed austrian wing pan parties contested elections decade 20th century include broad coalition ethnic german national liberal political parties known lit formed contest election went gain seats lower house council german replacing previously dominant despite victory loose coalition little unity ranks collapsed height world war seventeen scattered german liberal national parties combined dissolution austria-hungary end world war led total pan movement dissolution austria hungary end world war saw collapse austro hungarian empire german speaking parts empire established new republic german austria german republic proclaimed principle self determination american president fourteen points provisional national assembly convened november austria proclaimed assembly drafted constitution stated german austria democratic republic article german austria component article phrase referenced establishment lands intended unite german speaking austrians german nation state completing plan held yielded respectively favour unification germany despite world war drafted treaties versailles strictly attempt german austria unify germany gave lands claimed german austria newly formed nation states example giving provinces republic lands having german speaking prevented nation state instead trapped nation states play fundamental rise pan interwar period member served chancellor german austria proponent idea penned unofficial anthem land german austria wonderful country born southern lands claimed german austria instead given republic despite background signed treaty saint september established allied drawn borders new austrian republic formally attempt unify german speaking lands austria-hungary germany german austria changed austria removing hint pan sentiment state social democrats forget pan roots regarded exaggerated sympathy whilst republic viewed exaggerated suspicion republic period austrian republic pan represented greater german people party initially influential groups soon lost voters social democrats accepted unification austria germany forbidden treaty saint conflict develop supported austrian national identity rooted german nationalism social democrats problems republic supported concept democratic republic german austria period onward social democrats consider austrian instead german nationalists supported austrian national identity austria word german attached conservative largely imperial army officers priests affiliated words historian democrats austrian austrians democrats groups german nationalist democrats austrian nationalist conservatives decade republic ultimately austrian nationalist faction overthrow democratic republic establish regime rooted protection right wing paramilitary groups active republic rooted austrian nationalism affiliated conservative inspired italian german nationalist faction faction notable homeland protection leader attempted government september directly modelled march rome failed instantly lack support groups subsequently founded german later merge idea annexation austria germany attempt create principle ideas austrian branch seen descended radical branches pan movement nazis greater german people party formed joint working group eventually merged period symbols banned austria austrian nazis resumed earlier pan tradition wearing blue nazis firmly fought regime chancellor orchestrated assassination continued battle successor strongly supported leader support independent austria seen discussion prince important austrian nationalist leader said germany permitted austria necessary maintenance europe day austria falls germany mark beginning european chaos party echo sentiments continue struggle independent austria nazis germany austria intended quickly annex austria homeland leader adolf_hitler attempted bribe low ranking leaders attempted bring fold effect merging prominent nazi figure charged effort believer independent austria rejected merger proposal said don talk austria austria living corpse called austria austria collapsed blessing particularly german people given chance create tensions nazis worsened culminating july nazis attempted overthrow government whilst managed assassinate chancellor quickly crushed police army aftermath conflict social democrats ruling led austrian civil war later year defeat outlawed entirely tandem continued campaign violence propaganda nazis regime rallied support idea nazi campaign ultimately successful hitler annex austria historical aim pan movement austria achieved pan fully absorbed second republic end second world war austria established independent state german nationalist movement links nazi regime dominant parties new republic christian conservative austrian promoted austrian independence considered idea greater germany members nazi party banned political activity pan liberal camp later revived form german der fought laws imposed allies represented interests nazis soldiers federation transformed 1950s 1960s german nationalist movement represented affiliated organisations active universities type student fraternity helped spread german nationalist liberal views inside liberal wing grew overtake pan wing austrian patriotism gradually incorporated party ideology party leadership participation coalition government social democrats pan faction weakened contrast assumption party leadership considered triumph german nationalist faction right wing stress pan traditions cost votes percent austrian citizens identified germans branded austrian national identity ideological construct going far refer german launched austria petition claimed years later classical austrian patriotic party earlier statement influence german nationalism present seen hostile actions slavic minorities austria conflicts bilingual road sign hostility immigration european integration traditional greater german ideas replaced german austrian concept considering austrians german origin tongue real austrians summarised amalgamation traditional german nationalism austrian patriotism presently pan wing minor faction fewer seventeen percent voters questioned existence unique austrian national identity german nationalists including refer cultural germans stress importance identity ethnic germans contrast distinct austrian national identity members parliament reaffirmed party root pan tradition symbolically wearing blue austria national colours red white initial meeting caused controversy media interpreted flower nazi symbol | German nationalism in Austria | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
11612_SocialistPartyUSA | united_states_of_america usually simplified multi tendency socialist party united_states founded split renamed social democrats usa year party officially committed socialism predecessor received varying degrees support candidates competed republican democratic parties party supports independent political action opposes working larger capitalism supporting parties self describes opposing forms oppression specifically capitalism authoritarian forms communism party advocates creation radical democracy places people lives control non racist feminist socialist society working people control means production distribution controlled public agencies collective groups employment realized wants work workers right form unions freely strike engage forms job actions production society benefit humanity private profit located new_york party chartered state organizations california michigan new_jersey new_york eighteen chartered locals country october nominated president vice president history background led dissolved join written soviet communism new form class society bureaucratic ruling class exploited oppressed population opposed spread communism argued democratic work activists labor unions civil rights organizations help build social democratic realignment democratic_party died november little involvement year proceeding death followers exercised tremendous influence party convention socialist party changed social democrats usa vote change supported national vice chairman elected renaming party meant realistic new_york_times observed sponsored candidate president election received votes cast states party longer sponsored candidates presidential elections party misleading party hindered recruiting activists participated democratic_party according majority report socialist replaced social democrats american associated word socialism soviet communism party wished distinguish small parties convention elected national committee members seats majority caucus seats coalition caucus caucus independent opposed change convention voted adopted proposals program vote majority caucus winning vote foreign policy program called communist aggression vietnam war program opposed efforts bomb submission work peace agreement protect communist political military police proposal immediate cease fire immediate withdrawal forces defeated complained previous convention endorsed statement criticism mobilized support defeat convention members minority helped found new socialist organizations members joined forming later start members percent served national board stated membership according profile second members joined founding caucus formed incorporated united_states_of_america activists local state branches old including party wisconsin california illinois new_york_city philadelphia organizations participated founding party promoted legitimate heir mayor milwaukee elected national party helped organizing party structure early years later nominated party candidacy presidential office believing party able collaborate socialist parties nationwide spread message socialism subsequent history member party elected city council iowa city members won tens thousands votes losing elections statewide offices socialist iowa city won election highest vote contested election history elected retiring council socialist received vote mayor milwaukee wisconsin primary socialist pulled vote rhode_island 34th senate seat listed ballot label united_states senate elections ohio received votes ohio socialist elected year term city detroit downtown district citizens district council socialist incumbent opponent winning election socialist received vote running party ballot label indiana 39th district seat socialist received vote mayor minnesota candidate received vote vermont secretary state running dual nomination socialist parties membership according party chairman party members nationwide experienced substantial growth late 1970s early mid-1980s expanding paying members claimed party paying members article suggested organization members party members claiming increase members new_york_times article stated party members nationally february article root stated party membership current elected officials local boards education member ideology positions members favor gradual approach socialism sweeping revolutionary transformation society capitalist socialist decisive victory working class class struggle members advocate revolutionary consider armed struggle possible necessity party statement principles rejects socialism welfare state calls democratic social revolution party strongly committed principles socialist feminism commitment organizational structure national constitution requires gender national chairs vice chairs national committee members seated members region elected party national conventions rejected new healthcare reform law approved obama administration claiming corporate restructuring health insurance industry created protect profit margins private insurance companies campaign candidate president vocal idea barack_obama socialist kind commented issue saying misleading republicans spread message later statement obama policies called obama state union address public relations ploy concluded time slick public relations campaigns ended time building movements urgent stands ready join political international affairs party condemned israeli actions war party demands federal government united_states cease providing military aid peace party seeks begin immediate withdrawal american troops afghanistan presidential election continued place strong emphasis scale opposition wars abroad presidential candidate claiming war destroying small communities country criticized called pressure local governments bush administration connecticut denounced obama troop surge afghanistan claiming president throwing away needed resources country needed pulled financial crisis denouncing state affiliate organized protest federal building government candidates new_jersey gubernatorial senate candidate emphasized immediate public service demands reforms include health care system graduated income tax universal rent control elimination educational debts tuition fees called auto insurance tax working people moore vocal support public healthcare medicine moore believes capitalism system based exploitation operates serve interests corporations ruling class expense workers poor presidential campaign claimed lack available remedy collapsing economic conditions stems capitalist system foundation greed advocated replacement new system founded economic democracy social ownership workers control reigning industrial financial institutions presidential tickets line note refers candidates results second ballot access number state ballots candidates appeared endorsed candidates | Socialist Party USA | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
15333_CollegeRepublicans | college republicans national organization college university students support republican_party united_states organization known active recruiting tool republican_party produced prominent republican conservative activists introduced party members republican_party organization nation organizational structure college republicans changed significantly founding originally founded organization college republicans operate independent group spun college republicans organization groups operate independent history founding early history college republicans founded university_of_michigan organization spearheaded law student later serve congressman pennsylvania inaugural meeting attended students country stanford_university west harvard_university east contemporary politicians attended meeting including judge senator congressman congressman abraham_lincoln successor governor ohio gave speech college republicans quickly pursued strategy sending college students vote home districts registering vote swing closely contested districts strategy successfully implemented presidential election helping win home state nebraska college republicans financed history received significant funding support founding maintain organization early offices new_york chicago organization operating directly auspices relative dominance democratic_party 1930s 1960s coincided drop membership effectiveness college republicans college republicans absorbed arm campaign years organization operated alternately auspices republican national league college republicans merged newly created encompassing college students young professionals college republican operations continued young republicans founding modern history field representative kentucky developed principles college republicans college organizer supporting campaign governor kentucky organized approximately college student volunteers dropped pieces literature posted hand addressed signed friends known student supporters processed ballots election day republican governor kentucky years new_york_times credited efforts volunteers permanently spun college republicans prevent counter productive groups auxiliary arm ran chair college republicans challenged runner delegates throwing national convention disarray opponent claimed victory dispute resolved selected direct order chairman time active college republican chapters remained presidential election number increased active clubs helping reagan win mock elections recruiting thousands voters success led financial assistance mainly implement field representative program fund raising efforts brought additional years budget came prompted campaign reform act officially left control group allowing operate independently raise unlimited money issue advocacy work group organization prohibited coordinating directly particular campaign recent focus turned developing volunteers support activities outright campaigning shift allowed vastly expand fundraising efforts years raised million going pay fundraising costs administrative costs leaving million expand field representative program improve pay time positions criticized relationship virginia based direct mail company relationship issue election won treasurer signature questionable fundraising letters field representative election placed probation suggesting controversial events held school student newspaper events included catch illegal immigrant day fun guns day students shoot cardboard prominent democrats incident ultimately major news story national media outlets sources including incorrectly identified employee outcry chairman return chairman condemned activities governor dean named worst person world suspended incident later fired later creating facebook group promised individuals signed volunteers vote efforts elected female national chair college republicans organization female national chair member college republicans adhere republican_party platform social issues including pro life stance stance traditional marriage governance national steering organization oversight body state campus chapters college republicans country chairman national leadership team including executive director political director finance director national field director national treasurer national secretary regional vice presidents elected annual assisted time office staff state college republican state activities state level district_of_columbia state federation leadership team includes state officers serve primary link local university chapters national state chairman serves representative college republicans dealing state republican_party local media governmental entities state responsible organizing assisting local chapters securing proper credentials recruitment efforts campus voter state federation responsibility organize implement activities statewide campaigns like national organization state operate non profit associations legally affiliated republican_party campus chapters college university based chapters college republicans operate dual capacity student clubs associated particular campus members state federation like state national committee campus chapters affiliated local republican_party official arms organization chapter leadership team responsible maintaining campus club credentials constitution representing college republicans dealing university administration student groups surrounding community campus chapter leadership team include members administrative responsibilities delegated dormitory greek chapter republicans listed prominent republican advisor conservative activist lady secretary state hillary_clinton elected president college republican chapter freshman year switching parties war vietnam president college republican elected president united_states campaign manager virginia governor north_carolina congressman ohio governor california republican state chairman president americans tax reform president chairman emeritus christian coalition executive director political consultant senior advisor president currently contributor probably famous leaders having served executive director national chairman time organization senator new_york political consultant senator political consultant activities election year field representative programs send paid recruit train students chapters nationwide national chair founded field representative program program 1980s revived late 1990s election season campus chapters responsible organizing implementing campus canvas running mock elections managing local vote efforts times campus chapters organize issue advocacy lobbying efforts welcome conservative guest speakers campus organize social events recruitment activities election season focuses developing mass based youth effort directed republican candidates sends paid field representatives individual campuses assist organizing election efforts generally hired field representative chapter chair begins school year membership tables campus recruitment members use door door word mouth identify register republican voters student body possible individuals encouraged vote ballot assist candidates election day vote efforts chapters occasionally run student mock elections special events means gain positive earned media attention candidate gallery | College Republicans | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
16354_NewLabour | new labour new labour refers period history mid-1990s early 2010s leaders dates conference slogan party later seen draft manifesto published called presented brand newly reformed party altered clause endorsed market economics branding extensively party government new labour won landslide election victories won blair resigned party leader succeeded labour lost general election resulted hung parliament led creation conservative liberal democrat coalition government resigned prime minister labour leader shortly succeeded year leadership election new labour brand developed regain trust electorate portray departure old labour criticised breaking election promises links trade unions state new labour brand communicate party public coordinated party communications experience journalism achieve positive media relations following criticism blair announced need brand based unified domestic policy greater assertion foreign affairs following leadership party brand attempted widen electoral appeal general election significant gains upper middle classes labour maintained wider support elections brand retired new labour influenced political thinking leadership campbell media campaigning political philosophy new labour influenced party development way attempted provide synthesis capitalism socialism party emphasised importance social justice equality need equality opportunity believed use free markets deliver economic efficiency social justice named spin new labour biggest failure commended party success certain policy areas history elected parliament member parliament general election leader labour_party winning vote year leadership election defeating shadow cabinet role came november appointed shadow secretary july promoted role shadow home secretary election labour_party leader went hold senior positions blair labour government succeeding prime minister june candidate leadership election agreement brown promised run election media speculated blair agreed stand allow brown future blair supporters contended deal took place term new labour coined blair october labour party conference speech slogan new labour speech blair announced modification clause party constitution abandoned labour attachment embraced market economics new version clause committed labour balance market public ownership balance creation wealth social justice years conservative government won landslide victory general election winning total seats house_of_commons largest victory party history party victorious making longest serving prime minister win consecutive general elections labour leader win general election months following labour election victory held scotland wales clear majority supporting scotland narrower majority wales scotland received stronger degree wales labour government passed laws establish elections held blair attempted continue peace negotiations northern_ireland offering creation regional parliament government good friday agreement allowed member elected assembly power sharing arrangement nationalists blair personally involved negotiations strikes afghanistan blair released statement supporting actions lent military support america invasion afghanistan march labour government fearing supposed access weapons mass destruction participated american led invasion iraq british intervention iraq promoted public protest crowds numbering demonstrated october following spring february million people demonstrated war iraq marched manchester issues including british occupation afghanistan forthcoming invasion iraq june blair resigned leader labour_party previously chancellor succeeded party conference years earlier blair announced fourth successive general election labour_party leader won general election brown initially strong public support plans quick general election widely publicised officially announced february chancellor announced failing bank supporting loans guarantees billion bank mortgage crisis previous year private buyer bank found general election ended hung parliament labour won seats fewer following failures achieve coalition deal liberal democrats announced intention resign leader party resigned prime minister united_kingdom following day shortly announced formation coalition conservatives liberal democrats prime minister deputy prime minister cabinet contained eighteen conservative ministers liberal democrat ministers announcing intention run leadership declared new labour era following publication tony blair memoirs september said think time new labour establishment candidate election best turn page think frankly members public want turn page leadership election won able support trade union electorate july speech blair stated died left office assumed party leadership claiming party lost driving rhythm political branding new labour established developed brand portrayed departure old labour party criticised regularly election promises linked trade state benefit previous party leaders begun efforts party strategy electoral success smith died smith approach dubbed perceived like felt cautious approach sought avoid controversy win election conservative government sufficient new labour party brand continue communicate party public party began use focus groups test policy ideas attractive swing voters purpose public party provide new kind governance fears labour government return labour unrest characterised past party power press secretary installed organisation government communication impose united message delivered ministers press officer conflict campbell attempts brief press initiatives continued resignation campbell followed professional approach media relations ensure clear message presented party planned stories advance ensure positive media reaction campbell experience journalism known attention detail effective use sound bites campbell developed relationship providing newspapers early information return positive media coverage policy advisor labour_party wrote party leadership brand contaminated object criticism ridicule undermined apparent lack conviction integrity brand weakened internal disputes apparent failure deal issues assessment supported argued government needed spend time working domestic affairs develop strategy create eye catching initiatives blair announced need foreign affairs electoral support labour attempted widen electoral support narrow class divisions blair took leadership party significant gains higher social classes won support managers administrators election previous elections party lost labour won greater support younger voters older significant gender difference 1980s labour support retreated industrial areas north labour performed better south england elections labour maintained middle class support won labour support lower previous elections attributed anger war iraq blair professors published paper considering tactical voting general election studies showed tactical voting increased strong increase anti conservative voting decrease anti labour tactical voting political commentators wrote tactical voting helped provide argued party won public opposition party declared victory won new labour govern new labour cox challenged view suggesting party won account public opposition key figures basic principles existed post war socialist emphasised labour focus social welfare attempt reform education resolve wealth inequality pursue better industrial relations work future socialism stressed idea socialism moral pursue liberty fellowship social justice equality required wealth progressive tax system rendering public ownership means production clause labour constitution unnecessary proposed education reform allow greater proposing abolition plus exam leader labour_party leadership election coined term new labour october party conference blair pursued way philosophy sought use public private sectors stimulate economic growth abandon labour commitment blair approach government included greater reliance media set national policy agenda westminster spent considerable resources maintaining good public image took priority cabinet blair adopted political agenda cabinet ministers took managerial roles departments strategic vision addressed prime minister blair believed individuals flourish strong society possible midst unemployment important figure blair labour government played key role developing party philosophy brown served shadow chancellor appointed chancellor following labour election victory attempted control public spending sought increase funding education healthcare economic strategy market based attempting reform welfare state tax credit scheme poorer working families assigned set interest rates appointed labour_party director communication previously worked television broadcasting helped party increasingly effective communication concerned media image especially non partisans headed established initiated oversaw labour relationship media believed importance agenda setting role press felt agenda press particular influence important political broadcasters government appointed minister portfolio government departments accused financial resigned cabinet minister campbell labour_party press secretary led strategy influence press weakened labour leader create allies party government campbell established central body role party media relations ensure unified image presented press background tabloid journalism campbell understood different parts media cover stories valued news source journalists close blair press secretary regularly attend cabinet meetings political philosophy developed way platform designed offer alternative complete capitalism absolute socialism ideology developed party progressive attract voters political spectrum new labour offered middle way neo liberal free market economics saw economically efficient ethical shared concern social justice new labour ideology departed traditional beliefs achieving social justice behalf working class mass blair influenced ethical christian forms socialism cast modern form socialism social justice tended emphasise social justice equality focus previous labour governments challenged view social justice economic efficiency mutually exclusive party traditional attachment equality reduced minimum standards equality opportunity promoted equality outcome set reported values social justice equal worth citizens equal rights able meet basic needs requirement spread opportunities possible need remove party viewed social justice primarily requirement citizens equal political economic liberty need social citizenship encompasses need equal distribution opportunity things taken successful people unsuccessful economics new labour accepted economic efficiency free markets believed detached capitalism achieve aims socialism maintaining efficiency capitalism markets useful giving power consumers allowing citizens decisions act new labour embraced market economics believed social aims economic efficiency party believe public ownership efficient desirable ensuring seen pursuing public ownership important party government party relied public private partnerships private finance initiatives raise funds fears tax spend policy excessive borrowing welfare welfare reforms proposed new labour manifesto included national minimum wage writing argued policies aimed promoting work position dominated new labour position welfare considered view welfare reforms argued context refer social policy line free market economic growth proposed new labour position consolidated schemes encourage work crime parts new labour political philosophy linked crime social exclusion pursued policies encourage partnerships social police authorities lower crime rates areas policy maintained traditional approach crime prison population rose owing increasing length sentences following september attacks labour government attempted emphasise counter terrorism measures government followed policies aimed reducing anti social behaviour crime disorder act labour introduced reception trade union activist journalist wrote criticising new labour failing promote deliver equality argued labour pursuit dynamic market economy way continuing operation free market economy prevented governments interfering achieve social justice argued social agenda government abandoned revived new labour criticised party preventing inequality widening argued ambition win elections moved party right key figure development way listed problems facing new labour government naming spin biggest failure damage party image difficult rebound challenged failure millennium dome project labour inability deal irresponsible businesses saw labour ability success economic policy welfare reform certain aspects education criticised called labour half way houses including environmental constitutional reform | New Labour | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
16701_Arabstreet | arab street arab street arabic ash expression referring spectrum public opinion arab world opposed contrasted opinions arab governments contexts refers specifically lower strata arab society primarily united_states arab countries assumed particularly united_states borrowed arabic political discourse evolution followed circular course arabic english newspapers began referring street 1950s later decade reports new_york_times term english explain broad appeal native egypt arab world later commentators added arab eventually dropped scare quotes create current usage widespread american media palestinian arab media began decade later usage differs languages western english language media arab popular sentiment referred street arabic commentators use expression sense refer public opinion countries west negative attached use street use term english criticized stereotypes population easily violence arab street alternately need authoritarian ruler potentially moderate actions rulers wake arab spring early 2010s concept arab street revisited challenged revolutions toppled governments shown outdated western arab public opinion shaped concept arab street led suggest longer including arabs saw uprisings importance public opinion cultures changing popular concept street definition attempts directly define arab street usually arab public opinion new_york_times columnist covered middle_east frequently writes region called broad mass public opinion distinct opinion calls arab basement collins english dictionary defines arab street informal term public opinion arab world term came wide use disagreement exact meaning official reporting meeting president leaders japan pakistan said referred possibility trouble arab street upcoming invasion iraq uncertainty led confusion term represents period time defense secretary later recalled arab leaders urged sure operation went quickly worried arab street anger west invasion muslim country skeptical idea arab street existed understand popular discontent cause difficulties according paper evolution use term professors confusion results frequent second meaning encompassing majority arab public opinion observe usage associate specifically presumed arab society viewed primarily source political trouble exploration arab street existence began acknowledging evokes images mystery sounds subterranean sinister regarded west peculiar mixture fascination dismissal fear november page story new_york_times arab street rising power wake terrorist attacks months earlier began term visual corresponding power fearful western observers arab street worn phrase evokes men dusty tables discussing events day earned suddenly able turn mob powerful sweep away governments years later columnist wrote website protesters egypt began calling longtime president step previously leader fallen arab street dusty fury frequent known feared generations middle_east simply arab street refers unexpected potential popular time arab democratic venues express popular wrath wrath street acts established order arabic arabic word street ash derived root forms denote place entry beginning point weapon law legitimacy secular religious sense words term islamic religious moral law refer legislator definite article religious context reference god source religious law according arabic commentators use term west discuss public opinion arab world refer streets non arab countries way feelings anger shock running high american street september attacks example contrast fear political frequently implied western writers use arab street carries positive respectful overtones praised great egyptian street heart conscience arabs leader provided example differences usage praised israeli street reaction report israel conduct lebanon war history arab street arises originally arabic usage widely recognized english adaptation english english earliest use word street reference political role popular opinion found cited oxford english dictionary entry word definitions loosely realm common man source popular political support book hitler defense german dictator later credited hitler political success mastery street reported earliest use word political sense enter widespread use time earliest use street political context find editorial newspaper poor street poor sons street poor sons street government pulls opposition pulls way grand claims behalf behalf street behalf children street god leave street problems politics politicians merchants leave god mercy street wrote conceived manipulated exploited political class sense later manifested western discourse usage debut american media early times correspondent article personalities middle_east wake previous year focused president prime minister egypt baldwin credited success appeal street carries great political power arab world inaugurated concept street source political danger established saying prestige probably new high arab street arab governments broken years later title subtitle article explicitly clear arab mob street related power street arab world analysis frightening phenomenon mob role plays contest freedom speeches cited street political base dictionary modern written arabic defines masses people singular mean public crowd people form root word republic rendered english masses carries overtones class struggle professor studies arab media explains refer members political party group enthusiasts pop performance political context denotes groups people bound common activity ideology easily recognizable larger population term like associated gradually fell egypt defeated israel day war street modified arab english article political science journal writer alluded role radio propaganda aimed arab street military conflicts seven years later journal article argued israel development nuclear weapons lead revolution declining expectations arab street speculate use scare quotes sullivan suggest term familiar adapted foreign language academics specializing middle eastern studies presumed reading knowledge arabic familiar term use arabic media region argued speculated took strongly pro israel positions later policy director picked term israeli media scholars street terminology popular opinion hebrew israeli attorney comment country tried root arab street modern use present sense scare quotes end decade came wide use american academic popular media coverage palestinian dominated news region result shifts taking place time new_york_times language columnist anonymously quoted middle_east expert told late 1980s term arab masses instead eclipse soviet_union phrase disappeared soviet communist tilt paper arab street political phenomenon uses arab masses quotes arabic use term arab street arabic media occurred researchers certain seen use prior year database went far common arabic media suggesting according term created english borrowed arabic term imported arabic criticism negative american media arab street arab public opinion suggesting calm found uses carried unrest propose central association arab street volatile potential mob dangerous established order arab states agreements western powers states users intended way cases identified factors gave rise common english phrases man street street smart word street suggest street associated possibly opinion street associated terms like street crime street value illicit drugs observe help strengthen sense arab street opinions official source body lastly terms like street person homeless prostitute link street desperate personal circumstances note historical connections term street arab homeless child regular use encountered readers sir holmes mysteries titular character relied times network individuals palestinian born professor english literature columbia_university frequently spoke wrote behalf people cause casting critical eye western affected perceptions non western cultures arab world explicitly critically drew connection terms note quoting saying kind unconscious identification word street connection arabs late 19th early 20th century usage term street arab think referring arab street way suggests riff kind society basically people think accident term talk arab public opinion write view arab street extension arab public opinion mob rise violently western inaccurate confronts unlike conception potential contribute ongoing arab public readers harmful arab american relations late iraqi forces invaded occupied kuwait ultimately leading gulf war american commentators middle_east experts expressed concern possible consequences arab street region rising support governments particularly egypt joined military coalition led united_states happen actual war began days combat iraqi forces retreated surrendered year later wrote lengthy paper arguing commentators seriously misunderstood arab street extension arab public opinion applied saw predominant arab street called school usually claimed absence arab democratic institutions public opinion countries politically irrelevant members school went claiming arab public opinion unfit discussion small minority considered arab street concept bound largely extension similarly irrelevant opposite called exaggerated school saw arab alienated masses result popular revolution instability corner arab world proponents argued reason turn attention hold power democratic arab world relationships arab states unstable key foundation school argument wrote tendency media arab countries state control influence greater degree west information public reporting public opinion accurately experience informed contemporary events eastern_europe syria coalition country government greatest control media citizens listened bbc israeli radio stations countries particularly north_africa media relatively conflict quiet arab street conflict said neglected possibility different arab generally supported different policies pursued governments crisis addition entirely possible governments based policies public opinion arab governments observed indifferent public opinion despite absence real democratic institutions officials saudi_arabia gulf states held regular informal egyptian government took note said neighborhood discussion centers known listening posts consulted opinion polls data led believe jordan stayed coalition leaders aware popular sentiment countries strongly participating faced civil unrest especially viewed arab street irrelevant assumption sounds sorry combination self confessed intellectual ignorance thing self evident dismiss arab street don understand exaggerated school observed fact little history real popular revolutions governments modern middle_east called exception lebanon crisis unsuccessful attempts street uprisings noted beauty argument proof lies future course lies ahead beginning decade september terrorist attacks likely find fighting war muslim country fears rose american media damage angered arab street inflict american interests region actual combat began especially second palestinian underway employee wrote problems created term professor term arab street position region world particularly prone mob rule came believe problem arab region language talking overly stereotypical racist millions americans hear arab street media assume meant place terrorism flourished danger corner religious political norm way presented arab street possibly produce people healthy attitude united_states view west arabs incapable self government lack sufficient logic organize society chaos narratives western media wrote arab street damned damned doesn echoing theme critique fears violence arab world proved exaggerated following beginning war commentators dismissed arab street harmless suddenly reclaim object fear popular protests erupted region response israel invasion denounced term creation similar earlier term arab mind culture collective conduct entire people violent writer agrees negative arab street harmful public discourse region west puts blame widespread use arabs public opinion presence speak arabic political vocabulary wrote emerge arabic political discussion alongside idea universal suffrage goal arab activists early 20th century notes polling organizations consequently form west notion arab street filled void arabic term public opinion direct translation english expression arabic term conveys equivalent meaning distinction mainstream arab opinion clear journalist suggested calling arab basement new_york_times columnist picked noting arab street opposition basement largely passive west choice defeat basement reason said late work arab states address real grievances led street basement america clear going iraq wrote iraq iraq people implement arab basement wouldn arab street arab spring beginning popular uprisings came collectively known arab spring deposed tunisia egypt similar mass movements touched killed civil war accustomed region status quo caught surprise wrote editors anthology writings younger arabs young middle typically viewed arab street simply overlooked masses shattered stereotypes leading struggles face overwhelming repression western commentators particularly protests egypt forced step concept arab street accurate representation public opinion region convinced country takes build decent representative society gives lie stereotypes associated dismissive arab street wrote cairo day afterward new_york_times fact post let retire phrase agreed shortly noting arabs risen response violence particularly disappearance popular widely believed ordered arab commentators agreed egypt exposed myth arab street shallow caricature complex reality revolutionary movements sweeping arab world wrote harvard graduate student noted tunisia egypt protesters diverse group way motivated desire political freedom islamic feared street west time washington allies drop fears arab street genuinely support popular revolution egypt way english language website newspaper syrian journalist recalled uprisings changed meaning word street generation english space thieves drug prostitutes new understanding arab street wrote beginning understand powers wanted believe lies said place honor beauty justice space youth came age rebelled injustice abuse humiliation | Arab street | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
17354_PartidesdéshéritésdeMadagascar | des des party madagascar political party active madagascar june republic formed reaction establishment rapid political success political party formed platform independence france nationalism widespread support ethnic communities championed empowerment government coastal peoples historically feared ensure return political dominance independence actively recruited campaigned ethnic lines initially including coastal peoples slaves eventually excluding entirely formation political success actively fostered french colonial administration manipulated election results favor coastal party nationalist led french colonial administration dissolve temporarily suspend political parties including tensions parties played uprising targeted acts violence supporters rival groups estimated supporters killed uprising pro nationalist fighters nationalist movement crushed december experienced increase popularity aided continuing french support party won key political elections 1950s process independence began fragmented conservative progressive factions splitting december form split independence lasting impact political life madagascar leader went madagascar president independence major political figures madagascar connections including president prime minister broadly formation cemented ethnic rivalries politics linking interests specific ethnic groups particular political parties history founding ideology post war constituent assembly convened paris november draft constitution french fourth republic madagascar represented doctors named formed political party future writer early leaders politically prominent royal court party platform built national independence france garnered mass support cut geographic ethnic class divisions november trio elected represent madagascar deputies reaction founding feared revive political party madagascar des formed june members coastal communities empire highland based slaves militant leader key creation party founding members included madagascar president independence minister foreign affairs son prime minister madagascar father law future president july changed direct opposition party initially non nationalist party eventually favored gradual process independence preserve close ties france prevent actively recruited membership ethnic lines include coastal peoples slaves attracting number intellectual political leaders coastal areas platform focused increasing distribution resources coastal areas decades colonial investment central highlands time party grew conservative led successful effort exclude party including descendants enslaved nobles ethnic group shared coastal concerns political dominance socialist dominated french authorities actively supported french characterized support effort champion oppressed masses strengthen protection governor general provided party space public buildings meetings candidates january provincial elections received financial support french settlers owing party favorable disposition french administration critical november election select deputies represent madagascar accused french administration ballot boxes electoral rolls intimidating candidates supporters election results ensure victory despite irregularities won percent vote candidates elected won decisive victories central eastern province results close western province candidate won votes candidate won votes role early french administration instituted new rule increased weight french vote vote selection candidates candidates favored french conservatives successfully elected results election popular discontent french interference served intensify widespread frustration colonial authority desire self governance island factors finally erupted nationalist uprising began evening march attacks police camp french plantations eastern carried militant nationalists chief members nationalist secret societies despite role leading uprising colonial authorities immediately accused movement view echoed leaders shared majority french settlers french authorities responded targeting leaders members supporters drawing wider population conflict attacks colonial authority east immediately followed similar actions south island rapidly spreading country movement enjoyed particularly strong support south revolt attracted million peasants fight nationalist cause french responded heavy military action psychological warfare including crimes humanity july september key leaders uprising captured killed fighters disbanded fled forests december eruption conflict provided pretext violence highland coastal ethnic groups estimated supporters killed pro nationalist conflict leadership consistently maintained innocence party dissolved french administration political parties including temporarily suspended banning strengthened prominence end uprising candidates won consecutive legislative elections decline despite outward appearance success party suffering internal divisions countries french colonial rule including morocco west_africa independent begun negotiate process independence inspired hope madagascar follow suit allowing opportunity power politics emerging possibility fragmented party paralyzed fighting progressive faction split form december leadership french educated school teacher coastal origin legacy emerged powerful force politics republic madagascar achieved independence leader named country president position held protests forced resign administration succeeded socialist nationalist | Parti des déshérités de Madagascar | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
17819_Feminism | feminism feminism range political movements social movements share common goal define establish achieve political economic personal social rights women equal men includes seeking establish equal opportunities women education employment typically advocate support rights equality women feminist movements campaigned continue campaign women rights including right vote hold public office work earn fair wages equal pay property receive education enter contracts equal rights marriage leave worked promote autonomy integrity protect women girls rape sexual harassment domestic violence feminist campaigns generally considered main forces major historical societal changes women rights particularly west near universally credited having achieved women suffrage gender neutrality english reproductive rights women including access abortion right enter contracts property feminist advocacy mainly focused women rights including bell hooks argue inclusion men liberation aims men harmed traditional gender roles feminist theory emerged feminist movements aims understand nature gender inequality examining women social roles lived experience developed theories variety disciplines order respond issues social construction gender forms feminism criticized taking account white middle class educated perspectives criticism led creation specific forms feminism including black feminism feminism history socialist french philosopher credited having coined word words feminism feminist appeared france netherlands great_britain 1890s united_states oxford english dictionary lists year appearance feminist feminism depending historical moment culture country world different causes goals western feminist historians assert movements working obtain women rights considered feminist movements apply term historians assert term limited modern feminist movement descendants historians use label describe earlier movements history modern western feminist movements divided waves wave dealt different aspects feminist issues wave comprised women suffrage movements nineteenth early twentieth centuries promoting women right vote second wave associated ideas actions women liberation movement beginning 1960s second wave campaigned legal social equality women wave continuation reaction perceived failures second wave feminism beginning 1990s nineteenth early twentieth centuries wave feminism period activity 19th century early twentieth century focused promotion equal contract marriage property rights women end 19th century activism focused primarily gaining political power particularly right women suffrage active campaigning women sexual reproductive economic rights women suffrage began britain colonies close 19th century self governing colonies new_zealand granting women right vote south_australia granting female suffrage right vote stand parliamentary office followed australia granting female suffrage britain campaigned women vote representation people act passed granting vote women age owned property extended women notable activist england time naming important people 20th century stating shaped idea women time shook society new pattern going notable leaders movement included campaigned abolition slavery prior women right vote women influenced theology spiritual equality asserts men women equal god united_states wave feminism considered ended passage nineteenth amendment united_states constitution granting women right vote states term wave coined western movements term second wave feminism began describe newer feminist movement focused fighting social cultural political late period reform movements days reform chinese called women liberation traditional roles gender segregation later created projects aimed integrating women workforce claimed revolution successfully achieved women liberation according arab feminism closely connected arab nationalism considered father arab feminism wrote argued legal social reforms women drew links women position egyptian society nationalism leading development founded president symbol arab women rights movement triggered iranian women movement aimed achieve women equality education marriage careers legal rights iranian revolution rights women gained women movement systematically abolished family protection law france women obtained right vote april proposed march grant eligibility women following amendment given citizenship including right vote proposition adopted following november elections gender gap stating women voted consistent way dividing men according social classes baby boom period feminism waned importance wars world war world war seen provisional emancipation women post war periods signaled return conservative roles mid twentieth century mid 20th century european countries women lacked significant rights countries continued fight voting rights switzerland women gained right vote federal elections women obtained right vote local issues forced switzerland women given right vote women suffrage referendum prior held failed secure women right vote continued campaign reform family laws gave husbands control wives 20th century abolished continental european countries married women rights instance france married women receive right work husband permission worked abolish marital exemption rape laws prosecution husbands rape wives earlier efforts wave marital rape late 19th century failed achieved century later western countries achieved parts world french philosopher provided solution view questions feminism publication second sex book expressed sense injustice second wave feminism feminist movement beginning early 1960s continuing present wave feminism second wave feminism largely concerned issues equality suffrage ending gender discrimination second wave women cultural political linked encourage women understand aspects personal lives deeply reflecting power structures feminist activist author coined slogan personal political synonymous second wave wave feminism china characterized women roles communist revolution reform movements new discussions women equality actually fully achieved president egypt initiated state feminism outlawed discrimination based gender granted women suffrage blocked political activism feminist leaders presidency wife publicly advocated women rights egyptian policy society began away women equality new movement growing activists proposed new feminist movement islamic feminism argues women equality islamic framework latin_america revolutions brought changes women status countries nicaragua feminist ideology revolution aided women quality life fell short achieving social ideological change late twentieth early centuries wave early 1990s usa wave feminism began response perceived failures second wave backlash initiatives movements created second wave wave feminism distinguished second wave issues sexuality challenging female celebrating sexuality means female empowerment wave feminism seeks challenge avoid second wave definitions argue emphasize experiences upper middle class white women wave focus micro politics challenge second wave good women tend use post interpretation gender sexuality feminist leaders rooted second wave bell hooks non white sought negotiate space feminist thought consideration race related wave feminism contains internal debates difference believe important differences sexes believe inherent differences sexes contend gender roles social conditioning standpoint standpoint theory feminist theoretical point view believes persons social position influences knowledge perspective argues research theory treats women feminist movement insignificant refuses traditional science 1980s standpoint argued feminist movement address global issues rape prostitution culturally specific issues female parts africa middle_east glass ceiling practices women advancement developed economies order understand gender inequality racism colonization matrix domination post feminism term post feminism describe range viewpoints reacting feminism 1980s anti feminist post believe women achieved second wave goals critical wave feminist goals term describe backlash second wave feminism label wide range theories critical approaches previous feminist includes challenges second wave ideas post feminism longer relevant today society written post feminist texts emerged 1980s 1990s portrayed second wave feminism entity notes blaming narrative post feminist moniker undermined continuing demands gender equality post feminist society gender equality achieved according voiced ways rights equality theory feminist theory extension feminism theoretical philosophical fields encompasses work variety disciplines including economics women studies literary criticism art history philosophy feminist theory aims understand gender inequality focuses gender politics power relations sexuality providing critique social political relations feminist theory focuses promotion women rights interests themes explored feminist theory include discrimination especially sexual oppression field literary criticism describes development feminist theory having phases calls feminist critique feminist reader examines literary phenomena second calls woman producer meaning phase calls gender theory ideological inscription literary effects sex gender system explored paralleled 1970s french developed concept translates female feminine writing argues writing philosophy french emphasize writing body subversive exercise work feminist philosopher artist influenced feminist theory general feminist literary criticism particular scholar points french align feminist movement appeared world recent feminist theory concentrated feminism universal movement movements overlapping feminist movements developed years political movements branches feminism closely track political larger society focus environment liberal feminism seeks equality men women political legal reform altering structure society argued shirt liberal feminism led form feminism detached social inequality argues offer sustained analysis structures male dominance power privilege radical feminism considers male controlled capitalist hierarchy defining feature women oppression total reconstruction society necessary conservative feminism conservative relative society resides feminism people self owners entitled freedom interference feminism support relationships lesbian feminism closely related criticize feminism men control land responsible oppression women destruction natural environment criticised focusing mystical connection women nature forms feminism grew western thought inspired number different overlapping movements involved critique capitalism ideology relationship women feminism argues capitalism root cause women oppression discrimination women domestic life employment effect capitalist socialist feminism distinguishes feminism arguing women liberation achieved working end economic cultural sources women oppression believe class struggle anarchy state require struggling comes hierarchy black argues pose challenge organizing premises western feminist thought history feminist movements theoretical developments led predominantly middle class white women western_europe north_america women races proposed alternative trend accelerated 1960s civil rights movement united_states collapse european africa caribbean parts latin_america southeast_asia time women developing nations colonies colour living poverty proposed additional emerged early feminist movements largely white middle class argue colonial oppression western feminism women turn passive world feminism indigenous feminism closely related feminism ideas correspond ideas african feminism feminism social late twentieth century began argue gender roles socially constructed impossible women experiences cultures histories post structural feminism draws post order argue concept gender created socially culturally discourse emphasize social construction gender nature reality note approach feminism highlights existence multiple truths simply men women cultural movements riot took anti corporate stance self self reliance riot emphasis universal female identity appears closely allied second wave feminism wave movement encouraged adolescent girls central allowing express fully feminism cultural feminist movement attempts respond backlash second wave radical feminism 1960s 1970s symbols feminine identity suggestive clothing having sexual valid empowering personal choices sexuality feminist views sexuality vary differed historical period cultural context feminist attitudes female sexuality taken different directions matters sex industry sexual representation media issues consent sex conditions male dominance particularly controversial debate culminated late 1970s 1980s came known feminist sex wars pitted anti pornography feminism sex positive feminism parts feminist movement deeply divided debates taken variety positions different aspects sexual revolution 1960s 70s course 1970s large number influential women accepted lesbian bisexual women feminism sex industry opinions sex industry diverse critical sex industry generally result social structures reinforce sexual cultural attitudes rape sexual harassment alternately support sex industry argue medium feminist expression means women control sexuality feminist views pornography range condemnation pornography form violence women embracing forms pornography medium feminist expression views prostitution vary perspectives loosely arranged overarching standpoint generally critical supportive prostitution sex work female sexual autonomy woman right control sexuality key issue argue women little control bodies female sexuality largely controlled defined men societies argue sexual violence committed men rooted male sexual systems grant women legitimate options refuse sexual advances cultures men believe woman right reject man sexual advances autonomous decision participating sex argue cultures way dominated largely deny women right decide express sexuality men feel entitled define sex terms different forms depending culture parts world especially conservative religious cultures marriage regarded institution requires wife sexually available times virtually limit forcing sex wife considered crime abusive behavior liberal cultures takes form general culture played sexual women pornography forms sexual entertainment creating fantasy women exist solely men sexual pleasure women readily available engage sex time man man terms science says moral political insights women movement inspired social scientists raise critical questions ways traditional researchers explained gender sex relations social natural worlds criticize traditional scientific discourse historically biased male perspective feminist research agenda examination ways power created reinforced scientific academic institutions physicist appointed task force harvard president controversial discussion women science engineering said want bunch women enter field issues don come anymore notes feminist find fundamental differences experiences men women seek obtain knowledge examination experiences women uncover consequences account range human experience feminist research agenda ways power created reinforced society scientific academic institutions furthermore despite calls greater attention paid structures gender academic literature structural analyses gender bias rarely appear highly cited psychological journals especially commonly studied areas psychology personality criticism feminist allows social political values influence findings points feminist traditional stereotypes women thinking intuitive emotional etc fact trap women traditional gender roles help justify biology gender modern feminism challenges biological view gender example book myths gender explores assumptions embodied scientific research support view gender gender disputes scientific evidence suggests innate biological difference men women minds asserting instead cultural societal beliefs reason differences individuals commonly perceived sex differences feminist psychology feminism psychology emerged critique dominant male outlook psychological research male perspectives studied male subjects women earned psychology females issues introduced legitimate topics study feminist psychology emphasizes social context lived experience analysis projects emerged catalogue influence feminist discipline culture architecture gender based inquiries architecture come leading feminism modern architecture coined term claiming architectural planning link defining regulation gender roles responsibilities rights limitations came term explore meaning architecture terms gender explore meaning gender terms architecture visual arts corresponding general developments feminism including self organizing tactics consciousness raising group movement began 1960s flourished 1970s director los_angeles described feminist art movement influential international movement postwar period says brought far reaching art writing past decades feminist artist created set themed plates 1970s said institutional insistence male narrative trying change future girls boys realize women art exception normal art history feminist approach visual arts recently developed turn giving voice ways contemporary female artists dealing gender social media notion embodiment literature feminist movement produced feminist fiction non fiction created new interest women writing prompted general women historical academic contributions response belief women lives contributions areas scholarly interest early period feminist literary scholarship given texts written women studies like mothers novel rise woman novelist ground breaking insistence women writing growth scholarly interest presses began task long print texts began publish large list 19th century novels commercial presses join project 1980s responsible publishing study issued companion line 18th century novels written women recently continues issue 19th century novels hitherto print series early women novels rights woman earliest works feminist philosophy room noted argument literal space women writers literary tradition dominated widespread interest women writing related general expansion literary canon interest post colonial gay lesbian literature writing people colour working people writing cultural productions historically groups resulted scale expansion considered literature genres hitherto regarded literary children writing journals letters travel writing subjects scholarly interest genres undergone similar analysis sees work female gothic women science fiction according science fiction fantasy serve important vehicles feminist thought particularly bridges theory practice feminist science fiction taught university level explore role social understanding gender notable texts kind left hand darkness female man music women music music music music women women women genre emerged musical expression second wave feminist movement labor civil rights peace movements movement started african american women activists group rock peace activist women music refers wider industry women music goes performing artists include studio musicians producers sound engineers technicians cover artists distributors promoters festival organizers women riot underground feminist hardcore punk movement described cultural movements section article feminism principal concern 1980s prior 1970s beginning discover women composers performers begun review concepts canon genius genre feminist perspective words question women musicians fit traditional music history asked 1980s 1990s trend continued like began consider cultural reasons women received body work concepts music discourse reception women music examination sites music production relative wealth education women popular music studies relation women identity ideas music analysis notions gender difference themes examined time music industry long open having women performance entertainment roles women likely positions authority leader orchestra popular music women singers recording songs women audio console acting music producers individuals direct manage recording process cinema feminist cinema advocating illustrating feminist perspectives arose largely development feminist film theory late 60s early 70s women 1960s political debate sexual liberation failure produce substantive change women form consciousness raising groups set different perspectives dominant cinema construction women differences particularly marked atlantic saw feminist film festivals feminist film journal women film period included organised edinburgh film festival making powerful impact feminist film include approaches philosophy feminist independent film feminist distribution argued distinct approaches independent theoretically inspired feminist filmmaking concerns breaking codes mainstream cinema aiming create different relationship spectator dominant cinema second approach feminist embodies feminine writing investigate specifically feminine cinematic language recent criticism feminist film approaches centered swedish rating system called test big hollywood studios status women industry improved argue art films action movies women stronger voice aware lingering gender gap politics feminism complex interactions major political movements twentieth century socialism late nineteenth century allied socialism criticized socialist ideology concerned women rights august early activist published work die und der struggle equal rights sexes social equality general suffrage described tool class struggle called women suffrage build socialist order allows radical solution women question britain women movement allied labour party emerged radical background leadership oldest socialist feminist organization active spanish civil war led supported equal rights women opposed women fighting clashed feminist prescribed dubious feminism practitioners women groups demands concerning social reform presented fascist manifesto expanding suffrage italian citizens age including women accomplished defeat eligibility stand office age demand particularly championed special fascist women auxiliary groups partly realized pressure prime minister conservative coalition partners states opposed rise adolf_hitler feminism complicated relationship nazi movement nazis traditional notions society role women claimed recognize women equality employment hitler declared opposed feminism rise germany rapid dissolution political rights economic opportunities fought pre war period extent 1920s note practice fascist society emphasized male women maintaining largely subordinate position notes 1960s hostile feminism advocates women accept traditional roles civil rights movement anti racism civil rights movement influenced informed feminist movement vice versa western adapted language theories black equality activism drew parallels women rights rights non white people despite connections women civil rights movements tension arose late 1960s early 1970s non white women argued feminism predominantly white middle class understand concerned race issues similarly women argued civil rights movement elements adequately address minority women concerns criticisms created new feminist social theories intersections racism new black feminism feminism neo criticized feminist theory having negative effect female workforce population globe global south assumptions objectives continue dominate economic thinking women experiences non countries reveal effects modernization policies orthodox claims development benefits proponents increasing women participation workforce heightened economic progress feminist critics noted participation equality gender relations failed address significant problems labour structural men women family workplace employment refers conceptual characterization deteriorated labour conditions desirable meaningful safe secure employers global south perceptions feminine labour seek workers perceived willing accept low wages social labour played big instance employers ideas women secondary income justify lower rates pay training promotion societal impact feminist movement effected change western society including women suffrage greater access education nearly pay men right initiate divorce proceedings right women individual decisions pregnancy including access abortion right property civil rights 1960s campaign women rights met mixed results countries agreed ensure laws phased feminist campaigning helped reform attitudes child sexual abuse view young girls cause men sexual intercourse replaced men responsibility conduct men adults began seek women equality including equal rights amendment era pass states enacted reproductive rights centered court decision wade woman right choose carry pregnancy term western women gained reliable birth control allowing family planning careers movement started 1910s final decades 20th century western women knew new freedom birth control enabled women plan adult lives making way career family division labor households affected increased entry women 20th century found career couples men women average spend equal amounts time working women spend time responded arguing women prevent equal participation men writes women likely substantial contribution activities following characteristics participant obliged far home tasks relatively require concentration work dangerous performed spite easily resumed interrupted international law convention elimination forms discrimination women international convention adopted described international bill rights women came force nations feminist branch examines relationship women law addresses questions history legal social women legal rights feminist signifies reaction philosophical approach modern legal scholars typically law process interpreting society universal gender neutral ideals feminist legal scholars claim fails acknowledge women values legal interests experience language proponents gender neutral language argue use gender specific language implies male superiority reflects unequal state society according handbook english generic masculine gender specific job titles instances english linguistic convention historically treated men human species theology feminist theology movement traditions practices scriptures religions feminist perspective goals feminist theology include increasing role women clergy religious authorities male dominated imagery language god determining women place relation career studying images women religion sacred texts christian feminism branch feminist theology seeks interpret understand christianity light equality women men interpretation necessary complete understanding christianity standard set beliefs christian agree god basis sex involved issues women male dominance balance christian marriage claims moral women compared men overall treatment women church refers women positions authority judges kings islamic advocate women rights gender equality social justice grounded islamic framework advocates seek highlight deeply rooted teachings equality encourage questioning interpretation islamic teaching muhammad law creation equal society rooted islam movement pioneers utilized secular western feminist recognize role islamic feminism integrated global feminist movement buddhist feminism movement seeks improve religious legal social status women buddhism aspect feminist theology seeks advance understand equality men women morally socially leadership buddhist perspective buddhist feminist describes buddhist feminism radical practice humanity women men jewish feminism movement seeks improve religious legal social status women judaism open new opportunities religious experience leadership jewish women main issues early jewish movements exclusion male prayer group exemption positive time bound women inability function witnesses initiate divorce jewish women leaders feminist movements history feminist centered secular engaged feminist criticism religion arguing religions oppressive rules women themes elements religious texts social system society organized male authority figures system fathers authority women children property implies institutions male rule privilege dependent female forms feminism characterize social system oppressive women argues distinction political difference freedom feminist theory concept includes social mechanisms reproduce exert male dominance women feminist theory typically characterizes social construction overcome revealing critically analyzing radical proposed deeply rooted society viable solution criticized views anti men men feminist theory explored social construction implications goal gender equality social construct seen feminism problematic associates males aggression competition unequal gender relations cultures criticized limiting forms available men life choices engaged men issues activism bringing attention male rape battery addressing negative social expectations men male participation feminism encouraged seen important strategy achieving societal commitment gender equality male pro active women rights activism feminist theory studies argue male engagement feminism necessary problematic social influences gender relations consensus today feminist theories cooperate achieve larger goals feminism proposed large achieved considerations women agency reactions different groups people responded feminism men women supporters critics american university students men women support feminist ideas common self identification feminist media tends portray feminism negatively associated day day work leisure activities regular women recent research demonstrated people exposed self identified discussions relating forms feminism self identification feminism increases criticized look society draw conclusions society yes men look find men pro feminism pro feminism support feminism implying supporter member feminist movement term reference men actively supportive feminism activities pro feminist men groups include anti violence work boys young men schools offering sexual harassment workshops running community education campaigns counseling male perpetrators violence pro feminist men involved men health activism pornography including anti pornography legislation men studies development gender equity schools work collaboration women services domestic violence rape crisis centers anti feminism criticism feminism anti feminism opposition feminism forms nineteenth century anti feminism mainly focused opposition women suffrage later opponents women entry institutions higher learning argued education great physical burden women anti opposed women entry labor force right join unions sit obtain birth control control sexuality people opposed feminism grounds believe contrary traditional values religious beliefs anti argue example social acceptance divorce non married women wrong harmful men women fundamentally different different traditional roles society maintained anti oppose women entry workforce political office voting process male authority families writers oppose forms feminism identify argue example feminism promotes elevation women interests men criticize radical feminist positions harmful men women argue term anti feminist silence academic debate feminism argues certain rights extended exclusively women relieve women exercising crucial aspect moral agency articles feminism new encyclopedia feminism encyclopedia listings psychology feminist voices topics feminism tools feminist brien mccarthy documents feminism time bbc listen early video documentary filmed includes footage 1890s documents special collections library | Feminism | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
18442_Women'ssuffrageinWales | women suffrage wales women suffrage wales historically prominence societies political groups england led reform women united_kingdom differing social structures heavily working class society growth national movement wales grew late nineteenth century comparison england distinct welsh groups individuals rose prominence vocal rise suffrage wales rest great_britain early twentieth century welsh hopes advancing cause female suffrage centred chancellor important welsh politicians day liberal success election failed political change particular members militant women social political union took hard line stance members parliament engaging direct action militant action movements wales welsh members identified sought parliamentary public support political peaceful means united_kingdom women age gained right vote followed act saw women gain rights vote men history women suffrage wales early women suffrage wales women explicitly banned voting great_britain reform act england suffrage movement existed act form national organisation creation notable exceptions working class areas lancashire women suffrage movement england predominantly middle class movement wales narrow bands wealthy society north south coastal areas female population emerging 19th century wales based low waged densely populated valleys south women found work coal extraction faced mass unemployment mines act prohibited working underground coal mining industry absence led unpaid women employment need homes family clean ending task led image home little truth society controlled men increase wealth created mining industries saw creation new upper class families built wealthy homes centre community prospered pit owners initially men political ambitions wives sought charitable activities connected improving lives women children husband workers heart industry wales english born wife passed time charitable work set soup gave poor established seven libraries area apart work expected staunch feminist living rule husband bore children showed strong known feminist circles london 1850s signatories based wales signed country women suffrage petition june held public meeting home probably wales discuss women suffrage later taken task local newspaper disturbing peace leading wales women suffrage tour welsh towns conducted following year travelled south country visiting dock newport march held second meeting resulted new petition delivered effect saw signing petitions later year england society women suffrage sent members sponsored speaking tour south wales took newport cardiff despite actions prominent welsh women real suffrage movements took hold 1870s country reliant speaking tours members english societies predominantly bristol london manchester february addressed meeting held cardiff town hall consider means promoting interest cardiff female voting rights preliminary larger meeting held march attended local dignitaries chaired mayor cardiff despite great deal suffrage activity lead reform act little campaigning wales early 1880s act significant importance occur period decision late delegates support series talks right women votes recorded instance interest welsh working men supporting female suffrage societies wales publication extended suffrage men united_kingdom led large scale political organisation combined outcome corrupt practices act prevented payment led conservative liberal parties approaching female supporters aid political campaigning conservatives offer political role women wales opening branches campaigning women rights priority merely aimed interest women politics response launched allowed women freedom role voice mere subsidiary national party organisation women wales began supported prominent members branch founded quickly began advocating votes women began english welsh said members raised meeting decided merge political pressure group home rule form new equal rights women written objects organisation despite early successes liberal organisation headed new century apart cardiff branch achieved successes branches closed pressure groups saw foundation leadership non political organisation formed seventeen strongest societies england took branch formed wales occurred meeting house saw president local cell branches soon began forming wales creation cardiff district branch followed militant arm suffrage movement strong wales branches wales compared said active promoting wales long holding meetings wales active campaign election slogan liberals welsh voters election single won seat wales nonetheless main political target liberal prime minister opposed women suffrage movement attitudes movement badly affected militant actions led members july inaugurated welsh treasurer initial involvement led branch formed following year pro suffrage groups continued direct action bristol winston_churchill threatened members widespread anger event led cardiff meeting led abandoned speakers drowned tomatoes thrown despite favoured son wales pro women suffrage liberal chancellor target activity stated support suffrage movement public speeches failure progress implementing change led believe secret anti quoted times november declaring lloyd disease afflicted men day exceptions women saw known anti fight assumptions basis truth month written chief whip fact forthcoming bill hand hundreds thousands votes party year saw marked increase militant action wales anger defeat bills saw disrupt speech pavilion protesters male female treated harshly clothes torn hair ripped beaten sticks later year whilst delivering speech weeks later notorious events history suffrage wales took place returned home town open village hall sooner started speaking interrupted cries votes women violently assaulted crowd stripped waist rescued thrown bridge rocks river trouble anticipated national press present devoted page photographs incident local press attacked poured crowd image peaceful chapel going wales event seen dramatic event history women suffrage wales march victory 1910s attitudes hardened sides emancipation issue anti suffrage amalgamated newly formed year branch established branches organisation eventually formed wales prolific supporters wales members parliament cardiff montgomery years leading outbreak world war spent time north wales organising educational propaganda campaigns south wales friction caused shift political views pushed country central office saw switch policy non party organisation set support newly burgeoning labour_party wales traditionally liberal suffrage societies opposed new policy sense central english feminist agenda pushed militant headquarters needs welsh social cultural political views strains existed organisation abandoned organised end rally london july attempt remind public larger constitutional non militant wing movement routes planned british towns cities including wales members branches left july travelling wales met support hostility branch left cardiff july saw continuation hard line methods house built april september hoax bombs set cardiff telegraph wires cut period saw actions wales notable daughter thomas activist wife recruited vocal active member date later founding newport branch organisation convicted setting fire post box refusing pay fine sent prison imprisoned went hunger strike released cat mouse act non militant elements suffrage movement built steady presence damaged bad press violent action brought gained publicity summer school set previous year members training public speaking given south wales signs working class involvement suffrage cause took shape branch opening run outbreak world war activity came halt turned focus relief work reformed sent members wales longer rally suffrage encourage male volunteers join british_army attended rally demand men leave women undertake stop hiding women wales took employment especially newly opened munitions factories female workforce cent factory cent militant point public enemies seen fierce nationalist patriots old foes allies vice versa referred great defender war stance movement wished pushing agenda emancipation members broke away form members continued campaign women votes columnist news sheet representation people act passed gave women age met property qualification right vote factors led passing act including efforts working women anti suffrage rhetoric political change london replaced prime minister government believed million voters added act wales electorate rose legacy peoples act world war relief work helped women societies wales active membership numbers began fall people act regional branches began resolved december handing marching banner believing work newport branch revised aims form women taking active interest welfare social issues branches continued political vision equal suffrage notably cardiff attempting secure election women local government posts fact terms equal men ensured surviving societies focus point order bill admit women mps passed october seventeen women stood female candidacy wales professor education unsuccessfully contested newly formed seat took wales return female youngest daughter prime minister second launched action group focused heavily equality men women rights child continued equality women emerged leading feminist britain inter war period established number women organisations pressure groups launched influential feminist journal time tide unsuccessful bid gain entry house_of_lords fighting ruling barred admission women equal franchise eventually won passing representation people act achieved matter course constant campaign organised pressure reorganised taking broader range issues secure widespread support formed caused desire authoritarian style leadership vocal advocate equal rights 1920s branches wales cardiff branches disbanded remained active decade women suffrage movement wales historically held poor regard little research undertaken end twentieth century initial impressions women voting rights country appear suggest hostility suffrage historians writing built argue specific cultural environments led cautious considered political ideology type advocated appears rejected majority welsh suffrage especially north wales cook claims origin lies governmental reports commissioners state education wales commonly known parliamentary speech radical concerns raised level education wales resulted carried english commissioners appointed knowledge welsh language elementary education findings report immensely detailed state education wales drew critical picture welsh people immoral backwards pages welsh women labelled cut influences welsh language report drew questions poor women country claiming english farmers daughters respectable welsh counterparts wales constant habit courted bed result report led effort ensure welsh women future welsh periodicals launched decades following aimed improving improve morality welsh readership periodicals launch publication direct response blue books editor known seen champion welsh women following detailed defence morality following controversy surrounding report launched january set create perfect virtue morality beacon welsh nation future criticism early autumn health editor failing merged monthly penny periodical guide early despite title majority contributors men publication continued emphasise importance high moral standards practical advice publication continued 1880s eventually way female periodicals roots movement articles pages 1880s began topic female emancipation described desire welsh seen respectable eyes colonial neighbour endured english counterparts decided aggressive mantle achieve goals female emancipation builds hypothesis stating welsh woman inspired middle class angel house represent welsh long english women abandoned favour welsh welsh suffrage argument exists women suffrage movement wales truly welsh based fact organised orchestrated english speaking middle class movement little bearing true voice country shown people embrace suffrage movement english born wealthy born moving wales marriage born bristol university educated addition societies sprang coastal towns north south run middle class women normally english background little understanding welsh language writing linked support women suffrage earlier campaigning group movement movement reached periodicals concluded cross dominated immigrant middle class women cook evans argue despite suffrage wales introduced new generation immigrant middle class women definite ideology fostered nation english counterparts wales shown independent resistance national institution despite prominent role government making obvious target disruption formed welsh society based london attempted link women suffrage wales sought unite welsh men women living capital cause distributed hand bills written welsh welsh london translated pamphlets bill union expressed dressing traditional welsh costume unlike unions wales actually addressed membership welsh english language meetings bill quit organisation formed militant policy members wore red dragon motto jesus allow suffrage movement wales attempted level independence following leading national agenda depended deeply years celebrated outside borders bring crowds town meetings relied network forgotten non militant supporters organised campaigned ground level failing significantly draw rural cause embraced national sense pride values contrasted neighbours england welsh family connections high profile militant action 2nd probably known welsh mother wife connected work documented lesser extent remembered connections outside sphere women suffrage important welsh activists cause majority working wales welsh active outside country poorly documented renowned speaker activist daughter high later science teacher south wales rose prominence chosen assist running national campaign assistant editor trade vocal supporters suffrage movement socialist keen seller imprisoned days arrested square year old wife cardiff insurance manager spent weeks jail resisting police conduct given similar conviction days prior brother paid fine determined imprisoned november failure bill anger direct action arrested campaign window smashing arrests seven women welsh connections including sister guest sister period produced prominent activists emily frost close friend founder members branch teachers activists serving president platform press equal franchise position editor woman teacher urge colleagues support public meetings demonstrations timeline great reform act confirmed exclusion women electorate wales women suffrage petition signed signatories pass resolution support series talks women suffrage merges branch wales opens cardiff district women suffrage society established south wales opening new town hall turned angry crowd seen dramatic suffrage events wales formed london february house built burned members july women branches wales pilgrimage ending london august world war declared britain activity immediately ceased activity continued peacefully december replaces prime minister representation people act women age member married member million women gained vote november eligibility women act passed allowing women elected parliament 2nd forms women received vote terms men age result | Women's suffrage in Wales | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
21507_ProgressParty(Norway) | progress party norway political party norway identifies classical liberal conservative liberal academics broadly party moderate non radical populist party norway prime minister parties scholars reject comparison foreign right wing populist parties coalition party won parliamentary election entered government founded anti tax protest movement party values individual freedom strongly supports market advocates bureaucracy public sector proposing increased spending norway public invest infrastructure rejecting notion budgetary rule party seek restrictive immigration policy tougher integration law order measures foreign policy strongly pro long time chairman undisputed leader party ways personally controlled ideology direction party notably demonstrated effectively radical faction anti immigration current leader party norway minister finance party second largest party norway time parliamentary election position held following elections dropped largest parties parliament historically refused formal governmental cooperation long period work unite political right norway helped moderate liberal leadership party entered coalition makes current norwegian government parliamentary support smaller parties history party founded meeting movie theater oslo april attended persons address held party named party strong reduction taxes commonly known party abbreviated political experience interwar era norwegian resistance movement second world war end war worked independent right wing political editor public speaker held public speech chairman oslo year large extent inspired founded spoke event gathered attendees originally wanted party anti tax protest movement common political party party brief political platform single sheet paper listed things party tired things favour protest directed claimed unacceptable high level taxes subsidies foreign aid parliamentary election party won percent vote gained seats norwegian parliament main reasons success later seen scholars mixture tax protests charisma role television aftermath membership referendum political development denmark party conference held party established political conventions early deputy member parliament broke away formed short lived background criticism alps organisation lack real party program year died consequently stepped regular member parliament place result merged following year party adopted current january inspired great success performed poorly parliamentary election left parliamentary representation party convention elected party chairman soon started expand political program party built conventional party organisation step followers opposed party youth organisation youth established succeeded image party anti tax movement criticism wisdom dollars hit nerve owing perceived declines infrastructure schools social services long hospitals 1980s establishing party dropped parliament altogether returned following parliamentary election representatives election political right general great garnered increased support ideology party 1980s party officially declared party national convention party clearly defined ideology campaign parliamentary election party attacked aspects norwegian welfare state campaigned medical care education government owned enterprises steep cuts income tax election party lost members parliament left power party position effectively throw governing conservative led government proposed increase gas taxes minority labour government established result real breakthrough party norwegian politics came local elections party nearly doubled support county results largely immigration time seriously taken issue party late 1970s called strongly restrictive immigration policy successfully putting issue national agenda campaign mainly focused issue asylum additionally helped infamous letter letter read electoral campaign portrayed future norway april party time second largest party norway opinion poll september party proposed parliament referendum immigration policy regarded political scientists start party election campaign party breakthrough national politics parliamentary election party obtained largest party norway started gain power local party oslo 1990s consolidation parliamentary election party support members parliament drop support seen result internal conflict party came head radical minority majority led removed party focus immigration declaring non issue early 1990s heavily punished voters social conservative policy platforms caused controversy accepting homosexual partnership party unclear stance norwegian membership european_union contributed greatly setback moving focus away party stronger issues membership referendum including left party election rejected voters conflict finally culminated following party conference april year mps wing party broke given ultimatum adhere political line party majority parliamentary group leave incident later nicknamed pun hotel meaning lit stab events seen political scientists turning point party subsequently founded organisation called free democrats tried establish political party success parts younger management party youth organisation party broke away tried entire youth organisation youth organisation soon running time loyal members remained mother organisation right wing populist profile resulted gaining electoral support local elections regained level support seen elections said largely result focus core issues electoral campaign especially immigration party dominating media picture result controversy meeting particularly gained party sympathy votes result harsh media storm targeted parliamentary election party obtained vote time second largest political party norway local elections resulted party mayor direct result election municipalities elected deputy mayor turmoil expulsion witnessed close support opinion polls late support fell levels upcoming election largely result turmoil surrounding party party deputy leader involved sex scandal internal political conflicts came surface tried quiet controversial immigration opponents parliamentary party gained influence national convention late early opposition locally oslo vest resulted local representatives eventually ways got rid called gang seven consisted seven members parliament january claimed seen pattern issues conspiracy eventually elected party chairman seven eventually suspended excluded voluntarily left party starting early notably included alleged leader remained party subsequently kept away publicly discussing immigration issues caused turmoil party supporters excluded members criticized treatment resigned party party local chapters closed ran office election new county lists later formed new party called democrats chairman deputy chairman gang seven took controversial positions immigration actions taken based internal issues remains unclear degree settlement based primarily political disagreements tactical considerations main goal purge attempt possible non socialist parties cooperate eventual government revealed received clear signals politicians government negotiations question long certain specific politicians including remained party moderate minority oslo including improved hold party years parliamentary election party lost gains according opinion polling maintained position election got members parliament election result allowed labour_party government replace party coalition led christian democrat coalition continued decline govern considered political differences large eventually decided tolerate coalition promised invest defence open private hospitals open competition public sector advanced opinion polls largest party local elections success party municipalities party gained votes succeeded mayor secured deputy mayor positions participated local elections secured mayoral position times separate occasions vote municipality elected mayor increased party single largest counties parliamentary elections party second largest party norwegian parliament votes seats major increase centre right government tolerated beaten leftist election said party longer accept prime minister following consistent refusal formally include government time party successful getting members parliament elected counties norway largest party vest parliamentary elections party largest party opinion polls led november opinion polls support respondents continued poll percent following years present years leader party stepped vice president norwegian parliament chosen successor hope increase party appeal voters build bridges liberal conservative parties head participate future government norway following local elections candidates mayor municipalities seven continuing deputy party decreased party general strongly increased support municipalities mayor elected best result came party held mayor election increase months parliamentary elections party election rated highly opinion poll results declined actual election earlier year achieved polls largest party percentage points high gains election result case relatively disappointing election gains continued decrease losses going surprisingly successful campaign decline support longer period time seen labour_party accused stealing policies regardless achieve slight gain election best election result party history time got represented norway representatives fourth largest party parliament second largest nationwide parties informal school elections norway party largest party norway votes early opinion polls regularly showed majority support saw strong setback local elections party lost vote share gained according political scientists setback explained low turnout supporters coalition party won parliamentary election helped form government cabinet lost seats largest party instead second largest isolation foundation parties consistently refused efforts join governing coalition state level reasons mainly included concerns party alleged position immigration issues following increased support importance elections stated wanted bridge centre reject possibility participating government coalition addition want support government coalition went leader stated big party centre right governmental negotiations elections municipal level parties including labour_party attracted unusual attention local involved limited cooperation ideology currently regards liberal people party ideology classical conservative party identifies platform liberal liberal party built norwegian western traditions cultural heritage basis christian understanding life values main declared goal strong reduction taxes government intervention party today considered conservative liberal described populist fundamental earlier component ideology practice gradually vanished party late 2000s party influenced particularly party leader core issues party revolve immigration crime foreign aid elderly social security regards health care elderly party regarded having policies right cases socially cases like care elderly policy regarded left claimed party changed decades turn outsider movement 1970s 1980s right wing 1990s 2000s party extent sought moderate profile order seek government cooperation centre right parties especially true expulsion certain members lead party tried position seek cooperation parties abroad economy party strongly wanting reduce power state public sector believes public sector secure minimum standard living individuals businesses organisations care tasks instead public sector cases party generally advocates lowering taxes duties increased market economy party notably want invest norway oil wealth infrastructure particularly roads capacity hospitals schools nursing homes welfare state position sense welfare crisis support demands spend oil fund later electoral success party wants strongly reduce taxation norway says money earn theirs kept want remove inheritance tax property tax society schools party wants improve working environment teachers students focusing order discipline class management party wants individual adaptation implement grades basic subjects fifth grade open private schools decrease theory party regards family natural necessary basic element free society regards family carrier traditions culture role raising caring children party wants children right care parents secure right know biological parents party opposed sex marriage questioning children cope law national convention party voted favor sex marriage sex adoption party years proponent blood donation party believes artists dependent public support instead dependent making living create party believes regular people decide good culture demands artists public support offer audience wants wants abolish annual fee company party wants protect secure norwegian cultural heritage party distances discrimination special treatment based gender religion ethnic origin party wants dissolve norway based ethnic classifications party wants uphold culture wants work special treatment based ethnic origin right use water land historically portrayed externally populist right wing populist party similar terms opposing politicians scholars depending definitions scholars found best minor element party policies historically consistent instance labour_party moved 1980s political scientist argued populist party norway parties contrast having strong foundations suggested actually sign health structures traditional parties poorly able listen people manner law order party supports increase police forces visible police streets wants implement tougher especially crime violence morality offences party wants establish victims relatives believes today supportive concern focus criminals victims wants police able use non lethal weapons weapons accept use religious political symbols police uniform wants expel foreign citizens convicted crime frame months imprisonment immigration second half 1980s economic welfare aspects immigration policy mainly focus criticism including strains placed immigration welfare state 1990s party shifted focus cultural ethnic issues conflicts development seen general public debate including political opponents party norway use notion integration politics party programme party numerous proposals immigration parliament rarely received majority support proposals largely rejected remaining political parties mass media party immigration policies compared danish people party sweden democrats leading party members seen immigration policies resemble danish parties government generally party wants immigration policy need protection according allowed stay norway speech election campaign claimed immigration policy failure let criminals stay norway throwing people worked hard followed law party claims immigration integration policy party proposed official goal reducing accepted asylum month standards said denmark finland year proposed party wanted avoid poorly groups able adapt norway included countries afghanistan pakistan party opposes asylum allowed stay norway humanitarian grounds health issues seeks substantially limit number family party called referendum general immigration policy poll conducted august showed respondents answering don know removed immigrants norway vote beaten labour_party respectively asked specifically constituted african eastern european immigrants western european immigrants asian immigrants immigrants western countries contributed asia unlikely support immigrants africa voted individuals immigrant background increasingly active party notably iranian norwegian current leader youth party indian norwegian foreign policy principle open referendum norwegian membership european_union majority public opinion seen favour currently party considers eventual membership norway european_union non issue believing reason debate new referendum present party regards nato positive basic element norway defense security foreign policy wants strengthen relations general norway relationship united_states specifically party considers international policy follow footsteps ronald_reagan major political parties norway shown strongest support israel recently supported right israel defend rocket attacks party norway supported israel war party wants relocate norwegian embassy israel jerusalem party sees viable form foreign aid policy developing countries gradually manage western aid believes free trade key developing countries gain economic growth relationship aid development best unclear party strongly critical forced contribution government development aid taxation wants limit believe individual personal sense responsibility voluntary aid party instead supports increase support global health initiatives global hiv aids tuberculosis increase support disasters international relations belong international political groups official sister parties historically party compared european parties sought establish identity party time set build international reputation hiring international travel internationally establishing contact politicians parties abroad cited especially risk declared opponents day form government international secretary party year said party connected misunderstood right wing radical label partly people hopeless attitudes previously involved party persons said longer involved denmark originally inspired danish counterpart ultimately declined lost parliamentary representation fell fringes danish politics recent years considered denmark sister party formally aligned late international secretary said common prominent gave support saying great similarities parties stood shoulder shoulder position supported party chairman party compared national conservative journalist suggesting great support party resulted combination immigration policies political scientist regarded parties international secretary distanced citing right turn immigration policy left turn financial policies problematic claimed friendly contrast politically norway comparable democrats compared parties dutch list french national approached cooperation parties including french national rejected international secretary specifically distanced parties regarded parties national social democratic stressed lack inconsistent platform compared alternative germany cited blending conservatives economic liberals mentions parties consider closest internationally danish czech invited party leader hold lecture house_of_commons seen recognition party internationally approach danish previous month united_states generally supports republican_party called friends republican_party chairman said looked forward continued growth party free market conservative principles election survey found vast majority mps county leaders supported republican_party candidates president individuals supported democratic_party candidates party connections movement party leadership party leaders interim parliamentary leaders deputy party leaders election results parliamentary elections local elections | Progress Party (Norway) | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
22006_FreedomPartyofAustria | freedom party austria german right wing populist political party austria party led member group founded successor short lived party leader nazi officer like nazis italian 1920s claimed represent camp politics placing party opposition traditional left wing right wing conservatives catholic_church political spectrum party claimed represent pan national liberals austrian party system foundation party modest support entered government following legislative election party admitted chosen new party leader party started ideological turn right wing new political course soon resulted strong surge electoral support led break ties party controversial proposal immigration issues adherents position closer classical broke away formed new party took membership considered forced leave legislative election won vote best result nationwide election came ahead small margin led agree form coalition government soon uncomfortable governing fell sharply legislative election gained vote parties agreed continue coalition following election increasing internal disagreements led leading party members including party ministers defect form alliance future austria replaced government partner leadership party attracted increase popular support legislative election won vote recently came ahead state elections entered led government gained vote vienna finally presidential election member won round receiving narrowly defeated candidate der run july results potential fraud appeal party leader history political background descendant pan german national liberal camp dating revolutions areas interwar era national liberal camp gathered greater german people party fought mutually hostile camps struggles structure new republic according respective short civil war authoritarian dictatorship established austria nazi_germany national liberal camp inclusion austria parties eventually absorbed nazi christian persecuted nazi regime national liberal camp war guilt association founded national liberal alternative main austrian parties successors interwar era christian social parties founded liberal journalists nazi_germany prisoners wanted stay clear mainstream socialist catholic camps feared hostility following hastily devised postwar policy distinguish party members actual war criminals stimulate revival aiming political home member main parties incorporated array political movements including free market liberals nazis german nationalists unable join main parties won vote general election saw support beginning decline soon afterward evolved merging minor new party formed october founding congress held april early years party leader nazi minister agriculture officer asked chancellor movement let led socialist leaning group majority nazis probably joined main parties absolute numbers formed greater percentage members party small size real revolutionaries pursued pragmatic non ideological policies served vehicle integrate party welcome partner regional local politics excluded national level ran joint candidate presidential election lost replaced leader officer led party 1960s 1970s moved political centre grand coalition governed austria war broken gained votes govern leader jew defended peter past initiated political relationship personal friendship peter time able tolerate minority government extreme faction broke away established seen observers final party nazi legacy influence new generation liberals brought years peter party won national vote general elections generally political significance leadership liberal chosen new party leader effort gain popularity helped established moderate liberal party vision transform austrian version focusing free market anti policies 1980s austrian political system began change dominance started austrian electorate began swing right leader encouraged centre order establish alliance general election watershed lost absolute majority parliament resulted formation small coalition ironically election result worst history received slightly vote years party saw support opinion polls consequence party soon torn internal strife right wing took leadership significant branch importance dated defensive struggle following world war subsequent anti slavic sentiment arising fear taken yugoslavia encouraged mass media struggle soon developed future party case instance supported minister defence welcomed convicted war criminal person arrived airport release italy struggled low support national level mid-1980s sharp contrast party position party increased support provincial election national convention internal struggle developed open conflict led victory new party leader vote supported conservative pan german factions incoming chancellor entered office strong negative feelings felt far right subsequently announced election process disbanding small coalition election entered coalition leadership increased vote party gradually right wing liberal influence waned increased electoral support radical populist rhetoric party reduced chances forming parties leadership new party leader provincial election caused sensation lost majority relegated party status finished second vote formed coalition governor point greatest political triumph general election party moved away liberal mainstream course instead focusing immigration increasingly critical political establishment following remark decent employment policy nazi_germany contrast current austrian government removed governor joint initiative replaced later year saw gains provincial elections notably vienna employed controversial rhetoric expressed political goals included small government direct democracy centralized following increasing importance immigration political issue party decided launch austria initiative calling referendum immigration issues initiative controversial mps including left party founded relations increasingly strained later year left preparing expel turn soon joined instead elected governor coalition government general election won votes previous election beating time small margin february agreed form coalition government normally federal chancellor international criticism participation government took post instead concession party given power appoint later month deemed controversial government junior minister role stepped party chairman replaced having threatened diplomatic boycott austria fourteen european_union countries introduced sanctions government formed formal meetings contacts austria reduced measures justified stated admission coalition government extreme right europe party kept brief role government 1980s party origins focus issues immigration questions identity belonging party subjected strategy sanctions lifted september report found measures effective short term long run rise backlash observers noted sanctions italy post fascist entered government struggled shift anti establishment party government led decreasing internal stability electoral support blue collar voters unhappy party need support neo liberal economic reforms government peak occurred tax reform postponed time government planning purchase new jets strife erupted party strategy party members government allied party grass roots prominent government ministers resigned strong attacks led new elections called subsequent election campaign party deeply divided unable organise effective political strategy changed leaders times months general election decreased share vote thirds previous share voters sided largest party austria vote coalition government revived election increasing criticism party mission winning elections cost departure internal row threatened tear apart chairman followed current chairman sister vice chancellor entire contingent government left party april founded new political party called alliance future austria austria chancellor followed changing coalition cooperation stronghold local branch branch leadership present fared better polls following split tests regional elections april elected new chairman taking interim leader party office seeking elite gone free responsibility party ideology grew radical returned primary goal vote reasonably october vienna election leading candidate ran campaign directed strongly immigration took share won general election returned promoting anti immigration anti islam issues won vote seats parliament barely passed threshold needed enter parliament subsequent coalition left parties opposition general election rose significantly expense parties increased percentage vote gaining breaking record vote election election doubled results winning vote seats december local branch stronghold broke away founded federal level modeling german relationship leader branch fallen leader introduced moderate right wing liberal economically oriented ideology vienna elections increased vote slightly record result seen victory popularity young people second time postwar era lost absolute majority city convention early midway general elections support opinion polls par people years age support june main federal party section split formed austrian presidential election candidate won round election receiving vote making election best election result history second round defeated der received support compared july results second round postal votes court find evidence deliberate manipulation vote place october according austrian chancellor ideology leadership focused describing social party means party promotes role austrian identity social welfare economically supports regulated low taxes combined support welfare state maintains impossible uphold welfare state current immigration policies continued present variously described right wing populist national conservative right conservative right national far right party traditionally national liberal camp generally identifies profile leading current party members considered national liberal cultural germans considered ideology national conservative individual freedom principle individual freedom society central points programme 1950s party regard pan german nationalist positions contradictory late 1980s 1990s party developed economically supporting tax reduction state intervention late 2000s party combined position support welfare state criticised unemployment alleged welfare state abuse immigrants said threatened welfare state benefits anti establishment 1980s 1990s austrian voters increasingly rule major parties coincided leadership presented party seriously challenge parties dominance party strongly criticised power concentrated hands elite joined government 1990s party advocated replacing present republic sought radical transformation party state citizens democracy party wanted provide directly elect federal president significantly reduce number power federal states local councils surveys shown anti establishment positions reasons voters vote anti establishment position proved incompatible government half 2000s renewed parliamentary group left join immigration islam immigration hot button issue austria 1980s leadership list important issues voters immigration went practically non existent 10th important second important controversial austria initiative attempted collect signatures referendum immigration restrictions asserted austria country immigration party maintained protection cultural identity social peace austria requires stop immigration maintaining concern foreigners safeguard interests cultural identity native austrians late 1990s party attacked influence radical islam later expanded include increasing number muslims general according economist hostility muslims strategy voters serbian background party cultivated party vowed outlaw distribution free copies period government amendments introduced country immigration policies number new asylum applications example reduced mid-1980s concept word meaning homeland general notion cultural identity central ideology application slightly changed time initially indicated feeling national belonging influenced pan vision party assured voters overwhelming majority austrians belong german ethnic cultural community noted austria mother country held national traditions later favoured explicitly pan german concept declared end pan party party manifesto community german people replaced austrian people leadership concept promoted developed deeply previously reelection chairman german aspects party programme formally reintroduced foreign policy end cold war reflected change pan austrian patriotism party opposition european_union grew stronger 1990s opposed austria joining promoted popular initiative replacement austrian euro avail owing perceived differences turkish european culture party opposes accession turkey declared happen austria immediately leave party views united_states middle_east evolved time despite anti american views right wing forums 1970s 1980s chiefly rooted worries cultural expansion role world politics expense europe positively inclined united_states leadership late 1980s 1990s changed following visiting eve iraq war subsequently condemned foreign policy derided different strongly criticised current government mid- late 2000s criticised foreign policy promoted bush saw leading increased levels violence middle_east party critical israel israel palestine conflict leadership party friendly israel december representatives like minded parties visited israel issued jerusalem declaration affirmed israel right exist defend particularly islamic terror invitation israeli deputy minister party subsequently visited vienna time said wanted meet figures movement described highly interesting declared friend serbs constitute largest immigrant groups austria siding serbia rejects independence presently advocates introduction hard north euro soft south euro international relations currently member european international organisations party ties european political parties party liberal leadership party member early years leadership meetings held figures pen german republicans late 1990s chose distance pen refused join pen project following entrance government sought establish alliance right wing parties project tried establish stable party belgium party italy parties party end efforts establish new alliance parties successful leadership party mainly successor traditionally maintained good ties pro germany citizens movement germany contacts danish people party sweden democrats germany party member short lived grouping outside contacts israeli united russia party conference new leader announced deeper cooperation parties shortly attempted member europe freedom democracy group vetoed parties individual members establishing european elections party joined national czech forming participated parties polish congress new right member parliamentary group election results party leaders following list party leaders | Freedom Party of Austria | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
22216_AnarchisminCuba | cuba social movement cuba held great influence working classes 19th early 20th century movement particularly strong following abolition slavery president finally government following cuban revolution late 1950s cuban mainly took form based works later latin american labor extension cuban labor movement influenced history colonial era mid-19th century cuban society highly consisting spanish ruling class tobacco sugar coffee plantation owners middle class black spanish plantation workers black slaves upper society deeply divided known greatly colonial regime cuba colony spain movements independence integration integration spain roots seen society founded introduced ideas immigrant cuba founded periodical directed tobacco workers included earliest cooperative societies cuba years war insurgents spain included influenced including early development movement 1880s explicitly influence manifested established links cuba spanish operating barcelona pamphlets newspapers time spanish emigrated cuba common workers read literature aloud tobacco factories greatly helping ideas workers 1880s early 1890s cuban favored method organizing action similar spain workers federation spanish region following contribution line opposed need line communists san founded advocate organization labor distribute literature spain strict policy accepting regardless social position political tendency differences color year founded following san statement guild working class organization tied feet capital wrote explicitly periodical cuba founded republican democrats quickly turned took editor founded addition writers cuban cities cities tampa florida published reprinted articles french language barcelona founded organization concentrated educational cultural activities hosting secular school poor students meetings workers groups year leaders head formed aid committee raise funds legal troubles chicago charged murder connection affair month half committee raised approximately cause addition days prior executions organized demonstration people havana protest state decision execute americans fined paper editorial written executions displaying painting commemorated execution colonial government prohibited demonstrations held year anniversary execution strengthening organization action explicitly organization workers alliance founded organization participated cuba congress took place october congress attended tobacco workers exclusively issued encompassing points opposition authority unity workers organizations pact complete freedom action groups mutual cooperation solidarity groups prohibition federation political religious doctrines looked outcome congress favoring ideas organizing led rivalry splitting unions camps soon congress tobacco workers initiated series strikes factories lasted end november later summer strikes tobacco workers led factory owners factories organized collection drive support locked workers going far send representatives florida donations american tobacco workers october ended factory owners agreeing meet workers negotiations outcome situation favorable union saw membership jump subsequent months making powerful union cuba following year died age days release jail spanish colonial government funeral reportedly attended months later response strike tobacco industry colonial head closed manufacturer union schools maintained allowed remain open allowed reopen following year new administration government response war independence day demonstration cuba held consisted march followed meeting addressed speakers following days strikes workers industries led colonial government closing decision faced manifesto issued protest workers later year tried murder director moderate workers union found innocent captain general situation pretext shutting production repression general labor congress held principles expressing solidarity women working class new idea predominantly male working class felt competed women workplace declaring urgent necessity forget women beginning fill workshops industries driven necessity greed compete oppose let help outcome government suppression movement means imprisonment suspension right free assembly closing organizations headquarters quell organizing efforts war independence spain joined labor movement distributing propaganda spanish soldiers urging oppose join cause years previously embraced ideas espoused spanish organizing unions forming groups educate people commit violent anti state acts known propaganda deed carried war independence placed bombs blew bridges gas contributed failed attempt assassinate colonial head captain general led government closing general grew mass activists forbidding workplace early 20th century following spanish american war gave cuba independence spain dissatisfied conditions persisted independence cited conditions new government like suppression labor movements dissatisfaction school systems workers reorganized alliance september year groups organizers arrested following mason strike spread construction trade time organizer visited cuba giving speeches interviews periodicals soon barred speaking engagements civil governor labor organizers began attempt organize sugar industry largest industry cuba owners responded quickly workers murdered crimes solved activists energy preparing society social revolution education ran schools children run counter catholic schools public schools believing religious schools ideas freedom public schools ideas patriotic nationalism discourage free thought children issues weekly newspaper published putting issues writers denounced public school requirement pay allegiance cuban flag encouraged teaching children flag symbol closed claimed students enrolled schooling cannon fodder conflict leaders caused intervene occupy cuba running schools wasn schools began traditional flavor included manifesto issues del calling establishment schools modeled repression activity following unsuccessful strike tobacco workers supported new governmental secretary spanish deported cuban jailed policies instituted time continue years seized control cuban government general strikes met violence state organizers killed state including responded kind violent acts time group government labeled mob deported spain publications outlawed having shut worker center forced close following congress havana bombings took place including performing earning times yearly salary average cuban worker single performance following year lost control government leading activity group began publish books pamphlets regular periodicals publishing time head labor movement cuba despite maritime railway restaurant tobacco industries controlled organized wasn major federation successfully organized workers similar spain non members eventually formed august time including swept excitement russian revolution party authoritarian forms organizing strikes occurred fall government leadership quick suppress labor movement labor leaders shot spanish deported month stated right don know socialism communism bad patriots secretary general arrested october encouraged join government followed second arrest july disappeared point body found fall government reorganization departure gone control fought communists taken communists turned police control spanish involved decided spain following new government passage law half employer employees cuban born large number cuba spanish born forced economic necessity return spain greatly diminished movement cuba soon youth founded younger generation start spanish civil war cuban founded help send money arms cuban born went spain join fight alongside spanish born exiled cuba rights guaranteed constitution organize risk death dissolved thousands members forming held national congress secretary general organizational secretary followed second congress featured german delivering opening address official propaganda organ chosen published monthly shut government december congress held heavy focus keeping labor movement free interference politicians mid-1950s power successful coup état joined guerrilla groups fighting government including 26th july movement led fleeing cuba day key figure 26th july movement spanish family fled civil war chosen fight account blows intelligence devotion practiced loyalty like religion post revolutionary period days taking power expelled known general suspicion governments national council issued manifesto denouncing government actions periodical announced displeasure government saying impossible government revolutionary january convened assembly calling support cuban revolution declaring opposition end year group journal shut government final issue journal commemorated death spanish contained editorial declaring impossible opining dictatorship dominate summer year german invited government survey sector impressed found declared pamphlet system close soviet model days departed cuba entire print run seized government destroyed publisher republished pamphlet following december time alarmed movement government form rule issued declaration prevent reaction membership document declared opposition authoritarian tendencies new government document secretary general failed search printer publish reaction publication published edition summer following actions chose underground clandestine direct action means struggle according cuban infinity written denouncing false revolution calling populace oppose plans effect sabotage basic things sustaining state founders issued manifesto support government declaring opposing government arrested havana freed immediately went accepted eventually way mexico miami florida reunite cuban associates exile beginning mid greatly accelerating summer great numbers cuban migrated united_states summer new_york exile formed making contact spanish exiled following spanish civil war living new_york contact new_york based quickly donations exiled cuban collected world donations soon dried following publishing manifesto countries arguments document response widespread effect manifesto issued support paper argentina printed essay titled stated differences cuban saw revolution capitalist enterprises handing workers technicians revolution convert state right producer obey counter revolution exiled trying raise money support imprisoned cuba denounced countries cia mere anti communists periodical liberation printed articles leading protest offices sent italy present case convinced published italian periodicals nova collected signatures condemnation argentina despite organizations periodicals world opinion began change published book cuban revolution critical perspective began publishing new magazine titled article cuban supported mass evacuation cuba cuban occupied embassy havana left cuba time joined editorial collective collective world including mexico hawaii spain venezuela magazine reached press run copies making largest circulation periodical collective ceased publication members continued publish writings structured affinity group coordinating network cuban diverse tendencies | Anarchism in Cuba | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
22544_VlaamsBlok | english flemish block belgian far right political party anti immigration platform embraced flemish nationalism calling independence flanders creation notable militant right wing flemish movement track record flemish belgian parliament elections strong election campaigns consisted mainly immigration law order theme combined desire flemish autonomy significant flemish political parties reluctant enter following agreement known party effectively blocked entering level government april ruled party organizations breached anti racism law party sanctioned discrimination ruling definite november party shortly reorganised party arguably single popular flemish party belgium supported flemish electorate successful radical right wing populist parties europe history background flemish movement originated loose historically included array organisations seeking varying degrees promote flanders second half nineteenth century flemish nationalists operated established political parties close ties political left early organised political expression flemish nationalism triggered world war introduction universal suffrage proportional representation elections main party initially represented movement left wing nationalist party founded soldiers trench wars french speaking anti flemish officers unable communicate troops 1930s main party turned collaborate nazis world war promised increased flemish autonomy circumstances compromise emergence flemish nationalism war faction broader movement actually pursued agenda collaboration direct predecessor founded successor electoral alliance successfully run election earlier year party careful choose leaders nationalist circles collaborated nazis flemish suspicious outset clear 1970s party moved moderate left liberal course led radical members remaining nationalist finally rejected party participation new party government coalition particularly pact believing conceded government parties early years late rejection pact faction led establishment new short lived parties radical nationalist national liberal flemish respectively led parties contested general elections coalition called won vote seat taken finally merged form new party named nominated party leader life party initially recruited members flemish nationalist organisations local groups simply turned local branches inception party widely regarded conservative party extreme right wing party party electoral success stable seat general elections stood candidates communities active entirely city antwerp having founded mainly protest pact party revamped platform pact collapsed progress general elections started called operation allowing board change party leadership integrating leaders nationalist youth student organisations party council party youth organisation founded starting increasingly began focusing immigration inspired success european right wing populist parties international day racism held conference discuss problem year proposed bill offer cash incentive immigrants return native country april group right wing competitor anti tax switched party party campaigned general election slogan people inspired slogan french saw slight victory winning seat senate taken time seats party shift focusing immigration criticised members ultimately led party figures party clear choice immigration issue results elections rise party electoral success began younger generation party shifted party emphasis flemish nationalism immigration issue local election antwerp party started going vote city success drew publicity based antwerp success presidents major belgian parties including signed barrier parties agreed conclude political agreements immigration political issue largely rejected cooperation parties increasingly consider cooperation particularly elections find effectively blocked intended gaining political influence argued agreement reality gave room strong electoral surge party seen true opposition agreement renewed following years chairman insurance policy party basically happy existence bit everybody sense hunt drive people outlaw december major split occurred party group opposed operation tried squeeze faction party leadership led accused faction attempting flemish question favour immigration question sided group left party founded nationalist pressure group called party won seat brussels city council agreed form parliamentary group german republicans called european right group lacked ideological stemming support belgian state nationalism largely organised pragmatic grounds simply financial support general election time surpassed going seats chamber seats senate referred opponents black sunday following years party saw systematic upwards trend elections participated july motion accepted rejected right inhabitants flemish vote institutions late announced popular antwerp city councillor years went causing lose majority city council party chairman established party comprehensive immigration program titled point plan plan sought close borders non european immigrants gradually country implement people principle policy areas course 1990s party increasingly distanced plan alienated party gaining political influence finally officially discarded european election party doubled seats vote failed continue group nationalist parties having dropped parliament refusing join group established alliance called coordination european right party leader nominated hold position life stepped personally appointed successor choice seen compromise flemish nationalist wing wing avoiding potential internal struggle elections scheduled senate overtook position largest flemish party winning vote elections total seats continued particularly strong antwerp received vote local elections party forced alter political program according laws party financing compatible election party finally single largest party group parliament party invited government discussions find differences parties resulting traditional parties forming majority government retaining time party popular flemish party belgium supported flemish electorate ruling october opposition racism dutch speaking belgium registered complaint claimed non profit organisations connected education research office violated anti racism law publications referred included election agenda party platform challenged passages included party called separate education system foreign children special tax employers employing non european foreigners restriction unemployment benefits child non european foreigners june declared incompetent hear case related political misconduct february followed gave similar judgement original appealed case sent upheld complaint non profit organisations fined deemed organisation sanctioned discrimination lodged appeal rejected november ruling definite upheld ruling meant party lose access state funding access television effectively shutting party reactions trial seen political trial inspired belgian establishment federal parliament notably amended constitution order create legal possibilities condemn party pointed problem political nomination judges claimed lawsuit political process coordinated interior leadership seized occasion ban dissolve party start new days later november disbanded new party established proposed names included new party instituted number changes political program carefully extreme positions party leadership clear party fundamentally remain professor member advisor party legal team claimed party propaganda reasons purposely undertook weak defence order lose case party leaders losing interesting winning wasn option earlier stated party carried trial senator stated gone based procedural arguments case private claim verdict basis substantive arguments forth claim verdict court bundle cases lose case sure given final blow ideology main ideological political strategies started radical nationalist rejection compromise flemish autonomy issue later followed focus immigration security exploitation corruption scandals defense traditional values party foremost defense flemish interests voters mainly motivated anti immigration anti establishment protest flemish nationalism main issue party flemish nationalism issues added later way connected flemish nationalism promoted party according program based ethnic community naturally occurring entity cultural material ethical intellectual interests need preserved party primarily worked independent flemish state modeling split czechoslovakia long time promoted idea new state merge netherlands establish dutch speaking federation 1990s idea party netherlands turned social democratic state according scholar dutch political situation sharply overturned 2000s immigration minorities immigration important issue late 1980s flemish nationalism issue immigrants considered threat flemish ethnic community party established point plan included measures stop immigration return immigrants native countries force legally residing migrants respect markets labour housing education party opponents particularly saw immigration program source claims racism party latest years relevance point plan written positions immigration concerns crime security linked immigration party particularly blamed turks criminal activity sought zero tolerance approach law order party strongly anti islamic early program regarded islam doctrine holy war assassination forced conversions oppression women slavery automatically lead party anti muslim portrayed muslims fifth column cruel religion gulf war called government introduce measures belgium party according political scientist rarely accused anti strongly condemned party leadership cast doubt scale holocaust television interview instance party leadership immediately called emergency meeting distanced forced resign party took screening measures local candidates reveal possible connections wanted risk able fill lists filling particularly party wanted distance holocaust denial actively sought reach jewish voters antwerp anti establishment element ideology party populist fight political establishment manifested political scandals flourished 1990s belgium including corruption food scandals included scandal affair usual suspects politicians traditional party families especially parties economy party strong economic preferences generally supported mixed economy supported tax reductions small medium businesses supported defended welfare state especially allocated native flemish population foreign policy party major belgian party opposed belgium membership european_union idea federal europe defended con federal europe based sovereign culturally nation states european issue issue party promoted favoured abolition united_nations citing composition bureaucracy democratic deficit party faith world community international legal system questioning entire logic rejected view international consensus concepts democracy justice freedom human rights especially member countries non western international relations maintained good contacts nationalist parties europe countries traditionally closest contacts dutch south african far right groups including centre democrats south african party mid-1980s established close relations particularly republicans 1990s supported minor dutch block party modeled directly party active establishing contacts post communist parties eastern european countries including keeping official contacts addition supportive left wing nationalist parties parties established contacts recently italian period distrust maintained contacts election results note election results elections dutch speaking electoral college gives somewhat wrong image party support given party ran flanders half belgium senate results dutch speaking electoral college given | Vlaams Blok | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
23099_CommunistPartyofChina | founding ruling political party sole governing party china alongside legal parties comprise united founded chiefly party grew quickly driven government mainland china second chinese civil war leading establishment currently world second largest political party membership million officially organized basis democratic principle conceived russian democratic open discussion policy condition unity agreed policies highest body convened fifth year session highest body body meets normally year duties responsibilities party leader holds offices general secretary responsible civilian party duties chairman responsible military affairs state president largely ceremonial position posts party leader country paramount leader current party leader elected 18th national congress held committed communist thought continues participate international meeting communist workers parties year according party constitution thought socialism chinese characteristics represents official explanation china economic reforms country primary stage socialism developmental stage similar capitalist mode production planned economy established replaced socialist market economy current economic system basis practice planned economy deemed inefficient collapse eastern european communist regimes dissolution soviet_union emphasized party party relations ruling parties remaining socialist states maintains party party relations non ruling communist parties world 1980s established relations non communist parties notably ruling parties party states ideology dominant parties democratic systems ideology social democratic parties history founding early history origins fourth movement radical like gained traction chinese intellectuals leading chinese intellectual publicly supported world revolution contrast renounce participation affairs regarded october revolution russia groundbreaking believing herald new era oppressed countries modeled theory vanguard party study circles according party study circles established skepticism vehicles reform widespread founding held july originally planned held shanghai french concession police officers interrupted meeting july congress moved tourist boat delegates attended congress able attend sent personal representative attend congress resolutions congress called establishment communist party branch elected leader communists dominated left wing party organized lines struggling power party right wing leader died march succeeded initiated moves position communists fresh success overthrow turned communists numbered tens thousands china ignoring orders based government marched shanghai city controlled communist militias communists welcomed arrival turned aid army marched prevented taking city general troops allies attacked communists beijing leading communists killed forces machine hundreds peasant tens thousands communists killed nationalists losing approximately members continued supporting government july government expelled communists reacted founding workers peasants red army china better known battle battalion led general ordered city august known uprising initially successful forced retreat days marching south driven wilderness appointed commander chief led regiments autumn harvest uprising hoping spark peasant uprisings plan attack held city directions september fourth regiment deserted cause attacking regiment army september accepted defeat survivors marching east chinese civil war world war near destruction urban organizational apparatus led institutional changes party party adopted democratic way organize revolutionary parties established functioned standing committee result increased power party level party standing committees effective control dismissal able assume facto control party organization leadership failure end brink destruction involved powers taken away party informal leader formal head party serving informal deputies conflict led reorganization power centralized leadership creation political departments charged supervising army second sino japanese war caused pause conflict established tackle invasion formally existed collaboration parties ended despite formal alliance opportunity expand independent bases operations prepare coming war began restrict expansion china led frequent clashes forces long situation parties considered civil war option time despite actively expanding territory expense war reduced parties period lasted stages august japanese surrendered june peace talks ended times soldiers command looked early like winning cooperation americans japanese able retake major parts country rule territories prove unpopular endemic corruption party despite advantage million troops failed rural territories stronghold time launched invasion given assistance soviet_union second stage lasting july june saw extend control major cities war successes hollow withdrawn cities instead attacked authorities protests students intellectuals cities responded events heavy handed repression meantime struggling control party weakened ability respond attacks stage lasting july august saw limited objective clear strengthening recovering policy coupled military force spring military lost estimated million troops having million troops left increasing rule result able cut garrisons retake lost territories stage lasting september december saw communist initiative collapse rule mainland china october declared establishment end chinese revolution officially described single ruling party present chinese revolution directed led establishment founded principles precisely officially known thought referred west 1960s 1970s experienced significant ideological separation communist_party soviet_union time begun saying continued revolution dictatorship stipulated class enemies continued exist socialist revolution complete leading cultural revolution following death power struggle general secretary erupted won struggle paramount leader alongside spearheaded reform opening policy introduced ideological concept socialism chinese characteristics reversing leftist policies argued socialist state use market economy capitalist asserting political power party change policy generated significant economic growth new ideology contested sides spectrum supporting political social factors conflicts culminated square protests vision economics prevailed early 1990s concept socialist market economy introduced beliefs embedded constitution general secretary succeeded paramount leader 1990s continued policies nominal legacy ratified represents revision party constitution guiding ideology encourage party represent advanced productive forces progressive course china culture fundamental interests people theory entry private business owners elements party successor paramount leader took office unlike laid emphasis collective leadership opposed man dominance political system insistence focusing economic growth led wide range social problems address introduced main ideological concepts resigned post general secretary chairman 18th held succeeded posts taking power initiated anti corruption effort decades powers office general secretary expense collective leadership led foreign commentators governance collective leadership currently bid powers individual collective leadership idea decisions taken consensus ideal concept origins level central party leadership means instance members equal standing member having vote member represents sector reign controlled security apparatus counts informal power despite relation members body ranked despite fact members theory equal spite led informal leader principle collective leadership led core paramount leader person holds offices general secretary chairman president tenure paramount leader party core collective leadership indistinguishable practice core responsible collective leadership time party begun responsibility system referring official core collective leadership democratic organizational principle democratic based principles democracy synonymous official discourse socialist democracy inner party democracy guiding organizational principle party 5th national congress held words party constitution party integral body organized program constitution basis democratic democratic democratic centralized democracy united definite form claimed superiority democratic laid internal contradictions democracy freedom discipline currently claiming democracy party socialism democracy implemented functioning properly needs democracy form claims needs order according democratic centralized basis democracy democratic centralized guidance system expression democracy powers people levels time guarantee centralized administration governments level exercising centralized management affairs entrusted people corresponding level essential democratic life people multi party cooperation system multi party led cooperation consultation parties united consultation takes place leadership mass organizations united parties representatives walks life contribute theory formation country basic policy fields political economic cultural social affairs relationship parties based principle long term mutual supervision treating sincerity sharing process chinese people political conference parties united support china road socialism hold leadership despite body real power discussions place supervised organization central organization party highest body convened years prior 9th congress convened irregular basis according party constitution congress postponed extraordinary circumstances party constitution gives national congress responsibilities examining report outgoing examining report outgoing discussing party policies party constitution practice delegates rarely discuss issues length substantive discussion takes place congress preparation period group party leaders highest decision making institution responsible supervising party internal anti corruption ethics system authority party highest decision making institution national bodies carry work 1st session newly elected central committee general secretary party titular leader composition leadership according party constitution general secretary member responsible meetings presiding work exercises functions powers session party highest decision making institution session week established 8th national congress policy making role assumed implementation body decisions policy framework established responsible supervising work organizations report directly example departments commissions publications highest decision making institution military affairs party controls operations general secretary served chairman unlike collective leadership ideal party organs chairman acts commander chief authority appoint dismiss military officers security strategies departments including intelligence military foreign affairs police order cope growing challenges stability home abroad general secretary serves chairman departments central leading groups institutions pursue work term term period national usually years party nerve centre charge day day administrative work including communications protocol setting meetings currently main central departments responsible overseeing provincial appointments future appointments oversees media party line media functioning party foreign affairs ministry parties oversees work country non communist parties mass organizations direct control responsible researching issues significant interest party leadership provides political training ideological communist thought high ranking rising sets priorities scholarly research state run universities studies translates classical works party newspaper direct control theoretical magazines published offices hong_kong report central committee session lower level organizations party committees exist level provinces autonomous regions municipalities directly central government cities divided districts autonomous counties including banners autonomous counties cities divided districts municipal districts committees elected party level local party supposed held fifth year extraordinary circumstances held earlier postponed decision approved higher level local party committee number delegates procedures election decided local party committee approval higher party committee local party congress duties responsible examining report local corresponding level examining report local commission discipline inspection corresponding level discussing adopting resolutions major issues given area local local commission discipline inspection corresponding level party committees province autonomous region municipality directly central government city divided districts autonomous elected term years include alternate members party committees county banner autonomous county city divided districts municipal district elected term years alternate members party standing years local party congress held given date term members shall shortened lengthened local responsible higher level number alternate members local decided higher level shall filled alternate members according order precedence decided number votes alternate member got election meetings year tenure shall carry higher party organizations resolutions party corresponding levels local standing committee analogous elected corresponding local party congress responsible corresponding level higher level exercises duties responsibilities corresponding session members join party years age spend year member contrast past emphasis placed applicants ideological criteria current stresses technical educational qualifications member admission oath party flag relevant organization responsible observing members members duties similar members exception vote party elections stand election join private allowed party members according constitution member short follow orders disciplined uphold unity serve party people promote socialist way life members enjoy privilege attending party meetings reading relevant party documents receiving party education participating party discussions party newspapers journals making suggestions proposal making grounded criticism party organization member party meetings central party leadership voting standing election opposing criticizing party resolutions provided carry resolution policy force ability forward request appeal complaint higher party organizations ask organizations concerned responsible reply party organization including central leadership member rights june individuals identify farmers fishermen million members members identifying workers totalled million group managing professional technical staff enterprises public institutions million million identified working administrative staff million described party million women members currently million members making second largest political party world india youth wing largest mass organization youth china according constitution mass organization advanced young people leadership functions party school large number young people learn socialism chinese characteristics communism practice party assistant reserve force join ages controls youth organization children age organizational structure exact copy highest body followed central organs work guidance central leadership peculiar situation bodies responsible higher bodies distinct organization 17th national congress held million members symbols according article constitution party emblem flag symbol sign beginning history single official standard flag instead allowed individual party committees copy flag communist_party soviet_union april decreed establishment sole official flag flag length width proportion hammer upper left corner pointed star custom number standard flags distribute major organs according standard party flag centimeters length width center upper left corner quarter length width border yellow hammer diameter flag sleeve pole white width dimension pole included measure flag red color revolution hammer tools workers peasants meaning represents interests masses people yellow color signifies total flag dimensions sizes length width length width length width length width length width september issued regulations production use flag emblem stated emblem flag official symbols signs party ideology argued recent years mainly foreign commentators ideology party organization pragmatic interested works view considered wrong ways official statements clear party coherent instance stated western world threatening divide international culture west strong weak ideological cultural fields main targets puts great deal effort party schools crafting ideological message practice campaign relationship ideology decision making meaning policy making derived ideological knowledge relationship turned upside decision making ideology way lastly chinese policy makers believe reasons dissolution soviet_union state ideology believe party ideology dynamic safeguard party rule unlike soviet_union communist party ideology believe rigid disconnected reality formal ideology official ideology according reveals universal laws governing development history human society provides vision contradictions capitalist society future socialist communist societies according thought applied developed china thought conceived leading party officials non chinese analysts generally agree rejected orthodox thought basic thoughts orthodox thinking certain groups argue ended formal commitment introduction ideological theory represents party theorist claiming president rid party ideological obstacles different kinds ownership socialism strengthened party providing modern understanding socialism talk socialist market economy chinese characteristics true communism described china ultimate goal claims china primary stage socialism party argue current development stage looks lot like capitalism alternatively certain party argue capitalism early stage communism dismissed concept primary stage socialism intellectual according china analyst heard rationale thought comic clever caricature hack leaked intellectual year horizon comes political added party constitution 14th national congress concepts socialism chinese characteristics primary stage socialism credited theory defined belief state socialism state planning definition communist market mechanisms class neutral addition party needs react changing situation know certain policy obsolete party seek truth facts follow slogan practice sole criterion truth 14th national congress reiterated unnecessary ask socialist capitalist important factor worked literally adapted chinese conditions adopted party 16th national congress certain segments criticized represents betrayal basic values supporters viewed development socialism chinese characteristics disagreed concluded attaining communist mode production formulated earlier communists complex realized useless try force change mode production develop naturally following economic laws history theory notable allowing officially referred new social strata join party grounds engaged honest labor work labour contributed build ing socialism chinese characteristics 3rd session 16th conceived formulated ideology considered contribution official ideological discourse apply scientific outlook development chinese conditions adhere building economics believe fundamental difference capitalist mode production socialist mode production central planning versus free markets said planned economy definition socialism planning capitalism market economy happens socialism planning market forces ways controlling economic activity supported thinking stated party gathering matter certain mechanism capitalist socialist thing worked gathering introduced term socialist market economy replaced planned socialist market economy report 14th national congress told delegates socialist state let market forces play basic role resource allocation 15th national congress party line changed market forces play role resource allocation line continued 3rd session 18th amended let market forces play decisive role resource allocation despite 3rd session 18th upheld creed maintain dominance public sector strengthen economic state owned economy views world organized opposing camps socialist capitalist insist socialism basis historical eventually triumph capitalism recent years party asked explain capitalist occurring party returned writings despite admitting developed capitalist system party leaders theorist argue capitalist reason purely capitalist exclude alternative socialist form market economy specific class character socialist capitalist according party instance fixed nature comes insistence china pursue socialist modernization incorporating elements capitalism considerable optimism despite current capitalist dominance turned vehicle supporting socialism party party relations communist parties continues relations non ruling communist workers parties attends international communist conferences notably international meeting communist workers parties delegates foreign communist parties visit china instance general secretary personally met member instance national secretary met member general secretary personally met secretary communist_party discuss party party relations retains contact major parties communist_party brazil unified party retains relations minor communist workers parties instance recent years noting self reform european social democratic movement 1980s 1990s noted increased west european communist parties ruling parties socialist states retained close relations remaining socialist states communism cuba north_korea vietnam respective ruling parties spends fair time analyzing situation remaining socialist states trying reach conclusions states survived following collapse eastern european socialist states dissolution soviet_union general analyses remaining socialist states chances survival positive believes socialist movement future ruling party interested communist_party vietnam general considered model example socialist development post soviet era chinese analysts vietnam believe introduction reform policy 6th key reason vietnam current success probably organization access north_korea writing north_korea tightly reports accessible general public north korean economic reforms chinese analysts north_korea tend speak positively north_korea public official discussions disdain north_korea economic system cult personality society kim family idea hereditary succession socialist state security state use scarce resources general north korean people analysts compare current situation north_korea china cultural revolution years tried persuade north_korea ruling party introduce economic reforms showing key economic infrastructure china instance invited secretary province showcase success economic reforms brought china general considers north_korea negative examples communist ruling party socialist state considerable degree interest cuba secretary greatly admired books written focusing successes cuban revolution communication increased considerably 1990s hardly month going diplomatic exchange 4th session 16th discussed possibility learning ruling parties praise member met gave personal letter written facts shown china cuba good friends good comrades good brothers treat sincerity countries friendship test international situation friendship strengthened consolidated non communist parties decline fall communism eastern_europe begun establishing party party relations non communist parties relations sought learn instance eager understand maintains total domination politics low key presence total control according analysis singapore dominance explained developed social network controls effectively extending deeply society branches government party controlled groups accepts singapore democracy view guided democracy led differences according political party based working class instead political party elite political party parliamentary system revolutionary party parties studies maintains strong party party relations ruled malaysia japan dominated japanese politics decades time friendly foe emphasizes strong party party relations strengthen probability taiwan mainland china studies written loss power having ruled taiwan officially ruled china general party states dominant party states special interest party party party relations formed study instance longevity syrian regional branch arab socialist party attributed power family strong presidential system inheritance power passed son role given syrian military politics recent years especially interested latin_america shown increasing number delegates sent received countries special fascination year long rule mexico attributed long reign power strong presidential system tapping culture country nationalist posture close identification rural populace implementation alongside economy concluded failed lack inner party democracy pursuit social democracy rigid party structures reformed political corruption pressure american interference mexican politics slow recognize pink tide latin_america strengthened party party relations socialist anti american political parties years occasionally expressed anti capitalist anti american rhetoric despite reached agreement venezuela founded educate political social fields claimed established relations political parties latin american countries social democratic movements europe great interest early 1980s exception short period forged party party relations far right parties 1970s effort halt soviet relations european social democratic parties efforts establish party party relations non communist parties credits european social democrats creating capitalism human face 1980s highly negative dismissive view social democracy view dating second international view social democratic movement 1980s view changed concluded actually learn social democratic movement delegates sent europe observe noted 1980s european social democratic parties facing electoral decline period self reform followed great interest laying weight reform efforts concluded parties elected modernized replacing traditional state socialist new ones supporting belief big government new view welfare state changing negative views market moving traditional support base trade unions younger members students | Communist Party of China | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
23405_NationAllianceParty | minor political party british_columbia canada party registered provincial party participated federal election municipal election provincial election party sought promote advocate rights ethnic minorities recent immigrants focusing employment access security health care education overall rights status advocacy party sought politically enable speak english language participate politics led party founded june stood election richmond october federal election mayor richmond british_columbia november municipal election losing times provincial election party nominated candidates richmond centre elected combined total votes background founded june people delta surrey tourism guide student party leader immigrated canada beijing australia witnessed challenges recent immigrants faced new country politics contrasted experience china impressed political freedoms available canada felt motivated start political party felt political campaigns oriented recent immigrants people language english communities politically active candidate october federal election richmond electoral district party registered ran independent came fifth place votes losing november members nominated candidates municipal election richmond challenged incumbent mayoral position nominated councillor positions like federal campaign classified latest census time reported richmond population chinese descent campaign highlighted language barrier faced speak english example tax notices available english participated candidate forums translated candidates elected receiving vote political positions guided support specifically party sought increase translation services people read speak english people language english academic standards supportive immigration services assist transition canadian society better working conditions recent immigrants labourers party maintain slate policy positions candidates advocated increasing number police richmond especially route protection green spaces support affordable housing trade missions china generally favour lower taxes spending senior services education provincial election campaigned carbon tax governing implemented previous year election results provincial election party nominated candidates stood riding got votes coming place losing richmond centre candidate came votes losing liberal party registered year prior election scheduled finances provincial election candidates reported worth expenditures election party claimed general election expenditures | Nation Alliance Party | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
23719_FeminisminRussia | feminism russia feminism russia originated 18th century influenced confined aristocracy 19th century idea feminism remained closely tied revolutionary politics social reform 20th century russian inspired socialist doctrine shifted focus works organizing peasants factory workers february revolution feminist lobbying gained suffrage nominal equality women education workplace 1960s 1970s women continued experience discrimination certain career paths including politics income inequality greater burden household work spite concern feminism waned period fall soviet_union feminist circles arose term continues carry negative contemporary russians 21st century russian punk rock band aligned revolutionary anti government movements demonstrations president led lawyer representing russian orthodox church calling feminism mortal sin origins 18th century russian feminism originated 18th century influenced prominent role women symbol democracy freedom french revolution notable russian intellectual figures like wrote positively increased power independence women society supported growing concern gender equality influential novel writer embodied new feminist ideas novel heroine dreams future society perfect equality sexes aristocratic russian society greater freedoms allowed women led rise powerful socially connected woman including iconic figures catherine great women began compete men literary sphere russian women authors poets increasing popularity 19th century restrictions women education personal freedom enacted 18th century created new class educated women notes autobiography woman russia 19th century women female relatives male group aristocratic revolutionaries convicted plotting overthrow emperor nicholas sentenced serve labor camps siberia wives sisters mothers men shared liberal democratic political views male relatives charged treason women including princess chose accompany husbands brothers sons labor camps portrayed heroes popular culture women insisted simply duty family siberia cared relatives prisoners set important institutions like libraries arranging lectures concerts historical writing time humble devotion women contrasted female 18th century like catherine great seen danger sudden liberation women explicitly feminist agenda women example later generations russian concern gender equality tied revolutionary political late 19th century aristocratic women began turn away refined society life focused feminist reform woman aristocratic moscow family married high ranking devoted energy societies projects benefit poor russian society including women lobbied emperor create fund higher education courses women founding member responsible helping organize end century widely read russian literary figures focused feminist motifs works later years argued traditional institution marriage comparing forced prostitution slavery theme touched novel plays short stories portrayed variety working female protagonists actresses sacrificed social esteem sake financial personal independence spite sacrifice women characters truly satisfied lives revolution soviet era pre revolution end 19th century beginning 20th century focus russian feminism shifted aristocracy peasants working class socialist ideology young women began organize women unions female factory workers tended ignored male important feminist organization russia like focused education social welfare pushed equal rights women including suffrage equal inheritance end passport restrictions revolution women workers demonstrations generated surge membership organization year society continued lobbying russia major world power grant women right vote feminism soviet society led power october revolution recognized importance women equality soviet_union ussr established effect woman emancipation equal man wrote years revolution following theories soviet communism necessary women participate common productive labor woman equal man practice russian women saw mixed gains rights communism women suffrage granted voting meant little soviet society owing communist_party monopoly power monopoly meant independent feminist organizations journals shut abortion making soviet_union country banned generous leave legally required national network child care centers established country constitution recognized equal rights women prevailing soviet ideology stressed gender equality labor education soviet women held jobs advanced degrees participate core political roles institutions middle levels political economic leaders overwhelmingly male propaganda claimed accurately women sat democratic countries legislative bodies combined women year existence members party practice country real leadership 1970s women liberation mainstream term american public discourse comparable movement existed soviet_union despite gender based income inequality rate additional work household greater experienced american women double standards social norms expectations man fool women drink job generally wrote russian correspondent new_york_times woman things criticized taking light hearted approach marriage work open letter country leadership shortly expelled writer pointed heavy burden placed women work soviet society fail feel shame compassion sight women carrying heavy stones paving street smith wrote women talked complained emancipation fact exploitation economic circumstances effectively compelled work retained domestic responsibilities home tired contrast western women soviet women regularly saw idea liberation working having opportunity stay home recounted popular joke capitalism women liberated opportunity work stay home shopping cooking house care children socialism women liberated opportunity work day home shopping cooking house care children attitudes prevailed soviet society men leadership women ideas seriously excluded discussions domestic violence sexual harassment continued exist studies time found soviet women tended inequality problem post soviet russia mid-1980s instituted allowing greater freedom speech organization ussr generated burst women political action academic research artistic business ventures additionally women aware new government offer little assistance economic social struggles file complaints receive communist_party post soviet government developed systems state women began form networks resource sharing emotional support developed organizations fall soviet_union feminist circles began emerge women major cultural centers like moscow 1990s russian women hesitant use term feminist describe believed negative russian history especially revolution woman cares career family russian women activism 1990s explicitly feminist women attempted improve financial social conditions practical means struggle emerged female communities empowered women assert pursuit work treatment political voice political economic transformation post soviet russia caused deep economic decline 1990s particular financial struggles women held jobs women expected soviet working women received extensive employment benefits long child care leaves pushed women role housewife 1990s domestic work grew increasingly demanding acquiring goods time consuming economy women benefits attractive employees companies fired women women labor market 1980s women unemployed russians jobs available women 1990s low wage sectors job descriptions specified young attractive women need apply employed women received significantly pay men work 21st century 2000s women started entering local governments low level positions percent local administrators women feminist punk rock band performed publicity stunts opposition faced criticism administration members group arrested march performing punk prayer cathedral christ moscow trial talked stated incompatible lawyer representing church insisted view correspond reality called feminism mortal sin | Feminism in Russia | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
23849_DemocraticLeftMovement(Lebanon) | democratic lebanon arabic arabic acronym democratic leftist political party seats founded september left wing center left intellectuals activists previously split student activists european style social democracy open forms encourages development true secular state party operates framework emphasizes diversity thought progressive democratic society liberal democratic environment participated cedar revolution wave demonstrations syrian occupation lebanon calls relations syria won parliamentary seat lebanon elections representing tripoli district june amid election rounds founder movement assassinated car bombing month later secretary general ally killed similar car bombing elections party won single seat instead representing district member march alliance parliamentary coalition history background foundation late 1990s growing number intellectuals network independent student groups independent leftist groups advocated democracy individual liberties center left economic policies lebanon hand growing number members dissatisfied status party rise fall soviet_union failure assume democratic socialist platform era political decline party coupled perceived syrian domination leadership led increasing frustration rank file communists upper party september group calling reform democracy forces wrote open letter demanding resignation party leadership led accused leaders syria called party abandonment line expelled party september year activists split leftist student groups intellectuals prior affiliation formed initial temporary preparatory committee movement emerged issued statements critical syrian intervention lebanon called birth new left september officially established october ceremony commemorating foundation attended figures political spectrum declared movement founded principles real social cultural change bases democracy national independence reconciliation arab nation arab nationalism second cultural ideological renaissance sake political religious reforms arab east believe fighting freedom oppression shortly foundation formed multi party opposition oppose constitutional amendment extended presidential term informal coalition sought defend constitution republic appealed free elections based electoral law corruption independent judiciary reforming public administration divided syrian military presence country use arms resolve farms dispute later december february movement opposition parties gather demand total withdrawal syrian troops independence actively participated independence cedar revolution called colour revolution hundreds thousands rallied syrian occupation lebanon supporters government leftist element demonstrations proved important opposition public relations following resignation pro syrian prime minister wave demonstrations leader quoted saying today government fell tomorrow reference syrian chief intelligence based city new_york_times credited founder movement protests march addressed need free sovereign united lebanon called protesters press palace residence president hoping use momentum resign resistance patriarch prevented resulting temporary fallout opposition movement remains critical perceived syrian interference lebanon citing participation march alliance parliamentary defending independence syrian government attacks allies attempts impose views choices lists attaining independence country political goal june founder leader movement prominent journalist outspoken critic syria assassinated car bombing activists marched presidential palace suburb lay representing guilt death head explained place blame head joint syrian security regime president condemned killing told reporters conscience clear death membership thousand month later june secretary general killed similar car bombing outspoken critic syria recent years actively campaigned leader candidacy lebanon elections allies blamed bombing pro syrian forces security apparatus interview lebanon vice president explained trying bring communist party join efforts newspaper called planned inquiries assassination include bombings demanded resignation saying president incapable protecting leadership figures lebanon structure composition operates framework internal movements encouraged represented national body party constituency principal decision making body proportional representation internal movement forms list composed members determined size constituency maintains political priorities alliances rhetoric members daily organizational activities organizational bodies include internal elections occur years october member constituent assembly elected member movement session internal elections elected included general secretary leader president members april internal election occurred lists competed supported representing leadership rhetoric youth movement named left reelected left attained votes lebanon votes abroad online poll enabling entire list elected previously vice president prominent founding member chose participate personal political reasons headquartered capital branches permitted region lebanon abroad provincial district associations largely autonomous youth members comprise substantial portion movement stated half party members younger general_assembly set took place december saw emergence new leadership elected new secretary general formed mainly new generation leaders general_assembly members refused election assembly insisting having general_assembly discusses direction movement members formed current movement called noted allows internal currents factions operate freely political ideology backs european style social democracy promote equality personal liberty economic productivity interview lebanon vice president classified movement center left economically went party adopted model founded enable views internal movements encouraged political manifesto identifies movement requirement thought open denominations emphasis distinguishes leftist groups lebanon domestic policy parties propose state includes appropriation public jobs replacing parliamentary system representative system permitting execution civil marriage soil economist magazine described party secular component march alliance appeals administrative reform public sector modernization plan defends human rights calls respect public freedoms rule law listed platform support abandonment divisive movement supports prohibiting discrimination disabled foreign policy foreign policy platform uniform party calls diverse unified democratic arab society opposes foreign interference politics supports relations syria farms dispute movement advocates resolving identity territory diplomacy farms determined cabinet authorize liberation militarily state institutions allow state fulfill role broader arab israeli conflict appeals creation regional defense strategy protects sovereignty israeli aggression promoting interests region opposes american intervention iraq rejecting authoritarian governments like party advocates democracy syria associates democratic opposition particularly syrian democratic people party electoral results legislative elections june won seat leftist political party holding seat tripoli represented district march alliance pro western political coalition parliamentary majority received votes defeat rival votes elections seek reelection march selected candidate run coalition list tripoli district candidate won parliamentary seat march coalition list votes ballots cast incumbent obtained votes influence stems limited electoral successes anti syrian positions left perspective | Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon) | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
23964_FeminisminIndia | feminism india feminism india set movements aimed defining establishing defending equal political economic social rights equal opportunities indian women pursuit women rights society india like feminist counterparts world india seek gender equality right work equal wages right equal access health education equal political rights indian fought culture specific issues india society inheritance laws practice widow known history feminism india divided phases phase beginning mid nineteenth century initiated male european colonists began speak social second phase indian independence incorporated women movements movement independent women organisations began emerge finally phase post independence focused fair treatment women home marriage work force right political despite progress indian feminist movements women living modern india face issues discrimination india culture process gaining land ownership rights access education challenging past decades emerged disturbing trend sex selective abortion indian seen worth struggling west criticism feminist movements india especially criticised focusing women privileged needs representation poorer lower women led creation specific feminist organisations movements definition indian context women role pre colonial social structures reveals feminism differently india west india women issues began addressed state commissioned report status women group feminist researchers activists report recognised fact india women oppressed system structural period indian influenced western debates conducted violence women difference historical social culture india debate favour indian women conducted creatively certain western ideas rejected women issues began gain international prominence decade declared women historical circumstances values india caused develop feminism differs western feminism example idea women powerful accommodated culture religion retained visibility sections society provided women traditional cultural spaces furthermore west notion self rests competitive people described born free chains india individual usually considered larger social collective survival individual dependent cooperation self denial greater good valued indian women negotiate survival array oppressive family structures age status relationship men family origin marriage attributes examples attributes include sons etc community village market state noted communities india certain clans families exhibit tendencies communities head family oldest woman oldest man culture regarded relatively gender neutral india communities recognised national constitution scheduled tribes known according interviewer society scholarly assessment mothers forefront social activism society women power visible historical reasons ruled strong need expansions borders crushing outsider threats etc engaged men women charge home muslim families women men considered equal sense teaches minds males females work differently generally different islam grants different rights husband wife right wife owes husband head household indian experience reveals multiple contributing existence multiple feminism india singular theoretical orientation changed time relation historical cultural realities levels consciousness perceptions actions individual women women group widely definition awareness women oppression exploitation society work family conscious action women men change situation acknowledging daily life attempting challenge eliminate mutually exclusive notions determined categories opens way society men women male female polar times refuted indian context men initiated social reform movements social women family adverse women pitted women powerless times intense debates indian women movements relationship western indian indian simultaneously claim specific indian sensitivity international feminist solidarity groups individuals worldwide rise liberal feminism west 1970s focused deeply demands equal opportunities education employment ending violence women large extent emerging feminist movement india influenced western ideals called education equal rights adapted appeals local issues concerns related violence women sex selective abortion rape indian suggested issues specifically indian nature wider trend oppression women history unlike western feminist movement india movement initiated men later joined women efforts men included widow death burning husband funeral custom child marriage introducing marriage upper hindu promoting women education obtaining legal rights women property requiring law acknowledge women status granting basic rights matters adoption 19th century period saw majority women issues come spotlight reforms began early reforms indian women conducted men late 19th century joined efforts wives sisters daughters individuals directly affected campaigns carried women education late 20th century women gained greater autonomy formation independent women organisations late new narrative began constructed women activism newly researched expanded vision create logical organic links feminism anti anti etc constitution india guarantee equality sexes created relative women movements 1970s formative years women rights movements difference sexes taken granted roles functions aims desires different result differently treated differently course time difference major reason initiating women movements early 19th century argued difference men women reason women society later opinion particular difference women roles society example mothers need proper care women rights formation women organisations participation campaigns roles mothers stressed different light time argument women rights speech education emancipation image women mother symbol underwent changes time emphasis family creation mother figure deep images phase colonial venture brought concepts democracy equality individual rights rise concept nationalism practices brought social reform movements related gender relations phase feminism india initiated men social widow allow widow child marriage reduce regulate age consent ensure property rights legal intervention addition upper hindu women rejected constraints faced traditions efforts improving status women indian society somewhat thwarted late nineteenth century nationalist movements emerged india movements resisted colonial gender relations particularly areas family relations mid late nineteenth century national form resistance colonial efforts hindu family included age consent controversy erupted government tried raise age marriage women indian states ruled women british colonial advance including second phase period struggle colonial rule intensified nationalism pre eminent cause claiming indian superiority tool cultural resulting model indian similar victorian special separated public space expanded indian women public activities initiating non violent civil movement british feminine roles caring self sacrifice tolerance carved niche public arena peasant women played important role rural women organisations like emerged women issues relating scope women political participation women franchise communal awards leadership roles political parties 1920s new era indian women defined feminism responsible creation women associations associations emphasised women education issues developed strategies working class women organised national level women associations closely affiliated leadership worked nationalist anti freedom movements mass women integral indian nationalism women important nationalist anti colonial efforts including civil movements 1930s independence continued operate formed women wing known feminist movements active right india independence nationalist nation building took precedence feminist issues women participation struggle freedom developed critical consciousness role rights independent india resulted introduction franchise civic rights women indian constitution provision women action maternal health child care provision equal pay equal work etc state adopted role women example india constitution states women weaker section population need assistance function equals women india struggle basic rights women west ended soon social cultural structures failed honour newly acquired concepts fundamental rights democracy post independence began extent women allowed engage workforce prior independence accepted sexual divide labour force 1970s challenged established fought reverse included unequal wages women women spheres work restricting women reserve army labour words aim abolish free service women essentially cheap capital feminist class consciousness came focus 1970s recognising men women power structures tribe language religion region class etc posed challenge shaping campaigns focus efforts ensure fulfilling demands group create early century focus indian feminist movement gone treating women useful members society right having power decide course personal lives right self determination female prime minister india served prime minister india consecutive terms fourth term assassinated state viewed ideal progressive leader women rights movement india states maintains high relative levels female literacy women health greater female inheritance property rights example study conducted found women india fathers inherited land daughters women able state important shown measures improve access property economic independence channels education directly improve women capabilities reduce risk exposure marital sort domestic violence indian family court mumbai ruled husband wife wearing jeans forcing wear amounts cruelty inflicted husband ground seek divorce wife granted divorce ground cruelty defined section special marriage act judgment delhi high court public ruled eldest female member hindu undivided family issues despite paper problems remain women fully taking advantage new rights opportunities india traditions customs important indian culture hundreds years religious laws expectations personal laws specific religion conflict indian constitution eliminating rights powers women legally despite legality indian government interfere religion personal laws hold religions like women faithful servants god husbands term called describes wife accepted service devotion husband family ultimate religion duty indian society largely composed systems families communities broken age sex position relationships families lineage wealth relationship ruling power community emerge family based social convention economic need girls poorer families suffer twice impact vulnerability stability birth girls automatically entitled food education girls expect entitled brothers girls access family income assets exacerbated poor rural indian families start understood females work exhausting responsibilities rest lives little compensation recognition india society definition describes cultures males fathers husbands assumed charge official heads households system society descent inheritance traced male line men generally control distribution family resources traditions ways indian life effect long type lifestyle women accustomed expect indian women advantage constitutional rights properly aware informed women tend poor voting rights possess low levels political awareness sense political women encouraged informed issues political parties invest time female candidates perception wasted investment female male ratio india showing numerically fewer women country men factors including commonly female poor care female women outlawed highly popular rural india continuing prominent fact especially rural areas families afford female children pay daughter gets married like payment illegal frequent prevalent occurrence rural india women considered worthless husbands able produce male child face abuse case birth ratio years female male ratio population india fell girls boys girls boys parts country experience decline richer indian states female male ratio fell sharply female male states evidence inequality indication sex selective abortion indian parliament banned use sex determination techniques enforcement law largely ignored marriage average indian woman life spent marriage women married legal age non marriage low india raising children priorities early adulthood indian women enter workforce far later indian men urban indian men reach peak labour force participation ages urban indian women ages women time acquisition skills fewer opportunities job improvements poor representation women indian workforce females percent higher drop rate males middle primary schools lower levels literacy men unemployment high india easy employers manipulate law especially comes women indian culture women argue men additionally labour unions women needs women settle jobs comply obligations wives mothers muslim personal law major issues aspects islamic law known muslim personal law muslim family law issues way far formulated include divorce custody children maintenance marital property addition issues underlying assumptions legislation example assumption man head household dress code issue concerns women dress code expected islam requires men women dress concept known covers wide interpretation behavior mixed opinion extremes externally imposed control women religions expected follow dress codes theology hindu feminism hindu religion partial success terms gender equality reform laws family law major advancement relative religions india complete triumph terms feminism relieving oppression came term women power concept hindu religion gods exclusively male sheds positive light females considered complement complete male counterparts important note deity knowledge deity wealth female criticism groups indian feminism tends represent upper upper class hindu women ignoring interests women debates gender oppression backward class members different political parties arguing state assemblies lower women interests best represented women working end women formed organisations focus implications based violence oppression ways women suffer urban poverty displacement islamic feminism hindu muslim communities india treated differently government separate types concessions community order accommodate separate religious laws regulations case begun example attempting concessions muslim community turn secure support congress year old muslim woman divorced husband years marriage according muslim law husband required pay challenged decision supreme_court ultimately ruled favour ordered husband pay monthly maintenance caused chaos muslim denounced judgement suggested religion islam attack country fear losing overall muslim support succumbed pressures conservative muslims community party backed bill muslim women days divorce caused outcry muslim hindu nationalists found muslim males congress political purposes wrong feminism challenged minority groups entirely addressing needs minority populations suggested mainstream feminism upper hindu orientation address concerns minority women led formation mumbai largely muslim city muslim community personal laws considered harmful rights muslim women muslim personal law allows impact western educated indians introduced equality early nineteenth century term gain meaning operational principle indian life country gained independence adopted democratic government indian constitution granted equality freedom discrimination based gender religion guaranteed religious freedoms seven year plans developed provide health education employment welfare women sixth year plan declared women partners development employment general rural sections indian society form major percentage total population women seen economic contributions productivity invisible domestic contributions overlooked indian women contributing nearly percent total employment agriculture related activities nearly percent service sector nearly industry sector year high rates women lower paying jobs job security men agricultural jobs work men women highly similar women likely paid type work men bollywood group artist hair association created rule allow women obtain makeup artists ruled rule violation indian constitutional guarantees granted article right equality freedom carry profession article right liberty judges stated ban women makeup artist members rationale cause sought achieved unacceptable inconsistent constitutional rights guaranteed citizens court found illegal rule mandated artist female male work industry status years state intend work announced woman registered costume artist hair association concerned impact women india argue led economic changes raised social economical challenges women particularly working class lower women multinational companies india seen exploit labour young women free trade zones sweat shops use young lower middle class educated women centres women effective labour rights rights collective action addition multinational corporations seen advertise image ideal women country argued cause increase women bodies manifested form nationalist pride exhibited indian women winning international beauty according developments offered women greater sexual autonomy control bodies feel female bodies served purpose feeding male fantasies education main reasons girls likely reach optimal levels education include fact girls needed assist mothers home raised believe life domestic work destined occupation mothers educate children economic men subject child marriage poor families marry daughters early money unable complete education created india government launched programme called focus empowerment women programme goal create learning environment women realise potential learn demand information find knowledge charge lives certain areas india progress increase girls schools teachers begun increase literacy women exceeded overall female population statistics low compared world standards male literacy india efforts improve level education females receive match male students modern influences affecting younger generations parts india girls beginning traditional ways indian life break gender stereotypes parts country idea dating specifically openly dating come play terms girlfriend boyfriend women landed highly respectable careers seen bollywood billboards advertisements norm country women face resistance anti country severely male dominant movements sex gender traditions india indian deals especially gender inequality social exclusion property development president author social reformer work reflected women roles society scholar focus women education founder feminist author founder online global lobby working raise awareness female india public activist women founder early feminist founder women organisations india scientist feminist senior academic fellow critic violence couples refusing arranged marriages life member known scholar gender studies authority political economy social history state india daughter renowned member parliament early social reformer pioneered formation educational women activist women issues founding members poet writings depicted domestic lives indian middle class women founder scholar field feminist economics woman member vice president president forum promote greater social justice strengthen human rights especially women founded magazine journal women society devoted feminism gender studies activism secretary india founding director feminist scholar journalist author standing american woman struggle soul islam social worker politician advocates women rights post independence india nationwide movement end violence women india woman win award literature reformer champion emancipation women british india poet woman honours graduate india journalist issues feminism racism director prize winning documentary films women rights human rights activist politician memoir described experiences woman activist activist work considered modern indian feminist text prominent leader movement prominent daughter feminist best remembered leading role participated women suffrage groups including secret documents revealed identity law breaker diaries revealed maintained contacts leaders indian nationalist movement like activist author lesbian gay studies gender studies british south asian literary history founded magazine journal women society devoted feminism gender studies activism critic expert modern feminism thoughts written articles books feminism english | Feminism in India | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
24064_BharatiyaJanataParty | pronounced translation major political parties india country largest political party terms representation national parliament state assemblies world largest party terms primary membership right wing party close ideological links hindu nationalist origins lie formed merged parties form defeated incumbent congress party general election years power party dissolved members form initially unsuccessful winning seats general election grew strength movement following victories state elections better performances national elections largest party parliament lacked majority lower house parliament government lasted days general election led coalition known formed government prime minister year following fresh elections government headed lasted term office government general election suffered unexpected defeat years principal opposition party long time chief minister led landslide victory general election election leads government prime minister march alliance states official ideology integral formulated party expresses commitment policy historically reflected hindu nationalist positions advocates social foreign policy centred nationalist principles key issues included special status building ram temple implementation uniform civil code government pursue controversial issues instead focused largely economic policy economic growth social welfare history origins lie popularly known founded response politics dominant congress party founded collaboration hindu nationalist volunteer organisation widely regarded political arm aims included protection india hindu cultural identity addition perceived muslim people country pakistan congress party prime minister loaned leading time workers new party ground prominent appointed general secretary won seats general elections maintained minor presence parliament major campaign begun early centred demand complete integration india arrested violating orders state government entering died heart attack following month jail elected succeed forced power activists party leadership went instead remained general secretary worked build committed organisation image party engagement public focusing instead building network articulated philosophy integral formed official doctrine party younger leaders involved leadership period succeeding president major themes party agenda period uniform civil code banning cow slaughter special status given assembly elections country party entered coalition parties including formed governments states hindi including time held political office albeit coalition caused radical agenda prime minister imposed state emergency took widespread protests thousands members imprisoned country emergency withdrawn general elections held merged parties political spectrum including congress form main agenda defeating won majority formed government prime minister contributed largest tally parliamentary contingent seats strength previously leader appointed minister external affairs national leadership consciously renounced identity attempted integrate political culture based hindu principles according proved impossible state local levels remained relatively unchanged retaining strong association sit moderate centre right constituents party violence muslims increased sharply years formed government members implicated riots major constituents demanded break refused eventually fragment broke form secular government reduced minority parliament forcing resignation following brief period coalition rule general elections held fared poorly winning seats april shortly elections banned members dual members party response members left create new political party known present formation early days newly formed technically distinct bulk rank file identical predecessor president writes early 1980s marked wave violence muslims initially hindu nationalist stance predecessor gain wider appeal links ideology socialism unsuccessful won seats elections assassination months earlier resulted wave support congress won record tally seats contributing low number demolition movement failure moderate strategy led shift ideology party policy hindu nationalism appointed president party political voice movement early 1980s began campaign construction temple dedicated hindu deity site mosque mosque constructed dispute temple stood basis belief site birthplace temple demolished construct mosque threw support campaign election platform won seats tally support crucial national government september began journey support ram temple movement according imagery employed religious militant masculine anti muslim speeches delivered accused government muslims practising pseudo legitimate aspirations defended stating free incident english media blame violence followed placed detention orders chief minister large number nonetheless orders chief minister detained half managed reach attacked mosque days fighting paramilitary forces ended deaths urged revenge deaths resulting riots muslims withdrew support government leading fresh general elections increased tally seats won majority assembly december organised rally involving activists site mosque circumstances entirely clear rally developed attack ended demolition mosque following weeks waves violence muslims erupted country killing people government briefly banned leaders including arrested making speeches provoking demolition historians said demolition product conspiracy spontaneous act report authored justice found people responsible demolition leaders named report criticised chief minister demolition accused posting police officers stay silent demolition officer charge security appeared prominent witness commission said provocative speeches major factor mob behaviour parliamentary elections communal followed demolition win seats making largest party parliament sworn prime minister unable attain majority forcing government resign days government coalition regional parties formed government grouping short lived mid term polls held contested elections leading coalition called contained existing allies like addition india anna regional parties ideology similar example called coalition hoc grouping majority outside support returned prime minister coalition leader withdrew support fresh elections held october won seats parliament outright majority highest tally prime minister time deputy prime minister home minister government lasted term years policy agenda included aggressive stance defence terror neo liberal economic policies president filmed accepting bribe equivalent recommend purchase hand held thermal sting operation journalists forced resign subsequently prosecuted april sentenced years prison died march violence february train carrying hindu pilgrims burned outside town killing people incident seen attack sparked massive anti muslim violence state lasted weeks death toll estimated high displaced rape torture widespread chief minister high ranking government officials accused initiating violence police officers allegedly directed gave lists muslim owned properties april sit appointed supreme_court investigate riots cases cleared violence sit later held cabinet portfolio government convicted having orchestrated riots sentenced years imprisonment scholars said high level state incidents general election defeats called elections early months ahead schedule campaign based slogan sought depict responsible rapid economic transformation country unexpectedly suffered heavy defeat winning seats compared congress allies succeeded prime minister head failure reach rural indians provided explanation defeat divisive policy agenda won state elections time party won assembly elections south indian state general elections strength reduced seats lost assembly election general election victory indian general election won seats leading tally seats seat parliamentary leader sworn 15th prime minister india vote share votes cast low figure relative number seats won instance single party achieving outright majority time achieved majority strength support concentrated hindi speaking belt india magnitude victory predicted opinion exit polls political analysts suggested reasons victory including popularity prime ministerial candidate loss support congress corruption scandals previous term able expand traditionally upper upper class support base received significant support middle class people backward classes support muslims remained low muslim voters voted successful supporters raising voter turnout general election results officially created general election contested won seats following election largest party time government formed short lived elections remained largest party headed ruling coalition occasions general election won outright majority parliament onwards member led opposition party power ideology political positions social policies official philosophy integral philosophy formulated described advocating indigenous economic model puts human center stage committed ideology articulated indian independence activist according party cultural nationalism favouring indian culture extends indians regardless religion scholars political analysts called ideology attempt india recast hindu country exclusion religions making hindu nationalist party general sense slightly stance formed presence parties broader set ideology reflected government policies supports construction ram temple site mosque issue major poll general elections demolition mosque rally resulted backlash leading decline temple prominence agenda education policy government reorganised training tasked extensively textbooks indian schools scholars stated revision especially case history textbooks covert attempt indian history government introduced subject college despite opposition leading scientists taking position calls pseudo congress party instead supports positive laid interpretation doctrine contrasted called european said indian attempted religions equal respect european independent religion making positive supports uniform civil code apply common set personal laws citizen regardless personal religion replacing existing laws vary religious community according historian ignores differential procedures required protect cultural identity muslim minority article indian constitution grants greater degree autonomy recognition unusual circumstances surrounding accession indian union opposes illegal migration india bangladesh party states migration states threatens security economy stability country academics pointed refers hindu migrants bangladesh refugees reserves term illegal muslim migrants academic writes attempt use issue hindu sentiment region party historically successful reinstated controversial section indian code things homosexuality popular outcry including muslim religious leaders stated supported verdict president said party supported section believed homosexuality unnatural stand victory general elections economic policies economic policy changed considerably founding significant range economic party 1980s like reflected thinking supported promotion indigenous industries products export policy supported internal economic opposed state driven favoured congress elections shifted stance away election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment priority sectors restricting party power shifted policy favour tenure saw unprecedented influx foreign companies india criticised left parties communist parties said attempting united_states government policies similarly stated true ideology governments period introduced significant government owned enterprises introduced reducing measures reforms built initial economic introduced congress government early 1990s india growth increased substantially tenure campaign slogan based party belief free market bring prosperity sectors society unexpected defeat commentators said punished needs poor focusing corporate allies shift economic policies visible state governments especially held power years government power followed strongly neo liberal agenda presented drive development policies included extensive infrastructure services significant labour environmental regulations praised business community commentators criticised catering upper class constituency instead poor defence terrorism compared congress takes aggressive position defence policy terrorism government carried nuclear weapons tests enacted later came heavy criticism deployed troops supported war terror previous congress governments developed capability nuclear weapons test government broke india historical strategy avoiding authorised series nuclear tests tests came soon pakistan tested medium range missile seen attempt display india military prowess world reflection anti pakistan sentiment government ordered indian armed forces expel pakistani soldiers occupying territory later known war government later criticised intelligence failures detect pakistani presence successful disputed territory administration offered political support war terror hope better addressing india issues terrorism led closer defence ties including negotiations sale weapons terrorist attack december government passed aim act improve government ability deal terrorism initially failed pass took extraordinary step joint session parliament numerical superior allowed bill pass act subsequently prosecute hundreds people accused terrorism criticised opposition parties scholars infringement civil liberties stated target muslims later repealed congress led government foreign policy historical stance foreign policy like based aggressive hindu nationalism combined economic founded explicit aim reversing partition india result official position existence pakistan illegitimate pakistan remains significant influence ideology party strongly opposed india long standing policy instead advocate united_states government foreign policy ways represented radical shift maintaining aspects policy represented significant change previous governments opting instead realism party criticised adopting moderate stance pakistan landmark visit pakistan inaugurated bus service signed declaration attempt improve pakistani relations deteriorated nuclear tests presence pakistani soldiers disputed territory discovered months later causing war war ended couple months later expulsion months later shift marked facto border countries despite war continued display willingness engage pakistan dialogue received criticised government weak faction asserted post summit preventing significant deal reached organisation structure world largest political party primary membership having million registered members april organisation strictly president highest authority party constitution mandated qualified member national state president single year term amended maximum consecutive terms president national executive contains variable number senior leaders country higher decision making body party members vice presidents general work directly president identical structure executive committee led president exists state regional district local level based party close connections organisations similar ideology groups supplement lower members largely derived loosely known india student union students wing indian farmer union farmers division labour union associated party subsidiary organisations women division indian people youth youth wing minority minority division presence states holds majority assembly states states shares power political parties coalition states junior ally ruling alliance states past sole party power following states delhi ruled following states junior ally coalition governments past regional political alliance named list current chief ministers | Bharatiya Janata Party | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
24744_Anarchism | political philosophy advocates self governed societies based voluntary institutions described societies authors defined specifically institutions based non free associations considers state undesirable unnecessary harmful generally believe human beings capable managing affairs basis creativity cooperation mutual respect making individual decisions taking account anti central opposing authority organisation conduct human relations draws currents thought strategy offer fixed body doctrine single particular world view instead flowing philosophy types traditions exist mutually exclusive schools thought differ fundamentally supporting extreme complete strains divided categories social similar dual classifications usually considered radical left wing ideology economics legal philosophy reflect anti authoritarian interpretations communism economics etymology terminology term compound word composed word anarchy derived respectively greek anarchy meaning rulers prefix leader ruler authority sovereignty realm verbal known use word factions french revolution labelled opponents shared views later revolutionaries early nineteenth century contributed doctrines generation use word describing beliefs political philosopher marking formal birth mid nineteenth century 1890s beginning france term synonym exclusively sense 1950s united_states use synonym common outside united_states hand use refer free market philosophy referring free market history origins earliest themes found 6th century works philosopher later centuries philosophy described sources wrote petty thief jail great ruler nation contemporary founder introduced similar topics jesus considered christian tradition wrote true founder anarchy jesus christ society early islamic history thought found islamic civil war insisted right individual islamic society later muslim scholars led movements rulers paving way tradition served alternative asylum centralized authorities interpretations subversive religious like aforementioned seemingly teachings anti authoritarian religious traditions creating complex relationship question religion compatible exemplified state viewed form french renaissance political philosopher wrote famous work discourse historians consider important precedent radical protestant christian group cited authors proposing social measures 17th century england term entered english language english civil war term abuse opponents time french revolution began use term positively opposition power seeing revolutionary government turn 19th century english word lost initial negative modern sprang secular religious thought enlightenment particularly arguments moral freedom political turmoil wake french revolution developed expression modern thought according political economical ideas developed work attached ideas early generally regarded founder school thought known philosophical argued government inherently influence society ignorance thought spread use reason masses eventually cause government away unnecessary force accord state moral legitimacy use revolutionary tactics removing government power advocated replacement process peaceful evolution rules based society led manifestation people mental foundations law property rights institution marriage considered basic foundations society natural development individuals use powers reasoning arrive mutually beneficial method social organization case government institutions shown development capacity live wholly accordance free exercise private judgment french regarded self proclaimed label adopted groundbreaking work property published reason claim founder modern theory developed theory spontaneous order society organisation emerges central coordinator imposing idea order individuals acting interests famous quote matter liberty mother daughter order property answers famous accusation property theft work opposed institution decreed property owners complete rights use abuse property wish contrasted called possession limited ownership resources goods continuous use later added property liberty argued state power opposition state organised religion certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent leading social time communist person describe unlike argued product labour worker right satisfaction needs nature germany post philosopher published book ego later considered influential early text french active revolution included international europe harsh reaction followed revolutions countries experienced brief long term social groups carried nationalist uprisings attempts systematic change ended failure conservative elements took advantage divided groups liberals nationalists prevent revolt spain established journal inspired ideas politician principal translator works spanish later briefly president spain leader according translations profound lasting effect development spanish time ideas interpreted provided inspiration movement sprang early according encyclopedia spanish revolution attempted establish political system lines called international united diverse revolutionary currents including french followers english trade social democrats links active workers movements international significant organisation leading figure international member followers opposed state socialism advocating political small property holdings reports american members international following unsuccessful participation league peace freedom russian revolutionary associates joined international decided involved allied socialist sections international advocated revolutionary overthrow state property worked push international revolutionary socialist direction subsequently international camps respective characterised ideas predicted party came power leaders simply place ruling class fought historian reports annual taken place owing outbreak called special conference london delegate able attend spain italy technical excuse split away avoid inviting swiss supporters tiny minority present resolutions passed unanimously clearly directed followers conflict final split groups congress expelled international headquarters transferred new_york response sections formed international adopting revolutionary program government briefly ruled paris march formally march result uprising paris france defeated franco prussian war participated actively establishment included brothers murdered repression reforms initiated opening ideas associated labour beginning realised ideas federation obviously reflected influence french radical ideas vision communal france based federation delegates bound issued subject recall moment echoes ideas like argued favour implementation binding mandate federation economically politically heavily influenced ideas states notable contribution activities particularly organisation public services members factions including organised labour anti authoritarian sections international seeking replace privilege authority state free spontaneous organisation labour united_states canada unanimously set date hour work day standard response unions united_states prepared general strike support event chicago fight broke attempted cross picket line workers died police opened fire crowd day staged rally chicago square bomb thrown unknown party near conclusion rally killing officer ensuing panic police opened fire crowd seven police officers workers killed directly indirectly related organisers rally arrested charged murder deceased officer men international political celebrities labour movement men executed fifth committed suicide prior execution incident known affair setback labour movement struggle hour day second attempt time international scope organise hour day event secondary purpose workers killed result affair initially conceived event following year celebration day firmly established international worker holiday amsterdam gathered delegates different countries important figures movement including themes treated congress particular concerning organisation movement popular education issues general strike central debate concerned relation trade particular disagreement issue thought revolutionary create conditions social revolution consider sufficient thought trade union movement conservative citing essentially anti worker phenomenon professional union officials warned aims anarchy end consequently refrain committing particular method achieving major movement trade union special importance spain successful founded 1940s major force spanish working class politics attracting million members point playing major role spanish civil war affiliated federation trade unions founded delegates representing million workers countries europe latin_america latin_america particular quickly active organizing craft industrial workers south central_america early 1920s trade unions mexico brazil peru chile argentina general outlook prestige spanish revolutionary organization undoubtedly great extent responsible situation largest militant organizations regional argentina grew quickly membership nearly quarter million rival unions propaganda deed advocated violent acts retaliation counter revolutionaries preach action action propaganda 1880s people inside outside movement began use slogan propaganda deed refer individual bombings onwards russian counterparts anti communists partisans economic terrorism illegal practice emerged acts bombers assassins propaganda deed individual expressed desperation personal violent rejection society clearly meant revolt france famous group embrace soon important figures movement distanced individual acts wrote year structure based centuries history destroyed dynamite variety advocated abandonment sorts tactics favour collective revolutionary action example trade union movement argued renewed involvement labour movement basis individual state repression including infamous french labour movements following successful bombings contributed abandonment kinds tactics state repression place played role isolated acts french socialist movement groups following suppression paris execution exile colonies favoured political expression acts numerous heads state assassinated members movement including russia president france empress austria king italy president united_states king portugal king george greece assassin claimed influenced feminist propaganda deed abandoned vast majority movement world war october revolution russian revolution uprisings 1910s participated alongside february october revolutions initially enthusiastic revolution following political falling left wing opposition conflict culminated rebellion new government central russia imprisoned driven underground joined victorious moscow fled ukraine free territory fought civil war whites grouping opponents october revolution led established society region number months expelled american response policy suppression uprising left russia wrote accounts experiences russia criticising control exercised predictions consequences rule rulers new socialist state new elite proved true victory october revolution resulting russian civil war damage movements internationally workers activists saw success setting example communist parties grew expense socialist movements france united_states example members major movements left organisations joined revolutionary wave saw active participation varying degrees german uprising known german revolution established important leadership positions revolutionary structures italian events known trade union grew members influence members plus nova daily paper grew accordingly suggest occupying mexican revolution mexican liberal party established early 1910s led series military leading conquest occupation certain towns districts baja california leadership communist paris group russian included concluded needed develop new forms organisation response structures manifesto called platform general union draft supported groups active today include ireland communists north_america synthesis emerged alternative tries join different tendencies principles 1920s form found main proponents main principle grouped contemporary global conflicts european fascist regimes 1920s 1930s rise europe transformed conflict state italy saw struggles italian played key role anti fascist organisation del strongest areas traditions achieved success activism stronghold august veteran italian critical describing counter revolution france far right leagues came close insurrection february riots divided united policy france italy active resistance world war germany arrested charges unknown early morning hours february hours fire berlin nazi propaganda minister labelled jewish seventeen months imprisoned concentration camps finally february transferred concentration camp finally night july tortured murdered guards battered corpse found hanging morning spanish revolution spain national trade union initially refused join popular electoral alliance supporters led right wing election victory changed policy votes helped bring popular power months later ruling class responded attempted coup causing spanish civil war response army rebellion inspired movement peasants workers supported armed militias took control barcelona large areas rural spain land fascist victory losing ground bitter struggle controlled distribution military aid republican cause soviet_union according communists mainly responsible destruction spanish communist armies mainly destroyed communists basically acted police force security system republic opposed partially hoped time kind pact western countries hitler course failed withdrew support republic withdrew spanish gold reserves events known spanish revolution workers social revolution began outbreak spanish civil war resulted widespread implementation broadly socialist principles portions country years primarily parts spain economy worker control strongholds like figure high lower areas heavy communist_party spain influence soviet allied party actively resisted attempts enactment factories run worker committees areas run historian estimated million people participated directly indirectly spanish revolution claimed came closer realizing ideal free society vast scale revolution history spanish communist party led troops suppressed persecuted prominent italian volunteered fight franco killed instead spain gunmen associated city madrid turned forces non mayor city post war years sought war context debate synthesis took importance especially movements italy france established united early 1940s cuba merged large national organisation factory workplace committee movement new communist regime france trade union established year founded italy korean formed september founded delegates europe held paris world war appeal detailing plight german called americans support february sending aid parcels germany large scale operation founded germany wrote organ survived founded renamed group active post war britain earliest predecessors formed members dissolved unlike influenced ideas ultimately decided pursue definitely worker centred strategy outset continued influence important literary intellectual personalities time french group led openly embraced collaborated influential anti nuclear movement anti war movements time seen activism writings english member similar activism american catholic day basis critique sides cold war resurgence ideas period documented documentary history ideas volume emergence new contemporary surge popular interest occurred western nations 1960s 1970s influential 1960s actively participated late students workers revolts italy international founded international conference held existing european france italy bulgarian federation french exile united_kingdom 1970s associated punk rock movement exemplified bands sex pistols housing employment crisis western_europe led formation movements like barcelona spain denmark occupied disused military base declared autonomous haven central copenhagen revival mid-20th century number new movements schools thought emerged feminist tendencies movement form feminism returned second wave feminism 1960s historian generations shaken habits 19th century contrasted younger activists informed elements indigenous feminist ecological cultural critical ideas turn 21st century formed far majority turn 21st century grew popularity influence anti war anti capitalist anti movements known involvement protests meetings group factions protests engaged rioting property destruction violent confrontations police actions precipitated hoc anonymous known black tactics pioneered time include security culture affinity groups use technologies internet significant event period confrontations conference seattle according scholar contemporary seen powerful critique pseudo contemporary neo contemporary responsibility sexual ecological socio economic flows experience conscience ways west rest ethical outrage inequality locally globally international existence include largest organised movement today spain form general membership estimated active movements include sweden swedish france italy revolutionary industrial claiming paying members successor international remain active schools thought schools thought generally grouped main historical traditions social different origins values evolution wing negative liberty opposition state social control individual social wing emphasise positive liberty achieve potential argue humans needs society ought fulfill recognizing equality chronological theoretical sense classical created 19th century post classical schools created mid-20th century specific factions thought philosophical embodies theoretical stance state lacks moral legitimacy accepting revolution eliminate component especially philosophical accept existence minimal state unfortunate usually temporary necessary evil argue citizens moral obligation obey state laws conflict individual autonomy reaction adopted del response bitter debates theory time abandoning sought emphasise anti authoritarian beliefs common schools thought classical schools thought began 18th century english french labour movements taking form associated france united_states proposed spontaneous order organisation emerges central authority positive anarchy order arises everybody wishes wishes business transactions produce social order important recognize distinguished ideal political possibilities practical governance reason contrast theoretical statements concerning ultimate spontaneous self governance heavily involved french parliamentary politics allied socialist factions workers movements addition advocating state protected charters worker owned promoted certain schemes life public service concerned free association voluntary contract federation credit currency reform according american worker system receive exact pay work services equivalent cost services equivalent cost profit characterised situated forms characterised goal form society synthesis communism property refers traditions thought movement emphasize individual kinds external groups society traditions ideological systems single philosophy refers group conflict cited wrote consider expression philosophical basis opposed revolutionary action saw minimal state present necessary evil increasingly irrelevant powerless gradual spread knowledge advocated proposing cooperation labour eliminated premise general good influential form called earliest best known proponents german ego published founding text philosophy according limitation rights individuals power obtain desire regard god state morality rights mind held society exist individuals reality advocated self assertion unions non systematic associations continually renewed parties support act proposed form organisation place state argue foster genuine spontaneous union individuals inspired interpretations philosophy discovered promoted german philosophical lgbt activist widely regarded american page weekly paper edited peaceful periodical published american historian apparent found united_states early conscious affinity warren presented systematic form important early influence thought united_states europe american author poet naturalist tax development critic surveyor historian philosopher leading best known books reflection simple living natural surroundings essay argument individual resistance civil government moral opposition state later fused economics warren eclectic influential publication liberty early influences different countries attracted small diverse following bohemian artists intellectuals free love birth control advocates issues related love sex anti clerical activists young known individual european france authors activists included social social calls system common ownership means production democratic control organisations government authority largest school thought social rejects private property seeing source social inequality retaining respect personal property cooperation mutual aid referred revolutionary socialism form revolutionary form commonly associated oppose private ownership means production instead advocating ownership achieved violent revolution starting small cohesive group acts violence propaganda deed inspire workers revolt forcibly means production extended distribution income workers paid according time worked receiving goods distributed according need communism position criticised communists effectively uphold ing wages system arose opposed dictatorship despite stated goal society communist ideas mutually exclusive advocated compensation labour held possibility post revolutionary transition communist system distribution according need communism communism known communism communism occasionally free communism theory advocates abolition state markets money private property retaining respect personal property capitalism favour common ownership means production direct democracy horizontal network voluntary associations workers councils production consumption based guiding principle according ability according need forms communism strongly influenced radical believing communism best social system realization individual freedom communists view communism way opposition individual society communism developed radical socialist currents french revolution formulated italian section international theoretical work took importance later expanded developed pro anti sections date best known examples communist society established ideas exist today achieving worldwide attention knowledge historical canon territories spanish revolution russian revolution efforts influence spanish spanish revolution spanish civil war starting communism existed parts stronghold crushed combined forces regime won war hitler spanish communist_party repression backed ussr economic armaments capitalist countries russian revolution worked create defend communism ukraine conquered branch focuses labour movement view labour unions potential force revolutionary social change replacing capitalism state new society self managed workers basic principles workers solidarity direct action workers self management believe direct action action concentrated directly attaining goal opposed indirect action representative government position allow workers liberate believe workers organisations organisations struggle wage system theory eventually form basis new society self managing bosses business agents workers able decisions affect popular voices movement outlined view origins movement sought important future labour pamphlet international federation labour unions different countries spanish del played plays major role spanish labour movement important force spanish civil war post classical schools thought continues generate movements times eclectic drawing sources combining disparate concepts create new philosophical approaches green school thought emphasizes environmental issues important precedent main contemporary currents social ecology feminism called feminism feminism combines feminism generally views manifestation hierarchy replaced free association believe struggle essential class struggle struggle state essence philosophy sees struggle necessary component feminist struggle vice versa claims political philosophy opposes relationships power inherently feminist feminism began late 19th century writings early feminist tendency rejects violence struggle social change non violence developed netherlands britain united_states second world war christian movement political theology combines christianity main proponents included tendency wider movement based theories tradition platform draft document based experiences russian october revolution led eventually victory groups platform attempted address explain movement failures russian revolution synthesis form tries join different tendencies principles 1920s form found main proponents communists main principle grouped contemporary global post left anarchy recent current thought promotes critique relationship traditional left wing politics post seek escape confines ideology general presenting critique organisations morality influenced work post left anarchy marked focus social insurrection rejection leftist social organisation revolutionary theory practice tendency movement emphasizes insurrection practice critical formal organisations labour unions based political programme periodic instead advocate informal organisation small affinity group based organisation value attack permanent class conflict refusal negotiate compromise class enemies post theoretical synthesis classical theory thought drawing diverse ideas including post post left anarchy international left wing market strongly classical liberal ideas self ownership free markets maintaining taken logical conclusions ideas support strongly anti anti pro labor positions anti capitalism economics anti foreign policy capitalism advocates elimination state favour individual sovereignty free market capitalism developed radical anti state drawing study law economics public choice theory strong current consider capitalism considered movement fact historically anti capitalist movement reasons incompatible capitalist forms internal issues debates philosophy embodies diverse attitudes tendencies schools thought disagreement questions values ideology tactics common compatibility capitalism nationalism religion widely disputed similarly enjoys complex relationships communism capitalism motivated divine authority self interest number alternative ethical doctrines phenomena civilization technology democratic process sharply criticised tendencies simultaneously lauded tactical level propaganda deed tactic 19th century movement contemporary alternative direct action methods counter economics anti state bring society scope society advocate global local ones diversity led widely different use identical terms different traditions led concerns theory topics interest intersecting overlapping schools thought certain topics interest internal disputes proven perennial theory free love important current free love free love advocates traced roots experimental communities viewed sexual freedom clear direct expression individual sovereignty free love particularly stressed women rights sexual laws women example marriage laws anti birth control measures important american free love journal edited moses existed word free society free society major newspaper united_states end 19th beginning 20th centuries publication advocated free love women rights censorship sexual information important american promoted free love new_york_city bohemian advocated self pleasure women men encouraged playing sexual roles sexuality openly bisexual radical lesbian prominent discussion groups organised villagers frequented noted campaigned individual rights especially deprived rights came woman american defense homosexual love general public fact spoke positively homosexuality beginning 1890s detroit based german language journal der english poor devil argentina feminist published newspaper called english woman voice published times january january revived briefly europe main free love proposed concept speak free love possibility voluntary sexual encounter adults consistent proponent germany pioneering acceptance male homosexuality women organisation spain aimed working class women founded approximately members organisation based idea double struggle women liberation social revolution argued objectives equally important pursued parallel order gain mutual support created networks women main founder spanish feminist federation open published variety literary journals working male pen able explore lesbian themes time homosexuality subject censorship punishment recently british gained notoriety sexual revolution writing bestseller sex manual joy sex issue free love dedicated treatment work french philosopher works corps pour invention fragments education english education main means change achieved saw main goal education promotion happiness education respect child autonomy form respected sought build child motivation initiatives concern child capacity resist ideology transmitted school political justice state sponsored schooling account obvious alliance national government early american advanced alternative education experiences communities established wrote long essay education called false principle education names educational principle explaining self understanding consists hourly self creation education create free men sovereign characters means eternal characters eternal form moment united_states basically anti christian anti clerical movement purpose individual politically free decide religious matters number contributors liberty publication prominent figures editor time truth editor excellent free thought free love journal ardent papers truth appeared liberty church viewed common ally state force free established modern progressive schools barcelona defiance educational system controlled catholic_church schools stated goal educate working class rational secular non setting fiercely anti clerical believed freedom education education free authority church state wrote period 1890s schools projects areas country exercised degree influence best known effort field project exercised considerable influence education experimental techniques teaching generally ideas generally formed inspiration series united_states cuba south_america london started new_york_city inspired italian newspaper founded russian christian established school peasant children estate educational experiments short lived harassment secret police established conceptual difference education culture thought education tendency man like education culture restraint culture free education teaching forced pupil instruction exclusive subjects taught educator regards necessary education transformed culture recent tradition education free school child led activity replaces approaches experiments germany led founding cited example practice free schools radically differ principle advocating overtly political class struggle approach addition organising schools according principles questioned concept schooling term argued school institution dysfunctional self determined learning serves creation consumer society instead criticisms criticisms include moral criticisms pragmatic criticisms evaluated critics european history professor book european socialism argued social unrealistic government lesser evil society force argued ill intentions cease force disappears | Anarchism | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
24795_SaveOurChildren | save children save children political coalition formed miami florida recently county ordinance banned discrimination areas housing employment public accommodation based sexual orientation coalition publicly headed celebrity singer claimed ordinance right teach children biblical morality organized campaign initiated bitter political fight unprepared gay activists highly motivated christian repeal ordinance went vote attracted largest response special election history passing save children organized opposition gay rights movement beginnings traced riots defeat ordinance encouraged groups cities attempt similar laws year voters minnesota kansas eugene oregon overturned cities sharing campaign strategies miami save children involved seattle washington unsuccessful heavily influenced proposition proposed state law california firing openly gay public school employees mandatory rejected california voters historians connected success organization conservative christian participation political processes forceful christian involvement taken widespread role politics united_states years reverend developed coalition conservative religious groups named moral majority influenced republican_party incorporate social agenda national politics homosexuality era abortion pornography issues central moral majority priorities folded gay people surprise outcome campaigns new determination consolidated activism communities cities gay community politically active background january approved law outlaw discrimination basis sexual orientation employment housing public services commissioner proposed bill december request gay lobbying organization named year old group headed gay activists owner gay united_states political gay activist local publicist homosexuality miami general attitude homosexuality miami mirrored cities country gay city enjoyed existence forms entertainment 1930s 1950s city government worked shut gay bars possible enacted laws making homosexuality cross dressing illegal actively sought root state employment public universities state publishing purple pamphlet portrayed predators dire threat children florida 1960s ran stories implying life area synonymous child local nbc television station aired documentary entitled warning viewers young boys danger predatory men public image changed social attitudes late 1960s riots occurred new_york_city marking start gay rights movement gay life miami intensely bars subject frequent raids christ congregation gay lesbian christians miami founded religious outlet attracting hundreds held miami featuring time public speech rights gay men openly gay san_francisco political activist opened miami branch raided sure charges arrested dropped filed lawsuit prohibiting harassment received formal apology police depiction gay men local newspaper changed silent oppressed minority miami nearly cities passed discrimination gay men reaction ordinance news ordinance proposal reported december small protest spread local churches announced pulpit news worried church members named year old singer celebrity began career local child star television young life marked frequent moves parents divorced twice lived poverty conditions born christian years old counted faith participation church influences life child asked god star admission remarkably driven ambitious older teens beauty contestant winning second runner miss america married miami disc jockey named professional singer finding success gold records featuring popular patriotic gospel standards performed bob hope christmas tour entertaining troops serving overseas sang president funeral employed endorsing florida orange juice television commercials advertised talent agent married contributed campaign initially kept concerns low key despite pastor involved wrote letter county commission called expressing concerns significant objection ordinance allow work schools children attended local private christian school admitted largely ignorant specific dangers presented sent graphic images homosexual acts shown photos child pornography local police sergeant visiting church horrified credited inspiration later year old daughter suggesting god assist cause decided public role time commission vote january crowded people held kind interest issue arrived far away homestead outside corresponding organized support ordinance inside supporters took entire allotted time speak reflected opposing law telling ordinance children rights grow healthy decent community members present stunned number force hundreds protesters filled commission room held outside ordinance passed vote ordinance ordinance passed thirty conservative political professionals ministers met green home discuss plan raise publicity attempt signatures petition force issue decided county voter referendum approved save children inc voted president treasurer man named devout catholic record civil rights participation increasingly concerned miami city politics secretary assistance republican affiliated advertising executive named coalition subtlety held press conference held pamphlet homosexuality claimed distributed area high schools statement later retracted said trying recruit children homosexuality far exceeding required number signatures coalition delivered signatures weeks demanding referendum vote commission set june strategy discovered poll taken march women opposed measure saw gay friends relatively harmless save children strategy worked prove defiant traditional gender roles specific danger children took strategy crusade delivering speeches passing ordinance law allowed change law favor prostitutes thieves murderers specifically connected child saying stories tell child recruitment child abuse turn stomach resented media depiction saying inspiration came love love god word love children yes love save children campaign produced local television commercial showing entertainment hosted contrasting highly images including men leather kissing dancing drag queens women commercial announcer accused miami gay community trying turn miami homosexuality san_francisco page newspaper ads run showing collections headlines announcing teachers having sex students children prostitution rings involved youth organizations followed question nice human right corrupt children miami community sexual orientation civil rights law campaign national political cause focus campaign noted husband person vocal homosexuality gay activists agreed saying cities haven major personality come create witch hunt people lost sight issue controversy personality oriented opposition experience publicist local municipal soccer team miami familiar local press remained determined act individual taking opportunities views press took view sexually stance pass ordinance opposed including near end campaign florida governor gave interviews addressing sexual liberation gay straight people freely spoke oral anal sex outside help miami connected experienced combat coalition led invited political organizers city new_york san_francisco gay foster faced battles campaign gay community miami organizations outside florida promoted florida orange juice disagreed worried economic backlash state work local gay men saw issue simply civil rights foster agreed soon broke away campaign promote orange juice boycott views printed newspapers alarm save children received help outside area north_carolina senator offered staff funding wrote column proud pledged support fighting morality america makes book american lady pastor virginia lent support visits appearance served marriage counselor green green took management months referendum vote speaking vowed lead cause cities united_states protected sexual orientation discrimination saying gay activists waged disguised attack god lead crusade stop country seen information distributed referendum literature spread expressing local dissatisfaction shirts campaign buttons produced showing squeeze fruit media according professor mainstream newspapers magazines 1970s hesitant cover issues homosexuality christian detail media objective reporting biblical judgment time reporting profession suppressed openly gay reporters rarely addressed topics involving homosexuality result 1970s christians began develop broadcasting radio television forms club run hosted jim old time gospel hour shows originated praise worship oriented slowly incorporated political themes interspersed messages christian faith appearances club campaign donations assured position national spokesperson traditional christian values addressing secular audience successful debates rarely points went bible quotes prayed pressed provide statistics child appearance broke battle hymn republic time read pre written statement california experiencing drought connected tolerance liberals suggested morality laws enforced adultery soon restricted primarily religious shows time gay community promoted causes specialty magazines newspapers advocate weekly magazine dedicated issue starting april raising awareness battle taking place miami run friend worked foster create gay democratic club alice memorial democratic club warned fight end miami gay community lost local gay focus newspapers boston san_francisco suggested primary motivation actions career beginning organized conspiracy turn america star power extreme views highlighted national news stories mainstream news outlets new_york_times associated_press washington_post reported weekly updates campaign progress smaller local newspapers country weighing editorial opinions prevail appeared tone accusations united gay men cities weeks vote raised outside florida oppose effectiveness campaign april florida legislature voted equal rights amendment era anticipating vote connection era ordinance obvious florida senator vocally opposed passing era fearing sex marriages force people use harm laws meant protect families founder era proponent expressed disdain saying suddenly red herring suddenly wave anti gay air waves scenes washington mayor los_angeles mayor president expressed support ordinance members ministers civil rights advocates netherlands ran page stating land know discrimination lead advising voters uphold ordinance protect rights california san_francisco sheriff campaigned respectively miami black community law enforcement returned california saying issue existence san_francisco thompson referred city gone rampant expressed doubt saving san_francisco possible reverend spoke rally vote neared telling audience want tell dealing vicious vulgar gang kill quick look community attitudes foster set public tone campaign battling determined refusing run showing revealing outfit worn performing run commercials point child primarily encountered difficulty local newspapers refused run ads designed appeal miami sizable jewish community rhetoric language miami citizens faced holocaust miami thirty agreed campaign president served officer coalition miami cuban community came campaign taking opportunity register thousands voters taken politics city actively campaigned cuban community telling rally came away sin breaks heart miami leave cuban social worker suggested cause representative older generation cuban worried children lost miami miami archbishop wrote letter gay rights ordinance ordered read aloud catholic churches response miami black community conflicted widely respected black newspaper called tactics pure urged local blacks vote black audiences reacted angrily appearance featuring white ministers intensely nature miami gay community time voters rhetoric persuaded instead campaign point law unnecessary unable problem discrimination unlike blacks gay men able find jobs faced dismissal learning sexual orientation order complaint remain lived constant fear exposure advent second wave feminism earlier decade unable community gay men accusations directed behavior men result response gay men angry took issue tone gay men representing common adversary time years gay men united work campaign election results vote results special june election overwhelming largest turnout special election history voters supported gay rights ordinance margin danced response announced told reporters america world hear people said god continued help prevail fight repeal similar laws nation attempt life style dangerous director said result evidence need extent prejudice gay men society response new_york_city introduced gay civil rights bill congress people street chanting hard feel sad crowd said people window optimistic telling defeat develop maturity determination gay activism time evening gay men spontaneously gathered largest gay neighborhood united_states street san_francisco furious loss crowd marched chanting children pulling people gay bars cheers local gay activist future supervisor led mile course city careful stop long rioting began addressed crowd power gay community going create national gay force day vote director said enormous favor gay community focusing national media attention discrimination weeks later san francisco gay freedom day parade people attended largest attendance gay event history point largest group parade held large adolf_hitler burning cross cities saw greater participation events people marching new_york shouted thousands people attended events seattle boston cleveland atlanta kansas_city observed demonstration people largest gay newspaper australia vote warning advising gay men people held american embassy netherlands accusing government failing protect citizens human rights thousand spain dispersed rubber bullets gay activists paris london warned similar challenges occur cities new_york_times conservative columnist wrote miami gay activists defeated eyes vast majority homosexuality mental illness use old fashioned word sin homosexuality alternative lifestyle gay activists acceptable tempered column titled ease promised nationwide crusade designed lead repeal legitimate civil rights connecticut based charity children named filed injunction july miami coalition prevent title book writing lost donations confusion names briefly coalition known protect children focused completely moral legislation militant homosexuality pornography images sex violence television renamed violence weeks vote worked named stabbed times face chest attackers mother san_francisco mayor blamed rhetoric death san_francisco residents joined memorial demonstration brought million civil suit claiming attackers said said didn think campaign son murder happened think campaign lot wants carry kind thing sick son blood hands green dismissed suit november connected campaign including cuban gay activist miami named stunned cuban gay activists participated radio hear people deported forced concentration camps executed shot days later telling friend didn know hated cuban gay activist named fired job severely beaten decided leave miami gay activists new_orleans tried discourage performance orchestra connecting local campaign responded violence saying sad shocked think conscience clear responsible people react happened stand taken love economic retaliation economic response vote swift decisive worked twice lost paid appearances recently finished album named like love man woman record companies chose distribute canceled negotiations television variety replaced years hosting older recently performed gay themed film green held press conference claimed national conspiracy underway nation time magazine called charge unlikely network executives denied gay pressure decision claim brought tide condemnation perceived pressure gay organizations major newspapers supported right free speech years later admitted statements exaggerated effect tactic worked organizations companies canceled performances butt jokes television shows film colleague went days vote met noisy protests norfolk virginia interrupted presentation began crying chicago dozens cities appeared appearances west_virginia claiming protect attracted largest gay demonstration canadian history appeared toronto religious performance performed spoke religious shows audiences half expected number leave came stage invited perform weeks vote cohesive political community gay organizers invited people protest appearance regency organizer estimated police people participate gay community responded cause police prepared number thousands people hotel chanting loudly performance conservative estimate participants numbers audience inside hear point attorneys working walked joined protesters organizers said seen gay people place speech god infinite wisdom created claimed protest result houston riots reiterated commitment stating support right free speech praising courageous leadership moral issue tearing religious organizations involved commission received thousands letters supporting stance condemning commission point installed bomb detection equipment mail collected delivery publicity director told reporter associated_press thing mess matter decide going lose wish resign commission extended annual contract renew locations weeks vote florida austin texas rejected outlaw discrimination based sexual orientation overturned rules set earlier year allow unmarried sex couples federally financed housing newsweek reported county government employee worked position years fired openly gay aide future senator dismissed despite success campaign activists worked quietly liberal towns colorado illinois iowa city iowa kansas liberal eugene oregon pass gay rights minneapolis paul weeks voter referendum state gay rights law protect discrimination employment public services housing minnesota defeated loss large efforts minneapolis caught gay activists completely surprise gay community active miami minneapolis passed gay rights laws years state senator openly gay man elected public office served spear called victory senate floor went office cried group guerrilla activists struck archbishop week vote throwing chocolate cream pie spoke receive jews following pie attack archbishop spear colleagues invited come paul year old gay rights ordinance announced opening branch local activists think chances local gay political group invited miami live minneapolis act representing diminished national public profile october husband iowa discussing upcoming concert press conference activist affiliated organizers minneapolis walked cameras pie face stunned head green held hands prayed quickly fruit pie image covered appeared page new_york_times day december petition drive organized ordinance city wide vote volunteers endured freezing temperatures collect signatures leader pastor reasoned don want live community gives respect strategy miami campaign tapping resources pastor miami held rally advertised appear green replaced minute rally told audience homosexuality twisted act sin powerful addictive lust gay activists borrowed miami taking donor list strategies similar miami hesitant come solid case discrimination activists minneapolis gay activists split strategy like miami mainstream group named paul citizens human rights opted treat issue civil human rights radical group named arranged archbishop saw issue sexual liberation grabbed media attention highlighting flamboyant parts gay community advocate wrote wall appear gay rights cause invited spoke sexual liberation need reach gay youth supportive ministers members went local television debate civil rights issue reverend spear showing advertisement placed local gay paper appealing gay teenagers offered free paul special election day april usual number voters appeared special election overturned city gay rights ordinance eugene oregon ordinance recently passed eugene met different strategy opposition eugene college town liberal grateful dead spent summers housewife named rejected biblical rhetoric offered instead argued protection needed law legislation unnecessary homosexuality chosen lifestyle reasoned minority needed protection acknowledging rights lead law rights marry adopt children gay rights advocates worked differently eugene registering new voters seeing significantly working campaign time opposition worked steadily neighborhoods volunteers members conservative churches message similar recent campaigns straight children come eugene campaign lacked sensational aspect miami nearly margin gay rights ordinance defeated eugene poll taken vote showed liberal voters gay simply declined vote opposed ordinance motivated kansas lent support effort led minister named similar strategy printing page newspaper connecting child raised approximately network churches local media highly organized voter registration drive campaign literature focused aspect gay visibility dangers role models children real danger homosexual teachers social workers simply public lifestyles encourage sexual children comparison small gay community raised offered assistance attended rally stating law special rights thieves prostitutes people relations asking rights ordinance defeated margin leaving seattle washington seattle liberal city passed gay rights ordinance mayor declared june police officer named learned mayor gesture decided action member regarded gay men mentally disturbed according religious opinion designed ballot measure named initiative thirteen existing gay rights ordinance allowed mere accusation homosexuality basis dismissal job residence included proposed law prospect shifting responsibility enforcing initiative thirteen city department investigating claims bias blacks women organization attracted donation pastor traveled seattle advice campaign planned use network conservative churches city members discouraged working tone advertising campaign dire miami ads claimed responsible half murders major cities half cases significant factor campaign chair police officer named months election day shot killed suspect turned black mentally young boy black community furious transferred anger initiative thirteen tone seattle campaign different miami focused consistently privacy civil rights instead public different gay community printed effective posters showing eye family living high profile liberal figures labor unions large organizations including opposed initiative thirteen enthusiasm momentum modeled communities campaign tactics election day initiative thirteen rejected california day repeal state represented portions san_francisco high population decided submit gay civil rights bill state legislature reasoning longer support california state senator crowd night won vote greatly impressed voter turnout designs win race governor california returned miami gay rights law proposed law employing openly gay public school teachers workers bill proposition nicknamed initiative written broadly allowed dismissal public school employee supporting gay rights including voting proposition regardless sexual orientation stated remove homosexual teachers word thought deed want public homosexual young children lifestyle announced proposition steps local gay organizations intentions city experienced influx gay people past years counted quarter voting population gay activists newly alarmed threat rights confronted vice president political rally san_francisco weeks announcement proposition ran platform highlighting human rights priority address subject pertaining latin_america gay activists interrupted demanded address issues quickly left response san_francisco democratic organizers liberal politicians furious gay activists named organization california defend children avoid legal problems connecticut charity strategies newspaper headlines child proposition ballot death penalty california campaign literature urged voters act help protect family vicious killers defend children homosexual teachers placed minister charge significant difference community components miami california los_angeles san_francisco active visible gay communities founder metropolitan community church reverend began career charismatic preacher rejected gay went day fast raise succeeded hollywood stars came force cause raising january harvey milk took office supervisor san_francisco openly gay man elected office california campaigned measure state held series public televised debates milk received media quick print friendly comments page newspapers san_francisco outrageous things said milk spoke participants san francisco gay freedom day similar numbers seen los_angeles strategies gay activists split professional gay men paid advertising agency outline message focused threat privacy rights teachers advocate urged live stereotypes let professionals try win efforts longtime activists went walk state promote voting effective women highly visible campaign raising money men california law revealed state gave campaign release donations came including broad nature law allowed firing public school employees way voted spoke opinions favor gay rights conservative republican politicians spoke primarily governor ronald_reagan voiced opinion saying prop needed protect children legal protection costly implement potential causing harm people reagan statement turned public opinion proposition overnight gay activists optimistic light record voter turnout previous year overwhelmed learn election day million voters turned strike proposition effects members gay community people adversely affected campaign divorced dispute public newspapers moved alabama gave interview told details marriage campaign claimed married wrong reasons green fought regularly considering divorce green manager claimed exhaustion booked event available making today dollars checked christian psychiatric facility regularly saw marriage anxiety manifested chest pains difficulty food bout hour trip israel family revealed received severe criticism christians following divorce canadian pastor expressed doubt met lord humiliation result backlash received christians gay rights church needs loving willing people human beings minister try understand way feminism church needs wake find way cope divorce women problems based biblical principles believe long run god given letter bound bible career recover attempted stage arkansas missouri people come performances hungry truth thank reminding importance god country tennessee venue audiences investors non existent second husband claimed bankruptcy states living counted campaign aftermath factors strengthening faith breakdown marriage attributed pressures blamed emotional devastation divorce goal business destroy career unfair green said wasn worth trauma battling got caught don want significance moral majority save children campaign intensely focused effort conservative forces received inspiration previous controversies 1970s trial legality teaching evolution public schools religious organizations earnest attempts influence politics wide scale credits campaign significant factor rise conservative christian activism noting beginning culture wars points connection rise new right save children campaign organized religious right pioneer late 1970s reverend moved presiding virginia hosting involved politics took credit defeating gay rights ordinance failure era florida developed campaign called clean america fundraising vehicle television sent letters asking donations included asking approve known practicing teaching public schools promised sent politicians distributed information political groups influence elections spearheaded coalition religious groups included catholics orthodox jews called moral majority developed branch dedicated political action declared business politics justified involvement inevitable mix religion government evidence social problems abortion pornography sexual drugs bringing united_states dangerous communism prevail christianity claimed efforts moral majority registering millions voters informing public media significant factor election president ronald_reagan budget million millions volunteers time gay men stricken aids desperate money research services moral majority connected god asserting general public needed protection gay plague warned stopped entire nation america destroyed gay activism campaign force conservative christians gay lesbian politics writes riots marked beginning modern lesbian gay movement campaigns marked emergence national politically self conscious lesbian gay community birth political life gave opportunities national networking followed acted virtual lightning rod attracting collective anger thirty years campaign sponsored exhibition events surrounding campaign displayed according curator exhibit considered best thing happen gay rights movement completely gay rights movement san_francisco author writing installments individual stories column san_francisco_chronicle titled tales city remembered know battle forced confront self coming installment tales gay characters come parents remarkable coincidence previously established florida citrus political activism american gay communities transformed arrival aids early 1980s gay men tried desperate measures follow established political channels bring attention disease afflicted cast members society meet silence government direct action tactics aids coalition power act formed response government forces ignored seriousness aids united_states gay community militant act march wall street new_york_city protest high price lack drugs address hiv blocked morning rush hour traffic civil action protesters arrested fledgling organization received national news coverage demonstration act inspired establishment direct action groups pink concentrated gay lesbian rights protection save children temporary setback gay community florida florida win numerous victories future enactment non discrimination ordinance enactment state gay adoption marriage equality | Save Our Children | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
25099_WildroseParty | legally conservative provincial political party alberta canada party formed merger early alberta wild rose alberta provincial flower contested provincial election alliance banner able capture seven percent popular vote failed hold single seat support party rose sharply voters grew increasingly frustrated government resulting surprise win outgoing leader october election fall elected leader december leading provincial opinion polls ahead governing opposition liberals caucus grew members members defected january independent joined party june year election party failed breakthrough predicted media predicted government increase vote seat totals official opposition december including leader left party join caucus recently elected leader sought election general election lost seats losing nomination process riding losing general election challenger effective february party registered changed party history founding general election voted change registered january merged alberta officially changed alberta approved january parties similar policies key personnel previously involved hoped union allow new party present stronger anticipated election spring party sitting member remained leader merger 27th alberta general election attempted position conservative alternative governing party released platform promised fixed election dates increasing personal tax elimination health care creation alberta pension plan reworking controversial changes government oil gas royalty regime anticipated backlash governing failed premier extended party seat total alliance finished second province failed win seats lost riding votes running candidates province alliance took vote fourth liberals new democrats leadership election announced april intention step leader remained party leader interim capacity leadership convention provincial director calgary announced candidacy june convention party viewed leadership campaign optimism announcing membership growing rapidly grew increasingly frustrated government performance growing opposition government oil gas royalty program record billion deficit liberal spending facilitated growth party party began attract supporters high profile members provincial including premier father slogan send message rallying cry sought advantage public discontent ran september election riding surprised political observers capturing percent vote narrowly defeating liberal opponent win election gain seat legislature held riding fell place political observers argued result protest government firm support alliance gave party momentum prepared vote leader smith attempted capitalize party election win proclaiming wanted change lead victory general election party experienced considerable growth heading leadership election announcing members beginning october compared june smith elected new leader convention held october leadership election smith sought continue party growth focusing efforts fundraising search strong candidates growth evident polls shortly smith election return insight poll found alliance support percent respondents early november party improved percent according poll firmly second place points conservatives december topped leading percent support according poll conservatives fallen second place tie liberals percent party revealed time grown members amidst wave popularity smith announced january conservative crossed floor cabinet minister announced joined growing frustrated leadership accusing conservative government moved past new democrats largest party legislature joined june fourth took party threshold recognition official party assembly unveiled party annual conference attended people previous year late july controversy developed mayor smith future city centre airport smith argued vote closure airport added october civic elections ballot politicians opposed closure run provincial election looked like defeat landslide polling immediately election suggested gap narrowed somewhat end year tenure government general election took seats mainly support confined rural areas won seats calgary losing seats held dissolution completely shut nonetheless tallied percent popular vote healthy increase time stepped leader following numerous scandals polls began resurgence support won leadership called elections new cabinet included mayor seats legislature expected win seats retained elections seen test new leader result election losses smith asked party conduct leadership review november left caucus sit independent party turmoil making criticisms smith leadership team internally remaining members caucus unanimously pass resolution asking smith withdraw request leadership review smith agreed party annual general meeting november smith pledged resign leader party win government provincial election members voted resolution supporting equal rights minority groups regardless race religious belief sexual orientation differences vote reversed party policy supported smith adopted previous year shift party social resulting moderate party members november rocky mountain house quit caucus sit independent stating found expelled public criticisms smith advisers previously lost bid riding candidate provincial election november little bow crossed floor join ruling party caucus giving turmoil uncertainty smith leadership confidence reasons december smith confirmed members cross floor caucus smith saying premier strong leadership believe work lead alberta renewed focus values principles share action followed days rumours caucus meeting party agreed accept members terms officially disclosed leaves affiliated letter party executive smith asked party members vote resolution merge parties request party executive rejected development angered party members provoked widespread controversy stated time approached representative merger combination partnership alliance yesterday events confined opted cross floor consulting placed tie liberals second seats speaker ruled continue based prior precedent status comes additional funding privileges election elected leader march days later premier called provincial election resulted upset victory returning majority government despite lack caucus having organize election campaign heels leadership election able rally win seats seats dissolution legislature won allowing party remain collapsed lost seats dissolution returning finding power time coming popular vote fell vote campus following jump official opposition status undergraduate students founded campus branch party youth wing november abbreviated youth branch enjoy official status party constitution worked unofficial capacity passing party policy hosting debates engaging campus communities alberta campus currently branch campus club current president branch run elected board consisting president vice president vice president vice president events vice president membership vice president operations finance policy identity election reform focus party proposes set fixed election dates current format allows premier election time allow free votes legislature seek elect province senators appointed prime minister party plans introduce bill giving voters right recall proposes numerous changes province delivers health care claims remain controls government spending smith critical international climate change treaties believing climate change science remains inconclusive smith stated controversial social issues play party election platform polling indicated party retained support quarter electorate party attempted define protest party party capable forming government july support fallen percent support risen percent march polling support showing significant improvement credible challenger wake mass floor crossing new leader stated candidate sign contract need pay fine intend cross floor party leaders eleanor interim smith heather interim brian jean present current caucus fort rocky view drew barnes medicine hat cooper olds hills scott cold lake brooks dave paul hills grant hunter prairie don lake rocky mountain house ron election dave little bow valley devon battle river fort wood buffalo electoral results | Wildrose Party | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
25157_GuardiansoftheFreeRepublics | guardians guardians active group based state texas regarded sovereign citizen movement group associated real talk host british born conspiracy theorist living california group described having anti government ideology guardians called restore america plan included bold strategy scenes peaceful reconstruction institutions government controversy violence civil war ideology group described anti government group associated sovereign citizen movement fbi special agent said individuals reject forms government believe responsibilities associated citizens paying taxes laws coordinator group unit phoenix arizona stated group group remedy corporate government members group stated influenced website guardians called restore america plan included bold strategy scenes peaceful reconstruction institutions government controversy violence civil war group advocated end tax resisting transfer private wealth foreign banking issuing orders military police powers enforce peoples divine rights birth guardian free stated wanted accomplish goals scenes peacefully violence civil war section website titled rationale laid ideas group goal restore biblical law secular population group believed plan act vehicle relieving corporate time higher goal souls mankind addressed governor letters week march state governors received letters group warning leave office days removed governor arkansas said basically said resign ask forgiveness sign consider elected fbi stated believe group violent investigators believed letters cause commit violent acts runs texas broadcast weekly said kennedy idea sending letters fbi interviewed kennedy hours april arrest interview concentrated shows kennedy restore america project kennedy set march deadline day begin reclaim continent aftermath march elder guardians free organization named pleaded guilty counts money court nevada davis sting operation agreed million believed illicit funds davis accepted fees money realizing dealing federal law enforcement agents october davis sentenced years months federal prison ordered pay late july davis classified fugitive having failed surrender authorities begin prison sentence june august davis arrested sheriff deputies davis incarcerated anthony texas near scheduled release april september tim turner individuals involved sending letters state governors arrested having indicted federal grand jury alabama count conspiracy united_states things filing false million dollar bond attempt pay taxes count passing false million dollar bond additional counts violations section title code relating fictitious documents count filing false form reports count failure file federal income tax return count giving false testimony federal bankruptcy proceeding march turner found guilty charges july sentenced years federal prison december real arrested having indicted count attempting interfere administration internal revenue laws section counts filing false claims tax section count tax section count fictitious obligation section charged filing million fraudulent federal income tax claims january federal prosecutor asserted court hearing danger community stated die subject government indictment alleged things june submitted false documents clerk new_york attempt release federal tax taxes penalties years began looking alias spring incident involving letters sent state governors prosecutors charged filed valid federal income tax returns court ordered mental hearing referred deceased august court ruled competent stand trial day trial found guilty charges jury federal court albany new_york october april sentenced years federal prison march web site guardians taken | Guardians of the Free Republics | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
25991_CentreDemocrats(Netherlands) | centre democrats netherlands centre democrats dutch political party netherlands founded members split centre democrats joined month later member parliament went leader party subsequently strongly centered person newly formed centre democrats represented moderate faction espoused anti immigration nationalist ideology claims standing centre political landscape disputed political scientists centre democrats gain votes parliamentary representation general election won seat following election joined additional representatives won party subject parties parliament parties sought confront following success failed win seats election fell disarray finally dissolved history early years centre democrats founded november low key members broke away december year member parliament changed party centre democrats seventh member believed steering moderate course attract voters polls expelled party attempt appear mainstream new moderate explicit opposed people centre democrats manifesto dutch east west home best joined centre democrats party known party despite widespread media coverage generated reputation party membership remained small years early years centre democrats received extensive media attention occasions occurred centre democrats met march group anti fascist activists believed parties planning merge hotel meeting held venue severely damaged narrowly escaped death party secretary leg jumping window escape attempt reinstated teacher old school following failed election parliament led second media legally permitted job protests students parents reputation racist led bought court pursuing return old job unable job returned politics taking advantage profile centre democrats contested general election gained vote parliamentary seat centre democrats failed attempt win votes gained vote win seat parliament following election centre democrats worked improving image support strategy paid winning seat house_of_representatives general election election nineteen party won right state sponsored television radio time registered members local elections centre democrats won seats provincial elections seats provincial parliament electoral success overtook party began controversial statements media based conviction high office restricted generation dutch nationals suggested cabinet ministers including justice minister jewish descent secretary hungarian descent removed dutch leadership marked start party members charges racism decision parties parliament government place party turned centre democrats winning seats local elections gaining representation city fielded candidate large cities strongholds party winning vote fifth largest dutch political party elections scandal centre democrats largely weak organization lack active party members previously won local seats vacant elected representatives failed joined founded parties left party left politics altogether general election opinion polls predicted party win seats house_of_representatives media reports claiming newly elected local members damaged centre democrats prospects secret recording broadcast national television week election showed amsterdam council member having set immigrant centers fire early 1980s election followed centre democrats won vote seats house_of_representatives joined earlier expectations claimed relatively poor result result anti campaign media growth questions arising parties development society political opponents began confront centre democrats directly maintain strict despite attempts appeal issue foreigners remained central party rhetoric convicted racial hatred dutch courts speaking conviction later came seen mainstream observers marry dominated party son head party office centre democrats family affair remained skeptical initiatives outside control expelled multiple local council members party local cooperation unauthorized centre democrats leadership radical later agreed coordinate joint demonstrations cooperation soon fell apart distanced election approached provincial elections face competition new competitors won seat centre democrats increase seat presence provincial parliament local elections centre democrats lost seats having contested election half municipalities contested general election months later party lost seats parliament result centre democrats failure benefit increased attention immigration issues years internal new legislation directed mainly far right raised number signatures district required order contest elections demise election increasingly worried legal pressure believing centre democrats government target officially banned founded conservative democrats potential successor party event centre democrats new party contested european elections supposed party cooperation names reality represented party won vote election showing widely seen dying party increasing physical exhaustion served situation nonetheless new political climate following september attacks rise sought political rehabilitation final years reason earlier criminal convictions arose stating things accepted april months died party formally dissolved result participate general election recently emerged list attracted votes based appeal similar centre democrats ideology split ideology centre democrats broadly similar increasingly radical following years centre democrats publish party electoral manifesto policies known primarily small scale distribution pamphlets exact copies old pamphlets like centre democrats claimed centre political spectrum representing centre democratic ideology party focused mainly issue immigration mainstream observers considered party ideology populist form nationalism immigration centre democrats strongly opposed immigration exclude people based ethnicity spoke initially dutch population dutch ethnic community party remained distinct ethnic nationalists gave immigrants choice party program stated foreigners minorities adjust dutch ways customs leave country centre democrats considered dutch culture threat foreigners muslims particular come netherlands intention taking dominating country opposed marriages wanting limit possibility world generally sought return old dutch society singular dutch culture according political scientist party ideology best described civic nationalism party moved ethnic nationalism asserting program began unity solidarity dutch ethnic community based common history culture originated history foreign policy centre democrats opposed limitation sovereignty dutch state skeptical european_union european integration seeing international defeats inflicted dutch government generally described international organizations united_nations inefficient supported nato means keeping west safe communism program centre democrats included flanders dutch speaking territories promoting idea society party originally place heavy emphasis ethical issues family cornerstone society conservative stressing law order traditional morals values years sought divorce difficult particularly families children party lent space discussing aids virus context moral crisis moral considered returning traditional morality economic party economic policies substantially generally supported mixed economy netherlands demands strong ideological supporting generous welfare state dutch people state economy notably high taxes hinder private initiative subsidies organisation original scientific bureau think tank centre democrats foundation scientific changed thomas thomas foundation favorite political philosopher youth organization centre democrats having originally founded youth wing early 1980s later succeeded youth based exclusively area centre democrats attract establish particularly active youth organization far right youth tended join time centre democrats published variety party papers varying quality original newspapers published intended general party news aimed intellectual readership differ content succeeded distributed time succeeded later years published frequently international relations regarded related european patriotic parties official contact limited party regularly attended annual meetings national spoke good contacts party leader relations created conflict interest given arguably better contacts centre democrats main rival netherlands centre democrats maintained official contacts domestically successor election results house_of_representatives | Centre Democrats (Netherlands) | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
26106_Hezbollah | pronounced arabic literally party party god etc militant group political party based lebanon paramilitary wing political wing loyalty resistance party parliament death group headed secretary general israeli invasion lebanon israel occupied strip south lebanon controlled militia supported israel conceived muslim funded iran primarily harass israeli occupation leaders followers forces trained organized contingent revolutionary guards arrived iran permission syrian government occupation lebanon time waged campaign collapsed surrendered israel withdrew lebanon military strength grown significantly paramilitary wing considered powerful described state state grown organization seats government radio satellite station social services large scale military deployment fighters lebanon borders march alliance lebanon opposition march alliance maintains strong support lebanon population disagreed group agenda receives military training weapons financial support iran political support syria israel fought lebanon war manifesto listed objectives expulsion americans french allies definitely lebanon putting end entity land submission power bringing justice crimes muslims christians permitting sons people choose form government want calling pick option islamic government protests clashes national unity government formed opposition allies obtaining thirty seats gives veto power august lebanon new cabinet unanimously approved draft policy statement recognized existence armed organization guarantees right liberate recover occupied lands helped syrian government syrian civil war fight syrian opposition described plot conspiracy destroy alliance israel deployed militia syria iraq fight train local forces fight isis seen resistance movement arab world image group legitimacy rested severely damaged nature embroiled status legitimate political party terrorist group resistance movement combination thereof contentious issue united_states france australia canada netherlands israel classified terrorist organization european_union new_zealand united_kingdom military wing terrorist organization making distinction political wing russia considers legitimate organization china remains neutral maintains contacts history 1980s emerged consolidation militias rival older movement played significant role civil war opposing american forces opposing syria war camps early primary focus ending israel occupation southern lebanon following israel invasion siege main political group initiated guerrilla warfare israeli prime minister stated entered lebanon accepted rice flowers south presence created waged war suicide attacks israeli targets outside lebanon reputed islamic resistance groups middle_east use tactics suicide bombing assassination capturing foreign soldiers murders employed conventional military tactics weaponry notably rockets missiles end civil war despite agreement asking disbanding non militias syria controlled lebanon time allowed maintain arsenal control areas border israel 1990s transformed revolutionary group political process described unlike revolutionary stance 1980s conveyed stance state decided participate elections supreme leader iran endorsed secretary general contested decision led won seats electoral list end year began engage dialog christians regards cultural political religious freedoms lebanon extend values groups relations israel formed multi brigades fighting israeli occupation attempt revive national secular resistance israel marking resistance newspaper reported april members arrested thailand information obtained specialist thai intelligence website identified thai citizen described member working unit nationals arrested considered suspects separate organization disputed according certain sources identified merely telephone organization involved disguise true identity reportedly islamic resistance attacks israel american court decision found attacks lebanon parts middle_east europe israel canada consider names organization oppressed earth revolutionary justice organization synonymous ideology 1980s ideology described radical presented manifesto objective fighting american israeli freedom occupied occupied territories second objective gather muslims concept lebanon continue revolution iran declared protect communities ones collaborated israel supported national movements muslim non muslim world ideology changed today left wing political entity focused social injustice ideology summarized follows theology developed iranian leader largely formed aid followers early 1980s order spread islamic revolution follows distinct version islamic ideology developed leader islamic revolution iran originally aimed transform lebanon formal republic goal abandoned favor inclusive approach manifesto february issued manifesto translated excerpts original manifesto read online media youtube channels support electronic resistance attitudes statements actions concerning israel inception present elimination primary goals translations arabic language manifesto state struggle end entity israel according deputy general struggle israel core belief central rationale existence says continued hostilities israel justified israeli operations lebanon retaliation claim israel occupation territory israel withdrew lebanon withdrawal verified united_nations accordance resolution march lebanon considers farms piece land captured israel syria war considered syrian territory occupied israel territory additionally claims prisoners held israel finally consider israel illegitimate state reasons justify actions acts defensive attitudes actions concerning jews judaism officials said rare occasions anti anti semitic according scholars words hold closer examination actions actively engages holocaust denial spreads anti semitic conspiracy theories anti semitic statements attributed officials political analyst argues influenced anti judaism contingent hatred jews motivated politically motivated historian specializing study anti described ideology concerning jews anti leaders combines image seemingly invincible jewish power contempt normally reserved weak enemies like propaganda holy war relied endless jews enemies mankind adversaries plans arabs traditional islamic anti judaism western conspiracy myths anti iranian contempt jews corrupt typically insists jews wish undermine islam arab cultural identity order advance economic political domination conflicting reports owned operated television station accused israel jews deliberately spreading hiv diseases arabs middle_east criticized west airing anti semitic propaganda form television drama depicting jewish world domination conspiracy group accused american analysts engaging holocaust denial addition war apologized killing israel arabs non jews november pressured private english language school drop reading excerpts diary anne frank book writings diary kept jewish child hiding family nazi occupation netherlands television channel complained asking long lebanon remain open arena invasion education organization beginning leaders maintained movement organization members carry cards bear specific responsibilities movement clearly defined organizational structure scholar reports formal governing structure keeping principle islamic concentrate authority powers religious leaders decisions flow entire community supreme decision making bodies divided headed senior clerical members responsibility tactical decisions supervision overall activity lebanon headed composed responsibility strategic matters existed seven specialized committees dealing ideological financial military political judicial social affairs turn seven committees replicated main operational areas south supreme leader iran ultimate clerical authority leaders appealed guidance cases collective leadership divided issues fail reach consensus death iran supreme leader governing bodies developed independent role appealed iran second lebanon war iran limit power invested dollars structurally distinguish political social activities lebanon military activities israel single leadership according second command political social work tied decisions leadership leadership directs parliamentary government work leads actions struggle israel iran parliamentary speaker said iran takes pride lebanon islamic resistance movement islamic stance original ideas instead charged west having accused iran support terrorism said real terrorists provide regime military equipment bomb people funding money comes business groups private persons businessmen involved african diamond exploration islamic groups countries taxes paid says main source income comes investment donations muslims western sources maintain actually receives financial training weapons explosives political diplomatic organizational aid iran syria iran said given million donation situation changed economic problems iran funds humanitarian actions carried according reports released february received million iran estimates iran giving million year financial assistance estimates high million annually iran million activities region relied funding west_africa united_states importantly triple frontier tri border area junction argentina brazil law enforcement officials identified illegal dollar cigarette smuggling fund raising operation drug smuggling operation repeatedly denied links south american drug trade calling accusations propaganda attempts damage image members government accused providing financial aid treasury according testimony assistant secretary state western hemisphere affairs government gave support iran article conservative think tank explained witnesses alleged diplomat syria operative entities money president personal approval social services extensive social development program runs hospitals news services educational facilities encouragement established institutions responsible numerous economic infrastructure development projects lebanon set guarantees provide living education expenses families fighters die battle news report noted armed political wings boasts extensive social development program currently operates hospitals schools agricultural centres provide farmers technical assistance training environmental department extensive social assistance program medical care cheaper country private hospitals free members according cnn government collecting garbage running hospitals repairing schools july war israel running water arranging supplies city political movement social service provider militia rewards members wounded battle taking run amusement parks deeply embedded society political activities major political parties lebanon represent muslims unlike support predominantly south country maintains broad based support areas lebanon majority muslim population south surrounding area northern valley region holds seats parliament lebanon member according powerful single political movement lebanon represents unlike disarmed parliament lebanon main parties march joined new government remained opposed march alliance december groups began political protests series protests sit ins opposition government prime minister lebanon month long political crisis control fighting sparked government shut network remove airport security chief alleged ties leader said government decision declare group military telecommunications network illegal declaration war organization demanded government led opposition fighters seized control neighborhoods loyal backed government street battles left dead wounded opposition seized areas handed army pledged resolve dispute reversed decisions government letting preserve network airport security chief end rival leaders reached consensus agreement end month political feud exploded fighting nearly drove country new civil war basis agreement opposition allies effectively granted veto power lebanon parliament end conflicts national unity government formed july minister controls thirty seats cabinet currently sits opposition march alliance withdrew government citing inability discuss issues lebanon media operations operates satellite television station lighthouse radio station light broadcasts lebanon launched station help iranian funds self proclaimed station resistance key player calls psychological warfare enemy integral plan spread message entire arab world addition weekly publication established media outlet openly affiliated organization television station airs programming designed inspire suicide attacks iraq transmission france prohibited promotion holocaust denial criminal offense france united_states lists television network terrorist organization designated specially designated global terrorist entity banned united_states december banned france spain germany materials aimed principles nationalism islam children aspect media operations released video game entitled special force sequel players rewarded points weapons killing aired television special praising year old boy raised money said grow communist resistance warrior fighting united_states israel tear pieces drive lebanon palestine love secret services secret services described best world israeli army secret services collaborate intelligence agencies summer special security apparatus created political adviser initially managed iran force organization continued grow 1990s scholar writes obtained complete dominance lebanon official state apparatus constituted asset purposes close connection intelligence helped bolster financial unit according service divided responsible external encounter security protects organization integrity leaders according received specialized intelligence training iran possibly north_korea organization includes military security component unit operates outside lebanon successful operations include cia attempted kidnapping foreign operations chief manipulation double agent led ambush kidnapping alleged agent collaborated government detect colonel israeli spy organization recruited lieutenant colonel convicted conducting surveillance garage owner installed tracking devices owned vehicles apparatus uses electronic surveillance intercept technologies began use software analyze data detect espionage suspicious subjected conventional surveillance mid-1990s able download video feeds israeli israeli efforts intensified withdrawal lebanon possible help iran augmented electronic capabilities succeeded detecting israeli bugs near organization fiber network armed strength reveal armed strength security director based estimated armed wing comprises time members volunteers according fighters described militarily powerful israeli commander called far greatest guerrilla group world possesses rocket range carries possesses long range missiles include iranian range enabling strike israeli port estimated range reach missiles range missiles extend hold reported possession missiles provided syria syria denied reports according reports armed anti tank guided missiles russian iranian version version version tow european milan missiles weapons soldiers causing deaths lebanon war small number iranian version dragon war air defense anti aircraft weapons include artillery man portable shoulder fired surface air missile sam effective weapons deployed anti ship missile april secretary defense claimed far missiles rockets majority countries said syria iran providing weapons organization israel claims syria providing organization weapons syria denied supplying weapons views claims israeli excuse attack leaked cables american diplomats suggest united_states trying unsuccessfully prevent syria supplying arms lebanon amassed huge arms war israel arms described increasingly sophisticated gates added possibly armed chemical biological weapons mile anti ship missiles threaten ships israeli government believed arsenal long range rockets stationed border lebanon missiles said capable penetrating cities far away accused storing rockets beneath hospitals schools civilian homes israeli ambassador united_states expressed deep concern revelation syrian iranian backed poses threat israel today times rockets lebanon war rockets longer range city israel range right including july reported missiles times reportedly held began launching rockets israel years ago leading second lebanon war june figure risen missiles rockets israel penetrating air defense systems report verified added capabilities israeli military officials analysts drawn attention experience weaponry group gained involvement thousands fighters syrian civil war kind experience bought said director military strategic affairs program additional factor deal replacement experience military activities military branch known component islamic resistance possible sponsor number lesser known militant groups little fronts including called militia agreement end civil war denounced protested resolution military conflict israel increased controversy failure remains violation resolution agreement subsequent israel asserted organization gained military strength public opinion poll taken august shows believe lebanon war majority christians believed cabinet president prime minister guidelines state enjoys right liberate occupied lands commander speaking condition said far rockets missiles arabic known brigades resist israeli occupation formed christian volunteer force combat israeli occupation israeli withdrawal lebanon organization disbanded resistance brigades reactivated mainly comprising supporters southern city strength reduced late residents complaints fighters group tensions local community alleged suicide terror attacks suicide attacks lebanon directed american french forces individuals killing denies involvement attacks accused involved linked attacks tyre headquarters bombings april bombing barracks bombing killed marines french civilians french barracks kuwait bombings collaboration iraqi united_states embassy annex bombing killing attacks troops southern lebanon flight lebanon hostage crisis terror acts attempts blamed include following bombings attacks civilians diplomats attack buenos_aires killing argentina boasted involvement bombing jewish cultural centre killing argentina claimed responsibility flight attack killing panama claimed responsibility london israeli embassy attack injuring united_kingdom bombing killing servicemen providing direct assistance including training explosives united_states embassy bombings singapore accused recruiting failed 1990s plot attack israeli ships january bombing vehicle plot egypt uncovered egyptian authorities arrested men planning attacks israeli egyptian targets bus bombing killing bulgaria training insurgents troops iraq war war iran muslim countries provide support besieged predominantly muslim thought iran supplied thirds total received weapons ammunition muslim forces war iran sent needed supplies provided fighters war cia agent stationed war later claimed muslim government client choice cia day war end public opinion polls showed eighty percent muslim population expressed positive attitude iran foreign advisors fighters withdrew bosnia end conflict conflict israel south lebanon conflict involved cases armed conflict israel south lebanon conflict waged guerrilla campaign israeli forces occupying based firing rockets northern israel lebanon israel invaded lebanon armed organization expel strength enhanced thousand thousand members financial backing iran iranian notably supervised activity main military force community lebanon main arm known later lebanon collapse rapid advance forces israel withdrew weeks announced july date held victory parade popularity lebanon rose israel withdrew accordance analysts considered victory movement popularity boosted lebanon july following killing seven israeli soldiers southern lebanon israel launched known lebanon seven day war carried heaviest artillery air attacks targets southern lebanon aim operation threat posed force civilian population north pressure fighting ended understanding agreed parties apparently understanding provided combatants fire rockets northern israel israel attack civilians civilian targets lebanon april continued rocket attacks israeli civilians israeli armed forces launched operation wrath intended base southern lebanon refugees killed base israeli military said mistake finally following days negotiations sides signed april cease fire agreed israel effective april sides agreed civilians targeted meant allowed continue military activities forces inside lebanon cross border raid october israeli soldiers staff sgt abducted patrolling israeli israeli border soldiers killed attack immediate aftermath israel defense minister said abducted soldiers killed bodies slain soldiers exchanged prisoners lebanon war lebanon war day military conflict lebanon northern israel principal parties paramilitary forces israeli military conflict precipitated cross border raid kidnapped killed israeli soldiers conflict began july fired rockets israeli border towns diversion anti tank missile attack armored patrolling israeli border fence killing injuring seizing israeli soldiers israel responded artillery fire targets lebanon damaged infrastructure including israel said import weapons supplies air naval blockade ground invasion southern lebanon launched rockets northern israel engaged guerrilla warfare hardened positions war continued august responsible thousands rocket attacks israeli civilian towns cities northern israel said retaliation israel killing civilians targeting infrastructure conflict believed killed citizens including combatants including soldiers gas field claims claimed gas field discovered roughly miles west israeli exclusive economic zone belong lebanon warned israel gas senior officials warned use weapons defend lebanon natural resources figures march forces stated response presenting excuse hold arms said issue item endless list meant justify continued existence arsenal attack istanbul july italian newspaper reported based american turkish sources bombing istanbul wounded turkish civilians report said attack assassination attempt israeli consul turkey turkish intelligence sources denied report said israel habit creating campaigns different papers planned attack cyprus july man detained cyprus police possible charges relating terrorism laws planning attacks israeli tourists according security officials man planning attacks cyprus admitted questioning police alerted man urgent message israeli intelligence man possession photographs israeli targets information israeli flying forth cyprus planned blow plane tour bus israeli prime minister stated iran assisted man planning attacks attack following investigation bus bombing terrorist attack israeli citizens bulgaria bulgarian government officially accused militant movement committing attack israeli citizens bulgarian bus driver bomber killed bomb exploded israeli tourists boarded bus airport hotel bulgaria interior minister reported suspects responsible members militant wing said suspected terrorists entered bulgaria june remained july israel previously suspected attack israeli prime minister called report known iranian patrons worldwide campaign terror spanning countries continents said attack bulgaria iran planned carried including attacks thailand kenya turkey india cyprus georgia director said bulgaria investigation terrorist group willing attack innocent men women children poses real growing threat europe rest world result bulgarian investigation comes time israel european_union join united_states designating terrorist organization farms incident response attack military convoy comprising iranian officers january south syria launched ambush january israeli military convoy israeli occupied anti tank missiles israeli vehicles patrolling border killing wounding israeli soldiers officers confirmed israeli military assassination february prime minister killed struck bomb united_nations special tribunal investigating murder reportedly found evidence linking murder august response tribunal members said israel looking way assassinate early order create political chaos force syria withdraw lebanon anti syrian atmosphere lebanon wake assassination went agent working israel relation allegedly contacted security detail told solid proof planning life contacted advised situation responded investigate claims june lebanon established investigate death issued arrest senior members including july rejected indictment denounced tribunal plot party named persons arrested circumstances involvement long ally government syria led family helped syrian government syrian civil war fight syrian opposition described plot destroy alliance israel opined support syrian war transformed group support defeating israel battle strictly paramilitary force august united_states sanctioned alleged role war general secretary denied fighting behalf syrian government stating october speech right start syrian opposition telling media sent fighters syria denied according newspaper said speech fighters helped syrian government retain control strategically located villages syria inhabited citizenship said fighters died syria duties fighters crossed border lebanon took villages syria february syrian opposition groups claimed backed syrian military attacked neighboring villages controlled spokesman said invasion kind terms organisation planning coordination syrian regime air force said acting self defense killed clashes security sources said members response allegedly attacked positions february syria lebanon days later said destroyed convoy carrying fighters syrian officers lebanon killing passengers january weapons convoy carrying anti aircraft missiles destroyed allegedly nearby research center chemical weapons damaged similar attack weapons destined occurred year leaders march alliance prominent figures called end involvement syria said putting lebanon risk leader said defending criminal regime kills people fired shot defense said fighters killing children people destroying houses syria hell gathering group leaders called interfere syria said opening syrian people dragging lebanon war syrian people dangerous negative impact relations leader called end involvement claimed fighting inside syria orders iran egyptian president condemned saying stand aggression syrian people space place syria support syrian public weakened involvement iran regime civil war syrian army attempted retake lebanon recent increase fighters syrian rebels shelled controlled areas announced fighting syrian civil war islamic pledged group allow syrian control areas border lebanon confirmed fighting strategic syrian town forces televised address said syria falls hands america israel people region dark period rockets hit area injuring people whilst rockets caused property damage buildings district syrian rebels blamed attack promised attack targets lebanon retaliation helping syrian army particularly border town syrian rebels shelled previously general gave hours withdraw syria order units attack targets lebanon early june committed fighters battle reportedly putting strain organisation resulted introducing change rotation policy fighters days fighting followed days leave increased days fighting followed days leave fighters according israeli military sources fighters killed syria wounded involvement iranian led intervention iraq beginning july sent undisclosed number technical advisers intelligence analysts baghdad support iranian led intervention iraq shortly commander reported killed action near members involved street battle perceived parking issues groups later met form joint compensation fund victims conflict accused south_america having ties latin american drug attacks leaders target bomb attacks include car bombing leader targeted assassination attempt failed july israeli kidnapped leader action led adoption resolution condemned hostage sides israeli helicopters attacked southern lebanon killing leader wife son february killed car bomb damascus syria december senior military commander shot outside home miles kilometers southwest died hours later december january israeli helicopter attacked group fighters attack son members iranian general killed explosion near damascus international airport killed military commander media sources attributed attack israeli attributed attack syrian opposition targeting policy september attacks condemned targeting civilians remained silent attack pentagon denounced algeria attacks tourists egypt murder denounced certain attacks civilians people accuse organization bombing argentine argentine prosecutor staff people said contacts iran responsible bombing jewish cultural center argentina people killed injured june shortly israeli government launched gave speech defended praised suicide bombings israeli targets members palestinian groups creating fear stated occupied palestine difference soldier civilian invaders land august counter terrorism coordinator warned attack europe time warning benjamin said maintains presence europe recent activities demonstrate constrained concerns damage political fallout result conducting operations assess attack europe time little warning stepped terrorist campaigns world foreign relations close relations iran ties leadership syria specifically president death supported close ally leader pledged support syrian leader linked provides military training financial moral support palestinian group furthermore strong supporter ongoing american israeli counter terrorism officials claim links leaders deny allegations leaders like consider united_states intelligence officials speculate contact low level figures fled afghanistan lebanon lebanon minister information said important ally government war terrorist groups described american attempt link astonishing public opinion according lebanon minister information seen legitimate resistance organization defended land israeli occupying force consistently stood israeli army according survey released july lebanon war percent support attacks northern israel rise percentage points similar poll conducted february striking level support resistance non communities eighty percent christians polled supported percent percent poll adults taken respondents gave support statement disarmed reported disagreement poll residents indicated good view remainder good view polls adults december june showed respectively considered legitimate resistance organization december poll adults considered terrorist july usa today poll found americans polled blamed lebanon war compared blamed israel degree additionally disapproved military action took israel compared disapproved israel military action lebanon poll august washington_post found americans polled blamed civilian casualties lebanon lebanon war compared blamed israel degree august poll cnn showed americans polled believed enemy united_states survey muslims lebanon showed supported muslims held unfavorable opinion group public opinion started turn support syrian president attacks opposition movement syria crowds cairo shouted iran public speech president february changed support syrian opposition designation terrorist organization resistance movement status legitimate political party terrorist group resistance movement combination thereof contentious issue wide difference american arab perception western countries officially classify external security wing terrorist organization violent acts described terrorist attacks arab muslim worlds referred resistance movement engaged national defense lebanon status militia national resistance contentious lebanon universally liked widely seen legitimate national resistance organization defending lebanon actually described information minister important ally fighting terrorist groups arab world generally seen force functions iran states like egypt saudi_arabia popular movement strong leadership meaningful political action commitment social justice france germany released statements join european countries calling terror group countries organizations officially listed terrorist organization russia considers legitimate organization china remains neutral maintains contacts western world designated terrorist organization group remains lists according government holds responsible number attacks hostage targeting americans lebanon 1980s including bombing april bombing marine barracks october killed americans operations outside lebanon including participation bombings israeli jewish targets argentina 1990s recent training liaison activities insurgents iraq cemented organization reputation policy makers capable deadly adversary potential global reach united_kingdom government attempt distinction political military wings declaring terrorist group july confirmed association british foreign minister urged european_union place military wing list terrorist organizations united_states urged classify terrorist organization light findings bus bombing bulgaria renewed discussion european_union label military wing terrorist group july european_union agreed military wing concerns growing role syrian conflict midst conflict israel russia government declined include newly released list terrorist organizations head anti terrorism saying list organizations represent greatest threat security country prior release list russian defense minister called stop terrorist methods including attacking neighboring states quartet fourth member united_nations maintain list united_nations repeated calls accused group region causing harm civilians human rights organizations accused committing war crimes israeli civilians argentine prosecutors hold financial supporters iran responsible bombing jewish cultural center described associated_press worst terrorist attack argentine soil people killed injured israeli occupation southern lebanon french prime minister condemned attacks fighters israeli forces south lebanon saying terrorism acts resistance france attacks types terrorist attacks carried soldiers possibly israel civilian population italian foreign minister differentiated wings apart known terrorist activities political standing socially engaged germany maintain list terrorist organizations having chosen adopt common list german officials indicated likely support designating terrorist organization netherlands regards terrorist discussing official reports general intelligence security service official answers minister foreign affairs july european_union declared military wings terrorist organization effectively entity united_states france australia canada netherlands israel classified terrorist organization early director removed list active terrorist threats united_states remained designated terrorist mid officials sanctioned role military activity ongoing syrian civil war european_union new_zealand united_kingdom military wing list terrorist organization arab muslim world regarded legitimate resistance movement arab muslim world furthermore arab world sees agent iranian influence like power lebanon diminished egypt jordan saudi_arabia condemned actions saying arabs muslims afford allow irresponsible adventurous organization like drag region war calling dangerous alleged plot egypt egyptian regime officially classified terrorist group following presidential elections new government recognized real political military force lebanon egyptian ambassador lebanon stated resistance sense defending territory primary role think resistance movement good job defending territory trying regain land occupied israel legal legitimate uprising foreign minister labeled terrorist group accused supporting protesters april terrorist group arab state regard syrian uprising voiced support syrian president government prompted criticism anti government supported movements context arab spring anti government stated feel betrayed double standard allegedly applied movement following aid government victory anti editorials began regularly appearing arabic media anti graffiti seen southern lebanon march designated terrorist organization alleged attempts undermine states followed reservation iraq lebanon summit foreign minister said enjoys wide representation integral faction community iraqi foreign minister said preserved arab dignity accuse terrorists terrorists delegation walked meeting israel prime minister called step important amazing day leader said saudi_arabia angry daring dare royal family lebanon interview lebanon war president stated enjoys prestige lebanon freed country small stands israel following war including members government large damage sustained country saw actions dangerous legitimate resistance accused acting behalf iran syria official march alliance warned characteristics terrorist party moving lebanon iranian islamic system government august lebanon cabinet completed policy statement recognized right lebanon people army resistance liberate israeli occupied section village defend country legal possible means late conservative orthodox christian editor referred iranian import said arab civilization believed evolution sinister long term strategy lebanon lead war israel supported popular uprisings egypt tunisia publicly sided iran syria violent dissent august people demonstrated syrian president police called contain smaller pro syrian rallies followed shouting syria wants freedom kills people murderer people want end regime scholarly views academics specializing wide variety social sciences believe example islamic terrorist organization scholars research include following born terrorism scholar historian israeli historian israeli historian israeli historian iranian scholar scholar australian scholar norwegian scholar international studies views foreign legislators brought legislation things referred terrorist organization congress members hastings referred terrorist organization speeches supporting legislation shortly speech iraqi prime minister congressman said terrorism word terrorist organization group members congress introduced act ensures american aid lebanon enter hands day act introduction congressman said terrorist group cancer lebanon anti terrorism act targets cancer strengthen position oppose sky news interview lebanon war british said terrorist organization swiss member parliament said refuse describe terrorist group national movement resistance resolutions september lebanon close vote backs free elections urges foreign troop september links crisis popular legitimacy crown center middle east studies march testimony hearing committee homeland security united_states february inside short documentary extensive information pbs party god fact file | Hezbollah | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
26453_IndependentWomen'sForum | independent women forum politically conservative american non profit organization focused policy issues concern women founded activist promote conservative alternative feminist following controversial supreme_court nomination group advocates equity feminism term author distinguish traditional liberal feminism gender feminism claims opposes gender roles according gender feminist view prevailing ideology contemporary feminist philosophers leaders myth american women oppressed second sex equity feminism described anti feminist critics presidential election ran advertisement comparing president obama boyfriend origin history founded grew hoc group women judge thomas created defend thomas allegations sexual harassment organization paying members met regularly network share ideas president subsequent leaders included current executive director organization described virtual washington republican establishment organization members budget million opposition feminist ideas opposes mainstream feminist positions describing radical feminism affiliated writers argued gender gap income exists women greater demand flexibility fewer hours travel careers article vice president attributed gender income women choices writing women tend place higher priority flexibility personal men focus pay women tend avoid jobs require travel relocation time spend fewer hours office men men dirty dangerous depressing jobs conservative commentators praised credited women figures illustrated guide book published debunk ing economics writing cited book women progress evidence american women enjoyed options high quality life writers asserted feminist rhetoric anti feminist ends new_york_times editorial described right wing public policy group provides support extreme positions fact dangerous women domestic policy programs united_states healthcare policy produced political advertisement run youtube states arguing american women breast cancer died healthcare included government funded option labeled false manipulative women fears finding relied old statistics faulty logic false education policy campus programs forum active education policy discussions focuses number different issues primary secondary education higher education title enforcement shortly organization inception joined groups like opposing manner enforced title gender equality legislation title law states person united_states shall basis sex excluded participation denied benefits subjected discrimination education program activity receiving federal financial assistance according senior fellow law resulted number negative consequences group position asserts women forum accused opposing title don oppose title opposing way chooses enforce title given regulations colleges enforcing statistical common sense poll data suggest men interested playing sports women female students male numbers game number athletes proportional easiest way cut men teams support group claims absent current title enforcement men likely collegiate athletic programs women conducted survey examined percentage students women schools participating athletics compared percentage female students participating similar programs undergraduate schools generally survey found female students educational schools far likely student athletes cited survey april article asking discrimination keeps proportion women athletes schools accounts overall participation rates half national women average smith january article remarking 40th anniversary executive director described hope begin accept men women matter balanced circumstances maintain different strengths preferences clear legislation gender equality actually men women advocacy school choice response falling test scores american public elementary middle high schools particularly young boys created project effort targets organization describes negative results according researcher report published solution problem program money better spent actual crises boys literacy example returned girls engaged ambitious school boys likely suffer academic problems creation project largely reaction vocal opposition single sex schools arrangements unacceptable modern examples segregation case rape accusations players surfaced march quick attention fact parties involved case receiving attention press harmful regardless ultimate legal outcome april said duke woman accused men indicted know names accused seen pictures lives evidence committed crime rape severely punished media quick account condemn players revealing facts suggesting accused innocent crime columnist writing organization noted early criticism school district attorney case saying independent women forum figured early real scandal way players posts april website showed concern process evidence instead rushing erroneous campus programs organization emphasizes traditional family roles cultural norms essential civil society particular encourages young women embrace presents healthy attitude dating courtship marriage emphasis reflected high profile controversial work college campuses sponsors advertising campaigns literature distribution promote views effort included running advertisements provocative common feminist myths offers sponsors annual essay contest open time female undergraduate students reaction reports growing college campuses day movement founded created date campus program reclaim valentine day radical campus use day love romance promote vulgar behavior activities like specifically addressing controversial play date release states play raises money good cause hyper play positive contributions feminist movement women article guardian wrote program merely outdated notions positioning cutting edge right bear arms individuals affiliated advocated right members public bear arms director forum center collegiate studies wrote article praising district_of_columbia decision supreme_court united_states held second amendment constitution recognized individual right bear arms described enthusiasm manner court resolved case noting justice pointed opinion american people considered self defense weapon citizens new found freedom women especially guns ultimate self defense january senior fellow writing support federal legislation guarantee interstate concealed asserted issue particular importance women cases women lack physical ability defend factors women vulnerable heightened traveling tourist lack familiarity surroundings local trends crime taking away woman access effective means self defense makes attractive target international programs founding sponsored numerous conferences panels programs designed promote message international audience primarily include activities events discussing taking place countries iraq afghanistan focus promoting female participation democracy october objected decision award grant work iraq concert neo conservative think tank funding donors included john william pope foundation board members board chaired members directors organization include second lady united_states writer economist journalist | Independent Women's Forum | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
26591_IndependentWomen'sForum | independent women forum politically conservative american non profit organization focused policy issues concern women founded activist promote conservative alternative feminist following controversial supreme_court nomination group advocates equity feminism term author distinguish traditional liberal feminism gender feminism claims opposes gender roles according gender feminist view prevailing ideology contemporary feminist philosophers leaders myth american women oppressed second sex equity feminism described anti feminist critics presidential election ran advertisement comparing president obama boyfriend origin history founded grew hoc group women judge thomas created defend thomas allegations sexual harassment organization paying members met regularly network share ideas president subsequent leaders included current executive director organization described virtual washington republican establishment organization members budget million opposition feminist ideas opposes mainstream feminist positions describing radical feminism affiliated writers argued gender gap income exists women greater demand flexibility fewer hours travel careers article vice president attributed gender income women choices writing women tend place higher priority flexibility personal men focus pay women tend avoid jobs require travel relocation time spend fewer hours office men men dirty dangerous depressing jobs conservative commentators praised credited women figures illustrated guide book published debunk ing economics writing cited book women progress evidence american women enjoyed options high quality life writers asserted feminist rhetoric anti feminist ends new_york_times editorial described right wing public policy group provides support extreme positions fact dangerous women domestic policy programs united_states healthcare policy produced political advertisement run youtube states arguing american women breast cancer died healthcare included government funded option labeled false manipulative women fears finding relied old statistics faulty logic false education policy campus programs forum active education policy discussions focuses number different issues primary secondary education higher education title enforcement shortly organization inception joined groups like opposing manner enforced title gender equality legislation title law states person united_states shall basis sex excluded participation denied benefits subjected discrimination education program activity receiving federal financial assistance according senior fellow law resulted number negative consequences group position asserts women forum accused opposing title don oppose title opposing way chooses enforce title given regulations colleges enforcing statistical common sense poll data suggest men interested playing sports women female students male numbers game number athletes proportional easiest way cut men teams support group claims absent current title enforcement men likely collegiate athletic programs women conducted survey examined percentage students women schools participating athletics compared percentage female students participating similar programs undergraduate schools generally survey found female students educational schools far likely student athletes cited survey april article asking discrimination keeps proportion women athletes schools accounts overall participation rates half national women average smith january article remarking 40th anniversary executive director described hope begin accept men women matter balanced circumstances maintain different strengths preferences clear legislation gender equality actually men women advocacy school choice response falling test scores american public elementary middle high schools particularly young boys created project effort targets organization describes negative results according researcher report published solution problem program money better spent actual crises boys literacy example returned girls engaged ambitious school boys likely suffer academic problems creation project largely reaction vocal opposition single sex schools arrangements unacceptable modern examples segregation case rape accusations players surfaced march quick attention fact parties involved case receiving attention press harmful regardless ultimate legal outcome april said duke woman accused men indicted know names accused seen pictures lives evidence committed crime rape severely punished media quick account condemn players revealing facts suggesting accused innocent crime columnist writing organization noted early criticism school district attorney case saying independent women forum figured early real scandal way players posts april website showed concern process evidence instead rushing erroneous campus programs organization emphasizes traditional family roles cultural norms essential civil society particular encourages young women embrace presents healthy attitude dating courtship marriage emphasis reflected high profile controversial work college campuses sponsors advertising campaigns literature distribution promote views effort included running advertisements provocative common feminist myths offers sponsors annual essay contest open time female undergraduate students reaction reports growing college campuses day movement founded created date campus program reclaim valentine day radical campus use day love romance promote vulgar behavior activities like specifically addressing controversial play date release states play raises money good cause hyper play positive contributions feminist movement women article guardian wrote program merely outdated notions positioning cutting edge right bear arms individuals affiliated advocated right members public bear arms director forum center collegiate studies wrote article praising district_of_columbia decision supreme_court united_states held second amendment constitution recognized individual right bear arms described enthusiasm manner court resolved case noting justice pointed opinion american people considered self defense weapon citizens new found freedom women especially guns ultimate self defense january senior fellow writing support federal legislation guarantee interstate concealed asserted issue particular importance women cases women lack physical ability defend factors women vulnerable heightened traveling tourist lack familiarity surroundings local trends crime taking away woman access effective means self defense makes attractive target international programs founding sponsored numerous conferences panels programs designed promote message international audience primarily include activities events discussing taking place countries iraq afghanistan focus promoting female participation democracy october objected decision award grant work iraq concert neo conservative think tank funding donors included john william pope foundation board members board chaired members directors organization include second lady united_states writer economist journalist | Independent Women's Forum | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
27914_Weiquanmovement | movement movement non centralized group lawyers legal experts intellectuals china seek protect defend civil rights litigation legal activism movement began early 2000s organized demonstrations sought reform legal system media defended victims human rights abuses written appeal letters despite opposition communist_party authorities issues adopted lawyers property housing rights protection aids victims environmental damage religious freedom freedom speech press defending rights lawyers facing imprisonment individuals involved movement met occasionally harsh chinese officials including detention harassment extreme instances torture authorities responded movement launch education campaign socialist concept rule law role communist_party political considerations legal profession supremacy communist_party judicial process background legal reforms late 1970s 1980s moved embrace language rule law establish modern court system process enacted thousands new laws regulations begun training legal professionals concept rule law constitution embarked campaigns idea citizens protection law time fundamental contradiction exists implementation rule law insists authority law constitution rule law emphasizes principle leadership communist_party judiciary independent subject control communist_party produced system described rule law rule law judicial decisions subject arbitrary assessments citizens attempt use legal system pursue grievances find cause determined potential undermine authority communist_party suppressed defendants find facing criminal charges conducting activism religious beliefs means pursuing effective defense movement early 2000s response inherent contradictions arbitrary exercise legal authority china roots traced consumer protection movement began 1990s movement informal understood including lawyers legal activists advocate civil rights defend interests citizens corporations government communist_party organs note lawyers generally weaker party workers employers labor disputes peasants cases involving taxation persons environmental pollution land appropriation village committee elections journalists facing government censorship defendants subject criminal prosecution ordinary citizens government policies actions emergence movement possible confluence factors including market services emerging rights consciousness facilitated lawyers law changed definition lawyers state legal workers professionals holding legal certificate perform legal services law effectively lawyers state gave lawyers greater limited autonomy profession lawyers tend especially critical lack judicial independence china challenging particular laws frame work keeping chinese laws describe activities means defending constitution abuses described form rightful resistance lawyers lawyers chinese rights protection lawyers refer small influential movement lawyers legal practitioners scholars activists help chinese citizens assert constitutional civil rights public interest litigation legal activism context rising number lawyers china proportion lawyers small face considerable personal financial professional risks notable lawyers include lawyers peasants teach law file civil complaints engage litigation educate fellow citizens rights lawyers radical major fields freedom expression freedom speech article constitution people republic china chinese authorities enforce restrictions political religious expression restrictions accordance article criminal code contains vague broadly defined provisions state power lawyers international human rights organizations argued provisions inconsistent china constitution international human rights standards particularly light lack transparency clear guidelines applying laws lawyers involved litigation forms advocacy defend rights free expression individuals charged crime notable cases include prominent beijing intellectual sentenced years prison december activist sentenced years publishing writings square massacre advocating families earthquake victims accepting interviews sound hope radio lawyers reportedly barred entering courtroom october intellectual sentenced years prison publishing articles online lawyers challenged application state secret laws prosecute individuals information politically sensitive issues november instance lawyers involved arguing activist advocated online parents earthquake victims sentenced years prison possession state secrets judicial independence chinese constitution rule law simultaneously emphasizes principle leadership communist_party legal profession subordinate authority communist_party bar associations responsible issuing lawyers licenses lawyers argued structure emergence genuine rule law cases advocated reforms advance judicial independence protection legal professionals late august collection dozen beijing lawyers signed petition stating leaders elected organization members appointed petition letter stated selection process place association directors inconsistent official guidelines chinese constitution replaced democratic voting process responded campaign asserting individual uses text messages web media privately promote concept direct elections express controversial opinions spreading rumors confuse poison people minds convince people circumstances exist called illegal following year refused renew licenses lawyers signed petition elections land rights chinese property law privately held land urban land owned state grants land rights set number years rural collectively owned land leased state periods years theoretically reserved agricultural purposes housing services farmers forced forbidden china ratified china constitution property laws urban land permitted purpose supporting public interest evicted supposed receive compensation protection living conditions public interest defined abuses common process citizens complaining receiving little compensation forced little compensation occur frequently urban rural china fewer legal rural citizens collectively owned rural land discretion authorities regions local governments private developers rural land urban land sold mid-1990s estimated million chinese peasants affected land citizens resist protest reportedly subjected harassment detention land related grievances occasionally large scale protests riots lawyers advocated rights individual citizens land homes taken inadequate compensation including shanghai lawyer beijing lawyer left homeless forced outspoken advocate victims sentenced years prison year old farmer published numerous articles human rights land rights helped organise petition entitled want human rights olympics petition reportedly collected thousand signatures yang trial sentenced years prison allegedly tortured hired defend denied access client defense ethnic minorities lawyers including offered legal aid wake march protests protests resulted imprisonment execution individuals chinese government sources asserted unrest violence executed followers purpose unrest disrupting summer olympics beijing open constitution initiative operated lawyers intellectuals issued paper challenging official narrative suggesting protests instead response economic han chinese migration religious sentiments recommended chinese authorities better respect protect rights interests people including religious freedom pursue reduction economic inequality official corruption sentenced years prison making documentary human rights run beijing olympics lawyers sought represent faced threats harassment advocacy july group chinese activists including signed letter chinese leadership protest year prison sentence journalist permitted lawyer trial charged state security according reports charged criticized chinese government interview hong_kong news agency prevent july riots spiritual discipline claimed tens million adherents china banned july leadership communist_party campaign launched suppress group attempt adherents renounce belief practice subject state sanctioned systematic violence custody resulting death sources indicate hundreds thousands detained labor camps practicing resisting persecution november offered judicial interpretation article criminal code stating regarded cult large numbers subsequently sentenced long prison terms article typically short trials presence lawyer information center reported adherents sentenced prison terms years human rights groups including note application law adherents china constitution international standards lawyers argued similarly defending adherents face criminal administrative sentencing beliefs lawyers defended include addition litigation work lawyers like advocated publicly media human rights wrote series letters china leadership detailing accounts torture sexual abuse practitioners calling end persecution group response lost legal license house arrest detained reportedly tortured hiv aids lawyers advocated rights hiv aids victims contracted virus result state sponsored blood drives 1990s government officials central china especially encouraged rural citizens sell blood order supplement gross process resulted hundreds thousands individuals infected hiv according activists victims compensated government officials held authorities continue suppress information epidemic particularly sensitive light involvement communist party propaganda head party chief arguably known advocate hiv aids victims having served executive director founders non governmental organization women rights blind self taught lawyer rose prominence defending victims china child policy implemented child policy couples child exceptions rural citizens ethnic minorities couples children chinese laws condemn harsh enforcement measures chinese authorities family planning staff accused carrying late term forced torture enforce policy filed class action case family planning officials accused thousands women forced underground christians china constitution guarantees freedom religion provides normal religious activities permitted practice religious freedom granted strictly prescribed parameters officially sanctioned patriotic religious associations buddhism islam catholicism groups falling outside state administered religions including underground house church christians subject varying degrees repression persecution definitive figures number underground christians china estimates total number excess million catholic bishops operate independent official surveillance house arrest detention disappeared leaders members underground protestant churches detained sentenced labor prison terms violent raids carried underground churches resulting injury inside chinese officials labelled underground protestant churches translated literally evil religion cult providing pretext punishment members prominent lawyers identify underground protestant movement sought defend church members leaders facing imprisonment include house church leader based organization sponsored legal cases provided rule law training legal help distressed clients china initiatives number specific events attracted help attention activists march earthquake school construction resulted collapse schools students number lawyers including involved advocating rights parents investigating allegations corrupt officials responsible poor construction parents lawyers met chinese officials activism later year revealed large quantities infant formula causing fall ill resulting deaths group parents victims reportedly detained attempting draw media attention plight dozens lawyers particularly provinces offered pro legal services victims efforts authorities individual human rights cases incident death drawn help rights defenders group legal scholars including formed open constitution initiative chinese advocate greater rule law organization involved case advocated labor rights freedom expression hiv aids victims land rights protection public health issues government response rule law response emergence movement makes use official language rule law justify work april political campaign launched communist_party leadership judicial work combat idea greater independence judges lawyers educate people judicial authorities socialist concept rule law campaign announced head urged order protect political stability forceful measures adopted pretext rights protection carry sabotage launch campaign coincided crackdown lawyers shortly campaign launch provided instruction judges reminding political goals work uphold according document issued judges quoted recently judges started believe judge strictly apply law case fact kind concept erroneous legal clear political background direction stamp kind narrow viewpoint thinks court work having judicial independence december conference political legal work general secretary articulated theory emphasized legal work regard supreme concerns interests communist_party march confirmed new head formal legal training abandoned efforts predecessors improve judicial training autonomy instead placed primary importance ideological implications theory leadership communist_party china issued new regulations intended strengthen supervision management lawyers law firms according associated_press new regulations serve allow authorities punish lawyers actions talking media causing traffic troubles march china issued new directive requiring lawyers obtaining license existing license swear oath loyalty communist_party according ministry website section oath includes following swear fulfill sacred mission legal workers socialism chinese characteristics swear loyalty people uphold leadership socialist system protect dignity constitution laws suppression lawyers measures lawyers faced challenges work chinese government including suspension violence threats surveillance arbitrary detention prosecution particularly true lawyers politically sensitive cases reports harassment intimidation violence lawyers increased following launch campaign promote socialist concept rule law authorities refused renew licenses dozen lawyers effectively banned life legal profession instance lawyers permitted renew legal licenses taking politically sensitive cases lawyers sentenced prison response activism selection notable instances suppression listed recognized china promising lawyers advocate range individuals minorities wrote series letters chinese leadership concerning torture adherents legal license revoked law firm shut family placed house arrest detained months sentenced year years prison subject prolonged custody reportedly tortured december aids pro democracy activist detained crackdown run beijing olympics known rights advocate advocated behalf aids victims peasants victims land critical lack human rights progress ahead olympic games pleaded guilty trial march april sentenced years prison state power previously house arrest reportedly beaten police response work bring class action lawsuit family planning authorities house arrest threatened detained beaten activists visited offer support beaten interrogated august sentenced years months prison damaging property gathering crowds transport order following release remains house arrest april beijing lawyers permanently defending practitioners lawyers violently beaten detained investigating death year old killed labor camp month earlier beijing lawyer similarly beaten police seeking defend arrested july charged state power trial began february city yang sentenced years prison march maintained innocence trial hearing sentenced yang reportedly beaten electric rod occasions july security agents broke home lawyer defended adherents taken custody interrogation reportedly beaten severely lawyers permitted contact november sentenced closed court seven years prison advocacy behalf practitioners lawyers permitted january reported tortured july authorities beijing raided open constitution initiative established legal scholars february activists detained following online calls pro democracy protests china including multiple chinese activists began preparing 25th anniversary square protests number lawyers arrested planning suspected planning demonstrations arrested lawyer involved organising demonstrations international response relatively little awareness phenomenon movement outside china western governments human rights organizations consistently expressed concern treatment individual lawyers china faced imprisonment prolonged disappearance sentencing alleged torture work promoting civil rights speaking party rule october group members pressed president obama raise cases chinese leadership writing prolonged detention lawyers hauled away crime defending clients rule law china failed claims raised cases individuals chinese counterparts awarded prize recognizing human rights advocacy year received nominations nobel peace prize considered favorites award years later seven members nominated imprisoned lawyers fellow prize letter noted individuals sought raise chinese people awareness dignity rights government govern constitution laws international human rights agreements signed significant contribution peace nobel prize committee awarded honor december | Weiquan movement | Social sciences and society | Politics and government | Political parties and movements |
72_TheBoatRace1900 | boat race 57th boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge won lengths record time minutes seconds taking overall record event oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race quarter lengths oxford led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat leading race oxford suffered variety ordered doctor row injured president contracted scarlet fever cambridge coached rowed light blues times time blue cambridge oxford coaches president previous year time blue times umpire race eleventh year row won event consecutive times rowing oxford races crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained members boat_race experience cox cambridge saw crew return including rowing race light blues students oxford stroke native south_australia non british participant registered race author oxford rower suggested year cambridge crew oxford crew rowed race stand class university crews described oxford crew came isis race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge good conditions umpire got race way cambridge took lead immediately lengths ahead continued draw away dark blues win lengths time minutes seconds fastest winning time history event set oxford race light blues second consecutive victory followed run consecutive wins oxford overall dark blues led | The Boat Race 1900 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
370_TheBoatRace1999 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames featuring tallest rower boat race history cambridge won race second fastest time seventh consecutive victory event reserve race cambridge defeated oxford isis fastest time cambridge won background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race confident oxford crew motivated opponents advantage cambridge hungry victory oxford boat driven win damn thing making final appearance race having lost race grandfather represented cambridge 1930s uncle rowed losing oxford crew race following year cambridge boat club president canadian international rower making boat_race appearance attempting complete hat trick victories head coach oxford cambridge counterpart suggested feels like fear defeat aim trying push limits motivation race umpire introduced modifications starting procedure suggesting content hold crews seconds issuing set commands cambridge williams remarked happy long crews start races happy race sponsored time crews competing anniversary bbc coverage event preceding years secured average audience excess million crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower cambridge rowing number cambridge tallest rower boat race history oxford crew comprised americans canadian german cambridge represented americans german canadian blues returned cambridge wallace smith oxford saw return cambridge cox tenth female steer boat_race crew competitor event race race initially separate crews offering odds boat win start race approached williams suggested worried crew oxford declared favourites cambridge won toss elected start surrey station despite warned umpire davis cambridge soon half length ahead second clear mile_post lead extended length hammersmith_bridge steered boat better angle attack pushing cambridge seven seconds seconds barnes railway bridge passed finishing post half lengths ahead second advantage dark blues light blues finished minutes seconds time time cambridge secured seven consecutive victories reserve race cambridge beat oxford isis half lengths ninth victory years record time minutes seconds beat fastest time recorded repeated cambridge won 51st women boat race length time minutes second eighth consecutive victory reaction oxford haven got answers talk crew number admitted impression quicker hard thing cambridge williams noted thought bit competitive cambridge boat club president fun rowing cambridge | The Boat Race 1999 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
780_TheBoatRace1861 | boat race 18th boat race took place river_thames march held annually boat_race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge event featured non british competitor suffered numerous river traffic oxford won lengths background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london cambridge went race reigning champions having defeated oxford length previous year race led overall wins oxford seven challenge race sent oxford october term accepted cambridge boats built specifically race cambridge oxford oxford occasionally looked rowed race represented dark blues races race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opposition returned oxford crew having rowed previous year race cambridge saw blake hall return race featured non british rower history event oxford educated australia representing dark blues number race result strong winds large volume land water running river race scheduled cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey station oxford starter gave command start boat taking early advantage star pub cambridge edged ahead half length lead duke head pub light blues moved steering error cambridge cox saw lead eroded oxford led football ground rough water created nearby according wheels motion caused swell slow oxford boat crew rhythm combined poor steering cambridge allowed oxford pull away lengths ahead hammersmith_bridge cambridge passage came sailing barge forced steer lengths oxford suffered briefly hands barge blocking route lengths ahead passed flag boat indicating finish race ship tavern time minutes seconds lead lengths largest winning margin race series consecutive victories oxford | The Boat Race 1861 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
981_TheBoatRace1950 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge crew contained olympic silver summer olympics crew rowed race umpired olympic rower cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds taking overall record event favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race quarter length cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed light blues races coach non rowing boat club president race rowed times rowed race oxford coaches rowed cambridge times coached light blues race dark blue race hugh edwards rowed oxford rowed cambridge race race umpired second time british rowed cambridge races light blues initially considered hot favourites described rowing correspondent brilliant promise oxford collection competent crew observer suggested race crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford saw rowers return boat experience event including number rowing consecutive boat_race cambridge crew contained rowers taken boat race previously including making appearance race participants race registered non british crew oxford came australia cambridge south african cambridge crew contained rowers won silver medals summer olympics lloyd crew came second men london president forced drop race illness oxford rowers educated cambridge rowers studying rowed race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge started race dark blues making slightly faster start minute canvas length ahead opponents having outside bend extended lead quarter length time crews passed mile_post cambridge leading quarter length extended half length cambridge stroke increased crew rate opposite number responded prevent light blues going clear conditions rough crews slowed stroke rate cambridge passing hammersmith_bridge half length ahead passed pub oxford slowly began gain rating marginally higher pushed prevent light blues extending lead nearly length time crews passed despite oxford cambridge better stride saw pass barnes bridge half lengths ahead cambridge passed finishing post leading half lengths time minutes seconds fourth consecutive win slowest time race victory took overall record event favour rowing correspondent times noted cambridge rowed far better recently oxford surpassed reasonably expected manchester guardian rowing correspondent declared cambridge crew generally acknowledged best seen oxford short piracy win race writing observer noted cambridge practice shown promising form power unity oxford great running | The Boat Race 1950 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1055_TheBoatRace1958 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired cambridge rower featured cox follow father steering boats reigning champions cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds fastest winning time history took overall record favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed twice cambridge races time blue rowing races rowed races time blue oxford coaches hugh edwards rowed oxford races rowed races race umpired sixth time british rowed cambridge races buildup race cambridge struck week unable train crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew rowers including stroke rowing race number cambridge saw single participant return number participants race registered non british oxford number hailed america cambridge number australian cambridge cox follow father footsteps steered light blues race light blues number followed father coach year father father rowed cambridge races respectively oxford stroke son hugh edwards rowed race father coach rowed races cambridge race cambridge went race favourites won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford conditions described times fog rain race started oxford rated cambridge length stroke saw hold quarter length lead minute continuing pull away cambridge clear half length clear time crews passed increased length half mile_post oxford crab tree pub impression lead oxford rating cambridge strokes minute passed hammersmith_bridge lengths light blues lead lengths cambridge saw oxford rowing strokes minute faster opponents able relax cambridge passed finishing post half lengths clear oxford time minutes seconds fastest winning time event history cambridge fourth consecutive victory fastest winning time race correspondent writing times described victory great success attributed win cambridge precision properly covered blades brilliance individuals boat writing observer suggested cambridge crew good war oxford rowed gave technique inadequate | The Boat Race 1958 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1059_TheBoatRace1905 | boat race 62nd boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge went race reigning champions having won previous year race year race umpired rower oxford won lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths oxford led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed races rowed race oxford coaches rowed races represented dark blues times umpire year old cambridge rower rowed races crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained rowers including rowing consecutive race cambridge saw rowers return crew including making fourth appearance event participants race registered british according oxford rower author dark blues great difficulties training got attained great place conversely cambridge crew suffered old forbidden joining crew doctors replacement stand soon light blues arrived replaced unfit having recently returned africa race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford race started command umpire dark blues took lead according race hand mile won liked oxford won lengths time minutes seconds victory years winning margin race | The Boat Race 1905 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1480_TheBoatRace1975 | boat race race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames march cambridge won seventh race years quarter lengths time minutes seconds race umpired oxford rower reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge half lengths cambridge won 30th women boat race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race half lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat umpire race rowed oxford races non rowing president race women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race month leading race cambridge crew saw significant changes including removal rowed race fever cambridge boat club president cambridge slower planned fast beat oxford march cambridge beat oxford record time set days earlier hammersmith_bridge mile_post seconds following day oxford coach revealed oxford reserve crew isis record time cambridge efforts shows fast conditions yesterday cambridge coach remarked charges fast crew crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained blues boat club president stroke cambridge saw return boat british international rower replaced illness prior race light blues saw international standard rowers crew withdrawn selection race represent great_britain competitors race registered overseas blues oxford number counterpart united_states race cambridge started pre race favourite according author rower oxford useful new recruits outside immediate camp thought win oxford won toss elected start surrey station oxford took early lead mile_post cambridge recovered lead seconds extending lead light blues gained clear water advantage moved boat seconds ahead cambridge held length quarter lead defended number oxford pushes midway round surrey bend oxford bow man came gate allowing cambridge increase lead length seven second lead extended seconds final bend cambridge pushed lead nearly lengths passing finishing post minutes seconds thirteen seconds ahead rivals cambridge seventh victory previous years having lost oxford reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge half lengths win race 30th running cambridge winning 13th consecutive race reaction oxford claimed caught crab know happened cambridge number said dark blues kept coming time time sure victory mile race writing guardian impressed contest rare element race nearly way case recent years suggested race surely common hard fought way exciting point view average spectator | The Boat Race 1975 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1515_TheBoatRace1981 | boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired oxford rower won oxford passed finishing post lengths ahead cambridge largest margin victory race saw oxford female cox history event reserve race isis beat half lengths oxford victorious background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having beaten cambridge canvas previous year race cambridge held overall lead victories oxford race sponsored fifth time women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race writing guardian noted oxford preparations race suggesting set opponents possibly went predict oxford win greatest margin race cambridge reorganised seating order week race oxford boat named rowed oxford successful races killed car accident previous year way australia modified starting arrangements making boats commence race closer dissuade steering start warned foul crews selected cox oxford boat female competitor history boat race learned cox selected represent great_britain women summer olympics moscow impressed oxford coach chose dark blues selection caused according passed advised oxford largest victory century race making fourth appearance time junior fellow undergraduate corpus representative women college men boat race oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents race saw return fewer blues crew brown oxford cambridge new race cambridge finishing coach oxford took role weeks prior race race oxford strong pre race favourites quoted oxford odds win cambridge won toss time seven years elected start surrey station race started umpire howard guidance crews rating equally start oxford took early lead lead seconds mile_post allowing boat cambridge pushing crew cambridge oxford extended lead seconds hammersmith_bridge seconds seconds seconds finishing post oxford won sixth consecutive victory lengths time minutes seconds largest margin victory cambridge won race thirteen lengths largest margin victory 20th century dark blues reserve race isis beat lengths second consecutive victory 36th running oxford second consecutive victory reaction avoided traditional thames later commented steered extremely badly won coach said brilliant job writing guardian described oxford victory crushing following calculated performance times impressed doubt finest crews oxford produced arguably best | The Boat Race 1981 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1557_TheBoatRace1870 | boat race 27th boat race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames april cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds victory race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london oxford went race reigning champions having defeated cambridge lengths previous year race led overall sixteen wins cambridge cambridge coached coached rowed races acted non rowing president race previous year decision engage member opposing university greeted considered disgrace club morrison coached oxford times previously oxford coach rowed victories dark blues race rowed oxford harvard_university race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter crews sets rowers averaged weight oxford crew contained blues rowing consecutive race similarly cambridge saw crew return including president race according despite oxford weaker crew pre race favourites based prestige report graphic noted present following race carrying umpire transport edward prince wales later king edward vii francis prince oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford cambridge took early lead stroke rate lower dark blues led quarters length time crews shot hammersmith_bridge oxford stayed touch miles following race cambridge stroke led surge pull ahead oxford despite best efforts oxford recover cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds victory cambridge race brought overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1870 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1658_TheBoatRace1865 | boat race 22nd boat race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames april oxford won lengths time minutes seconds race described sensational races history far umpired time crew won boat race having bridge background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths oxford leading overall victories cambridge cambridge coached non rowing president rowed races oxford coach rowed oxford times non rowing president university boats constructed oxford cedar wood race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opposition cambridge saw return blues including cox number represented university twice oxford crew rowed previous year race race crews initially returned instruction boat club president demanded stay start oxford won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge following indifferent start crews cambridge took lead length ahead avoid pressing light blue cox archer steered boat middle river counterpart close bank resulting length lead cambridge crab tree pub lead lengths despite dominating race time crews passed hammersmith_bridge oxford reduced lead quarters length pub lead half length soon oxford boat overlapped opponents cambridge pushed away dark blues began overlap light blues stern cambridge stroke reacted pushed lead crews level oxford better line river saw draw away rapidly cambridge light blues regarded falling pieces oxford lead barnes bridge lengths time passed finishing line won lengths time minutes seconds securing fifth consecutive win taking overall record favour suggested races conducted far sensational races history described splendid race | The Boat Race 1865 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1682_TheBoatRace1948 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired rower cambridge won lengths record time minutes seconds beating existing record set race victory second row took overall record race cambridge favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed dark blues race represented oxford races cambridge coached rowed light blues races rowed cambridge races light blue times time umpire race cambridge rower represented light blues races rowing correspondent anticipated close race prospects oxford cambridge year race saturday counterpart times agreement crew gets best minutes probably win race crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge saw rowers return crew boat_race experience including stroke oxford boat contained blues making appearances participants registered non british oxford cambridge australia race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford race started taylor light blues rated opponents start soon number caught crab allowing oxford half length lead extended quarters length despite having stopped allow recover cambridge drew level quarter length ahead time crews passed mile_post seconds record pace rowing head wind cambridge length ahead drew clear boats passed hammersmith_bridge crews passed hms training ship cambridge began draw away lengths ahead strong light blues continued pull ahead passed barnes bridge lengths ahead seconds ahead course record cambridge passed finishing post lengths ahead time minutes seconds victory cambridge second row races took overall record race favour special correspondent writing observer called boat_race years times rowing correspondent suggested great triumph cambridge coaches able produce bag apparent practice writing rowing correspondent noted strange cambridge shown like form practice | The Boat Race 1948 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
1874_TheBoatRace1841 | boat race 5th boat race took place river_thames april fourth rowing competition university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge contested london race held won cambridge crew featured pairs brothers rowing defeated oxford distance lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record event cambridge favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held takes place river_thames southwest london cambridge went race reigning champions having won previous year race quarters length disagreement day selected race mainly attempt coincide suitable tide cambridge cox race oxford race referee cambridge universities rowed boats constructed vessels generally admired significant difference oxford boat built cambridge built race took place quarter mile stretch thames arrangements police course clear according cambridge number seven work decide ahead astern train barges catering river according report morning chronicle crews agreed match attempt lead oxford arrived thames days prior race rowed course cambridge started practice runs days later racing crew subsequently won grand challenge cup royal suffered injury practice struck tremendous blow shoulder cured application oxford crew settled days race competed crew crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opposition cambridge crew contained blues rowed previous year race similarly oxford saw return members boat_race experience time history race pairs brothers rowed cambridge joseph william george lewis race cambridge considered favourites race mainly won previous races thames light blues won toss elected start arch centre surrey oxford arch race commenced light blues making better start taking early lead getting clear lead lengths extended lengths cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds fourth consecutive victory took overall record favour despite earlier fears managed offered boats | The Boat Race 1841 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
2101_TheBoatRace1858 | boat race 15th boat race took place river_thames march typically held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge race disrupted poor rowing collision barge won cambridge defeated oxford seven half lengths time minutes seconds background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london oxford went year race reigning champions having defeated cambridge lengths previous year race cambridge led overall wins oxford cambridge coached fifth time light blues races oxford coach cox dark blues race coach fourth time race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter crews oxford crew weighed average pound rower opponents rowing boat race light blues featured cambridge crew oxford crew included participants competed previous race including making appearance event race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford race commenced immediately oxford boat club president stroke caught crab completely brought cambridge took lead caught following clash port barge boats level crab tree pub cambridge began draw ahead passed hammersmith_bridge length half lead light blues continued increase lead passed flag boat seven half lengths ahead oxford time minutes seconds fastest time race held tide took overall record event cambridge favour hoped rematch conducted royal oxford failed crew cambridge went defeat winning grand challenge cup | The Boat Race 1858 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
2173_TheBoatRace1887 | boat race 44th boat race took place march boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired cambridge won race half lengths oxford crew snapping half winning time race minutes seconds cambridge victory took overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won previous year race thirds length oxford held overall lead victories cambridge excluding dead heat coaches cambridge represented cambridge races rowed races oxford coaches rowed dark blues times races rowed times oxford time blue oxford umpire race rowed cambridge times crews oxford crew weighed average pounds opponents oxford initially blues available president brother douglas persuaded return fifth boat_race appearance weeks race following return india cambridge crew boat race experience including non british participant australian fourth race race weather race good tide strong breeze rough water cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford making better start crews cambridge length ahead extended half length time passed crab tree pub oxford came contention time crews shot hammersmith_bridge little daylight boats bridge crews hit rough water cambridge advantage shelter river pulled away quickly lengths clear bend river began favour dark blues drew level number seven broke effectively ending participation race cambridge pulled away won half lengths time minutes seconds second consecutive victory fastest time race win took overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1887 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
2318_TheBoatRace1878 | boat race 35th boat race took place april boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames total blues took contest race umpired rower oxford won margin lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide crew went race reigning champions previous year race declared dead heat oxford held overall lead victories cambridge cambridge coach rowed light blues races oxford coached rowed dark blues previous year rowing number rowed represented oxford races race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter finishing judge crews oxford crew weighed average pounds opponents cambridge saw blues return including cox george davies taking fourth consecutive boat race oxford crew included individuals experience race boat club president making fourth appearance event suggested oxford crew best date race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge race commenced rating oxford strokes minute cambridge took early lead half length ahead minute held lead round bend favoured river curved favour oxford dark blues quickly overtook slower stroke rate half length clear crab tree pub extended lengths hammersmith_bridge oxford won seconds approximately lengths time minutes seconds second victory years took overall record favour | The Boat Race 1878 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
2884_TheBoatRace1857 | boat race 14th boat race took place river_thames april held annually boat_race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge oxford rowed keel built boat time history race construction method vessels umpired race won oxford cambridge lengths background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london cambridge went race reigning champions having defeated oxford half length previous year race led overall wins oxford race feature keel built boat purchased personally oxford boat club president newcastle boat builder oxford crew rowed practice time minutes seconds considered remarkable boat fixed seats engaged taylor oxford send boat quickly possible avoiding professional coaching banned boat race cambridge rowed boat built race crews rowed round oxford soon showed signs good pace practice set course record minutes seconds time remain unbeaten race cambridge began practice rows late race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race crews oxford saw crew members return race cox cambridge welcomed blues lloyd snow oxford marginally heavier crew average rower pound average cambridge oxford president rowed number seven counterpart rowed light blues race oxford won toss elected start middlesex station leaving cambridge surrey station starting soon oxford good start originally home clear cambridge increased lead length time reached crab tree pub despite cambridge making number pushes try recover deficit oxford continued pull away completed course seconds ahead cambridge lengths clear winning time minutes seconds oxford fourth victory previous races represented largest winning margin race described account doubt hollow beating given cambridge oxford | The Boat Race 1857 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
3132_TheBoatRace1947 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river_thames london race umpired oxford rower cambridge won lengths time minutes second taking overall record event favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed dark blues race time blue rowed times oxford cambridge coached rowed light blues races represented cambridge races time blue umpire race oxford rower represented dark blues races spectators archbishop_of_canterbury american actress year programmes sold proceeds help fund boat clubs rowing correspondent times suggested oxford win claiming cambridge started year shortage material practice row rowing correspondent stated cambridge showed better form oxford hard work including practicing start oxford reported favourites prediction win determined won toss view echoed evening telegraph suggested oxford favourites abnormal flooding favour crew won toss crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford saw rowers boat_race experience return crew including stroke cambridge boat contained crew member taken event cox president declared unfit row following series bouts participants race registered british race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge race started umpire rain dismal weather rating oxford strokes minute light blues took immediate lead pulling away opponents crews passed mile_post cambridge clear lengths despite dark blues furniture light blues maintained lead oxford trailed cambridge half lengths light blues passed hammersmith_bridge moved oxford water effectively ending race contest cambridge continued build lead ahead lengths barnes bridge passed finishing post lengths ahead time minutes second win race slowest winning time race winning margin largest race victory took overall record event cambridge favour rowing correspondent times suggested boat race disappointing weather rowed | The Boat Race 1947 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
3495_TheBoatRace1901 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge won previous year race lengths year race umpired rower won oxford length time minutes seconds oxford crew featured blues cambridge dark blues win years slowest winning time victory took overall record event favour oxford background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths oxford led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed oxford races president previous year time blue represented oxford times cambridge coached rowed light blues times time blue time blue umpire race twelfth year row won event consecutive times rowing oxford races author oxford rower wrote dark blues created sensation elected row boat designed based built newcastle race crew remarked material built second class coached gold attained nearly class pace cambridge crew suffered illness practice late reorganisation crew received set recovered crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew contained single rower boat_race experience number boat club president conversely oxford saw blues return boat including rower cox making appearance event participants race registered british seven cambridge crew members studying race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford heavy strong wind south west conditions race started race oxford taking advantage bend river gradually drew away opponents hold half length lead mile_post cambridge stroke ensure crews level time passed oxford stroke rate dropped conceded ground light blues long bend dropped despite closer shore water rough cambridge struggled oxford found impossible water pass cambridge settled light blues near barnes bridge moved simultaneously result began overlap cambridge bend river favour race crews passed brewery encountering rough water cambridge unable respond oxford passed finishing post length ahead time minutes seconds dark blues win years slowest winning time race victory took overall record event favour oxford | The Boat Race 1901 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
3579_TheBoatRace1925 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired rower cambridge won time minutes seconds oxford unable finish race victory took overall record event oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths oxford led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coached rowed university races rowed times rowed races prior world war cambridge coaches time blue rowed sir coach lady margaret boat club rowed race seventeenth year umpire old rowed cambridge races result illnesses oxford crew finalised days race according rower author changes prevented crew getting stated oxford boat rowed unfit men boat similarly cambridge affected illness particular boat club president forced leave crew crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew included participants appearance event previous year oxford saw rowers return boat including rowing consecutive race participants race registered british race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford got race underway strong wind start surrey virtually minute dark blues boat cambridge enjoyed shelter middlesex wall rapidly went away despite advised stop coach pub oxford gave cambridge slowed strong passed finishing post time minutes seconds slowest winning time race time history event crews sank races according author oxford rower race complete literal sense word following race heavily criticised placement disagreed noting boats placed water possible boats prior race followed requests boat club presidents boats closer middlesex station want inappropriate advantage crew starting river letter published field wrote hope umpire relieved duty fixing course assistance representative universities launch fixing stake boats deciding race rowed | The Boat Race 1925 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
3634_TheBoatRace1936 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired boat_race coach cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds record thirteenth consecutive victory took overall record event cambridge favour heaviest crew year boat_race history cambridge weigh average individual background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat oxford coached rowed oxford races cambridge rowers rowed light blues races rowed cambridge races cambridge coaches rowed light blues races rowed race coached light blues previous year race umpired coached cambridge times oxford previous year boats crews rowing correspondent times suggested arrival cambridge certainly fastest crew come oxford equally certain worst went report cambridge looked remarkably neat actually got slower time oxford improved pace appearance measure critics thought impossible crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents heaviest crew time time race history crew weighed average oxford saw participants boat_race experience return crew number stroke cambridge crew contained blues making appearance including cox win pairs gold medal olympics race participants registered non british oxford cambridge australian race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge started race relatively calm water cambridge quicker start rating dark blues struggled patches water oxford held slight lead end wall bend river dark blues held half length lead crews passed mile_post according oxford rower writing going ahead stroke cambridge stroke pushed reduce oxford advantage long bend river favoured crews passed hammersmith_bridge cambridge trailing half length series cambridge combined intelligent steering cox pushing boat tide resulted reversal fortune cambridge leading end nearly clear oxford passing seconds ahead light blues continued increase advantage passing barnes bridge lengths ahead passed finishing post lengths ahead time minutes seconds largest winning margin race slowest winning time race oxford sank adverse conditions cambridge thirteenth consecutive victory record streak history boat race took overall record event favour wrote praise oxford crew cambridge noted produced best form early race later rowing correspondent times stated exciting race half course praised light blues saying credit cambridge crew manner recovered led bad water writing observer claimed cambridge described best crew chronicles rowing kings oxford worst | The Boat Race 1936 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
4145_TheBoatRace1975 | boat race race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames march cambridge won seventh race years quarter lengths time minutes seconds race umpired oxford rower reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge half lengths cambridge won 30th women boat race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race half lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat umpire race rowed oxford races non rowing president race women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race month leading race cambridge crew saw significant changes including removal rowed race fever cambridge boat club president cambridge slower planned fast beat oxford march cambridge beat oxford record time set days earlier hammersmith_bridge mile_post seconds following day oxford coach revealed oxford reserve crew isis record time cambridge efforts shows fast conditions yesterday cambridge coach remarked charges fast crew crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained blues boat club president stroke cambridge saw return boat british international rower replaced illness prior race light blues saw international standard rowers crew withdrawn selection race represent great_britain competitors race registered overseas blues oxford number counterpart united_states race cambridge started pre race favourite according author rower oxford useful new recruits outside immediate camp thought win oxford won toss elected start surrey station oxford took early lead mile_post cambridge recovered lead seconds extending lead light blues gained clear water advantage moved boat seconds ahead cambridge held length quarter lead defended number oxford pushes midway round surrey bend oxford bow man came gate allowing cambridge increase lead length seven second lead extended seconds final bend cambridge pushed lead nearly lengths passing finishing post minutes seconds thirteen seconds ahead rivals cambridge seventh victory previous years having lost oxford reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge half lengths win race 30th running cambridge winning 13th consecutive race reaction oxford claimed caught crab know happened cambridge number said dark blues kept coming time time sure victory mile race writing guardian impressed contest rare element race nearly way case recent years suggested race surely common hard fought way exciting point view average spectator | The Boat Race 1975 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
4397_TheBoatRace1929 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames event featured olympic included danish rower participate boat race race umpired oxford rower cambridge won seven lengths time minutes seconds fastest winning time race victory sixth row tenth previous years overall record time wins background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths oxford leading overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat cambridge coached time blue rowed oxford coaches president race time blue rowed times rowed oxford races year umpire rowed oxford races rowed oxford race finishing judge second consecutive year bad weather plagued practice build race heavy fog caused outing times rowing correspondent described cambridge style easy sluggish oxford lively point boat crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford saw rowers return cambridge boat contained participants including making consecutive appearance gold summer olympics cox won silver medal men oxford crew registered non british australia danish rower history event race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford umpire started race fine weather boats got quick starts oxford ahead strokes level past cambridge edged ahead hold canvas length lead taking advantage struggle rough water cambridge slowly drew ahead held quarter length lead time crews passed mile_post push dark blues saw contention bridge according writing observer went ahead fast steadily suggest lost toss able safely surrey water oxford taken stride light blues passed bridge length lead cambridge bend effectively ended race contest final surge oxford held cambridge passed barnes bridge lengths ahead dark blues started signs distress particular bow later noted suffering cambridge pulled away dark blues stroke rated strokes minute finish passing finishing post lead seven lengths time minutes seconds sixth consecutive victory tenth previous years fastest winning time race ninth fastest time history event win took overall record time race scores according oxford rower races writing cambridge crew worthy classed best cambridge turned oxford rowed distinctly practice form disappointing crew rowing correspondent times described crushing defeat oxford stating completely cambridge upheld tradition skill oxford upheld courage | The Boat Race 1929 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
4568_TheBoatRace1881 | boat race 38th boat race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames took place april race umpired oxford won margin lengths time minutes seconds taking overall record favour background boat race annual rowing competition university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge held competition mile race championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race quarter lengths held overall lead victories cambridge excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed cambridge races blue times rowed times represented cambridge races oxford coaches rowed oxford races rowed non rowing boat club president blue times rowed twice races umpire race rowed cambridge times starter night race anniversary dinner held commemorate anniversary event crews oxford crew weighed average pounds opponents cambridge crew included blues making appearance event oxford saw rowers boat_race experience return including rowing time race day race oxford number ill author rower suggested necessary west oxford stroke nurse possible oxford won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge cold north easterly wind race commenced dark blues cambridge taking early lead taking advantage favourable bend river oxford half length ahead crab tree pub cambridge began reduce deficit oxford decreased stroke rate crews nearly level bend river favour cambridge oxford increased rating hammersmith_bridge held quarter length lead held light blues clear length lead barnes railway bridge increased time oxford passed finishing post winning time minutes seconds oxford second consecutive victory took overall record favour | The Boat Race 1881 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
4704_TheBoatRace1994 | boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge won half lengths race saw competitors norway history race brothers time competing previously won event reserve race cambridge defeated oxford isis cambridge won background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat race sponsored eighth consecutive year women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race preparing race cambridge defeated crews oxford lost lightweight crew narrowly defeated went secure victory reading head river race head coach assistant removed positions installed finishing coach dark blues build concluded loss cambridge coached crews crews weighed days prior race oxford weighed average rower pounds opponents oxford crew featured norwegian brothers rowers country participate boat race participated world championship olympic races president referred noted got kind thing switch nuts cambridge welcomed blues oxford saw return form chick race cambridge considered pre race favourites oxford won toss elected start middlesex station poor start oxford cox chick referred bit cambridge took early lead seconds ahead mile_post extended advantage seconds hammersmith_bridge sixteen poor steering combined determination oxford stay touch kept cambridge moving ahead light blues passed finishing post minutes seconds half lengths seconds ahead dark blues cambridge victory race umpired reserve race cambridge won thirteen lengths isis seventh victory years cambridge won 49th women boat race week earlier metres race thames length time minutes seconds fifth victory years reaction cambridge boat club president said better cambridge number descriptive bitch race cruised | The Boat Race 1994 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
4881_TheBoatRace1879 | boat race 36th boat race took place april boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames crew contained blues race umpired oxford rower cambridge led way won margin lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london cambridge went race reigning champions having won previous year race lengths oxford held overall lead victories cambridge excluding dead heat cambridge coaches rowed light blues races took races blue oxford coached rowed dark blues non rowing president race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds opponents oxford crew contained blues including rowing fifth consecutive boat_race similarly cambridge saw blues return crew including cox steering light blue boat fifth time rower author stated crews year high standard winning crews past years cambridge crew included non british participant race australian rower born victoria educated race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge cambridge better start clear oxford seconds race despite lower stroke rate light blues extended lead lengths hammersmith_bridge encountering rough water cambridge slowed allowed oxford gain crews passed water light blues dominance passed finishing post lengths ahead time minutes seconds cambridge victory race seventh races taking overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1879 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5084_TheBoatRace1966 | boat race boat race took place march held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race won oxford quarter lengths isis won reserve race cambridge won background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race quarter lengths cambridge held overall lead victories oxford excluding dead heat women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race days main race weather cambridge boat began sink pushed barges moored crew rescued according boat club president incident impact light blues shall boat race boat race vessel sink race light blues row boat won races oxford craft manufactured swiss firm racing boats boats german rigged number row bow weather continued day race disruption predicted threat real race umpired president rower took cambridge victory race cambridge crew coached rowed cambridge races won blues races rowed times participated race oxford coach rowed dark blues races crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents chris brothers row boat race race oxford crew contained single blue boat club president number cambridge saw stroke return oxford following footsteps great grandfather rowed race non british participants race oxford cox cambridge rowers american race oxford won toss elected start surrey station despite prediction poor weather threat race commenced planned time oxford better start half length cambridge advantage middlesex bend light blues second mile_post oxford reacted cambridge push maintain lead extended seconds hammersmith_bridge dark blues continued contain cambridge attempts reduce deficit clear water second advantage pushing away length lead oxford cox steered cambridge boat middlesex seconds ahead barnes bridge oxford won quarter lengths time minutes seconds reserve race false start oxford isis beat cambridge seventh lengths second consecutive victory time minutes seconds 21st running cambridge fourth consecutive victory | The Boat Race 1966 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5272_TheBoatRace1983 | boat race boat race took place april held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames pre race preparation saw cambridge threaten boycott race time following inclusion oxford boat crews heaviest history event featured boat_race competitors oxford won race half lengths isis won reserve race cambridge victorious background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford reigning champions having beaten cambridge quarter lengths previous year race cambridge held overall lead victories oxford race sponsored winner awarded trophy march cambridge issued statement suggesting boycott race following dispute oxford selection member crew veteran previous victories cambridge argued ineligible inclusion lecturer university coach offered services crew provide opponent oxford cambridge refuse participate offered withdraw race committee rejected cambridge finally agreed race reached agreement oxford discuss possibly eligibility criteria ultimately led establishment called rule states compete race times undergraduate times graduate women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race crews crews heaviest boat_race history oxford averaging stone rower nearly pounds man heavier cambridge crew pre race favourites win eighth consecutive race cambridge crew featured unsuccessful blues oxford boat contained blues boat race victories seven oxford rowers international post graduates cambridge crew included seven average age oxford crew years cambridge race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station oxford rowing higher rate took early lead clear cambridge mile_post extending lead seconds hammersmith_bridge oxford pushed lead seconds despite trying touch cambridge lengths barnes bridge trailed seconds oxford passed finishing post oxford won half lengths time minutes seconds oxford eighth consecutive victory ninth years took overall record favour cambridge race watched million television viewers reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge half lengths cambridge won 38th women boat race | The Boat Race 1983 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5305_TheBoatRace1952 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired cambridge rower oxford won canvas time minutes seconds point contest clear water boats race described closest fought time second win seven years took overall record event cambridge favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths won previous races led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed dark blues race hugh edwards rowed oxford rowed wartime race cambridge coached time blue coach rowed times race umpired time british rowed cambridge races cambridge arrived clear favourites win oxford improvements build race shortened odds rowing correspondent suggested happen rowing correspondent times reported cambridge quoted start race favourites crews evenly matched oxford good chance breaking run cambridge wins crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained rowers boat_race experience including stroke making appearance event cambridge saw participants return including cox oxford number participant registered non british harvard_university rower united_states race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford weather gale force winds snow disrupting race limiting number spectators lining banks thames thousand started race cambridge cleaner start rough conditions held quarter length lead head pub despite making number light blues pull away oxford stroke maintaining higher stroke rate touch keeping sheltered conditions slower water cambridge passed mile_post lead half length bend river beginning favour oxford lead slowly eroded boats passed nearly level hammersmith_bridge alongside dark blues half length ahead gaining cambridge cox pushed oxford boat centre river passed barnes bridge lead quarter length oxford won canvas approximately feet time minutes seconds margin victory win attempts point course race boat clear water advantage opponent rowing correspondent described race closest fought time writing observer suggested exciting races rowed | The Boat Race 1952 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5445_TheBoatRace1997 | boat race race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames march umpired oxford rower cambridge won time minutes seconds reserve race cambridge beat oxford isis half lengths cambridge won 52nd women boat race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge held competition mile race river_thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race quarter lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat race sponsored women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race crews weigh held club march cambridge crew pre race favourites weighed average pound rower oxford cambridge heaviest man race stone crews tallest history race cambridge averaging oxford oxford blue italy cambridge crew featured blues oxford crew contained cambridge coached oxford guided led netherlands olympic gold atlanta men race description oxford non rowing boat club president won toss selected surrey station starting point crew cambridge started middlesex station immediately start cambridge cox steered oxford water closing lateral gap boats securing series warnings race umpire oxford held lead feet round bend crews level mile post hammersmith_bridge oxford pulled away marginally hold length lead superior steering surrey bend pulled cambridge contention level length ahead moving cambridge took oxford clear water passed finishing post seconds lengths ahead cambridge fourth consecutive victory took overall record favour end race umpire issued warnings crews reserve race cambridge beat oxford isis half lengths 52nd running cambridge reaction olympic gold presented cambridge crews medals oxford coach said big bend cambridge actually flying race went better cambridge rowed cambridge coach williams noted boys took stick press responded pressure brilliant oxford stroke olympic bronze told crew remember lost boat race don forget good rowers stated interview occasions blades clashed cambridge warned occasion oxford think end don think affected outcome | The Boat Race 1997 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5549_TheBoatRace1939 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired oxford rower cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record event cambridge favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached time blue oxford coaches rowed dark blues races rowed times race umpired oxford rower coach represented dark blues races coached races build race oxford stroke suffered hand injury temporarily replaced failed regain form returning dropped favour stand oxford described rowing correspondent having powerful orthodox crew weak man boat suggested cambridge orthodox style rowing correspondent times agreed stating cambridge rowing certainly deteriorated produced year crew seen race dark blues considered favourites win race crews raced boats built crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew saw blues return including making consecutive appearance oxford crew included rowers including number stewart taking consecutive race individuals participating race registered non british oxford canadian cambridge crew included american number australian number race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford umpire started race oxford kept cambridge waiting minutes oxford quicker start quarter length ahead seconds cambridge longer strokes saw soon pick pace minute length ahead dark blues rating opponents strokes minute cambridge half length ahead lengths mile_post despite lead light blues ragged badly oxford rowing perfectly steadily dark blue cox steered surrey station attempt gain advantage tide cambridge began pull away furniture led half lengths passed hammersmith_bridge light blues reduced stroke rate continued extend lead passing second advantage held passed barnes bridge cambridge stroke called push increased rate strokes minute pull ahead oxford push cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds victory race fastest winning time largest winning margin race victory took overall record event cambridge favour rowing correspondent critical oxford failure respond cambridge early pressure incumbent fight like tigers settled middle aged stride observer rowing correspondent agreed hardly described race oxford effort race went fell | The Boat Race 1939 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5809_TheBoatRace1897 | boat race 54th boat race took place april boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race crews evenly matched weight wise oxford marginally heavier crew consisted entirely veterans event race umpired rower oxford won half lengths time minutes seconds victory taking overall record favour oxford eighth consecutive victory fastest winning time history event background boat race rowing competition boat clubs university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having beaten cambridge length previous year race held overall lead victories cambridge oxford coached rowed oxford races rowed oxford races times record coached cambridge crew oxford quick set course record tide minutes seconds weeks race conversely according author rower cambridge fulfilled early promise slow water umpire race ninth year row won event consecutive times rowing oxford races crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge boat included blues number participating boat race light blues studying number american rower participant race registered non british new_york oxford crew rowed event prior new race members crew educated crew studying oxford rower author stated year saw finest oxford crew rowed race result impressive performances build race oxford clear favourites win cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford race started light breeze east favourable tide light blues quicker start stroke taking crew strokes minute quarter mile cambridge held half length lead dark blues began draw contention took lead mile_post light blues kept touch oxford rowed away taking clear water advantage hammersmith_bridge effectively ending contest oxford extended lead liked passed finishing post half lengths clear cambridge winning time minutes seconds oxford eighth consecutive victory time fastest winning time history event took overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1897 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5953_TheBoatRace1926 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired rower cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds largest winning margin cambridge consecutive victory took overall record event oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race oxford oxford leading overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed dark blues races rowed university races took races cambridge coached rowed races rowed race eighteenth final year umpire old rowed cambridge races replaced following year race cambridge opted arrive fortnight later usual thames typical practice according oxford rower author light blues showed great promise struck forcing late replacement boat oxford pleasing appearance considered favourites race crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew taken boat race previously including cox participating consecutive event crew included won finals oxford saw rowers return boat cambridge australian number non british participant registered race race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge conditions described excellent smooth water moderate tide started race oxford marginally rated opponents crews level minute crews passed mile_post dark blues held small lead extended half length cambridge push reduced deficit quarter length time boats passed hammersmith_bridge following series outside bend river cambridge gained draw level dark blues rhythm number missed stroke passed allowing cambridge away clear lead lengths ahead light blues increased stroke rate pulled away win lengths largest winning margin race time minutes seconds consecutive victory seventh races | The Boat Race 1926 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
5960_TheBoatRace1976 | boat race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames took place march won oxford half lengths minutes seconds fastest time history race race umpired cambridge rower race event official weigh held featured heaviest rower oxford isis won 12th running reserve race cambridge record time minutes seconds 31st women boat race oxford defeated cambridge background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry contested point honour universities cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat umpire race rowed cambridge races women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race invitation oxford boat club president oxford coached cambridge led international rower commonly known preparations week race crews oxford performance crew described times cambridge subsequent half length defeat reserve crew crews faced crew rowing lead official race changes personnel differences conditions race lengths demonstrate clear favourite day race british company announced sponsor race following year boat club awarded compete cup crews time history event official weigh held organised sunday_times weighing machine manufacturers oxford crew heaviest time average rower pounds opposition time race history crew weighed average crew included heaviest rower history race cambridge crew inexperienced blue president rowed race contrast oxford welcomed crew including cox included victorious isis crew non british rowers participated americans harvard cambridge oxford race oxford won toss elected start surrey station leading outset calm river conditions oxford length ahead minute lengths mile_post reached record minutes seconds dark blues reduced rating milestone records broken bridge barnes bridge oxford reduced rating extended lead lengths finishing post record breaking time minutes seconds seconds quicker colleagues previously held record cambridge beat existing record finished distant seconds half lengths reaction oxford coach said successful crew got lengths sat cruised enjoyed row natural thing crew far critical cambridge crew didn lot talent official winning distance caused controversy official margin half lengths reported british newspapers including sunday_times daily_telegraph times resulted delay paying winning | The Boat Race 1976 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6110_TheBoatRace1849(December) | boat race december 10th boat race took place river_thames december typically held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge race won oxford cambridge disqualified time boat race held twice calendar year remains time event decided result disqualification background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london cambridge beaten oxford easily race earlier year result manner defeat doubts construction oxford boat issued challenge october race december invitation race immediately accepted cambridge held overall lead seven victories oxford crews oxford crew contained rowers featured previous race march steward rich returning dark blues cambridge welcomed rowers cox difference weight crews marginal oxford rowers weighing average pounds man heavier cambridge race oxford won toss elected start middlesex station leaving cambridge surrey weather conditions poor rain strong wind provided spectators crews alike pre race betting indicated clear favourite high winds thought provide cambridge slight advantage style rowing deemed suitable stormy weather light blues went race marginal favourites crews river boats constructed sons described art complete reduce water taken board cambridge better start clear increased lead half length held miles point oxford produced marked improvement speed began reduce deficit cambridge moved oxford steered surrey shore preparation shooting hammersmith_bridge collision ensued causing oxford come halt cambridge length oxford subsequent pace combined cambridge steering reduced gap end race boats nearly level immediately conclusion race umpire club declared result favour oxford cambridge foul cambridge believing foul object decision secretary wrote regretted foul taken place rendering race imperfect test merits respective crews disturbed harmony good feeling exist members rival universities contests remains time boat race decided disqualification | The Boat Race 1849 (December) | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6371_TheBoatRace1872 | boat race 29th boat race took place march boat race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds taking overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london cambridge went race reigning champions having defeated oxford length previous year race oxford led overall sixteen wins cambridge build race oxford boat club president strained prohibited practice worse days race number rower broke replaced man conversely cambridge saw return president consecutive year previous year blues available selected race oxford coached rowed dark blues times races cambridge coaches rowed cambridge races non rowing boat club president race rowed times races sliding seats started come prominence having crew reluctant allow tried race boat manufacturer fitting umpire race time boat race event overseen rowed cambridge times races performed duties starter crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds opponents oxford crew contained rowers saw return cox dark blue boat time stroke president cambridge crew included rowing race rowed race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river oxford race started teeth bitter north easterly gale snow storm proved uneventful light blues winning lengths time minutes seconds race broken bolt rigging longer contribute power light blue boat continued stroke provide required rhythm lead cambridge victory cambridge consecutive win took overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1872 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6462_TheBoatRace1987 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford won lengths race featured tallest heaviest youngest oldest crew members event history oxford crew rebelled prelude race american rowers cox leaving squad february coach removed crew replacing scottish rower rebels replaced main reserves umpired year race sponsored replacing years 23rd reserve race cambridge defeated oxford isis length cambridge won 42nd women boat race background history boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge referred dark blues light blues respectively held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom races broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race seven lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat race race sponsored women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race mutiny following defeat previous year race oxford years american determined gain revenge year gon kick ass cambridge ass home bring squad recruited american post graduates international class rowers cox attempt fastest boat_race crew history contest disagreements training regime oxford coach wanted spend time training land water lamented led crew walking occasion resulted coach approach fitness test clark scottish american resulted removal accompanied threat americans refuse row remain crew boat club president absolute power selection announcing clark row starboard weaker row port dropped crew entirely american contingent considerable negotiation debate conducted public eye clark penny fish dropped replaced members oxford reserve crew isis crews oxford crew weighed average nearly pounds rower opponents race featured tallest heaviest oxford stroke youngest cambridge oldest oxford president crew members event history cambridge boat saw returning blues oxford welcomed oxford coach counterpart race experienced crew disruption preparation race cambridge considered favourites oxford won toss elected start middlesex station malfunction umpire barge caused delay start consequence crews avoided racing lightning storm straight start oxford steered middlesex seek shelter weather cambridge eventually followed taking water receiving warnings oxford water length ahead oxford steered cambridge control race mile_post seven second advantage bridge seconds remained finishing post oxford winning lengths time minutes seconds reserve race cambridge beat oxford isis length victory years cambridge won 42nd women boat race fourth victory years reaction oxford triumphant fairy tale acknowledged crew luck winning toss combined conditions praying rough water appeared wish americans won race said thought cambridge murder took strokes scream crew huge release legacy author book events true blue oxford boat published seven years later film based book released president wrote oxford defended americans claimed wrote order justify actions journalist described particularly offensive oxford stroke writing times chosen mutiny president lost respect squad selection system lost credibility clark broken silence stating mutiny loaded term rebellion description face regrets whatsoever lament personal maturity level effect complicated situation twentieth anniversary race insisted selection dispute argument club sport time time media took story | The Boat Race 1987 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6521_TheBoatRace1842 | boat race 6th boat race took place river_thames june boat_race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge race substantially interrupted river traffic oxford beat cambridge distance half lengths background boat race held rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues cambridge went race reigning champions having defeated oxford lengths previous year race led overall wins oxford received challenge race secretary proposed race universities place late june early july cambridge rejected suggestion maintaining easter race challenge captain sent reply fact insufficient numbers provide suggesting instead rejected cambridge offered row crew club clubs whatsoever somewhat discussion agreed oxford challenge cambridge june light blues row thames june race took place quarter mile stretch thames umpire race commodore crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opposition oxford crew rowed previous cambridge saw return previous year event including rowed race race cambridge won toss elected start middlesex river handing oxford surrey river boats started arches oxford better start cambridge pulled ahead led course diverted river traffic including steamer lighter allowing dark blues retake lead according free swell continued extend lead clear cambridge began close gap mile oxford passed lead half lengths time minutes second victory inaugural race win london water | The Boat Race 1842 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6842_TheBoatRace1982 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford won quarter lengths securing seventh consecutive victory number won record fifth boat race rower oxford clay brothers twins win event reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge quarter lengths cambridge victorious background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having beaten cambridge lengths previous year race cambridge held overall lead victories oxford women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race pre race preparations cambridge crew struck floating railway sleeper near damaging boat needed repair race oxford crew suffered illness days leading race particular president moved stroke bow reduce chances possible fever crews oxford crew weighed average rower pounds man advantage cambridge oxford saw blues return including female cox cambridge crew contained single blue boat club president despite retiring rowing junior fellow hugh persuaded crew oxford boat club president rowing fifth consecutive boat_race alongside supervised classics oxford crew contained clay twins robert hugh race river conditions calm times described course smooth flat queen highway umpire race oxford heavily favoured won toss elected start surrey station good start light blues saw length ahead passing mile_post second ahead oxford oxford fought way contention cox brown forcing counterpart steer centre river crews shot hammersmith_bridge second apart oxford quickly gaining length lead clear water advantage cambridge seconds second barnes bridge oxford passed finishing post seconds quarter lengths ahead cambridge time minutes seconds record seventh consecutive victory reserve race isis beat quarter lengths seconds time minutes seconds record consecutive victory 37th running cambridge win years reaction rower win consecutive boat races won cox 1860s admitted beginning right expected burn exhausting hard rest way defeated cambridge cox said wait year stroke stated crew left year good base twins win boat race | The Boat Race 1982 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
6856_TheBoatRace1989 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford won half lengths seventh occasion race umpired time history race crews women reserve race oxford isis won cambridge won background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race currently takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race half lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat event sponsored prior race announced company sponsors following years deal worth howard umpire race seventh occasion cambridge oxford cox time history boat race crews female prior race oxford coach criticised cox useless hit fault cambridge chosen knows river responded feel confident decisions cambridge win women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race crews cambridge pre race favourites crew weighed average pounds rower opponents largest difference boat race cambridge weighed making heaviest rower history event oxford boat featured blues cambridge contained cambridge chief coach selected coach time director races cambridge won toss elected start surrey station early clash blades oxford ahead held lead seconds mile_post minutes later oxford clear water advantage continued pull away holding second lead bridge lead extended slightly cambridge failed ground oxford swept seconds ahead oxford maintained lead pass finish post half lengths clear reserve race oxford isis won quarter lengths victory years cambridge won 44th women boat race length time minutes seconds second victory years reaction said damaging race looking possible oxford stroke explained expect ali experience oxford coach suggested race battle cambridge settled steady rhythm soon | The Boat Race 1989 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
7212_TheBoatRace1906 | boat race 63rd boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race crew slightly heavier opponents race umpired cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds fastest winning time years win took overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat cambridge coached consecutive year time blue rowed race oxford coaches rowed races president race time blue umpire fourth year old cambridge rower rowed races crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew included rowers rowing consecutive event rowing alongside brother oxford crew contained represented university event including making appearance participants race registered british race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge according oxford rower author light blues went race firm favourites conditions described fast strong tide wind started race noon cambridge led stroke going clear minutes light blues held advantage lengths time passed barnes bridge victory secured finish winning half lengths time minutes seconds fourth win years fastest winning time race took overall record event oxford favour | The Boat Race 1906 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
7747_TheBoatRace1895 | boat race 52nd boat race took place march boat_race annual rowing race river thames crews universities oxford cambridge race umpired oxford rower oxford coaches cambridge alumnus cambridge quicker start oxford recovered lead hammersmith_bridge won quarter lengths time minutes seconds sixth victory row took overall record event oxford favour background boat race rowing competition boat clubs university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having beaten cambridge half lengths previous year race held overall lead victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed oxford races times president captain 1st rowed trial cambridge selected blue boat cambridge team coached rowed cambridge times races crews suffered variously buildup race hard frost persisted late season hindered training forcing crews end open water crews struck cambridge weeks race oxford week race cambridge good form going race oxford non rowing president rowed races election considered author oxford rower bold step attempt overcome result cambridge heavy defeat prior year close called away crew practice took crew umpire race seventh year row won event consecutive times rowing oxford races crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge cox participant having steered boat previous year race oxford crew contained rowers previously rowed event including taking fourth consecutive race seven oxford crew educated race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge heavy wind strong tide started race cambridge opponents start took early lead oxford steady rhythm drew level ahead hammersmith_bridge dark blues held lead quarters length took advantage cambridge experiencing rough water timed oxford boat club president stroke dark blues went clear cambridge held length lead time reached lead lengths oxford slowed passed finishing post lead quarter lengths winning time minutes seconds dark blues sixth consecutive victory took overall record favour | The Boat Race 1895 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
7749_TheBoatRace1932 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired oxford rower shortened repairs cambridge won lengths largest winning margin years time minutes seconds ninth consecutive victory win record victorious streaks oxford took overall record favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat oxford coached rowed dark blues races participated races umpired previous year race cambridge coaches rowed light blues races rowed race time race umpired president race time blue rowing race start year race moved approximately yards upstream discussion umpire boat club presidents coaches representative port london authority course shortened avoid potential temporary buttresses erected undergoing repair noted oxford rower writing comparisons times previous races points course different time race event conducted cambridge considered favourites win race according evans command boat oxford acquired drive coaching colonel rowing correspondent times stated cambridge crew best combined crew oxford remarkable good form blade long steady crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford saw rowers return crew boat_race experience cambridge crew contained participants taken event previously including bow number participants race registered non british rowed cambridge australian race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford weather conditions favourable bright sunshine little wind calm water umpire gold started race oxford quicker start marginally rating light blues led quarter length end wall extended lead length time crews passed mile_post increased stroke rate drew level crab tree pub led half length crews passed hammersmith_bridge cambridge drew clear held length lead pub rough water oxford struggled seconds light blues despite dark blues cambridge passed lengths ahead held lead pass finishing post time minutes seconds largest winning margin race ninth consecutive victory time history race cambridge successful winning streaks oxford | The Boat Race 1932 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
8322_TheBoatRace2002 | boat race boat race took place march oxford won race quarters length margins victory history contest reserve race isis beat oxford won women race background boat race annual competition oxford_university cambridge_university held competition mile race river_thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race feet led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat race sponsored consecutive year women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race crews despite weighing pound man opponents cambridge pre race favourites boats contained blues oxford cox attended cambridge cox ellie attended girls school familiar course oxford crew contained american international rowers dutch international cambridge stroke cousin oxford bow world champion rowed alongside fellow british cambridge international rowers included american german president race description cambridge won coin toss elected start northern bank middlesex thames despite cambridge cox having hand raised indicate cambridge crew ready commence race umpire started race stroke rate oxford took early lead cambridge pulled level crews passed taking slight lead round surrey bend cambridge number mayer suffered attack collapsed allowing oxford draw second approached barnes bridge sprint finish oxford pulled away quarters length clear finishing post oxford finished time minutes seconds cambridge finishing seconds quarters length oxford second victory previous years brought overall result cambridge favour finish following tradition oxford crew threw cox water celebration mayer hospitalised minutes race initially considered result exhaustion later diagnosed following attack reserve race oxford isis beat cambridge earlier oxford won 57th women race half lengths reaction said neck neck absolute belief time olympic gold said race truly amazing cambridge coach generous defeat credit oxford awesome job took chance fantastic race oxford coach said believed barnes bridge rowing knew wanted simon barnes times noted cambridge early oxford lead went ahead end oxford crew kept away finish sight cambridge yielded | The Boat Race 2002 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
8461_TheBoatRace1876 | boat race 33rd boat race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames april oxford crew boat_race experience cambridge crew contained blues umpired cambridge won race easily time minutes seconds following confusion positioning finish victory took overall record oxford favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london oxford went race reigning champions having defeated cambridge lengths previous year race led overall seventeen wins cambridge cambridge coached rowed cambridge races represented light blues races record coached oxford umpire race rowed oxford twice march december race starter crews crews weight average cambridge crew contained blues cox rowing fourth boat race oxford saw blues return including making boat_race appearance author rower stated placement described best rowed stroke mistake contrast cambridge considered finest seen time race oxford won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge weather conditions warm foul wind miles course race commenced crews remained level minutes race cambridge began pull ahead hammersmith_bridge clear water advantage lengths extending lead light blues lengths ahead ship pub oxford finally passed pub stopped apparently unaware completed course author oxford rower suggested course approximately yards long cambridge having finish received finishing gun lengths ahead result confusion judge declared winning distance lengths official records state cambridge won race easily time minutes seconds sixth win seven years took overall record oxford favour | The Boat Race 1876 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
8761_TheBoatRace1913 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race crews contained total summer olympics umpired cambridge rower oxford won year race quarters length time minutes seconds victory took overall record event favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed dark blues races rowed university races president race time blue rowed cambridge times cambridge coached rowed light blues races tenth year umpire old rowed cambridge races avoid holy week race scheduled earlier normal march old joined cambridge crew light blues practice disrupted losing suffering late build race losing rogers injury respectively days race fit return according author oxford rower crew came post oxford crew noted crew went easily comfortably day lacked essential balance crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew included rowers boat_race experience making appearance event oxford crew saw participants return including cox taking race won gold medals men summer olympics rowing defeated final arthur rowed race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford started race conditions described author oxford rower perfect modest tide despite oxford rating opponents start cambridge took early lead half length ahead minute bend river light blues continued slowly gain clear mile_post oxford closed gap lead half length taking advantage bend river light blues pulled away nearly clear time crews passed hammersmith_bridge extended lead quarter length clear pub half length clear rowing increasing wind cambridge began tire oxford closed gap cambridge stroke barnes bridge led length quarter bridge crews began steer closer eventually causing cox way avoid foul time boats passed brewery level despite final push cambridge oxford drove passing finishing post rating strokes minute won quarters length time minutes seconds winning margin race oxford fifth consecutive victory taking overall record event favour | The Boat Race 1913 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
8763_TheBoatRace1893 | boat race 50th boat race took place march boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford went event reigning champions having won previous year race race umpired rower oxford won length quarter time minutes seconds time fastest history event fourth consecutive victory took overall record favour background boat race rowing competition boat clubs university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having beaten cambridge quarter lengths previous year race held overall lead victories cambridge oxford coaches rowed oxford races rowed dark blues times cambridge coached president captain 1st rowed trials cambridge selected blue boat umpire race fifth year row won event consecutive times rowing oxford races according author undergoing repair running race occasions race held saturday crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge saw rowers boat_race experience return including light blues oxford boat contained blues including participating fourth boat race dark blues studying competitors race registered british oxford members previous year race available injured practice cambridge crew considered powerful technically race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford good spring tide light breeze east umpire started race light blues opponents strokes minute taking early lead oxford drew level moved ahead holding length lead mile_post advantage river course cambridge hammersmith_bridge lead cut half length pub miles course crews level despite higher stroke rate cambridge failed ahead showed signs oxford began away barnes bridge length half clear encountered difficult water temporary dam constructed created cambridge took advantage reduce deficit pushed way finishing post oxford won quarter lengths fourth consecutive victory time minutes seconds fastest history event | The Boat Race 1893 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
8890_TheBoatRace2010 | boat race boat race took place april held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race won cambridge eighteen competitors race british non british rowers oxford crew featured american olympic finalists twins time race title sponsor known boat race having sponsored oxford won lengths cambridge beat oxford isis reserve race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race half lengths cambridge led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat race sponsored sixth consecutive year time year history boat race title given sponsorship referred boat race prior race president dutch international rower claimed year exceptional crew power wise don year starting match times year pleased cambridge counterpart american responded faster umpire suggested problems instructions impressed responded umpire calls women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race crews cambridge crew weighed average pound rower oxford dark blues coached 13th time light blues saw act chief coach second time cambridge crew featured americans canadians oxford consisted americans rowers ireland netherlands canada dual germany oxford crew included twins cameron tyler rowed olympic games united_states men pair cambridge canadian international rower won gold men world rowing cup race oxford pre race favourites won toss start race surrey station took early lead nearly half length cambridge time crews passed boats closed umpire harris forced issue number warnings crews came close light blues pulled contention took lead oxford attempted find quicker racing line touch cambridge away passing finishing post lengths ahead time minutes seconds oxford won women boat race lengths consecutive victory oxford isis beat cambridge reserve race lengths win years reaction cambridge cox way thinking win win win race umpire declared fantastic race olympic remarked credit oxford way bend going winner took cambridge little believed going happen | The Boat Race 2010 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
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