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25073_ProductRecall | product recall product recall episode season american comedy television series office series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode company deals consequences appeared paper michael_scott steve_carell holds poorly attended press conference jim_halpert john_krasinski andy_bernard ed_helms head high school printed paper apologize creed frames employee paper mill job episode written directed series director photography cast found scene jim dwight rainn_wilson hilarious trouble keeping straight faces forcing multiple takes episode aired united_states april nbc sweeps week according nielsen_media_research episode watched estimated million viewers earning ratings share adults garnered generally positive critical reception particularly jim dwight impressions synopsis cold open jim_halpert john_krasinski shows work imitating dwight rainn_wilson wearing large glasses short shirt hair split forehead jim asks dwight mocking questions brings topics dwight frequently mentions bears scranton branch dunder mifflin thrown damage control mode paper depicting image beloved cartoon duck performing acts certain cartoon mouse lot people like shipped customers trains handle customer support calls jim andy_bernard ed_helms sent calm school principal affected paper print school andy horrified discover girlfriend actually high school student played actor failed catch error saves quality assurance job framing employee works paper mill michael_scott steve_carell stages apology press conference attended local news reporter presents angry customer novelty check free paper instead demands michael resignation refuses allen threatens facing damage control michael instead makes apology video incident fault escape goat final credits sequence dwight shows office imitating jim jim styled appearance wardrobe met workers production product recall penned staff writer consulting producer second office episode directed director survivor worked series director photography early series creator explained audience direction character enormous judgment looking adds tremendous comedy choosing look person thinks forth definitely hidden character april blog post guide actress plays called jim impression dwight funniest scenes witnessed recalled wilson enjoyed filming scene cast laughing necessitating takes scene intended season second episode women appreciation moved product recall time constraints season dvd contains scenes deleted final cut episode include kelly answering calls response dwight contacting cnn kelly training creed admitting faked death tax reasons michael explaining apology angry business owner angela_kinsey kelly arguing jim talking high school student scenes michael filming apology video cultural references imitating dwight jim says bears term reference imagined science fiction television series later driving andy begins rendition drift away jim sings lion sleeps tonight cheer kelly conversation pretending respectively michael worries newsweek cnn pick cartoon scandal story reception product recall aired united_states april month sweeps week according nielsen_media_research watched estimated million viewers earned ratings share adults meaning seen percent year olds percent year olds watching television time broadcast timeslot episode finished second place adults survivor fiji place men aged adults office finished nineteenth place week ign rated product recall indication good episode thought held hit miss mix laugh loud moments scenes didn work praised cartoon premise hilarious criticized episode unrealistic michael dealt problem corporate selected creed jim particular praise especially liking jim dwight impression like entertainment_weekly episode involving corporate complaining public relations nightmare lead visit phone jan west praise jim dwight impressions perfect writing called product recall wonderful highlighted jim dwight andy discomfort discovering girlfriend high school student black criticize michael press conference annoying way creed actions way line television pity graded episode | Product Recall | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
25087_GoldenTicket(TheOffice) | golden ticket office golden ticket 19th episode fifth season television series office overall episode series originally aired nbc united_states march episode michael starts inspired promotional gimmick providing customers receive golden tickets tries blame idea dwight promotion appears cost company large money story kevin receives conflicting romantic advice andy jim pam episode written directed received mixed reviews critics commented mean behavior michael_scott episode according nielsen ratings golden ticket watched million overall viewers week aired addition multiple references charlie chocolate factory golden ticket includes knock knock jokes involving plot summary michael steve_carell inspired film chocolate factory decides golden tickets randomly different boxes paper provide dunder mifflin clients percent year michael excited promotional gimmick prompts dress act like day michael distributed tickets day small area warehouse golden tickets biggest client michael specify limit customer company owed percent result scranton branch expected lose significant revenue shut branch making office upset michael angry chief financial officer demands know responsible michael claims dwight rainn_wilson thought idea michael tries convince dwight fall insisting michael needs job dwight allow dwight focus energy farm comes scranton branch says client pleased decided company exclusive provider office supplies grateful david dwight idea moment dwight accepts credit michael shocked upset rest office angry michael near disastrous idea play wallace misunderstanding dwight david sets conference marketing department dwight explain promotion michael dwight revealing idea actually came michael michael dwight frustrated david leaves office appearing indifferent outcome kevin seeks advice office start relationship woman valentine day singles office previous episode blood drive andy ed_helms upset recent broken engagement angela angela_kinsey suggests kevin mean providing ignoring calls jim john_krasinski suggests ask immediately things slow pam jenna_fischer hand suggests ask immediately afraid express visits office kevin said decided simply tell exactly thinking tells nice smile like dinner movie accepts kevin accidentally says nice statement production official office website included cut scenes golden ticket second clip includes michael men bathroom angela oscar kelly meredith discuss unfair michael treating dwight making fall failed golden ticket promotion kelly makes remark hope dwight gets fired hot new guy replace oscar replies seriously second scene michael asks dwight dwight suggests turning power prepares michael applying face follow scene workers discuss michael fired visibly angry upset michael confronts office says imagine office raises hands michael asks thought kind terrible person replace says knows don actually need oscar kevin angela look visibly ashamed michael knew going season halloween episode taken action doesn approve romantic relationships transfer people having separate branches jim pam turn message look thoughtful tells office mind saying hiding bathroom pretending nbc site featured minutes worth clips involving subplot kevin including andy discussing new method mean women dates response recent failed engagement angela deleted scenes kevin telling busy weeks talk giving compliment shirt andy suggestion cultural references golden ticket promotional gimmick episode receives title reference golden tickets novel charlie chocolate factory film adaptations book half episode michael wears purple suit hat similar character responsible promotion episode takes pennsylvania dunder mifflin client receives golden tickets real life division american health insurance company throwing away outfit michael wears gray shirt advertising minor league arena football team michael uses avoid david phone calls attending obama fashion reference president barack_obama lady dwight_schrute makes knock knock jokes involving secret police intelligence agency soviet_union michael makes knock knock joke involving punch line pam butter pronounced like slice bread spiritual teacher south asian country founded religion buddhism office meeting michael asks employees come golden ticket like ideas andy suggests breakfast brand american sitcom understand assignment reception original american broadcast march golden ticket watched million overall viewers received nielsen rating adults aged despite directly competing abc grey anatomy cbs week march episode ranked number adults shares time period lead age group golden ticket number programs adults grey anatomy tuesday wednesday editions time slot episode ranked number men men tied grey anatomy number broadcast networks adults tied csi number adults golden ticket received mixed reviews reviewers commenting mean behavior michael episode new_york magazine article entitled michael finally goes far describes funnier recent episodes found michael willingness sell dwight unsettling usually like plant drugs toby backs second time willing way sell dwight loyal friend little said sweetness subplot involving kevin offset darker aspects episode praised jokes including michael shoe shoe store idea dwight idea horse boat invention knock knock jokes squad praised golden ticket especially final act michael face dwight conference minutes episode absolutely golden said episode returned season levels michael_scott particularly liked way dwight readily accepted credit golden ticket promotion proved success gave golden ticket grade particularly praised steve_carell impression way michael tried distance promotional idea went bad said tonight episode lacked certain gravity delivered goods comedy wise pointed script technically michael pretended come golden ticket idea despite documentary camera crew filming earlier discussions entertainment_weekly writer described episode kind cute tonight kind flat places kind sad said interesting aspects golden ticket relationship michael dwight respective failed holly angela michael dwight coming awkward realization successful relationship lives causing little tension travis ign said golden ticket solid offering felt lacked big moments fit status quo mold feels recent episodes fallen said fun watch michael thought trouble robbed credit good idea liked jim encouraged dwight fall michael office rallied dwight gave dwight credit success alan_sepinwall television writer star-ledger said michael acted selfish episode unpleasant watch week blood drive gave michael human sympathetic golden ticket showed human michael monster sepinwall said think subplot involving kevin receiving romantic advice funny sweet aces weeks hadn story found golden ticket best week strongly criticized episode behavior characters single character night episode acting like complete idiot idiot sense characters dumb goofy amusing way idiot human beings act way frustrating watch golden ticket voted eleventh highest rated episode fifth season according episode poll episode rated | Golden Ticket (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
25749_JobFair(TheOffice) | job fair office job fair seventeenth episode fourth season american comedy television series office episode overall written directed episode aired united_states nbc episode featured guest star episode michael employees high school job fair find summer intern students interested jim attempts important sale potential client client claims interested talking business negotiation jim lands sale office dwight left charge leaves girlfriend angela leading awkward day plot ryan_howard gives jim_halpert john_krasinski warning job performance jim tries land biggest client takes potential client bringing workers andy_bernard ed_helms jim tries talk business client reveals interested switching paper suppliers persistence negotiation jim lands account michael_scott steve_carell jenna_fischer set booth local job fair find student dunder mifflin summer companies prepared provided materials products booth michael brought single white piece paper fair proves unsuccessful michael drives away interested student cool ignores booth tells michael michael tries recruit intern michael treating badly walk away michael makes teacher calls security removed fair pam ventures booth advertising graphic design discovers learn graphic design programs man working booth recommends goes philadelphia new_york_city learn graphic design technology michael left dwight_schrute rainn_wilson charge office employees obey wishes employees leave middle day dwight left girlfriend angela_kinsey causing interact rest day jim pam meet office share long passionate kisses having accomplished goals jim making sale pam finding step future graphic design production episode episode series directed gates previously directed season episodes branch closing women appreciation job fair written order create andy hands episode crew use colors making material process took thirty minutes colors applied making material applied angela_kinsey pregnant shooting character wasn pregnant items copy machine placed stomach camera hide pregnancy writer recalled editing asked wider shots gene editor reminded shooting angela enormous belly later gave birth days episode premiered reception job fair received ages demographic nielsen ratings means percent households year old living watched episode percent tuned channel point episode watched million viewers reviews episode mixed ign criticized parts episode saying situation dwight angela played minimalist virtually develops michael gets makes ass resolution isn pay funniest episode shows series capable subtlety depth buddytv thought job fair nice moments bit lacking comedy department squad wrote andy stole | Job Fair (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
25960_BenFranklin(TheOffice) | office ben franklin fifteenth episode season american comedy television series office episode overall written acts directed episode aired united_states february nbc received ages demographic nielsen ratings watched estimated audience million viewers episode received mixed reviews critics episode employees office prepare wedding michael acting advice instructs dwight hire men delegates jim hire women dwight hires jim ends hiring ben franklin instead plot office plays host shower bachelor party held warehouse convinces michael_scott steve_carell okay hire bachelor party gets male shower jim_halpert john_krasinski tired work having late night talks learned feelings jenna_fischer michael delegates work finding dwight_schrute rainn_wilson jim dwight asks jim prefers jim responds blonde pam karen respectively look jim quick second dwight named elizabeth party jim orders educational joke pam karen fun gently talking head interview dwight reveals jim told real dwight says sure real ask questions believes real know historian studied life answers question correctly dwight anger disbelief break room pam karen share awkward conversation jim pam kiss bachelor party refuses lap dance michael volunteers able perform lap dance michael brings abrupt close unwilling considers cheating pam jim understated confrontation break room ends pam asking ryan_howard set friends business school visibly shocked seemingly upset jim production ben franklin second episode series directed previously directed initiation summer spin written acts customer service representative episode sixth series written appeared ben franklin elizabeth playing previously friends 70s half men mars girl interview said playing elizabeth probably best experience work cast crew earth fun grateful actor played known john_krasinski angela_kinsey said office cast crew welcoming especially liked actors depart script improvised little reception ben franklin received ages demographic nielsen ratings means percent households year old living watched episode percent television tuned channel point episode watched estimated audience million viewers handful episodes office reach million viewers pilot episode injury traveling return stress relief reached million viewers received mixed good reviews critics ign wrote office truly excellent form week went credit great progression jim pam karen love triangle michael completely self parts episode best office episodes season squad enthusiastic episode writing solid happened jim karen pam triangle entertainment_weekly praised love triangle saying pam karen confrontation uncomfortable possibly hope pam armor cracking west praised work supporting cast | Ben Franklin (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26145_Dwight'sSpeech | dwight speech dwight speech seventeenth episode second season american comedy television series office episode overall written directed episode aired united_states march nbc series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott steve_carell helps dwight_schrute rainn_wilson important speech going jim_halpert john_krasinski plans vacation avoid jenna_fischer wedding speech scene employed extras unusual occurrence series dwight speech based real speech infamous italian leader episode received largely positive reviews television critics original broadcast dwight speech earned nielsen rating demographic viewed million viewers plot dwight_schrute rainn_wilson named year speech association meeting getting assistance michael_scott steve_carell leaves jim_halpert john_krasinski retaliation dwight attitude gives tips public speeches unknown dwight jim tips taken speech italian dictator fascist dictator italy michael dwight convention dwight gets cold feet michael goes tries glory days winning salesman year years row ends bombing dwight finally works nerve speech jim advice wins crowd passionate unorthodox speech angela michael ends leaving convention room later dwight tales bar office jenna_fischer begins write approaching wedding help ryan kelly kelly talks dreams getting married someday visibly hurt ryan responds question future weddings saying doesn think tie knot kelly leaves room pam advises ryan kelly feelings ryan notes know said jim makes plans vacation away scranton going employees subtly duel end episode jim tells pam going australia unfortunately missing wedding production dwight speech directed making second directing credit earlier second season episode christmas party dwight speech written plays human resources director later revealed jim went trip australia noting pam thing took surprise transferred wasn vacation course find good joke vacation earlier scenes dwight michael office pam seen background talking meredith according actress jenna_fischer kate stayed character acted mundane talking scenes recorded dialogue detailed guest post written guide fischer described conversations ranged pam meredith discussing problems new quality assurance computer input program computers don accept alpha characters receipts dating dunder mifflin changed product codes computer system allow earlier records speech scene employed extras unusual office crew organize jim claims stole pieces dwight speech line dwight speech blood moves wheels history speech gave december advocating italian entry world war actual quote blood moves wheels history season dvd contains number deleted scenes episode notable cut scenes include dwight coming work wearing sunglasses michael criticizing dwight speaking skills dwight trying tell joke office ryan bringing wrong type stamps pam wedding extended scene michael extremely awkward speech cultural references order practice public speaking skills dwight tries convince office car accident states meeting break room dwight references vietnam michael later references movie actual convention filling time dwight jim asks office vacation kevin tells describing club naked toby tells amsterdam creed informs hong_kong dwight later reveals going new_zealand walk lord rings trail reception dwight speech originally aired nbc march episode received rating percent share adults ages means seen percent year olds percent year olds watching television time broadcast episode viewed million viewers retained percent lead earl audience encore presentation episode august received rating percent share viewed million viewers retained percent lead audience dwight speech received positive reviews squad wrote wonders jim pam reach sort resolution season ending cliffhanger noted know living world dwight wins dunder mifflin salesman year award giant television pity graded episode dvd talk felt dwight enlarged role great noted episode funny strange behavior injury dvd journal described dwight speech instant classic reviews glowing dvd verdict felt dwight speech season noting certainly laughs humor bit absurd compared usual riffs office ultimately gave episode wrote dwight speech worst episode season testament excellence ign ranked scene dwight making speech best moment seasons called wilson performance spot arm movements addition rolling_stone named scene eighteenth funniest scene seasons office | Dwight's Speech | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26280_Halloween(TheOffice) | halloween office halloween fifth episode second season american comedy television series office eleventh episode overall written executive producer showrunner directed episode aired nbc united_states october guest stars episode included series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode employees dunder mifflin celebrate halloween office michael_scott steve_carell struggles making decision fire jim_halpert john_krasinski jenna_fischer post dwight_schrute rainn_wilson resume internet halloween concept episode cast members office allowed wear costumes usual plain suits writer series actor called experience fun episode features screen appearance background character devon series finale episode earned nielsen rating demographic viewed million viewers plot informed early october fire somebody end month michael_scott steve_carell waits day month halloween hasn fired jim_halpert john_krasinski jenna_fischer post dwight_schrute rainn_wilson internet prospective employer calls jim pretends michael gives dwight great reference company calls dwight set interview dwight immediately ruins chances arguing importance relevance martial arts later day pam suggests jim apply position jim quietly hurt suggestion pam miss left failed attempted employees michael calls played fictional version office fire creed turn convinces michael let devon michael fires devon devon angrily michael attempts save friendship invites office dwight angela join local bar jim leaves pam apologizes pushing taking cumberland job assures blow brains left jim admits camera pam thing keeping group leaves office devon michael car revenge end episode michael home television upset firing devon trick come michael gives generous candy production halloween episode written series developer executive producer runner episode directed second credit office olympics episode episode date quote play productions title card closing credits quote features dwight_schrute quiet episode rated television united_states pre production episode cast crew realized halloween allow cast members wear costumes usual plain suits called dress experience fun noting seeing play alongside silly bizarre visuals think inspired ideas episode writer idea pam dressed cat inspired unused stories created pam disguise cat plot lines vetoed shows writers successfully petitioned allow pam wear cat costume halloween marks appearance devon episode series finale seven seasons later devon background character mentioned seen background fire seen deleted scene diversity day devon later seen deleted scene valentine day michael passes homeless devon new_york devon chases michael presumably angry events halloween guest stars episode included cultural references presence halloween employees costumes reflect movie literary characters kelly dressed michael makes remark bend like dwight dressed characters star wars universe capable dark force sort monk kevin dressed dunder mifflin super hero costume design similar incredible creed dressed like vampire devon dressed like pam angela dressed cats oscar dressed woman michael asks flying true colors oscar defensively reception halloween originally broadcast nbc united_states october episode viewed million viewers received rating share adults ages means seen year olds year olds watching television time broadcast episode number ranked episode adults men women demographic achieved highest rating season premiere halloween retained percent lead earl audience best lead retention time club awarded episode felt plot revolving fitting episode takes place halloween plot returned michael role villain adams felt director credited writer lot fun dressing halloween framing dwight like emperor making john_krasinski step steve_carell shoes couple great episode received positive reviews television critics squad gave episode relatively positive review noted certainly relate episode said great moment episode dressed vampire spread wings fly wants television pity rated halloween entertainment_weekly named michael_scott line hope remain friends funniest lines week ending october | Halloween (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26438_DreamTeam(TheOffice) | office dream team second episode fifth season television series office overall episode series originally aired nbc united_states april episode pam michael try motivated form new paper company michael recruits ryan company sets new office building complex jim tries impress new boss claiming soccer dwight convinces face game episode written directed included guest appearance played new dunder mifflin vice president episode aired day office episode debut episode new nbc shown episodes dream team marked return ryan appeared november episode frame toby episode received generally positive reviews according nielsen ratings watched million viewers captured viewers time slot adults ages dream team received primetime emmy award nomination outstanding single camera picture editing comedy series plot cold open kevin struggles correctly transfer phone calls having moved reception charles michael steve_carell having left dunder mifflin pam jenna fischer form company having trouble starting day president pam tries things suggests create list things maintain positive working atmosphere michael sets meeting potential investor makes list potential join company receives letter saying running business violation residence agreement needs find office space company michael pam leave find potential meeting potential investor michael stop old time job pick stop bowling alley ryan blond hair working shoe counter michael asks ryan join despite heavy protests pam ryan convinced steals pairs bowling shoes way head meeting investor turns michael nursing home michael gives pitch believe new venture yield success refuses fund company dunder mifflin office revealed obsession soccer rest employees pretend feel way jim john_krasinski tries claiming experienced soccer player dwight rainn_wilson attempting jim suggests staff play game work parking lot game charles kicks ball jim ducks ball hits face charles jim dwight car leaving nursing home asks brought job learns term grandmother michael frustrated pam loses tells michael mistake leaving tired michael telling reality quit option continue trying new company michael purchases office space located turns large closet directly underneath dunder mifflin office michael pam company office lobby encounter charles michael charles kick building space production dream team written directed originally aired april day episode debut episode new nbc shown episodes marks appearance ryan frame toby november briefly left film role office writer stars thought idea ryan dying hair blond wore baseball cap public times hair dyed episode aired order reveal surprise kept cap rest cast crew public forum session dream team episodes guest starring best known television series wire said watch episode aired work try torture prior episode airing nbc set web site new michael scott paper company included mission statement company photos new office space downloadable copy customer service featured episode official nbc site created flash game inspired episode viewer attempts kick soccer ball past jim office parking lot hit face official office website included cut scenes dream team week episode original release minute long clip andy continues brown charles documentary interview andy says teacher pet school walked teacher pet fed second minute clip involves soccer game dwight sets game jim tries charles know means creed picks ball kelly cultural references michael refers old job met salesman reference fourth season episode money michael briefly works second job bowling alley ryan works idle hour lanes actual bowling alley pennsylvania outside setting scranton michael discusses song parodies names stumps reference black eyed song reference song heart discussing formation new paper company pam refers early years said began garage seniors retirement center michael discusses business watching talk hosted background reception original american broadcast april dream team watched million overall viewers according nielsen ratings episode earned ratings parks recreation pilot immediately followed million viewers michael scott paper company came right million viewers dream team viewers time slot adults ages dream team received generally positive reviews alan_sepinwall star-ledger said enjoying new paper company storyline dream team funnier michael scott paper company sepinwall said final scene michael trying comfort pam car good acted steve_carell jenna_fischer reminder michael know time means pam wasn complete idiot following door liked kevin struggle phones beginning said storyline jim charles getting repetitive help writers gave funny called episode stellar said soccer subplot ended perfectly said watching michael fears bubble beneath surface slowly pam confidence travis ign said happy new unpredictable direction office taking particularly praised relationship episode soccer subplot involving jim charles return ryan said ryan new blond hair theft bowling shoes particularly funny moments new_york magazine said episode provided change needed said considering unlikely office going allow michael pam handled predictable transition possible said episode included good exploration michael pam relationship said good gave episode grade said dunder mifflin material worked good portraying professional doesn right break exterior said episode strong moments interesting character play didn buzz week installments previous episode said dream team lacks usual group interactions office workers said normally funniest parts praised michael talk pam final scene said episode best showcase jenna_fischer years entertainment_weekly listed michael talk pam end episode highlights week television list moments fifth season office writer ranked michael formation storage closet number citing heavy competition episodes particular said specifically enjoyed attempt investments retirement home dream team ryan return series brief return episode weight loss ranked number list dream team voted fifteenth highest rated episode fifth season according episode poll episode rated received primetime emmy award nomination outstanding single camera picture editing comedy series dream team accounted primetime emmy award nominations office received fifth season 61st primetime emmy awards held september | Dream Team (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26467_Michael'sBirthday | michael birthday michael birthday nineteenth episode second season american comedy television series office fifth episode overall written directed episode aired united_states march nbc episode guest stars series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott steve_carell disappointed dwight rainn_wilson celebrates birthday spends day waiting find skin cancer ice skating scenes shot actual talent hockey reason writers decided set episode fischer learned preparation movie blades glory writers decided reason pam good pam lean jim michael birthday watched million viewers received positive reviews critics plot michael_scott steve_carell excited celebrating birthday tries employees excited unfortunately rainn_wilson joining rest employees concerned awaiting results skin cancer screening jenna_fischer jim_halpert john_krasinski sneak buy gifts kevin cheer michael finds kevin gives kevin subtly remains bitter kevin birthday fun dwight angela_kinsey subtle think discussing secret relationship ryan_howard store jim pam return office attempt kevin feel better celebrate birthday michael takes employees ice skating runs real estate agent children makes carol smile kevin gets word screening results negative relief michael believes negative means cancer time genuine concern compassion kevin gifts passed kevin michael episode ends pam recalling fun jim good day production episode second episode series directed previously directed season episode health care michael birthday written previously written episodes fight secret ice skating scenes shot actual according jenna_fischer steve_carell play hockey writers looking reason use ice skating skills episode fischer learned preparation movie blades glory writers decided reason pam good pam lean jim saturday night live played actually steve_carell wife michael tells pam wary breast cancer joke aimed pam breasts fight secret fischer later jokingly said breasts play central role tonight scenes fischer noted slight emphasis breasts receiving fans internet arguing fischer breast fischer denied rumors stated season dvd contains number deleted scenes episode notable cut scenes include jim describing michael typical birthday dwight explaining duties michael birthday michael upset ryan present michael telling variations worst birthday michael making ryan research skin cancer cultural references cold opening features michael trying members office involved pyramid scheme non sustainable business model involves promising participants payment services primarily people scheme supplying real investment sale products services public scheme generally considered internet michael later reveals having fallen michael notes shares birthday perfect meets michael asks dwight playing recorder dwight replies longest time released longest time kevin mentions skin cancer kelly starts discussing case involving cancer popular medical drama grey anatomy later says funeral saw princess diana michael birthday mother sent picture michael notes bet friends don treat like grocery store jim pam buy copy american comedy movie american pie pam later character science fiction movie franchise star wars store support kevin michael makes fake construction paper dwight later gives jersey words dwight reception michael birthday originally aired nbc united_states march michael birthday received ages demographic nielsen ratings means percent households year old living watched episode percent television tuned channel point michael birthday watched million viewers michael birthday received positive reviews squad wrote episode simply best brilliant right higher praise went write scenes ice office best sitcom graded episode rolling_stone_magazine named scene michael term negative mean kevin skin cancer seventeenth greatest moment series dvd verdict moderately pleased entry awarded called entry good episode noted helped great supporting work dwight called best supporting character best television | Michael's Birthday | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26583_TheFight(TheOffice) | fight office fight sixth episode second season television series office twelfth episode overall written directed originally aired november nbc fight guest starred played dwight series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott steve_carell embarrassed dwight_schrute rainn_wilson superior fighting skills engages match dwight lunch jim_halpert john_krasinski flirting jenna_fischer goes far fight known members cast crew scenes featuring titular fight cast members recurring starring martial arts experience episode contained cultural references referring popular fighting related movies television shows fight received largely positive reviews critics episode earned nielsen rating demographic viewed million viewers synopsis michael_scott steve_carell task sign routine documents unfortunately month separate sets time michael ignores workload michael makes ryan_howard update emergency contact information staff michael gets ryan cell phone number constantly prank calls ryan crude michael_jackson talk dwight rainn_wilson experience gets michael competitive flowing leading match dwight jim_halpert john_krasinski accidentally goes far jenna_fischer abruptly workers notice showing combatants michael emerges victorious dwight leads dwight changing emergency contact michael_scott hospital end day michael promotes dwight assistant regional manager position dream position assistant regional manager promotion little title change likely ensure dwight despite hard feelings battle rest staff fed michael inability accomplish simplest task forced forge signature documents home way jim gives pam bag chips owed earlier pam quietly takes manner jim leaves production fight written served episode director episode entry series written fifth episode directed episode guest starred comedian actor portrayed dwight portrays ryan_howard series noted episode filmed majority cast crew called memorable scenes involve fight explained episode centered effects carried degree noted memorable episode steve_carell rainn_wilson jump kick public try prove point cast members experience martial arts prior filming episode rainn_wilson study certified yellow belt black belt nationally ranked girls played dwight classmates actually black belt forced wear white belt ultimately unhappy having hide ability eventually frustration practically knock ing kicked pad holding included episode filming episode protective piece wilson wore actually cut filming scenes episode cast crew member kept breaking character laughing jenna_fischer recalls film scene ryan reveals working emergency contacts times addition fischer noted john_krasinski kept laughing million times kitchen confrontation michael dwight scenes cinematographer lost michael pinned dwight began spit fact shots cast laughing closing scene episode season dvd contains number deleted scenes episode notable cut scenes include brief shots dwight michael dwight preparing fight jim asking dwight fight dwight discusses result fight stanley confronting michael signing forms michael saying lost job missing michael delivering pam emergency contact information cultural references game phone tag michael michael_jackson addition songs alluded michael sings don want work want bang day tune bang drum day jim alludes jets rival street gangs musical west story quoting noted lyrics jet jet way snapping fingers way gang members popular quotes episode michael consistently phrase dwight mistakes phrase noted films referenced episode grabbing dwight sleeper hold michael shouts movie starring ronald_reagan michael notes dwight cried end armageddon science fiction action movie starring michael line line performed movie michael attributes raging bull franchise referenced separate times michael notes dwight version reference kid fourth movie kid series starring female student kevin later tells dwight sweep leg quote original movie episode contains television references jim pam status ultimate fighter reality television series form martial arts competition michael turns insult reference straight guy reality television program featuring openly gay men fashion style advise reception fight originally aired nbc united_states november episode viewed million viewers received rating share adults ages means seen year olds year olds watching television time broadcast encore presentation episode april received rating share retained lead earl viewership encore presentation viewed million viewers club awarded episode wrote enjoyed way important elements episode jim apology email doesn send way spectators blocked main event practically entire office standing jenna_fischer adams enjoyed way episode wrote pam reaction noting generally uncomfortable afraid meredith assume afraid feelings critical reception episode largely positive miss television pity episode positive review rated dvd talk called episode classic praised performance rainn_wilson dwight noted episode wouldn nearly entertaining character fanatic reviewed quotes fight rated michael feared loved michael confession dwight cried end armageddon jenna_fischer said episode cold opening featuring jim moving dwight desk bathroom favorite prank | The Fight (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26740_HereComesTreble | comes comes fifth episode ninth season american comedy television series office episode originally aired nbc october guest stars andy college friend investor series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode andy_bernard ed_helms invites old college cappella group perform office halloween andy gets angry hears college friend telling different story group dwight_schrute rainn_wilson help tries track person anxiety pills jim john_krasinski jenna_fischer fight new job title reference andy college cappella group previously alluded series actually shown episode marked final halloween installment series comes received mixed reviews television critics mainly criticizing andy characterization complimentary episode comes viewed million viewers received percent rating adults ages ranking timeslot episode ranked highest rated nbc series night plot andy_bernard ed_helms invites latest roster cappella group comes portrayed perform office secretly hopes group ask lead performance faith increasingly frustrated group interested talking glory days group learning old band mate claimed andy nickname andy complains rob video chat ellie erin sees situation trivial nonetheless demands group sing faith andy new job jim_halpert john_krasinski meets investors investing window closed jim insists taking offers pressure jenna_fischer agreed jim returns tells pam comes performance start arguing singing group begins performing faith andy surprised rob appears video sing lead group mistakenly thought song dedicated andy contacted rob sing concert ends andy continues argue rob rob apologizes stealing andy song erin finally puts end video chat andy idea moving legacy alive alarmed erin family money create scholarship young cappella singers calls mother set informs family lost money dwight finds anti anxiety floor begins search office partners investigation order escape suspicions ultimately confesses belongs production comes written supervising producer marking writing credit series eighth season episodes pool party fundraiser episode directed served editor series seasons second directing credit season episode angry andy title reference andy cappella group previously alluded series actually shown comes guest stars andy college friend chairman guest stars investors jim meeting filming comes cast began realizing truly approaching end wilson said getting real like clock said fact episode halloween installment series sad thing official website office included cut scenes comes week episode release second clip andy tells office cappella group staying andy erin andy gets tones erin gets scene andy throws solo nickname final shot andy gives group advice future sings faith cultural references nature episode characters dressed cultural icons characters fiction dressed version superhero superhero film dressed protagonist comic strip angela dressed lady husband state senator wearing ronald_reagan mask dressed dinosaur states electoral college andy dressed episode wilson character dressed pig wilson noted writers wanted torture having pig nose entire week shooting presence cappella group episode features songs group sings single car wash song hit group sings alma mater pam jim later argument novelty song monster mash argument mentions collaborated frontman jam band seventh season episode sting andy mentioned collaborated song broadcast reception ratings comes originally aired nbc october episode viewed million viewers received rating share adults ages means seen percent year olds percent year olds watching television time broadcast comes time airing lowest rated episode office beating eighth season entry fundraiser viewed million viewers office finished time slot beaten episode abc series grey anatomy received percent rating entry cbs drama received percent rating despite office highest rated nbc television program night reviews episode received mixed reviews critics club awarded episode criticized characterization andy said character hit plateau fist went wall season represented puppet michael_scott remind people went adams enjoyed episode wrote episode gave better picture makes andy girlfriend furthermore praised lines acting ability said episode surprisingly strong erin episode dwight acting crazy fanatic awarded episode half stars called nice holiday episode critical episode jim pam saying left cutting room floor ign reviewer awarded episode rating denoting good episode wrote story limitations little lines bits helped elevate comes new_york felt main story weak plot line sense year andy trying mind troubles erin trying college days working days andy boss girl compliment appearance writing nice daily complimentary little dwight subplot paste felt episode rushed storylines chance naturally play wrote thread provided interesting character development set future storylines minutes slightly feeling episode reviewer gave episode half stars called ninth season criticized story saying plot failure fact goal story met means writers chose employ sense grand scope deep rooted history andy petty refusing let past challenged old friend called dwight subplot successful story episode manner appeared received mixed reviews adams compared cameo lead actor steve_carell appearance series bbc sitcom calling unfortunate echo white wrote cameo sublime experience hoping largely anticipation appearance called borderline criminal | Here Comes Treble | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26757_TheClient(TheOffice) | client office client seventh episode second season american comedy television series office thirteenth episode overall written acts directed episode aired united_states november nbc series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott steve_carell begin relationship landing important client rest office finds screenplay written michael decide read idea jan michael romantic relationship conceived steve_carell far filming pilot episode kiss rehearsed filmed times according filming steve_carell improvised good majority dinner scene final cut production episode cast crew informed nbc picked episodes surprised episode received positive reviews critics earned nielsen rating demographic viewed million viewers plot michael_scott steve_carell meet potential client christian jan disgusted michael antics began michael changing meeting location hotel meeting room permission refusal talk business discovers end day method madness client bonds michael allowing close deal parking lot michael recently divorced jan kiss leave jenna_fischer finds screenplay written michael called threat level midnight starring agent staff read reading script character sequence appears pam explains camera originally michael based incompetent sidekick dwight rainn_wilson later changed search replace unfortunately search replace mechanism failed change dwight dwight upset quickly exercise invite set fireworks outside follows jim_halpert john_krasinski pam break respective evening plans enjoy impromptu dinner roof watch dwight kevin fool fireworks day jim jokes date pam unexpectedly blunt tone tells date surprised obviously disappointed jim makes comment didn leave high school hockey game reference pam earlier revelation roy worst date pam clearly upset gets send leaving awkward jim tries unsuccessfully apologize word quickly spreads jan michael spent night michael initially tells documentary crew happened talked hours story gradually changes imply jan calls clearly happened michael refuses accept change heart jim michael share disappointed days events production episode episode series directed daniels previously directed episodes basketball client written acts human resources director idea jan michael romantic relationship conceived steve_carell far filming pilot episode according writer producer like michael turned teacher writer actor said idea anybody came episode final shot jim michael look shake heads suggesting similar experiences rest episode written lead scene scene oscar tells story date getting background check based actual date went filming steve_carell improvised lot dinner scene final cut improvised scene final cut baby ribs song interview jenna_fischer said rooftop scene favorite shoot fischer recalled small crew roof cameras far away main shooting ended producers decided shoot explain situation clearly kiss michael jan rehearsed filmed times according editing kiss michael jan brought people editing room thought kiss long long production episode cast crew informed nbc picked episodes initially second season brought episodes test water despite lackluster reception season ratings jumped second season million fall ratings success president surprised cast crew staff ordered season later likened series cheers noting slow starts cultural references michael tells jan moved meeting advice sent magazine meeting michael tells christian jan lighthouse naval vessel joke dwight reveals camera production oklahoma played explains production kids extra roles michael screenplay parody secret agent films notably james_bond franchise michael screenplay love interest named michael movie referenced times series season episode product recall michael states angry customers office threat level midnight michael screenplay eventually turned home movie viewed entire office seventh season episode threat level midnight reception client originally aired nbc united_states november episode viewed million viewers received rating share adults ages means seen year olds year olds watching television time broadcast episode retained percent lead earl audience best point encore presentation episode april received rating share viewed million viewers episode received positive reviews television critics squad gave episode largely positive review wrote michael totally taken shown noted showing audience michael humanity writers making sitcom compelling point second week row pam offended jim said mind quickly continues miss television pity graded episode rolling_stone named scene employees read threat level midnight tenth funniest office seasons club awarded episode called series best episode office series best status largely complimentary way episode built climax followed successful setup rhythms applauded introduction midnight screenplay calling subplot crucial mythology series form basis entire episode near end steve_carell time scranton adams ultimately concluded episode notch office installment overall thanks large dynamics | The Client (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
26930_TheBoat(TheOffice) | boat office boat sixth episode ninth season american comedy television series office episode overall episode originally aired nbc november guest stars andy brother walter series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode andy_bernard ed_helms help family dad loses money dwight_schrute rainn_wilson thinking guest radio learns affair husband boat received positive reviews television critics episode viewed million viewers received percent rating adults ages ranking timeslot making highest rated episode season time airing episode ultimately ranked second highest rated nbc series night voice plot andy_bernard ed_helms learns father took family money fled argentina mistress left pick pieces andy sells family upset sell family boat lack means mother support ellie convinces sells boat sunset cruise drive connecticut boat docked andy starts main sail stopped broker sail caribbean buyer erin encouragement andy decides boat caribbean finds drunken brother walter passed liquor closet walter comes tells andy wanted way checking rehab andy invites trip saying need family time leaves erin encouragement erin says camera loved asked office evening pete asks erin join drinks accepts local radio schedules interview dwight_schrute rainn_wilson discuss interview later canceled jim_halpert john_krasinski suggests use advantage stage interview dwight benefit dwight believes talking interviewer phone break room actually talking american accent convince information giving leads hostage situation ceo house dwight calls david tries talk surrendering police david confused nonetheless responds way leads dwight believe successful emerges break room greeted round applause camera having affair angela angela_kinsey husband oscar makes kevin promise reveal day angela constantly makes unconscious double kevin let knows afraid kevin secret oscar tries frame kevin fired later confesses lied later robert visits office oscar asks nervous angela suspicions aroused kevin cheer robert upcoming election oscar says camera proud kevin kept secret kevin reveals momentarily forgot secret begins laugh production boat written executive producer credit series hired production ninth season started executive producer replace departed time involvement series following eighth season episode directed series cast member john_krasinski directing credit series sixth season episode sabre eighth season episode episode features return andy brother played drunk previously appeared eighth season episode garden party episode guest stars voice portrayed dunder mifflin seasons recently brought board near end season following episode ed_helms written episodes order film iii official website office included cut scenes boat week episode release second clip dwight gets mad jim called superior salesman claims farmers fans low levels radio prank second second clip erin goes attempts cheer andy second clip scenes false hostage situation seen cultural references dwight claims radio journalism order cover oscar kevin starts chanting popular olympic chant oscar admits lied toby toby goes reference minor plot development occurred sixth seventh seasons broadcast reception ratings boat originally scheduled air nbc november replaced voice nbc claimed affected hurricane sandy schedule change happened nationwide eventually aired week later november original broadcast boat viewed estimated million viewers received rating percent share adults ages means seen percent year olds percent year olds watching television time broadcast marked increase ratings previous episode comes reached series low ratings episode tied fox series glee timeslot beaten episode abc series grey anatomy received percent rating entry cbs drama received percent rating office second highest rated nbc television program night episode voice reviews boat received positive reviews television critics reviewer called solid late period episode praising rainn_wilson commitment dwight main plotline complimented andy erin subplot considered superior previous episode featuring consistency andy characterization complimented john_krasinski work episode saying script good previous hints andy story won end like jim pam direction added energy feel overwhelming gave episode ign writer called episode pleasant surprise use supporting characters development season complimented compared pete erin romance jim pam early seasons series complaint andy characterization episode ninth season self obsessed despite gave episode calling great reviewer gave episode stars praising episode making previously unsuccessful oscar senator storyline andy bankrupt family storyline entertaining complimented fact jim pam previous episode expanded praised prank dwight calling great bit excellent comedic balance story inner demons new_york called episode single funniest episode steve_carell left praised performance hitting notes sweetness frustration emotional confusion normally written praised writing episode great plot line work moment positively sang gave episode stars concluding office surprises | The Boat (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
27484_TakeYourDaughtertoWorkDay(TheOffice) | daughter work day office daughter work day eighteenth episode second season american comedy television series office fourth episode overall written directed aired march nbc episode guest stars young michael_scott series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode daughter work day results children spending day office daughter daughter daughter kate son jake pam jenna_fischer tries child develops crush ryan_howard michael_scott steve_carell tries impress children claiming child star dwight rainn_wilson struggles secret girlfriend angela_kinsey stern jake daughter work day episodes filmed season presence actual children set main cast members tone behavior making sure cursed told inappropriate jokes installment received largely positive reviews television critics daughter work day received nielsen rating seen million viewers plot michael_scott steve_carell frustrated daughter work day force tone office antics paul bring daughters respectively brings fiancée daughter brings son jake pam jenna_fischer determined child end day tries instead takes liking jim pam watches clearly jim way kids walks michael office plays toys jokes fond develops crush ryan_howard asks number stanley ryan stanley angrily confused ryan motives ryan later described terrifying moment life dwight_schrute rainn_wilson begins read childhood horror stories children michael enters insists stop kids michael decides children office video child appearance kid revealed dream married kids friends friend office realizes came close dream toby talks michael decides start online dating user little jake day dwight finally stern quietly angela_kinsey pam wins jake paper jim_halpert john_krasinski leaves office early date pam michael dwight end party singing children production daughter work day written portrayed series entry directed making second credit earlier episode carpet episode installments filmed season addition episode took days film day hours devoted filming episode guest stars young michael_scott jenna_fischer noted presence actual children set best behavior meaning dirty jokes allowed later said aren rated bunch nature fischer later joked candy weaknesses able filming episode eating explained filming earlier second season episodes halloween valentine day eaten majority candy crew desk second season dvd contains number deleted scenes episode notable cut scenes include food serve stanley complaining daughter dwight discovering coffee courtesy jake kelly complaining pam stanley daughter jim giving official certificate appreciation cultural references pam notes putting candy lure children acting like witch fairy tale michael complains having censor children compares movie raw notes want murphy daddy day care michael jim dwight argument super heroes michael claims like superman defending jim dwight correct says like jim discuss book mixed files talk want spend night asks dwight later reads short story die book michael later refers book dwight nazi war criminal grandmother read starts short discussion nazis michael argues better children later shows performance parody little local kids shows fill time saturday things michael dwight end party performing teach children reception daughter work day originally aired nbc march episode received rating percent share adults ages means seen percent year olds percent year olds watching television time broadcast episode viewed million viewers retained percent lead earl audience episode received largely positive reviews critics dvd talk called scene office realizes michael loneliness absolutely moments seen recent memory noted help feel giant television pity gave episode dvd verdict called entry great episode series awarded noted bringing supporting characters kids office applauded lack plot allowing michael faux center stage called daughter work day best episode season noted writers hard pressed come better story called transformation michael indifference kids acceptance pure enjoyment having interesting aspect episode called dwight michael sing near end single funniest moment season | Take Your Daughter to Work Day (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
27503_ChairModel | chair model chair model fourteenth episode fourth season american comedy television series office seventh episode overall written directed episode aired united_states april nbc episode guest stars series depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott steve_carell finds lonely wanting relationship breaking looking office supplies catalog falls love chair model andy_bernard ed_helms fight reclaim lost parking spaces jim_halpert john_krasinski tells jenna_fischer going propose final scene originally going parody wind elton_john john refused permission scene written feature parody song american pie plot chair model received positive reviews critics fans alienated dark nature storyline episode received nielsen rating watched million viewers plot office chair catalog michael_scott steve_carell broken female chair models result decides resume dating help office employees going far threatening fire help office wants set friends michael michael learns chair model died car crash time ago jenna_fischer takes pity sets blind date date beginning michael pretending supposed meeting michael admits blind date failure dwight_schrute rainn_wilson convinces needs closure person loved gone end cemetery grave chair model michael singing american pie dancing grave michael busy andy_bernard ed_helms work reclaim parking spaces lost construction neighboring office arrange meeting bosses office park given parking spots spaces retrieved kevin feels happy won fiancée broke engagement hard time flirting jim_halpert john_krasinski reveals ready propose pam going far telling going work lame kick ass pam sure camera jim reveals shows engagement ring bought week started dating work walking car stops gets knee pam stops looks says question ask second asks wait ties shoes laughs continue walking hand hand end episode michael dwight seen singing american pie dancing cemetery night presumably having left production chair model episode series directed blitz previously directed convict negotiation episode written plays temporary worker turned corporate manager ryan_howard originally going episode title potentially fans seen dinner party aired michael jan relationship completely fallen apart parking going title decided refers subplot generic boring titles standard eventually suggested chair model eventually kept originally wrote jim putting dwight management training nbc pointed felt like writers group writers tried think new idea plot considered having pam jim thought engaged auditioning process chair model young blond woman michael sees coffee shop according writer chair model supposed pretty average model average single girl episode michael wanting start dating model scene actors time actor cousin writer tour set talked writers good impression character cool guy paul based day scheduled shoot cast role called paul new_york_city read lines camera mail hour landed flown los_angeles wrote majority episode actually ones came graveyard scene end original song michael sing going parody wind elton_john elton_john refused office permission use song rock requested permission parody wind offended elton_john want song parodied writers wrote parodies legs tuesday rolling_stones eventually american pie cleared writers went cultural references michael calls oscar mayer lover reference oscar homosexuality andy kevin hold meeting head office building reference godfather trilogy michael later tries phone hot named turns number restaurant reception chair model aired nbc april episode received percent share households demographic nielsen ratings means percent households watched episode percent tuned channel point episode watched million viewers total million viewers demographic chair model generally received critics fans alienated darkness episode gave episode moderately positive review awarded noted episode fell wrong funny creepy divide lot office fans enjoyed entry calling grave scene unexpectedly sweet enjoyed maturation andy describing coming foil dwight pity awarded episode buddytv senior writer wrote office sharp jim saying going propose big time moment jim pam story praised parking lot storyline saying started merely joke kevin dumped feel good moment ign said michael falling love chair model turn highlights michael dwight critical parking storyline saying bit runs bit thin think scene end kevin sweet genuine moment entertainment_weekly stated relation previous episode dinner party night took approach don wrong totally different animal speak went praise dual plots episode | Chair Model | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
27526_ChristmasWishes(TheOffice) | christmas wishes office christmas wishes tenth episode eighth season american comedy television series office episode overall episode originally aired nbc united_states december written executive producer directed ed_helms directorial debut episode guest starred series presented real documentary depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode andy_bernard ed_helms attempts christmas wishes come true including drunken ellie dwight_schrute rainn_wilson jim_halpert john_krasinski escalating prank war attempts frame christmas wishes received positive reviews critics according nielsen_media_research christmas wishes drew million viewers received rating share demographic staying previous episode california ranked timeslot highest ranked nbc series night plot andy ed_helms attempts christmas wishes come true conference meeting vows promise wishes asks office members nice new girlfriend emotionally confused erin ellie tries nice ends drinking party drunken tells andy christmas wish die offended tells breakup kelly friend erin mean andy concerned erin behavior revealed marriage ending spends good deal party hanging erin pressures drinking shots andy drive drunken meredith home sees erin getting robert car follows look panic face witnesses robert gentleman sending erin apartment words encouragement andy subsequently drives away smile face dwight rainn_wilson jim john_krasinski caused ask andy different desk turn andy orders dwight jim quit behavior tells pull prank lose christmas bonus target prank share wanting double bonuses dwight jim attempt frame jim loudly releases credit card information hoping dwight steal buy ridiculous dwight orders flowers pam dwight puts desk blames jim verbal slip causes inadvertently reveal intentions jim retaliation picture daughter blames dwight andy says vandalism grounds termination jim admits staged crime acknowledging plan andy tells jim won touch bonuses wants behavior interfere job performances jim assures tell dwight dwight continues pull jim amusement production episode written executive producer portrays series 24th writing credit series marks writing credit executive producer speculated return series writer confirmed writing christmas episode written previous christmas episodes secret santa christmas episode directed cast member ed_helms making directorial debut episode marks fourth appearance plays pam replacement leave appeared recurring role season initially appeared pam replacement jenna_fischer actual pregnancy pam appear episode season dvd contains number deleted scenes episode notable cut scenes include shoots staff member christmas wishes revealed dwight jim start turning meredith hitting newly single robert cultural references midway party dwight enters conference room sets speaker system play christmas eve heavy metal medley traditional christmas songs performed trans orchestra song acts backdrop brief montage scenes members office exchanging gifts shots dwight creed air interspersed reception ratings christmas wishes originally aired nbc united_states december episode viewed estimated million viewers received rating share adults ages means seen year olds year olds watching television time broadcast episode matched ratings previous episode california despite episode ranked timeslot beating cbs drama received rating share demographic fox drama series bones received rating share abc reality series america received rating share despite place shows received total viewers christmas wishes week november december christmas wishes placed ratings prime time broadcasts demographic reviews christmas wishes received positive reviews critics hollywood writer enjoyed episode writing episode christmas wishes certain spirit enjoy office episodes complimented relationship arc ign writer noting episode big obstacles overcome michael_scott concluded episode high factor wrote christmas wish watch episode office laugh lot consider wish granted ultimately gave episode giant television pity gave episode new_york wrote positively review saying christmas wishes filled holiday cheer proving juice left noting issues left culture reviewer praised writing directing work said happens cast members writing directing duties kept house reviewer wrote slightly critical review noting episode lack structure wrote christmas wishes terrible episode television point avoids having sort statement positively comment andy erin subplot suggested episode positioned transition point featuring love triangle darker ultimately gave episode reviews considered christmas wishes best episode season | Christmas Wishes (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
27859_BranchWars | branch wars branch wars tenth episode fourth season american comedy television series office episode overall written directed episode originally aired united_states november nbc episode marks return season regular plays jim girlfriend karen regional manager dunder mifflin karen tries stanley dunder stanley informs branch leaving revenge michael dwight trick jim traveling company branch group attempts play prank karen office pam oscar toby try hold club meeting disastrous results plot jones attempts lure away scranton offering pay raise regional manager michael_scott steve_carell believing karen assistant regional manager jim_halpert john_krasinski dumping decides michael salesman dwight_schrute rainn_wilson trick jim joining trip prank branch failed attempt steal branch industrial group discovered karen office privately jim elaborate ruse attempts issue unsuccessful letting slip pam happily dating group returns scranton farewell stanley decides stay scranton revealing threat bluff raise jenna_fischer form finer things club discussing literature music arts meetings regularly disrupted employees particularly andy_bernard ed_helms desperate efforts join prove unsuccessful pam invites jim join club regrets discussion jim merely speaks irish reveals hasn actually read book production branch wars second office episode directed creator television series previously directed season episode business school episode seventh office episode written acts customer service representative branch wars marked return regular member dunder branch later dunder season previous appearance fourth season premiere appeared scene salesman appearing screen heard telephone conference shares real life boyfriend reception branch wars received nielsen ratings meaning percent households tuned given moment seven percent use time tuned program episode watched million viewers achieved ages demographic writing episode nominated outstanding writing comedy series image awards senior writer buddytv gave episode favorable review stated tonight office possibly funniest season entertainment weekly stated branch wars penned didn measure brilliance week episode local served plenty laughs travis ign stated episode feels like comes halves works doesn referring trip finer things club respectively later pointed despite somewhat ride episode fair number big laughs particularly enjoyed jim character episode actions reactions situation involved | Branch Wars | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
28016_DinnerParty(TheOffice) | office dinner party thirteenth episode fourth season american comedy television series office sixth episode overall written writing team directed episode originally aired nbc april guest stars episode include series presented real documentary depicts everyday lives office employees scranton pennsylvania branch fictional dunder mifflin_paper_company episode michael_scott girlfriend vice president regional sales dunder mifflin corporate office new_york_city throw dinner party invite jim_halpert john_krasinski jenna_fischer andy_bernard ed_helms angela_kinsey dwight rainn_wilson party ends michael jan having loud argument michael leaves dwight advice police officers respond domestic disturbance fight episode original episode office broadcast episode deposition november effects writers guild america strike atmosphere set laid nature cast broke laughter jokes times dinner party received largely positive reviews critics series best entries episode received nielsen rating watched million viewers plot office workers stuck working overtime major assignment asking jim_halpert john_krasinski confirm plans evening anticipation overtime assignment michael_scott steve_carell calls corporate declares releasing workers overtime michael proceeds invite jim girlfriend jenna_fischer join girlfriend dinner jim previously turned times jim begins excuse michael reminds said hadn plans jim begins suspect michael fabricated overtime assignment corporate maneuver pam coming dinner michael invites andy_bernard ed_helms angela_kinsey angela boyfriend dwight_schrute rainn_wilson dwight dismay tour jan shows runs making home business jan dominance relationship apparent living arrangements michael sleeps small bench jan space issues sole comfort small bought later revealed michael underwent course trying evening jan plays song titled night assistant hunter kitchen jan quietly confronts pam false assumption michael pam dated michael attempts jim andy invest jan making business jim attempt escape party pam pretending apartment flooded unsuccessful dwight arrives food wine glasses grant date dwight describes relationship purely feud michael jan culminating jan destruction television michael beloved police arrive responding disturbance despite jan michael agrees spend night dwight advice officers jim pam share warm moment eating food car repeatedly calling michael jan jim puts hunter stole andy car andy attempts angela leaning ice cream cone responds smashing ice cream outside door jan seen trying fix broken production background episode original episode office broadcast episode deposition november effects writers guild america strike went strike eastern standard time november filming office immediately halted date steve_carell member refused cross picket lines members writers guild america east writers guild america west voted end day strike february writers allowed return work day allowed runners return work february preparation conclusion strike runner office executive producer returned february writers returned work february writers strike episode completed filming successfully week november christmas episode produced aired script discarded strike lasted past holiday season time year potential episode aired writing directing dinner party written writers series added background gags episode andy wearing holding coat photos jan men michael garage having michael completely taken late night song featured episode supposedly performed jan assistant hunter written episode writers wrote lyrics wrote music song sung later explained despite suggestive lyrics song left interpretation episode directed making sixth directorial credit series later noted episode filmed following strike great loose vibe set actors break character laugh jokes majority episode took place michael location second season entry office olympics explained production design team amazing job transform michael design aesthetic jan episode guest starred grant later reprise character ninth season episode junior salesman grant asked appear episode daniels saw performance film grant praised skills noting keeps going script wilson humorous antics acting concluded wanted crazy wild feature film comedy saw days absolutely acting cultural references group plays celebrity game teams play guess celebrity names possible time runs michael tries team guess saying rhymes michael tries team guess jim answers creek purposely throw michael jan informs pam people spain eat midnight michael responds rome popular saying thematically crew members critics compared episode play afraid examines breakdown marriage middle aged couple reception dinner party brought average million american viewers highest total audience fourth season premiere episode fun run episode achieved percent rating key demographic meaning percent year olds tuned given moment percent year olds watching television time tuned episode ranked eighth place demographic programs television aired week episodes original broadcast episode met critical acclaim aired considered best episodes office critics wrote great episodes office difficult watch time noted largely fact michael makes happening ultimately gave episode denoting great episode aol squad said happy office thing worried good writers strike noted fears rest dinner party style sic enhanced mega home run giant television pity graded episode entertainment_weekly said favorite moment episode jan song assistant hunter guide wrote hilarious brutally awkward look relationship apartment hell train wreck staring noted study couples dysfunctional michael jan loving jim pam angela andy purely dwight reviewer praised episode sheer inducing ultimately gave episode united_states republican presidential nominee john_mccain fan series told writer favorite scene episode michael giving guests tour seen set bed writing episode nominated primetime emmy award outstanding writing comedy series | Dinner Party (The Office) | Media and drama | Television | The Office episodes |
62_CentralAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war formed march covered central portion new_south_wales headquartered sydney central area command primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries disbanded august control units taken raaf formations proposals raise new come fruition history prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke september raaf began implement form command expected increases manpower units initial direction create nos groups control units victoria new_south_wales respectively march raaf divided australia new_guinea geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary group established november formed area commands march headquartered sydney given control air_force units new_south_wales southern north state units queensland temporarily assigned control pending formation inaugural adrian king cole led group senior air staff officer wing commander reported area headquarters building change point mansion nearby cole handed command december august raaf expanding program necessitated establishment overarching training organisations semi functional semi geographical basis accordingly training group formed sydney taking responsibility training units disbanded control units divided convenient according official history war northern aftermath raaf area command structure revised following outbreak pacific war split new command covering new_south_wales southern queensland created making total commands october proposed carving new considered large controlled headquarters subdivision responsible training operational units southern queensland war cabinet deferred decision proposal concept raised august time new control maintenance units training operations southern queensland came proposal | Central Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
79_No.79WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing world war formed december led group captain wing comprised squadrons establishment flying mitchell bombers heavy fighters wing took new_guinea eventually transferring dutch_east_indies allies advanced northward end pacific war wing attached nos netherlands squadrons flying transferred late returned australia disbanded following year headquarters disbanded october soon end hostilities history wing established november combat units consisted nos squadrons flying light reconnaissance bombers squadron long range fighters netherlands squadron mitchell medium bombers wing commanded group captain dutch personnel called charles operating auspices nwa darwin wing participated new_guinea march april attacked japanese shipping bombed daily basis prelude invasions organised large raid april consisting thirty force destroyed town barracks fuel result earned personal air vice marshal king cole day allied landings april daylight raid ground assault met little opposition credited air bombardment leading nos squadrons attacked japanese positions squadron withdrawn combat equip wing light medium bombers suffered lack suitable targets airfields forward areas refuel squadron returned operations june month squadron flew sorties damaging japanese airfields shipping area lost commanding officer anti aircraft fire raid june july wing supported allied attack squadron wing active unit flying sorties september attacked japanese shipping infrastructure lost aircraft crewmen killed squadron leader son manager end month mitchell missions hold replacement crews trained late plans transfer wing undertake operations japanese wing composition nos squadrons operating netherlands east indies squadron operating squadron transferred wing australian tactical air force december month group captain posted replaced group captain weather hampered wing activities january squadron withdrawn queensland equip squadron flying taking anti shipping missions squadron accounted half thirty enemy vessels sunk wing february similar ratio sunk following month wing operations cut march preparations transfer bay april available aircraft nos squadrons ordered join wing assault japanese convoy included cruiser late rendezvous limit range attacked convoy regardless claimed direct hits loss despite anti aircraft fire cruiser ships frontal attacks enemy fighters allied submarines sank damaged day wing proposed cancelled netherlands government requested squadrons operate dutch_east_indies squadron transferred wing mitchell squadrons ordered borneo command july wing relocated leaving squadron control pacific war ended august joined wing raaf personnel borneo australia disbanded october following month squadron reassigned squadron returned australia december disbanding squadrons raaf operate war | No. 79 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
86_RomanianLandForces | army romania main component recent years major equipment overhaul transformed nature force founded november november participated world war russian empire forces actions despite initial setbacks won decisive battles world war august romanian forces supported axis powers fighting soviet_union eastern august end war romania fought germany control soviet_union communists seized power second world war army underwent reorganisation following romanian revolution shortage funds units disbanded equipment phased likewise romanian military capability declined lack fuel training late 1990s number positive changes come level combat readiness growing greatly military budget grown times rising million dollars billion dollars conscription abolished completed mission land forces represent important component execution military actions terrestrial character zone direction independently romanian military branches conduct operations defensive offensive battles capture destruction invading enemy national multinational military structures units compose current operational structure able conduct military operations outside national territory international military forces history attempt create independent romanian army revolution based rapidly ordered troops ottoman forces swept stop revolution romanian war independence current formed immediately unification commanded romania request russia romanian army fused russian forces led king carol fought romanian war independence participated siege battles won war suffered casualties world war romanian army didn face actions second balkan war entered second balkan war bulgaria allowing romania annex known troops met little resistance bulgaria considered major conflict romanian history historical claims land area longer belongs romania world war july romania declared war germany austria-hungary following initial success major russian offensive armies eastern romanian armies entered austro hungarian empire russian forces german forces command general stalled attack november drove time austrian turkish troops invaded southern romania forcing country war central powers drove deep romania conquered south country including end romanian forces led marshal retreated north east romania summer aided future marshal general successfully defended remaining territories german austro hungarian forces led field marshal august von general led victories july august august september result russian revolution romania left isolated unable continue war forced sign treaty central powers later germany agreed treaty versailles article renounce benefits provided treaty successful offensive bulgaria war romania entered war november day end west hungarian romanian war world war proclaimed union result april newly established vowed retake region force hungarian troops attacked romanian formations defeated hungarians conquered august subordinate 6th 7th april disbanded order earlier structures generals nicholas april march commissioned general pop prominent military leaders wrote interwar period commanders large scale opera unanimous praise divisions 16th 17th 20th infantry divisions rapid marked international situation especially neighboring romania september recently founded world war general later marshal took power september romania signed pact axis powers subsequently took operation expeditionary force invaded soviet_union southern ukraine alongside expeditionary force composed june 2nd comprised 6th 7th infantry divisions separate artillery battalion unit air_force consisted 5th fortress brigades army group level major general controlled 9th 10th infantry divisions additionally formed service eastern offensive conjunction enabled romania retake territory immediately east saw major battles advanced axis forces deeper soviet territory greatest disaster romanian expeditionary force eastern came soviet counter offensive november spread forces army deployed north deployed south attacked vastly superior soviet forces suffered combined losses personnel april romanian forces led general elements responsible defending soviet took battles late august entered eastern romania august coup led king michael romania deposed marshal set pro soviet government estimated royal coup shortened war romania months romania soon declared war nazi_germany fourth armies pressed action remnants romania took prague offensive cold war soviet occupation romania led complete reorganisation supervision onset pro german elements romanian armed forces divisions formed romanian volunteers prisoners war trained soviet_union war communist activists tudor command colonel command general later served minister defence units formed nucleus new soviet control postwar reorganisation included cavalry arm disappeared force disbandment november cavalry division seized political power army commenced supervision new minister defence thirty cent officers officers experienced soldiers potential source opposition military involved copying soviet model military political organisation changing military doctrine combat defence context romania integration strategic system soviets beginning cold war early 1950s reached level rifle tank division rifle divisions converted motor rifle divisions reductions strength began force size dropped motor rifle tank divisions motor rifle divisions formed motor rifle tank division figure remained way rest cold war country divided major military regions west east south respectively wartime land forces military region army corps headquarters armies succeeded military regions armies known 3rd military region based 3rd military region april april 1980s land forces numbered personnel thirds armies appeared exist army army land forces consisted infantry divisions 1st 2nd 9th 10th 11th 18th tank divisions mountain infantry brigades airborne brigades according year history modern romanian artillery 1st army consisted 1st 57th tank 2nd 9th 10th 32nd tactical rocket 2nd 18th 4th mountain 11th 6th tank 37th rifle divisions organized soviet model rifle regiments tank regiment complement infantry soldiers artillery air defence regiments divisions provided specialised fire support enabled rifle tank regiments maneuver air defense regiments consisted anti aircraft artillery battalions surface air missile sam battalion composed batteries late 1980s artillery regiments rifle tank divisions included artillery battalions multiple rocket battalion surface surface missile battalion surface surface missile battalions divided batteries equipped missile operated thirty eighteen missile launchers tactical missile introduced replaced non soviet armies proven fairly inaccurate combat frog missiles ineffective weapons carrying conventional high explosive tipped nuclear chemical devastating according romanian official writing romania produced chemical agents delivered battlefield missiles post communist era early 1990s major units disbanded lot equipment phased scrapped severe shortage funds land forces structure reorganized armies territorial corps regiments battalions mid-1990s situation land forces critical military budget times lower million dollars equipment older years armoured vehicles missile units non operational lack fuel training level combat readiness military capability extremely low entire land forces operational government took action military budget increased greatly equipment commenced officially program armed forces began april present organisation manpower army comprised combat combat support brigades combat combat support brigades case crisis units force plan currently military personnel civilians comprise armed forces total men women romanian military undergoing stage restructuring short term stage completed reorganisation command system implementation voluntary military service year marks end second stage operational integration nato date long term stage completed technical integration nato stages aim structure armed forces reducing personnel acquiring newer improved technology compatible nato standards romania abolished compulsory military service october came constitutional amendment allowed parliament military service optional romanian parliament voted abolish conscription october vote military reform programmes romania agreed joined nato march structure peacetime commander land forces minister defense wartime president romania supreme commander armed forces main combat formations romania romanian land forces fielded division 1st division june 1st 4th divisions known 1st turn called prior personnel having reduced considerably order reach compatibility nato standards renamed reorganized divisions joint command renamed received units 1st divisions current chief succeeded major general january official day celebrated year april equipment completely overhauled equipment past years replacing modern main battle tank infantry fighting vehicle modern native equipment german anti aircraft systems commissioned ordered army delivered military police december iii armoured vehicles iii variant high mobility vehicles ordered deployment iraq afghanistan equipment summary evolution special forces led establishment 1st special operations regiment august headquartered later 6th october composed special operations battalion battalions battalion famous trained unit 1st special operations battalion legally created late graduates selected members special forces battalion courses abroad green course course courses special forces battalion fully operational company commissioned current romanian reconnaissance battalions considered special forces units formed 1960s communist regime revolution units suffered lack funds resulted temporary disbandment equipment completely overhauled past years combat readiness capabilities regained strength rapid intervention squad elite special operations unit currently belonging special unit inside military formed highly skilled individuals large percentage members champions martial arts athletic disciplines december secret international missions following troops deployed abroad personnel withdrawn personnel battalion personnel guard detachment personnel reconnaissance squad personnel afghanistan additionally special forces squad personnel training detachment personnel deployed training romanian revolution firing ranges training areas closed abandoned lack funds currently military schools training units directly central headquarters military high schools military academy officers school training schools training battalions past years lots training exercises took place romania balkan allied countries exercises took place largest modern training firing ranges military facilities europe total surface area square kilometres announced december troops stationed time form joint task force east training base ranks insignia distinguishes career paths officers warrant officers enlisted men marshal rank given wartime president romania fact romania coming officers rank history kings ferdinand held rank marshal romania king carol held simultaneous ranks marshal | Romanian Land Forces | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
334_7IndependentCompany(Rhodesia) | french short lived company volunteers bush war numbering men peak unique history exclusively unit existed november company 1st battalion served counter tours operation hurricane today bush war augmented ranks foreign volunteers accepted regular regiments pay conditions service locals foreign recruits enlisted launched overseas recruitment programme required successful applicants speak good english army attempted alleviate strain troops late recruiting french speakers formed designated company regiment regiment independent companies unit company men mixture french foreign young trouble start integrating forces unsettled respective ranks given attempt raise morale create strong corps army issued backed french allowed raise flag france alongside morning apparently impression signed highly paid mercenaries french returned home bush trip unhappy received money regular soldier operations performance generally par involved successful actions february early march oppressive treatment black villagers encountered unpopular operational area quickly deemed experiment failure following series disasters company second tour including friendly fire incidents fatalities disbanded forces led members later month executed coup état french south african governmental support background following dispute british government terms granting independence predominantly white minority government self governing colony led declared independence november britain united_nations refused recognise imposed economic sanctions country prominent communist backed black nationalist groups african people union respective guerrilla armies called second goal government introducing black majority rule bush war result beginning earnest december attacked farms near centenary country north east launched operation hurricane response fought strongly reducing number active country december period october november killed nationalist fighters previous years combined south african security forces respected insurgents ignored helped nationalists win ground operating times number training abroad local men included foreign volunteers integrated regular units salary conditions service foreigners served commando battalion glamorous international reputation initiated major overseas recruitment drive targeting potential volunteers europe oceania americas requiring successful applicants speak good english campaign bearing considerable fruit largest intake included foreign volunteers enlisting men overseas increase foreigners forces remained stretched low manpower formation training idea unit came french national business interests connections proposed major general second command visiting france relayed idea general staff salisbury decided late form french battalion alleviate strain regular units officer french extraction warned superiors strongly scheme ultimately sent france start project way stopped switzerland gave final approval operation budget resolved recruit mainly paris bernard entered france renewed old connections french military academy saint recruitment carried french operating apartment central paris advertisements placed newspapers offered job future abroad minimum age non commissioned officers preferred body men eventually assembled varied widely terms age background experience based largely foreign average age french speaking veterans assortment african middle eastern conflicts spanning previous decades successfully applied past service prove necessity men accepted military experience spoke english basic level signed man instructed travel switzerland appropriate swiftly south african embassy early november french recruits flew south african liner salisbury waiting men leaders major officer crack 11th shock parachute regiment officer president guard major non commissioned officer 2nd parachute regiment beneath captain black officer regular unit second command colonel infamous french soldier fortune nicknamed dog war according anonymous veteran unit comprised recently discharged servicemen french forces having trouble adapting civilian life didn know jump parachute obey orders explained liked kind thing said members political far right joined kill blacks criminals hoping escape attention french police signed years french speaking unit placed regiment independent company independent company sought forge strong corps new recruits end extended sentimental example morale rose informed insignia backed french similar vein request permission raise flag france alongside outside headquarters morning approved french speaking men army attached unit act assist coordination tactical instruction virtue upbringing spoke english french native like level company numbered men assigned headquarters near salisbury barracks home organised manner standard independent company exception exclusively personnel spirits high unit brief training period men enjoyed playing sports observing country scenery experiencing night life nearby capital adequately trained receiving basic medical examination days fitness training explanation proper conduct bush expressed surprise instructed paint stripes camouflage green weapons combat boots fashion having heard practice morale came week volunteers issued ranks eyes french speaking soldiers ranks assigned appeared chosen random superiors reflect actual respective levels training ability experience men considered overlooked began problems discipline attitude company soldiers strongly commanders high standards presentation dress little meet service bush trip company deployed barracks late november sent kilometres north east salisbury days bush operation hurricane army operational area covered north east guerrilla activity passed major incident camp tribal trust lands near kilometres north east capital kilometres border insurgents area belonged company men stationed advised team intelligence officers sticks men gunner sent bush periods weeks equipped radio communicate base task action seek means patrolling operating observation listening posts group insurgents spotted stick leader report positions alert army request available arrive engage stick field handle situation men sent sticks mixed problems soon arose proper language barrier sent prominently flying french flag issue language resolved remained discretion paramount observe enemy movements effectively men found difficulty maintaining mistakes revealing presence investigations local marked tension soon arose local black population soldiers ignorance english difficult discussions place according units came contact french soldiers took frustration villagers excessive force attempted police station received report man young dense act according history indicated received instruction black people regarded terrorists quickly deemed french experiment failure reassigned late november small settlement east minor police station number patrols embark reduced company vehicles ambushed january resulting men injured fatally week later truck surprised bush road resulting death casualties company brought bush days later rest salisbury strike day rest periods company men belgian owned centre city corner causeway road seriously received salary having apparently wages month french surprised find basic monthly pay actually regular soldier upset paid dollars country international isolation easily exchanged foreign expecting veteran unit admitted tax exempt wage came special unit supplement money live comfortably salisbury time pay dispute split unit thirds went strike saying return action army wages paid foreign currency steps remain permanently buying cars having wives join salisbury army detained strike willing army refused extra pay special treatment saying policy engage mercenaries men repatriated france request considered disbanding unit altogether convinced superiors remaining men loyal eager continue serving second bush trip dissolution starting february spent half week major army base company acquitted time number badly injured motor accident returned camp manned guarded group coloured indian soldiers february spotted group seven local called men arrived killed seven including carrying detailed documents day observed entering time took long arrive french company took large contact march fighting alongside insurgents killed contact loss soon sticks led deputy intelligence officer began sending regular night patrols following months disaster locally based forces stick fired causing injury hit killing members french company died ambush insurgents friendly fire incident april resulted fatality occasions bush trip area frozen regular army units confined camps scouts operated morale bringing unit close collapse officers worked company longer placed detention barracks unit formally dissolved personnel retained army returned units legacy supported french south african governments logistical assistance forces led took coup état power years earlier subsequently key location operations providing convenient end user certificate clandestine shipments weapons equipment bound spite south_africa arms boycott received war similar fashion men civilians foreign executed april despite late plea french authorities having found guilty murdering café owner minister issued statement execution murder unrelated earlier service mercenaries time smith regime | 7 Independent Company (Rhodesia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
471_2ndBattalion9thMarines | 9th marines infantry battalion formed world war unit played instrumental role defeat japanese forces world war battalion distinguished defense vietnam war later participated ill fated invasion southeast_asia intention rescuing crew operation battalion served lead battalion iii participated humanitarian missions battalion helped evacuate americans chinese civil war occasions participated providing relief victims battalion participated operation restore hope served september room light armor reconnaissance battalions 9th marine regiment july activated 6th marine regiment replaced april post war battalion composition battalion marine_corps headed battalion commander usually lieutenant colonel colonel staff headquarters usually consists companies total marines comprises infantry companies echo fox golf vietnam war fox golf hotel company weapons platoon squads machine guns mortars inch rocket launchers super later history early years advent world war united_states expanded include 9th marines known created activated november virginia period turmoil cuba sugar producing regions american companies operated island sugar industry vital economy united_states battalion mission order island accomplished reassigned rumors german agents going disrupt mexican oil shipments texas battalion sent texas safeguard shipments disbanded war april reactivated battalion main objective train reserve marines headquarters transferred kansas_city missouri companies stationed disbanded world war april months japanese attack pearl harbor unit activated 2nd headquarters camp san_diego california underwent intensive amphibious training reassigned 3rd marine division unit assigned pacific fleet regiment sent july relieve 9th marines participated campaign july participated invasion guam japanese forces staged seven marines prevailed despite fact suffered casualties initial battle marine captain future commandant marine_corps earned medal honor 9th marines reserve forces committed action days day marines distinguished private wilson watson received medal honor island secured unit sent guam underwent training possible invasion japanese mainland invasion occurred hostilities japan united_states came end 9th marines sent camp december disbanded post world war november 9th marines final stages fighting nationalists communists chinese civil war known war liberation occurred fighting escalated 9th marines ordered evacuate americans mission accomplished march battalion sent north_carolina renamed 6th marine june war broke provisional governments competed control korean peninsula north_korea supported south_korea allies united_nations included united_states conflict known korean war 1st sent saw action 9th marines reactivated underwent training japan intention participating conflict 3rd marine division armistice signed july unit deploy korea 9th marines actively participate conflict unit awarded medal 3rd headquarters moved okinawa 9th marines returned 1st battalion returned 3rd marine division okinawa vietnam war vietnam war conflict eventually involved respective allies united_states sent military advisors train army republic vietnam military advisors march combat troops land force began operating vietnam march opened july 9th marines ordered vietnam okinawa 9th marines fought battles camp considered vicious engagement september military forces constructed outside town known combat base constructed base base defense operation scotland manned 9th marines staging ground number attacks north vietnamese troop movements trail april june marines caught forces corps rebelled prime minister head ruling dismissed commander general april hill fights hills north south marines occurred january came heavy attack known main objective communists draw american troops countryside preparation offensive despite outnumbered 9th marines held ground north vietnamese driven area experiencing heavy casualties heavy aerial january march participated operation canyon sweep valley major offensive marine_corps vietnam august 9th marines ordered return camp okinawa period unit assigned sea duty waters vietnam continued receive combat training camp japan philippines incident barely weeks fall forces seized merchant ship recognized international sea lanes claimed territorial waters removed crew questioning naval forces abandoned navy swift boats seizure container ship calling seizure piracy president ford ordered military response retake ship man crew mistakenly thought saw man crew board fishing boat saw people fishing boats island assumed crew island elements 4th marines 4th marines 9th marines flown advanced staging joint marines company 4th marines boarded find deserted raised american flag thai fishing boat thai crew crew members set free approached uss wilson battle island 9th marines landed island crew believed held unaware crew american hands marines helicopters transported attacked machine guns mortars rocket propelled grenade launchers known battle island battalion received word safe arrival crew uss wilson marines planned withdrawal received orders effect helicopter left head count showed marines left island 9th marines marines captured days tortured executed buried common unmarked grave incident ended marked official battle 9th marines vietnam war unit deployment program practice february 9th marines battalion rotate united_states total marines killed day rescue operation marines listed timeline vietnam veterans memorial located washington post vietnam era operations desert shield august invasion kuwait iraqi forces 9th marines deployed okinawa japan october unit deployed ground combat element november island philippine providence devastated typhoon members battalion provided assistance disaster relief efforts battalion remained philippines april returned okinawa japan subsequently battalion returned camp august operation restore hope 5th marine regiment designated participate marine expeditionary unit deployment cycle november successful culmination 9th marines designated 15th 15th period main factions provoked war known factions led president united_states initiated operation provide relief united_nations endorsed effort called provide humanitarian relief august president sent troops marines mission renamed known main objectives provide humanitarian relief initiate nation building factions restore law order help people set representative government restore infrastructure month 9th marines deployed mission lead unit secure port airfield allowed rapid build forces country mission accomplished december february referred marines 2nd battalion 9th marines january marine patrol ambushed gunmen faithful bringing casualties remained april returned camp battalions deployments panama participated anti tank missile evaluation program september redesignated 4th marines present december released message stating reactivated continuing global war terror activated july replaced september marines sailors deployed province support operation iraqi freedom based city returned april marines sailors killed action july marines sailors deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom december attached afghanistan earned notorious nickname green hats returned february december returned july echo weapons companies deployed afghanistan january april participating combat operations camp april battalion ceremony camp medal honor recipients medal honor highest military decoration awarded united_states bestowed member united_states armed forces distinguishes gallantry risk life duty engaged action enemy united_states following table contains names men recipients medal honor serving listed accordance date action citation indicates medal honor awarded posthumously marine_corps commandant united states marine corps highest ranking officer member reporting secretary navy chief naval operations marines served 2nd battalion 9th marines commandant marine_corps listed table accordance years served ranks held serving distinguished marines marines served 2nd battalion 9th marines careers subsequently distinguished general officer recipients medal honor assigned different unit notable members served mortar platoon vietnam war unit awards unit citation award bestowed organization action cited members unit participated said actions allowed wear uniforms awarded unit citation presented following awards | 2nd Battalion 9th Marines | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
551_130thEngineerBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states engineer brigade united_states_army based hawaii provides engineering support command brigade operations brigade traces lineage engineering regiment active world war brigade action mid-1990s cold war brigade stationed western europe decades possible soviet invasion finally saw action operation joint endeavor providing assistance international force bosnia region years later brigade primary engineering component invasion iraq numerous difficulties brigade forced unexpected missions year iraq saw second tour primary engineering component country brigade deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom brigade long history supporting based town germany ended brigade relocated hawaii support major restructuring plan army reactivated brigade currently home hawaii organization subordinate unit 8th turn subordinate provides engineering assistance forces stationed pacific_ocean region brigade stationed barracks permanently commands subordinate battalions located barracks total force brigade subordinate elements approximately brigade nature able command control units deployed history origins traces lineage saw action world war regiment activated july camp illinois deployed participated subsequent invasion germany transferred pacific day received campaign asian pacific theatre japan january regiment designated japan july activated september year months later brigade june having seen deployment june designated activated germany consolidation 37th 11th single unit provide efficient command control subsequently command corps army force europe brigade received shoulder sleeve insignia september distinctive unit insignia november brigade members specially designed images regiment battle honors world war scarlet white colors signifying army engineer units brigade remained germany support years seeing deployments underwent units battalions reassigned following end cold war gained new battalions units brigade subordinate battalions deployed support operation operation brigade headquarters remained germany rest operations conducted significant engineer assets early 1990s brigade continue units come command transferred restructuring 18th 7th operation joint december january units brigade deployed croatia support operation joint endeavor deployed surveying platoon following year tasked building assault bridge despite severe flooding conditions river international pressure structure brigade sent units begin work bridge december deployed croatia placed historic ribbon bridge river bridge feet longest assault floating bridge military history company operated hours day months crossing critical traffic support task force eagle nato company assisted construction second bridge section remaining support force restructuring task force eagle construct seven fixed bridges support operation deployment brigade tasked creating maintaining maps area operations produce maps tasked repairing maintaining infrastructure brigade returned germany operation complete train german engineers including german units brigade set competitions german units soldiers chance earn earned soldiers years served germany trained extensively operations rivers germany summer brigade participated joint engineering exercise exercise conducted featured numerous training scenarios construction medical clinic exercises conducted nations europe including albania romania georgia bulgaria macedonia performed annual humanitarian missions poland working community projects country assistance september training exercise operation iraqi freedom mobilized support global war terrorism commanded colonel preparations operation iraqi freedom placed charge largest engineering force theater included seven different engineering battalions separate group company sized elements units brigade deployed kuwait early corps staff provide command assistance crossed border iraq attacked capitol region baghdad south coupled landings north operation forces surround destroy iraqi forces capitol obstacle facing brigade kilometer deep defensive obstacle complex spanned iraq border kuwait consisted large tank ditches dirt electrified fencing razor wire decided brigade combat teams breach locations brigade analyzed provided layout coalition forces conducted actual late march armored combat build roads tracked vehicles armored vehicle launched bridges set wheeled vehicles worked engineers breach places brigade moved starting iraq war combat forces moved brigade sealed prevent iraqi forces leaving open forces followed breach moved iraq provided support divisions advanced path baghdad large grounded aviation large dust clouds problem brigade oil use dust airfields allowing fleet engage iraqi ground forces march retreating iraqi units detonated bridges slow advance conducted rapid repairs allow brigades continue brigade supported combat elements moving clearing roads pathways debris obstacles allow rapid movement city built birthday bridge longest float bridge constructed combat theatre span meters birthday april invasion brigade supposed support operation infrastructure support planning invasion engineers brigade told reconstruction iraq conducted contractors iraqi civilians originally prepared conduct major reconstruction efforts corps commanding element task force rebuild iraq invasion force including sent jobs originally planned basic utilities conditions iraq far expected rest engineers engaged large number initial reconstruction projects basic utilities including schools water treatment plants waste removal nation power grid determined scale projects greater expected encountered previous decided reconstruction essential coalition help win iraqi people brigade completely originally tasked obstacles building fortifications operations brigade tasked entirely construction projects conversion difficult process brigade equipment specialist units designed handle reconstruction national scale military reconstruction units arrived iraq brigade grew battalions groups focused projects specialty ultimately found undertaking numerous different projects country units confined entirely construction conducted river patrol operations baghdad new mission company essential force protection troop transportation search operations protect sabotage fixed bridges september 38th medium bridge multi role bridge company float fixed capabilities active bridge company headquartered majority deployment operation iraqi freedom headquarters commanded engineers time conducting missions including humanitarian assistance missions dive missions base construction river patrols detection missile removal brigade units late early brigade soldiers returned february numerous logistical delays subordinate units receive roles invasion iraq brigade headquarters second tour iraq company sized unit return second tour iraq deployed september company returned september december headquarters informed deployed iraq year brigade mobilized began new deployment september began operating country month followed october brigade eventually replaced 20th engineer brigade operating country december brigade commanded engineering formations including engineers branches military total soldiers tour supported variety reconstruction tasks second tour iraq priority brigade maintain upgrade lines communications ground movement area operations duty included detection removal brigade undertook numerous construction projects primarily building coalition forward operating bases tasked construction projects iraqi army civilians units brigade integrated military branches projects navy marine_corps engineers operated soldiers commanders reported culture clash different branches service soldiers sailors marines able adapt situation quickly brigade managed engineer battalions undertook missions including humanitarian missions public affairs assignments supported brigade provided wide range duties headquarters task detecting removing proved particularly difficult brigade issue coalition forces leading cause casualties time specially tasked counter operations kilometers roads brigade responsible charged maintaining power grid iraq required assess power stations country repairs individually tasked construction projects projects involved expansion larger smaller ones shut consolidated main focuses battalion expansion living quarters responsible maintaining supply yards housing building materials rest brigade battalions ensure materials dispersed efficiently possible brigade mechanical vehicle maintenance duties provided civilian contractors contractors handled transportation construction vehicles vehicle parts theater year deployment iraq brigade reported progress numerous areas brigade commander colonel reported greater percent found roads corps recognized disarmed coalition forces brigade cleared kilometers road trash debris filled caused explosions completed mapping projects theater brigade finished numerous building projects iraq soldiers completed construction projects year country including bridges maintaining digging projects western iraq maintaining power grid coalition bases repairing expanding services region construction outposts country roadways assistance iraqi engineers deployment total soldiers brigade killed action returned second tour iraq october hawaii army forces europe seeing announced eliminated moved brigade formally left unit colors ceremony unit colors tradition formally signifying official purposes brigade ceased active army unit brigade headquarters june brigade originally slated relocate washington replace scheduled announcement grow army plan early decided engineer brigades permanently moved hawaii instead engineer brigades remained active duty brigade inactive year reconstructed hawaii transformation army brigade reorganized force new updated equipment new personnel brigade stood june neared ready status october brigade colors formally barracks hawaii end brigade relocation hawaii completion readiness new missions brigade took command 6th engineer battalions tour iraq brigade alerted deployment operation iraqi freedom summer missions include construction route clearance training iraqi engineers alerted deployment brigade began conducting vigorous training barracks training updated strategies detection clearance brigade began deployment july colors taking command construction projects area 18th returned barracks hawaii iraq june return iraq served capacity brigade provided combat engineering construction engineering dive operations support joint combined partners exercises multiple company sized deployments operations new dawn served philippines months brigade headquarters built schools purpose facilities brigade subordinate joint partners conducted medical events help improve lives filipino people event brigade skills responding humanitarian aid disaster response events region completion brigade shifted training focus stability operations major combat operations specifically brigade initiated month train plan graded war fighter korea series individual collective training events brigade cases learned skills necessary achieve victory high intensity conflict war path exercise finally spectrum exercise november earned highest marks accolades given brigade certification war fighter exercise series exercises helped improve significant task organizations engineer concepts operations combined arms gap crossing plans remain ready fight tonight called operation enduring freedom headquarters company subordinate battalions combat effects deployed support operation enduring freedom september october marked brigade headquarters deployment afghanistan week period officially took october joint task force triple joint task force overseeing navy air_force engineer units afghanistan direct subordinate element constituted fourth largest command theater regional commands core provisional multi role brigade headquarters engineer operations afghanistan seven subordinate battalions engineer prime beef squadron consisting soldiers sailors airmen operating september december joint task force mission theater trains advises construction facility management assured mobility capabilities supporting expeditionary construction assured mobility january joint task force mission theater joint task force partners engineers enable independent operations support expeditionary construction order set conditions support mission turned responsibility operation enduring freedom 2nd joint base richardson joint task force returned barracks hawaii afghanistan june honors unit decorations campaign | 130th Engineer Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
564_2/4thMachineGunBattalion(Australia) | 4th machine gun battalion australia 4th machine gun battalion australian_army unit raised service volunteer 2nd second world war formed late 8th division battalion established provide direct fire support division infantry brigades fourth unit raised 2nd unit personnel largely drawn state western_australia formation battalion concentrated near perth basic individual training moving complete advance late amidst concerns war pacific unit deployed north darwin undertook garrison duties weeks following japan entry war following japanese landings malaya 4th embarked darwin transferred malaya arriving singapore final days fighting peninsula wake withdrawal british commonwealth forces island battalion hastily deployed support australian brigades 22nd 27th brigades north western sector island initial japanese landing elements battalion heavily engaged landing beaches outnumbered course week defenders pushed centre island city singapore suffered heavy casualties time subsequently prisoners war fall singapore detachment men battalion left australia deployed singapore took fighting java brief campaign majority personnel taken captivity allied forces overwhelmed mid march attempted fight eventually men killed captured prisoners remained japanese captivity end war august half years held japanese members 4th sent prison camps pacific slave labour subjected harsh conditions extreme brutality war surviving members battalion returned australia 4th raised history formation training 4th machine gun battalion machine gun battalions raised volunteer 2nd service overseas second world war infantry units equipped wheeled motor vehicles tracked carriers machine gun battalions formed provide greater level fire support available infantry battalions developed british_army concept genesis australian_army machine guns assigned infantry battalions initially grouped brigade level help compensate lack artillery support western concept evolved establishment machine gun companies finally establishment machine gun battalions similar formations established australian light horse units serving palestine campaign inter war years machine gun battalions deemed unnecessary raised army reorganised australian_army looked expand owing fears war europe units formed time militia converting light horse units militia machine gun battalions raised new units later second world war began formed consolidating machine gun companies assigned number infantry battalions light horse units converted role use garrison forces 2nd australia overseas expeditionary force decision raise machine gun battalions corps troops usually allocated rate division militia units later designated units majority personnel volunteered overseas service meant deployed outside australian territory 2nd units amid tide german successes europe influx volunteers 2nd result australian government decided raise volunteer division overseas service named 8th division established infantry brigades 22nd 23rd 27th division supported corps troops including engineers cavalry artillery pioneers machine gun battalion direct fire support formation 4th machine gun battalion came november lieutenant colonel world war veteran commanded militia infantry battalion war established headquarters camp near perth western australia rest 8th division drawn personnel mainly populous eastern states new_south_wales victoria decision select personnel 4th enlisted conducting training west potentially primarily pragmatic decision reduce time concentrate unit complete training like 2nd units 4th drew staff officers senior non commissioned officers volunteers local militia units augmented partially trained ranks local recruit training depots batch numbering men arrived november marched december battalion brought authorised strength men personnel formed machine gun companies headquarters company consisting specialist including signals anti aircraft battalion headquarters platoon commanders contingent arrived regional officer training units initially training hampered lack equipment vickers machine guns assigned battalion available start focus individual collective training stores arrived training accelerated help experienced militia world war veterans brought share experiences new troops christmas new year leave battalion received distinctive unit colour patch black gold triangle early new year establishment battalion command formation completed appointment platoon commanders following return appointment courses training evolved establishment school specialist courses including range finding transport drum band raised february training focused skill arms undertaking mile march perth conducted course days undertaken according australian war memorial test physical fitness endurance personnel officers efficiency battalion motor transport administration personnel return training progressed field firing night manoeuvres defensive exercises specialised training continuing july time battalion considered ready deployment month received orders proceeding drafts transports rail established end month battalion endured bitter winter conducting field exercises amidst steep wooded slopes mount range complex physically demanding worked battalion peak efficiency preparation deployment amidst growing tensions pacific garrison duties northern australia august 27th brigade sent malaya reinforce 22nd serving garrison role february having dispatched 4th machine battalion forming 2nd troops remaining australia 23rd brigade result concerns japanese intentions region decision brigade north bolster defences darwin event fighting pacific government planned split infantry battalions defend island chain australia north forces role corps troops 4th pioneers 4th machine gun battalion remained uncertain 8th division commander major general unhappy dispersal command dispatch machine gunners malaya support infantry brigades arguing valuable beach defence bennett request rejected initially march limited numbers recruits enlisting mid september elements army headquarters melbourne begun advocate early october following decision split command 8th division removing elements australia bennett command 4th machine gun battalion received orders north darwin serve home defence role case japanese attack october battalion began journey north camped overnight continuing journey road vehicle convoy took north final journey reached october battalion allocated large defensive zone bay included large beach frontage extensive swamp lands creeks inland november extensive work undertaken improving camp preparing position fortified undertook garrison duties guarding ammunition road railway construction heavy summer rains flooded camp surrounding area construction brought wave fever battalion threat attacks creeks battalion position battalion mascot dog named gunner fell victim news japanese attack pearl harbor invasion malaya came early december need bolster australian forces pacific bennett pressed harder reinforcements december 4th machine gun battalion received orders embark malaya december transferring responsibility defensive area militia light horse machine gun regiment south_australia battalion embarked bound malaya port arriving january transferred transport rest way completed transferring battalion equipment news received miles north east bombed carrier based aircraft concerns aircraft looking convoy warships fleeing philippines port bombed convoy departure advanced sailed immediately instead proceeding malaya taken sydney new south wales decided safer proceed southern route brief stay sydney battalion equipment deficiencies good reinforcements received local recruit training depots embarked january company proceeded way troops kept occupied training light machine gun thompson sub machine gun quantities hastily added battalion equipment scale reached january overnight large number 4th men defied orders stay aboard ship went ashore spend time families sailed day men left situation malaya grave japanese steadily pushing british commonwealth defenders south peninsula gravity situation australian government knee reaction saw dispatch partially trained reinforcements arrived departed ferried joined ship company late afternoon january reinforcements good men left partially trained ill prepared fighting follow departing convoy steamed java reached early january proceeding reached mid morning january men transferred number smaller faster dutch ships run japanese bombers attacking allied shipping area concert australian british indian escorts dutch flying boats convoy entered january arrival singapore consisting personnel ranks battalion allocated task preparing machine gun positions north coast naval base stepped japanese bombing naval base 4th accommodated day fighting having pushed peninsula course seven weeks final week january allies withdrew mainland singapore final stand covering withdrawal 22nd brigade australian unit cross foot wide causeway blown early morning january prevent japanese capturing slow advance machine gun battalions available defending british commonwealth forces preparations expected japanese assault battalion split provide support troops 22nd 27th 44th western island japanese assault expected february concerns lack defending infantry machine gun reinforcements hastily formed sixth company detached time form strong initially command officer 19th infantry battalion later taken major 4th machine gun battalion japanese attack came night february heavy artillery aerial bombardment lasted day company positioned locations support australian 22nd brigade north western area found thick fighting japanese concentrated landing australian 8th division stretched large frontage ground defence australians immediately pressure shortly platoon supporting 20th infantry battalion head road confronted large number landing barges filled japanese assault troops hours platoon lieutenant fought desperate action repel invaders machine guns personal small arms grenades platoon inflicted heavy casualties japanese sank barges despite heavy casualties japanese mortar machine gun fire kept fighting early morning february threatened low ammunition gun fired rounds having gun knocked platoon forced withdraw destroying equipment went prevent captured platoon forced withdraw contact taking wounded action later rewarded platoon commander badly wounded taking machine guns crew wounded near platoon lieutenant stationed support company 18th infantry battalion wooded area low hills platoon established formation near shore machine guns distributed sections north south axis facing narrow peninsula mouth small inlet according official history japanese landing party approached southern section opened fire approaching barges kept firing hours despite retaliation hand grenades japanese landed crossed neck peninsula case extremely wide sector assigned 22nd brigade japanese landing parties able spread australian positions risk cut ammunition running low ordered southern section retreat according led section jungle path came party japanese resting shot revolver knocked swing machine gun lost life attempting cover section withdrawal northern section platoon held ground informed near infantry platoon surrounded withdraw forced retreat machine guns northern section found japanese troops blocking path private cliff attacked japanese officer wielding sword took sword japanese soldier situation worsened early february company reserve sent forward provide assistance slowly pushed important airfield village took positions east airfield shortly joined platoon company detached causeway sector remnants 22nd numbering men original isolated attempting fight way pushed day orders passed counter attack airfield size japanese forces area grew men later cancelled favour establishing line east airfield established early afternoon line 4th company positioned east platoon company remnants amounting men moved south joined company supporting indian 44th brigade engaged fallen south west coast avoid cut established west late february japanese landings causeway sector held 27th despite having reduced infantry battalions transfer 29th hard pressed able mount stiff defence supported machine guns company platoon inflicted casualties japanese landing craft coming ashore mouth casualties mounting pressure placed brigade rear large gap developed japanese advances 22nd area decision withdraw beach north south woodlands road south australian 22nd indian 44th 6th 15th 12th infantry brigades established axis south coast early evening february japanese secured entire west coast island days allied troops pushed south east city singapore time battalion companies constant action case companies separate command companies battalion headquarters reinforcements company detached suffered heavily days lost men killed missing hoc formation disbanded men returned 4th platoon company took mounted role carriers began patrolling support february engaged road supporting following day attacked japanese light tank knocked carriers platoon february allied troops withdrawn small perimeter city 8th division holding position miles east city centred axis holland road headquarters barracks japanese gaining ground north south lines indian 44th british 54th brigades situation critical threatened cut began plan stand moving forward survey situation badly wounded mortar small arms fire evacuated died wounds late evening february despite loss battalion kept fighting end sending patrols following day severely japanese vehicle convoy came close position late february british commander lieutenant general gave order surrender physical process surrender slow despite orders surrender weapons ammunition men proceeded destroy majority equipment following morning japanese arrived later marched prison men battalion attempted escape japanese began executing prisoners regimental sergeant major successfully sumatra later recaptured private les remained run days recaptured collapsing bullet wounds received attempt java detachment majority battalion fighting singapore small detachment men sent java majority men failed return time unofficial leave missing ship arrested military police confined quarters weeks january released command officers small group embarked set singapore escorted canberra reaching february detachment found placed dutch command formed composite infantry company reserve battalion hoc formation known formed brigadier end month having taken sumatra japanese invaded java divisions strong naval task force fierce fighting sea ensued force allied ships sunk japanese transports sunk majority japanese troops landed detachment 4th found majority 4th personnel formed hoc infantry force known consisting major fought defensive actions overwhelmed taken captivity march small number continued fight eventually captured men held camps java sumatra majority later sent singapore transported camps south east asia disbandment fighting total men deployed battalion lost men killed action wounded suffered shell shock total men taken captivity including wounded men managed escape australia remaining men died prisoners war following capture men 4th singapore concentrated prison split sent prison camps pacific including borneo burma thailand java sumatra japan slave labour burma thai railway coal mines subjected harsh treatment starvation disease extreme brutality took heavy toll soldiers 4th killed taken japan ships sunk allied submarines captivity soldiers continued contribute allied war effort building series home radios transmitted japanese shipping movements british forces india able gain news home liberated august war surviving members battalion returned australia 4th raised members battalion received following decorations military cross distinguished conduct medal mentions despatches addition member battalion appointed member order british empire war australian_army moved away machine gun battalion concept similar units raised machine gun role support companies individual infantry battalions idea arguably misunderstood australian commanders war influenced decision away concept units established intent machine gun battalions provide highly mobile fire support worked principles open warfare worked focus australian_army combat operations shifted pacific machine gun battalions largely employed static defensive capacity short medium range targets tasks offensive weapons long range fire support medium machine guns largely manner light machine guns reasons identified concept limited use include distrust overhead fire commanders preference organic fire support attached sub units estimating difficulty transporting vickers guns jungle tendency ignore targets seen difficulties target acquisition dense jungle contributed commanding officers lieutenant colonel battle honours 4th machine gun battalion received following battle honours service second world war malaya singapore | 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
571_North-EasternAreaCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war existence covered central northern queensland formed january eastern covered northern australia headquartered queensland primarily responsible air defence aerial reconnaissance protection sea lanes boundaries aircraft control took battles port bay landings command continued operate following end war responsibilities raaf new functional command control system headquarters disbanded years later history world war formed queensland january taking eastern portion previously established raaf geographically based command control zones covered northern new_south_wales queensland roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance area led air officer commanding responsible administration operations air bases units boundary outbreak pacific war december catalyst split nwa counter distinct threats new_guinea respectively charge inaugural taking responsibility raaf operations japanese new_guinea surrounding islands headquarters staff numbered january force japanese aircraft attacked destroying badly damaging killing wounding crewmen squadron wing commander following day headquarters sent signal ordering airfield open left replied legendary ancient phrase honour emperor die salute ignoring message headquarters abandon squadron escape bomber january began evacuating staff new_guinea squadron operating short empire flying boats smaller transports raised february earlier month warned higher command poor state low morale australian_army troops port lack air cover apparent lack interest government february nos fighter sector headquarters established coordinate fighter operations based respectively seventeen squadron recently formed deployed mid march commanded squadron leader squadron suffered heavy losses ensuing battle point headquarters gave jackson permission withdraw refused squadron eventually credited destroying thirty japanese aircraft air ground securing port relieved 35th 36th squadrons operating bomber formations operated control early including 8th squadron flying fortresses squadron initially known april operational authority raaf combat infrastructure including area commands invested newly established headquarters result integration raaf staff area headquarters according official history raaf diplomatic gesture practical method war organisation gave personnel services opportunity quickly example atmosphere happy staff extremely cooperative following battle coral sea units longer operated raaf control commanded directly senior american officers operational headquarters reinforced concrete bunker known building completed located green street base castle hill topped suburban house enemy aircraft month formed taking control units new_south_wales southern queensland left command nos squadrons fighter sector headquarters squadron squadron nos squadrons fighter sector headquarters port boundaries august portion queensland districts assigned control handed command later august end month headquarters staff numbered squadron defence squadron deployed north flying played senior australian_army commanders described decisive role new_guinea august september battle exercised overall command raaf units headquarters efforts coordinated ground group captain senior air staff officer september operational group formed port mobile strike force forward allied advances pacific contrast static defensive nature area commands took units new_guinea previously operating initially retained administrative control group january group independent area command administration responsibility melbourne september saw formation led air vice marshal oversee majority australian flying units exercised control air operations area commands continued hold overarching administrative authority australian units personally coordinated operations involved area command instance fighter squadrons nwa required major attack radar wing formed february following month took control radar stations april area command directly controlled squadrons tasked primarily anti submarine warfare squadron flying reconnaissance bombers squadron fleet operation unit flying nos squadrons flying reconnaissance bombing missions early japan believed capable invading bombing islands squadron operating counter threat reinforced april squadron flying fighters month wing formed deploying new_guinea controlling squadron squadron flying squadron dive bombers wing responsible air defence offensive operations infrastructure shipping dutch new_guinea october squadron converted transferred newly formed wing given responsibility units thursday island field february wing headquarters moved field soon joined units control nos squadrons operated declared non operational june prior duty order battle australian mainland consisted nos operating squadrons served november handing held command remainder war end november headquarters staff numbered including ninety seven officers joined aircraft group support invasion december january conducted laying operations lead landings april august wing headquarters formed january subsequently based transferred darwin northern territory came control nwa headquarters oversaw operations squadrons including month wing disbanded units direct responsibility headquarters wing disbanded october following decision assign control raaf radar stations mobile fighter control units similar formations end february headquarters staff numbered including officers wing headquarters transferred year disbanded following month post war activity disbandment following end pacific war august dissolved assumed control operational formations including area commands end month headquarters staff numbered including ninety officers air_force dramatically personnel units disbanded raaf bases aircraft employed operations war situated sphere control new_south_wales southern queensland september chief air staff air vice marshal proposed reducing extant mainland area commands north western eastern southern western areas covering queensland covering new_south_wales covering western_australia south_australia victoria tasmania rejected plan wartime area command boundaries essentially remained place headquarters located squadron based march year operating pacific australia northern approaches maritime reconnaissance search rescue roles appointed september served years post handing acting commencing october raaf reorganised geographically based command control system based function february newly constituted functional organisations home training assumed control operations training maintenance headquarters remained existence remote control points finally disbanded december succeeded headquarters building housed group order battle april order battle comprised raaf station general purpose squadron transport squadron fighter squadron raaf station general purpose squadron raaf station port general reconnaissance squadron general reconnaissance squadron general reconnaissance squadron fighter squadron fighter sector headquarters fighter sector headquarters port | North-Eastern Area Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
677_2/3rdBattalion(Australia) | infantry battalion australian_army raised service second world war 2nd formed october sydney attached 16th brigade formation raised 2nd war deploying middle_east early saw action north_africa greece crete syria returning australia following japan entry war australian infantry battalions fight major axis powers war germans italians japanese battalion took fighting track returning australia spent year training rebuilt december 3rd returned new_guinea campaign remained war ended following end hostilities battalion disbanded february brisbane battalion battle honours history formation outbreak second world war australian government decided raise volunteer force service overseas provisions defence act restricted deployment time militia areas considered australian territory force known 2nd raised unit formation formed victoria barracks sydney october 1st 2nd 4th battalions 3rd assigned 16th brigade initially infantry battalions 6th division adopted australian battalion structure rifle companies support company light machine gun platoon administrative headquarters soon switched british structure rifle companies consisting sections headquarters company consisting signals carrier pioneer anti aircraft transport administrative mortar battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel officer fought world war continued serve militia war commanding personnel battalion raised area new_south_wales known area bounded line sydney south west canberra north sydney liverpool areas men enlisted october onwards november battalion formed colours chosen unit served world war raised militia formation colours chocolate green horizontal border gray added distinguish battalion militia counterpart serve distinction war following brief period training liverpool battalion took farewell march sydney sydney morning herald january gave account farewell march long columns thrilled hearts sydney moved quarter century spring day marched streets way glory marching magnificent battalion sailed troop convoy leave australia january embarking transport disembarked suez_canal february camp palestine undertook training actions north_africa engagement australian troops involved second world war came major italian military outpost north libya 16th brigade broke western defensive perimeter dawn january 1st battalion breached wire defences swung left advancing 2nd battalion followed suit swinging right 3rd moved straight breach 17th brigade led diversion south 16th brigade able capture late afternoon january resistance continued fighting cease morning italians captured significant amounts equipment material including food ammunition short supply significant alcohol captured australians italian inside 3rd position period 3rd lost officers men killed wounded allied forces advanced fortified naval outpost attacked perimeter defences early january following week continuous bombardment land sea tasked outer italian defences 1st battalion pass following initial breakthrough 3rd advanced west inner ring defences attacking number italian posts went fell day italians surrendering brigadier commander 19th brigade italian flag taken absence australian flag 4th battalion tied hat flag staff hauled battalion losses fighting seven officers men killed wounded following capture town 3rd garrisoned detached 19th brigade assault remained capture january prime minister interrupted journey australia england address troops capture march battalion left rest 6th division bolster allied defences greece greece crete march sailed alexandria aboard arriving greece landing port following day hour voyage convoy attacked numerous times axis aircraft invasion country april moved north attempt turn german forces following day occupied april 6th division grouped 2nd lone british brigade form formation long greek government requested allied forces withdraw greece april organised resistance april series battalion forced pull positions come contact germans april attempted block passage gorge fighting alongside 2nd battalion new rearguard action successful enabled allies withdraw south brigadier commander 16th brigade later wrote encounter fantastic battle time dig line including artillery carriers infantry headquarters transport yards rear confusion expected circumstances weapon firing aircraft continually saw cinema author seen battle germans enjoying numerical superiority ground luftwaffe total control skies captured township fierce rearguard fighting continued australian new_zealand forces withdrew new defensive line situation deteriorated official evacuation plan issued april april day parties evacuating allied troops marched athens way coast embarked april 3rd casualties campaign amounted killed wounded captured majority 3rd battalion successfully evacuated egypt small force men evacuated island crete instead transport ship sunk having formed rearguard withdrawal greece embarked separately main body taken aboard costa_rica voyage alexandria transport attacked german aircraft sank ordered abandon ship rescued royal_navy destroyers troops transported crete formed composite battalion men units 16th brigade unit known limited small arms ammunition moved positions shores undertake garrison duties anticipation german attack island following german invasion troops saw direct action german allied evacuation island week later undertook active patrols island evacuated aboard arrived alexandria june men killed fighting crete wounded prisoners war rest battalion concentrated palestine rebuilt advance campaign securing syria lebanon australian troops 7th division fighting syria formed 5th battalion 6th committed reinforcements help bring 7th division strength bitter campaign lasted days french forces attempted resist allied invasion launched order deny germans use territory launch attacks egypt modest allied force limited armour artillery equipped french force outnumbered attackers advantage holding mountainous terrain having contributed company garrison duties lebanon provided men help form shattered 1st battalion 3rd consisting officers ranks palestine june join campaign initially arriving palestine battalion committed forming block road damascus later committed attack road wider fighting damascus june operating british indian forces right flank launched unsuccessful action june tasked capturing high ground overlooking main road australians advancing battalion came command formed 17th brigade bring 7th division strength operated coast despite strength consisting companies total men joined fighting july advancing leading 17th brigade advance despite heavy fighting allied forces slowly advanced simultaneously coast inland finally overcoming french defences following armistice july troops remained syria january preparing defences undertaking garrison duties battalion casualties short campaign amounted killed wounded garrison duties ceylon following japan entry war december decision bring bolster allied defences pacific 3rd battalion left middle_east march aboard steamer original intention sent reinforce java sea concerns japanese attack ceylon sri_lanka prompted diversion 16th 17th arrived march freighter carrying battalion vehicles arrived shortly 3rd took defensive positions southeast island considered likely location japanese invasion force land april japanese naval force sortied recently captured launched series attacks carrier based aircraft attack occurred april little damage land british australian navies suffered losses regardless japanese failed sustain initial momentum expected invasion occur men 3rd battalion kept busy remainder time preparing defences manning anti aircraft positions undertaking jungle training receiving instruction lessons learned operations malaya singapore men taught use jungle according author melt foliage steps night use camouflage properly detect human presence crushed twigs disturbed leaf mould build shelters human animal sounds july british forces sent india relieve australian troops ceylon preparations 3rd battalion return australia embarking arrived melbourne august having returned southern route away japanese submarines patrolling east coast troops received weeks home leave time arrival final group leave cut short days recalled urgent telegram time port new_guinea fighting japanese track reaching critical stage short voyage brigade arrived port september fighting new_guinea following arrival port 16th brigade 25th brigade prepared relieve forces track australians having finally halted japanese advance fresh troops tasked launching counterattack drive japanese north consequently october november december took major actions october november action track november december october general spoke 16th brigade commander brigadier corner foot lloyd act god brigade chosen job eyes western world confidence men good luck don stop 16th brigade arrived crossing october days 25th 33rd battalions relieved following day 16th brigade continued advance found japanese withdrawn established strong defensive position japanese held high ground concealed positions clear fields fire narrow gorge options 16th brigade forced assault japanese defences advancing straight gorge amidst torrential rain stiff defence progress slow defensive position dealt individually water level creek rose steadily troops came heavy mortar fire attacked grenades heights supply situation grew desperate october managed work way japanese right flank preparation attack afternoon battalion launched attack breaking japanese outposts main position defenders overwhelmed abandoned weapons fled night remaining japanese withdrew position 16th brigade lost killed wounded action despite successful action superiors 7th division commander major general dissatisfied counter offensive rate progress relieved command day australian forces won japanese resistance decreased battle september 16th brigade advancing eastern fork track opposition november passed recently abandoned village days later australians advanced went battle coming entrenched force holding high ground japanese counter attacked day fighting continued november major general new divisional commander sent 25th brigade 1st battalion successful attack japanese rear japanese supply withdrawal route cut forced retreat final involvement campaign came 16th brigade advanced november left area november battalion second order march tired drained months advance swamps coastal plain proved heavy work day miles heavy rains following day failures resupply effort large number men fell exhaustion november 3rd spearheaded brigade advance coast japanese taken prisoner number minor contacts followed japanese defenders withdrew australians shake conduct assault following morning brigade reached junction trails miles coast 1st battalion attacked 3rd battalion took brigade flanking attack japanese position right forcing japanese fall action severely depleted brigade point fit men unable continue offensive operations activity limited patrolling maintaining defensive perimeter early december 16th brigade relieved 30th brigade relieved december returning strength officers ranks evacuated port plane december returned australia shortly leave fighting advance north sea 3rd lost men killed wounded final campaign short period leave 6th division came late january begin training convert jungle establishment structure size battalion reduced officer ranks giving total men ranks time camp built scratch months battalion ranks brought strength return sick wounded soldiers battalion began reform performed preceding campaigns recommended commissioning sent officer training unit south_australia training time recreation including swimming boxing tournaments 6th division rugby league championship victorious beating final team captain later went play captain time battalion received number reinforcements associated militia unit unit fighting new_guinea 30th brigade served track alongside 3rd 39th 49th battalions returned australia disbanded reinforcements arrived combination political strategic decisions years battalion went combat late order free american troops operations philippines australian forces directed responsibility operations new_guinea returned new_guinea november final brigade arriving december basically cut resupply japanese troops area holding coast past interior supported food supplies native gardens japanese heavy resistance australians primary tactic aggressive patrolling tasked reducing japanese remaining available support operations began limited offensive area initially held divisional reserve occupying defensive position west february tasked securing forward supply base near clearing miles east river came minor opposition february crossed month later progressed miles east occupying coastal town removing japanese area time contact japanese limited small scale actions large general action actions caused heavy casualties japanese defended casualties australians according author heavy relation size numerous small actions japanese forced fight addition nature campaign reduced troops resistance ability undertake proper medical precautions result large numbers sickness casualties malaria took particularly heavy toll troops affected particularly strong strain proved resistant normal accidents resulted losses incident seven men 3rd drowned flooded amidst torrential captured 16th brigade began pursuing japanese defenders withdrawn inland continued august offensive operations ceased word received japanese entered talks battalion area august news came japanese surrendered following atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki battalion losses final campaign killed wounded disbandment cessation hostilities battalion remained area undertaking occupation duties strength slowly reduced personnel repatriated australia transferred units service eventually remaining personnel returned australia february 3rd battalion disbanded brisbane decorated battalions 2nd fought major axis powers italians germans japanese alongside australian 5th battalion allied troops able claim service total men served 3rd battalion killed wounded members 3rd received military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches militia units fought war raised decided battle honours 2nd units associated units result battle honours passed reformed canberra introduction division australian_army reorganised reduced company strength forming company following abandonment divisional structure reformed right individual companies split form new battalions old based numerical designations following reorganisation saw reduction number infantry battalions australia linked battle honours 3rd battalion received following battle honours service war north_africa syria damascus greece south west pacific crossing road battle honours carried commanding officers following officers commanded lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/3rd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
712_1stArmyGroup(KingdomofYugoslavia) | kingdom yugoslavia formation commanded german led axis invasion april world war consisted army group reserve responsible defence northwestern yugoslavia defending western sector yugoslav hungarian border 7th army defending eastern sector italian borders weakened fifth column activities major units chief staff chief operations headquarters aided 4th 7th army sectors respectively germans seized bridges river sectors mountain passes 7th army sector day 4th army sector formation expansion german facilitated fifth column elements sympathetic units paramilitary civic peasant guards revolts soldiers broke divisions days causing significant disruption deployment revolts great concern commander 7th army permit withdraw border areas night april followed german capture continued expand began withdraw southwards april april quickly ceased exist operational formation face determined armoured captured evening italian offensive operations began adriatic coast capturing yugoslav troops near april german armoured column linked italians near adriatic coast remnants withdrawing 7th army fifth column elements arrested effectively ceased exist remnants 4th army attempted establish defensive positions northeastern bosnia quickly brushed aside german armour drove yugoslav high command surrendered april background formed world war army kingdom country created december defend new kingdom army formed nucleus victorious combined armed formations raised parts austro hungarian empire joined form new state austro hungarian officers soldiers members new army beginning army like aspects public life new kingdom dominated ethnic serbs saw army means secure new kingdom development army hampered poor economy kingdom continued 1920s king alexander changed country time army army budget remained tight tensions rose europe 1930s hard secure weapons munitions countries consequently time world war broke september weaknesses included reliance draught animals transport large size formations example infantry divisions wartime strength men compared contemporary british infantry divisions half strength characteristics resulted slow formations inadequate supply arms munitions meant large yugoslav formations low firepower older generals better suited trench warfare world war combined army equipped trained resist fast moving combined arms approach germans poland france weaknesses strategy structure equipment mobility supply exacerbated significant degree lack unity yugoslavia resulted decades attendant lack political legitimacy achieved central government attempts address lack unity came late ensure cohesive force fifth column activity concern croatian nationalist ethnic german minorities country structure commanded consisted commanded 7th army commanded consisted divisions brigade strength infantry detachment cavalry regiment infantry regiment supported artillery anti aircraft artillery border guards air reconnaissance elements troops included high percentage 7th army consisted divisions divisional strength mountain detachment brigade strength mountain detachment brigade strength infantry detachment supported artillery anti aircraft artillery air reconnaissance support control additional support units planned deployment deployment plan saw 4th army deployed formations centred towns 7th army deployment plan saw formations placed border region adriatic coast near north border formations mountain detachments infantry detachment 7th army largely infantry division partly remaining infantry divisions commenced right 2nd right flank 2nd army 2nd army group boundary running east left flank adriatic coast defended operations april sector german_army headquarters wanted capture bridges intact april issued orders conduct preliminary operations aimed seizing bridge railway bridge northeast coup main result limited objective attacks launched line despite fact expected launch offensive operations april similar operations occurred extreme left flank raiding parties patrols seized high ground south early hours april units 4th army located region marching hungarian border seized intact bridge bicycle mounted detachment captured encountering resistance evening clear germans resisting border ordered begin seizing bridges local attacks sufficient dissent largely refused resist germans considered serbian oppression interwar period april reconnaissance units crossed attacked afternoon german dive bombers escorted fighters caught 4th ground destroying elements 27th infantry division unsuccessfully attacked day nightfall resolved counter attack morning april april remaining mounted attacks bridge afternoon april german units began cross near established second fifth column activities units croatian fascist organisation facilitated german establishment resulted number significant revolts units regiments battalions revolted refused deploy allocated positions similarly marching positions night april regiment revolted arrested officers non commissioned officers soldiers regiment marched joined rebellious units noon april april located communist_party croatia sent delegation headquarters 4th army urging issue arms workers help defend member went headquarters twice able speak briefly convince day leader returned briefly joining post yugoslav coup état government agreed send urging obey officers respond appeal germans began expand rebel troops contact began withdraw southwards april night april remained units began desert turn commanders 27th infantry division suffered similar revolts eased german capture 7th army sector border yugoslavia unsuitable operations short notice invasion elements invading 2nd army assembled france germany nearly encountered difficulties reaching assembly areas interim germans formed special force code magic fire force initially intended merely reinforce manning border evening april aggressive detachment commanders led having secured bridge began attacking yugoslav positions high ground sent patrols deep yugoslav border fortification system lack yugoslav counter attacks positions remained german hands april tasked attacking driving capture force crossing day invasion captured bridges opposite undamaged captured prisoners bicycle mounted detachment reached extreme left flank striking resistance pushed south valley late day mountain pioneers destroyed isolated yugoslav area penetrated day governor met representatives major political parties created aim establish independent yugoslavia heard news fifth column led revolts alarmed proposed withdrawal border areas rejected border italy relatively quiet patrol clashes occurring ordered 7th army capture river order soon rescinded days held lead elements divisions rest division way border elements divisions april afternoon april german dive bombers escorted fighters caught 6th ground destroying result revolts night april ordered 7th army begin withdraw line river bridge right bank river subsequently moved line april orders led south crossed river boats leaving unit vehicles evening force entered unopposed taking prisoners ordered return spent rest invasion guarding border meantime forward elements divisions consolidated securing pushing past activities council continued day invasion commenced soon ordered arrest chief staff headquarters general head operations staff carry orders april 6th airfield attacked german aircraft april sector early april left post visited senior leader returned headquarters units cease operations deploy positions actions reduced eliminated armed resistance german advance day germans broke established 14th division supported dive bombers crossing driving southwest snow covered roads extremely cold conditions initial air reconnaissance indicated large concentrations yugoslav troops divisional axis advance troops proved withdrawing paramilitary civic peasant guards disarmed captured staff units including 4th 7th armies effectively ceased exist formation soon 14th commenced attack main thrust consisting 8th leading 16th crossed turned southeast rivers meeting resistance reached evening april colonel went radio station proclaimed creation croatia april despite initial resistance lead elements 14th division reached outskirts having covered nearly kilometres miles single day time entered met cheering crowds captured yugoslav troops generals including held freezing weather snow storms april following day approaching north bicycle mounted troops turned east capture entire yugoslav brigade including commanding general day german installed interim croatian government called stop fighting evening entered relieved 14th division face assault quickly ceased exist operational formation caused largely fifth column activity involved little fighting 7th army sector night april lead elements consisting 1st mountain division trained crossed border near advanced southeast reaching point kilometres town evening luftwaffe reconnaissance sorties revealed main body 7th army withdrawing leaving light forces maintain contact german received information headquarters ordered form columns pursue 7th army south extreme weather conditions flooding april slowed german pursuit april push south lead elements exiting mountains northwest city evening day 1st captured hard marching difficult fighting newly formed approached commander general der ask april italian 2nd army commenced offensive operations pushing advancing direction strong formations attacked south stage 7th army withdrawing units took advantage existing fortifications resist assist italian advance luftwaffe attacked yugoslav troops region 14th division captured april drove west withdrawing 7th army italians faced little resistance captured yugoslav troops waiting surrender near fate april situation increasingly desperate country prime minister yugoslav chief broadcast following message troops engage enemy encountered means disposal don wait direct orders act guided judgement initiative conscience april 14th linked italians closing ring remnants 7th army southeast remaining elements organised defences towns 14th division quickly broke captured april captured wake pushed capture april 14th division closing arrested 4th 7th armies effectively ceased exist formation delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document yugoslav high command surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers web | 1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
717_15thSustainmentBrigade | 15th brigade 15th brigade brigade united_states_army based fort bliss texas provided logistics support units united_states_army subordinate 13th command expeditionary previously provided support 1st armored division 15th brigade renamed brigade lineage dates long decorated history designated supply command having seen service major conflict 20th century support parent division unit designated 15th permanently february brigade reassigned 13th command ending century association 15th extensive lineage carries honors unit 15th previous incarnations earned campaign numerous awards service vietnam war decorations include unit award unit organization 15th brigade permanently attached operate independently needed currently falls organization 1st armored division having relocated assignment allows unit maximum flexibility deployed provide support function needed permanently attached particular unit area operations unit permanently assigned battalions headquarters headquarters company consist 15th headquartered fort bliss texas november conjunction united_states july addition company 3rd conjunction 3rd completed high visibility project company produced yard continental gives commanders clear picture property especially unit closure brigade command design allowing assume command additional units deployed command preparing deployment history origins 15th brigade originally constituted headquarters headquarters company activated july october brigade providing support units vietnam reactivated september fort lewis washington brigade later fort lewis march having received campaign credits support iii vietnam mentioned 15th brigade replaced history organization traced present units 15th existed established years world war units assigned larger unit commands control division independent unit supporting units division included service support elements division world war reorganized headquarters designation immediately designation division trains activated november korea new organization employed concepts tactics similar armored division trains originated world war vietnam war september headquarters reorganized reorganization army divisions plan redesignated band accompanying division vietnam august participated campaigns division providing logistics support entire conflict unit major operation action command supported division days continuous operations opening battle campaign described book soldiers young basis subsequent film soldiers early formation supported large scale search areas jurisdiction according army saw enemy killed captured division deployed north corps tactical zone offensive involved regions intense fighting division moved relieve marine_corps units besieged combat base operation march conducted major clearing operations mid april mid september division participated local missions medical outreach programs intended offer medical support vietnamese local population time division support command assigned corps autumn relocated south northwest adjacent region commonly referred shape division units participating withdrawing june division took defensive posture withdrawal troops vietnam continued bulk division withdrawn april received honors division headquarters conflict awards included actions unit award action area referred fish hook area unit award addition received unit republic awards deployments reorganized designated major subordinate units returned vietnam stationed fort hood end june large command composed 15th 15th 15th 27th 8th composite 15th units transferred 1st armored division 15th early 1980s consisted 15th 15th 15th 27th maintenance battalion october 1st 2nd forward support battalions activated elements functional battalions attached unit following year saw transform remaining elements functional battalions maintenance medical supply transport 4th reorganization added forward main support battalions redesignated 15th 27th september deployed middle_east support operation january provided support operation leading quick liberation kuwait december activated fort hood bringing number active duty forward support battalions july organized battalion formally activated september iraqi freedom july redesignated 15th previously subordinate redesignated task organized supported maneuver brigade 15th element return iraq assumed control logistics baghdad area operations july brigade provided command control numerous units normally associated sustained casualties tour country including mortar attack killed soldiers injured october tasks unit completed tour iraq included construction maintenance facilities maintaining vehicles including adding additional armor vehicles units operating country brigade changed higher command time history february reassigned 13th command expeditionary holding mock cavalry charge celebrate occasion mark time brigade served independently returning iraq brigade undertaken number duties fort hood activities include testing new systems use deployments infrastructure fort training personal safety honors unit decorations campaign legacy soldiers subject numerous army publications tours iraq having culture lifestyle soldiers serving unit feature stories iraq public affairs office married soldiers deploy army army publication soldiers serving support units published feature story stories soldiers serving iraq september october issue story intended display versatility brigades overall story written press service march soldiers brigade react desert climate country having cope issues | 15th Sustainment Brigade | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
768_4thArmouredBrigade(Australia) | australia armoured formation australian_army established second world war formed february provide armoured support infantry units operating composition varied time usually comprised armoured regiments equipped grant tanks support units brigade main role existence provide pool armoured units sub units deployed augment infantry forces responsible developing specialised variants armoured vehicles elements detached support australian_army major operations end war september army armoured brigade formation disbanded war february history establishment established february reorganisation australian_army armoured units longer threat japanese forces invading australia disbanded free manpower purposes decided retain headquarters division command armoured units intended offensive operations new_guinea locations specialised formation designated need armoured support infantry forces demonstrated army experiences early main role provide detachments tanks support infantry units practical necessary deploy large armoured units jungle terrain common brigade organised self supporting regimental groups regimental groups turn provide sub units necessary logistics support form armoured component units combat operations held practice combat deployments regiments attached infantry divisions brigades squadrons troops generally operated independently combined arms forces formation main units 6th armoured regiment 9th armoured regiment equipped infantry tanks previously formed 6th armoured regiment formed august light tanks transferred new_guinea elements regiment saw combat stuart tanks lightly armoured effective 9th armoured regiment transferred equipped medium tanks brigade supporting engineer medical signals services units brigade intended operate single unit lacked armoured reconnaissance artillery combat engineer infantry units standard elements australian_army armoured brigades commander establishment disbandment brigadier combat operations units concentrated new_south_wales march april year brigade formed subsequently transferred southern queensland reorganised self supporting battalion group remaining unit redesignated june august year shipped new_guinea subsequently supported landing campaign returned australia june redesignated 1st armoured regiment meantime 4th armoured regiment added october unit previously formed equipped tanks october party armed pistols sent riot soldiers held detention need use force march 6th armoured regiment transferred 5th armoured regiment transferred formation located queensland june brigade strength men scheduled ready offensive operations october year june established training area queensland armoured units practice operating tropical conditions september brigade gained 1st armoured brigade reconnaissance squadron disbanded unit reorganised special equipment january 6th armoured regiment assigned stationed sydney area following disbandment remaining armoured brigade australian_army structure continued change late 1st armoured amphibious squadron authorised raised brigade october established year squadron operate troop carrying landing arrive time unit action end war january 6th armoured regiment transferred direct control moved victoria month change proved short lived 6th armoured regiment rejoined july squadron regiment transferred brigade april ahead remainder regiment moving victoria queensland 4th regimental groups supported australian_army offensive operations new_guinea 4th armoured regiment transferred new_guinea august came command australian_army january end war squadron 4th armoured regiment supported campaign regimental headquarters squadrons took october end war regimental groups saw action borneo campaign squadron 9th armoured regiment attached invasion remainder regiment subsequently supported early stages june 1st armoured regiment armoured squadron special equipment attached 7th division took july trials development work combat role responsible developing deploying specialised types tanks played important role guiding processes including helping subordinates overcome institutional barriers variants developed brigade included frog flame throwing tank bomb throwing 5th armoured regiment variant grant frog combat special equipment borneo campaign 4th armoured regiment issued arrive end war modifications grant sought tanks travel rivers coastal waters new tank variants brigade developed ammunition fuel trailer towed tanks trailers combat zones 4th 9th armoured regiments provided crews comparative trials british churchill tank new_guinea conditions conducted australian_army response request tanks sent new_guinea tanks alongside grants queensland subsequently region new_guinea churchill proved better suited jungle conditions australian_army later ordered delivered end war disbandment july elements australia unit headquarters 5th 6th armoured regiments 1st armoured amphibious squadron regiments preparing offensive operations including planned later cancelled invasion java leave australia units rapidly disbanded following war 1st armoured amphibious squadron dissolved august special equipment followed october year headquarters 5th 6th armoured regiments disbanded february 9th armoured regiment early year 1st armoured regiment remained active unit returned pre war designation 1st royal new south wales volunteers manned 1st armoured car squadron established service japan squadron expanded form 1st armoured regiment remains active australian_army memorial dedicated works consulted peter world war newport isbn david australia war series army canberra australian war memorial paul dust sand jungle history australian armour training operations victoria memorial isbn paul vital factor history 6th australian armoured regiment isbn history canberra isbn long final campaigns australia war series army volume vii canberra australian war memorial adrian jungle warriors australian_army world deadly jungle fighting force sydney isbn | 4th Armoured Brigade (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
862_23rdBattalion(Australia) | 23rd 23rd battalion infantry battalion australian_army raised service world war formed 6th brigade attached 2nd division formed australia battalion sent egypt complete training committed reinforcements september remained peninsula evacuation allied troops december withdrawn egypt reorganised transferred western march course half years 23rd took number significant battles france belgium disbanded following conclusion hostilities battalion raised time unit state victoria amalgamated form 23rd 21st battalion history world war formation 23rd battalion raised victoria march formation 2nd commanding officer lieutenant colonel 21st 22nd 24th battalions formed 6th brigade command colonel organised rifle companies designated machine gun section support australian infantry battalion time authorised strength men ranks completing initial training 23rd embarked bound egypt arrived alexandria june moved train cairo marched camp undertook training preparation deployment gallipoli units 1st division landed april gallipoli training allies launched august offensive attempt break developed gallipoli peninsula following initial landing offensive largely failed heavy casualties resulted order replace men lost survivors rest decision allied commanders 2nd division egypt moved 23rd battalion embarked gallipoli september arriving evening day followed battalion took defensive positions lone pine september 23rd sister battalion 24th took responsibility post 1st division battalions held previously stalemate followed manning positions places metres ottoman lines 23rd battalion began operations turkish mining operations discovered months intensity fighting sector battalion alternated position 24th battalion day evacuation allied troops peninsula occurred embarking troops leave night december following withdrawal gallipoli 23rd battalion moved remained january transferred egypt time reorganised expanded preparation future operations new infantry divisions formed experienced troops 1st division deployed gallipoli start campaign division raised australia scratch largely left untouched complete formation interrupted deployment gallipoli 23rd subsequently spent early months rebuilding strength conducting training preparation transfer europe western arriving france march battalion moved western occupying forward positions northern france april mid july battalion transferred subsequently took suffered cent casualties early germans shortened lines withdrew australian divisions ordered carry advance follow reinforced 23rd battalion committed fighting second battle early attempt capture town failed succeeding capturing objectives heavily counter attacked german forces suffering large number casualties including men killed died wounds relieved battalion withdrawn line early september moved positions belgium participated battle october battle 6th brigade positioned south 23rd battalion lost officers ranks killed wounded inflicted intense german mortar barrage fell waiting line prior attack attack followed overcoming encounter german regiment man land resulted success australians captured ridge early russian resistance eastern collapsed wake october revolution result germans able transfer large number troops western greatly improved german strength west result march launched spring offensive germans making rapid gains australian units including 23rd battalion thrown line blunt attack early april 6th brigade relieved 12th german offensive halted brief followed allies sought regain initiative launching series peaceful penetration operations following 23rd participated fighting july advancing right hand battalion southern accurate preparatory barrage august 23rd joined launched followed series advances followed allies began advancing actions fighting early september battalion soldiers private awarded victoria_cross posthumously participating october battalion sent rear rest units severely depleted withdrawn line insistence australian prime minister result took fighting armistice declared november following end hostilities process began slowly battalion numbers began personnel repatriated australia returned civilian life disbanded belgium april service war suffered killed wounded including involvement war 23rd battalion received total battle honours bestowed battalion raising subsequent amalgamation decision battle honours traditions organising units adopt numerical designations units affiliated result decision 23rd battalion raised victoria drawing personnel 2nd 23rd infantry regiment 29th battle honours predecessor later adopted title 23rd battalion city regiment territorial titles introduced time granted motto battalion 2nd brigade 3rd military district initially units maintained mixture voluntary compulsory service late following election government compulsory training scheme abolished coupled economic great depression drastically reduced number recruits available result decision number units chosen linked 23rd 21st battalion adopting territorial designation city regiment victoria rangers battalion undertook garrison duties world war disbanded august surplus army requirements having served overseas war following wartime army australia time military formed 23rd battalion raised time battalion state suspended animation entrusted battle honours awarded 23rd battalion service north_africa new_guinea world war commanding officers world war following officers served commanding officer 23rd battalion battle honours 23rd battalion awarded following battle honours world war gallipoli egypt road wood france flanders world war north_africa defence line south west pacific borneo inherited | 23rd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1081_411thEngineerBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states combat engineer brigade united_states_army headquartered new_york major engineer command tracing lineage brigade assumed predecessor campaign participation credit honors received fighting reserve brigade participate cold war era fighting saw periodic moves army bases cold war brigade saw deployments middle_east supporting role led included operation operation operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom organization subordinate unit stationed new_york contains subordinate battalions separate companies reserve units combat headquartered new_york located new_york brigade principal components additionally brigade commands new_york combat heavy new_jersey combat heavy new_york history origins traces lineage constituted october organized reserves regiment organized january headquarters chapel hill north_carolina ordered active duty military service september camp white oregon preparation deployment europe world war world war regiment saw action undertaking numerous mobility missions area regiment awarded unit service war war regiment remained country june germany year later regiment reactivated headquarters detroit michigan december detroit regiment broken subordinate elements redesignated regimental headquarters reorganized february allowing larger staff ability command subordinate units regiment reorganized redesignated february reorganized redesignated march disbanded july separated battalions retained separate lineage point ceased exist cold war years activated march new_york_city reorganized december years later redesignated brigade delegated reserve status january brigade redesignated january brigade headquarters relocated fort new_york operational existence brigade remained reserve status brief active duty force ordered active military service march fort new_york reverted reserve status days later brigade received distinctive unit insignia january shoulder sleeve insignia december january brigade headquarters location changed brooklyn new_york brigade ordered active duty play supporting role gulf war officially switched active service december brooklyn new_york participated operation operation earned campaign participation conflict march released active military service reverted reserve status day country brigade numerous units thought exposed chemical agents released demolition nato invasion force country time suspected exposed agents april brigade relocated new_york provided engineer support operation joint endeavor bosnia staff deploying region brigade peacetime command control iraq war brigade alerted deployment iraq support operation iraqi freedom late summer trained months fort wisconsin prepare mission iraq integrate smaller engineer units provide engineer support army units operating country brigade headquarters took command engineer battalions deployment units brigade control based germany worked bridges baghdad based camp active duty attached brigade command air_force contingent air_force engineers brigade arrived iraq september assumed control engineers army navy air_force marine_corps having taken duty departing following end deployment deployment brigade principle duties route clearance rapid crater repair engineer support combat units planning design construction operating bases command tactical assets major project brigade arriving country september assist iraqi engineers repairing operating run damaged water treatment plant provided major source fresh water brigade allowed iraqi engineers lead operation played supporting role evaluating work brigade major projects construction hammer completed days base required construction materials country foreign materials brought air base attached soldiers focused primarily land work perimeter fences ground fortifications totaling kilometers detachment red horse focused construction buildings vertical projects completion space soldiers occupied completion soldiers commenced construction facilities camp liberty incoming army units time units brigade responsible route clearance areas logistics support area routes military supply civilian traffic brigade soldiers buffalo protected vehicles clear routes suspected dangerous obstacles deployment brigade completed projects major country major projects supporting iraq war troop surge completed kilometers route clearance blast hole repair pieces major equipment brigade headquarters returned home new_york fall year deployment iraq operation enduring freedom activated deployed air base afghanistan command theater wide engineer operations brigade formed task force dubbed joint task force empire remained deployed afghanistan march returned home new_york reverted reserve status honors unit decorations campaign | 411th Engineer Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1118_FighterSquadronRAAF | fighter squadron raaf fighter squadron flying unit royal_australian_air_force raaf early 1930s operated single seat fighters seaplane squadron component based raaf point cook victoria participating training exercises fighter squadron frequently employed displays flag waving duties history entry records dated february official history royal_australian_air_force raaf wars refers unit having established specific purpose operating australia fighters began entering service fighter squadron formations raised raaf point cook victoria auspices operated types unit formed new march prefix royal added august year single seat raaf dedicated air defence capability following retirement fighter token combat force according official history represented latest technology available gave fighter squadron elite formation barely weeks delivery crashed structural failure performing inverted loop pilot safety time raaf member emergency september fighter squadron began flight testing prototype general purpose testing way aircraft collapsed landing putting service trials following january participating training exercises fighter squadron employed displays flag waving duties young air_force keen skills equipment public leading regular participation aerial races far western_australia tasmania added benefit providing exposure variety conditions long distance flights pilots required fly aircraft displays remote areas commanding officer squadron leader considered gave personnel useful experience handling maintenance aircraft adverse conditions leading instructors early 1930s flight lieutenant flight commander fighter squadron october flight adelaide club land victoria strong winds bulldog finished nose damage slight allowing complete journey win air race speed mph fighter squadron public displays involved mock simulated dive bombing night february summers pilot demonstrated night time combat tactics exhibition ground melbourne sky lit october november year took aerial displays victoria commemorate visit duke gloucester following month aircraft escorted duke visit brisbane aboard occasionally detailed meteorological photographic survey work existence fighter remained control little flights words official history fighter squadron dissolved december surviving designated fighter bombers transferred nearby joined service bulldog single seat fighter raaf inventory specialist fighter type took place remainder decade | Fighter Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1690_3rdRangerInfantryCompany(UnitedStates) | united_states ranger light infantry company united_states_army active korean war small special forces unit specialized irregular warfare airborne ranger companies formed fall trained graduated november end 1st 2nd 4th companies deployed early combat korea drawn heavily replace training losses deploying companies received completed second cycle ranger training ranger training center fort georgia company deployed south_korea march assigned months reconnaissance scouting unit north korean people positions company known battle bloody ridge april mission able push opposing force company later supported battle river later summer company stealth target acquisition force chinese positions spotting concentrations troops equipment artillery attack company august merged alongside ranger units origins june outbreak korean war invaded trained equipped troops easily overrun smaller poorly equipped united_states united_nations began intervention campaign prevent south_korea collapsing troops engaged north battle badly defeated july better trained north saw steady stream defeats pushed tip peninsula mile fortification dubbed august time north korean agents began infiltrate lines attack military targets cities units spread perimeter having difficult time units guerrilla warfare north korean special forces units defeated troops irregular warfare tactics effectively prompting army chief staff general order creation elite force infiltrate enemy lines attack command posts artillery tank parks key communications centers facilities army ranger units disbanded world war required time consuming training expensive equipment defeat strength infantry units question commanders felt ranger units essential early august beginning command forces korea ordered lieutenant colonel head miscellaneous division create new experimental army ranger unit meantime established fort georgia organization successful development test unit united_states_army bring army ranger units additional ranger companies ordered companies small light infantry special forces units specialized irregular warfare new formulated based documents ranger units world war organized headquarters element men oversaw lack battalion support clerical transportation supply mess kitchen support 3rd company acquire personnel vehicles equipment needed support operations resulted involvement considerably highly trained personnel called toe platoon squads men platoon sergeant assistant platoon sergeant platoon guide squad men man carried automatic rifle bar largest weapon platoon mortars rifles super carried company ton cargo truck seldom company authorized vehicles ton cargo truck company heavily armed strength fire power standard infantry companies like numbered ranger companies organization called officers enlisted men troops ranger company airborne qualified heavily recruited troops completed spite ranger operation conflict required airborne landing airborne ranger graduation november ranger given black gold shoulder sleeve insignia days later ranger issued blue white instructed korea august merged bring strength airborne qualified combat experienced replacements moved japan southern island secret mission save north_korea ranger officers met mess hall camp japan senior rangers meeting designed type patch similar ranger patches center ranger airborne underneath left company number right later date states patches airborne ranger underneath history formation training pool applicants selected officers enlisted men ranger companies october entirely white fourth african american company organized days later organized october assuming lineage company 3rd ranger battalion initial strength enlisted men officers unit formally activated october fort placed command captain later promoted captain december executive officer rangers trained extensively reconnaissance long range patrols setting land navigation camouflage adjusting indirect fire undertook frequent live fire exercises night raids rangers trained hours week ran miles day frequently held miles speed marches considered traditions ranger training world war training numbered companies included program second lieutenant train spite percent rate men completed course graduated november 1st 2nd embarked korea shortly training complete retained fort train cycle rangers 5th 6th 7th 8th providing 1st 4th companies cover training losses 3rd men left mid december took additional men completed second cycle ranger training proved beneficial given cold weather training alongside 5th 8th companies fort colorado training cycle complete ranger units korea received training unprepared korean winter received additional training better prepared combat including tactics companies learned battle designation targets night attacks received rifles kept cargo truck necessity break rifle team man crew served weapon didn happen entire company trained forward observers artillery march 3rd 5th 8th companies sailed korea trip frequent discipline problems rangers continuously got fights marines board route spending night japan morning sailed rangers arrived korea march disembarked spending night companies continued landing ship tank arriving march separated sister companies attached near division engaged intense battle chinese forces attempting push north entered action april tank infantry task force conducting aggressive reconnaissance wide valley near river encountering village 3rd platoon cleared village killed chinese lead elements tank company 3rd platoon taken tank company commander wanted company west center valley continuing north captain executive officer near rear company column riding tank called radio instructed come control 1st 2nd time reached crossing small hills north crossed hills radio operator wounded chinese mortar rounds took radio walker joined hill called instructions responded tanks tanks passed gap hills soon tanks moved high speed join company center valley rangers started forward nose ridge fire coming yards ahead began taking casualties machine gun rifle fire yards ridge received heavy mortar barrage resulting number wounded received couple gun rounds lower left leg shortly couple light tanks arrived 1st tanks bore sighted guns machine guns blew away yards chinese trench base ridge nose received heavy volley grenades abandoning protocol start charge supposed hit ground knowing trouble getting rangers hit ground got rangers took ridge nose bayonet grenade fight position secure reported rangers capable continuing seriously wounded continue called instructions instructed join tanks 3rd platoon center valley 2nd platoon supporting 1st platoon fire hill left flank 2nd platoon lead followed remnant 1st platoon tanks 3rd platoon moved center wide valley thousand yards northwest fortunately yards sniper fire higher ridge right able gain cover foot field joined 3rd platoon center valley moved company tanks small hill ahead tank company commander moved tanks final objective day yards ahead brought company small hill got organized radio operator day wounded mortar round hit tank wounded trip clearing station way noticed thousand yard gap saw fighting elements continuing tank battalion strongly suggested gap closed dark replaced line addition wounded able continue rangers killed wounded evacuated engagement company advanced valley sniper artillery fire located destroyed chinese communications supply center end returning lines killed chinese fight division commanders considered mission success spite high casualty count action rangers adopted new motto die die picked nickname cold steel division commander observing action senior officers heard rangers like cold steel missions despite suffering percent casualties time reinforcements remained line reconnaissance element division advanced pressing gains chinese company guard vital bridge combat engineers division elements form task force rogers task force north searching chinese concentrations encounter chinese troops april chinese conducted sector striking east followed struck near rangers position task force assigned rescue group 3rd division tanks disabled miles inside chinese territory advancing suppressed chinese ambush chinese attack advanced mortar attack took hills surrounding tanks returned stranded tanks lines cost wounded april rangers tanks engineers conducted probe chinese positions ensure launch surprise attack nearby republic formations encountering chinese companies dug hill route attack ordered surprise attack hill successful pushing chinese forces outlying fortifications moved reinforce cut hill troops folded attack days intense fighting foot marching rangers moved relieve british troops despite percent strength encountering heavy resistance initially unable break chinese formations relieve british chinese forces destroying tank column sent assist rangers attacking 3rd ranger company sides dug hill rangers eventually forced withdraw defense rangers broken momentum chinese offensive target acquisition unit moved offensive early scout chinese concentrations artillery destroy actions viewed historians instances rangers korea effectively employed force terrain difficult conventional units chinese forces offensive recalled parachute proficiency training objections commanders considered company company spent weeks division reserve undertook missions convoy security guarding command posts surveillance visiting patrols lines rearguard actions rangers evacuated village member unit corporal captured chinese june company returned operated target acquisition unit paired reconnaissance company artillery battery forward air control party known task force positioned miles ahead main division positions unit placed warn rest lines chinese attack time lines battle begun largely stabilize armies fortified stationary positions rangers abilities final mission disbandment july division holding strategically important ground attempt strengthen forces evacuated hills southern base triangle positioning rangers appear manned hills days patrols ordered aggressive patrol strike chinese positions nights ambushed chinese patrols causing casualties suffering july ordered ranger companies army noted ranger companies exercise directed pentagon complete august korea like ranger units ranger veterans folded airborne skills airborne jump war awards decorations awarded campaign unit service korean war unit designated company 3rd battalion 75th unit carries lineage | 3rd Ranger Infantry Company (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1692_BritishcavalryduringtheFirstWorldWar | british cavalry world war british cavalry british_army units action world war captain 4th royal irish guards reputed british soldier kill german soldier sword regiment reputed fired british shot shortly august near belgian village following engagement fought british soldiers western_europe ninety years earlier year war france cavalry brigades formed british cavalry divisions regiments served brigades cavalry divisions formed service western regiments fought campaign theatre world war british cavalry served doctrine british cavalry highly influenced experiences second boer war years earlier commander preferred irregular units professional cavalry regiments necessity cavalry doctrine changed emphasis placed firepower covering fire flanks machine guns attached artillery support cavalry charges dominated higher command positions british_army war officers command western original commander went command palestine campaign chief imperial general staff altogether western officers commanded british armies provided cavalry commanded corps seven served divisional commanders decorations awarded victoria_cross britain highest award bravery face enemy awards came month war thirty british regular army cavalry regiments fought recognised theatre war western killed including senior officers background traditional role cavalry war scouting gathering information enemy location strength movements denying enemy information forces tasks include raiding enemy territory damaging infrastructure economy avoiding conflict enemy forces field battle cavalry expected charge break enemy infantry cavalry formations prestige gained participating cavalry charge additional officers attempt join possible notable examples include 15th joining war winston_churchill 4th joining 21st charge battle normal peacetime british_army cavalry formation brigade twice cavalry division formed time second second boer war south_africa major conflict fought british_army world war fighting south_africa strong colonial mounted contingent strong regular cavalry led way tactical development better trained better armed efficient correctly trained use right weapons tactics conflict british armed swords carried lance cavalry issued rifles ones rest army regular cavalry regiments considered poor quality general sir commanding advance left cavalry regiments irregular mounted forces carry patrols boer opponents taught cavalry army lessons engagement held british cavalry division supported artillery batteries seventy men held entire british_army effective tactics forced british cavalry short time leave swords concentrate firepower proved british_army value size rifle soon cavalry practising working advancing open order change tactics evidenced charge way relieve siege cavalry horses rifles instead swords defending charge later described ideal cavalry operation cavalry charge term generally understood prove time british cavalry division conducted mounted charge following boer war calls disbandment cavalry notable persons commander chief forces lord roberts sir cavalry share army budget cut cent recruiting cavalry suspended year added commonwealth defence act proposed force brigades formed militia brigades planned mounted infantry known light horse year lord roberts appointed 5th guards position surprising choice roberts earlier described certainly general year endorsing change policy recommending instead enemy charge cavalry engage rifle fire cavalry survive necessity british cavalry doctrine change emphasis firepower cavalry charges supported covering fire flanks machine guns guns support change policy required hours rifle sword practice day proficient infantry rifles regiment 14th recorded having class shots thirty second class class shots resulting reforms helped shape cavalry contribution established cavalry division supported brigades horse artillery trained mounted charge armed rifles major power cavalry regiments armed maxim machine guns replaced issue tools carried troop demonstrated cavalry doctrine changed boer wars organisation prior start world war serving thirty british_army cavalry regiments regiments line cavalry regiments consisting seven guards regiments british_army term cavalry regular army units mounted regiments army territorial force reserve regiments special reserve regiments horse cavalry regiments amounting men serving overseas british india south_africa egypt regiments based great_britain assigned cavalry brigades regiments brigade identified cavalry division declaration war august cavalry joined rest france fifth independent cavalry brigade formed regiments based england british cavalry brigades larger french german brigades regiments provide reconnaissance force infantry divisions regiments 15th 19th split squadron assigned infantry division august thirty second regiment formed squadrons drawn regiments existence proved short lived disbanded november manpower returning parent regiments early war reserve cavalry regiments formed provide training recruits cavalry regiments saw combat 6th 8th 9th 10th regiments easter rising dublin thirty officers ranks largest unit available dublin commander brigadier general 7th guards commanders cavalry represented british_army higher ranks officers command armies western commanders world war field came 19th 7th respectively 3rd guards rose rank private field marshal general chief staff chief imperial general staff december 6th started war commander went command army replaced commander army 10th previously commanded 16th known war involvement incident mutiny started war brigade commander commander corps replaced 12th previously commanded australian 1st guards commanded 15th commanded campaign later transferred western temporarily commander taking command 19th commanded 10th commanded 19th commanded commanded 6th commanded altogether world war british cavalry provided corps seven divisional commanders divisions brigades original cavalry division consisted ninety man headquarters brigades artillery batteries men field squadron men engineers signal squadron men headquarters field men total men horses wagons cars eighteen pounder guns vickers machine guns large force mounted asked serve cavalry division equivalent weakened infantry brigades artillery infantry division higher allocation artillery compared foreign cavalry divisions september cavalry division numbered joined formed september formed september end year british cavalry regiments artillery support elements india france serving cavalry divisions 1st arrived november 2nd december renumbered 4th december numbered prevent confusion similar numbered british indian brigades generally known names example instead 5th example british indian cavalry divisions came command end occasions british temporarily regiments send lines establishment created british cavalry divisions formed cavalry brigade 1st brigade raised 1st division cavalry brigades formed cavalry battalion numbered parent brigades formed example cavalry regiments formed company machine gun section battalion brigades smaller infantry division brigades disadvantage felt formation cavalry brigade having battalions instead infantry formation cavalry battalion having albeit larger companies opposed infantry battalion divisional sized formation raised contained british cavalry regiments served campaign division like indian divisions british regiment brigade april british_army formed cavalry brigades serving cavalry divisions cavalry brigade headquarters seven officers seven men controlled cavalry regiments battery pounder guns provided signals troop man assigned hold horses brigade rifle fire equivalent infantry battalion british cavalry regiments serving western having remained india internal security duties 7th 14th 21st regiments left regiment 21st remained action winning awarded british war march cavalry corps disbanded divisions assigned british armies skeleton corps staff retained allow establishment new corps required happen following september time appointed inspector general training cavalry divisions cavalry divisions went period training organisation issuance new equipment major changes withdrawal regiments machine guns concentration newly formed brigade machine gun squadrons sections machine guns section division received light armoured car battery equipped rolls armoured cars training covered topics cross trench systems mobile equipment tactics employ entrenched enemy blowing filling trenches skill arms including machine guns bayonet fighting cavalry regiment british cavalry regiment composed officers ranks commanding officer lieutenant colonel major second command officers headquarters adjutant signals officer medical officer officer ranks included warrant officer thirty seven senior non commissioned officers seven officers ranks regiments based india men regimental headquarters seven armed vickers machine guns assigned machine gun section proposed regiment machine guns declined financial reasons remaining men regiment squadrons troops squadron commanded major captain second command squadron men officers squadron sergeant major squadron sergeant ranks troop officer thirty ranks regiments india squadrons men squadron look regiment horses attached regimental headquarters officer sergeant responsible killing wounded sick horses sergeant saddle tree maker squadron sergeant troop smith regiment riding horses seventy draught horses pack horses eighteen horse drawn wagons british cavalry armed pattern sword armed feet lance steel head mounted ash armed lee rifles unlike french german counterparts armed shorter range war progressed issued helmets hand grenades trench mortars hotchkiss light machine guns replacement hotchkiss issued troop greatly increased firepower cavalry regiments like infantry dressed uniform service dress cap instead infantry carried ammunition french comparison looked place napoleonic wars wore blue red uniforms breast metal plates brass steel helmets germans standard field grey uniform wore polish style helmets fronts wore jackets steel helmets casualties trench warfare western dominated artillery infantry cavalry suffered dead casualties comparison infantry regiment northumberland casualties unlike huge losses infantry regiments cavalry regiments suffered dead 3rd guards dead killed 7th eighty dead 21st remained india war dead included major general brigadier generals lieutenant killed war cavalry having assumed command infantry battalion aftermath british_army tried learn lessons world war incorporate doctrine 1920s 1930s general staff tried establish small professional army result general reduction army resulted cavalry branch reduced numbers famous regiments amalgamated 1st 2nd life guards life guards line cavalry sixteen regiments amalgamated new regiments 3rd 6th guards 3rd prince wales guards 5th guards 6th 5th royal guards previous regimental numbers new regimental names new regiments 4th 7th royal guards 13th 18th royal 14th 20th king 15th 19th king 16th 5th queen finally 17th 21st british cavalry advanced served syria second world war eventually cavalry regiments regiment retains horses formed life guards amalgamation blues 1st royal british cavalry regiments brigades divisions units served british cavalry brigades divisions corps war | British cavalry during the First World War | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1812_No.457SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf fighter squadron world war equipped fighters formed england june article empire air training scheme squadron transferred australia june saw combat disbanded november squadron saw combat nazi_germany war march based southern england flew missions german occupied france shot luftwaffe aircraft deployed australia squadron based near darwin wing raaf intercepted japanese raids allied bases northern australia march november squadron remained darwin saw combat moved later attacked japanese positions borneo allied areas history britain squadron formed raf england june equipped second raaf fighter unit formed england squadron establishment squadrons formed expansion sought improve ability defend britain renewed german air offensive conduct offensive operations occupied europe time formation squadron commanding officer squadron leader flight commanders members ground crew british pilots australian squadron ground crew component formed australia june departed england august day squadron moved situated undertake training isle man squadron trained pilots pilots squadrons operational duties time functioned operational training unit escorted allied convoys contact german aircraft october british pilots brothers flight commanders replaced australians squadron ground crew arrived britain october november making entirely australian unit march squadron moved surrey assumed squadron line duties group raf included shipping protection patrols escorting bombers conducting fighter sweeps northern france contributing air defence southern england fighter command received launch scale offensive campaign german air units shortly squadron arrived effort squadron saw action march brothers shot multi squadron fighter sweep france lost action end week operations squadron shot german aircraft inflicted damage went conduct operations german territory april operations encountered fierce opposition german fighters proved superior mark squadron equipped squadron scored victory europe april fighter sweeps france continued end british prime minister winston_churchill agreed request dispatch fully equipped squadrons australia reinforce raaf squadrons selected australian squadrons british squadron raf accordingly squadron withdrawn operations prepare australia time pilots credited confirmed kills damaging seven aircraft june squadron left england board carrying men squadrons darwin castle arrived melbourne august given days leave squadron personnel richmond new south wales september october wing raaf squadrons intended wing diverted middle_east voyage australia squadron initially aircraft training purposes squadron fully equipped november moved 7th month continued intensive training program december squadron informed deployed darwin counter japanese air raids town squadron advance party departed december main body followed sea january squadron commenced air operations january moved day month squadron saw combat japanese march squadron number times february claim kill march shot reconnaissance aircraft near darwin march wing squadrons intercepted large raid darwin squadron shot damaged fighters squadron credited damaging bomber claimed japanese aircraft encountered northern australia period squadron practiced tactics cooperation raaf australian_army units flying normally limited hour day wing responded major japanese raid darwin resulting air battle squadron shot fighter claimed lost overall raaf suffered destroyed damaged claiming kills operation considered success seven days later squadron deployed detachment island airfield attacked detachment intercepted japanese raids shooting loss squadron continued operations darwin region seeing combat number occasions major battle near town july squadron shot zero damaged lost japanese air activity northern australia dropped away july squadron saw little combat result squadron personnel suffered greatly squadron scored kills august aircraft shot sent darwin day fourth destroyed wing acting commander wing commander squadron shot august september wing intercepted japanese reconnaissance aircraft escorted fighters ensuing battle squadron shot loss november squadron deployed days later intercepted damaged japanese reconnaissance aircraft squadron maintained detachment river mission december squadron assumed duty early hours november squadron force intercepted raid darwin squadron pilot flying officer interception destroyed betty bombers attack november final japanese raid darwin area result wing flying squadrons little pilots bored squadron conducted little operational flying march squadron ordered perth western australia response fears japanese naval force raid area squadrons departed darwin march arrived modern perth airport days later flying difficult weather conditions attack squadron returned march squadron saw action april took attack japanese radar station wing headquarters squadrons deployed western australia protect facilities established refuel operation fleet attacked java squadron departed returned new base 24th month squadron provided detachment river mission june began july july squadrons transferred newly formed wing raaf wing established support planned offensive darwin offensive cancelled june communicated wing continued train operation august operation cancelled wing squadrons purpose continued conduct training exercises means maintaining morale november wing informed island netherlands east indies allied region squadron movement delayed early squadron ground crew departed darwin sea january arrived island february departed february arrived days later squadron flew operations february squadron main roles period conduct ground attack missions japanese camps shipping escorting aircraft engaged attacking targets involved heavy workload squadron flew operational sorties february end april squadron began dive bombing tactics targets guns squadron participated borneo campaign final months war ordered prepare deployment june personnel equipment sailed island north west coast borneo operation squadron attached wing departed june commenced operations days later alongside squadron raaf primary roles providing air support allied troops area air defence island june squadron fighters shot squadron kill november operations japanese continued end war august war squadron australian personnel killed following japanese surrender squadron initially remained period flew security patrols training exercises air tests squadron aircraft left october queensland arrived day month squadron officially disbanded november following war squadron awarded battle honours fortress europe pacific darwin borneo defence britain aircraft operated squadron operated following aircraft squadron bases squadron operated following bases airfields commanding officers squadron commanded following officers | No. 457 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
1969_373rd(Croatian)InfantryDivision(Wehrmacht) | croatian infantry division croatian infantry division german croatian division german_army world war formed june brigade croatia croatian addition german division commanded germans battalion company level nearly cases commonly referred division originally formed intention service eastern instead anti partisan operations territory end war fought mainly western areas involved attempt kill capture leader partisans severely depleted division withdrew border early months eventually surrendering partisans near modern day history formation axis invasion soviet_union june leader newly created axis puppet state croatia offered adolf_hitler volunteers serve eastern offer soon resulted formation deployment army air force naval detachments trained equipped germany committed fighting largest element croatian reinforced infantry regiment january croatian forces performed eastern germans continued support development forces aim raising divisions serve lack trained leaders staff divisions raised german croatian infantry division assembled trained austria commencing end january second croatian division raised service following sister formation croatian infantry division built german troops soldiers 7th regular army established infantry regiments battalions regiment allocated manpower battalions 7th formed command brigadier knight recipient colonel commanding croatian regiment commanding croatian regiment battalions commanded germans reconnaissance battalion commanded officer croatian divisions served commonly known divisions originally intended use eastern division deploy returned need combat communist led partisans territory division left training area austria period travelling train route vienna known croatian german general der lieutenant general initial tasks task division secure area north northwest contained important reserves needed german war effort divisional headquarters established regimental headquarters end battalion supporting artillery deployed replace italian forces weeks division minor contacts partisan forces mid june division began sending strong lightly armed mobile hunter teams company battalion strength break harass partisans operating divisional area responsibility early july search destroy operation conducted west road local units began division july summoned inhabitants village shot captured partisans division lost killed operation following conclusion sweep division moved north headquarters july august division patrolled constantly fought minor engagements area responsibility august major general divisional commander replacing transferred officers reserve pool german august lieutenant colonel replaced commander division placed command 2nd army balkans eastern period august muslim soldiers deserted later arrested range factors encouraging including partisan propaganda influence suffered germans north_africa eastern combat late august early september division time relieving adriatic coast difficult significant resulting numerous casualties loss vehicles guns september placed command newly formed led month division concluded collaboration agreement strong detachment control area included parts western bosnia division utilised protect railway lines key industries area scouting partisans attacks rear partisan formations worsened particularly capitulation italy early september example october men deserted division handled thousands italian prisoners aftermath surrender feeding marching guard october germans formally confirmed division utilised outside second half october partisan forces surrounded garrison relieved garrison conducted clearing operations town heavy week november december replaced commander regiment december division 1st participated aim operation partisan forces located forest area north operation achieved little immediately followed operation objective operation clear area south river objective operation destruction elements partisan 7th division intelligence indicated planning establish winter quarters vicinity village river protecting rear division committed reinforced tanks supported guns artillery regiment plan involved day operation commencing december following reconnaissance objective day thrust kilometres eastward secure heights east achieved light resistance following day saw heavy fighting german force secured objectives suffering wounded process december orders issued continue advance south village battalion ordered cross continue advance northern river morning december successfully advanced point kilometres west occupied advancing east lost formation suffered heavy attacks partisan forces companies attacked flanks rear entire force companies tanks remained north river consolidated heights south night fought large partisan assaults supported heavy mortar fire december german force fought way south bank evacuated casualties river main body fought way east covering fire provided companies tanks remaining northern bank majority arriving december costly division suffering casualties mainly mortar fire night december information local population indicated partisans lost dead operation battle late december tasked defence second largest city bosnia partisan pressure days headquarters divisional replacement battalion divisional support troops police tanks elements 4th brigade city december deployed bolster defences day heavy artillery mortar bombardment started followed partisan attack quickly overran outposts engaged divisional units heavy fighting light new year day crucial power station evening partisans renewed assault hospital german sick wounded capturing railway station point defenders concentrated blocks town centre partisans metres away desperate unsuccessful counterattack mounted city appeared lost force relieved regiment partisans quickly withdrew subsequently executed armed personnel captured city killed battle included germans partisans following battle division cleared secured area february replaced commander major end march deployed responsibility road regimental commander designated commander garrison task assisted 7th volunteer mountain division division participated morning star region west southwest elements sister formation croatian infantry division regiment 1st regiment units operation significant success killing partisans capturing large quantities arms ammunition vehicles supplies operation division formed significant ground force launched objectives killing capturing partisan leader destroying headquarters division responsible coordinated partisan stronghold area thrust consisted croatian infantry regiment referred commander group advance east village primary responsibility relieving taking command land parachute regiment attack direction second thrust consisted battalion group division set drive east capture crossroads necessary advance north west open road ground forces able advance quickly expected unexpected resistance strong partisan forces axes advance poor communication elements resulted lack coordination movements subjected allied air attacks meantime key staff escaped south flown italy unable overcome resistance 2nd force way relieved midday stronger column attacking direction battalion group division attacked strong partisan positions east north northwest attack held lack ammunition attack renewed new orders issued division occupying area capturing partisan tanks failure principal headquarters staff escaped final months division deployed valley exception battalions area battalions reinforced 1st area reinforced 4th 2nd deployed garrisons fortifications protecting communication routes valley garrisons reinforced local detachments forces divisional command august garrison consisting 2nd battalion major repelled attacks partisan 6th 13th supporting forces surrendered shots fired detachment provided stiff defense allowed garrison hold summer communications division area responsibility constant partisan attacks attacks intensified early september operation coincided german transportation troops military material serbia eve belgrade operation september attacked damaged train carrying 2nd company september partisan 4th division attacked garrison main force garrison 7th reinforced units units affected intense offered little resistance morning september liberated strong mixed formation garrison headed defended 4th 6th battalion 8th total strength men reinforced mixed group fall remained isolated partisan attack spread commander captain decided evacuate try reach strong mixed group moving aside roads constant partisan heavy fire movement disorganized chaotic captain suffered nervous breakdown command captain smaller group reached suffered losses men auxiliary troops worse partisans days killed captured soldiers valley exposed pressure 4th west 5th east september 4th attacked defended 5th backing strong formations nearby spite proximity strong forces partisans september succeeded destroy battalion killing capturing garrison raided 1st 2nd brigade blocked relieve attempts partisan retreat new garrison established time reinforced elements november renewed attack units difference time 1st instead charged task closing road fighting lasted days concluded success partisans total destruction garrison germans suffered losses killed officers captured officer soldiers reinforced company completely destroyed men hidden friendly inclined civilians autumn division absorbed 2nd brigade regiment renamed croatian infantry regiment october der reserves replaced turn replaced november december division participated defence partisans suffered losses january promoted withdrew survivors division northwest withdrawal division assisted fought alongside accompanied attack 35th division later month large number division deserted join partisans trend continued companies soldiers division saw action partisans end war april large croatian manpower lost released croatian component reduced soldiers months war fought northern parts later partisans launched spring offensive march fought advanced division withdrew remaining croatian soldiers separated german elements probably dispersed remainder continued withdrawal modern day surrendered partisans village remaining soldiers left division division disarmed german troops allowed travel germany days prisoners war partisans tried yugoslav authorities hanged history initial composition division croatian regiment iii battalions croatian regiment iii battalions iii battalions autumn division absorbed 2nd brigade created infantry regiment croatian regiment commanding officers following officers commanded division april january august august october der reserves october november january november books journals web | 373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2070_2/31stBattalion(Australia) | 31st battalion australia 31st battalion infantry battalion australian_army served world war raised june assigned 25th brigade 7th division initially served united_kingdom undertook defensive duties moved middle_east taking fighting syria lebanon battalion undertook garrison duties tripoli transferred australia late battalion sent new_guinea fight japanese track subsequently fought number battles early campaign came landed borneo war battalion disbanded march history formation battalion formed united_kingdom june 2nd personnel originally designated service non infantry roles grouped form infantry battalion initially designated battalion manpower shortages composed rifle companies instead normal establishment command lieutenant colonel battalion initially based august replaced lieutenant colonel commanding officer october battalion designation changed 31st battalion order bring line designations rest 2nd moved november battalion assigned 25th brigade time battalion suffered casualty members killed german air raid england battalion undertook training employed defensive duties guarding possible invasion german forces circumstances battalion establishment overseas resulted situation battalion personnel issued different unit colour patches personnel united_kingdom end issued circular consisting black red border grey issued reference australia issued battalion reinforcements australia consisting upright brown yellow inside grey circle intended link battalion 31st battalion served world war arrival middle_east patches replaced black red patches middle_east january threat invasion england reduced decided send 2nd units middle_east battalion arrived egypt march following battalion moved palestine undertook training received draft reinforcements enabled raise fourth company order bring establishment having transferred 7th division battalion took defensive positions taking syria lebanon campaign took battles came early june battalion captured town lebanon advancing june 31st supported troop 7th crossed bridge led advance coming fire french troops hills overlooking town battalion suffered number casualties including commanding officer lieutenant colonel clearing french main position green hill finally secured june french brought reinforcements subsequently launched series australians june french attack repulsed 31st launched unsuccessful attack hill key feature area lost seven killed wounded following day men killed french aircraft attacked battalion positions hotel egypt rest month fighting continued june french began withdraw early july 31st commenced operations north aim securing high ground night july advanced steep terrain cover heavy artillery barrage fighting followed battalion members private performed deeds subsequently received victoria_cross crawling forward single attacking french post holding company advance july armistice signed allies french following battalion established undertook occupation duties mid september 25th brigade received orders tripoli 31st battalion assigned task miles north tripoli completion task battalion undertook defensive duties february new_guinea campaigns concerns entry japan war pacific battalion brought australia early departing port february battalion arrived port adelaide south australia march moved camp early april conducted road rail casino new south wales weeks leave granted moving queensland time battalion undertook defensive duties securing northern approach brisbane battle coral sea june began jungle training preparation deployment new_guinea september units militia fighting delaying campaign japanese track august command lieutenant colonel battalion moved brisbane embarked bound port arriving september battalion received orders proceed arrived september soon arrived forced pull japanese exhausted supply lines unable follow australian force able begin advance november 31st vanguard entered village following handed command battalion lieutenant colonel command battalion took significant battles december miller died casualties combat disease mounted battalion eventually withdrawn fighting port embarked return australia january end battalion involvement campaign men fit duty following months training organisation australia 31st returned new_guinea july command lieutenant colonel previously served second command took campaign carrying patrolling operations range range campaign having relieved january 31st withdrawn australia arriving february train phase war borneo battalion spent year training queensland moving later taking landing rest 7th division australian campaigns war landing july second day operation 31st went ashore unopposed moved inland taking positions centre australian line location called establishing hill later day struck artillery commencing clearing patrols occupying smaller feature known resort following day battalion commenced operations japanese began withdraw attacking japanese positions nurse features 31st encountered heavy opposition japanese defenders having lost men killed wounded battalion occupied positions july japanese withdrew having lost killed following australians advanced open country relying heavily direct indirect fire support suppress japanese positions numerous ridges lay axis advance going slow july open country coast turned thick bush australians began encounter improvised explosive devices traps early july company 31st battalion launched successful attack saw capture inch naval guns japanese defensive system loss wounded late afternoon fighting feature battalion suffered setback company ambushed resulting killed wounded brief period inactivity followed advance continued july result casualties suffered earlier month battalion withdrawn fighting moved rear undertook security duties action war ended august fighting 31st battalion suffered highest number casualties allied unit deployed borneo campaign losing men killed wounded disbandment following end war battalion remained borneo initially stationed undertook garrison duties october moved time process began battalion long serving personnel offered opportunity return australia transferred raised australian contribution january remaining personnel embarked return australia landed brisbane february battalion disbanded early following month course war total men served 31st battalion killed died wounded members battalion received following decorations victoria_cross military crosses distinguished conduct medal military medals mentions despatches battle honours 31st battalion received battle honours service world war honours syria hill south west pacific crossing road liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 31st battalion lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/31st Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2079_BomberMafia | bomber mafia close group american military men believed long range heavy bomber aircraft large numbers able win war term bomber mafia world war military share belief frustrated insistence men heavy bomber primary position planning funding world war years work bomber mafia resulted separation united_states_air_force army independent military arm bomber mafia strategic doctrine changed war experience helped shape mission new air_force years later related term fighter mafia described air_force favoured light weight fighters good dog fighting instead heavy missile firing fighters origins developed years acts field virginia forward looking doctrine daylight precision bombing instructors argued enemy army navy defeated intact destruction industrial military targets deep enemy held territory theory espoused italian general ideas included terror bombing population centers american contrast american devised strategy pin point bombing targeted enemy economy production weapons major attraction sort strategic bombing doctrine war expected won relatively quickly minimal casualties grinding static trench warfare seen world war avoided november british lord president said bomber talking terror bombing cities bomber mafia agreed baldwin bomber prevail mission intended mission military industrial targets populations effect doctrine required majority resources fleet self defending heavy bombers training maintenance great number airmen fill ground crew positions acts officers believed heavy bomber doctrine realized expenditures tactical bombers fighter aircraft away proposed large fleet heavy bombers men realized united_states government reduce funding naval ground forces order establish great air fleet implement changes acts instructors began sense students separate independent air arm type described earlier billy mitchell called united_states_air_force way forward compromise step established commanded general strategic bombing advocate staffed command like minded officers flawed tested optimal conditions doctrine originally known industrial web theory primary strategy united_states planning world war instructors school core bomber mafia produced war plans guided wartime expansion deployment opposition term bomber mafia came bitter debates united_states_army staff men observed argued insistence instructors students acts heavy bombers new primary weapon war separate air arm required command years strongest voice acts bomber doctrine captain later general called use air power attack enemy fighting units ground advocated close coordination air ground forces emphasis medium bombers fighter bombers left acts heavy bomber filled vacancy doctrine ran counter theories espoused pursuit support essential daylight bombing operations expert use air units aid artillery infantry held concept tactical air power time acts instructor later successfully implemented ideas captain senior instructor fighter tactics acts vocal officer challenged bomber mafia decade forced early retirement leaving precision bombing advocates unopposed teaching fighter pursuit tactics declined continued discuss role fighter opposition subtle fighter projects officer lieutenant appreciated large bomber fleet able perform military tasks strategic bombing felt force doctrine remain flexible meet demand lower rank position challenge bomber mafia instead work restrictions pursuit aircraft formulated new class aircraft order sustain idea armed fighter aircraft successfully attack enemy bombers given drop tanks long range defend friendly bombers way target bomber mafia failure imagination expanding doctrine include establishing air superiority success accept concepts believed heavy bomber fleet protect contributed delay development long range escort fighter years war doctrine nonetheless foundation separation air_force army basis modern theory acts graduate instructor bomber mafia member concurred authors war plan mistake long range fighter escort ideas wrote recognized fighter escort inherently desirable conceive small fighter range bomber retain combat failure issue proved major shortcomings advocates instructors leading theorist acts commander thomas school officer charge moon robert olds graduates oliver acts instructor acts instructor acts instructor curtis donnell legacy world war bomber mafia theory daylight strategic bombing proved wrong fleets heavy bombers able achieve victory cooperation army navy required protection long range fighters deep penetration missions overall casualties war minimal victory come significantly quicker precision bombing achieved long range fighter escorts available air superiority achieved opponents warned strategic bombing concept major factor eventual victory core doctrine independent united_states_air_force proponents continued promote doctrine nuclear age forming carry vision modified fit needs cold war threat nuclear warfare bomber mafia gradually replaced 1950s 1960s advocates intercontinental missile warfare | Bomber Mafia | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2157_No.78SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf fighter squadron world war formed july expansion raaf fighter force assigned mobile striking forces duration war completing training squadron deployed combat zone north australia october november year september squadron supported advance allied ground forces western north coast new_guinea attacking japanese positions providing fighter protection recently established escorting australian united_states bombers late operated japanese positions shipping eastern netherlands east indies squadron took borneo campaign final weeks war squadron reduced returned australia december received new aircraft undertook training exercises disbanded april history operations raaf received fighter aircraft arrival allowed service expand combat force forming new equipped squadrons join squadrons operated type area squadron formed new_south_wales july fourth new squadrons established following squadron february squadron march squadron june final unit squadron formed september squadron began receive fighters august conducted training aircraft early october squadron began moving war zone new_guinea october destination changed island squadron operational wing november wing controlled operational group mobile formation established november support planned allied advance north coast new_guinea late november december squadron participated attacks japanese positions alongside squadrons equipped operations undertaken support landings conducted american forces december 26th month addition bombing japanese positions squadron escorted raaf bombers occasions operations squadron moved mainland new_guinea january completed 12th month squadron began operations wing day ground attack escort sorties undertaken squadron january supported australian_army forces engaged range campaign squadron mainly escort australian bomber transport aircraft february early march conducted small number ground attack sorties escort duties unpopular wing fighter pilots believed american officers charge air effort new_guinea assigning australian units tasks reality allied fighter units recently arrived new_guinea initially tasked escort missions period march wing moved replace transferred squadron advance departed march entire squadron operational late month week march squadron units wing struck japanese positions nearby island operation united_states_navy boats march attacked sank american patrol boats killing seven sailors wounding inquiry conducted incident found pilots informed friendly ships area april wing received orders time support operation reckless american landing western new_guinea main party squadron departed cape gloucester april bound mainland new_guinea arrived 24th month squadron began flying patrols american day squadron continued provide air defence early detachment squadron operated owing food shortages area pilots arrived rations days loaded aircraft unit moved permanently airfield near escorted bombers formed force protecting army landings 27th overall squadron flew sorties operations included air air combat war june squadron intercepted group fighters bombers near australian airmen downed loss pilot major air battle fought raaf pacific war june escorting convoy sighted japanese fighter australian aircraft attacked shot near final aerial victory achieved raaf new_guinea campaign squadron continued fly defensive patrols july island squadron sixth months intensive effort needed pack stores occasion caused widespread fatigue airmen ground crew july squadron supported military offensive western new_guinea squadron operated navy boats strikes japanese positions shipping july operations undertaken support army landing july wing pilots completed month operational tour july replaced inexperienced pilots weeks august squadron flew patrols intensive operations trying official history stating wing pushed limit operational capacity squadron aircraft lost period wing attacked japanese airfields september squadron flew sorties targets squadron struck airfields japanese shipping easternmost islands months operations undertaken support american landings philippines began october involved lengthy flights operational group redesignated october time squadron remained wing alongside squadrons squadron aircraft began staging airfields early december moved island december january november known australian fighter pilot world war posted squadron remained unit end war completed combat sorties operations squadron continued attack japanese positions eastern early squadron flew sorties january aircraft fired rounds machine gun ammunition dropped pounds bombs fewer sorties flown february march april squadron ceased operations prepare invasion island east coast borneo wing originally intended land delays moving unit australia wing substituted shortly assault convoys departed result wing days pack stores prepare role landing main squadron disembarked took longer anticipated repair island airfield unit unable flying operations july period squadron ground crew worked australian_army engineers build roads personnel spent time line july end war squadron operated borneo support invasion strike flown japanese positions area july aircraft squadrons attacked airfields near squadron conducted final combat operation august based time japanese government intention surrender announced 15th month squadron suffered fatalities war following armistice squadron undertook dropping reconnaissance sorties november flown australia remainder unit personnel arrived sydney december board british aircraft carrier hms glory returning australia squadron moved new_south_wales december personnel sent leave january squadron rapidly reduced comprised personnel july unit located near sydney august moved outside newcastle august received fighters single trainer squadron undertook training including exercises australian british warships march july april squadron took cloud experiment role aircraft sprayed silver clouds tanks beneath wings goal generating rain squadron disbanded april | No. 78 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2223_1stParachuteBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | 1st united_kingdom airborne forces brigade formed british_army second world war indicates unit parachute infantry brigade formation british_army formed parachute battalions support units assigned brigade saw action operation biting raid german radar site french coast deployed torch landings algeria following fought independent unit north_africa brigade parachute battalions took separate parachute assaults brigade fought line normal infantry end campaign earned nickname following axis surrender north_africa arrived tunisia brigade came command brigade mission operation allied invasion sicily british_army brigade sized combat parachute jump casualties sustained sicily brigade held reserve division action operation amphibious landing taranto italy end brigade returned england preparation invasion required normandy landings brigade action battle operation market garden landing day battle brigade objective seize crossings hold hours relieved advancing coming miles south face strong resistance elements brigade managed secure north end road bridge holding days casualties growing supplies exhausted forced surrender time remainder brigade trying fight bridge destroyed longer viable fighting force reformed battle brigade took operations denmark end war joined internal security duties palestine post war british_army reduced airborne forces single brigade led dissolution formation history background impressed success german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating corps parachute troops june commando parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion later 1st parachute wing men took british airborne operation february success raid prompted expand airborne forces setting april creating converting infantry battalions airborne battalions august resulted formation 1st 1st commander major general boy expressed opinion fledgling force sacrificed penny urged formation brigades parachute forces undergo day parachute training course parachute training school initial parachute jumps converted barrage balloon finished jumps aircraft failing complete descent returned old unit men successfully completed parachute course presented parachute wings airborne soldiers expected fight superior numbers enemy armed heavy weapons including artillery tanks training result designed encourage spirit self discipline self reliance emphasis given physical fitness large training regime consisted assault courses route marching military exercises included capturing holding airborne road rail bridges coastal fortifications end exercises battalions march barracks ability cover long distances speed expected airborne required cover distance miles hours battalions miles ability demonstrated april advanced miles hours included eighteen hours close quarters fighting month 5th marched miles seventy hours carried night time assaults formation brigadier later command took command 1st formation september triangular brigade formation battalions gale decided dividing 11th special air service battalion brigade battalions trained unit september renamed 1st newly raised 2nd formed 1st battalions formed volunteers aged thirty years age men infantry units selected men unit allowed leave early brigade joined 16th parachute field ambulance 1st parachute squadron left brigade july battalion 2nd brigade increased size comprised 1st 2nd 3rd parachute battalions 16th parachute field ambulance 1st parachute squadron royal engineers 3rd light battery royal artillery 1st anti tank battery pounder pounder guns detachment war brigade comprised 1st 2nd 17th 16th parachute field ambulance left join replacing 1st returned canada cessation hostilities disbanded november brigade assigned palestine 17th amalgamated 7th light infantry retaining number senior unit brigade formation changed general reduction post war british_army resulted brigade formed 1st amalgamated amalgamated 8th 9th july 6th withdrawn england disbanded leaving 2nd regular british_army parachute formation operational history raid february missions planned attacking force company 2nd france royal_air_force raf later evacuated royal_navy objective german radar station coast france british scientists wanted examine february ideal tide weather conditions raid commanded major group men attack machine guns cliffs overlooking evacuation beach advance village men assault group attack radar station men set blocking position prevent german reinforcements reaching radar site parachute drop successful half group missing drop zone miles capturing radar installations assault group dismantled equipment withdrew beach intercepted route cliff machine guns cleared suffered casualties delayed group arrived managed enemy machine guns company mustered beach wait navy despite initial problems caused lack experience combined operations troops successfully evacuated losses men killed seven wounded success raid reported british media weeks winston_churchill taken personal interest raid assembled war cabinet march hear officers taken special supplement london gazette carried announcement nineteen decorations mission including military cross frost north_africa november brigade commanded detached operation torch allied landings french north_africa november major british parachute landing company flew england gibraltar fleet american piloted objective airfield bone turned deserted secured opposition commando flight reinforced battalion later day following day rest brigade travelled sea arrived airborne mission november 1st secured important road junction near miles west day ambushed german convoy involved small battles commanding officer lieutenant colonel wounded attacking italian position replaced second command november 2nd commanded airfield miles south airfield deserted frost marched battalion miles second airfield advance army relieve battalion planned instead trapped miles german lines frost informed radio written advancing german formation battalion attacked second german unit surrounded december germans attacked infantry armour artillery company causing heavy casualties rest battalion frost ordered battalion disperse company groups head allied lines december surviving men reached safety opportunities parachute operations brigade fought line normal infantry february held right flank allied line night february french unit captured heights subjected constant infantry attacks days relief ammunition expended having suffered casualties forced withdraw followed brigade fighting fierce engagements checking german offensive operation allied advance began winter rains brigade assigned force tasked capturing march remaining axis forces surrendered bringing campaign end cost 1st killed wounded missing proved combat nicknamed german forces fought sicily immediately axis surrender april commanded arrived north_africa 1st came command operations sicily invasion sicily carried general landing east lieutenant general coming ashore west landings supported airborne assaults support americans british british airborne assault divided brigade sized operations operation 1st took place night july operation 1st night july operation drop 2nd night july cancelled command objective sicily bridge south crossing point gave access plain captured bridge brigade hold relieved 50th reinforced advancing landing beaches brigade land landing zones 1st divided groups land sides river attack bridge sides simultaneously land north bridge secure high ground 2nd south july brigade took things transported anti tank guns 1st anti tank battery brigade casualties occurred route shot flying allied convoy damaged forced turn reached coast axis anti aircraft fire shot thirty seven damaged forced mission surviving aircraft thirty managed drop miles correct arrived intact shot route destroyed attempting land despite setbacks surviving men 1st captured bridge intact battalion commander year old ordered men dig north river support weapons anti tank guns inch mortars vickers machine gun dug men removed demolition charges bridge forced bridge immediately destroyed unknown brigade units german 1st airfield reinforce italians guarding bridge quickly moved regain crossing german attacked dawn defenders bridge held day infantry armour attacks aircraft south bridge 2nd attack able naval gunfire support inch guns british cruiser stopped assault overrun position men 1st 3rd battalions initially forced river held southern bank dark withdrew 2nd battalion position south 50th face strong german resistance stopped night mile south gunfire heard south brigade position following morning sent patrol investigate discovered british guns leading elements 50th division finally contact brigade days fighting brigade recaptured bridge operations cost dead wounded missing england brigade returned england late trained operations supervision commanded lieutenant general scheduled normandy landings plan drawn 1st support invasion beaches delays experienced early september brigade prepared brigades land netherlands capture river crossings bridge second bridge grave finally bridge objective british 1st bridge planning advanced september mission cancelled instead new operation proposed objectives carried divisions british 1st landings 1st divisions began netherlands september allocation aircraft division roughly similar landing use lift required lifts need lifts american divisions delivered quarters infantry lift 1st airborne similar drop half capacity infantry remainder deliver vehicles artillery required capacity deliver parachute brigades borne anti tank weapons parachute brigades brigade day instead vast majority division vehicles heavy equipment plus 1st 1st divisional troops lift rest follow day following lift brigade remain landing grounds defend following day lifts parachute brigade set capture bridges ferry crossing planes carrying brigade left england arrived uneventful landing brigade organised set 2nd followed southern route river rhine north 3rd took road 1st initially remained reserve brigade headquarters company leading came sporadic fire pockets german troops company directed capture railway bridge blown arrived pushing ahead company came fire german armoured cars discovered central span bridge missing night fell leading battalion elements reached main road bridge having secured northern end bridge attempts capture southern end repulsed battalion started houses dig following units brigade started arrive including troop guns 1st anti tank battery brigade headquarters brigadier 1st airborne reconnaissance squadron detachments men total men bridge lucky break allowed ambush staff car carrying german commandant kill driver battalion stopped germans company entered halted road leading bridge 1st released reserve directed road encountered german armoured vehicles column tanks half tracks engaged battalion continued fighting way forward morning reached outskirts time quarter battalion killed wounded missing nightfall contacted command bridge informed brigade stay night attempt reach morning dawn second day defenders bridge saw small convoy trucks approaching speed south british enemy trucks apparent bridge defenders opened fire destroyed convoy soon german infantry armour approached bridge east tank reached space bridge destroyed pounder anti tank guns thirty armoured cars half tracks trucks 9th attempted rush bridge south armoured cars dawn convoy cover element surprise managed cross unscathed rest force engaged vehicles destroyed survivors returning southern bank day long force bridge came fire mortars anti aircraft guns positioned south river subject infantry armour attacks outskirts joined unsuccessfully attempted fight bridge moved south attempt flank german line eventually ended river advanced miles bank daylight revealed position germans divisional commander major general accompanied shot wounded injuries unable left care dutch family 1st spent day trying force way bridge nightfall failed strength battalions reduced men attempt reach bridge began day september 1st joined dawn intense fire german defenders attack 11th held reserve ordered carry left flanking assault german line attempt reach defenders bridge subsequently stopped orders general realised battle time 1st reduced men number word division brigade lieutenant colonel frost assumed command brigade units bridge casualties mounting supplies food ammunition running low request force surrender rejected frost decided fight day september brigade holding bridge split groups night germans managed infiltrate close separate positions east west bridge road movement subjected machine gun sniper fire constant mortar artillery attack added tanks self propelled guns approached defenders buildings opened fire point blank range brigade anti tank ammunition stop east pounders west proved effective day lieutenant killed later posthumously awarded victoria_cross bravery fighting bridge morning communications established frost asking reinforcements supplies informed division surrounded brigade frost later wounded command brigade assumed major reconnaissance squadron midday brigade position defenders withdrawn position nightfall holding darkness men tried unsuccessfully break dawn day left brigade forced surrender post war early 1st brought strength albeit mainly inexperienced replacements survivors 4th disbanded brigade detached 1st transported denmark occupation duties rest brigade remained britain reserve formation brigade 1st deployed norway return disbanded november remaining airborne division 6th went serve palestine april brigade command brigadier arrived palestine deployed internal security role replaced 6th reformed normal infantry formation disbandment brigade overseen final commander brigadier battalions 2nd england remainder british airborne forces disbanded march dismantled men leaving england 1st divisional headquarters airborne units leave palestine days british mandate ended brigade disbanded june battalions reformed renumbering 2nd 5th scottish parachute battalion 2nd 4th 6th 1st 7th light infantry finally july 2nd renumbered taking numbers wartime divisions | 1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2276_RealIrishRepublicanArmy | real referred new merger irish republican paramilitary organisation aims bring united ireland formed following split provisional members rejected year like provisional sees rightful successor original styles english irish illegal organisation designated terrorist organisation united_kingdom united_states formation waged campaign northern_ireland british_army largest active republican paramilitary groups operating british security forces targeted security forces gun attacks bombings grenades mortars rockets organisation responsible number bombings northern_ireland england goal causing economic harm disruption notable august bombing killed people bombing went began operations march claimed responsibility attack killed british soldiers killed northern_ireland real involved mainly alleged drug dealers organized crime gangs dublin particular accused engaging feuds gangs july reported small republican militant groups merging real group continues refer new group referred new press origins july provisional called october provisional general army convention held convention provisional general member person provisional executive denounced leadership called end group participation northern_ireland peace process backed partner fellow executive member leadership left isolated convention backed pro line october resigned executive members november held meeting farmhouse new organisation formed organisation attracted provisional members republican stronghold areas including dublin belfast cities real entered common usage members set told motorists real objectives objective united ireland forcing end british sovereignty northern_ireland use physical force organisation rejects mitchell principles good friday agreement comparing resulted partition ireland organisation aims uphold form irish opposes political settlement falls short irish unity independence sister hunger founder political wing said interview brother die cross border bodies executive powers die nationalists equal british citizens northern_ireland state adopted tactic bombing town centres damage economic infrastructure northern_ireland organisation attacks members security forces land mines home mortars car bombs targeted england devices car bombs spread terror disruption campaign early campaign organisation action attempted bombing county january intention explode car bomb thwarted bomb security forces continued campaign late february bombings organisation announced existence coded telephone belfast media claiming responsibility mortar attack police station carried attacks second attack august injured people caused million damage car bomb exploded despite attacks organisation lacked significant base heavily led series high profile arrests half involved death member shot dead trying escape police following attempted robbery security van county bombing august left car containing home explosives centre bombers find parking space near intended target courthouse car left metres away result inaccurate telephone warnings issued believed bomb actually located outside courthouse attempted establish security civilians clear area inadvertently pushed people closer actual location bomb shortly bomb exploded killing people injuring single deadliest strike troubles bombing caused major outcry world irish british governments introduced new legislation attempt destroy organisation came pressure provisional provisional members visited homes people connected ordered stop interfering provisional arms organisation intense pressure included forced home media named connection bombing called september following declaration began end october elected new leadership planning future direction late december irish government representative held meeting attempt convince refused stating members left attacks provisional began preparations renewed campaign members travelled split croatia purchase arms smuggled ireland october people arrested raided training camp near officers found firing range inside disused wine cellar underground bunker seized weapons including assault rifle gun semi automatic pistol rocket earlier version rocket possession provisional early time found possession paramilitary organisation ireland convicted bail possession loaded revolver home dublin return activity january issued arms statement statement condemned stated declares right irish people ownership ireland volunteers loyal unite uphold republic establish permanent national parliament representative people launched new campaign february attempted bombing bombers disturbed assembling device caused mass murder detonated according soldiers february rocket similar seized raid found near army base march men arrested following discovery home explosives searched cars april bomb attack took place barracks members lowered device consisting explosives perimeter fence ropes bomb subsequently exploded damaging fence bombings england bombing leadership unwilling launch scale campaign northern_ireland possibility civilians killed instead decided launch series attacks england particular london hoped attract provisional members join june bomb damaged hammersmith_bridge symbolic target irish republican paramilitary groups bridge targeted march provisional april july security forces carried controlled explosion bomb left broadway station public transport disrupted closed victoria train stations halted services london underground september rocket propelled grenade fired headquarters rocket generated headlines world february bomb disguised torch left outside base shepherd bush seriously injured year old cadet blinded hand blown second attack shepherd bush march bbc bombing injured civilian outside explosion captured bbc footage broadcast stations worldwide gained mass publicity group april bomb exploded postal office causing minor damage injuries weeks later second bomb exploded building causing slight injuries august bombing injured seven people november car bomb containing home explosives planted centre birmingham bomb fully detonate injured renewed campaign northern_ireland successful attack bridge encouraged leadership launch attacks northern_ireland june bomb found grounds home secretary state northern_ireland june bomb exploded dublin belfast railway line near village county explosion damaged tracks caused disruption train services july car bomb damaged buildings including station august attack thwarted van containing bomb failed stop police following car chase bombers escaped irish border carried controlled explosion bomb van found abandoned county september bombs planted army camp county planted wooden partially exploded soldier opened door second bomb found follow search safe bomb disposal experts november british_army prevented mortar attack stopping van near prevented attack january bomb found largest bomb found years according january attacked second time firing mortar perimeter fence mortar similar attack found near february british army bomb disposal experts safe mortar found april august bomb discovered car long stay car park belfast international airport following telephone warning safe controlled explosions bomb disposal experts december day security operation ended bomb found railway tracks bridge near operation began following number telephone warnings road railway line connecting closed security pipe bomb discovered police officer home january teenage boys injured county march bomb hidden traffic cone exploded march targeted member county bomb attached car failed explode august civilian worker killed explosion base man year old member person killed arrests despite renewed activity organisation weakened arrest key members continued arrested march charged membership illegal organisation directing terrorism custody july following arrests members british irish government sources hinted organisation disarray key figures jailed including convicted membership illegal organisation convicted cause bombing conviction overturned appeal april dublin jailed years membership search home list names home addresses members emergency response unit found members convicted connection bombing campaign england received sentences varying years years imprisonment october members imprisoned issued statement calling organisation stand month trial sentenced years imprisonment august convicted directing terrorism imprisonment claimed responsibility series attacks premises belfast november attack patrol march attributed august fire bomb attacks hit businesses county buildings belonging destroyed ones belonging badly damaged october large explosives found mount county police believe trying peace process bomb attack believe responsible failed mortar attack station december october report stated remains active dangerous seeks sustain position terrorist organisation stated intention calling declaration intent withdraw northern_ireland lengthy interview newspaper leadership provisional said coherent strategy real suspected murder december drug dealer martin shot dead dublin home carrying work house organisation embroiled feud gang time november members shot duty officer sat car bishop street causing injuries face arm november member shot members county february stated experiencing year period reorganisation intends war launching new offensive legitimate targets despite having apologised bombing denied large scale involvement attack said gone far seriously injured member trap bomb exploded underneath car near september shot man neck near border man targeted pipe bomb attack home october claim responsibility attack security forces believe responsible march claimed responsibility shooting shooting occurred outside barracks soldiers receiving pizza delivery soldiers killed soldiers injured april claimed responsibility carrying punishment shooting man awaiting sentencing year old girl blamed rioting area belfast july apprentice boys parade passing officers injured rioting shot fired police early november released report stating threat republicans level good friday agreement drug dealer shot dead north dublin september real emerged chief suspects suspected shooting dead drugs gang leader september october car bomb exploded outside branch police officers slightly injured blast damaged hotel businesses telephone warnings received hour prior blast allowing police area later claimed responsibility telephone large real explosives dump arms discovered october following weekend searches arrests east country addition real men charged dublin non jury membership illegal organisation real claimed responsibility kidnapping shooting dead members alleged drug dealing significant real arms explosives leading arrest dozen persons brother found guilty lithuania trying purchase arms explosives sentenced years jail october campbell freed appeal order june campbell maintained innocence accusing british intelligence attempting frame june arrested people real meeting uncovered massive haul plastic explosive raids dublin october real claimed responsibility executing alleged leading cocaine dealer north belfast present merger new july reported small republican militant groups merging real group continue refer issued following statement leadership remains committed ideals principles proclamation recent years establishment free independent ireland suffered setbacks failure leadership irish nationalism root cause conflict country nation right self determination addressed instead irish people sold peace rubber stamped token legislature non republicans subjected harassment arrest violence forces british crown interned direction english overlord britain chosen conflict mandate armed struggle derives britain denial fundamental right irish people national self determination sovereignty long britain denial national democratic rights ireland continue assert rights necessity armed struggle pursuit irish freedom avoided removal british military presence country armed militias declaration internationally observed details british political interference country merger media began refer group new alliance includes east group thought responsible killing officer belfast group badly wounded officer continuity group referred remain independent new group membership military activists backed associates november claimed responsibility shooting dead prison officer near prison officer killed september prominent real member shot dead dublin believed involved feud major crime gangs trying money following ryan death internal feud developed real ryan replacement leader associate shot wounded november allegedly orders northern leadership march prominent real member shot dead dublin men allegedly faction charged murder real membership february group sent seven letter bombs british_army recruitment offices south east england time republicans struck britain following month hit formed belfast civilian car hit debris injuries real claimed responsibility november armoured hit horizontal mortar belfast attacked rocket propelled grenade rpg april real bomb attacks exploded offices partially exploded perimeter fence base later men alleged associate real leader reportedly arrested explosives seizure police northern_ireland august exploded post van parked inside british military base home northern_ireland destroyed van set nearby vehicles fire halloween morning men arrested charged membership addition offences november vehicle belfast automatic gunfire fired christmas day police came fire injured attacker charged attempted murder days later november police came heavy fire officers wounded armour plating bullet proof glass real republican group suspected attack march prison officer heart attack died hospital received wounds following trap bomb van drive days earlier wounds received bombing directly responsible heart attack killed new claimed responsibility said response alleged republican prisoners added officer targeted trained prison officers april arrested significant members new seized april explosives linked new found dublin people questioned police new declared criminals legitimate targets brother shot dead april new blamed badly injuring man punishment shooting shortly man killed republican attack men shot paramilitary style attacks republican areas belfast hour period leaving injured dead april new member shot dead west dublin suspected shot dead believed provided safe house gunmen regency hotel attack people arrested northern_ireland following paramilitary funeral terrorist threat level great_britain upgraded substantial new continuing threats reason home secretary terrorist hide found civilians near possibly belonging new substantial june revealed man new hit team dublin north inner city looking murder leading associates shot dead feud sources said murder squad north spent days nights looking targets streets structure status command structure similar provisional seven member consisting chief staff general director training director operations director finance director publicity adjutant general rank file members operate active service units covert cells prevent organisation compromised june organisation believed maximum members according statement irish minister justice equality law reform political wing county sovereignty movement led distinct continuity provisional splinter group founded groups known operate local level provisional hostile issued threats members october alleged responsible fatal shooting belfast member according connor family county sovereignty movement member organisations called illegal law irish law held apply groups membership organisation sentence years imprisonment law united_states government designated foreign terrorist organization makes illegal americans provide material support requires american financial institutions freeze group assets denies suspected members united_states funding forbes magazine estimated group annual turnover million according police northern_ireland main sources real funding illegal fuel operations smuggling activities weaponry initially took small amounts provisional arms control provisional members including plastic explosive guns assault rifles timing devices senior provisional members gave ability manufacture home explosives improvised mortars including mark mortar capable firing shell organisation supplemented equipment arms croatia including military explosive model guns modified assault rifles folding stock rocket launchers july attempt second arms croatian police seized seven assault rifles ammunition packs members travelled slovakia arms caught sting operation british security agency men attempted purchase tonnes plastic explosives rocket propelled grenades wire guided missiles sniper rifles men county arrested subsequently imprisoned years pleading guilty cause explosions charges june number arrests following sting operation targeting republican gun smuggling plot attempted arms france including plastic explosives surface air missiles rocket launchers heavy machine guns sniper rifles pistols anti tank weapons june arrested found guilty following trial judge belfast october man sentenced years imprisonment attempting import weapons explosives sentenced years imprisonment making portuguese property available purpose terrorism | Real Irish Republican Army | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2326_2/2ndMachineGunBattalion(Australia) | 2nd machine gun battalion australia 2nd machine gun battalion infantry support unit volunteer raised service overseas second world war formed sydney personnel drawn states queensland new_south_wales battalion allocated completing training australia battalion operated middle_east early early seeing action german italian forces second battles undertaking garrison duties syria allied garrison established syria lebanon campaign early 2nd brought australia fight campaigns japanese came september battalion landed east new_guinea took advance secure town fell fortnight followed fighting peninsula saw battalion undertake amphibious landing actions withdrawn australia early machine gunners 2nd supported landings allied efforts recapture borneo war battalion disbanded february history formation training 2nd machine gun battalion machine gun battalions raised volunteer 2nd service overseas second world war infantry units equipped wheeled motor vehicles motor cycles tracked carriers machine gun battalions formed provide greater level support fire available ordinary infantry battalions developed british_army concept australian_army genesis machine guns assigned infantry battalions initially later grouped brigade level help compensate lack artillery support course war western concept evolved establishment machine gun companies machine gun battalions similar formations established australian light horse units serving palestine campaign inter war years machine gun battalions deemed unnecessary army reorganised raised army looked expand fears war europe units raised time militia converting light horse units second world war broke decision raise machine gun battalions 2nd allocated rate division 2nd machine gun battalion formed sydney new_south_wales formation battalion assigned 7th division 2nd second division infantry divisions militia time personnel recruited australian states queensland new_south_wales having served previously militia light horse regiments infantry battalions battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel previously commanded 1st light horse machine gun regiment nucleus trained personnel drawn regiment queensland based militia units colours chosen battalion unit colour patch gold black triangular shape border grey later changed following unit involvement fighting adopted geographic recruits basic training undertaken separately completing induction greater brisbane area undertaking theirs battalion finally concentrated new_south_wales late point unit establishment completed battalion structure finalised structured lines 2nd machine gun battalions consisted personnel organised headquarters element consisting signals anti aircraft administration machine gun companies equipped vickers machine guns total entire battalion machine gun companies normally numbered starting headquarters company company 2nd differed australian machine gun battalions designating light aid detachment electrical mechanical engineers attached period training battalion ready deploy overseas february unit embarked middle_east departing sydney aboard transport service middle_east arriving middle_east 2nd machine gun battalion conducted training palestine april transported battalion began year long period serving garrison role end period january battalion reassigned moved syria undertook garrison duty allied occupation force established syria lebanon campaign defend possible german attack came end late june 9th rushed help establish hasty defence line july battalion companies detached support individual australian brigades allied forces beginning year steadily pushed german italian forces fought desperately stop german advance east cairo supporting infantry battalions fighting early july battalion crews played significant roles turning attacks australian positions concert divisional artillery reported inflicted heavy casualties german italian soldiers later middle month supported attack 32nd infantry battalion commanded 2nd old commander right track end month offensive come halt followed battalion provided defensive fire depth positions october joined second allied counter attack launched second battle battles battalion heavily engaged company supporting composite force operating support 24th brigade casualties amounted killed wounded captured conclusion fighting 2nd machine gun battalion withdrawn early december remaining rest 9th division embarking queen mary australia late january final withdrawal australian ground units middle_east pacific fight japanese fighting new_guinea borneo return period leave followed battalion constituted queensland april battalion subsequently equipped reorganised prepare jungle warfare time drafts reinforcements received mainly drawn states south_australia western_australia changed demographics battalion personnel personnel drawn europeans living new_guinea finally battalion received orders deploy territory august 2nd arrived bay developed large allied base fighting previous year month garrison duties work parties battalion committed final actions campaign early september took landing 9th 7th divisions rushed secure town 9th landing east town battalion suffered casualties single japanese air attack overall battalion involvement advance resulted limited casualties personnel mainly stores equipment providing local defence fell sooner anticipated allies moved quickly consolidate secure late september initial landing company 2nd deployed company support 20th brigade initially company responsible defending australians advanced south japanese resistance intensified machine gunners began patrolling operations north west secured early october australians increased size force ashore landing 24th brigade rest 2nd machine gun battalion battalion formed main divisional reserve carrying tasks maintaining mobile reserve counter attack necessary november attacked machine guns company offensive role time campaign following fall elements battalion supported advance supporting subsequent advance australians followed retreating japanese december company detached support 20th brigade resumed lead marching mid january battalion remained new_guinea late february unloading ships embarking transport february relieved 5th withdrawn australia rest reorganisation short voyage 2nd disembarked brisbane early march total casualties sustained battalion new_guinea dead wounded long period relative inactivity subsequently followed result inter allied service politics saw army assume operations pacific future role australian forces pacific campaign time battalion based queensland virtually rebuilt having fallen strength personnel effects tropical diseases losses suffered previous campaign battalion transferred tropical war establishment period army wide reorganisation intended units jungle warfare result change battalion longer considered unit guns largely carried battlefield soldiers moving foot change battalion lost majority vehicles machine gunners embarked middle_east earlier previous year returned equipment british small number vehicles allocated battalion previous campaign new_guinea amounting proven insufficient maintain supplies organisation increased company headquarters equipped trailers provided machine gun company resupply represented total trailers battalion year battalion committed final campaign war joined fighting borneo company supported 26th brigade assault rest battalion supported landings short sharp campaign time addition normal close support role machine gunners infantry conducting extensive patrolling search japanese resulted number clashes conducting defensive tasks raiding parties number members battalion assist operation narrow gauge railway brought service maintain australian supply line early august dropping atomic bombs hiroshima brought war end battalion casualties campaign borneo totaled dead wounded casualties amounted soldiers killed wounded disbandment late august 2nd concentrated island tasked setting running reception camp released allied prisoners war prior late december camp finally closed following conclusion hostilities battalion personnel slowly transferred units repatriated australia january 2nd remaining personnel returned australia following month february unit disbanded course war total personnel served unit member author based content works including events witnessed serving battalion battalion lost men killed died active service wounded captured members battalion received following decorations distinguished conduct medal military medals mentions despatches war australian_army moved away machine gun battalion construct consequently similar units raised role support companies individual infantry battalions concept arguably misunderstood australian commanders war influenced decision away concept units established intent machine gun battalions provide highly mobile fire support largely applicable theatres principles open warfare applied focus australian_army combat operations shifted pacific machine gun battalions largely employed static defensive capacity short medium range targets tasks offensive fire support weapons employed provide long range fire support medium machine guns largely utilised manner light machine guns reasons identified concept limited use include distrust overhead fire commanders preference organic fire support attached sub units estimating difficulty transporting vickers guns jungle tendency ignore targets seen difficulties target acquisition dense jungle contributed commanding officers 2nd machine gun battalion commanded following officers lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel battle honours 2nd machine gun battalion awarded following battle honours north_africa defence line borneo | 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2401_SpecialBoatService | special forces unit united_kingdom special reconnaissance regiment form come joint control director special forces described naval special forces united_kingdom sister unit operational capabilities units broadly similar principal royal_navy contribution additional training equipment lead maritime amphibious environments units come operational command special forces undergo identical selection process enjoy significant training operations times armed conflict war required operate small parties enemy controlled territory operations nature require men courage high morale excellent tactical awareness knowledge special tactics simply knowing place unit self discipline ties intelligence reliability determination physically fit key skills men possess mental moral physical stamina principal roles surveillance reconnaissance including information reporting target acquisition including direction air strikes artillery naval gunfire designation precision guided munitions use integral weapons support influence including overseas training tasks provide immediate response military counter terrorism maritime counter terrorism teams trace origins second world war formed special boat section special boat squadron second world war 1980s manned ranks drawn royal marines carries role similar traditionally stronger focus amphibious operations training involves parachute exercises helicopter training boat training recruits chance earn licence squadrons general operations rotate known operates land recent operations mountains afghanistan iraq main tasks include intelligence gathering counter terrorism operations surveillance offensive action sabotage disruption enemy infrastructure capture specific individuals close protection senior politicians military personnel plus reconnaissance direct action foreign territory history second world war founded july commando officer commando recruit sent scotland unsuccessful initial attempts convince admiral fleet sir later admiral commander idea folding brigade effective decided infiltrate infantry anchored ship climbed aboard wrote initials door captain cabin stole deck gun cover presented cover group high ranking royal_navy officers meeting nearby hotel promoted captain given command men special boat service special boat section initially named type folding canoe employed raiding operations renamed special boat section early attached moved middle_east later worked 1st based alexandria carried beach reconnaissance rhodes evacuated troops left crete number small scale raids operations december returned united_kingdom formed attached section june took crete airfield raids september carried raid airfields island rhodes men returned destroying aircraft fuel dump numerous buildings surviving men hide countryside days reach waiting submarine rhodes raid absorbed casualties suffered april 1st divided men forming special boat squadron command moved trained operations later operated groups islands campaign took greek sacred band took successful raid july entire german garrison killed captured august joined operations adriatic albania finally effective men held german divisions war use special boat squadron instead retained special boat section accompanied major general ashore landings november later group based march carried beach reconnaissance landings raid crete moving ceylon work force later rest operating rivers burma campaign postwar commando disbanded functional title adopted school combined operations command missions palestine ordnance removal removal ships went serve korean war deployed operations north korean coast operating enemy lines destroying lines communication installations gathering intelligence korean war started operating submarines teams held combat readiness egypt case coup turned violent alerted crisis coup king libya cases action teams carried reconnaissance missions year iraq threatened invade kuwait time detachment came prominence members combined team atlantic_ocean bomb threat board cruise liner queen thorough search ship found evidence device drawing conclusion hoax special boat squadron changed relinquished north_sea oil rig protection invasion deployed losses war occurred operating lines members shot patrol mistaken renamed alongside gulf war amphibious role assigned area operations line drawn middle iraq operate west line east searching mobile area contained mass cable provided iraq intelligence location main junction miles baghdad january operators inserted helicopters squadron raf area iraqi ground air forces spies avoided destroyed yard section cable explosives destroying left iraqi communication grid carried high profile operations liberated kuwait helicopters embassy responsible carrying raids coast effect diverted number iraqi troops area operations away main thrust coalition build september involved operations small team landed drove hercules transport aircraft international airport 21st century september involved operation hostage rescue operation november extensive role invasion afghanistan involved vital phases invasion afghanistan small contingent secured prior deployment larger forces main staging area allied forces operation enduring freedom members helped quell prison revolt battle near november invasion iraq squadron involved fierce commended senior british officials men squadron sign zero travelled iraq surrender iraqi sign engaged fierce saw vehicles destroyed squadron escaped splitting men escaped syria squadron month tour early corporal operator attached killed iraqi insurgents house house search wanted high ranking terrorist compound october combat casualty iraq war active task force black squadron deployed baghdad task force month deployment mounted raids spring director british special forces deployments afghanistan responsibility iraq 22nd spring british military deployed troops southern afghanistan assigned lead supporting deployment main objective later british special forces units forces targeting leaders drug barons stick tactics june captain sources killed seriously injured ambush province southern afghanistan patrol arrested organisers ambushed large force vehicles destroyed team pursued insurgents rescued platoon supported british aircraft chaos separated main group bodies later found member awarded team killed leader province raid compound associates meeting september members italian commando rescued italian intelligence officers kidnapped near kidnapped days mission successful officers rescued killed february leader sub commanders travelling desert province ambushed killed unit dropped path helicopter february members took resulted seizure million heroin killing insurgents september joint team supported rescued times journalist captured july whilst carrying operation insurgents corporal killed heavy whilst clearing compound result actions operation awarded april attack operators cleared central location overlooking foreign february civil war bbc reported assisted evacuation oil workers flights hercules airfield near march small team attempted rescue hostages british italian held nigeria members terrorist organisation loyal hostages killed rescue attempt hostage reportedly killed captain serving killed bullets conducting operation suppress joint forces raid air support insurgents valley east ahead afghanistan elections present day organisation comment special forces matters little information exists public domain director special forces based barracks renamed reformed lines man troops instead traditional sections men time qualified personnel known swimmer experts swimming diving navigation demolition reconnaissance active squadrons reserve unit joined 1980s instead squadron tasked permanent role unit adopted system squadron rotation squadron example december squadron role called intercept squadron deployed afghanistan squadron squadron squadron squadron reserve provides individual augment regular forming independent teams candidates previous military experience eligible enlist located locations united_kingdom training carried recruitment selection training past staffed entirely volunteers taken branches volunteers predominantly come candidates wishing serve completed years regular service accepted completion selection process recently independent selection programme order qualify selection program integrated joint selection alongside candidates male members united_kingdom armed forces considered special forces selection historically majority candidates airborne forces background selections year winter summer instructors members loaded selection course candidate complete week course tests candidates physical fitness looks willingness conduct water borne operations course broken main parts selection continuation training selection phase hill phase weeks phase conducted designed select individuals suitable training initial weeks devoted gradual physical training progressive exercises designed develop physical navigational ability volunteers expected complete day course exercise high walk fan dance place day takes form escorted hill march approximately assessment marches additional time added weather conditions exercise high walk identifies individuals adequately prepared continue course training initial period directed preparing volunteers test week fourth final week test week consists timed marches conducted consecutive days followed final endurance march completed hours bergen weights carried test week increase endurance march addition rifle carried marches volunteers required pass swimming test consists high water entry water minutes followed immediately swim wearing test finishes underwater swim including small weight weeks pass phase undertake intensive period instruction assessment including weapons majority period spent jungle environment suitable training ideal achieve purpose phase training aimed discovering individual qualities continuation training consists tactical training temperate jungle environments lasts weeks conducted employment training weeks employment training consists surveillance reconnaissance training weeks army combat survival weeks parachute training weeks counter terrorist course weeks signals training week patrol training squadron induction training weeks week officers week potential officers end resistance interrogation phase surviving candidates transferred operational squadron accepted operational squadron candidates complete course course lasts months covers long distance open sea poor weather underwater maritime counter terrorism practised completing year probation reserve selection selection candidates previous military experience eligible enlist training carried candidates required complete following tests day initial selection course carrying hour minutes swim test stroke uniform retrieve object gym tests advanced carrying advanced carrying wear green commando cap badge | Special Boat Service | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2433_No.114MobileControlandReportingUnitRAAF | raaf royal_australian_air_force raaf radar surveillance air defence unit located controlled wing surveillance role prepare conduct sustain effective unit designated area responsibility unit formed world war deployed war seen service indonesia malaysia mid-1960s war afghanistan history world war formed mobile fighter sector headquarters new_south_wales command wing commander following month deployed new_guinea fighter wing operational june controlled radar stations raaf august moved fighter wing relinquished command october charge wing responsible controlling anti aircraft batteries air air japanese raiders unit renamed mobile fighter sector october registered kill october directed squadron intercept japanese tony fighter north east march fighter sector began wing charged coordinating air defence campaign renamed days later redesignated unit operational april controlled nos january withdrawn brisbane began preparations participate australian led liberation april complement officers men nos command embarked dutch_east_indies departed arriving main invasion force controlled fighter wing australian tactical air force operational island days landing addition regular duties temporarily took responsibility maintaining contact headquarters commands philippines equipment belonging raaf failed departure transport ship cold war rapidly reduced size following end war departed australia december wing arriving new_south_wales 14th wing control relocated august disbanding april established newly organised wing january remained non operational began training late prior anticipated renamed march relocated raaf stood independent unit november deployed malaya operational raaf base august took responsibility aerial surveillance ground controlled interception royal_air_force signals unit december directed sabre fighters nos squadrons canberra bombers squadron years emergency sent controllers attachment thailand squadron based september unit went hour operational support armed nos squadrons indonesia malaysia combat ensued having declared august transferred responsibilities september disbanded october unit reactivated raaf base queensland april employing hub cap automated air defence system utilised radar computer programs moved directly delivery hub cap system ordered delayed owing programming issues system physically larger heavier anticipated rendering easily upgraded radar system improving mobility tactical capabilities inaugurated subsequently july presented squadron standard non flying unit air_force receive honour standard displays battle honours pacific new_guinea borneo transferred june december retired september replaced radar detachment members deployed active service airfield southern afghanistan coordinate coalition combat air operations detachment returned australia august celebrated anniversary darwin marked years service radar november | No. 114 Mobile Control and Reporting Unit RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2524_49thBattalion(Australia) | infantry unit australian_army raised world war battalion fought western late disbanded early formed time unit based state queensland 1930s battalion merged couple times result manpower shortages early australia second world war 49th expanded following year deployed new_guinea undertake garrison duty following japan entry war 49th committed fighting early stages new_guinea campaign taking december took casualties suffered heavily disease battalion withdrawn australia early subsequently disbanded july majority personnel units post war period existing merged 25th battalion form 25th 49th battalion royal queensland regiment history world war originally formed february expansion volunteer took place failed world war expansion undertaken raising new division australia splitting battalions veteran 1st division egypt experienced personnel provide staff new battalions form 4th sent gallipoli late campaign remained intact formation assigned 13th brigade battalion drew staff total officers ranks 9th raised primarily volunteers state queensland thick fighting gallipoli having come ashore landing cove wave covering force provided officers ranks australia brought battalion strength battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel previously served 10th battalion authorised strength officers ranks forming battalion moved miles suez_canal undertook period training desert early june time infantry divisions based egypt transferred europe later joined undertook initial training australia preparations united_kingdom end year sailing transport 49th battalion landed france june moved line arriving june half years battalion fight numerous battles trenches western france belgium battalion significant action came taking efforts august early september conceived follow action advance line exploit developed line battle proved costly ultimately unsuccessful introduction western time committed early august suffered heavily german artillery second time succeeding capturing farm eventually pushed weight strong german counter attacks suffered heavy casualties making debut officers ranks killed wounded significant attacks rest year rotated number times firstly later conducted patrols raids periods rest training manual labour rear enduring harsh winter early new year germans withdrew kilometres broad plan lines free reserves brief advance followed australians followed opponents checked strongly prepared defences early april preliminary 13th brigade thrown attack 49th initially placed brigade reserve putting attack captured railway cutting line significant action came june transferred sector belgium large formed line june 49th joined advanced 13th brigade right past encountered german time german machine gun fire intense heavy casualties suffered initial attack particularly officers company commander killed end battle 49th suffered casualties inflicted artillery fallen german counterattack june fighting experienced late september follow actions success road australians belgium time undertook mainly defensive actions held positions line early moved south following collapse russia late germans able transfer large amounts equipment manpower eastern western subsequently launched spring offensive march falling southern flanks sector held british offensive initially succeeded driving allies late march germans closed vital australian divisions grouped transferred help blunt attack took positions april played significant german attack second battle words author 4th division faced strongest attack mounted australians war supported 45th vital counter attack late afternoon amidst heavy rain saved situation australians line penetrated german counterattack railway bridge west town suffered heavily losing officers ranks later month took second battle launching day attack successfully recaptured town lost previous day following attack german divisions german offensive halted brief period peaceful penetration operations carried allies sought regain initiative august allies launched offensive known days offensive ultimately brought end war took initial fighting attacking end month rotated rear following month commencing september 49th undertook final offensive action war forming divisional reserve attack outpost line efforts penetrate forward german main line shortly attack heavily depleted fighting withdrawn line rest reorganisation return armistice signed november subsequently disbanded process according australian war memorial course war lost men killed men wounded members unit received following awards distinguished service order orders british_empire military crosses bar seven distinguished conduct medals military medals bars service medals mentions despatches foreign awards unit received total battle honours bestowed inter war years inter war years focus australia defence planning primarily maintenance time military force known war years force existed alongside albeit largely paper process completed early reorganised mirror divisional structure forming infantry divisions cavalry divisions previously existing structures redesignated adopt numerical designations units possible units allocated geographical areas unit raised consequently reformed south east queensland 1st military district headquartered company sized detachments assigned 7th brigade formation newly raised battalion drew personnel 9th 52nd infantry regiments territorial titles adopted battalion assumed title adopted motto initially manpower maintained mixture voluntary compulsory service compulsory training scheme abolished newly elected government replaced volunteer militia economic hardships period resulted volunteers december 49th battalion strength fallen men ranks result early 49th battalion merged based 25th form 25th 49th battalion october amidst wide scale reorganisation militia battalions 49th amalgamated remained linked july reformed right australia second world war second world war initial stages war militia battalions primarily provide training called short periods continuous service scheme established january provisions defence act prevented sent overseas main focus australia combat effort volunteer 9th 49th split undertook concentrations early months beginning february firstly later tensions pacific grew possibility war japan likely measures taken improve defences islands australia north detachment soldiers 15th battalion sent port middle october year detachment transferred 49th march rest dispatched join detachment new_guinea strength officers ranks 49th occupied mainly digging defences training achieved largely rudimentary small detachment sent thursday island later 39th 53rd battalions joined 49th transferred 30th brigade troops high discipline described worst according australian war memorial japanese entered war december advanced south 49th found air attack track campaign troops joined hoc unit tasked conducting long range patrols prevent japanese cutting track rest battalion established standing patrols contact japanese combat role helped improve outlook soldiers morale improved preceding months battalion strength increased september strength officers ranks including draft officers posted experienced units august battalion continued expand october november time half personnel volunteered transfer training opportunities remained limited preparations send unit battle tide fighting turned allies joined fighting northern coast encircled position known road attacks launched early december break unit ended failure ammunition began run low supported 55th 53rd battalion thrown battle launching frontal assault early morning december attacking companies 49th suffered heavily came heavy machine gun fire sited concealed japanese positions course hours 49th lost cent assault force attack failed second attempt supported armour december failed break resulted casualties remainder month 49th remained actions confined mainly patrolling providing fire support neighbouring units defensive operations deployed nearly years personnel suffering illnesses malaria constant rain jungle conditions resulted increasing numbers non battle casualties battalion numbers early january relieved 9th battalion moved port air concentrating strength officers ranks period training rebuilding undertaken prepare battalion return early march ordered australia sailing transport disembarked period leave concentrated rest 30th brigade consisted 39th 3rd 22nd infantry battalions time government decided 30th brigade converted unit conduct period intense training sending new_guinea result personnel transferred late reducing 49th staff personnel june took brigade exercises early following month decision 30th brigade disbanded reinforce 6th division reinforcements sent specifically 16th 19th brigades consequently disbanded july remaining personnel transferred 1st infantry battalion went action fighting campaign 6th division late war casualties listed australian war memorial killed wounded majority suffered fighting author served new_guinea campaign figures listing casualties fighting officers ranks killed wounded ranks evacuated sick members battalion received following decorations involvement fighting new_guinea awarded battle honours majority involvement new_guinea campaign battalion commanded lieutenant colonel post war years war australia military rapidly formed time element established force recreated reduced scale room order battle initially conscription reintroduced form national service scheme saw influx manpower following year raised special conditions battalion catering training needs men eligible elected serve parade regularly lived civilian occupation held national service scheme ended december joined national service took immediate effect battalion significant personnel dropping approximately later able rebuild numbers extent strength officers ranks moved 7th brigade 6th brigade infantry battalion 49th battalion ready reserve battalion offering increased training opportunity normal reserve service scheme ended amalgamated 25th battalion 25th 49th battalion royal queensland regiment returned 7th brigade battle honours received following battle honours world war road albert france flanders egypt second world war south west pacific | 49th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2705_11thNewYorkInfantry | 11th 11th new york volunteer infantry regiment infantry regiment union_army early years american civil war regiment organized new_york_city regiment known unusual dress drill style colonel personal friend president abraham_lincoln drawn ranks city volunteer fire companies unit known alternately unit occupy territory confederate state captured alexandria virginia hours commonwealth union regiment suffered extensive casualties fighting henry house hill serving rear guard retreating union_army regiment later stationed near experienced little fighting sent new_york_city regiment mustered service june attempts light infantry regiment summer new involved suppressing new_york draft riots efforts failed transferred 17th new york veteran volunteer infantry regiment organization muster april president lincoln issued executive order calling ninety day forts places property seized union day lincoln wrote asking assistance raising regiment known president having assisted organizing campaign presidency received commission organize 11th day regiment common unknown stipulation included days service federal government years service state communicated men enlisted including 11th new_york military knowledge came lifetime studying military tactics history later colonel chicago achieved dream attending west_point gain needed sponsorship introduced famous french teachings fencing instructor french introduced drill team uniforms drill emulated french colonial troops algeria turned group renamed cadets national champion drill team national tour brought attention abraham_lincoln unit performed hundreds military drill movements muskets civil war proceeded new_york_city recruit regiment city volunteer fire companies stating want effective men country sleeping volcano washington want men fight days arrival awarded officer commissions volunteer fire companies began recruiting earnest days men answered selection desirable men cut number considered regiment strength state afford supply new troops successful raising regiment provide uniforms different models rifles provisions news media covered regiment formation work days possible men mustered service officers elected uniforms sunday afternoon efficient hardy soldiers handled gun start scene rebellion col arrived city thursday week friday called number principal men department saturday selected officers sunday mustered thousand men monday like regiments men 11th new_york fashioned uniforms typical standard ensemble union soldier service 11th new_york wore different style uniforms issued forming regiment second shortly initial uniforms purchased funds donated based design consisted light gray jackets style dark blue red trim gray trousers material blue stripe running tan leather gray uniforms wore red blue band received red blue military issue shirt went war wearing fire badge respective fire company contrary modern art prints war wearing belts paint second uniform issued quality materials fell apart men uniform issued federal government disgust men true style american style new uniform dark blue jacket red red sky blue inside red blue blue issued provide greater flair uniform dark blue issue red shirts dark blue trousers left jackets camp july heat retained blue red red blue banded number issued regiment regiment departed new_york_city april members reviewed general ambassador kentucky notable members city fire department soon marched streets escorted way received fire department large white flag measuring inches inches serve regimental colors wife presented unit flag unbeknownst regiment postponed departure comply army regulations commander knew allowed men unaware steamer baltic carried provisions quickly purchased day rations paying higher price hired boats catch steamer deliver baltic arrived maryland men boarded train washington men regiment broke frightened women meals pursued imagined returned new_york_city public antics continued arthur arrested found streets jailed steamer number jailed reached steamer embarked men banded regiment early action regiment arrived washington evening completed additional training performed picket duty district floor united_states house_of_representatives enlisted men took set mock session passing law house_of_representatives union manner liking embarrassing actions regiment included burning fences resulted letter brigadier general enlisted men removed sent new_york 11th new_york officially sworn federal service brig east unfinished capitol presence lincoln son personal secretary regiment opportunity apply experience firefighters asked help blaze hotel receiving word general commander dispatched men company attend fire soon entire regiment responded blaze having men scene claimed fire chief trumpet assumed command incident fire extinguished owner hotel invited regiment breakfast money collected providing days capitol men 11th new_york moved heights near camp lincoln allow easy transport virginia necessary miles capitol standard living men changed dramatically usual replaced beef dry bread coffee wrote butter week union regiment ordered assist occupation alexandria virginia directly washington regiment boarded baltimore transported landing alexandria guard 11th new_york enter virginia men met resistance moved streets landing members company captain sent railroad station major men company set secure telegraph office way spotted confederate flag atop inn flag seen weeks white_house visits lincoln group entered inn quickly cut flag encountered proprietor descended stairs jackson killed shotgun blast chest responded kind fatally shooting death regiment lieutenant colonel obvious choice command reluctant labeling responsibility appointment graded temporary commissioned regiment colonel remained rank command regardless popular choice enlisted men new_york enlisted wrote letter home great faith colonel having known long confidence esteem associates fully position occupies officers recruited approve caused small controversy resigning commissions regiment remained guard duty alexandria july orders received regiment brigade division brig march morning july regiment advanced intercept brig divisions advanced outside railroad junction virginia 11th new_york expected engage house july find pulled leaving place movements large scale battle civil war bull run major combat experience occurred morning july men begin march intercept confederate army plan day divisions colonel brig cross expected miles north camp poor scouting union chief engineer resulted mile march men entering battle morning march lead units engaged east ford artillery early dawn divided divisions sending north sweeping cover union right division engage divisions tyler engaged union left center hill divisions facing heavy resistance division 11th new_york called forward double quick observer commented 11th new_york looked like randomly running fire soldiers marching fight moved hill 11th new_york fought 1st minnesota volunteer infantry regiment battalion marines units ordered support batteries cannon federal right flank led 11th new_york 1st minnesota directed position henry house hill major chief artillery ordered assault confederate line initial confrontation 33rd left jackson line union confederate forces initially confused 11th new_york wearing colors shirts clad dark blue coats dark blue trousers fired volley took men marines broke ran men remained 11th new_york 1st minnesota road encountered confederate colonel stuart new retreating smoke quickly rode forward shouting don run boys seeing color bearer passing united_states flag realized mistake stuart ordered small band black horse cavalry led men charge right strike 11th rear guard 11th new_york saw coming shifted formations meet carter men 11th quickly killed riders wounded rest escaping woods charge little effect organization cavalry charge colonel wounded remained field aided colonel major 11th new_york 1st minnesota joined 14th brooklyn regiment took place union guns soon confusion erupted battlefield gunners confronted blue clad 33rd virginia major barry ordered hold fire allowing charge batteries capture guns 14th brooklyn able quickly retake guns union regiments supporting cannon unable withstand near constant barrage confederate artillery infantry fell road 11th new_york irish 14th brooklyn charge times effort retake griffin cannon attempt failed wild melee color killed colors lost officer 11th captain able recapture irish color handed grateful order withdraw field came later evening 11th new_york served rearguard retreat regiment saw heaviest casualties accounts battle differ sources list men lost men killed wounded missing presumed captured taken prisoner initially confined richmond september transferred south_carolina remained following august remaining members regiment sent new_york_city preparation obtain equipment replacements september ordered governor request secretary war simon cameron return virginia days cooked rations fort monroe tip morgan quick follow cameron days later cameron sent cable pleading update asking send indicated message 14th entry january places 11th new_york unit command brig march watched shore uss monitor virginia coast members regiment detailed nearby uss cumberland manned cannons forced abandon ship manpower depleted result injury disease regiment returned new_york_city mustered service june draft riots disbanding colonel received authority original regiment years regiment known light infantry required raise men effort failed authorization revoked june transferred colonel brien brien required raise men august september additional men november recruiting efforts hampered draft riot 11th new york regiment experienced hand july taken heavy toll union forces including new_york_city war dragged military manpower shortage occurred union congress passed conscription act united_states history march authorizing president draft male citizens ages year term military service initially intended express anger draft protests deteriorated virtual racial numbers blacks murdered streets conditions city major general stated july martial law ought proclaimed sufficient force enforce states militias federal troops attached including newly reorganized 11th new_york dispatched quell riots regiments utilized included new_york 26th michigan 27th indiana 7th arrived frederick maryland forced march addition new_york governor sent regiments new_york state militia section 20th artillery height violence colonel brien commanding officer seized mob beaten killed wake riots reorganization produced recruits stalled october reorganization discontinued men enlisted transferred 17th aftermath legacy limited intense combat experience regiment saw members killed including officers enlisted men regiment commander colonel conspicuous casualty civil war private soldier civil war awarded medal honor actions killing col murderer following death remember union rallying cries 44th new york volunteer infantry regiment raised known people regiment commonly command lieutenant 11th new_york apart died battle wounds officers enlisted men succumbed disease including second colonel died result wounds sustained bull run bout total men 11th died course war flag gave life taken presented republic flag carried regiment war afterward maintained post headquarters added war flag collection memorial hall west_point historian argued fame surrounds 11th new_york time service 11th new york regiment saw little fighting compared known regiments new_york 20th maine 28th massachusetts 11th new_york overshadowed new_york known second fire fought addition failed consider new_york_city fire companies troops drawn competed sought firefighters exist created joined regiment respect 11th new_york different regiments gallery | 11th New York Infantry | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
2937_No.82WingRAAF | wing raaf wing strike reconnaissance wing royal_australian_air_force raaf headquartered queensland coming control wing operates fighters forward air control aircraft units include nos squadrons operating squadron operating formed august wing operated heavy bombers theatre world war initially comprising flying units nos squadrons wing augmented squadron war operational units nos squadrons equipped jets types saw action emergency 1950s deployed vietnam war stop gap pending delivery long delayed swing wing bomber nos squadrons flew leased squadron continued fly disbanded taking delivery nos squadrons operated type years numerous upgrades augmented mid-1990s models forward air control unit joined wing wing retired replaced interim force planned entry australian service lightning joint strike fighter boeing scheduled augment fleet history world war heavy bomber wing raaf wing formed victoria august command group captain squadrons equipped wing operational january time headquartered came control raaf nwa based airfield wing aircraft sank seven japanese ships dutch_east_indies march april available joined wing assault japanese convoy included cruiser anti aircraft fire cruiser ships attacks enemy fighters resulted loss crews standard aerial gunnery criticised allied submarines sank damaged following day later month squadron having recently converted added wing strength wing flying squadrons identified black tail fins aircraft facing backwards downwards forwards bombers wing played tactical strategic role beginning lead operation invasion month detachment relocated attacking targets prior operation invasion june final allied offensive borneo campaign got way operation remainder wing transferred nwa command australian tactical air force middle month wing dropped tons bombs oil fields surrounding areas coastal defence sites july bombed targets borneo losing month including new commanding officer group captain died crew hit anti aircraft fire sea risky operation owing fuselage tendency break striking water end hostilities pacific recently established garrison headquarters group unofficially directed wing operations following japanese surrender september wing converted transports raaf personnel course wartime existence wing personnel numbered half ground crew flying squadrons complement included repair unit medical clearing station cold war wing moved present location queensland came control raaf year maintenance squadron formed repair unit responsible repair wing aircraft flying complement included nos wing squadrons renumbered nos squadrons respectively february time wartime replaced heavy bombers specially modified advanced radar instrumentation participate joint program royal_air_force gathering long range navigation bombing data use potential air campaigns soviet_union years control composite wing squadron deployed service tasked prime responsibility commonwealth bombing campaign communist insurgents arrangement meant wing flying units reduced nos squadrons wing flew observation flights connection british atomic tests australia protective clothing issued air ground crews flights following second operation october involved found contaminated heavily parked remote corner air base flown april wing wrote loss life separate incidents collectively known black thursday crashed landing day night lincoln collided queensland december wing took delivery raaf jet bomber equipped wing squadrons years new bombers acquired partly capacity deliver nuclear weapons ordnance option raaf seriously investigated implemented following nos squadrons canberra lincoln conversion flight formed july wing provide training older bomber crews preparing deploy malaya service squadron disbanded march squadron relieved squadron malaya january bomber operational conversion unit established control wing role convert pilots canberra train operations bomber squadrons wing slated possible bombing reconnaissance tasks indonesian forces little publicised plan effect indonesia malaysia combat ensued squadron saw extensive action vietnam war control 35th tactical fighter wing flew sorties delivered pounds bombs loss aircraft enemy action gained high reputation accuracy independent wing april sole purpose disbandment june supply trained crews squadron vietnam nos squadrons effectively ceased operations crews underwent conversion swing wing bomber expected enter service soon interim measure pending delayed delivery nos squadrons flew leased squadron continued operate canberra mainly aerial survey work australia indonesia disbanding air_force retained option purchase program cancelled sophisticated aircraft phantom significant advance canberra highly regarded raaf crews june wing group captain led land gala occasion attended deputy prime minister minister defence chief air staff air vice marshal large media contingent read ordered operate great caution initially limits controversial aircraft suffer greater damage reputation early attrition year career wing underwent numerous upgrades including red laser guided precision weapons targeting system anti shipping missiles advanced digital roles wing squadron lead strike unit squadron primarily tasked providing crew conversion training squadron responsible reconnaissance missions specially modified aircraft transferred squadron flew leased survey work raaf original order lost accidents replaced upgraded models order placed augment force models operated squadron wing awarded duke proficient raaf unit success introducing minimal additional staff official history post war air_force described region pre eminent strike aircraft raaf important acquisition closest bombers came anger australian led intervention september squadrons deployed support international forces remained december september began arrive aircraft maintained high level readiness conduct reconnaissance flights air strikes situation deteriorated happened encounter significant resistance operations limited reconnaissance november december squadron merged aircraft depot form wing march squadron completed disbandment june year raaf air force operating retired type performed maintenance contract february wing came control newly established formed merging reorganisation altered wing responsibilities transferred lead training wing new_south_wales wing charge strike capability wing fighters based wing role reiterated precision strike reconnaissance flying added strength merger designed position air_force replace single joint strike fighter australian government decided retire acquire interim replacement pending arrival lightning development fleet considered risk fatigue issues expensive operate aircraft required hours maintenance hour flying time wing began retired december year combined july form squadron following year wing home flight responsible training personnel operate raaf aerial vehicles based afghanistan air_force acquired based australia operated flight year expected enter australian service raaf hoped able sell low kilometres clock depend delivery replacement april flight transferred wing surveillance wing following month federal government announced plans purchase supplement fleet squadron expected begin taking delivery point transferred squadron | No. 82 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3016_No.76WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing operated world war initially based headquarters transferred darwin september control units nos squadrons prime task squadrons theatre conducted operations far philippines china wing flew bombing patrol transport missions dropped millions propaganda closing months war wing headquarters disbanded november history wing headquarters established queensland january moved mid month led wing commander transferred darwin september coordinate control operations nos squadrons squadrons equipped flying boats nicknamed black cats based wing headquarters formed darwin august operating darwin march missions carried raaf past year credited successfully disrupting enemy shipping smaller operating hours conventional bombing considered profitable wing squadrons work relatively slow susceptible enemy fighter attack loss rate sorties addition flying squadrons wing controlled units located darwin squadron based bay squadrons expected carry total missions month darwin weeks operation september accomplished mining targets java october able use recently liberated island forward base operations december squadron augmented squadron based new south wales mined manila bay japanese shipping supporting allied landing taking place day flying successfully dropped mines heavily defended target area loss number returned base limit fuel reserves early weather darwin reduced number missions flown wing night april kept watch japanese cruiser subsequently struck allied bombers sunk submarines month mined hong_kong harbour targets coast mainland china flying sixteen hours mission undertook raaf northerly operation pacific war month leader squadron took command wing june reinforced detachment squadron wing flew mining bombing missions support forthcoming operation concentrated mining approaches harbour bombed airfields java concert raaf combined lead raid japanese airfields threaten cases bombing target clock night day allies decision raaf operations areas south china june onwards number worthwhile targets reduced sorties month number carried wing missions war took place july final months japanese surrender delivered propaganda dutch_east_indies dropping million june wing squadrons remained darwin immediate aftermath war conducting routine patrols transporting supplies medicine prisoners war assisting australian personnel november reorganisation raaf units darwin wing headquarters given orders non operational november officially dissolved days later squadron disbanded month nos squadrons transferred disbanded | No. 76 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3161_Einsatzgruppen | german task forces deployment groups singular official und des paramilitary death squads nazi germany responsible mass killings primarily shooting world war involved murder cultural elite poland integral role implementation called final solution jewish question die der territories conquered nazi_germany people killed civilians beginning swiftly progressing soviet political jews eastern_europe direction supervision operated territories occupied german armed forces following invasion poland september invasion soviet_union june worked hand hand eastern carry operations ranging murder people operations lasted days massacre jews killed days massacre killed days shooting ordered nazi leader adolf_hitler provided logistical support operations estimates related auxiliary troops killed million people including million jews total number jews murdered holocaust estimated million people close world war senior leaders prosecuted charged crimes humanity war crimes fourteen death sentences life sentences handed additional leaders later tried executed nations formed direction operated world war origins hoc formed secure government buildings documents following austria march originally units stationed october military action turned necessary assigned government papers police documents secured government buildings questioned senior civil servants arrested czech communists german citizens september overall command drive remove undesirable elements german population september december took action programme systematic murder physically mentally handicapped psychiatric hospital patients undertaken nazi regime action mainly took place continued end war initially victims shot gas chambers use spring response und adolf hitler plan invade poland formed travel wake german armies membership point drawn police placed command chose leaders task forces called educated people military experience previously members paramilitary groups numbering men point mission forceful polish people elimination groups clearly identified polish national identity members clergy teachers members nobility stated hitler polish leaders polish leaders exist killed harsh sounds lists people killed drawn early performed murders support paramilitary group consisting ethnic germans living poland members order police shot civilians polish campaign approximately civilians killed end addition leaders polish society killed jews prostitutes people mentally ill psychiatric patients poland initially killed shooting spring gas widely battalion strength operated poland subdivided company strength commanded acted 14th army acted 10th army iii und acted 8th army acted acted acted vii acted formally command army received orders directly acted independently army senior army officers glad leave actions task forces killings violated rules warfare set geneva conventions hitler decreed army tolerate offer logistical support possible army commanders complained looting committed members little effect example sent memorandum complaint hitler atrocities hitler dismissed concerns relieved post continued serve army received promotion field marshal final task poland round remaining jews concentrate major cities good railway connections intention eventually remove jews poland point final destination determined drove tens thousands jews eastward soviet controlled territory march lead planned invasion soviet_union hitler dictated guidelines special spheres directive sub specified given special tasks direct orders carry independently directive intended prevent friction upcoming offensive hitler specified criminal acts civilians members upcoming campaign prosecuted military courts speech leading generals march hitler described envisioned war soviet_union general army chief staff described speech struggle scathing evaluation equals communism immense future danger fight finish accept shall beat enemy thirty years shall confront communist foe don war preserve enemy struggle russia communist personnel criminals treated struggle differ west east means future general record mention jews german historian argued hitler frequent contemporary statements coming war generals understood hitler destruction soviet_union comprising destruction jewish population genocide described special tasks executive measures victims described having shot trying escape verbally passed order kill soviet jews commanders reorganised trained spring general successfully completed negotiations operation german_army allow implementation special tasks following agreement april field marshal von ordered began german_army commanders immediately identify register jews occupied areas soviet_union fully operate meetings held june outlined leaders regime intention reduce population soviet_union million people direct killing considered racially inferior remainder food life organisation starting initially created numbering men comprise total force attached centre south assigned operated eastern poland starting july control headed later successor gave mandate secure offices papers soviet state communist_party higher soviet state encourage jewish populations men recruited operational control area operations general wagner agreed line areas operate army command army provided necessary logistical support acted orders supplied security forces needed basis local police leaders led officers included recruits augmented volunteers local auxiliary police force supplemented reserve battalion support personnel drivers radio operators average formations larger better armed heavy machine gun detachments enabled carry operations capability death squad followed assigned army group advanced soviet_union course operations commanders received assistance activities ranged murder targeted groups individuals named carefully prepared lists joint city wide operations lasted days battalion reinforced local auxiliary police brigades wrote historian thin cutting edge german units involved political racial mass murder leaders highly educated example seventeen leaders held doctorate degrees commanded holders held double doctorate additional created additional territory conquered operated croatia commanders lastly unit subdivided located worked operated romania hungary ukraine commanded assigned slovakia worked alongside 5th 6th armies offensive previously command greece included operated border austria yugoslavia norway commanded yugoslavia august lithuania poland commanded killings soviet_union invasion soviet_union june main assignment kill civilians poland time targets specifically included soviet communist_party jews letter dated july communicated police leaders execute senior middle ranking officials senior middle ranking members central provincial district committees communist_party radical communist_party members people jews party government posts open ended instructions given execute radical elements assassins etc instructed spontaneously initiated occupants conquered territories quietly encouraged july announced jews regarded partisans gave order male jews ages shot july ordered kill prisoners war plus prisoners war georgia jews unlike germany laws defined jewish jewish grandparents defined jewish jewish case person practised religion irrelevant unit assigned people mentally ill common practice shoot hostages invasion began germans pursued fleeing leaving security vacuum reports surfaced soviet guerrilla activity area local jews immediately suspected collaboration ordered officers anti jewish newly occupied territories orchestrated broke lithuania ukraine weeks led deaths jews end taken place claiming victims commander reported superiors mid october residents spontaneously starting secret assistance germans required similar noted russia ukraine east travelled likely residents prompted killing jewish neighbours main took mass early days war initially targets adult jewish men august net widened include women children elderly entire jewish population initially legality given charges read arson sabotage black refusal work example victims killed firing squad method proved slow began victims larger groups shot inside mass graves prepared started use automatic weapons survivors killed pistol shot word got jews fled ukraine cent jews ran away seen leader beneficial save regime costs victims east areas invasion successful insufficient forces immediately kill jews conquered territories situation report september noted jews members apparatus suggested total elimination negative impact economy food supply nazis began round victims concentration camps rural districts rendered free jews jewish councils set major cities forced labour gangs established use jews slave labour totally eliminated goal postponed public terror tactic local population report dated october described hanging suspected partisan activity near male residents aged camp screened screening produced seventeen people identified partisans communists members group hanged local residents assembled watch rest shot largest mass shooting took place september northwest city ukraine fallen germans september perpetrators included company attached members ukrainian auxiliary police jews told report certain street corner september shot word areas reached assembly point near train station assumed deported people showed rendezvous point large numbers laden possessions food journey marched miles north west city centre victims encountered barbed wire barrier numerous ukrainian police german troops thirty people time told leave possessions escorted narrow lined soldiers clubs tried escape beaten soon victims reached open area forced strip people forced lie rows bodies victims shot head neck members execution squads murders continued days claiming total victims sand bodies sides bring material member later testified days later people alive corpses spent days helping smooth millions taken victims possessions clothing taken away destined german citizens troops shot jews end october killings baltic states operated soviet occupied baltic states estonia lithuania according reports killed people months following invasion jews communists people mental illnesses partisans poles armenian reported killed june november entering lithuania june released criminals local jail encouraged join underway june jews killed streets nearby open pits ditches particularly active called death dealer young man murdered jews garage large crowd killing applause occasionally play lithuanian national anthem resuming killings advanced lithuania actively recruited local nationalists groups july members movement joined early july killed jews nationalist supporters undertook campaign arson july commander appointed head men university students killed jews july months men kill half jewish population local officials auxiliary police played key role rounding groups helped killing units quickly identify jews consisting auxiliary police organised germans recruited police officers members university students assisted murder jewish citizens similar units created provided manpower holocaust eastern_europe creation units lithuania attacks changed spontaneous mob violence systematic extensive local help attempt systematically jews area historian wrote roughly jews fell german hands survived western jews sent lived liberation highest percentage europe late settled headquarters grew mobile faced problems small size germans relied increasingly similar groups perform jews extensive enthusiastic collaboration attributed factors russian revolution experienced political culture violence period soviet rule profoundly traumatic residents baltic states areas poland population imposed soviet rule existing familiar structures society destroyed notes survived sense society seeking communism result time german invasion come regime socially acceptable behaviour people simply transferred allegiance german regime arrived collaborated soviet regime sought divert attention naming jews collaborators killing november dissatisfied pace intended jews germany area assigned perpetrators massacre selected site kilometres southeast near railway station russian prisoners war prepare site digging pits bury victims organised men including members german men guards participated mass killings civilians troops supplemented including members city police battalion police guards able bodied jews spared execution slave labour exploited thousand men relocated area women temporarily housed prison later moved separate nearby work uniforms rail line decided victims travel foot execution ground trucks buses arranged carry children elderly victims told relocated advised bring kilograms possessions day executions november began perpetrators assembling victims victims moved columns thousand people execution ground walked men went line shooting people pace tried run away rest columns neared prepared execution site victims driven metres road forest possessions abandoned seized victims split groups taken deeper forest near pits ordered strip victims driven prepared trenches lie shot head neck members bodyguard jews killed pits day thousand jews berlin arrived train second day operation december remaining jews killed way thousand killed streets city way site bringing total deaths day people organising massacre promoted leader second sweep immediately follow example systematically killing jews areas commanders exception opinion fall impossible kill entire jewish population soviet_union sweep thought killings stop report dated september advised germans better skilled jews labourers shooting areas poor weather lack transportation led jews points west interval passed round summer fall american historian called second sweep started december lasted summer interval surviving jews forced murdered jews area shifted operations assist february reduced city jewish population course days local collaborators provided extra manpower needed perform wrote baltic states germans killed jews quickly local help points ratio ukraine rural areas proportion meant ukrainian jews killed fellow commanded german officers germans second wave soviet_union met armed resistance areas chance success poor weapons typically primitive home communications impossible cities way create unified strategy leadership supported resistance fear residents mass break outs attempted survival forest nearly impossible lack food fact tracked killed transition time found killing methods inefficient costly troops kill victims quickly troops found difficult impossible perform perpetrators suffered physical mental health problems turned drink possible leaders genocide historian notes attempt collective act individual responsibility framing way psychologically sufficient feel guilt notes categories potential perpetrators eager participate right start participated spite moral ordered significant minority refused men spontaneously excessively brutal killing methods zeal task commander particularly noted excess ordered man eager participate brutal perform executions visit august witnessed mass execution hand concluded shooting jews men november arrangements men suffering ill health having participated executions provided rest mental health care decided transition victims especially women children ordered recruitment native assist murders gas previously kill mental patients began service main gas popular removing dead bodies van burying horrible ordeal prisoners assigned task spare men trauma early mass killings camps carbon produced diesel engines similar method gas early september experiments begun based gas plans total jewish population europe million people conference held january worked death rest killed implementation final solution jewish question german der permanent killing centres nazi camps replaced mobile death squads primary method mass killing remained active work fighting partisans particularly fall february realised germany likely lose war ordered formation special task force unit assignment visit mass graves eastern bodies burn attempt cover genocide task remained unfinished end war mass graves remain unmarked begun push german forces eastern_europe retreated alongside late personnel folded combat units transferred permanent death camps estimates related agencies killed million people including million jews total number jews murdered war estimated million people plans middle_east britain according research german historians created kill half million jews living jews egypt standing athens prepared palestine german forces arrived lead unit given small staff men needed help local residents complete assignment members planned enlist collaborators local population perform killings german leadership iraqi prime minister jerusalem played roles engaging radio propaganda preparing recruit volunteers raising arab german battalion follow middle_east commander promised operation corps assignments agreement signed july groups promised logistical support serve command group left greece plans set aside allied victory battle operation sea lion german plan invasion united_kingdom launched scheduled follow invasion force britain provided list called die special search list known black book war people immediately imprisoned list included churchill members cabinet prominent journalists authors members government exile report kept official records provided detailed reports superiors report filed commander december superior head covers activities lithuania month period july november report provides daily running total people vast majority jews report documents exact date place number victims breakdown categories jews communists criminals women shot beginning initially fewer numbers men children included tally starting mid august people murdered august report military justification killings people killed solely jews total report lists executions different locations wrote state today goal solving jewish problem lithuania reached jews lithuania apart working jews families february report increased total number victims giving breakdown men women children victims non jewish escaped capture allies war ended lived report discovered march arrested charged committed suicide june prison awaiting trial crimes involvement killings took place knowledge support german_army east october field marshal drafted order read eastern known read important objective campaign jewish system complete destruction sources power influence european civilization eastern theatre soldier man fighting accordance rules art war ruthless standard bearer national conception reason soldier learn fully appreciate necessity severe retribution species field marshal von army group south expressed complete agreement order sent circular generals command urging release versions impress troops need jews general order troops november stated jewish system sent letter commanding officer complaining unfair keeping murdered jews instead sharing army trivial complaint army worked closely effectively july reported armed forces surprisingly welcome hostility jews september reported relations german_army excellent month wrote operating relations commanded general close south worked closely massacre ukrainian jews killing jews massacre german historian thinks probable jews killed native population july people home germany idea committed british historian noted forbidden photographs killings common men pictures send loved ones felt suggested widespread approval tried justify considerable involvement anti partisan operations racist attacks wrote excuse states german generals claimed necessary anti partisan response lying maintained slaughter million civilians reasons racist ideology justified trial close world war senior leaders prosecuted held united_states military authority men charged crimes humanity war crimes membership declared criminal organization fourteen death sentences life sentences executions carried june rest reduced lesser sentences additional leaders later tried executed nations leaders including claimed trial received order requiring murder soviet jews date evidence found order issued german prosecutor noted order given post war courts able convict leaders mass murder established committed mass murder orders convicted perpetrators mass murder received sentences including capital punishment existence early comprehensive order created use defence theory widely accepted historians notes orders received leaders especially ordered carry criminal activities vague terminology specific meaning members regime leaders given need severe firm jews viewed potential enemies dealt british historian sir argues hitler apocalyptic remarks necessity war mercy forces interpreted commanders permission encouragement engage extreme violence commander use discretion far prepared perpetrators nazi war crimes charged returned civilian life charged members war crimes time went difficult obtain witnesses grew older likely able offer valuable testimony funding trials inadequate governments austria germany interested obtaining convictions wartime events preferring forget nazi past books journal articles online sources | Einsatzgruppen | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3163_69Squadron(Israel) | squadron israel squadron israeli air force squadron operating formed july operate flying fortresses fledgling acquired united_states squadron flew type credited realm modern aerial warfare arab israeli war crisis disbanded early squadron reformed fly phantom squadron operated phantom known israel years saw extensive action war attrition war lebanon war numerous engagements squadron played central role suppression enemy air defences efforts took repeated battles egyptian syrian air defence squadron retired reformed shortly operate described long range heavy bombing element israeli air power squadron reputed carried operation orchard september nuclear site syria formation years israeli war independence early upcoming end palestine confrontation israel arab neighbors leadership embarked worldwide effort purchase weapons despite american arms israeli acquisition agents managed purchase commercial flying fortresses assembled miami departed city june followed day later way puerto_rico atlantic azores czechoslovakia arrived june june story press fourth plane crew barely managed fbi azores portuguese authorities missing bomb sights oxygen systems defensive weapons squadron operate time referred program took shape navigator missions europe assigned command squadron staffed international crew world war veterans volunteered fight israel sailor trade flying recalled mission given new markings armament altered lead enemy believe israel possessed entire squadron type july fighting raging israel suffering raids departed israel ill equipped bombers tasked bombing egyptian targets route flying south adriatic near crete bombers separated taking fortress oxygen system proper sight bomb royal palace cairo heading base successfully bombed palace failed locate target bombed instead landed evening aircraft action day hitting base missed previous night deemed vulnerable egyptian attacks aircraft landed house squadron remainder war following days came effect july fortresses struck fronts attacking raising average bomb load sortie sortie sortie credited realm modern aerial warfare save single mission bombers support operation july combat operations ceased october months saw unit august received official designation squadron command squadron spent truce training qualifying new airmen veteran aircraft fighting resumed october operation aimed breaking egyptian siege week flew sorties egyptian targets missions flown trio pair maximize defensive firepower squadron escorts enemy fighters encountered late october number sorties flown upper support operation left israeli held territory november routinely returned bomb known pocket town nonetheless hold end war december israel launched major offensive war finally defeat egyptian expeditionary force expel borders mandatory palestine squadron flew support israeli efforts south targeting air base squadron revisited prevent egyptian sortie pocket new year day flew failed attempt bomb egyptian navy flotilla shelled squadron flew missions war early morning january having evaded egyptian occasions participating bombers hit rendering postwar end arab israeli war majority volunteer airmen returned home squadron went period reorganization english speaking outfit transformed hebrew speaking unit training stepped qualify vacated positions squadron settled peacetime routine conducting bombing cloud tests participating exercises undergoing major changes early squadron relocated october squadron moved time december joined acquired guarantee supply town israel southern aircraft low soon withdrawn service squadron operations march squadron handed squadron soon retired continued operate crisis growing diplomatic tensions middle_east tensions soon resulted resurrection squadron april issued order squadron commanding officer squadron soon tasked mission search rescue operations delivery flights france israel reformed squadron began training personnel aircraft possible hostilities israel purchased jet fighters room new arrivals september ordered squadron send aircraft storage changed status reserve october aircraft stored later israeli weeks later october activated squadron fortresses left storage facility time hostilities commenced october squadron flown single training sortie fighting began crews ready battle israeli engined aircraft flew missions days war october squadron received order bomb support operations arriving target early november aircraft tell location friendly troops able communicate forces ground forced dump bomb loads mediterranean action following night attack retreating egyptian forces repeat previous night lack communications israeli forces operating area prevented strike bombers dropped loads outskirts threat egyptian air power curtailed anglo french strikes egyptian air bases began flying daylight operations november squadron supported israeli push southern tip aircraft bombed local barracks met effective anti aircraft fire damaged lead aircraft damaged aircraft managed return david returned storage aircraft available final combat sorties failed strike november squadron flown total sorties war dropped tons bombs conclusion hostilities squadron continued training november moved flew sorties january survey soon sent storage squadron finally disbanded march initially slated operate heavy bomber plans dropped favour squadron flying phantom war attrition squadron reactivated november headed major year earlier israel ordered equip squadrons airmen spent march august training tactical training wing george air force base included squadron airmen return israel midst war attrition squadron airmen flew training combat missions squadron squadron mission november shot egyptian score phantom aerial victory squadron finally received aircraft november peace echo batch arrive israel far aircraft required achieve certification november led squadron debut operational mission combat air patrol cap air ground mission came days later struck egyptian battery near busy forming receiving new aircraft training qualifying fresh airmen squadron soon taking increasingly large ongoing battles egyptian air defences suez_canal launched operation targets egyptian january squadron forefront fighting february pilot navigator downed egyptian air force operations conducted deter syria fight conducting low level runs damascus january major syrian cities january squadron suffered combat loss april shot syrian prisoners war israeli aerial supremacy prompted egypt turn ussr assistance spring entire soviet air defence division deployed egypt soviet presence spelled end egypt regained initiative rolling air defence array suez_canal sought advances renewed campaign squadron saw repeated action egyptian air defences related infrastructure egyptian soon toll attackers falling egyptian captivity june fate shared july electronic pods soon rushed israel proved partially effective surface air missiles july attempted fly close pod formations thought maximize effect pods lose squadron leader injured forced crash land badly damaged aircraft campaign halted possessed operational answer massive air defence array forming west canal enjoyed supremacy air air arena july squadron took operation ruse designed draw soviet flown battle ensuing soviet fighters downed shot securing clear advantage able claim military achievements american pressure soon bore fruit marking end war came effect august reconnaissance round arab israeli conflict deemed mere matter time peacetime saw squadron engaged developing new tactics weapons renewed reconnaissance efforts new weapons introduced role september flew strike egyptian battery following downing israeli reconnaissance ordered reconnaissance variant phantom slated delivery squadron modified early role removing cannons replacing cameras joined pair loaned american operation squadron received early squadron transitioned specialized high altitude photography squadron adopted low altitude photography mission reconnaissance northern syria september triggered large scale clash air forces resulting downing syrian hands squadron loss single israeli iii war experienced trained squadron entered war challenges brought start war prior outbreak war preparing pre strike egyptian syrian positions rejected israeli government squadron aircraft process armament air air role hostilities began october aircraft perform caps having dump bomb loads mediterranean aerial opposition encountered squadron flew sorties day war strike missions aircraft suffered damage morning saw squadron participate operation offensive egyptian air defences began strikes egyptian air bases seven led squadron leader struck air base defending shot strike failed cause significant damage quickly discontinued dire situation apparent squadron efforts north staged ill fated operation flying outdated intelligence electronic screening mobile sam batteries heavy lost including squadron killed evening saw appeals help southern leading squadron fly strike missions egyptian bridges assembly point suez_canal phantom lost surface air missiles crew falling captivity aircraft lost following day october lost successful morning strike syrian air base crew captured lost night strikes egyptian bridges canal falling prey airmen rescued israeli forces pilot navigator killed days war squadron lost aircraft airmen killed prisoners war detailed planning extensive training undertaken war gone waste sustained campaign required defeat enemy air defences abandoned face egyptian syrian advances close air support provided helped israeli troops ground stem tide eventually offensive north later south october saw strike egyptian air base syrian claimed northern day saw push syria squadron hand striking fuel depots sam sites air bases damascus aircraft lost lebanon crew interned end war syria primary target air base strikes october claimed aerial victories days squadron lost aircraft october possibly result friendly fire southern crew rescued day witnessed begin receiving attrition replacements stocks delivered darker southeast_asia scheme rushed service gaining ease maintenance retained squadron transferred squadron unlike israeli aircraft new aircraft equipped targeting equipment allowing launch component american squadron entrusted introduction israeli service training flights flown launch occurring combat syrian held bunker missiles launched course war squadron continued syrian infrastructure egyptian air bases following days october shot syrian pilot achieve ace status flying squadron flew final air base strike war october striking air base navigator hit sam forced ejected egypt postwar activity war ended october squadron flown sorties lost aircraft shot enemy aircraft airmen killed prisoners war end war spell end fighting december mixed squadrons combat air patrol engaged flight score kill possibly kill credited revealed north korean contingent deployed egypt war arrival spring fighting resumed north israel syria sign agreement april patrol low flying syrian helicopters squadron lost aircraft probably shoulder launched crew interned lebanon month weeks later april squadron scored aerial kills syrian squadron final victories date fighting ceased postwar years spent implementing lessons war tactics improved training stepped innovative technologies introduced israel weapon systems development authority introduction electro optical fire forget guided bomb modified version time phantom air air role diminished introduction service eagle squadron nonetheless squadron introduce service march air air training continued december combat pair squadron aircraft collided squadron leader navigator killed remains aircraft stand memorial pilots acre road january squadron lost pilot similar circumstances collided squadron leader ejected killed pilot flew support reconnaissance combat air patrols israel march invasion lebanon squadron received additional soon flying high altitude reconnaissance led participation preparations operation opera destroy iraq nuclear initially planned conduct squadron trained raid plans dropped entered service november squadron carried longest fighter mission hitherto reconnaissance birds photographed near baghdad mission witnessed aerial including enemy territory tensions lebanon squadron carried operation mole striking batteries protecting bases near lebanon war spring tensions risen attempted assassination israeli ambassador london june prompted israel launch operation peace squadron flew sorties preparation phase operation june actual beginning invasion june carried afternoon june ship formation struck stadium weapons depot israeli ground forces began pushing lebanon squadron provided close air support aircraft damaged enemy day invasion suffered landing accidents poor weather shortage targets initially little fighting changed june apparent syrian forces lebanon engaged afternoon squadron bombed syrian electronic warfare facility syrian constant threat operations war progressed syrian sam array bolstered additional batteries decided launch comprehensive assault syrian defences order secure aerial superiority area ensure air support israeli ground forces june launched culmination years planning preparation squadron participated follow free fall bombers sent operated individually targeting syrian fire control centers radars engaging seven sam batteries mole cricket success sam batteries destroyed dozens syrian fighters downed peak june sorties flown activity declined sorties flown june june came effect squadron flown sorties offensive close air support reconnaissance official end hostilities spell end fighting israel remained engaged lebanon years come introduced lebanon july sent hunt launchers july claimed squadron disbandment squadron took repeated strikes terrorist organizations operating lebanon operation october bomb exploded immediately release forcing crew pilot rescued cobra navigator captured members movement initial negotiations exchange prisoners failed missing fate remains unknown early squadron introduced service nearly decade squadron operate missile played role soviet film iron eagle filming coincided birds squadron appropriately appeared film bearing unit distinctive red flash fuselage markings replaced soviet red star insignia squadron trained extensively possible participation gulf war israel eventually stayed conflict june squadron relocated air base flew sorties april wake oslo finally agreed supply squadron disbanded early expectation equipment new aircraft israeli airmen led future squadron leader travelled conversion course aircraft landed january aircraft arrived january squadron declared operational days later unit carried operational sorties southern lebanon deliveries completed june time squadron taken operations support israeli withdrawal lebanon squadron undertaken numerous missions second operation cast lead second lebanon war flew sorties totalling flying hours combat unit conflict long range endurance served close support role aircraft carry munitions remain station longer strike aircraft capabilities place squadron forefront israel strategic arm unit reputed undertaken operation orchard destruction syrian nuclear site september squadron linked possible israeli strike iranian nuclear program squadron undertaken multiple deployments abroad israeli unit participate exercise red flag october taken deployed turkey italy occasions aircraft participated | 69 Squadron (Israel) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3224_17thAirborneDivision(UnitedStates) | 17th united_states 17th airborne infantry division united_states_army world war commanded officially activated airborne division april immediately sent combat theater remaining united_states complete training training process division took training exercises including played vital ensuring airborne division remained military formation poor performance american airborne forces invasion sicily large scale airborne operations conducted operation neptune transferring britain end operation overlord division arrived britain came command chosen participate operation market garden airborne landings netherlands allied planners believed arrived late trained time operation end operation market garden division shipped france belgium fight battle 17th gained medal honor time fighting withdrawn prepare assault march division participated airborne operation dropping alongside gained medals honor division advanced end world war briefly undertook occupation duties germany shipping united_states officially september briefly reactivated training division formation pioneered use large scale airborne formations invasion norway denmark later year assaults netherlands belgium later allied governments aware success operations heavy german casualties incurred particularly assault netherlands invasion crete decided form airborne formations decision eventually lead creation american british airborne divisions smaller units 17th activated april camp north_carolina command newly promoted division originally composed activated january fort official dedication ceremony unit took place thousands civilian military spectators including overall commander american airborne forces world war activated division remained united_states training exercises division like airborne units intended elite formation training regime extremely feet feet towers built prospective airborne troops jump simulate landing parachute lengthy forced marches practice jumps transport aircraft pause doorway aircraft practice jump resulted automatic failure candidate resultant failure rate accordingly high shortage candidates especially american divisions rate pay higher ordinary division trained debate developed best use airborne forces small compact units july large scale allied airborne operation allied invasion sicily operation carried elements commanding general major general temporarily assigned act airborne advisor general supreme allied commander mediterranean invasion sicily observed airborne assault went badly deployed parachute suffered high casualties leading perception failed achieve objectives reviewed airborne role concluded large scale formations difficult control combat practical lieutenant general commander similar airborne supporter greatly disappointed performance north_africa recently sicily high ranking officers believed notably chief staff persuaded set review board judgement effectiveness divisional sized airborne forces large scale maneuver tried december swing returned united_states resume command mid september additional role ordered form committee composed parachute infantry artillery officers arrange large scale maneuver effectively decide fate divisional sized airborne force reserve united_states overseas shipment chose test formation opposed composite combat team 17th airborne division battalion temporarily attached maneuver provide divisions airborne training occurred months previously large scale maneuver undertaken objective 11th attacking force capture auxiliary airfield near north_carolina maneuver named defending forces try defend airport surrounding area repel airborne assault entire operation observed lieutenant general observations reports ultimately decide success failure exercise maneuver took place night december troops delivered thirteen separate objectives transport aircraft eighty percent airborne troops delivered target navigational error transport aircraft divided groups taking different airfield carolinas groups dropping deployed airborne troops wave airborne troops seized auxiliary airfield defending troops secured area rest division landed daylight having secured initial objectives conducted coordinated ground attack reinforced infantry regiment aerial resupply casualty evacuation missions coordination transport aircraft exercise judged great success observed reported success maneuver pleased highlighted great improvements airborne training occurred months end success units 17th exercise divisional sized airborne force deemed effective allowed remain world war division participated maneuvers february finished training march transferred camp march division staged camp august departing boston port august arrived united_kingdom august britain division attached major general commanded american airborne formations turn formed august command lieutenant general attached division chosen participate operation market garden large scale airborne operation intended seize bridges netherlands allow allied armies bypass rhine river enter germany 17th passed favour recently arrived considered unprepared collecting combat equipment division fought normandy command remained england theater reserve market garden aftermath allied armies continued advance germany battle december launched offensive region belgium breaking allied lines rapidly advancing antwerp afternoon december supreme allied commander decided commit theater reserve attempt halt german advance consisted 17th control divisions attached ordered concentrate town airborne divisions able immediately way stationed france bad weather prevented 17th flying division stationed britain days december weather cleared division finally flown france emergency night flights moved assembly area near christmas day division attached ordered assume thirty mile long defensive position ran near january threat eased sufficiently division transferred area transported area south west near village january relieved 11th armored division occupied village prior arrival january division entered combat time ordered alongside seize number key towns west order prevent german forces town second time relieved army december left flank division advanced german positions forming division assault element moved regiments deal expected german armoured counter attacks initial advance division engaged german forces including infantry armour attempt secure narrow high road north west battle lasted days division suffered nearly casualties attempting hold division official historian labeled dead man ridge opening stages battle division earned medal honor staff engaged destroyed german tanks formed armoured column attacking american positions forcing column retreat simultaneously killed machine gun fire january division broke german lines captured towns linking elements captured town january entire division withdrawn transported truck effectively ending participation campaign preparation participating division moved lines reserve formation theater reserve whilst allies continued advance german interior division received replacements trained selected highly ambitious airborne operation code named operation eclipse operation got advanced stage plans created divisional commanders called 17th airborne divisions brigade dropped daylight berlin capture city operation received support general chief planning ended march sent message indicating allied armies attempt capture berlin making eclipse obsolete eclipse similarly ambitious airborne operations came february division finally received word involved allied airborne operation cross support place march march allies advanced germany reached rhine formidable natural obstacle allied advance breached allow allies access ultimately advance berlin major cities following broad approach laid decided attempt breach rhine areas sir commanding devised plan allow forces command breach rhine entitled subsequently authorized envisioned lieutenant general lieutenant general crossing rhine area south canal ensure operation success montgomery insisted airborne component inserted plans operation support amphibious assaults place code named airborne divisions initially chosen varsity 17th assigned planning began soon obvious lack suitable transport aircraft transport airborne divisions 13th dropped operational plan primarily combat experience participated british airborne landings operation neptune 17th seen combat plan operation altered accommodate remaining airborne divisions airborne operation 17th disbanded airborne divisions dropped german lines objective land disrupt enemy defences order aid advance achieve divisions dropped near town tasked number objectives seize forest overlooked rhine road linking towns bridges smaller seized facilitate advance town captured objectives taken airborne troops consolidate positions await arrival allied ground forces defending territory captured german forces known area 17th airborne land units southern portion area chosen operation engaging german forces defending area securing dominated surrounding area capturing bridges spanned hold territory captured linked units land northern section operational area finally advance alongside allied ground forces contact airborne forces avoid heavy casualties incurred occurred operation market garden allied airborne divisions dropped allied ground units crossed rhine secured crossings divisions dropped relatively short distance german lines ensure reinforcements able link hours isolated battle began march week long aerial bombardment luftwaffe airfields german transport system involving thousand allied aircraft early hours march units crossed rhine heavy german opposition secured crossings eastern bank river hours march transport aircraft carrying airborne divisions formed took england france brussels turning north east rhine dropping zones consisted transport aircraft containing airborne troops troop carriers 17th consisted personnel transported transports transports morning 24th allied airborne units began land german soil eastern bank rhine thirteen hours allied assault begun command colonel lead assault formation 17th consequently airborne unit land entire regiment meant dropped drop zone clearing miles north excessive ground confused pilots transport aircraft carrying regiment dropped split halves colonel approximately landed north west drop zone near town rest regiment successfully landing drop zone colonel rallied separated led drop zone engaging battery german artillery route killing capturing artillery crews reuniting rest regiment secured objectives cleared area having engaged numerous german troops destroying german tank actions regiment initial landing gained division second medal honor private posthumously received award charging german machine gun nest eliminating rifle fire grenades allowing fellow gather equipment capture regiments objective second divisional unit land command colonel route drop zone transport aircraft containing regiment pass belt german anti aircraft weapons losing transport aircraft damaging thirty suffered pilot error ground regiment actually missed designated drop zone dropped landing zones designated british 6th brigade despite swiftly rallied aided british borne troops landing simultaneously eliminating german artillery batteries covering area german troops area eliminated combined force american british airborne troops stormed secured town colonel reported secured objectives having knocked tanks destroyed complete regiments artillery assault attempts secure objectives regiment gained medal honor division private class posthumously received award leading charge german machine gun nest creating distraction allow rest platoon capture fortified position machine gun situated component 17th operation command colonel regiment landed accurately landing zone aircraft towed took heavy casualties transports lost anti aircraft fire damaged fire regiment landed midst number german artillery batteries engaging allied ground forces crossing rhine engaged german artillery pieces barrels lowered direct fire artillery batteries crews defeated borne troops regiment soon able report objectives secured having destroyed artillery pieces tanks mobile wagons self propelled guns aftermath successful large scale airborne operation objectives airborne troops 17th tasked captured held usually hours operation beginning bridges successfully captured later destroyed prevent capture counter attacking german forces cleared enemy troops roads germans routed reinforcements advance cut airborne troops nightfall 24th british 15th joined elements midnight light bridge rhine 27th bridges suitable heavy armour installed rhine allies fourteen divisions east bank river penetrated miles division gained fourth medal honor days following technical sergeant received award posthumously aiding capture turned fortified position germans terms casualties 17th suffered total casualties march came end participated 17th continued advance germany engaging german forces division served combat months seen combat drop short period time seen men killed action men wounded injured action germany surrendered division conducting occupation duties northern germany continued relieved british troops june date division split component units attached airborne divisions berlin 13th preparing participate invasion japan japan surrendered division units returned parent formation division moved camp massachusetts officially september formation reactivated july training division june permanently order battle units 17th world war included division headquarters infantry regiment disbanded march parachute infantry regiment attached august march assigned replaced march relieved march replaced division artillery parachute field artillery battalion assigned june parachute field artillery battalion 17th airborne 17th assigned march reconnaissance platoon assigned march assigned division operational control attached january attached january | 17th Airborne Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3324_RomanianVolunteerCorpsinRussia | romanian russia romanian volunteer corps russia romanian din military formation world war created ethnic romanian prisoners war held russia officially established february comprised mainly contingents obliged fight romania russian custody volunteered service self determination union romania passed political resolutions tone scope announced adopted union day corps effectively active military reserve regularly dispatched new units romanian june helped defend stretches romania unified offensive met success battle lacked command structure october revolution russia romanian armistice took romania camp corps left backing purpose inspired creation similar units countries successfully mobilized volunteers prisoners symbolically tied corps left russia russian civil war ignited individuals formed resisted cooperation white movement units ultimately repatriated origins romania entered world war country alliance russian_empire austria-hungary central powers romania began investigating fate austria hungarian held russian camps estimates period place total population facilities russia romania thousand romanian refugees austria-hungary immediately signed service russia romanian captives complained worse prisoners austro hungarian backgrounds matter contributed decision romanian service russian authorities letting join initially prohibited initiatives insisted establish contact romania arrested russian police forces year romania russian executive reverted policies decided russia free demographic group transferring romania exchange similar number non romanian prisoners romanian camps subsequently chose enlist relocated special camp suburb known december facility held officers non commissioned officers formed nucleus general command romanian corps elected senior camp year old legal professional rank file member opinion journalist came members camp leadership body regardless initiatives romania tended little attention potential recruitment russia decision makers uncertain devotion worried welcoming austro hungarian spies army ranks additionally probably half men excluded pool recruits austrian loyalists men reason fear austria-hungary retaliation support romania weak russian play january camp visited lieutenant colonel mission evaluate recruitment project reversal fortunes romanian brought central powers invasion southern romania romanian military authority pressured finding new soldiers defensive action february revolution shortly events russia experienced february revolution brought power liberal consequence transfer project delayed russian acceptance self determination facilitated renewed political action according veteran soldiers inspired revolutionary promises american entry world war seemingly official policy order march february romania minister war created special formation national army day tasked chief staff new recruits organizing units honorary command assigned military russia month negotiated corps recognition received permission number recruits longer clearly specified march issued pledge regulated status corps soldiers relation recruits sign integrated austro hungarian officers equivalent ranks austrian service including time spent camps active duty romanian banners pledge ended words god help blood liberate lands create greater romania unified substance backed signing document considered demand remained considerable rumor spread austro hungarian repression forces murdering families volunteers property corps veteran later state class conflict characteristic formation intellectual leaders better paid assignments april met agreement reached maximum total troops enlisted answering special pleas romanian premier allowed recruitment prisoners custody order revised reduced number prisoners noting needed working hands russia agriculture industry practice allowed recruitment place moscow military district ordering prisoners taken account manifesto revolutionary examples inspired prisoners political goals openly demand union romania manifesto april april reviewed publishing poet signed officers soldiers probably statement issued representative body document states like nations grown aware carry lives frame austro hungarian state demand incorporation romania form single national romanian state sake ideal throw balance lives fortunes women children descendants life happiness stop text survives slightly different versions included brief analysis international scene paid homage russia democratic program referenced generous doctrine self determination looked forward congress national democratic states manifesto ample reference activity cause later recounted disguised reference moderate leaders ostensibly loyal austro hungarian monarchy tried achieve austrian argued home deeply bound government signed declaration loyalty civilian refugee transit russia supposed left copy appeal argue subsequent largely owed work publicist accounts contradicted activist appeal supposed handed reason stopped day circumstances designated hold version passed romania executive king ferdinand general russian french translations document distributed institutions presented individually representatives russian political life foreign press agencies circulated national emancipation movements poles serbs copy later taken united_states romania special delegates reprinted romanian american community press according account included airborne propaganda dropped austro hungarian trenches italian soldiers soon gave special banner based romanian added slogan long live greater romania seven items kept born soldier arrival recruiting commissions dispatched romania russia received romanian volunteers relocated girls work began new romanian uniforms newly formed battalion quickly sent romania reinforce defense comprising men unit traveled chartered train stopping largely romanian inhabited russian city gave warm welcome battalion received romanian war flag presented orthodox icon battalion arrived city romania provisional capital volunteers welcomed heroes june marching ground took oath officially integrated ceremony attended premier general representatives missions ambassadors neutral countries spain recalled sermon act national later banquet public rally union square addressed civilian population describing corps arrival rescue mission duty coming day living hardships left foreign country thought minds coming home road meant leading ahead reach high hearts elevated politician recalled speech left deep impression public speech pure simple marvel unforgettable noted effort corps staff etc encourage rapid integration formed units romanian line defense quick session corps units attached recovering decided formations particularly kept distinguished rest common command structure official act explained rationale act fight hungarian state assert clearly doubt romanian nationals hungarian state recognize authority fought hungary war end ought badge honor romanian nation hungary moral reinforcement battles come proposed men corps assigned avoid execution captured reacted strongly intend army aim conscience absolute freedom union want receive conquered land wish liberate forces let hang let aware fighting liberty union july corps offices circulated issue recruitment gazette greater romania essential component propaganda effort russia new edition gazette founded new form managed team pro union activists successful despite fact copies published issue recruitment continued steady pace romanian general staff created bureau evidence austro hungarian founding members sub assisted intellectuals politicians backgrounds represented russia officers units earned distinction defense eastern romania postponed advance summer participated battles time split regiments 11th division 2nd 3rd 5th 19th 26th battles hold central powers ended early autumn time dead wounded volunteers received distinction survived engagements legend went combat banner left reserve duty join 10th combat fell severely ill reassigned offices divisive command structure disappointment volunteers complaint sent september requested special corps arguing free oppressed citizens expressing common isolated individuals entire people free austrian like army staff monarch disapproved initiative informing units overseen expect form special regiments existing divisions parallel negotiations continued russia romania total number volunteers allowed leave russian soil early june approved release romanian austro hungarian prisoners moscow according historian approval creating problems romanian soldiers question majority held deep inside russia employed agricultural regions industrial centers southern russia western siberia etc battle romanian government called russian leadership allow recruits sent received confirmation earlier directly chief staff result recruiting commissions relocated pacific port set motion plan recruiting volunteers russia promise romanian high command took measures creating single distinct division comprising passed refugees romanian service replaced answering early december corps reformed final time division sized formation colonel placed charge central based early days new regiments command 1st commander 3rd prisoners war formed large section approximately austria hungarian citizens registered active romanian late time stopped recruiting january corps enlisted men order came late war significant contribution romanian effort october revolution romanian truce october revolution shook russia placed government intention continuing war romanian presence set november uprising january rebellion dispersed anti regime small force remained new ukrainian people republic signed group romanian volunteers efforts hampered diplomatic tensions romania ukrainian officials refused rally negotiate border treaties romania permitted activists worked austria-hungary work territory gazette chief editorial manager closed december having published issues family left temporary home corps chaplain group romanian units left headed romanian friendly power local volunteers dressed russian soldiers passage recognized romanian units garrisoned train stopped january skirmish followed killed kidnapped corps soldiers survivors held captive place founder released later day republican troops years later suspicion arose fact helped alleged enemy romanian interests romania armistice recruitment project complete diminished effort soldiers single new force according account attempted quickly dispatch troops western project vetoed romanian commander chief romania faced future corps subject propaganda spread romanian intellectuals capitals nations temporary home france romanian politics aspirations joined crossed territory finland false papers claiming veteran legacy units cut troops spring prisoners held france italy proceeded form units based existing commander newly formed italy took ceremonial flag july contributed austrians defeat western similar formation created mainly romanian citizens resented country surrendering soldiers left romania continue fight membership small reflecting number austro hungarian prisoners france taken mainly serbian operations signed october refusal french officials recognize austro hungarian officer ranks unit attached joined categories romanian recruits effort stopped midway november victory germany ended world war france romania dissolution austria-hungary taking effect october units spontaneously formed austrian territory mainly rogue components helped gain upper hand anti austrian uprising romanian units breaking away austrian command vienna formed distinct segment kriegsmarine personnel austrian adriatic complex situation reigned russia early april romanian volunteer groups joined taking orders members continued serve nationalist cause june number romanian prisoners signed cut romania left fend crossed hoping repatriated romanian took areas controlled white movement reaching escaped northern routes sweden groups monitored french public opinion plans drafted merge western open new eastern tandem larger czech national units romanian prisoners involved creating new armed formations original goal eager fight defended line skirmishes cells resisted especially russian government asked surrender weapons regiment romanian legion siberia prisoners drifting units russia joined new arrivals created strong battalion effectively romanian officers clubs organizing lands held democrats original force emerge schemes formed criticized eccentric idea imitating practices away military ranks sparked conflict arrested conservative officer escaped imprisonment fled support cause continued eroded growing support result activity supported romanian loyalists created battalion regiment major assigned lead orders new reserve battalions sent mission time recruiting commissions reactivated arrival international force propaganda drafted reached camps region urging volunteer way city emerged main site romanian political military activity reported population liberated july major stop influence arresting ordering unit complex set sanctions imposed hope dissent ranks reintroduced uniforms model distributed patriotic cultural section began function taking long journey officers original joined mid autumn moment romanian soldiers celebrating breakup austria-hungary union new arrivals western camps second grouping volunteers alliance formed anti romanian national contribution international coalition reluctantly relocated late volunteers expressed lack interest fighting colonel czech technical adviser corps placed romanian legion siberia formed structure soldiers volunteered ranks progressively transferred combat zone shipped romania taken prisoner war camps notes western victory opened way union thought regain fast possible families places origin special case october killed soldiers partly retaliation arrest legion defended trans forced truce established reputation brutality nickname wild division formation romanian non combatants eventually retrieved russian far east end foreign intervention fully repatriated court legion cleared charges higher authority killed sentenced assassins late echoes original volunteers corps went service december soon german defeat facto union romanian volunteers rally support self determination judged romanian authors direct predecessor great national assembly union endorsed principles corps april meeting 1st opinion divided shortly hungarian romanian war erupted members corps required present old rivals led allegedly refused welcome corps single unit plans dropped new volunteer corps reportedly formed river line defense old corps set veterans association carried reputation fascist inspired section strongly dismissed accounts stated union good cause reject handling issue sympathetic president complained tensions union ran seats parliament general election formed electoral successors assigned non eligible positions electoral lists praise corps contributions toned romania communist state according communist historiography presented story usually truncated context events wave repression touched figures associated corps beaten death prison interest activity revived romanian revolution relics left corps banner probably seven survived volunteers union reunion referred donated local church exhibited flag donated | Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3504_No.11ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established june operated war ceased training july students passed formed care maintenance unit february disbanded october history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed june came control inaugural commanding officer squadron leader taken raaf emergency runway civil aircraft journey sydney melbourne infrastructure included medical facilities satellite primarily buildings engineering works school opened stores depots living quarters odd staff completed courses commenced july initially held tents near main constructed training aircraft end year flying hampered bad weather runway september november necessitating detachment personnel home continue training october airmen court mutiny main having undertake guard duty night attend addition regular ground support work men found guilty failing report knowledge matter commanding officer sentenced eighteen months imprisonment months detention discharged air_force december school crash landing field struck people ground killing injuring pilots outbreak war pacific saw trenches dug base school began replacing trainers january absorbed instructors students april shortly unit disbanded month thirty pilots undertook weeks flying september crashed apparently takeoff killing seriously injuring pilot trainers taken service upgrades february school began operating pilot killed seriously injured collided shortly takeoff june july tiger crashed night flying exercise east killing pilots pilot lost crash west october pilot killed seriously injured spun control instrument test north flying training largely wound students underwent courses june july instruction stopped time attended school facilities establish care maintenance unit february raaf raised war storage surplus aircraft prior disposal responsible maintaining north american transferred aircraft new_south_wales october disbanded day memorial dedicated june | No. 11 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3550_No.391SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf base squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf squadron operated korean war immediate aftermath established october composite wing administered raaf units deployed conflict apart squadron included fighter squadron communications unit redesignated transport unit transport squadron maintenance squadron squadron headquartered japan wing components exception squadron located korean peninsula base squadron responsible administrative logistical medical communications security functions maintained detachments south_korea included marine section harbour patrols search rescue waters southern japan squadron disbanded time wing headquarters april history korean war broke june fighter squadron royal_australian_air_force raaf based japan previous years squadron equipped north american served personnel preparing return australia placed standby action korea squadron began flying missions united_nations forces week later following landing consequent advance northward troops squadron relocated south_korea october left main support elements composite wing established base october given administrative responsibility raaf units operating conflict included squadron newly formed components communications flight renamed communications unit following month transport unit november transport squadron march maintenance squadron base squadron apart squadron wing units headquartered onset war korea squadron self supporting largest flying unit raaf comprised officers men douglas added burden combat operations situation squadron went action korea leading formation base squadron time wing headquarters raaf base squadrons responsible administrative logistical medical communications security functions staffed mainly squadron members year existence squadron try overcome severe shortages winter clothing equipment problems arose squadron converted april july british jet harder obtain longer squadron source parts till point disposal caused process took years causing storage issues base squadron faced challenge january following controversial change role air air combat ground attack necessitated obtaining supplies rockets modification aircraft carry raaf responsibilities squadron supported australian_army personnel travelling ran wing transit hotel accommodated business people military personnel squadron maintained detachments south_korea air base handle raaf ward seoul base support staff regularly rotated detachments squadron medical contingent heavily engaged preparation escort injured personnel korea destinations unit included marine craft section equipped small boats patrolled southern japan british american flying boats conducted search rescue operations pilots sea squadron japanese technicians australian unusual time occupation japan following surrender world war japanese workers employed tasks following departure australia nos squadrons november march disbandment squadron december squadron disbanded april day wing headquarters | No. 391 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3590_188thInfantryBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry training brigade united_states_army based fort stewart georgia subordinate unit united_states_army active brigade transformed reconnaissance troop world war supporting fought europe activated unit gained responsibility conducting training reserve component army units variety purposes today unit responsible training selected national_guard units east mississippi_river organization brigade subordinate east united_states_army regional training brigades spread united_states brigade consists seven primary elements brigade provides support oversight battalions brigade trains primarily infantry units trains field artillery units provides training combat support units oversees combat service support units provides support training battalions large scale training operations regiment recently realigned west trains primarily armor cavalry units history constituted june organized reserves boston massachusetts organized infantry regiments turn assigned division remained massachusetts organized reserve rolls unit assemble regular weekend training brigade relocated worcester massachusetts moved springfield massachusetts mobilized deployment world war september fort michigan went series continued remainder assigned troop tow landed september days day moved brittany assume responsibility containing german troops besieged ports inflicted casualties german forces took prisoners relieved january moving west troop followed division took positions triangle facing switch line january shifted offensive january seizing day following day area german army heavy followed changed hands times finally secured january unsuccessful battalion attack eastern terminus switch position cost division companies early february division troop tow took woods later february division launched scale attack backbone triangle captured objectives moving forward 10th armored division secured area confluence february launching attack established expanded march division stretched mile heavy german attack near achieved line shortly restored march broke drove reaching march taken march assistance elements 12th armored division moved railroad motor vicinity germany assuming responsibility containing west pocket positions rhine april reduction pocket mid april assigned military government duties later areas soldiers troop participated assignment participated world war campaigns mainland europe supported division push europe end fighting europe began conducting occupation duty europe returned end troop camp new_jersey february troop reactivated february boston massachusetts troop significant actions post war years called service troop moved massachusetts remaining years inactive reserve unit disbanded training brigade october reactivated active duty force fort stewart georgia division brigade reactivated provide training support units region soldiers assigned brigade training support battalions time supported training soldiers infantry armor cavalry aviation artillery communications medical maintenance supply units brigade composed entirely active duty senior officers officers conducted training assistance variety combat arms combat support combat service support units new building constructed georgia brigade occupied august united_states_army brigade higher headquarters purchased new furniture computers brigade use brigade division present day brigade reactivated october consolidation army training commands fort stewart division fell command united_states_army consolidation brigade given larger area responsibility supporting training soldiers infantry armor cavalry aviation artillery communications medical maintenance supply units fort stewart area brigade grew soldiers assigned training support battalions headquarters january brigade received shoulder sleeve insignia distinctive unit insignia brigade service peacetime reconnaissance troop world war honors unit decorations brigade received unit decoration united_states military campaign | 188th Infantry Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3599_18thEngineerBrigade(UnitedStates) | 18th united_states 18th engineer brigade united_states_army currently subordinate unit theater headquartered barracks germany soldiers 18th provide supportive duties army units including construction engineering mechanical work army projects brigade served europe world war fact included distinctive unit insignia 20th received february corners square campaigns world war normandy northern france 18th later deployed vietnam vietnam war battalions saw years combat service supported fourteen campaigns building infrastructure military civilian projects brigade participated massive number road construction projects airfield constructions supporting numerous infantry units operating vietnam serving vietnam brigade attached undertaken completed numerous projects support army europe participated operation enduring freedom operation iraqi freedom organization army subordinate unit theater brigade assigned europe february brigade headquartered barracks germany brigade current commander colonel addition engineer detachment construction management located germany subordinate engineer battalions permanently attached 15th headquartered germany 54th headquartered germany history world wars lineage 18th traced july predecessor constituted organized reserves unit activated years military buildup united_states entered world war unit ordered active military service camp louisiana august unit reorganized designated regiment deployed england february entered combat france june participated campaigns world war earning unit day regiment remained occupation duty germany june june regiment reactivated organized reserves headquartered utah remained march october designated 18th time activated unit fort wood missouri remained march vietnam war 18th reactivated july prepared deployment vietnam 18th entered vietnam september responsibility overseeing operations vietnam establishment vietnam late command colonel brigade prepared deployment vietnam 18th arrived tan son air base september days later brigadier general assumed command brigade weeks tan son fully operational preceded built bay peninsula sand hostile environment brigade assumed responsibility corps northern combat assigned brigade june initial activities centered rapid development port facilities ammunition base camps airfields necessary support build combat forces deploying vietnam initial construction phases combat engineer battalions provided support search destroy missions defensive operations near january ammunition storage area completed bay taken years build complex covered square feet completed march near runway feet long feet wide included foot foot turn area brigadier general assumed command brigade soon brigade engineers finished construction cold storage warehouse kind vietnam construction tandem switch building mountain completed time square foot building housed million communications equipment summer months brigade engineers completed barrel capacity air_force tank farm bay laying feet pipe complete project beginning saw initiation 18th program command emphasis organization motivation success year engineer operations goals program maintain primary missions combat support completion projects planned construction operations february saw completion project begun summer previous year replaced temporary floating steel dock permanent structure accommodate barges port supply points ammunition second military regions handled bulk quantities simultaneously prior completion new facility handling ammunition place areas near public housing fuel storage depots brigadier general assumed command 18th shortly difficult stretch roadway brigade undertaken kilometer stretch central highlands region known commonly referred good view pass completed road carved dangerous mountain pass national road year represents significant contribution 18th economic growth vietnam consisted kilometers road upgrade slow start beginning work brigade finished kilometers highway reconstruction improvement kilometers scheduled completion brigade units conjunction 18th brigade engineers involved program affiliation vietnam engineers addition continuous training programs brigade established train equipment operators engineers 18th provided technical assistance logistical support projects undertaken notably construction foot bridge completion opening february bridge longest type constructed bridges brigade construct country support 18th brigade mounted described ambitious engineering effort vietnam end january brigade engineers pushed roadway rugged terrain northern border constructed foot foot airfield little month construction effort operation canyon september brigade years served vietnam 18th involved campaigns earning unit post vietnam october 18th reactivated germany years brigade served principal construction brigade united_states_army europe 7th army period brigade performed numerous construction rehabilitation renovation missions military communities training areas 7th army included extensive range upgrade early 1980s construction range complex additionally brigade responsible providing support operation operation 18th provided rail sea deployment support addition deployed support operations april elements combat heavy deployed iraq support operation provide comfort brigade coordinated engineer efforts joint combined engineer force providing construction relief support refugees 18th awarded joint unit award action operation provide comfort reduction forces europe brigade october present day october vice chief staff army approved 7th army concept plan activate today 18th marks return service active duty unit officially reactivated june operation enduring freedom 18th deployed afghanistan support operation enduring freedom april primary areas operation locations commander brigade colonel issued memorandum soldiers accidents largest source personnel material losses deployment enforcing new safety policy brigade intended prevent occurring 18th reassigned taking place returned united_states units merged reassigned 18th brigade time unit participated road work construction activities enhanced training readiness operation iraqi freedom unit notified upcoming deployment iraq support operation iraqi freedom commands engineer battalions battalions support individual brigade combat teams units task force iron combat group led working rebuild iraqi infrastructure cooperation iraqi engineers including construction roads airfields land moving unit colors april formally signifying beginning deployment iraq brigade spent months deployment central iraq working projects 10th november brigade relocated colors forward operating base warrior brigade conducted route clearance construction projects northern iraq partnered iraqi engineers replaced 1st 10th area responsibility led february brigade moved time focus construction projects areas relieved july brigade handed responsibility brigade subsequently returned germany month deployment finished operation enduring freedom brigade deployed afghanistan second deployment country honors unit decorations campaign notable soldiers soldiers 18th gone serve chief engineers head army highest number come single engineer brigade lieutenant generals addition commanding brigade stationed outside germany commanded company brigade subordinate battalions earlier years vietnam | 18th Engineer Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3662_No.5ServiceFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | service flying training school raaf service flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf flight training unit operated world war service flying training schools established raaf provide intermediate advanced flying instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme formed new_south_wales october disbanded february staff equipment employed establish transferred victoria following year care maintenance unit formed facilities look surplus aircraft base prior disposal disbanded december history raaf training expanded dramatically following outbreak world war response australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war flight training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools turned new flight instructors provided basic training prospective pilots successful instruction operational service flying techniques course typically consisted streams intermediate advanced included techniques instrument flying night flying advanced formation flying dive bombing aerial gunnery total duration training varied war demand fluctuated initially running weeks course cut weeks included hours flying time october year later raised weeks including hours flying time weeks months later continued increase peaking weeks june service flying training school formed new_south_wales october came control service flying training school nearby later basic flying training school called flying training schools graduated pilots 1940s 50s unit inaugural commanding officer group captain graduate air_force learnt fly cadet course time formation strength personnel responsible training pilots original instructors flying officer later awarded victoria_cross bombing raids new_guinea following outbreak pacific war december school single engined trainers classified second line reserve aircraft defence australia began flight training february unit grew years early operating dragons minors typically graduated course pilots month rate exceeded cent graduates australian military aviator serve fighter pilot raaf world war training facility regularly suffered flying accidents students died war average month near miss involving experienced pilots occurred school december aces instructors operational training unit collided crossed paths display base reached strength personnel war graduated pilots rate flying conducted school declined november aircraft storage february disbanded staff equipment establish operated war service flying training school prior disbanding allocated event undertook little flying relocating august post war saw establishment raaf care maintenance units responsible surplus equipment prior disposal spawned look aircraft stored base auctioned november dissolved month legacy following departure flying conducted newly formed basic flying training school inherited base facilities transferred point closed raaf units operated base formed close connection local community memorial erected additional panel memorial unveiled september proceedings included aerial display team arrival time years trainers landed | No. 5 Service Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3762_20thEngineerBrigade(UnitedStates) | 20th united_states 20th combat engineer brigade assigned united_states_army stationed north_carolina brigade identified airborne unit subordinate units airborne qualified despite airborne unit patch soldiers 20th provide supportive duties army units including construction engineering mechanical work army projects predecessor units lineage dates american civil war formation formally designated 20th activation august fort wood missouri deploying overseas november supported construction projects southwestern france return september december provided support reactivated brigade deployed vietnam supported american forces years dozen campaigns brigade september american forces withdrew country reactivated airborne brigade june unit seen numerous overseas tours including kuwait gulf war afghanistan operation enduring freedom iraq operation iraqi freedom operation new dawn independently conducted humanitarian missions united_states nations world organization 20th currently consists engineer battalions headquartered eastern united_states headquarters company 27th headquartered north_carolina 19th located kentucky located fort located fort stewart georgia assigned reactivated effective september existing 37th transferred insignia originally authorized june amended january add blue white airborne unit insignia indicate individual soldier airborne qualified parachute wings individual soldier indicate airborne qualification brigade headquarters jump status subordinate elements september brigade airborne status terminated airborne brigade shoulder sleeve insignia removed history lineage lineage honors 20th date american civil war designated august battalion participated campaigns civil war time unit designations changed times predecessors 20th served spanish american war philippine american war world war world war officially designated 20th wars brigade received campaign participation credit campaigns numerous campaign previous incarnations conflicts august brigade designated 20th activated camp wood missouri deployed overseas france november established headquarters comprising battalions separate companies brigade provided engineer construction support base section european southwestern france august united_states activated north_carolina september time december brigade provided engineer support vietnam war aftermath response buildup forces brigade headquarters reactivated fort deployed vietnam august vietnam war brigade numbered officers enlisted men organized engineer groups battalions separate companies detachments soldiers later vice president united_states brigade provided non divisional engineer support military regions iii campaigns units cleared half million acres jungle paved kilometers highway constructed bridges totaling miles length american forces withdrawing vietnam brigade september organization army changed following vietnam 20th reactivated north_carolina airborne brigade june assigned subordinate command comprised airborne combat engineer battalion heavy construction battalion separate companies additionally provided terrain intelligence needs brigade mission time brigade subordinate units supported fulfilling critical combat engineer construction missions brigade participated recovery efforts following great lakes members unit dispatched help recovery efforts requirements engineer force structure changed brigade combat heavy battalion activated combat airborne battalion 30th added brigade years brigade provided engineer support army commands addition training deployed support operations entire spectrum conflict disaster relief combat operations gulf war brigade called support multinational response iraqi invasion kuwait august brigade grew soldier force composed groups battalions separate companies detachments support operations brigade completed combat heavy battalions equivalent days work constructing roads airfields ammunition fuel water storage points life support areas forward landing strips distributed million maps trained coalition engineers supported french attack airfield follow missions brigade destroyed enemy million tons munitions gulf war elements brigade dispatched haiti humanitarian mission 20th assigned construct base camps improve infrastructure participate humanitarian service projects assist public services goal improving overall quality life country september participated repeated operations afghanistan iraq iraq tour november brigade headquarters deployed iraq support brigade grew size personnel brigade headquarters companies seven battalions separate companies detachments brigade served corps level engineer headquarters division engineers iraq providing command control general support combat construction engineer missions country deployment 20th patrolled kilometers roads expanded bases support basing plan maintained bridges expanded detention capacity trained coalition soldiers explosives hazards awareness reduced tons explosive munitions missions included repair airfield known key west light equipment elements support military intelligence battalion based located iraqi task brigade assist british engineers systematic mapping entire nation creating iraqi reference system order national reconstruction easier organized 20th brigade suffered casualty tour iraq soldier killed enemy improvised explosive device august explosive device destroyed vehicle deployment iraq unit assumed command additional battalions forcing existing formations unit cope additional responsibilities seemingly elements engineer battalions brigade second iraq tour brigade deployed iraq rotation time brigade headquartered iraq brigade given vehicles buffalo protected carrier vehicles deployment brigade responsible providing combat general engineering reconstruction operations partnership sons iraq engineers training assisting provincial engineers rebuilding infrastructure iraq brigade constructed major bridges destroyed captured cells country provinces deployment visited lieutenant general commanding general brigade scheduled return fall replaced completed transfer authority ceremony september brigade began completing return november year later august brigade held ceremony promoting dozens soldiers rank sergeant honors unit decorations campaign notable soldiers numerous soldiers served 20th later achieved fame reasons having served 20th vietnam 20th soldiers engineers include chief engineers governor panama canal zone vice president united_states nobel peace prize winner army | 20th Engineer Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3816_HistoryoftheSwissAirForce | history history began establishment hoc force consisting handful men outdated largely civilian aircraft 1930s effective air force established great cost capable inflicting embarrassing defeats course initially vigorous defence neutral swiss autonomous military service created october world war renamed der und separate service independent army present mission historically support ground troops invasions neutral swiss territory secondary mission defending sovereignty swiss world war doctrine severely tested switzerland literally caught middle air war subjected attacks aircraft combatants inability prevent violations neutrality led period complete cessation air followed practice small numbers submit end 1950s reflecting threat possible invasion soviet_union realities nuclear warfare swiss military doctrine changed dynamic mobile defense included missions outside territory order defeat attacks nuclear threats including possibility defensive employment air delivered nuclear weapons inability field air force sufficient capability carry missions led return traditional doctrine swiss abandoned traditional doctrine implemented defensive plan control swiss highest main priority modernization achieve mission subject popular challenging cost practice swiss balloon forces swiss military aviation began creation observation balloon force swiss engaged combat october near end world war german airplane accidentally attacked swiss observation balloon stationed close german border killed observer lieutenant balloon force eventually developments aviation obsolete heavier air aviation world war military trials civilian conducted resulting crashes failed persuade swiss authorities military utility airplane september participated pilot friend observer exercise demonstrated military possibilities aircraft beginning military aviation switzerland society collected approximately swiss large sum time national fund drive create air force order establishment august government decreed military pilots avoid payment expensive widow event casualties outbreak world war neutral switzerland indifference air power swiss military establishment prevented purchase modern required build effective air force end force consisted men flying privately owned july pilots killed crashes swiss aircraft armed ineffective pointed iron spikes dropped ground targets nominal commander swiss air arm cavalry captain real resigned post november army rudimentary air force defend swiss frequent german accidentally bombed german aircraft october purpose built military aircraft swiss air force seized german pilot forced landing foul weather near october june fighter planes acquired france swiss industry manufactured observation aircraft efforts build swiss fighter halted prototypes poor performance end war swiss air force pilots aircraft different makes suitable observation missions wartime budget million amounted swiss military expenditures interwar years continuing budgetary restraints air force remained overall state neglect 1920s seven war surplus acquired reconnaissance obtained postwar black market soon obsolete efforts develop indigenous aircraft unsuccessful seven pilots killed swiss military aircraft equipped considered fit service air force consisted aviation companies aerial photography airfield company decade following world war pilots observers trained complement air force officers enlisted men aircraft purchased quantity swiss built difficulty maintaining air force little funding time rapid technological development compounded swiss militia system handful military personnel citizen soldiers served weeks year following initial recruitment phase military pilot candidates underwent recruit training school officer candidate school swiss army officers followed pilot school days entered civilian life years service pilot training continued logged flight hours month required fly hours year convenience military civilian leadership decided establish effective air force december retrospect referred bill create air force asked approve spending million purchase french fighters manufacture dutch reconnaissance planes licence opposition collected signatures petition opposing bill parliament passed declined allow referendum issue optional time spending bills start massive armament programme consume billion years hitler rise power nazi_germany social democrats added support efforts supported popular initiative calling purchase thousand aircraft training thousand pilots citizens signed support nearly twice number necessary national popular vote federal government offered referendum proposal nearly extensive accepted percent majority large money acquire modern aircraft notably state art fighters germany million delivered april months outbreak world war need expand size pilot corps resulted acquisition trainers germany basic advanced trainers addition swiss factories licence built fighters manufactured domestically designed fighter bombers types remained service 1950s trainers october air arm reorganised renamed autonomous service analogous organizational autonomy developed need communicate radio links bad quality noisy environments aircraft start second world war world war switzerland mobilized august days germany attacked poland initiated world war fighter observation aircraft accounts country possessed units judged combat ready equipped aircraft air_force relied single seat line air defense addressed german french fighters swiss built aircraft introduced service switzerland opened aircraft factory built shelter aircraft maintenance personnel air attack example air gunnery range opened training formed combat ready night fighter squadron formed evaluation purposes disbanded role world war went distinct phases september air patrol attempt enforce comprehensive fly ban issued swiss government combatants largely ineffective kilometer border swiss fighters forbidden enter june air combat switzerland germany luftwaffe pilots tested swiss air defenses defeated july october total ban air operations release interned german aircraft pilots resulting swiss territory axis implementation strategy recognition air_force overwhelmed germans sustained campaign october resumption air patrols largely passive response measured numbers versus numbers violations defense swiss months war airmen anti aircraft soldiers saw sporadic combat germany commenced drive west swiss army mobilized second time onset campaign german military aircraft violated swiss combat involving began june days aerial battles german aircraft downed loss swiss aircraft airmen killed following incidents june chief luftwaffe protested attacks claiming german planes french luftwaffe entered swiss mistake germany demanded financial compensation apology swiss government second pointed demand june germany stated viewed air battles act aggression continued switzerland face sanctions retaliation day general ordered swiss units stop engaging foreign aircraft july apologized possible border violations swiss pilots admitting occurred july german government declared events settled engaging aircraft nations prohibited october strategic bombing bavaria austria allies increasing likelihood september swiss died combat shot american escorting crippled airfield entire war allied axis aircraft violated swiss aircraft landed swiss soil interned crashed swiss aircraft intercepted aircraft course crews preferred asylum swiss camps german italian camps forced land swiss bombers cooperate fired swiss axis type shot night fighter incident luftwaffe night fighter pursued british lancaster heavy bomber swiss night april engine trouble forced german pilot land airfield pilot interned international law swiss right fighter service germans concerned allied intelligence examine radar gun installation nazi government quickly negotiated deal swiss burned supervision german observers return sale swiss new replace combat losses new fighters delivered new planes manufacturing defects poor production caused allied bombings complaints germans half million swiss purchase price attacks swiss cities swiss cities railway lines repeatedly bombed allied aircraft war beginning minor attacks royal_air_force geneva possibly occurred april 14th killing injuring damaging large portion city reaction comments swiss foreign minister incident apparently deliberate attack american undermined ill advised statements air_force commanders london blamed weather size accuracy attack depth investigation showed weather france particularly winds nearly doubled ground speed bombers fact cause wing mistake target swiss incidents escalated resulting separate attacks swiss territory february day president special assistant went lay graves killed year earlier simultaneous attacks march dropped tons high explosives tons swiss air defenses incapable large formations aircraft intercept occasion attack small groups aircraft crippled battle damage seeking asylum resentment allied considerable causes bombing attacks bad weather faulty equipment incompetence excess pilot zeal planning lack intent suspicions swiss embarrassment united_states considerable pattern violation diplomatic apology new violation ensued war grew scope allied tactical forces neared germany matter debate bombings occurred accident strategic air forces standing order requiring visual identification bombing target miles swiss frontier members allies wanted punish switzerland economic industrial cooperation nazi_germany particular switzerland permitted train transportation territory carrying germany italy readily visible air allied pilots incidents drew close delegation appointed chief staff met swiss geneva march swiss violation demanded americans advised area requiring positive target identification henceforth expanded miles swiss borders targets miles attacked clear weather personal authorization american commander general hand picked crews tactical air forbidden attack target miles swiss border restrictions provided germans significant protection air attack large southern germany final months war effective ending violations seriously allied prosecution war cold war world war switzerland struggled buying building modern combat aircraft fourteen acquired germans including interned proved increasingly difficult maintain removed service variants purchased earlier continued swiss acquired nearly aircraft interned violating sovereignty unsuitable swiss operations swiss able purchase surplus united_states aircraft types followed including vampires purchased acquired replaced remained operational decade vampires showed remarkable longevity service vampires years remarkably acquisitions air force world operate jet aircraft line squadrons swiss government experimented development production jet fighters satisfied relatively simple aircraft require extensive training flown militia pilots aircraft developed accordance doctrine close air support ground operations main task based experiences world war desired aircraft capable neutrality protection raid type operations result projects inherent self contradictions hoping competition lead development effective simple ground attack aircraft government asked aircraft factory develop jet propelled fighters world renowned laboratory projects ended result hunter purchased instead introduced service models plagued onset inefficient engines capable short distance required swiss meters meters wind tunnel engine tests maiden flight federal councillor cancelled project leading resentment government engineers project continued eventually aircraft came production wings later development successful semi swept wing jet similar engines mounted internally wings fold improve slow speeds maximum designed remarkable velocity aircraft early 1950s single engine straight wing aircraft contract production aircraft awarded second crash pre production model order canceled aircraft met requirements attack fighter capable carrying heavy loads crash widely considered pretext swiss parliament reverse addition middle influenced nato concepts swiss doctrine air power close air support counter air operations strategic concepts governing swiss defense doctrine shifted dynamic mobile defense included execution air missions swiss border possibility carrying nuclear weapons suitable time tested swiss industry developed didn introduce service anti aircraft tank missile mobile ground air defence system based swiss wheeled equipped missile bought affair acquisition hunter solved swiss dilemma needing support ground forces deploy air air capability hunter provide counter air defense battlefield escort ground support fighters capable defending swiss swiss parliament voted french purpose surface air missiles british swiss acquired single testing preface production license strengthened wings airframe differ radar replaced system provide compatibility falcon air air missile intended operated ground attack reconnaissance aircraft wing pods photographic mission production developed scandal air_force staff wanted acquire best available aircraft market issued performance specifications concept mobile defense replaced static defense strategy world war doctrine new doctrine required greater numbers long range aircraft tanks order combat soviet troops arrived near swiss border committee aircraft consisted military officers engineer employed army originally proposed employed multi role capacity parliament authorized approximately million swiss build license soon crushed massive budget government asked additional million cost result fitting electronics french platform installing moving aircraft inside cranes structural reinforcements jet assisted extras improve shelf wish boosted possibility swiss acquire aircraft delivered nuclear weapons france producing major reason rising costs need develop separate variant photo reconnaissance mission pods caused great performance penalty differences reconnaissance version designated resulted fighters reconnaissance aircraft actually built allocated reconnaissance squadron training group rest fighter squadrons found small number insufficient provide multi role capacity deemed essential new doctrine went service lack financial oversight apparent ease federal councillor paul chief general staff chose time world fastest jet fighter led time swiss history formation parliamentary fact finding commission result parliamentary oversight military improved military given organizational professional structures avoid budget air_force officer retire retired voluntarily end followed stepped later cold war history option nuclear weapons discarded likelihood operations swiss border severely restricted decided generation aircraft acquired close air support resurrection discussed swiss press continued theoretical development aircraft expense final variant equipped engine choice narrowed milan joint swiss french prototype variant iii strong advocates affair milan project failed lack orders recommendation purchase cancelled air_force instead purchased additional surplus improve ground attack capability small number reserved reconnaissance roles time swiss aviation industry attempt swiss fighter jet success remained unfinished project end 1970s saw introduction tiger won competition phantom passed contest flight evaluation ordered aircraft delivered follow order brought totals single seat seat deployed squadrons headquartered initially tigers responsible air sovereignty feet took ground attack mission phased fleet nearing years operational service began major upgrade program improve capabilities aircraft retro fitted manufactured air improve stability landing speeds new redesignated lengthy nature swiss aircraft process reinforced resulted simultaneous acquisition new fighter eventually replace swiss considered fighters choosing douglas general dynamics fighting falcon fly evaluation held competition chose october virtually shelf models nearly identical operated stronger frames anticipated year service life competition reopened allow european fighter june choice political struggle purchase approved referendum began meantime soviet_union dissolved dissolution cold war ended overseas training small contingent deployed sweden training air ground delivery ordnance intermittently annual training abroad begin use swiss air space combat training increasingly impractical performance jets increased created environmental restrictions swiss modified traditional stance neutrality seek facilities particularly members meet training needs annual training exercise begun january conducted air weapons training installation air base time facility outside united_states swiss tigers year conducted air combat maneuvering training instrumentation range following fifth exercise demands nato air forces facility resulted permission usage withdrawn exercise set june cancelled began new training program united_kingdom called newly built range operated provided facility conduct realistic combat training aircraft began annual exercises november developments changes doctrine end cold war probability ground invasion switzerland ended substantially changing swiss military doctrine resulting reduction budget size supporting program air_force retained basic structure organization totally independent service called january time inception counter air role ground support mission ended defense domestic highest priority primary task addition air_force tasked gathering intelligence air reconnaissance air transport support ground troops practical matter marginal missions strongly influenced capability combat aircraft operate daylight anti aircraft artillery obsolete florida radar system reached limits operational effectiveness retirement ended ground support capability cut defence budget meant plans second purchase supporting air ground weapons reason multi capable selected canceled leaving strictly air air role immediately air_force reduced fixed wing aircraft bases closed reforms continued pattern reduction bases closed jets relocated later planned closing helicopter base placed closure list left combat bases main helicopter base training base maintained war time theoretical plan highways near emergency retained pilots trained use mid-1980s new jets political struggles popular initiative sought stop chosen replace defeated majority versions twin seat model single seat built united_states flight tested delivered december respectively thirty production kits shipped switzerland assembly service january final aircraft delivered december crashed leaving assigned squadrons seven instructor pilots trained florida united_states_navy provided instructors exchange train pilots acquired provide interim solution jet training requirements retired sold finland ended service second half 1990s fighter retired final reconnaissance jet december hunters retired air force effort provide tigers air ground capability proved expensive plans replace fleet fourth generation jet fighter begun dozen leased austria years awaited delivery new swiss maintenance fleet considered low hours purchased replace aging aircraft effectively reduced inventory half proposals replace tigers advanced variant came consideration end chosen candidate evaluation tested choice end buy don build rent financing struggles possibility popular initiative uncertain acquired overseas training continued annual exercises discontinued favor multi nation training exercise held annually swiss contingents began attending training night operations called began norway continued annually training abroad nato nations reflected changing realities neutrality reflected official code favor code invented terms french german italian accurate voice communications high stress flight operations nato terms entirely english largely developed united_states_air_force faced continuing challenges left wing environmental existence policy operations february initiative ban training flights jet aircraft tourist areas switzerland virtually entire nation reduce impact noise pollution publicly debated delivery referendum termed ineffective defeated vote aircraft service previous aircraft closed air_force bases san | History of the Swiss Air Force | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3926_2ndArmy(KingdomofYugoslavia) | kingdom yugoslavia formation commanded opposed german led axis invasion april world war consisted infantry divisions cavalry regiment formed responsible defence yugoslav hungarian border river danube directly attacked days invasion commenced attacks flanks april resulted successive orders withdraw lines danube april hungarians crossed border sector responsible withdrawing hungarians faced resistance day german 8th division driving belgrade flank effectively routed entire combat force accelerated fifth column activities soldiers germans captured belgrade april remnants 2nd army continued resist line april headquarters rebuffed contacted germans attempt negotiate separate april tens thousands yugoslav soldiers captured germans closed capturing april accepted surrender april came effect following day composition commanded chief staff organised geographic basis 2nd army district divided divisional districts subdivided regimental regions consisted 17th infantry division cavalry regiment horse support units included artillery regiment 2nd 2nd army anti aircraft company border guard battalion 3rd comprising sixteen attached based east deployment 2nd army responsible eastern section yugoslav hungarian border regions danube region danube left flank 1st responsible defence yugoslav hungarian border west boundary 4th army ran east yugoslav defence plan saw 2nd army deployed boundary danube divisions line division depth formations 10th 17th infantry division partly commenced deployment 2nd army west east 17th infantry division south east confluence danube centred depth right flank river centred 33rd infantry division direct command deployed south river centred operations faced days commencement invasion exchanges fire hungarian border guards 2nd army faced direct attacks 2nd army hungarians ready scale fighting deploying forces april events parts yugoslavia right flank ordered withdraw south danube deploy line facing east defend attack direction bulgaria headquarters 2nd army issued orders evacuate reinforce left flank following day situation deteriorated significantly german crossed yugoslav romanian border struck 6th army halting withdrawal disrupting ability organise coherent defence danube april main thrust 2nd army consisting 8th leading 16th crossed 4th army sector left 2nd army turned southeast rivers meeting resistance strong air support reached left flank evening despite poor roads bad weather later day situation increasingly desperate country prime minister yugoslav chief general staff broadcast following message troops engage enemy encountered means disposal don wait direct orders act guided judgement initiative conscience able evacuate organised defence left flank threatened began desert units fifth column activities fascist significantly reducing combat power 2nd army evening april 2nd ordered withdraw line form defensive line confluence river days needed night april continued withdrawal units 2nd army included significant numbers began dissolve dawn april hungarian forces consisting mobile corps lieutenant general crossed yugoslav border north near overcame yugoslav border guards advanced corps continued push east south 8th capturing followed 16th advanced east despite bridge poor roads effectively routed 2nd april day 3rd flown following day group 26th heavy fighter wing german destroyed 3rd aircraft swept airfield effective attacks campaign night april 8th division captured important bridges captured intact destroyed bridge danube advanced kilometres south belgrade advances delayed withdrawal 2nd south fate april withdrawal threatened left flank described polish historian having combat importance far right flank attempted pressed drove belgrade west belgrade remnants 2nd tried establish line captured bridges elements 8th division captured fight april 1st army counter attacked right flank pushed germans captured german assistance units recaptured town destroyed bridge hungarians occupied facing resistance evening april elements command crossed danube boats captured belgrade resistance time elements approaching belgrade west away capital 8th continued thrust capture bridges west belgrade entered city night rest 8th division turned southeast drove link left flank southwest belgrade 16th south advanced april led southward thrust headquarters 2nd army located day 2nd army asked germans separate agreement rebuffed stage surrender considered germans april tens thousands yugoslav soldiers taken prisoner germans drive centre country including april approached east 14th division entered west 2nd army surrendered delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers web | 2nd Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3934_No.4ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established january mascot new south wales initially operated conjunction civilian flying organisations based mascot newcastle school disbanded april operations transferred history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed mascot new south wales january came control group inaugural commanding officer squadron leader mascot sydney civil airport home private aviation organisations airfield position hub civilian flight instruction new_south_wales led base fourth flying school raaf raised world war principle followed basing south australia queensland victoria training courses conducted auspices eats civil organisations government contract instructors organisations commissioned officers raaf flying school divided flights training conducted conducted conducted conducted newcastle training aircraft air cadets subject raaf discipline school training program directed commanding officer initial intake students arrived january accommodation severely limited new flying school headquarters housed base sick quarters utilised casualty room cadets pay rooms nearby brighton sands hotel strength february officers airmen civilian cadets second intake cadets arrived days later school inaugural eats course commenced april government contracts civilian organisations flying instruction mascot newcastle terminated august aircraft impressed raaf engaged provide maintenance november instructor killed fell street performing slow roll safety harness broke student badly shaken able land plane wearing landed december planes badly damaged killed strength february officers airmen collided april killing instructor pupil aircraft pilots plane survived crash landing golf course owing urgent requirements house elements australia disbanded april operations transferred new_south_wales graduates included australia scoring fighter ace world war commanding officers commanded following officers | No. 4 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
3965_6thBattalion(Australia) | 6th infantry battalion australian_army originally formed service world war battalion fought gallipoli western battalion disbanded raised adopted title royal melbourne regiment battalion serve overseas second world war eventually disbanded raised remained existence absorbed today honours traditions maintained 5th 6th battalion history world war following outbreak world war decision raise volunteer force outside existing units overseas service known completely recruited victoria drawing melbourne surrounding suburbs north battalions 55th 56th 63rd infantry headquartered raising complete fortnight outbreak war august months later battalion embarked overseas troop transport suffolk forming 2nd brigade battalion proceeded egypt arriving december period training took landing april went ashore second wave shortly landing 2nd brigade transferred cape assist attack unsuccessful attack 6th battalion suffered heavy casualties losing men killed died wounds returned arriving defending established august allies attempted break battalion took attack lone pine september withdrawn period rest returned november resumed defensive duties time failure august offensive campaign evolved stalemate remained line december allies carried successful evacuation campaign lost officers ranks killed withdrawal gallipoli battalion returned egypt received reinforcements carried defensive duties time reorganised expanded fresh divisions raised order spread experience new units existing units split 6th battalion provided half experienced officers non commissioned officers battalion march sailed france deployed sent quiet sector near combat came june battalion launched trench raid germans opposite position major action france came later july time lost men killed later battalion fought belgium returning winter time undertook defensive duties patrols man land battalion took second battle taking september lieutenant earned 6th battalion victoria_cross march april battalion took defensive actions response german spring offensive subsequently taking allied days offensive launched near august joined advance following day striking taking capture battalion continued operations late september taking advance withdrawn line rest reorganisation combat november members battalion began repatriated australia process began process undertaken gradually based length service battalion numbers began amalgamated march later battalion amalgamated 5th 8th battalions form war 6th battalion lost killed wounded members battalion received following decorations victoria_cross order bar military crosses bars distinguished conduct medals military medals bars mentioned despatches foreign awards inter war years decision numerical designations battle honours raising units existing units adopt identity units recruited regions pre war citizen soldiers served designed maintain regional identity units honours traditions units time 6th battalion raised personnel drawn existing units 6th infantry regiment 29th 46th infantry regiment 60th infantry regiment 21st infantry regiment units battalion gained complex lineage including infantry unit trace lineage claimed oldest infantry unit australia initially attached territorial titles adopted army battalion adopted title 6th battalion city adopted motto time following election government compulsory training scheme abolished place new system introduced maintained time voluntary basis renamed militia time decision suspend compulsory training coupled economic great depression meant manpower militia units dropped considerably result decision number units 6th battalion affected decision formed alliance battalion designated title officially approved king george jubilee unique honour battalion time australian infantry unit carry royal prefix second world war outset second world war provisions defence act prohibited sending militia fight outside australian territory decision raise volunteer force serve overseas initial operations conceived likely middle_east france later possibly england decided militia defend australian mainland improve australia overall level readiness compulsory military service extended periods continuous periods training time 6th battalion called number periods continuous service order bolster readiness undertook garrison duties australia decision unit australian government sought resources economy began process early later january battalion parent unit disbanded post second world war completion process raised established restricted establishment divisions force announced raised companies formed melbourne battalion headquarters depots located preston decided battalion battle honours 6th battalion fought north_africa greece new_guinea war approved battalion regimental march australian_army adopted divisional structure based establishment company battalions result reduction number units merged form new units establishment time decided old local regional regiments existed new multi battalion state based regiments result changes july 6th battalion merged 32nd battalion form royal victoria regiment organisation 6th battalion identity maintained prior march battalion received freedom city system abandoned organisation undertaken existing battalions reduced additional battalions raised populous areas queensland victoria new south wales time concerns regional identity units addressed old numerical designations result large battalions split 6th battalion raised battalion known royal victoria regiment july declining troop numbers reorganisation resulted amalgamation 5th 6th battalions albeit guise royal victoria regiment lasted august concerns strategic situation following russian invasion afghanistan australian government announced expansion decided raise battalion victoria battalion 5th 6th battalion royal victoria regiment reached peak strength following year battalion split form new unit remains existence today maintains battle honours traditions predecessor militia units alliances united_kingdom royal battle honours awarded following battle honours second boer war south africa world war road wood france flanders landing defence gallipoli egypt second world war north_africa greece south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea | 6th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4007_39thBattalion(Australia) | 39th infantry unit australian_army originally raised february service world war making 10th brigade attached served western france belgium disbanded march following organisation australian_army battalion raised unit known regiment amalgamated 37th battalion 37th 39th battalion later 37th amalgamated 24th battalion form 24th 39th battalion raised single unit october world war battalion sent new_guinea july august year unit heavily engaged defence time fought desperate actions japanese attempted hold reinforcements brought port involvement battle time withdrawn muster men following return australia unit disbanded early july history world war formation formed february victoria service world war command lieutenant colonel battalion raised expansion 1st took place conclusion majority battalion recruits came 37th 38th 40th battalions formed 10th brigade following brief period training 39th battalion marched melbourne city unit subsequently embarked bound united_kingdom sailing cape_town battalion landed plymouth july moved train marching undertook period months training sent france november completing channel crossing november landed moved train night december battalion took place trenches western relieving sister battalion 37th sector remained week introduction trench warfare time battalion repelled small german raid sent patrols man land western having endured long winter flanders serving mainly defensive role battalion major engagement came belgium early june battle began badly 39th near march line departure battalion suffered high number casualties following german gas attack subsequently resulted 39th able muster manpower attack amounting assault force men despite 39th quickly reorganised single wave attacking 10th brigade right subsequently overcame initial german opposition facing second phase battle advanced south southern edge involved fighting north initially held german machine gun fire overcome continued advance final objective eventually digging yards farm having managed capture objectives later october took major attacks sector firstly brilliant success second disastrous failure fighting october 39th formed wave 10th brigade attack went following 37th 38th battalions advanced strongly held boxes switch digging party 39th joined launched final wave brigade attack 40th came stiff opposition men 39th pushed forward objective finally secured battle 39th remained line october withdrawn reorganisation rest couple days later battalion fighting ordered advance attacking morning october despite heavy rain previous evening heavy fighting followed battalion managed secure objective forced withdraw flanks threatened neighbouring units unable advance thick mud course months 39th battalion rotated line rear areas holding line belgium winter spring german_army launched effort victory known spring offensive 39th australian battalions moved south france order stem tide german onslaught fighting series defensive actions late march early june allies launched offensive days offensive august battalion rest 10th brigade serving divisional reserve participate advance known greatest days allies western august battalion committed battle undertaking attack village attack ill conceived ultimately failed despite battalion remained line august early september advanced battalion undertook major action war end september serving alongside americans breached parts line canal final battle battalion long serving commanding officer lieutenant colonel taken command february battalion major battle killed action late october 39th relieved battalion removed line undertake training reorganisation middle october 39th bolstered company reinforcements 37th disbanded help losses 10th brigade units 39th action rear armistice declared november fighting process began slowly men began marching australia finally march disbanded point battalion remaining personnel amalgamated units form 10th regiment soldiers returning australia course war 39th battalion suffered men killed wounded members battalion received following decorations member excellent order british_empire distinguished conduct medals military crosses military medals bars mentions dispatches involvement fighting western 39th battalion awarded battle honours inter war years end world war wholesale disbandment units australian_army wartime army disbanded personnel decided need raise time military force known responsibility defence australian mainland force organised lines 1st units raised kept numerical designation 1st battalions ceased exist officially april reorganised following month adopting numerical designations structures raised melbourne formation battalion attached 10th brigade battalion drew personnel 22nd 24th infantry regiments 29th light horse territorial designations adopted battalion assumed title years later changed regiment assumed motto initially battalion kept strength volunteers men serving terms compulsory training scheme scheme suspended newly elected government renamed militia combination end compulsory training financial hardships great depression meant volunteers available men risk losing jobs undertake training result 1930s number units amalgamated disbanded size army reduced merged later 37th amalgamated 24th battalion 24th 39th battalion alliance regiment approved world war formation october issued order raising single battalion called national service intent raise battalion relieve queensland based serving garrison force port outset battalion formed men transferred variety infantry light horse units including 24th 39th battalion deployed road victoria elements 3rd lieutenant colonel battalion new commanding officer having previously served 23rd battalion world war war battalion headquarters opened near october nucleus officers senior non commissioned officers experience world war prepared battalion arrival soldiers ranks bring required establishment october draft officers men assembled transported rail following day numbers increased arrival seven officers men later june arrived new_guinea battalion strength bolstered transfer officers 2nd including new commanding officer lieutenant colonel november 39th battalion streets melbourne weapons taken days form battalion battalion declared ready training end events pacific training cut short battalion able undertake training exercise time exercise code named battle conducted victorian western district end october days japanese attack fleet pearl harbor british malaya december battalion ordered prepare war service threat invasion japanese changed strategic situation planning forecasts australian high command instead relieving 39th combined 49th new_south_wales based 53rd battalion form 30th brigade plans entire formation deploy new_guinea christmas day spent camp loaded trains following day rapid north train went straight departed street station melbourne hours later trains arrived sydney hours december battalion moved ferry officers men battalion boarded passenger ship bound new_guinea initially arrival new_guinea january 39th battalion defend airfield near port carry garrison tasks building defences unloading stores wharf battalion commanding officer deemed medically unfit service relinquished command june military situation new_guinea deteriorated battalion received orders track order act blocking force possibility japanese advance overland north order counter threat composed troops sent arriving july proved large japanese force landed week later quickly began inland clash occurred july platoon company command captain having destroyed engaged japanese far river australians forced withdraw hundreds japanese marines began crossing river barrage mortar machine gun fire withdrew miles set successful ambush advancing japanese banks creek forced high ground attempted stand tried contact battalion headquarters rest battalion spread track order reinforcements evening july japanese attacked main position men company left time armed small arms light machine guns match assaulting japanese casualties sides high australians resorted hand hand combat battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel flown battalion following death killed organising withdrawal clear lost following morning cover dense mist commanding officer major assuming temporary command survivors abandoned position fell village mile track remnants company bad state august major brigade major 30th brigade arrived command sent disgrace mistaken belief run away fighting august rest 39th battalion troops experience fighting japanese launched counterattack managed secure airfield close proximity japanese relief aircraft unable land short food ammunition forced fall days fighting eventually managed halt japanese advance august fell point fighting ceased weeks time 39th joined 53rd 30th brigade headquarters lieutenant colonel arrived command reaching battalion august subsequently began organising battalion defence august brigadier took command reinforcements arrived 14th 16th later 27th battalions 7th reached area despite situation remained bleak supply issue problem australians reinforcements arrived state disarray having committed battle fashion suffering badly hunger disease japanese experiencing similar problems relation supplies began advance august despite rugged defensive actions australians forced august crossing september finally days later exhausted efforts longer able considered effective fighting force 39th relieved sent track rest job required having stalled japanese advance order allow reinforcements brought reinforcements came shape 25th brigade comprising 25th 31st 33rd battalions bitter fighting ensued australians withdrew september time japanese reached limit september began withdraw november australian hands fighting disbandment following 39th battalion withdrawal line september spent month sent port mid october detailed prepare defensive positions november attached 21st brigade december 39th battalion involved fighting brigade fought time 39th suffered heavy casualties fighting continued having captured mission battalion moved track december taking forward position new year battalion withdrawn returned 30th brigade suffered heavy casualties january flown frontage seven officers men february 39th ordered prepare operations area anticipation japanese attack attack march 39th battalion embarked return journey australia following 39th battalion return australia men given period leave 30th brigade queensland initially plan brigade rebuild prior returning new_guinea july decided 30th brigade component battalions 39th 49th 3rd battalions disbanded reinforce 6th division reinforcements sent 16th 19th brigades came effect july result decision called service transferred militia battalion new_south_wales volunteered overseas service sent 2nd battalion units later saw service new_guinea end battalion involvement fighting new_guinea men served ranks battalion suffered combat casualties consisted killed action died wounds died causes wounded action illness disease took heavy toll result months combat 39th battalion muster roll seven officers ranks service world war members 39th battalion received following decorations seven 39th received battle honours war australian unit receive trail battle honour battle honours 39th battalion received following battle honours world war line france flanders world war south west pacific crossing road river commanding officers world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel legacy end war 39th battalion involvement fighting significant narrative surrounding legend australia emergence modern nation battalion actions shown film recently australian movie based partly war australia time military forces reformed battalions disbanded war raised 39th august australian_army raised 39th personnel support battalion later designated 39th operational support battalion adopting 39th numerical designation order order battle ceremony held shrine remembrance melbourne governor general described 39th battalion australia soldiers stating australian nation heroic service | 39th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4062_UnitedStatesSpecialOperationsCommand | charged overseeing special operations component commands army marine_corps navy air_force command unified headquartered tampa florida idea unified special operations command origins aftermath disastrous attempted rescue hostages american embassy iran ensuing investigation chaired admiral retired chief naval operations cited lack command control inter service coordination significant factors failure mission activation april participated operations invasion panama ongoing global war terrorism conducts covert clandestine missions direct action special reconnaissance counter terrorism foreign internal defense unconventional warfare psychological warfare civil affairs counter operations branch unique capable running operations different special operations forces need work operation joint component command operation instead specific branch history command control structure separate military special operations forces led failure highlighted need reform reorganization incident army chief staff general called restructuring special operations capabilities eventually helping create unsuccessful joint level went consolidate units new significant step improve small growing sense congress need military reforms june began year long study included examination spearheaded senator concern mounting created january agency operational command authority little improve readiness capabilities policies insufficient staunch supporters principal deputy assistant secretary deputy advocated reforms time determined overhaul included senators members representative dan daniel chairman congressman daniel convinced military establishment interested special operations country capability area second rate operational command control endemic problem senators felt strongly preparing adequately future threats senator agreed needed organizational focus chain command special operations deal low intensity conflicts october published results year review military structure entitled defense organization need change principal author study examined past special operations speculated likely future threats influential document led defense reorganization act spring advocates introduced reform bills houses congress senator introduced senate bill sponsored senator called joint military organization establishment office ensure adequate funding policy emphasis low intensity conflict special operations proposal went wanted national special operations agency headed civilian bypass joint chiefs report directly secretary defense services budget process congress held hearings bills summer admiral chairman led pentagon opposition bills proposed alternative new command led star general proposal received congress wanted star general charge number retired military officers testified favor need reform accounts retired army major general gave compelling reasons change commanded joint special operations task force explained conventional force leaders operation allowing use unique capabilities resulted high casualties formal testimony met privately small number senators elaborate problems encountered house senate passed reform bills went conference committee reconciliation senate house forged compromise bill called unified command headed star general assistant secretary low intensity conflict coordinating board low intensity conflict new called final bill attached rider defense authorization act amended act signed law october congress clearly intended force administration face realities past failures emerging threats administration responsible implementing law congress subsequently pass additional bills ensure proper implementation legislation promised improve respects implemented provided control resources better enabling force additionally law fostered cooperation single commander promoted forces assigned command establishment star commander chief assistant secretary low intensity conflict eventually gave voice highest councils implementing provisions act rapid smooth issues surface appointing principal duties included special operations activities low intensity conflict activities congress increased number assistant defense fill new december congress directed secretary army carry duties suitable replacement approved senate months legislation passed ambassador assume duties establishment provided measure excitement quick solution manning basing brand new unified command abolish existing command misunderstood mission appear viable mission post era commander chief general special operations experience january recommended secretary defense provide facilities president ronald_reagan approved establishment new command april activated april nominated general commander chief special operations command senate accepted debate operation earnest tactical operation involved night seals special boat teams working operation earnest september operation earnest united_states ensured neutral oil merchant ships safely transit iran iraq war iranian attacks prompted kuwait ask united_states december register american ships escorted president reagan agreed request march hoping deter iranian attacks protection offered naval vessels stop iran mines small boats harass convoys steaming kuwait late july rear admiral commander requested assets special boat teams deployed mark iii patrol boats seal august decided convert oil barges hercules vii mobile sea bases mobile sea bases allowed northern clandestine iranian mining small boat attacks september flying took frigate track iranian ship observed iran turn lights begin laying mines receiving permission attack helicopters fired guns rockets stopping ship crew began push mines helicopters resumed firing crew abandoned ship special boat teams provided security seal team boarded vessel light discovered mines vessel deck revealing areas previous mines laid implicated iran mining international waters days forces determined iranian pattern activity hid day near oil gas platforms iranian waters night headed navigation aid knowledge launched helicopters patrol craft helicopters arrived fired iranian boats anchored near short intense helicopters sank boats days later mid october iranian missile hit tanker near oil terminal outside seventeen crewmen american captain injured missile attack operation archer destroyers shelled oil platforms oil field seal platoon demolition unit planted explosives platforms destroy seals boarded searched platform miles away documents radios taken intelligence purposes april miles east frigate hit blowing immense hole hull sailors injured operation praying fiercely attacking iranian frigate oil platforms oil fields warships bombarded platform set seal platoon flew platform unable close fire secondary explosions soon wrecked platform iranian attacks neutral ships dropped drastically july iran accepted united_nations cease fire august iran iraq war ended remaining seals patrol boats helicopters returned united_states special operations forces provided critical skills necessary help gain control northern iran small boats ability work night proved vital iranian units darkness conceal actions additionally earnest operational requirements acquire new weapons systems patrol coastal ships involved operation provide relief delivery relief supplies accompanied relief flights southern assess area soldiers arriving forces supported expanded relief operations teams paramilitary officers elements conducted high risk advanced force operations prior entry follow forces casualty conflict came team paramilitary officer operator awarded intelligence star extraordinary heroism actions earliest missions operation restore hope conducted navy seals seals performed graphic reconnaissance missions find suitable landing sites marines december seals swam found suitable landing sites assessed area threats concluded port support ships tough mission seals swam strong current left exhausted furthermore swam raw sewage harbor sick seals hit shore following night surprised meet members news media marines came ashore soon press attention later seals provided personal security president visit december assets kenya moved joined operation restore hope january command element deployed command control special operations restore hope mission initial contact indigenous factions leaders provide information force protection provide reports area future relief security operations april elements drove miles captured weapons destroyed pounds explosives august secretary defense directed deployment joint special operations task force response attacks general supporters forces named task force ranger charged mission named capture especially mission gone underground lockheed air raids assaults strongholds marines 24th provided interim force helicopters task force arrived country began training exercises marines asked mission having advantage area months decided mission analysis mission factors centered inability rescue crew downed helicopter indigenous forces technique helicopters blocking narrow streets order restrict movement ground rescue force knowledge passed rangers marines operating uss wasp rangers remaining land operators 75th seals naval special warfare development group air_force special tactics units august september task force conducted missions successes remained free effect missions seriously limited movements october ranger launched seventh mission time stronghold market capture key mission expected hours helicopters carried assault ground convoy security teams launched late afternoon ranger compound airport came increasingly heavy fire intense previous missions assault team captured including loading convoy trucks hit rocket propelled grenade rpg small element security force assault helicopter carrying man combat search rescue team rushed crash site battle increasingly worse rpg struck crashing mile south downed helicopter task force faced overwhelming overran crash sites causing dire situation mob overran second site despite heroic defense killed pilot took prisoner defenders crash site master sergeant class posthumously awarded medal honor time mission quick reaction force tried reach second crash site force pinned fire required fire support helicopters break contact way base assault security elements moved foot crash area passing heavy fire occupied buildings south southwest downed helicopter fought establish defensive positions pinned heavy enemy fire treating wounded worked free pilot body downed helicopter loaded trucks ground convoy force attempted reach crash site unable find narrow winding convoy came devastating small arms rpg fire convoy return base suffering numerous casualties sustaining substantial damage vehicles reinforcements consisting elements 10th soldiers rangers seals tanks malaysian armored personnel carriers finally arrived october combined force worked dawn free pilot body receiving rpg small arms fire night casualties loaded armored personnel carriers remainder force left choice foot streets fire support movement main force convoy arrived pakistani stadium compound concluding urban vietnam war task force ranger experienced total killed action wounded estimates placed casualties task force ranger missions successes overall outcome deemed failure failure complete stated mission capturing forces pulled march withdrawal completed march failed significant contributions operations performed reconnaissance surveillance missions assisted humanitarian relief protected american forces conducted patrols additionally ensured safe landing marines arrival merchant ships carrying food iraq 10th elements cia sad paramilitary officers linked enter iraq prior invasion efforts organized defeat islam invasion battle control territory completely occupied ally significant battle led termination substantial number terrorists chemical weapons facility terrorists subsequent eliminated battle facility type discovered iraq war battle iraq sound defeat ally combined team led northern army effort kept forces north denied ability contest invasion force coming south effort saved lives hundreds thousands coalition service men women launch iraq war dozens member teams southern western iraq hunt missiles bombing targets scores navy seals seized oil pumping stations southern coast air_force combat controllers flew combat missions established desert begin flow soldiers supplies deep iraq far cry war forces kept largely replay afghanistan navy seals led fighting star turn afghanistan special operators disappointed play supporting role iraq special operators felt restricted cautious commanders point killed captured hundreds insurgents terrorists conducted foreign internal defense missions successfully training iraqi security forces current role played pivotal role fighting government afghanistan capturing iraq developing plans expanded complex role global campaign terrorism role continued emerge killing pakistan forces deployed overseas evenly divided iraq afghanistan war afghanistan initial stages war afghanistan forces linked defeat need large scale conventional forces biggest successes global war terrorism units linked times war engaged furious battles enemy battle happened mission squeeze life stronghold dug deep mountains eastern afghanistan operation seen heaviest fights war afghanistan battle called featured special operations forces services cia air force combat controllers fought entrenched fighters atop foot mountain subsequently entrenched targets asset sky according executive summary battle intense american special operators involved killed june navy seals pinned help helicopter carrying service members responded shot members rescue team seals ground died worst loss life afghanistan invasion navy seal marcus survived team leader awarded medal honor actions battle global presence chief said ground air maritime components global presence authorities responsibilities mirror defense agencies special operations forces deployed countries compared beginning spokesman colonel army reported said number countries presence likely reach joint training exercises carried countries year study identified joint training exercises belize brazil bulgaria germany indonesia norway panama poland mid year dominican_republic jordan romania south_korea thailand nations addition forces executed high profile killing pakistan november nation reported covert anti terrorist operation pakistan white_house director said united_states merely respond fact terrorist attack fight plot train afghanistan pakistan said places host country lower profile place special operations forces activities coordinated ambassador operational control star regional commander conduct actions forces outside iraq war zones subject internal debate including representatives bush administration hand obama administration united_nations questioned administration authority international law conduct raids particularly kill innocent civilians possible legal justification permission country question complicated places pakistan governments privately agree publicly acknowledge approving attacks report subordinate commands component command charged study special operations requirements techniques ensure equipment plan conduct special operations exercises training develop established recommendation col aftermath failure popularly known primary counter terrorist units modeled regarded premier special operations forces world delta stringent training selection process delta recruits primarily talented highly skilled operators 75th delta pass screening recruits pass rigid selection course beginning training delta received training numerous government agencies tier created curriculum based training techniques developed delta conducts clandestine covert special operations world capability conduct special operations missions counter terrorism hostage rescue operations activity support branch primary missions provide mainly delta operations establishing strategic support branch needed permission cia conduct operations caused effective support primary units naval special warfare development group seal team second primary counter terrorist units naval special warfare counterpart delta like delta recruits best operators best units branch navy seals capable performing type special operations mission trains especially counter terrorist hostage rescue operations 24th component 24th usually operates delta convenience 24th ability control different elements air power enhance air operations deep enemy territory portions units constantly changing special operations task force operating area operations task force task force task force task force creations pentagon september campaign terrorism quickly model military gain intelligence battle insurgents future originally known task force formed summer military merged existing special operations units hunting afghanistan tracking iraq joint capabilities joint capabilities transferred soon primary mission train conventional commanders supports international engagement training requirements supports implementation capability solutions order improve strategic operational readiness joint prepared support deployed headquarters wrote positions army december activated 16th major army command special operations forces america unconventional warfare years commands units known special forces green rangers relatively unknown units main weapons unconventional warfare counter significance units emphasized conventional conflicts prevalent guerrilla warfare increases units 75th premier light infantry unit united_states_army headquartered fort georgia 75th mission plan conduct special missions support policy objectives rangers flexible rapid force battalion deploy world hours notice army places importance 75th training possesses capabilities conduct conventional special operations missions rangers capable land sea air direct action operations conducting raids assaulting buildings airfields aka perform missions unconventional warfare foreign internal defense special reconnaissance direct action counter terrorism missions unique military employed stages operational peacetime conflict war foreign internal defense operations main peacetime mission designed help friendly developing nations working military police forces improve technical skills understanding human rights issues help humanitarian civic action projects special forces unconventional warfare capabilities provide viable military option variety operational inappropriate conventional forces special forces military premier unconventional warfare force foreign internal defense unconventional warfare missions bread butter soldiers reason candidates trained extensively weapons engineering communications medicine soldiers taught warriors teachers second able train team able train allies mission units required perform additional activities outside primary missions activities coalition warfare support combat search rescue security assistance humanitarian assistance humanitarian mining counter drug operations headquartered fort campbell kentucky provides aviation support units regiment consists light helicopters helicopters heavy assault helicopters capabilities evolving early 1980s focus night operations resulted nickname night primary mission night conduct overt covert resupply special operations forces wide range environmental conditions airborne airborne soldiers use influence perceptions encourage desired behavior soldiers supports national objectives tactical operational strategic levels operations strategic psychological operations advance broad long term objectives global nature directed large audiences key operational psychological operations conducted smaller scale 4th employed theater commanders target groups theater operations 4th purpose range gaining support operations preparing battlefield combat tactical psychological operations limited commanders secure immediate near term goals environment force enhancing activities serve means lower morale efficiency enemy forces airborne specialists identify critical requirements needed local citizens war disaster situations locate civilian resources support military operations help minimize civilian interference operations support national assistance activities plan execute evacuation support counter drug operations establish maintain liaison civilian aid agencies organizations support special operations culturally oriented capable soldiers tasked provide functional expertise foreign internal defense operations unconventional warfare operations direct action missions special operations airborne difficult mission supporting respective fields signal support soldiers provide supplies maintenance equipment expertise allowing shoot communicate continuous basis uses items soldiers assigned units taught operate maintain vast array specialized equipment normally conventional counterparts provides centralized integrated material management property equipment maintenance logistical repair parts supplies trains development evaluation special operations concepts doctrines marine_corps october secretary defense directed formation marine component determined marine_corps initially form unit approximately serve february activated camp north_carolina initially consisted small staff formed conduct foreign internal defense designated service component tasked commander train organize equip deploy responsive marine_corps special operations forces worldwide support commanders agencies directed conduct foreign internal defense direct action special reconnaissance directed develop capability unconventional warfare counter terrorism information operations deployed units august months group initial activation reached operational capability october units marine regiment marine raiders consists marine 1st 2nd 3rd regiment provides tailored military combat skills training advisor support identified foreign forces order enhance tactical capabilities prepare environment directed capability form nucleus joint special operations task force marines sailors train advise assist friendly host nation forces including naval maritime military paramilitary forces enable support governments internal security stability counter reduce risk violence internal external threats deployments coordinated accordance engagement priorities overseas operations trains maintains combat readiness provides intelligence support operational levels order support training operations worldwide mission specific intelligence capability trains structures provides specially qualified marine forces including operational logistics intelligence military communications support order sustain worldwide special operations missions directed commander performs screening recruiting training assessment development functions includes subordinate special missions training branches coast special mission training branch east provide special operations training tactics techniques procedures evaluation certification forces specified conditions standards marines operators training experience mature judgment plan coordinate supervise development special reconnaissance direct action skills navy commissioned april naval amphibious base san_diego naval component naval special warfare command provides vision leadership guidance resources oversight ensure component special operations forces ready meet operational requirements commanders today seal teams special boat teams comprise elite combat units naval special warfare teams organized trained equipped conduct variety missions include direct action special reconnaissance counter terrorism foreign internal defense unconventional warfare support psychological civil affairs operations highly trained operators deployed worldwide support objectives conducting operations conventional special operations forces navy seals distinguished individually reliable collectively disciplined highly skilled special operations force important trait distinguishes navy seals military forces seals maritime special operations strike return sea seals sea air land elements operate seals experts direct action special reconnaissance missions stealth clandestine methods operation allow conduct multiple missions targets larger forces approach dangers inherent missions prospective seals considered military experts toughest training regime world naval special warfare development group referred seal team predecessor officially disbanded seal delivery vehicle teams seal teams added underwater delivery capability use viii provides unprecedented capability combines attributes clandestine underwater mobility combat swimmer special crewmen operate maintain state art surface craft conduct coastal patrol support special operations missions focusing seals provide dedicated rapid mobility shallow water areas larger ships operate bring table unique capability maritime craft aerial delivery system ability deliver combat craft parachute drop like seals excellent physical fitness highly motivated combat focused responsive high stress situations air_force established headquarters field florida air_force major commands air_force component holds operational administrative oversight subordinate special operations wings groups regular air_force provides air_force special operations forces worldwide deployment assignment regional unified commands command composed highly trained rapidly airmen conducting global special operations missions ranging precision application firepower close air support resupply operational elements unique capabilities include airborne radio television broadcast psychological operations aviation foreign internal defense instructors provide governments military expertise internal development command core missions include battlefield air operations combat support aviation foreign internal defense information operations precision fires psychological operations specialized air mobility specialized intelligence surveillance reconnaissance units ground combat forces specialized traditional role having heavy emphasis simultaneous air traffic control fire support close air support command control communications covert environments specialty specifically trained equipped conduct conventional unconventional personnel recovery operations primary function personnel recovery specialist emergency trauma medical capabilities humanitarian combat environments special operations weather technicians gather assess interpret weather environmental intelligence forward deployed locations working alongside special operations forces organization 1st special operations wing located field florida mission focus unconventional warfare counter terrorism combat search rescue personnel recovery psychological operations aviation assistance developing nations deep battlefield resupply close air support wing core missions include surface interface combat support combat aviation advisory operations information operations personnel recovery recovery operations precision fires psychological operations specialized mobility specialized aerial aircraft low level terrain following special missions transport evade radar detection slip enemy territory foot altitude missions zero visibility dropping recovering men supplies accuracy operates provide highly accurate airborne gunfire close air support conventional special operations forces ground 24th special operations wing located field florida composed recruiting locations united_states special operations weather officers airmen air liaison officers operators number combat support airmen comprise air_force 27th special operations wing located cannon new_mexico primary mission includes supply special operations forces air special operations wing aircraft precision fire support capabilities support variety special operations missions including direct action unconventional warfare special reconnaissance counter terrorism personnel recovery psychological operations information operations unit operationally gained located international airport pennsylvania title performs state missions governor pennsylvania title arc united_states_air_force primary wartime operations mission gained unit psychological operations unique unit fly maintain lockheed commando solo aircraft unit operationally gained located duke field florida flies maintains special operations aircraft designed covert operations united_kingdom serves core standing headquarters squadron provides support flying squadrons special tactics squadron maintenance squadron exercise logistics war planning training communications aerial delivery medical intelligence security force protection weather information technologies transformation support current operations focal point special operations activities theater headquartered okinawa japan group prepared conduct variety high priority low visibility missions mission air support joint allied special operations forces pacific maintains worldwide mobility commitment pacific theater exercises directed supports humanitarian relief operations field florida primary support unit prepares special operations airmen successfully plan organize execute global special operations providing education components joint coalition partners list commanders medal medal introduced recognize individuals outstanding contributions support special operations created recipients american includes poland posthumously norway poland june poland october | United States Special Operations Command | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4072_CoastGuardSquadronOne | known official message traffic combat unit formed united_states_coast_guard service vietnam war placed operational control united_states_navy assigned duties operation market time formation marked time world war personnel extensively combat environment squadron operated divisions separate areas period point class crews squadron support staff assigned mission movement arms supplies operators squadron provided naval gunfire support nearby friendly units operating south vietnamese coastline assisted direct involvement combat operations wound squadron crews began training republic sailors operation deployment later turned war effort turnover south vietnamese navy crews began completed august squadron cutter squadron awarded unit service south vietnamese government years unit active serving aboard squadron support staff squadron members killed action time unit commissioned squadron american south vietnamese naval units assigned task force assumed market time mission successful north vietnamese personnel equipment entering south vietnamese waters success blockade served change dynamics vietnam war forcing north vietnamese use costly time consuming route trail supply forces south background united_states military involvement shifted advisory role combat operations advisors vietnam south vietnamese military noticed increase military supplies weapons smuggled country way north vietnamese small craft extent february helicopter crew spotted north vietnamese look like island event later known named small bay destination helicopter crew called air strikes sunk captured day action conducted elements investigators found million rounds small arms ammunition stick grenades pounds prepared tnt charges rounds mortar ammunition anti tank grenades rounds rifle ammunition rifles sub machine guns pounds medical supplies labels captured equipment supplies papers found wreckage indicated shipment concern advisors task shipments originating led request general commanding general assistance request initially filled radar picket destroyer escorts der march started vessels great draft operate effectively shallow coastal waters april ordered swift boats foot aluminum boats draft feet capable knots mph time lead agency time availability suitable vessels minor role combat operations korean war commandant coast guard admiral responded request offering use foot point class foot utility boats fearing left role vietnam status nation armed services decision use point class cutter logistics foot cape class cutter initially considered option greater speed main drive engines point class cutter main drive engines consistent class cape class easier supply spare parts maintain engines additional factors favoring point class cutter engine room controls bridge air living spaces big factor tropical climate crews expected live boat duty foot utility boats rejected lacked radar mess facilities extended patrols offshore april representatives signed memorandum understanding stating supply point class crews navy provide transport logistical support tank landing ships converted repair ships sourced stations atlantic gulf coasts seven sourced pacific_coast stations removal cannon bow place cutter fitted combination mount consisting mortar drop fired trigger fired mounted caliber machine gun mortar fired indirect direct modes equipped cylinder loaded merchant ships shipment naval base bay philippines april president authorized units operate navy command vietnam provide surveillance assistance vessels aircraft effort stop troops weapons ammunition forces crew training unit commissioning shipped crew members started reporting california overseas processing training cutter crews received week small arms training naval amphibious base camp training received warfare training center near california sierra nevada mountains island naval air station washington returning underwent damage control training navy treasure island naval base additional weapons qualifications live fire exercises held california training radar navigation radio procedures visual signaling gun crews received mortar machine gun training camp personnel assigned unit present squadron commissioning ceremony held remainder crews process completing training service vietnam officers added normal crew complement add crew mission vessels sea officers assigned command required previously commanded cape class cutter volunteer assignment executive officer lieutenant junior grade ensign naval base bay divisions crews arrived bay june squadron office established june squadron came operational control commander administrative control personnel actions pay personnel records retained arrived bay june water hull inspected repaired necessary painted waterline mechanical ordnance electrical electronic maintenance checks completed modifications duty vietnam attempted modifications completed bay included new radio gunner platforms ammunition ready boxes mortar addition night installation small arms mess deck addition sound powered telephone circuits additional added increase patrol station time modifications bow mounted machine gun mortar combination allowing depressed horizon close range firing additional machine guns ready boxes added cutter crews arrived united_states began required modification work shipyard sorties effort systems working night training exercises gunnery drills held day underway drills training completed stores loaded july day survival training course conducted natives completion compulsory squadron personnel known operating widely separated locations squadron divided divisions operating operating near port close division consisted consisted july got underway harbor formed uss county permanently assigned support division division division support ship left bound july division reviewing study overall threat requested additional aircraft patrol vessels operation market time request additional division point class added squadron august preparations deploying additional started late october new division patrol boats named division staff repair personnel arrived bay december division boat crews received weapons undertook survival training california crews started arriving bay december additional survival weapons training given division personnel sent divisions exchanged crewmen experience division began arriving deck cargo transport ships bay january crews commenced painting deck gray accomplished shipment time devoted training crews gunnery procedure division scheduled departure vietnam february training exercise february main engine alarm sounded bridge checking cause alarm determined complete overhaul engines required division shipped complete kit repair parts overnight way flight flight met division personnel repairs commenced divided shifts crews worked clock repairs completed hours partial load break morning departure rest procedure completed division route vietnam february left company arriving base february patrol work division began following morning covering area miles north miles south operations arrival south vietnam division arrived port city july unit stationed morning arrival division prepared underway patrol accompanied navy destroyer uss savage coordinated market time assets area division arrived july taking shelter heavy seas monsoon rains developed transit point banks cutter engine problems transit repairs cramped engine room underway time lost division transit lay con son minor repairs completed hulls partially stripped paint storm liaison officers reported aboard division departed started patrol work rest division harbor july july operational control elements transferred commander task force market time operational theory planners patrol areas numbered order north border south areas varied size measuring miles wide running miles sea outer thirds area covered der fleet identified area number high endurance assisted outer patrol areas inner patrol area usually shallow water covered navy shallow drafts smaller patrol areas identified letter higher patrol area covering waters near bay outer thirds designated waters nearer shore designated area navy patrol aircraft flew assigned tracks reporting traffic stationed operated jointly reports movements suspicious vessels relayed nearest patrol craft duty board search material persons board proper identification rules engagement forces operated allowed vessel warships stopped boarded searched miles coastline area miles miles shore identification declaration intent demanded vessel warship outside mile limit vessels south vietnamese origin stopped boarded searched patrol operated orders operational commander division commander assigned division responsible seeing cutter ready perform assignments properly supplied trained personnel supplies equipment division staff performed regular readiness reviews assigned cutter riding crews judge effectiveness september vice admiral assumed command naval forces vietnam focus operations conducted areas nearer ocean river delta strategy result division transferred divisions shallower draft patrol duties patrol canals rivers major cutter operations soon patrol operations started area responsibility point orient encountered machine gun mortar fire shore south river attempting board early morning hours july returned fire unit vietnam engage enemy result incident obvious paint scheme visible night shortly white paint replaced deck gray squadron assuming control commander changed way patrols conducted future patrols concentrated assets placed area assets concentrated vessel traffic encountered traffic near area sea fewer shallow draft assets needed september busy day division encountering fired unable escape tried ram cutter crew jumped overboard disabled engine machine gun fire boarding party boarded sinking quick search vessel finding arms ammunition unable stop sinking beached shallow water point clear point went searching missing crew crew member captured later night point attempted stop near coastal town ignored warning shot bow attempted evade boarding firing cutter throwing hand grenades point nearby assisted point engaging machine gun fire caught fire started sinking unable afloat cutter crews marked let sink shallow water salvage operations conducted later found rifles ammunition hand grenades documents money killed action badly wounded captured ashore division arrival cat february operations started nearby area tidal swamp southeast long river main shipping channel port point white patrolling night march intercepted small attempting supplies river receiving automatic weapons fire reply cutter returned fire killed continued fire point white ordered ram amidships speed crew killed survivors turned key leader sat infrastructure march point engaged damaged shallow water allowed escape march drew fire river battle followed estimated killed conjunction joint operation designated division ordered patrol lower portion rap river effort deny food water ammunition operating sat special zone start patrols march ships amphibious ready group marines ashore peninsula march taken fire shore night patrol operations intense combat operations squadron encountered occurred month march support operation joint operation ended april withdrawal decided continue patrols operation ended night patrols point engaged received fire shore night patrolling coast peninsula late evening hours reported sighting large shore near mouth river unusual activity decided monitor area remainder night shortly midnight steel spotted challenged point grey received answer continued course headed beach area near ran aground yards shore attempted board encountered heavy fire shore requesting assistance point grey stood destroyer escort arrived scene standing deeper water south vietnamese air force aircraft bombing beach nearby attempted boarding received heavy small arms fire positions beach heavily damaged bridge wounded crew manning mortar bow evening approaching decided destroy point grey assisted point began explosion board broke pieces caused sink shallow waters salvage operations began morning included recovery crew served weapons short tons ammunition chinese manufacture destruction marked instance capture assets patrol near mouth river early hours june noted large radar contact investigation found running navigation lights informing situation cutter went general quarters incoming ignored hail bursts machine gun fire bow returned heavy machine gun fire hitting cutter bridge wounding executive officer manning mortar forecastle dropped line towed picked speed effort beach shore commanding officer noticed headed water near mouth river let run aground yards shore moved position yards away keeping target illuminated mortar rounds came fire elements operating shoreline assistance poured machine gun fire grounded dawn sunk probably charge resulting large fire destroyer escort arrived scene assumed control operation assistance super sabre aircraft providing close air support resistance shoreline finally controlled decided commanding officer salvage attempted order learn origins cargo board crews joined dock landing ship uss fighting fire beginning salvage operations hull eventually towed shipyard foot yielded valuable information capabilities particular class carrying short tons small arms ammunition recent manufacture china north_korea surviving log navigation charts helped determine origin possible destinations point welcome incident point welcome patrolling area immediately south early morning hours august cutter illuminated forward air controller enemy vessel called canberra tactical bomber phantom fighter bomber aircraft proceeded cutter hour making seven passes point welcome turned running docking lights illuminated aircraft contacted radio telling illuminated aircraft pass crew bridge wounded commanding officer lieutenant junior grade killed class signaling equipment electronics radios knocked pass point welcome began maneuvers direction assumed command executive officer seriously injured attempted avoid illumination lights attacking aircraft way aircraft decided best course action beach cutter wounded ashore attempted crew came fire unknown sources shoreline point orient point caution arrived scene started rescue proceedings addition commanding officer killed crewmen injured liaison officer civilian freelance journalist bridge cutter severely damaged despite inch wide holes main deck hull undamaged point welcome escorted power required months repair damage saved cutter surviving crew great risk awarded combat device actions days testimony findings board investigation conducted result investigation lines communication set navy air_force air_force knew routinely communicate vietnam avoid repetition incident aircraft patrolling near instructed attack vessels contacting clearance late evening hours january vessels intercepted attempting land supplies running aground managed hit mortar rounds kept illuminated secondary explosions occurred disappeared investigations later concluded successfully escaped nearby river heavily damaged successful action fought early morning hours march patrol aircraft spotted near island miles southeast closed forced aground near village patrol elements continued exchange heavy gunfire land based units dawn scuttled massive explosion investigators later discovered heavy machine gun rifle sub machine guns rifles thousands rounds ammunition wreckage complete surgical kit field hospital medical supplies similar conclusion result capture steel hull july days tracking patrol aircraft radar picket playing cat mouse game days units headed mouth late july directed point orient hail answered gunfire cutter returned fire uss destroyer uss walker july boxed ran aground yards shore south korean marines directed artillery fire shore apparently abandoned expert walker boarded pounds tnt charges designed craft found board thousand rounds rifle machine gun ammunition mortar rocket rounds anti personnel mines grenades thousand pounds plastic explosive tnt weapons found included machine guns rifles rifles rocket launchers occasions months october november december point grace called assist naval gunfire support missions near missions resulted destruction structures morning hours january combined forces personnel initiated coordinated attacks military installations later referred offensive monsoon weather northern provinces general imposed traffic routine squadron vessels february far normal requests naval gunfire support land based units increased significantly point involved multiple naval gunfire support missions month february use squadron blocking force forces operating coastline increased time action march early morning squadron involved destruction north vietnamese attempting arms ammunition different locations attempt north vietnamese met elements including aircraft vessels aircraft helicopters addition class cutter point welcome squadron result action north vietnamese destroyed fourth turned reach coast action smuggling decreased communist forces resort shipments trail port patrol south early morning hours june point reported seeing rockets fired unidentified source hit sank quickly loss crew shortly point came fire unidentified aircraft heavy cruiser uss boston destroyer duration attack hour little damage cutter boston considerable damage sailors killed wounded evidence board inquiry later showed friendly fire incident involving aircraft ships enemy targets incident august friendly fire incident involving point welcome caused procedures identification naval vessels marine change operations conducted south vietnamese regional force troops september assisted assets assisted naval gunfire support september destroyed killing wounding captured september point assisted troops ambushed forces lending naval gunfire support arrived shortly action started joined gunfire support small boats helped evacuate wounded troops heavy weather form northern half south vietnam reduced indigenous coastal traffic october support limited heavy seas units including squadron fired record number naval gunfire missions sixth month row missions conducted october percent higher previous record december crewmen operating small boat point small stream peninsula ambushed severely wounding killing awarded device posthumously heroic actions saving fellow crewmen lives february squadron personnel began training engineers maintenance repair point class eventually turned south vietnamese government program march routine operations involving inspection fishing craft arms supplies chief engineer chief morris killed ambush fire shore positions attempting board near march notified unit unit located village miles north requested perform blocking patrol brigade troops conducted sweep assisted naval gunfire support additionally aftermath landing party helped destroy transport supplies turnover squadron occurred transfer plan elaborate ceremony held base dignitaries area naval activities witnessing turnover june division transferred division need squadron supplanted shallower draft concentrated delta region use better foul weather abilities craft point class squadron shifted use northeast monsoon season northern half country august conducting harassment mission aboard occurred mortar killing lieutenant junior grade cutter executive officer class growing dissatisfaction american electorate vietnam high officials sought way united_states war strategy public opinion termed included plans remove combat troops vietnam turnover supplies equipment south vietnamese military parts plan referred vietnamese included training vietnamese use equipment turned gradual phase responsibilities conduct war south vietnamese government assets turned vietnamese occurred february smaller vessels transferred supporting admiral commander august naval assets portion plan consisted parts small craft assets training vietnamese engineering capability training ratings trained vietnamese replacement crews patrol boats squadron trained prepared vietnamese repair personnel maintain background patrol boats squadron essential blockade war supplies entering decided transferred south vietnamese navy crews trained operate effectively november commander naval forces vietnam presented plan general commander turn resources june approved navy plan equipment turned vietnamese class condition properly trained use navy plan called enlisted vietnamese personnel report aboard vessels training officers finally reporting aboard crews trained recommendation january commander vietnam captain suggested english speaking vietnamese officers report aboard given chance receive extensive procedural training crews junior personnel report aboard cited cultural required seniors subordinates difficult officers accept instruction junior personnel losing face agreed plan enthusiastically ordered implemented immediately february officers reported aboard week pilot training program cutter executive officer relieved assigned staff duties ashore commanding officer assuming duties spare cutter utilized new vietnamese personnel reporting board experience gained vietnamese crew members new junior personnel reported pairs replacing assigned ashore assist phase training transfer squadron occurred base joint commissioning ceremonies held transferred plan problems training easy trainers cultural differences language barriers breached english vietnamese extensively vietnamese sailors spoke broken english pressed service help translate training job cutter maintained pride understand vietnamese sailors lack care orders dictated cutter entering ready turnover months return patrol duties vietnamese sailors leave cutter soon reached leaving maintenance cleanup rates vietnamese sailors interfered training schedules patrol operations morale coast charged training replacement vietnamese crew low caused friction parts crew political pressures united_states end involvement war soon possible program training accelerated week program eventually week program caused problems mixed crews squadron eventually completed training vietnamese crews transferred division size consolidated divisions division june remaining division moving division consolidated cat march patrols point grey point orient turned july point left division day remaining given orders report lower provide support operations secret zone july crews consisted complement sailors coast including commanding officers embarked making decks crowded scouts ashore search destroy mission backed gunfire decks cutter small boats raid successful captured troops boxes documents week later australian_army explosive ordnance disposal soldiers aboard cruised river destroyed fortifications august coincidentally pair set prove combat patrol cutter embarked patrol river following narrow canal leading main channel target command detonated blast killed sailors instantly injured explosion listed starboard managed underway point laid suppressing fire escorted damaged cutter base suffered holes starboard waterline extensive damage bridge windows damage watertight door mess deck forward space deck aft bridge covered inches mud painting prepared final operational readiness inspection check crew readiness pending turnover point turnover turnover point point south vietnamese navy august squadron remaining division division decommissioned served squadron vietnam administrative liaison functions carried squadron staff turned vietnam officers squadron assigned temporary duties advisors squadron assist new commanding officers new duties continued provide technical assistance training programs squadron formation technical assistance groups group composed officer engineers reporting groups located assigned bay tours duty coast ended personnel gradually took training duties civic action personnel stationed vietnam encouraged commands donate duty time assist civic action programs supporting vietnamese people squadron personnel participated time permitted island adoption program designed provide educational materials medical treatment inhabitants coastal islands area operation program offered counter propaganda promote better understanding south vietnamese government rural development programs medical personnel normally squadron patrol boat crews medical borrowed squadron nearby units division crews constructed fresh water distribution system addition constructing voting division helped evacuate refugees vicinity military operations intensified division personnel spent hours duty time children ward gave games toys clothing candy injured vietnamese children christmas holidays local squadron personnel distributed gifts candy toys clothing soap donated families united_states brought vietnam commandant airplane squadron crews arranged transportation small girl helicopter uss sanctuary eye surgery squadron commander personally delivered legacy impact squadron significant contribution success operation market time forcing north vietnamese forces rely difficult trail supplies reinforcements period august squadron cruised miles boarded vessels persons naval gunfire missions damaged destroyed enemy vessels killed wounded enemy personnel unit service awards presidential unit citation awarded extraordinary heroism outstanding performance units participating period october december included squadron point grace point young point navy unit navy unit awarded exceptionally service united_states navy coastal surveillance force task force included administrative staff squadron service period january march january february division january navy unit navy unit awarded service units united_states navy coastal surveillance force task force included following squadron point white point caution point welcome point orient point vietnam service medal vietnam service medal personal service award customary regulations display service awards port starboard bridge wings squadron entitled display virtue having served vietnam thirty days eligibility period november april republic palm units serving awarded palm units serving vietnam subordinate included republic vietnam campaign medal vietnam campaign medal award individuals served vietnam period months personal award regulations permitted display cutter port starboard bridge wings squadron served eligibility period march march cutter assignment disposition information legend denotes initial assignment initial assignment initial assignment | Coast Guard Squadron One | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4191_3rdParachuteBrigade(UnitedKingdom) | united_kingdom airborne forces brigade raised british_army second world war brigade initially remained britain division sent overseas alongside brigade went action june normandy landings objective destroy bridges brigade achieved objectives remained defending left flank invasion zone mid august crossed river advanced far withdrawn recovering england brigade moved belgium december counter german attack brigade remained border belgium netherlands carrying patrols march airborne mission assault crossing germany brigade advanced baltic_sea arriving ahead brigade sent british mandate palestine october end war carrying internal security role rest remained palestine disbanded background impressed success german airborne operations british prime minister winston_churchill directed investigate possibility creating force parachute troops result june commando assumed parachute duties november designated 11th special air service battalion parachute wing june formed airfield near manchester tasked primarily training parachute troops directed investigate use transport troops battle time contracted general aircraft ltd design produce purpose result aircraft capable transporting soldiers assault training purposes success british airborne raid prompted expand airborne force creation develop plans convert infantry battalions parachute battalions joint army air force memorandum approved winston_churchill recommended british airborne forces consist parachute brigades based england middle_east force men created formation raised november command brigadier sir soon replaced turn replaced brigadier previously 1st hill remained command remaining war years july assumed command commander brigade brigadier took november brigade initially composed 7th light infantry 8th parachute battalion 9th eastern home counties august 1st arrived england assigned brigade transferred 5th process forming end second world war 1st returned canada replaced brigade previously 1st brigade units 3rd anti tank battery parachute field ambulance operations artillery support available brigade include battery 53rd worcester light regiment brigade formation brigade assigned supply reinforcements 1st strength left operation torch left england operations mediterranean remained assigned unit newly raised brigade remain disbanded operational history june december brigade prepared operations training level section division day night airborne soldiers expected fight superior numbers enemy equipped artillery tanks training designed encourage spirit self discipline self reliance emphasis given physical fitness large training consisted assault courses route marching military exercises included capturing holding airborne road rail bridges coastal fortifications end exercises troops march barracks usually distance miles ability cover long distances speed expected airborne required cover distance miles hours battalions miles april command brigade took counties gloucestershire wiltshire airborne military exercise spread days involving 1st 6th unknown 6th airborne scale rehearsal division involvement imminent normandy invasion invasion division parachute brigades land midnight june 6th arrived later day dark division objective secure left flank invasion area dominating high ground area rivers operation destroy guns range sword beach landings demolish bridges river arrival german reinforcements east day midnight june aircraft arrived carrying brigade company clear drop zone group battalion brigade headquarters planes got lost failed reach arrived late damaged dropping turned returned base failing find drop zone rest brigade arrived normandy crossing english channel transported carrying heavy equipment 8th landing brigade headquarters tasked destroying bridges 1st landing required destroy bridges landing arguably hardest task combination poor navigation heavy cloud cover drop zones marked correctly parachute drop widely scattered group landed miles away landed wrong yards invasion beaches half battalion gathered individual assembly areas south men 8th assembled divided groups headed objectives group demolished bridges opposition group way intercepted ambushed convoy armoured vehicles belonging reached discovered defended germans platoon including engineers managed fight way bridge found damaged engineers planted explosives enlarged gap feet 1st successfully destroyed bridges landing northern withdrew defend brigade headquarters field ambulance located men 9th gathered assembly area virtually heavy weapons supplies unable wait longer headed battalion captured battery explosives damage guns battle costly men left head secondary objective village village defended strength germans weakened battalion dig wait arrival 1st special service brigade later day nightfall brigade deployed facing east ridge high ground north south june 9th parachute battalion relieved moved southwards near shortening held deployments 6th south holding line 5th rear east bridge attached north troops finally holding ridge high ground east germans held village gave point observe airborne division positions june germans launched attack german force comprising elements driven counterattack led morning 9th target heavy mortar bombardment followed infantry attacks later morning headquarters attacked german troops lines brigade defence platoon managed hold counterattack cleared enemy away june men landed wrong locations joined battalion bringing numbers ranks fighting concentrated saint come occupied german infantry company supported self propelled guns self propelled guns blown vickers machine gun fire germans mounted determined infantry assault battalion support leading german troops naval bombardment reached battalion lines stopped german prisoners battalion commander informed captors virtually destroyed previous day fighting evening 9th captured involved skirmishes night following day june 5th battalion black watch attached brigade assist attempt capture attacks repulsed germans heavy losses tried 12th german response attack infantry supported armour drove overran position situation saved counterattack company 1st command time 8th battalion located thick forest constant mortar bombardment directly attacked battalion concentrated night time patrols harass germans going far german occupied villages june 1st attacked units regiments supported tanks self propelled guns battalion inflicted heavy casualties germans managed drive bayonet charge company day battalion involved small battles june sent reconnaissance patrol check germans occupying patrol driven strong german force night patrol entered village planted explosive charges weapons buildings attacks german infantry armour continued night june finally captured division reserves mixed force 12th 12th supported troop tanks 13th 18th royal june 51st crossed river west took responsibility southern sector time 4th special service brigade attached gave ability rotate brigade time line allow rest having suffered casualties division brigades formation relieved advance capture division attacked force apart continuous artillery bombardment june reinforcements arrived east july 49th west riding moved line 6th airborne august ordered prepare offensive objective mouth divisions east corps issuing orders lieutenant general aware artillery vehicles engineer equipment expect advance quickly reach division cross major rivers main lines advance road running coast inland august germans started withdraw northwards divisional commander decided lead advance interior road objective capture cross river secure area brigade attacked retreating germans 8th 9th battalions captured 1st moved bridges blown previously took brigade engineers afternoon build crossing brigade crossed halted 8th 1st 9th reserve day brigade met heavy resistance canal train station 1st taken advance ordered seize bridges crossing canal assault began railway bridge north captured midnight bridges secured prisoners taken passed canadians crossed water obstacle boats found water feet deep august reached august advance restarted objective hard battle 8th captured 5th took division lead unit august captured 5th reached division objective august division ordered concentrate area prepare return england days fighting 6th advanced miles despite divisional commander major general infantry units equipped rapid pursuit captured square miles km2 territory taken german prisoners landing june division casualties killed wounded missing killed division withdrawn france embarked england beginning september england brigade went period recruitment training concentrating house house street fighting bombed areas southampton birmingham training programme culminated exercise eve assault river_thames intended simulate germany december brigade preparing christmas leave news german offensive broke available component strategic reserve allied forces northwest europe divisions available reserve american northern france sent sea belgium assist defence german allied divisions involved battle largest single battle western war christmas day division moved position german advance boxing day reached allocated places defensive line left right 6th reserve days german advance halted forced end january brigade crossed netherlands division responsible area brigade carried patrols sides river opponents near end february division returned england prepare airborne mission cross germany germany allied airborne landings surprise germans rhine crossing expected defences reinforced anticipation airborne operation preceded day round clock bombing mission allied air forces march artillery guns targeted german positions dusk assault river crossing rhine began assigned alongside united_states 17th british sector unit arrive germany initial objective secure western edge woods brigade headquarters fully aware expected opposition landings commander parachute field ambulance warned prepare casualties brigade manpower march transporting brigade took england waves wave carried brigade headquarters 8th second carried 1st came carrying brigade heavy equipment scheduled arrive minutes wave minutes ahead schedule brigade started landing premature arrival stopped allied artillery fighter bombers engaging targets area especially anti aircraft gun descending met heavy fire german defenders causing casualties dead commanding officer 1st landing canadian corporal won victoria cross division recipient award war 8th secured battalions headed woods secured dug woods 1st outskirts troops arrived completing assault crossing rhine day fighting cost brigade dead wounded taken prisoners march division started advancing germany 8th reach defended companies hand hand battle ensued lasting hours eventually drawing battalions midnight town secured prisoners taken brigade objective bridge river 1st miles away town leaving vehicles attempted approach bridge unseen foot successfully secured town bridge called forward continue advance approached bridge blown germans early hours morning river discovered prepared carry assault company crossed fire dawn short fight secured crossing hours rest advance continued lead nightfall reached objective resting overnight battalion crossed half canal day hours brigade advanced miles 15th scottish infantry division took lead formation april resumed advance crossing river bridge captured scottish division division objective baltic_sea parachute brigades advanced separate routes aware brigade arrive continue division lead formation stage war advance hampered refugees fleeing westwards organised opposition won race led division arriving minutes lead troops advancing east palestine end division pulled germany returned england initially intended send india form airborne corps 44th division advance party formed 5th arrived india following japanese surrender plans changed post war british_army needed airborne division 6th airborne chosen remain strength reinforced 2nd division sent middle_east unit arrive palestine october brigade moved regain fitness voyage england october brigade deployed district responsibility incident involving brigade came november called hour strike resulted rioting unable cope sent reinforcements 8th complete battalion deployed riot control imposed rest night early following day broken large crowds gathering burn buildings remainder brigade deployed city night time remained place november troops returned barracks quiet brigade area night december police stations railway attacked brigade imposed followed search operations december january january night april attacks railway installations country occurred time patrol entering village patrol leading vehicles exploded mines laid bridge wounding men daylight tracks men found section 8th eventually armed men followed wounded remainder surrendered british casualties june operation started brigade rotated cover south palestine search arms arrest members july jerusalem bombed catalyst searching house property operation brigade divisional artillery 3rd king command brigade tasks august september entailed search time army dogs trained metal detecting operations located large arms settlements january moved northern palestine locations took responsibility considered problem area brigade guard docks port main entry point immigrants arriving country addition oil installations region potential target sabotage brigade operation imposing jewish quarter kidnapping retaliation death sentence imposed major operation july indefinite night time imposed response attacks city lasted end month october announced intention reduce division strength brigade recently established units selected disbanded instead disbanding battalions decided joined 2nd renumbered 2nd brigade battalions amalgamated 8th 9th new units serve 1st amalgamation 2nd 3rd completed december 8th 9th early january finally brigade headquarters disbanded end january service palestine men brigade killed order battle commanding officers brigadier sir brigadier brigadier units 7th light infantry 8th parachute battalion 9th eastern home counties parachute field ambulance 3rd anti tank battery royal artillery 3rd parachute squadron | 3rd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4227_GrandQuartierGénéral(1914–1919) | grand grand abbreviated spoken french general headquarters world war served wartime equivalent extensive powers area defined french parliament activated parliament august violation french borders german military patrols remained existence october commanded chief staff assisted varying number subordinate generals representatives french government president headquarters originally department rapid german advances early stages war forced withdrawal near paris november remained rest war general served chief staff start war december replacement general replaced failure spring offensive succeeded general retained command dissolution april grand des established general equivalent organisation authority allied operations france organised complex series departments changed frequently war structure criticised historians failing encourage operation departments widespread concerns autonomy power french policy laid important field armies north north east retain operational independence assumed control armies december retained replacement minister war raised concerns pre war policy violated failed accurately assess german casualties basing military operations wildly optimistic assessments weakness german units reserves origins structure grand origins reforms instituted france defeat franco prussian war position supporting staff chief staff created responsibility training peace formation army high command times war establishment situation wartime counterpart vice president chief staff received extensive military powers area defined zone army control control remainder armed forces retained minister war activated parliament defined zone army control chief staff assisted état major ran general staff officers saw commander chief orders carried aides majors responsibilities individual departments originally organised departments bureau responsible organization personnel equipment intelligence information political affairs bureau planning military operations called lines transport communication supply bureau considered far powerful control active military operations staff consisted mainly liaison officers embedded individual unit headquarters officers junior rank generals commanding armies held significant power careers reports operations officer bureau french government president said considerable political power wide responsibility management military railways motor vehicles water transport financial offices post offices chief called director rear lines addition responsible allied armies world war activation french chief staff general convinced outbreak world war july began organising personnel staff persuaded french government enact august day parliament following violation french borders german military patrols gave wartime powers activated zone army control initially limited departments france august expanded departments metropolitan france area absolute authority civilian president ministers enter permission authority exclude press government parliamentary commission military affairs zone control activation major general aides majors general aide major responsibility oversaw second oversaw bureau day day control lower ranking officer activation bureau headed general president liaison officer officers generally selected excelled staff college representatives allied powers present structure times included officers united_kingdom russia usa japan italy belgium serbia romania established physical headquarters department august location chosen halfway paris nancy roughly miles headquarters french armies staff occupied school building second bureau located classrooms bureau sports equipment pushed wall staff use detachment 8th company 19th companies company anti aircraft sections carrier units unit medical detachment military police escort squadron war played key role start war illness delegated role increasing power influential bureau officers department particularly recent staff college graduates known favoured strong offensive action having failed initially perceive german advance belgium officers key attack exposed german right flank great retreat result german advances late forced relocate headquarters progressively westwards moved bar sur august september sur september november paris metropolitan area remain years location suited operations proximity seat government paris found new command difficult able dismiss army commanders generals time battle unable remove officers reasons lack action unknown historian speculated vast power granted staff desire staff officers isolated direct effects war engaged intrigue grand scale little operation rival departments incapable estimating strength german forces committed action start war took august realise german army corps deployed alongside numbered reserve corps effectively doubling strength corps field war maintained inadequate means calculating german casualty figures simply assuming killed battle germans fallen reality figures reverse means calculated germany run manpower reserves early bureau found directing french generals undertake military operations based wholly inaccurate assessments strength opposing units french set backs forced december replaced general expand entirely new formed external theatres war bringing direct control french armies field major appointed general army general reformed censorship counter espionage intelligence gathering duties passed new retained intelligence responsibilities despite reorganisation remained dysfunctional described perennial responsible providing assessments german casualties point simply adding thousand fortnight figures confused responsibility intelligence second police led delays providing intelligence armies field battle bureau responsible withdrawing half batteries artillery fortresses months leading close fought battle despite receiving requests reinforcements local commander general stated hold attacked force autonomy power afforded worried minister war death successors ordered reorganisation ministerial decree december sidelined position technical adviser government defined responsibilities led resignation december replacement general fall grace entitled staff officers new post find volunteer removed direct control course action justified essential step restoring independence armies key pre war policy established ministerial decree october ordered reorganisation january returning control external theatres february 2nd united remained informal division intense rivalry officers old new 2nd bureau division remained arrival prime minister minister war november moved headquarters forward january april stage staff numbered officers enlisted personnel failure april led downfall replacement general expanded operations establishing new section relations civil authorities later reformed absorbing newly formed section relations civil authorities new responsibility minor change february saw expansion bureau gaining liaison march gained control anti aircraft matters army medical departments organisation armistice germany february offices hit bomb squadron german bombers damage caused building officers killed captain dead officers buried saint church fourteen additional officers injured flying glass hospitalised headquarters moved eastwards march armistice moved newly department december returned january dissolved october accordance request october abolished zone army control powers previously delegated returned chief staff army second world war german army took control archives sent secret documents berlin analysis documents recovered ussr end war taken moscow processing returned france dissolution soviet_union 1990s equivalent bodies nations war general headquarters british italian american armies german army forces allowed constitution japanese army operate general headquarters war april allied troops western placed command grand des multi national general staff developed similar lines came general ferdinand overall command allied troops evolution responsibilities | Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4337_No.8ElementaryFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | elementary flying training school raaf elementary flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot training unit operated world war elementary flying training schools employed raaf provide introductory flight instruction new pilots australia contribution empire air training scheme established september new south wales training ceased december school reduced maintaining base infrastructure aircraft officially disbanded june renamed disbanded december history flying instruction royal_australian_air_force raaf underwent major changes following outbreak world war response vast increase number volunteers commencement australia participation empire air training scheme eats air_force pre war pilot training facility raaf station victoria supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools provided week introductory flying course personnel graduated raaf initial training schools flying training undertaken stages involved weeks instruction including hours flying determine pilots passed grading process received weeks training including hours flying pilots successfully completed course posted australia canada stage instruction military elementary flying training school formed new south wales september came control school occupied site recently constructed civil airfield surrounding government land inaugural commanding officer flying officer despite primitive accommodation lack infrastructure students arrived school day establishment flying training completely way mid november school strength month end staff including thirty officers recent newspaper reports suggested base closed owing unsuitable ground direction prevailing wind allied surrounding terrain cyclone hit airfield december destroying tiger trainers matter minutes damaging raaf resolved replace wrecked aircraft soon possible day minister air denied earlier reports base unsuitable closed course completed december students graduated end month school instructors students training aircraft instructor killed men injured crashed flying low level satellite airfields january school collided feet march instructor student plane pilots crash landed aircraft injuries school came control newly formed training group august following disbandment december school instructors students training thirty seven aircraft april figures risen instructors students seventy aircraft strength remained similar level remainder year september ground soon satellite airfield collided tender man tender killed pilots injured pilots killed destroyed following mid air collision feet satellite airfields march pilot school killed crash near march pilot killed badly injured august tiger math failed recover spin flying training elementary flying training school ceased september pilots undergoing instruction posted received following month use ground instruction flying training suspended december school reduced nucleus continue function primarily base infrastructure equipment reorganisation eats establishments australia time eighty strength owing surplus trained australia officially disbanded june formed care maintenance unit units raaf raised storage maintenance surplus aircraft prior disposal war disbanded july dedicated retired air chief marshal sir october commanding officers commanded following officers | No. 8 Elementary Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4508_1stArmouredRegiment(Australia) | 1st armoured regiment australia 1st armoured regiment armoured regiment australian_army senior regiment formed tank unit new july regiment subsequently saw service vietnam war operating tanks currently unit based darwin 1st brigade plan reorganisation unit armoured cavalry regiments assigned army combat brigades brisbane darwin equipped tanks light armoured vehicles armoured personnel carriers consequence tanks currently operated unit split history formation 1st armoured regiment raised regular unit july victoria 1st armoured car squadron returned occupation duties japan months earlier converted tank unit formation occurred following renaming reserve unit subsequently 1st royal new south wales battle honours history unit order tank regiment established new squadron strong planning commenced expand strength soon possible command formal affiliation recognised years later regiment adopted regimental colours brown red green date world war colours prior second world war initially new regiment equipped churchill tanks temporary measure tanks acquired perceived churchill late arrival new platform regiment deployed australia commitment korean war number officers served exchange british formations unit provided machine gunners australian infantry battalions reinforcements finally began arriving june regiment receiving tanks numbers regular personnel steadily growing possible raise squadron regiment fully raised september command lieutenant colonel september tank squadron raised known based new south wales purpose forming basis second tank unit named 2nd armoured regiment regiment received scout car enabling raising following year 1st armoured regiment received time intention form tank unit abandoned subsequently returned regiment squadron designated squadron february governor general field marshal sir presented regiment regimental parade held regiment equipped armoured recovery vehicle allowing retirement churchill recovery vehicle following expansion squadron disbanded reducing regiment squadrons majority personnel formed regular squadrons 4th 19th prince wales light horse 2nd 14th light horse predominantly formations squadrons subsequently later redesignated 2nd cavalry regiment turn provided nucleus newly raised vietnam war regiment provided men troop squadron 4th 19th prince wales light horse subsequently equipped new deployed active service october australian government announced increase size 1st infantry battalions additional supporting arms including tank squadron added force february sent vietnam total strength tanks work closely tank troops initially held proved capable operating conditions tank squadron reached strength september regiment reached strength squadron raised order meet ongoing operational commitment years regiment operational squadrons eventually served vietnam providing close support infantry particularly clearance bunker systems value vietnam originally questioned proved powerful weapon offence defence responsible limiting infantry casualties able countryside easily expected vulnerable anti tank weapons mines firepower shock action decisive effect battlefield late tanks played significant role occupying blocking positions attempt impending communist offensive aimed influencing peace talks deployed battalions away base subsequently developing north east east following regimental sized assaults coral successfully repelled australians heavy casualties sides moved establish fire support base kilometres north coral infantry time supported tanks called forward road arrived hours subjected battalion attack following accurate rocket mortar barrage hours base assaulted north vietnamese infantry attack repelled heavy casualties combined firepower tanks infantry day australians coral assaulted number located outside base troop supported infantry destroying occupants loss second attack regimental strength hours called minutes north vietnamese defeated supporting fires tanks artillery mortars leaving dead resulted prisoners australian losses killed wounded performance demonstrated advantage armour vietnam battle infantry doubted necessity battle infantry like working february squadron relieved squadron june squadron involved fierce action village kilometres north attack began morning june australian tanks advanced infantry village occupied north vietnamese battle continued took blocking position prevent escaping fierce urban fighting infantry forced clear house communist troops occupying houses fired windows retreating tunnels australians passed time infantry fired tanks blast hole wall building small teams enter clear structure opposition fighting continued afternoon resumed day australians successfully cleared village bulk destroyed australian killed wounded communist losses included killed wounded captured december squadron designated squadron december squadron turn designated squadron australia beginning reduce commitment war size reduced infantry battalions tanks continued operations involved heavy fighting june numerous smaller actions elements regiment subsequently withdrawn vietnam september total served vietnam suffered battle damage repair crewmen killed action present following years traumatic regiment australian_army abolition end australian involvement vietnam strength point training severely restricted reinforced squadron designated subsequently carried extensive user technical trials evaluate replacement replaced service leopard selected american built april colonel chief prince wales presented unit regimental standard 1st moved darwin july regiment presented current standard governor general july years service leopard replaced aim delivered regiment remaining vehicles issued use training purposes seven hercules armoured recovery vehicles acquired delivered regiment saw operational service crisis regiment placed standby deploy event conflict escalated regiment deployed australia involvement invasion iraq members unit later deployed iraq afghanistan crews served period regiment main battle tank unit australian_army based darwin provided basis included infantry battalions cavalry regiment tank regiment medium artillery regiment plan reorganisation unit armoured cavalry regiments assigned army combat brigades brisbane darwin equipped tanks light armoured vehicles armoured personnel carriers reforms announced confirmed defence white paper brigades similar structure capabilities consisting brigade headquarters artillery regiment combat signals regiment consequence tanks currently operated unit split reported darwin based elements 1st armoured regiment transferred south_australia organisation regiment organised follows tank troops total attached troop operates unit currently process expected adopt following structure headquarters tank squadron cavalry squadron armoured personnel carrier squadron combat service support squadron battle honours vietnam war coral vietnam alliances united_kingdom | 1st Armoured Regiment (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4742_NorthernCommand(RAAF) | raaf geographically based commands raised royal_australian_air_force raaf world war established april evolved raaf primary mobile formation theatre september garrison force new_guinea headquartered initially bay august conducted operations new_guinea end war designated december headquartered port march disbanded february history prior world war royal_australian_air_force small elements directly controlled melbourne war broke raaf began command structure expected increases manpower units march australia divided geographically based command control zones roles area commands air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance led air officer commanding controlled administration operations air bases units boundary dissolved split created making total commands static area command system suited defence offensive posture september air_force created large mobile formation known act self contained tactical air force able pace allied advances theatre september static garrison force new_guinea similar area commands mainland australia new mobile group required support advance north philippines japan formed november later australian tactical air force initially came group control better reflect new status head air vice marshal recommended renaming agree april settled calling commanded formation command headquartered bay july group position western new_guinea efforts supply group independent command month headquarters transferred september wing detached given task supporting australian 6th division campaign headquartered northern new_guinea wing comprised nos augmented flight army cooperation squadron composite wing formed august headquartered port came command major operational formation army cooperation wing began moving australia october time controlled squadrons new_guinea area wing equipped transfer northern command undertake operations proposed airfield ready instead transferred following year took february directed operations new_guinea end hostilities group captain assumed command wing april maximize support australian ground troops lead final assault wing extant squadrons joined nos approximately struck japanese positions prior amphibious landings cut retreating enemy troops entire month wing dropped tons bombs flew excess sorties wing suffered fuel ordnance shortages stage squadrons load captured japanese bombs wing commanded group captain comprising tactical reconnaissance squadron flying mainly reconnaissance transport units suffered shortages equipment pilots augmented detachment squadron flying aircraft flew slightly sorties campaign end june month tasked acting reserve operation invasion july group formed static command headquartered dutch_east_indies elements freed garrison duties combat units advanced borneo wing continued operations day pacific war flying final mission involving thirty hours news arrived allied victory august wing disbanded port day wing squadrons subsequently dropped remaining pockets japanese resistance making aware surrender wing disbanded january wing suffered morale problems following end war owing inactivity result wing commanding officer sent headquarters frank report tone earning wing left february disbanded melbourne month redesignated december headquarters transferred port march following year handed command june area headquarters disbanded port february | Northern Command (RAAF) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4796_No.1BasicFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | basic flying training school raaf basic flying training school flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf initial flying training school formed response increased demand korean war emergency established december raaf base new_south_wales operated school absorbed activities january training requirements following end korean war moved victoria time exclusively flying training program expanded mid-1960s owing australia commitments vietnam war formed point cook january history prior world war pilot training royal_australian_air_force raaf conducted auspices unit raaf point cook victoria dramatic expansion training wartime empire air training scheme supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools post war saw disbanded formed personnel equipment service flying training school new_south_wales returned raaf sole facility training new pilots formation response demands meet australia commitments korean war emergency flying training raaf expanded resulting functions split separately located units renamed march assumed responsibility advanced weapons combat training november initial flying training school raised raaf station queensland students general military knowledge received flight grading hours tiger graduate pilots went new unit basic flying training school new_south_wales underwent aerial instruction included instrument formation night flying navigation training included hours fly hours successful students finally transferred graduating sergeant pilots formed december staff came control training command october pilots course commenced april graduated august course graduates transferred month raaf pilots trained students australian_army fleet air arm february prototype designed manufactured australia arrived school undergo trials january february gradually replaced training aircraft aircraft instrument flying employed school november following end korean war raaf need fulfill international obligations eased decision combine starting january disbanded relocation point cook relocated western_australia equip jet trainers place taken transferred raaf base closed december commenced operations point cook following day pilots expect fly approximately hours followed hours vampires gain short service commission pilot officer graduation december closed graduates undertook basic flying training cadets recently established successor given hours flying practical relief hard grind years academic study school staff including flying instructors operating students flying hours including night week course generally expected solo hours air pace flying training increased mid-1960s raaf expanded enlisted fulfill australia commitment vietnam war according air_force historian uncommon thirteen aircraft flown inexperienced solo students circuit simultaneously creating sink swim environment ratio students instructors generally junior instructors fly times day plus twice night training instructors operating aircraft logging flying hours month training program necessitated use nearby augment home airfield december disbanded point cook forming january time disbanded formed subsequent raaf flying training saw disbandment point cook january initial flight grading basic instruction conducted civilian contractors | No. 1 Basic Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
4953_WAVES | waves women reserve better known acronym waves women accepted volunteer emergency service world war women branch established july signed law president july authorized accept women naval reserve commissioned officers enlisted level effective duration war plus months purpose law release officers men sea duty replace women shore activities director waves commissioned lieutenant commander navy august woman commissioned officer later promoted commander captain leave president experienced educator highly respected field notion women serving navy widely supported congress navy members support need women wartime nonetheless persistence women laid success allowing women serve navy reality large measure efforts navy lady united_states later united_states representative human rights age officer candidates college degree years college years equivalent professional business experience enlisted age requirements high school business diploma equivalent experience waves primarily white african american women eventually serve fully integrated basis navy wave officer candidates took place massachusetts designated specialized training officers held college campuses naval facilities enlisted members received recruit training recruit training women attended specialized training courses college campuses naval facilities waves served shore stations united_states include alaska hawaii puerto_rico entered fields previously held men general line officers officer waves initially served administrative support roles later served attorneys navy established engineers enlisted women aviation mechanics air traffic controllers parachute hospital worked administrative clerical supply fields waves peak strength members waves left legacy accomplishment accolades came sources secretary navy fleet admiral fleet admiral commended waves contributions war effort history background representative rogers massachusetts introduced bill establish women auxiliary army corps word auxiliary suggests women serve army women deprived military status denied benefits male counterparts opposition delayed passage bill time believed navy eventually need women uniform asked headed rear admiral propose legislation world war authorizing women serve navy considered advocate bringing women navy change course soon began receiving legislation navy imminent response head expressed view able supply extra personnel needed response questions rest december representative rogers asked navy interested bill allow navy use women similar legislation book lady navy quotes reply advised rogers present time saw great need bill days touch asking assess needs equivalent exceptions responses negative congressional inquiries continued increase navy plan women january face recommended secretary navy congress asked authorize women organization following month recommended women branch director bureau budget said agree navy adapting legislation similar women navy unacceptable began continued believe place women navy appealed influential friend naval aviation crossed currents authors describe involvement san_francisco physician surgeon long time interest aviation particularly naval aviation naval aviation friends referred sons having learned stalemate asked representative minnesota served aviation branch world war sons introduce legislation independently navy march house bill essentially proposal women branch time senator indiana introduced similar bill senate april reported favorably bill passed house day sent senate opposed bill especially chairman senator massachusetts want women navy tend break american homes step backwards progress civilization senate committee eventually proposed naval version president approved asked president reconsider creation program apparent women eventually allowed serve navy question form navy administer woman program fashion liking turn help time navy asked women assistance contacting dean suggested professor special assistant chief naval personnel known academic work women work place rate performance jacob assistant fears navy women quickly formed meet navy officials efforts prominent women agreed serve council included national authority efficiency workplace president lloyd university_of_michigan noted lecturer west_coast gates wife president dean women later resigned replaced dean women council knew success program depend woman chosen lead prospective candidate need possess proven managerial skills command respect ability recommendation president future director navy agreed task convincing accept persuade release difficult successful experienced respected background provide measure idea women serving navy recognized importance agreeing suitable organization envisioned fell task finding explaining came nautical said realized letters women volunteer navy wants clear voluntary service drafted service played letters idea sea finally came women accepted volunteer emergency service waves figured word emergency comfort older implies temporary crisis won keeps later commissioned lieutenant waves recommended president legislation create women reserve correspond legislation called reconsider position favor concept stood ground council members took write president wife explained objections legislation reasons eleanor showed letter husband president sent letter navy naval aviator days replied saying secretary asked president reconsider june informed president given authority proceed women reserve days later informed senator president decision june reported favorably bill july bill passed houses congress sent president signed july public law created women branch navy reserve amended title naval reserve act year later july congress providing members similar military status waves idea law free officers men duty sea women standing shore stations home women serve navy officer enlisted level rank rating consistent regular navy volunteers serve duration war plus months continental united_states prohibited boarding naval ships combat aircraft command authority women branch director waves commissioned lieutenant commander august woman officer commissioned later promoted rank captain uniform wave officer described director born diplomat handling difficult matters said played important decision making role women waves treated compared men kind assignments women housing conditions supervision discipline standards establishing office director define responsibilities office establish clear lines authority lieutenant commander simply told run women reserve directly chief naval personnel answers questions unfortunately decision known operating divisions bureau plans existed help guide fact planning anticipation act insights turned world war career writer editor navy asked examine procedures employed complement members findings later waves august september saw women commissioned officers selected educational business backgrounds drawn program good standing women later directors waves director new officers began work routine grasp navy traditions training operating methods use resulting difficult times september issued memorandum organization said director administer program set policies coordinate work bureau operating divisions soon able bring capable staff building sound internal organization recruiting wave officers assigned recruiting stations different naval districts later joined enlisted personnel training primary sources publicity radio newspapers posters personal contacts focus advertising campaign patriotism need women demanded good taste advertising end officers enlisted women waves july ranks risen included officers enlisted training age officer candidates college degree years college years equivalent professional business experience enlisted age requirements high school business diploma equivalent experience united_states citizenship required case waves primarily white middle class represented state country new_york california pennsylvania illinois massachusetts ohio led way little attempt recruit african american women minorities october president roosevelt approved accepting african american women women reserve pressure african american organizations african american women wave officers september african american women waves integrated uniforms waves looked professional attractive stylish uniforms created especially noted new_york fashion house designed uniforms design services secured cost efforts wife assistant secretary navy winter uniform navy blue wool worn white shirt dark blue tie jacket single skirt included black plain black pumps hat black gloves black leather purse rain winter coats summer uniform winter uniform lighter weight white material worn white shoes later gray white striped work uniform summer added wearing appropriate training officers navy chose massachusetts site training wave officers facility offered navy needed college setting provided proper training ground nickname smith captain retired recalled active duty ordered serve commanding officer august distinguished naval career received world war lady navy described intelligent enthusiastic good purpose staff quickly developed curriculum transformation civilian women naval officers curriculum include organization personnel naval history law ships aircraft naval communications correspondence months intense training short period produce overall naval officer rationale teach life work naval service focusing administrative procedures type work officers eventually curriculum change life training program following months training commissioned junior grade naval reserve school closed december accepting women graduating trained women commissioned officers sent specialized schools training communications supply japanese language engineering courses study held college campuses harvard_university university_of_chicago opened schools wave officers studied aviation ordinance officers attended naval technical training command school trained aviation instructors unlike training college campuses training offered facilities training enlisted campuses selected navy recruit specialized training enlisted waves training initial groups enlisted women began october soon clear arrangements unsuitable recruit training dispersed training facilities inexperienced instructors lack corps result navy quickly decision establish recruit training center campus specialized training remained original locations iowa new basic training center enlisted waves school original assignment training captain named commanding officer arrived december weeks class enlisted recruits start weeks basic training recruit training routine began weekday breakfast classes drill hours lunch classes drill hours afternoon followed hour free time dinner hours study instruction lights inspection saturday morning free time sunday breakfast church services free time study hours began recruits received shots given series job tests class graduate early january december navy announced future waves recruits trained borough change came navy women needed kinds work effective return training main recruit training center enlisted waves chosen space location ease transportation willingness college facilities available captain recipient world war named commanding officer february college commissioned naval training center known hunter days later approximately recruits began weeks training objectives meant similar boot camp men lady navy described recruits way recruit went balanced training program instructed navy ranks ratings ships aircraft fleet naval traditions customs course naval history physical training fitness stressed women marched classes medical examinations drills approach signaled singing voices providing marching feet february october waves women marines completed training course marine navy training center summer time established training centers graduating classes hunter went specialized schools train addition college campuses enlisted waves trained boston oxford ohio opened doors enlisted waves training took place naval air stations training centers training medical technicians held unlike training college campuses training facilities assignments waves served shore stations continental united_states initially prohibited serving commands afloat outside country september congress amended law allowing waves volunteer service territories alaska hawaii hawaii overseas station staffed waves permanent basis end war naval personnel assigned shore stations women officers served professional capacities including doctors attorneys engineers wave mathematician assigned harvard_university work project mark computer female nautical engineer entire enlisted waves worked jobs aviation aviation parachute control tower operator administration personnel health care enlisted women opportunity work fields previously held men actually worked clerical positions waves enjoyed successes work place suffered problems sprang contradictory attitudes men supervised women women relation training assignments physical abilities cases women utilized dire need mission waves replace men shore stations sea duty certain men hostile waves replaced meant sea duty navy lack clear cut policies early contributed difficulties women waves wanting serve country time need strong incentive young women world war thousands saw fit join waves adventure professional development joined chance experience life college campuses followed family traditions life civilian joining waves choice adventure didn brothers thought way contribution sisters thought great interested discipline routine involved felt like challenge step forth gave sense confidence time girls didn join waves military dad said lieutenant wrote mother deployed pearl harbor said fascinated ships making history battle talked seamen met okinawa heroes encounter know war means heart goes making hope life long friends experiences mean self satisfaction long fight desire return home feel belong learned brief months life living know changed ways viewpoints truly experience shall course war seven wave officers enlisted women died unspecified causes numerous waves acknowledged contributions country awarded captain efforts director waves commander received letter secretary navy work developing waves training program waves received eighteen secretary navy letter army ribbon waves looked service beneficial said serve situation navy established separation centers waves navy nurses washington memphis san_francisco chicago new_york separation process began october month waves separated end discharged soon apparent centers needed additional centers soon opened september waves completed women spent days separation centers discharged having physical exams orientation rights veteran final settlement pay price ticket home time clear meant women military services altogether small contingent waves retained help navy plan women volunteered remain active duty point vice admiral chief announced plan wave component congress seek retain active duty reasonable number waves wish needed certain july public law signed law allowing women serve regular navy wartime assumptions prohibited women duty unit designated having combat mission carried act effectively incorporated women service organizations legally keeping integrated heart military naval quarter century waves longer existed obsolete acronym continued popular official usage 1970s waves received accolades highest sources secretary wrote conduct discharge military responsibilities work highest tradition naval service fleet admiral king said navy learned appreciate women discipline skill contribution high morale greatest tribute women request waves fleet admiral went demonstrated qualities energy loyalty waves left legacy accomplishment helped secure place women regular navy song waves wrote waves navy written anchors away waves navy waves navy ship sailing bay won slip port victory day carry ship hero brave find ashore man sized navy wave | WAVES | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5121_NewGuineaVolunteerRifles | new guinea volunteer rifles new_guinea volunteer rifles infantry battalion australian_army initially raised unit militia white australian european new_guinea outbreak second world war activated time service following japanese landings early personnel helped rescue survivors february march march monitored japanese bases established region allied force area arrival battalion subsequently established observation posts overlooking main approaches reported japanese movements later inflicted significant casualties japanese series raids led believe faced larger opposing force june newly arrived 5th carried highly successful attack japanese garrison killing men focus shifted battles august september continued man posts overlooking japanese base areas japanese subsequently defeated january february relieving pressure battalion disbanded april attrition years immediately following war australian_army considered establishing military presence opposition white settlers raising native units interim measure establishment approved july unit reformed new guinea volunteer rifles march initially whites reserve unit march detachment assisted relief operations following eruption killed people left homeless elements established main centres addition responsibilities fostered raising regular new_guinea mid-1960s chinese personnel finally authorised unit evolving multi racial battalion fifth members europeans amid concerns ability fledgling nation finance large military capability need maintain type unit army independent questionable ultimately disbanded shortly independence leaving infantry unit new new guinea defence force history second world war formation eastern half island new_guinea divided territories south german colony new_guinea north administered australia provisions mandate german new_guinea entrusted australia following capture world war little way defensive preparations mandated territory global conflict likely following outbreak war europe raising militia battalion new_guinea known new guinea volunteer rifles authorised september early arrangements raising unit undertaken lieutenant colonel unit initial establishment limited officers ranks influence ensured close link police police stores organisation controlling issue arms equipment police guards manning store parade ground men white australian european drawn wide range civilian majority longtime residents included gold miners traders government officials lived territory years old men ages accepted familiar terrain local inhabitants poorly armed equipped concerns civilian administration native welfare providing indigenous population arms military training recruited serve june period years unpaid pound annual called active service uniforms consisted shirts trousers material sent australia felt hats leather belts boots brass shoulder worn weapons included rifles vickers lewis machine guns initial preparations december major officer director public works took command unit headquarters subsequently established sub units located event war dispersed strategic points mainland islands territory come operational command 8th process raised command unit tasks provide armed escort enemy aliens germans austrians deported australia ship interned contingents departed september november escort party consisting non commissioned officer private soldiers december compulsory evacuation european women children new_guinea ordered june establishment increased officers ranks proved difficult achieve demands recruitment overseas service resulted large turn men time plans defence new_guinea envisioned deployment australian forces port defence left atmosphere battalion early days enthusiasm older members taking leading role april june regular instructors sent order improve standard training unit july spread thin authorized strength men based total establishment war germany italy continued europe north_africa middle_east australian fears japanese intentions pacific grew bulk australian military naval forces middle_east defensive preparations remained limited brigades 8th division subsequently dispatched singapore malaya february militia battalion stationed battalion garrison 8th division brigade battalion dispersed july 1st deployed order protect airfield sections sent central new act observers early volcanic activity area forced government administration headquarters moved time 22nd battalion subsequently began arriving march april additional units added force directed garrison town tasks included protecting airfields seaplane base simpson harbour forming advanced observation line provide early warning japanese movements following arrival role secondary consequence men stationed detachment largely battalion instead occupying defensive positions simpson harbour australians widely dispersed companies airfield inland airfield elements covered coastal approaches near vulcan crater spent following months preparing defensive positions airfield lieutenant colonel subsequently took command october position increasingly viewed garrison reinforced bombers obsolete reconnaissance aircraft squadron raaf december grown men despite considered weak repel expected japanese attack plans withdrawal instead japanese fight island september administrator sir staff transferred japanese began aerial reconnaissance soon attack pearl harbor december compulsory evacuation remaining european women children relative safety australia ordered december scattered islands north men 1st lay large japanese base mainland formed independent detachments lost youngest dedicated members left join instead remained found difficulties making journey remote home locations training centres increasingly disappointed lack ammunition equipment training september headquarters transferred mainland field relinquished command replaced major later colonel enthusiastic early volunteers edwards unit new recruits came december war japan seemingly imminent strength officers ranks total men mainland december day war began pacific morris authorised place battalion time duty small number ultimately called time australian defences remained limited centred port consisting approximately partially trained militia inch coastal guns inch anti aircraft battery flying boats addition locally recruited forming japanese soon expected attempt seize port remainder 30th brigade brought forward 39th 53rd battalions arriving port january despite measures australian speed coming japanese advance meant destined provide armed resistance new_guinea middle air attacks began january days japanese succeeded destroying bulk defending aircraft attacks targeted shipping harbour shore installations considered need entire brigade defend invasion imminent limited force remaining aircraft withdrawn airfields japanese south seas force approximately men command landed early hours january attached force detachment positioned northern flank defensive line simpson harbour company 22nd battalion manning medium machine gun mortar positions defending metre section beach detachments subsequently engaged japanese force dawn came ashore barge inflicting number casualties forced withdraw outnumbered quickly overrun ensuing fighting japanese completing capture town hours australian losses heavy men killed defenders captured survivors withdrew interior moving south wide bay areas west eventual evacuation total servicemen civilians escaped soldiers fortunate wounded sick australian soldiers including number personnel captured subsequently murdered japanese plantation wide bay later japanese naval prison ship sunk west coast july hit torpedoes fired submarine uss resulting loss lives australian civilians prisoners war killed men battalion finally january day japanese aircraft simultaneously attacked realising japanese occupation north coast settlements gulf imminent declared state emergency handing control second command major japanese landing expected time duty civilians departed january days later returned australia effectively ending civil administration new_guinea raaf soldiers remained report japanese movements groups defended strategic points area mid february detachment joined platoon company concentrating captain ill equipped wearing assortment clothing uniforms world war vintage leather lacking helmets tools carried packs weighing excess pounds average age years men lived new_guinea considerable period time highly limited military training lacked formed unit brought native labour lines share burden men fight guerrilla war expected invasion preparing destroy key infrastructure deny japanese company formed captain purpose companies ordered commence demolition campaign event japanese landing airfield left intact time personnel helped rescue survivors february march march approximately japanese naval troops landed unopposed forcing detachment withdraw west battalion force landed south day observing landings detachment japanese attempted demolish airfield withdrawing destroying bridge river mouth went japanese subsequently occupied leaving section river detachment moved south panic followed morris initially ordered edwards prevent japanese crossing mountains failed recognise reality situation subsequently proved unrealistic unable lacking modern weapons equipment relatively men prospect reinforcement lacked strength block japanese movement inland morris concerned possible loss threatened unable reinforce japanese chose consolidate position instead ordered destroy airfield carry demolition campaign edwards authorised destruction power stations valley bridges despite indication japanese order completed nonetheless primary concern japanese airfield operational position company subsequently ordered maintain observation town block japanese movement number supply observation posts utilised task vickers machine guns subsequently set cover narrow approach valley company included number men possessed intimate knowledge difficult terrain area despite limited equipment supply deficiencies subsequently able provide intelligence australian high command fall company stationed west tasked observing japanese movements direction japanese slow inland party soldiers subsequently destroyed stores dump march returning japanese remained confined township following weeks focusing making airfield operational establishing workshops supply area march strength men monitored japanese bases established region allied force area arrival battalion established observation posts camps overlooking main approaches reported japanese movements shipping called planning offensive later inflicted significant casualties japanese series raids led believe faced larger opposing force following bombing port early february civil administration replaced military control australian new guinea administrative unit formed administer new_guinea unified military government following amalgamation regardless remained allied unit operating north coast period subsequently assisted evacuation european civilians war zone flown moved ship overland port sole representative government authority assumed responsibility thousand native labourers recruited outlying districts left support unable return homes subsequently established camps fed carriers labourers enlisted support allies fighting followed japanese took march occupied later month morris finally position begin reinforcing platoon reinforcements intended 1st independent company subsequently reached port late march following loss sent bulldog track support instead edwards sent scout section find japanese late march subsequently detected japanese failed find local inhabitants facing assisting australians withdrew avoid consequences similar posts subsequently established closer observe japanese movements subsequently captured japanese april minor occurred april japanese attempted challenge presence area continued role observing japanese instructing operations undertaken orders reinforcements soon sent area april japanese fighting patrol approximately men moved challenging control area japanese subsequently discovered stores ejected small group australians guarding village fighting continued day resulted japanese killed wounded village subsequently destroyed stores detachment forced withdraw japanese returned following capture japanese inland towns major centres new_guinea allied hands battle coral sea effectively removed threat japanese invasion port force consisting 5th major supporting units tasked undertaking limited guerrilla offensive harass destroy japanese personnel equipment area designated force command major elements flew port reinforce force consisted companies split platoon 1st independent company 5th force subsequently position days later force main problem logistics supplies flown depending aircraft availability shipped mouth small craft transported river bulldog carried bulldog track native early june force largely concentrated elements 1st 5th spread far elements watching sector whilst elements covering inland routes rivers attempted forces relieve exhausted detachments orders clarified work began planning number raids area considered japanese comparison men fit operations force small meet possible japanese threats threat overland advance required defend numerous tracks threat air invasion required defend likely landing zones meaning resources achieve mission assessed course action available maintain large force defend overland route conducting number raids area order inflict casualties japanese advance concentrated areas japanese force formed obstacle large scale movement area destroy aircraft installations located test defences view larger scale operations future area destroy wireless station initial raids subsequently undertaken heath plantation led major captain 5th targeting strong japanese garrison winning planned assault following careful reconnaissance scouts early morning june members 5th carried highly successful attack killing men destroying number installations including radio station supply loss men slightly wounded addition australians captured small enemy equipment number documents including marked maps sketches japanese orders simultaneous raid carried men mainly 5th successful surprise lost warned japanese approach subsequently killed men wounded japanese losses included killed following raids japanese sent patrols men foothills destroying camp reinforcements moved garrison village reconnaissance reports indicated japanese forced draw garrison reinforce perimeter early july attempt prevent raids retaliation japanese aircraft subsequently bombed july killing number australians destroying houses buildings driving native carriers bush japanese garrison continued reinforced scouts estimating soldiers arrived raid force growing men strong patrols subsequently observed searching tracks town australians morale remained high effect continuous operations harsh terrain limited medical support took toll falling ill fever tropical disease number fit men decreased steadily july restricted force activities patrolling observation finally japanese moved defended men 5th occupying high ground overlooking village lightly equipped force japanese marines 5th special naval landing party crossing morning july approaching japanese clashed australians scattered japanese trapped river valley australians opened fire vickers machine guns lewis guns inflicting casualties including killed loss japanese subsequently forced withdraw carrying dead wounded day japanese launched simultaneous thrust 5th movement blocked japanese attempted port overland july following landing near north coast new_guinea night july japanese forces attempted advance south overland mountains seize port strategy australia united_states resulting series battles track campaign point importance operations declined direct threat posed landings limited forces supplies available australians concentrated port lieutenant general took command morris august height fighting 6th arrived port august planned send forward reinforce japanese threat port growing increasingly held reserve instead required continue hold limited resources available food getting soldiers increasingly dependent local supplies japanese air raids supply intimidation local inhabitants large scale native carriers inherent difficulty getting supplies forward feed carriers remained combined threaten stop operations altogether japanese subsequently staged landing bay eastern tip new_guinea evening august reduce allied airfields established limited resources available preventing reinforcing despite success landing force subsequently destroyed australians survivors forced evacuate sea september time continued strong progress track outnumbered australian opposition increasingly effective september japanese reached sight port following heavy defeat ordered defensive japanese subsequently began withdraw september establish defensive position north coast closely followed australians recaptured november fighting continued november december australian united_states forces assaulted japanese later known captured december january japanese subsequently began abandon january following unsuccessful australian assault day operations completed january operating continued toll australians early august bulk men forward exhausted fighting remained small group 5th relieving scouts observation role september longer unit phase irregular warfare region came close end august japanese occupied positioned seize moved strength australians subsequently forced abandon preparing hold position head bulldog track focus campaign new_guinea shifted battles august september continued man posts overlooking japanese base areas patrolling extensively allies remained concerned defence important air installation keen secure crest area consequently 7th independent company flown october reinforce anticipating attack japanese general ordered 17th brigade bay reinforce relieve january japanese launched offensive known disbandment japanese subsequently defeated january february relieving pressure following problems supply sickness reduced effectiveness broken april individual units left begin campaign drive japanese expanded activities restoring military administration organisation supply supervision native carriers supporting allied forces time believed contain men suffering ill health following months guerrilla fighting experiencing ill affects age having suffered heavy attrition reinforcements available new_guinea unit finally disbanded april time volunteer unit unique history military training knowledge new_guinea people experiences early days war surviving members remained capacities attached divisions special units continuing serve end hostilities allies moved offensive new_guinea planned bypass japanese base advance campaign small number australians assigned led force reconnaissance force japanese held island february march actions unit awarded distinguished unit citation united_states nature early campaign new_guinea fought formed unit sub units scattered forced fight independently instead men come walks life old join medically unfit employed restricted acquitted harsh terrain limited equipment support developing tactics battalion played important role period late maintaining contact japanese demonstrating native population region australians forced area provided early warning japanese troop aircraft movements succeeded preventing japanese bulldog track avenue approach port aided deployment later supported forces denied japanese vital airfields brought port effective range japanese bombers initiated organisation new labour provide vital contribution success allied campaign new_guinea records incomplete approximately men believed served unit roll honour square brisbane lists names men killed died serving unit war post war establishment years immediately following war australian_army considered establishing military presence opposition colonial administration white settlers raising native units echoing previous concerns interim measure establishment approved july forming whites reserve unit volunteers called september initial arrangements new unit begun lieutenant colonel later non commissioned officers arrived october forming small regular support administration unit assist training february small group australian officers non commissioned officers arrived assist raising unit raising unit subsequently raised new guinea volunteer rifles march recruits beginning port soon intended maintain sub units capable providing advice topography native customs personalities provision guides assistance organisation training irregular native forces unit form basis future expansion forces required limited assistance civic action projects provide detachments protect vulnerable points counter small scale raids capable border type counter operations support regular forces following training initial recruits australians served officers non commissioned officers war resident commanding officer lieutenant colonel conditions service units australia members paid counterparts recruits required complete days home training camp days year undertake additional training periods wished peace time service march small detachment assisted relief operations following eruption killed people left homeless end detachments raised port initially battalion included headquarters company strength rifle companies company based company raising locally recruited regular battalion manned indigenous personnel trained commanded australian officers non commissioned officers authorised november march reformed initial strength battalion addition responsibilities fostered raising new_guinea augment wartime units later regularly train terms territory entrusted australia decided outset unit serve outside live initial expectations remained significantly strength numbered officers ranks chief general staff decided disbanding battalion nucleus unit assessing unit achievements cent population brisbane belonged time succeeded recruiting percent white population territories problem raising unit largely scale small number eligible men recruit absence swell numbers lack suitable accommodation training facilities role initially envisioned proved overly ambitious subsequently provision officers non commissioned officers expanded wartime elements established main centres platoon subsequently formed december detachments later established rifle company later raised formed time second world war soldiers unit participated joint exercises track area exercises subsequently regular activity units detachments regularly marched queen birthday celebrations annual training program soldiers unit undertook weeks concentrated exercises training year initially arms equipment issued unit progressively improved unlike rest reorganised lines remained relatively unchanged unit expanded early 1960s additional resources available increased recruitment added establishment based port small european population rapid turnover staff local industries continued limit manpower available army preferred recruit permanent residents traders represented smaller minority order increase number personnel available arrangements allow members started training australia transferred civilian employment continue serve completed time similarly able complete training return australia battle honours won second world war awarded history unit fighting indonesia dutch reached height concerns security border grew january unit grown men white chinese personnel finally authorised unit evolving multi racial battalion large number subsequently applied join unit strength unit increased rapidly result additional platoon subsequently raised year camp subsequently built near mount integrated camp held november cost flying men proved annual camps held initially wartime facility later barracks formed ending link brisbane time officers australia began visiting gain experience operating tropical conditions group arriving october cold war growing australian concern indonesian intentions indonesia malaysia confrontation saw increasing defence resources allocated 1960s including raising second battalion process march announced reorganised battalion strength expanded men ranks receive range new weapons equipment including new heavy machine guns mortars subsequently raised port replace infantry company included mortar platoon anti tank platoon signals platoon assault pioneer platoon detachment redesignated took control platoon construction new barracks completed headquarters subsequently moved port fifth members europeans presented queen regimental colours barracks administrator sir platoon later raised april july second lieutenant detachment subsequently new commissioned disbandment relations indonesia improved vietnam war came end changing strategic circumstances saw unit establishment reduced ranks early 1970s lead independence consideration given disbanding unit unknown unit time held annual training camp august soldiers detachments country participating amid concerns ability economy fledgling nation finance large military capability need maintain type unit army independent questionable ultimately disbanded december leaving infantry unit new new guinea defence force decision unit debated army time strongly resisted felt training volunteer force considerable assistance previously available impossible independence possible effect locally recruited unit concern regional bases provided source power areas central government port queen regimental colours subsequently laid australian war memorial day battle honours awarded following battle honours second world war south west pacific commanding officers following officers commanded second world war lieutenant colonel field lieutenant colonel post war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel major lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | New Guinea Volunteer Rifles | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5145_38th(Welsh)InfantryDivision | 38th 38th welsh division initially later 38th welsh infantry division 38th british_army active second world wars division raised 43rd division originally meant form strong championed assignment welsh recruits formations meant concept realised april formation renamed 38th welsh division shipped france later year division arrived france poor reputation seen political formation ill trained led division baptism fire came opening days battle capture despite securing wood needed jumping point reputation division effected senior officers loss nearly men phase offensive division large scale operation came year later highly successful attack attack battle division eyes upper hierarchy british military came considered elite german spring offensive division attacked fortified german positions crossed river smashed line broke german positions ended war belgian frontier chosen occupation following war division months exist march march following rise nazi_germany german occupation czechoslovakia british army increased number divisions existing units paper division recreated 38th welsh infantry division duplicate 53rd welsh infantry division form september transferred united_kingdom assigned home defence duties deployed overseas division disbanded units dispatched broken reinforce 21st fighting normandy operation overlord recreated september 38th training formation took role previously occupied form division completed training recruits dispatched overseas reinforcements end war division stood world war formation training july world war began august following german invasion belgium united_kingdom entered war uphold treaty london britain found facing continental war prepared fight dispatched country lacked forces required protracted war envisioned military leadership british arrived france august appointed secretary state war vital position allowed largely independent role war cabinet act following day request parliamentary approval increase strength british_army men coming days following approval laid plans proposed expansion traditional recruiting expand regular army bypassing county associations avoiding expanding wave originally termed wrote held disdain calling ill trained town clerk army partially set parallel recruitment system noted gross decision merely prejudice ignorance basis expansion rendered temporarily incapable carrying function viable home defence force needed threat german invasion september chancellor stated publicly like welsh army field thought quickly picked support politicians divisions totalling men approved october recruits drawn wales living liverpool london manchester creation corps soon source heated dispute realised addition disagreements shortage recruits end men joined december having scaled ambitious plan corps recruited men formed 43rd despite steady recruitment june cent recruits removed having discharged primarily medical reasons transferred units march new division inspected april fourth new army broken provide reinforcements deployed combat units turn renamed organisation 38th division 31st division april 43rd renamed 38th welsh division division spent dispersed majority located units training units based south locations men undertook basic training trained open warfare august division moved winchester england assembled time division final training took place limited instruction given tactics employ trench warfare assumption practical experience easier gain france despite training november division fully equipped rifles declared fit overseas service division soldiers fire rounds rifle range november division inspected final time deployed princess mary reviewed troops division comprising battalions roughly men strong deployed france november division departed southampton december arrived france division artillery initially remained conduct live fire exercises joined division end december initial reaction regular army division hostility division seen lacking experience training criticism divisions questions raised divisional leadership securing officer commissions influence hughes wrote regulars professed disgust political character division division rest united_kingdom represented ranks nations initial actions battle france division joined placed reserve relieving 46th north midland division casualties soon suffered training accidents grenades division temporarily split spent time attached 19th western division gain experience trench warfare relieved 19th western division summer manned region rotated sector spending time units division took turns line maintained positions conducted trench raids subjected german allowed men gain experience active service conditions notable action period trench raid carried captain 15th owen led raid man land located party german soldiers finished laying barbed wire owen followed germans trench ambushed divisional history comments greater portion german party killed raid considered army best carried far war actions owen mentioned dispatches june division relieved 61st 2nd division moved reserve moved south joined army train battle new trenches dug division practice attacks novel tactics attacking waves conjunction artillery machine gun fire end month division moved south valley joined placed reserve role division second wave exploit expected success following breach german lines cavalry divisions capture 38th welsh division forward relieve cavalry secure town allow cavalry advance north july day despite lines reserve division suffered casualty battle german artillery fire july attack disaster fourth army casualties suffered north albert road particular attacked villages day 7th division assaulted captured 21st division pushed german lines flanked north capture germans abandoned divisions advanced yards suffered casualties villages entrenched german positions needed captured allow advance german territory additional ground gained subsequent attacks german defences rain hindered moves clear following additional casualties 38th welsh division attached relieve division clear wood defended elements units entrenched wood german second line yards allowing position reinforced easily july 38th division conducted reconnaissance attacks determine strength german position july division launched battalions wood following brief preliminary bombardment 16th welsh 10th attacked soon advance began obvious preliminary bombardment failed silence german machine gun positions german shells started fall attacking troops trenches left resulting temporary communication breakdown caught machine gun fire flanks attack yards wood unable troops ordered dig await renewed british bombardment second attempt troops unable push forward proposed attack afternoon eventually called 16th welsh battalion historian wrote description casualties amounted men 10th suffered casualties evening 14th launched minor trench raid july supposed develop attack southern tip wood division prepared launch battalion sized attack commander ordered smaller attack platoon day spent confusion conflicting orders issued travelling division clarify intentions end attack launched found 14th moved attack pushed july summoned commanding officer corps headquarters sacked general commander noted event diary wrote visited saw general disappointed work 38th welsh commented relieved command majority division entered woods despite adequate bombard suffered casualties attack bold men entered wood found little opposition wrote entries odds facts relied heavily told states account self serving justice difficulties confronting troops ground acknowledge failure bombardment suggests political officer corps perceived political hughes quoted regular officer attached division described excellent administrator valued service division wrote poor commander opening attacks demonstrated faults entire command structure pressure results wrote evidence sending waves men unprotected machine guns wrote shown moral courage unprepared attacks giving troops instructions press attack machine gun fire met intended replace overruled ordered commander 7th division temporary command july decision division launch scale attack following day july preliminary bombardment began initial bombardment lasted minutes striking german line positions halted temporarily attempt lure german defenders line barrage resumed division launched attack advancing barrage 13th welsh right flank 14th welsh centre 16th left flank smoke screen laid flank succeeded drawing german fire away assault divisional history called attack magnificent sights war wave wave men seen advancing break distance places nearly yards 14th welsh rapidly entered wood cleared german positions rifle fire face determined german resistance flanking machine gun fire 13th welsh suffered casualties attack stalled division reinforced right flank committing 15th welsh able push wood link aid 13th german troops gap battalions got 15th welsh wiped company troops fight way cut way returned seven men despite losses battalions welsh regiment able form cohesive line defending edge wood repulsed strong german counter attacks 16th fallen barrage met determined german resistance repulsed assaults 15th sent reinforce battalions able push way wood german resistance machine gun prevented advance 10th welsh moved cover gap battalions engaged 13th deployed clear german position sister battalions divisional engineers arrived dig trenches lay wire afternoon 10th 17th committed wood attack began met little resistance 10th captured eastern stretches wood inflicted casualties germans 15th welsh 15th 17th fought north wood yards northern edge thrown german fire attack evening called troops pulled yards ordered dig night night ordered wood assembled place day prepared final assault clear germans commanding officer wanted launch surprise attack overruled subsequent bombardment support attack fell short places hitting british troops provoking german artillery fire despite friendly fire barrage caught german troops open fled wood remaining germans offered determined resistance 16th welsh held machine gun fire use despite brigade able clear end day german second line position higher ground dominated edge wood coupled artillery fire resulted brigade pulling start line avoid casualties evening 21st division relieved 38th division moved near relieved 48th south midland division july returned 7th division assumed command 38th division suffered casualties days fought men killed despite capturing prisoners largest wood paved way assault reputation division failure attack harm division reputation casualties seen evidence lack determination men commander brigadier general price davies things worse reporting panic men orders price davies later wrote given brigade credit damage difficulty wood fighting appreciated time wrote reputation division suffered repeated interference matters best left divisional brigade staff inexperience battlefield command level end august division deployed remained following months seeing major action division spent time engaging vital effort rebuilding consolidating washed trenches raiding german positions division commended corps commander notable raid conducted period occurred november 14th welsh elements battalion launched large raid german position known high fortified position slight rise overlooked british lines germans able direct artillery fire british positions 14th welsh raided position killing defenders hand hand combat taking prisoners june division withdrawn reserve conduct training exercises offensive german positions ridge built attacks rehearsed july division returned taking 29th division end month division subjected german artillery fire shells mixture high explosive gas inflicted losses time aerial reconnaissance infantry patrols division confirmed preliminary barrage forced germans second line positions july began division ordered capture german line second line positions based ridge low ridge contained heavily shelled village followed lay east small stream known division opposed primarily elements dug trench lines concrete secure objectives division planned attack waves fresh troops constantly moving forward tackle objective gas german artillery largely played little initial fighting 10th 13th welsh advancing right half 13th 16th left able german forward positions rapidly capturing germans remained 13th 14th welsh pushed sister battalions ridge remaining half 13th 16th based village german resistance determined resulting increasing british losses history war described scene german sic poured bullets advancing infantry slipped shell hole shell hole taking cover pushing onwards concrete encountered troops worked way cutting german troops forcing surrender despite resistance german second line captured delay half 13th 14th welsh 15th pushed german troops holding area allocated 51st advanced far able fire flanks advancing troops platoon 15th welsh diverted assaulted farm capturing men killing scattering rest securing flank advance 14th welsh rushed engaged hand hand combat seize position pushing capture dressing station charge resulted heavy losses yielded prisoners machine guns 15th fallen protective barrage came fire german position known despite losses pushed forward able secure portion british hands 11th 17th pushed forward despite german resistance based concrete defences positions cleared river reached battalions dug opposite casualties taken elements 16th welsh 10th moved forward reinforce newly gained position german infantry launched counter attack fighting continued day forward british battalions forced pull german attempts retake territory thwarted course afternoon heavy rain began fall following days future operations fighting broke welsh divisional history notes withdrawn immediately battle day division took close prisoners places division losses men exchange artillery fire fighting took place division pulled line august wrote attack ridge considered great success similarly viewed historians continues eyes reputation perceived poor showing went write division achieved highest level achievement john wrote division regained honour lost supposed capture division returned line august august elements division attacked day heavy rain fallen ground men lying shell holes gradually filling water found great difficulty getting advancing keeping barrage infantry mud lost barrage elements division reached german line hopeless division remained line subjected german artillery withdrawn september new positions raiding reorganisation spring division manned sections line times occupying miles period division worked improve trenches inherited conducted raids german lines night november 10th conducted strong raid german lines having penetrated german territory battalion destroyed concrete inflicted casualties took prisoners loss casualties addition raiding division helped train newly arrived assigning battalion time winter british realised germans intended begin offensive spring offensive division spent following months improving line positions constructing rear line defences region northern bank laying divisional history described concrete barbed wire number line infantry british_army france decreased leading manpower crisis attempt consolidate manpower increase number machine guns artillery support available infantry decision reduce number battalions division effect reducing establishment division men addition ease reinforcement attempt consolidate battalions regiment brigade changes impacted division resulting 15th 11th 10th 16th welsh disbanded 2nd joining 33rd division changes division saw machine gun companies consolidated single battalion medium mortar battery broken absorbed remaining batteries heavy mortar battery leaving division corps asset following short break train rest division returned line mid february raiding german lines march conducted raid similar scale similar success conducted november period germans raided british lines level success managed capture men addition division able gain upper hand german rivals divisional history notes patrols gained control learned thorough previous reconnaissance addition possible exposed trenches open german lines german spring offensive march germany launched operation michael attack opening spring offensive aimed deliver single decisive war winning blow germans intended strike southern british flank separate british french armies north engage bulk british forces france battle aim inflict defeat british armies country abandon war turn force french sue peace days german offensive casualties suffered 2nd 47th london divisions 38th ordered south positions near albert relieve formations infantry moved south divisional artillery remained support 34th division subsequently took battle artillery went aid french forces transferred temporarily conducting fighting withdrawal actions divisions earned men divisional artillery divisional commanders near albert division kept reserve night april division relieved 12th eastern division germans captured high ground near overlooking british lines division ordered retake deny germans ability observe british positions gain observation positions overlooking german lines valley april elements attacked support australian artillery german infantry supported large number machine guns artillery support resisted attack unable drive german infantry high ground division gained yards yard achieved objective 13th managed push ahead secured section high ground overlooking german lines fought german counter attacks took germans machine guns despite successes attack costly 13th suffering wounded germans repeated attempts push british big attack repulsed following days division attempted abortive attack german held ridge conducted raids german lines withdrawn short break point left division medical grounds replaced division received replacements casualties disbanded sniper company engaged rifle training line division return previous routine static warfare conducting patrols raids subjected raids artillery final battles august division returned took position shortly allied armies launched led start days offensive culminating offensive war 38th division sector pushed germans gains eastern bank assigned cross river clear german held ridge north albert august elements crossed near established constructed bridge fought german counter attacks following day additional elements brigade crossed securing repulsed german attacks crossed river bridges albert assaulted mile north east taking prisoners artillery pieces seven machine guns august crossed river cleared german positions facing took prisoners captured machine guns rest division crossed following day new bridges early hours launched attack ridge brigades attacked end day despite heavy fighting division seized ridge pushed germans taken prisoners division history records capture machine guns august division advanced old battlefield second battle cleared seized following day reached outskirts fought numerous counter attacks surrounded cleared near casualties amounted prisoners taken machine guns captured day saw heavy fighting outside attempted advance halted determined german resistance repeated counter attacks following days saw exchange artillery fire german counter attacks repulsed seized late august following partial german withdrawal division continued advance overcame german resistance counter attacks capture held determined resistance following day long barrage captured september heavy fighting division pushed effort halt british advance germans dug far canal words divisional history canal valley gas shells september having noticed weakness german positions elements 13th 14th welsh stormed canal cleared eastern bank allowing rest cross september division relieved placed reserve august beginning september artillery fired rounds support fighting casualties suffered german prisoners taken september division returned line near germans dug ridge line intending delay british reaching line tasked clearing positions september fought division attacked brigades able reach objectives despite flanking fire fought numerous counter attacks despite success germans able battle cleared german outposts line preparing way future operations september division pulled line period rest days later division returned preparation assaulting line division advanced pressing retreating germans halting support line known line determined german resistance october line breached division germans evacuated main position known line near german positions lay dense lines barbed wire supported concrete machine gun positions hidden small woods providing excellent fields fire open countryside faced level defence division halted spent following days german positions preparing assault division plan attack dark assault village daylight tank support clear nearby held reserve initially brought exploit success push deeper german defensive belt october attack began initial attack failed turn unable approach concentrated german machine gun fire rallied achieved initial objective able gain near theirs 2nd following friendly fire incident assaulted cleared village tank support committed battle orders delay advance arrived late troops held barbed wire heavy german fire pressed forward exploiting success divisional history comments attack progressed rapidly resulted complete rout enemy brigade able achieve final objective road engaged heavy fighting clear german trenches action division suffered casualties took prisoners divisional history noted october fighting advance following assault 33rd division pursued retreating german forces 38th stayed close ready advance assault strongly held german positions needed october liberated following day divisional artillery firing support 33rd contact german forces days 33rd division pursued germans launched bloody assault defended eastern bank opening stages battle secured abandoned losses decision division forward night october division took line near days division prepared conducting reconnaissance constructing bridges moving heavy artillery preparations germans bombarded elements division artillery gas shells night october division attacked brought forward river crossed ease divisional history comments railway embankment far greater natural obstacle heavy rain heavily wired defended crossed river supported tank held reserve deal german counter attacks despite heavy german resistance tanks mud troops able seize rail line divisional history commended 14th welsh efforts action secure rolling german line secure right flank attack commending efforts men major general described attack having formed ground men crossed difficult river fourth time 21st august attacked swept machine gun fire stormed railway embankment feet high pouring rain slippery deep going hours darkness established final objective elements division pioneers joined final assault heights river aided capture position despite counter attacks division held high ground attack inflicted casualties resulted capture prisoners battery artillery pieces mortars secured supported 38th artillery continued advance 38th following close time elements division supply train stricken outbreak spanish flu following 33rd division passed village forest halting division november subjected artillery aerial minor skirmishes german infantry november yard pushed forward subjected heavy german artillery bombardment brigade cleared pushing yards forest stiff resistance followed ahead achieve division second objective inside forest fighting followed artillery moved forward attacked reaching division final objective road running forest nightfall heavy rain complete darkness 13th welsh carried advance surrounded capturing garrison men pushing taking additional prisoners division breached forest allowing 33rd division continue advancing eastwards time cross hour period division advanced miles miles flanking divisions taken prisoners captured artillery pieces suffered casualties november division relieved 33rd pursuit germans taking line near division pushed east november leading brigade east advanced patrols contact german forces belgian border start day offensive signing armistice november division advanced miles taken prisoners seized machine guns captured mortars artillery pieces division losses period amounted men commented division employed trench holding duties september july likely regarded elite storm formation noted judged results attacks days division select band elite divisions akin australian canadian limited number british formations sheffield credited hard ruthless fire improved performance division period breaks division away line able train new knowledge resulted command allowed command flexibility lower ranks addition sheffield cited improved staff work tactical doctrine high morale led ability division carry effective combined arms operations epilogue following conclusion fighting division based france division chosen british_army rhine british occupation force based instead period months soldiers sent home december division ceased exist march prior division disbandment remaining men visited wales later course war division men killed wounded reported missing acts soldiers instances posthumously awarded victoria_cross addition following awards cases multiple times bestowed distinguished service orders military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals men mentioned dispatches second world war background 1930s tensions built nazi germany united_kingdom allies late german demands annexation czechoslovakia led international crisis attempt avoid war british prime minister met german chancellor adolf_hitler september munich agreement agreement immediate war allowed germany annex chamberlain intended agreement lead peaceful resolution issues relations countries soon deteriorated march germany breached terms agreement invading occupying remnants czech state response march british secretary state war announced plans increase men double number territorial divisions intended plan action existing units recruit allowed establishments aided increase pay removal restrictions promotion major recruiting preceding years construction better quality barracks increase supper time rations form divisions small built result 38th welsh infantry division created unit duplicate april limited conscription introduced time age regular army initially trained months deployed forming second line units despite intention army grow size programme complicated lack central guidance expansion process issues lack facilities equipment instructors formation home defence despite ongoing efforts regiments able recruit required numbers form new battalions process words historian progressed paper stage second world war began september 38th welsh infantry division finally active september constituent units formed administered 53rd welsh infantry division 38th composed division initially assigned early spread england wales summer division command based liverpool conduct manoeuvres training war time deployment envisioned deployed reinforce regular army deployed european mainland equipment available plan envisioned deployment force waves divisions completed training final divisions deployed year outbreak war result division leave united_kingdom evacuated france june april division assigned moved sussex 18th having replaced liverpool sussex division held reserve placed 47th london 55th defending coast west east despite reserve historians note battalions took coastal defence duties december division placed lower establishment having static home defence role division assigned shifted west defend coastline notably february anti aircraft platoon supported commando raid france july division lost 10th division spent early moving country spending time kent northumberland assigned march formed area aiding movement troops preparation operation overlord divisions allocated home defence duties 38th 45th 47th london 55th divisions divisions combined total men number available replacements fighting france remaining men considered ineligible service abroad time variety reasons including lack training medically unfit following months cent men deployed reinforce following completion training certification fitness specifically vast majority 1st south wales deployed normandy end june replacements reinforce mid july resulting battalion disbanded comments september dry losses suffered leaving army britain exception 52nd young old men unfit loss men reinforce july withdrawn division brigade operation liberate designated force ultimately operation place brigade deployed europe august 38th welsh infantry division began disperse august divisional headquarters ceased commanding subordinate units end month division disbanded training british_army suffering severe shortage manpower effort army consolidate men formations possible maintain fighting strength efficiency began disbanding divisions including decision retain division numbers familiar british public september 38th division recreated replace training formation new commanded previously commanded division point divisional insignia worn permanent members division 38th 45th holding complete training new army recruits division soldiers given weeks additional training section platoon company level undertaking final day exercise troops ready sent overseas join formations undertaking role example trained replacements battalions regiment having fulfilled purpose division disbanded end war general officer commanding division following commanders world war division following commanders second world war orders battle | 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5243_1stSASBrigade | 1st 1st 1st fictional brigade second world war formed cairo deception brigadier play italian fears airborne attacks clarke documents photographs news reports fake soldiers plant information brigade named cairo based deception department force bolster evidence existence summer pitching idea dedicated airborne commando unit later evolved obtained clarke support partly promising use late clarke 1st major order battle deception brigade formed fictional end war axis commanders strength allied forces north_africa specific tactical formation late allies recovered journal italian officer operation diary referred fears british landed italian rear time allies airborne troops north african region charge military deception region decided play fears creating fictional airborne unit clarke began january creating paper trail 1st fictional unit supposedly training special missions clarke established existence documentary physical photographs printed local papers documents planted enemy allied airmen warned look mocked support story section desert training aid rumours soldiers dressed 1st uniforms allied held cities cairo alexandria hint missions crete libya march clarke deception operations grown decided create formal department chose advanced headquarters force subtle reference airborne hope help support existence area hide true purpose department clarke continued actively promoting existence 1st june appears axis commanders accepted brigade real clarke created unit specific aims mean enemy command factor existence airborne troops battle plan 1st represented attempt apparent strength allied forces tactic use significantly rest war brigade occasionally featured clarke tactical march threat axis supply lines near tripoli injured british forces commando north_africa theatre proposed idea small airborne special forces units operate enemy lines whilst lobbying support came clarke attention offered backing provided force help deception schemes came mainly fact anxious operation ingenious individual called responsible running deception operation cairo clark influential promised help use brigade plan received approval summer unit designated detachment special air service intended add evidence airborne presence specifically 1st region 1st formed clarke overall strategy axis strength allied forces region early hoc situation entire fictional order battle featuring numerous units late allies begun train number real airborne units north african theatre clarke created fictional units real fictional including 1st umbrella cascade aim axis training posed realistic threat utilised number specific operational years including operation threaten fictional invasions distraction real allied operations | 1st SAS Brigade | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5264_1stFilipinoInfantryRegiment | 1st filipino infantry regiment segregated united_states_army infantry regiment filipino americans continental united_states veterans saw combat world war formed activated camp san california auspices originally created battalion declared regiment july deployed initially new_guinea source manpower special forces units serve occupied territories deployed philippines saw combat unit major combat operations remained philippines returned california camp background philippines ceded spain united_states conflict philippine independence forces united_states allowed freely united_states nationals immigrants chose settle territory hawaii west_coast policy changed status nationals revoked imperial_japanese_navy attacked pearl harbor japanese forces attacked philippines filipino americans like americans attempted volunteer military service allowed enlist citizens resident aliens following change legislation announced january day manila fell permitted volunteer drafted military service california half male filipino american population enlisted volunteered serve refused age older volunteers refused need agricultural labor strongly encouraged volunteer regiment assigned volunteer serve regiment served regular white units theaters operation example awarded actions germany history constituted march 1st activated april camp san liberate philippines colonel selected unit commanding officer spoke spent time youth following months filipino americans continued volunteer unit grew personnel united_states filipino military personnel escaped fall philippines united_states instructed report unit july battalion elevated regiment california grounds california regiment battalions consisting headquarters company infantry companies regiment separate regimental headquarters company service company anti tank company medical detachment band regiment continued train grow leading activation 2nd filipino infantry regiment fort november assigned camp 1st camp eventually soldiers assigned camp mass ceremony soldiers regiment members armed forces able citizens filipino americans barred determined aliens time nationals november los_angeles influential filipino author america heart witness members regiment faced discrimination period anti laws california meant soldiers banned marrying non filipino women soldiers wished marry way transported new_mexico new_mexico repealed anti law civil war soldiers regiment faced discrimination visiting neighboring camp local businesses refused serve later regiment commander informed failing cooperate army point changed business practices instances discrimination soldiers regiment reported sacramento san_francisco mistaken japanese americans deployment april regiment departed california aboard uss general bay new_guinea way new_guinea regiment spent june australia arriving bay assigned 31st provide area security continue training soldiers assigned example second lieutenant future vice chief staff philippines led team soldiers filipino infantry regiments smaller authorized response 2nd filipino infantry regiment disbanded bring 1st filipino infantry regiment standard allocated size remaining soldiers 2nd filipino infantry regiment join regiment formed 2nd separate time bay regiment reinforced hawaii men able enlist army successfully argued labor needed sugar industry february regiment sent assigned later reassigned 8th army finally philippines conducted operations islands islands group addition companies regiment provided security 8th army general headquarters far east air force seventh fleet headquarters soldiers participate fighting recapture regiment awarded formal campaign participation individual actions post combat august operations came close japanese emperor decision end war following bombings hiroshima nagasaki soldiers regiment detached units reassigned period close operations return united_states fight men regiment clashed soldiers differences pay culture local women married women war act allowed adopted children united_states military personnel enter newly married couples tent city established colonel succeeded commander younger soldiers connected culture previously distant relationship learning language customs practiced united_states soldiers regiment qualify return having insufficient service points ineligible chose remain philippines transferred separate returning united_states aboard uss general april rest regiment sent near pittsburgh california april legacy war efforts filipino american defenders widely covered press actions 100th war efforts continued lauded film broke portraying endeavors contrast activities sister units largely documentaries significant visual media covered history regiment association veterans regiment erected marker honor unit war act subsequent continued apply end allowing veterans regiment filipino american veterans return philippines bring wives children years following war sixteen thousand entered united_states war new filipino american families formed second generation filipino americans significantly expanding filipino american community | 1st Filipino Infantry Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5281_31st/51stBattalion(Australia) | 31st 51st battalion australia 31st 51st battalion infantry battalion australian_army served world war raised service militia amalgamation previously existing battalions 31st 51st battalion undertook garrison duties dutch new_guinea taking following end war battalion served pacific overseeing transfer japanese prisoners war establishing law order returned australia disbanded history formation 31st 51st battalion formed april near queensland amalgamation previously existing queensland based militia infantry battalions 31st 51st battalions establishment battalion adopted territorial title kennedy far north queensland regiment order designations predecessor units battalion officially adopted brown yellow rectangular unit colour patch 31st battalion members new battalion previously served 51st authorised wear brown light blue circular colour patch reinforcements unit allocated colour patch based territorial area recruited amalgamation came shortage manpower australian economy occurred result australia military forces early years war attempt situation australian government decision release militia personnel previously employed essential industries civilian workforce result 31st large numbers personnel drawn agricultural sector authorised establishments decided merged form complete battalion assigned newly formed battalion undertook amphibious training intensive physical activities route marches queensland preparation deployment overseas june july command lieutenant colonel battalion deployed dutch new_guinea departed board june arriving thursday island june transferred boarding van arriving july july august battalion undertook long range patrols surrounding area established outposts coast north west time patrols 31st 51st involved major actions japanese came december near small patrol men board small diesel surprised japanese patrol consisting foot barges fighting followed japanese killed loss australian killed wounded second action came january force japanese contacted engaged man detachment outpost near start miles yards outpost japanese engaged fire light machine guns small arms anti tank rifles initially taken surprise japanese lost men killed withdrawing yards sea engaging outpost heavy machine guns mortars australians slightly injured result contact receiving burns hands guns july battalion australian unit meaning sent outside bounds imposed militia units set defence act shortly received orders withdrawn australia preparation employment combat pacific theatre early august lieutenant colonel took command battalion relieving major acting role taken ill later died december august battalion embarked return australia arrival men given brief period leave battalion concentrated received reinforcements undertook training remained months departing december command lieutenant colonel 31st 51st battalion arrived days later rest began offensive campaign saw involved heavy combat japanese committed fighting periods december february saw battalion cross capture later march april undertook long range patrols central sector island vicinity final commitment came july battalion switched northern sector took fighting phase battalion fought undertook disastrous amphibious landing conceived company level effort significant japanese defences holding advance operation plagued poor planning inadequate resources intelligence failures strategic tactical errors levels landing wrong beach june finding caught tight box japanese defensive positions men companies captain unable advance inland landing craft ran aground supplies began effort link company company holding line attempted breakthrough japanese lines patrols able penetrate yards unable closer eventually order withdraw given headquarters subsequent evacuation landing craft ran aground managed float free remained stuck hard reef course couple days men landing craft subjected heavy japanese attack june rescue efforts completed battalion lost men killed missing presumed dead wounded operation following failure landing planned australian advance called australians focused main effort capture south effort north reduced holding action resources transferred sector 31st 51st battalion continued undertake patrols suffered casualties withdrawn combat operations june subsequently moved disbandment following cessation hostilities august battalion undertook garrison duties role helped maintain law order investigate war crimes oversaw transfer japanese prisoners war maintained military administration november civil control established short time later detachment withdrawn december battalion platoon withdrawn rejoin february platoon remained arrived process began 31st 51st stayed received orders return australia april lieutenant colonel took battalion commander personnel discharged transferred units service battalion numbers declined eventually july battalion disbanded course war 31st 51st battalion lost men killed wounded majority came fighting men killed action seven posted missing action presumed killed died wounds members battalion received following decorations distinguished service order distinguished conduct medal military crosses military medals british empire medal mentions despatches 31st later raised separate units australia time military raised guise later company level formations 2nd battalion royal queensland regiment organisation saw units split raised battalion level formations old numerical designations remained separate battle honours involvement world war 31st 51st battalion received following battle honours south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers following officers served commanding officer 31st 51st battalion lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 31st/51st Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5496_15thBattalion(Australia) | 15th infantry battalion australian_army formed volunteer queensland recruits battalion fought western world war disbanded war later raised time unit based queensland consisting mixture volunteers economic pressures limited manpower resulted battalion amalgamated battalions couple times inter war years rising tensions europe led expansion australian military battalion formed right second world war 15th battalion wartime service initially undertook defensive duties australia taking fighting japanese new_guinea battalion disbanded raised history world war formation service gallipoli 15th battalion originally raised volunteer september drawing personnel volunteers queensland tasmania formed 4th brigade 13th 14th 16th battalions authorised strength men battalion initially consisted companies came queensland tasmania queensland companies concentrated september began initial training formed october late november battalion concentrated victoria command lieutenant colonel later rose general world war battalion officers non commissioned officers previously served fought south_africa boer war india british_army following short period training battalion embarked overseas transport ship late december marching streets melbourne initially planned send australians fight germans western poor conditions training camps united_kingdom resulted australian contingent sent egypt instead commenced training briefly undertook defensive duties ottoman forces raided suez_canal travelling albany western australia suez_canal disembarked alexandria february moved camp assigned major general new_zealand arrival battalion reorganised merging companies larger companies designated shortly battalion draft reinforcements arrived extensive period training desert followed february march finally april 15th battalion moved train alexandria embarked bound gallipoli leaving alexandria 15th battalion sailed allied force assembled prior assault assigned follow waves 15th battalion landed afternoon april ottoman defenders checked allied advance inland arrival 15th battalion rushed line left flank advance inland stalled battalion isolated threatened destruction withdrew force position later helped shore line occupying positions pope hill russell joined attack occupied quinn post defended strong ottoman counterattack fighting occurred battalion position ottoman troops began man land divided lines counter mining actions undertaken significant attack 15th battalion position briefly forced restoring situation strong counterattack period stalemate fell peninsula early june 15th battalion strength having fallen men withdrawn quiet sector known rest months illness battalion personnel completely replaced received drafts reinforcements amounting men including transport element early august reached strength men august allies launched offensive effort try break 15th battalion attacked heights known australians hill later supporting 14th battalion attack hill casualties heavy september battalion withdrawn brief rest strength having fallen officers ranks returned gallipoli early november occupying position winter began remained evacuated december transport main allied withdrawal battalion casualties campaign amounted officers ranks killed officer ranks captured fighting western following evacuation gallipoli organised egypt saw splitting veteran battalions provide new battalions infantry divisions egypt doubled process 15th battalion provided personnel 4th brigade australian 4th division period training june battalion sailed france aboard transport landing 15th battalion moved northern france rail moving line brief period june amidst battle launched july following month 15th battalion committed fighting western time entering line august relieved shattered 2nd relief battalion suffered heavy moved trenches village sunken road followed brief german attack repulsed resulted battalion capturing germans days followed battalion worked improve defensive line digging german trenches patrols sent man land late august 15th attack alongside british battalion left amidst heavy machine gun attack stalled following loss officers assaulting companies despite progress left succeeded capturing german line ordered withdraw following day night august second attack concert succeeded securing german line despite heavy noon following day 15th relieved withdrawn line replaced 13th casualties battalion battle western high killed wounded following 15th battalion moved supported attack carried defensive duties remained early september withdrawn occurred august 15th experienced change command promoted brigadier general replaced lieutenant colonel remainder year spent winter fell western worst winter europe years men suffered heavily sickness cold rotated line conducting defensive duties moving later new year winter passed effort lines prepared positions germans fell line allies advanced follow withdrawal battalion fought major battle early april attacked complete formation time gallipoli committed protection artillery barrage expecting tank support win day suffered heavy casualties night tanks broke second proven unable breach enemy defences leaving infantry force way hours fighting soldiers 4th lay dead wounded committed including 15th end attack men battalion assault force remained subsequently withdrawn line farmland village battalion rebuilt eventually reaching strength personnel ranks australians moved belgium focus british operations shifted sector effort draw german attention away french effort came southern flank series tunnels dug german lines june mines detonated ensuing fighting british captured assigned support role 15th battalion held reserve attack following day committed hold gains attack relieving new farm 15th remained sector subsequently took fighting wood september november battalion withdrawn line month rest spending winter early collapse russia enabled germans transfer significant number troops western march having amassed divisions launched offensive british forces heavily outnumbered british dominion troops pushed initial onslaught thrown line effort stem tide moved initially securing late month experienced heavy artillery bombardment turning german attack later relieved battalion moved april 13th 15th brigades fought significant actions battalion received drafts reinforcements bringing total officers ranks prepared replace 15th brigade late april following arrival undertook support role constructing defences moving remaining marched end month near conducted patrol actions german advance sector exhausted june allies began prepare offensive conducting series small scale advances known peaceful month number american troops assigned battalion gain experience united_states began building forces western lieutenant general having taken commander decided launch combined arms attack reduce developed line july australian american forces attacked assigned task attacking german strong point designated pear trench 15th attached company americans suffered highest losses australian battalion committed battle losing officers ranks men committed losses began assault preparatory barrage dropped short forming point darkness tanks assigned support attack temporarily lost consequence 15th initial attack went armoured support coming strong resistance sited machine gun posts advance held overcome lewis gun teams section level fire movement allowed battalion gain pear trench 15th battalion sole victoria_cross recipient private henry received award actions time serving number lewis gun team rushing german machine gun post revolver taking pear trench battalion exploited position moving trench concert tanks finally arrived following capture village battalion defended captured ground relieved late july battalion moved august allies launched days offensive days advance battalion suffered heavy setback commanding officer mortally wounded bombardment trying rescue wounded soldier major temporarily took command advancing battalion attacked village despite enduring gas attack succeeded capturing germans advances followed actions followed 15th battalion continued fight outpost line late september time taken heavy casualties strength men eve battalion final battle handed command lieutenant colonel battles depleted australians inflicting heavy casualties unable replace recruitment australia fallen october request australian prime minister withdrawn line rest reorganisation return action armistice signed november battalion strength slowly reduced men individually repatriated australia process battalion ceased exist march having reduced company strength war battalion lost men killed wounded members battalion received following decorations victoria_cross companion order bath companions order michael distinguished service orders members military crosses distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches foreign awards inter war years following conclusion process government undertook review australia military requirements decided organise time military forces numerical designations units result raised brisbane queensland 1st military district personnel drawn 15th infantry regiment traced lineage raised 9th battalion received battle honours world war territorial designations introduced time battalion known recognition connection region granted motto following year battalion allied initially strength units maintained mixture voluntary compulsory service newly elected government terminated compulsory service replaced volunteer militia funding cut heavily training opportunities reduced combined economic pressure caused great depression difficult time soldiers maintain continuing training commitments meant number volunteers fell sharply consequently number infantry battalions disbanded amalgamated result decision merged 9th form 9th 15th battalion memorial plaque battalion unveiled square brisbane 9th 15th split 15th merged 26th battalion form 15th 26th battalion formation split july hasty expansion australia military force tensions europe raised concerns country event future war forming 15th battalion established drill hall near second world war garrison duty australia service new_guinea outbreak second world war september provisions defence act militia sent outside australian territory fight decision raise volunteer force overseas service known second australian imperial force 2nd force dispatched middle_east fight germans italians australia compulsory service scheme established january militia called short periods continuous service days basis improve overall readiness australia military forces partially continuous service august year battalion sent detachment men undertake garrison duty territory 7th brigade detachment stationed mile camp near port later year detachment transferred remained rest 15th battalion remained brisbane serving time capacity november december battalion received large drafts consisting individuals attached battalion receive months compulsory time training war pacific received time university students previous military experience served volunteers militia prior initially personnel formed separate training companies receiving months continuous training university students completing shorter period days fit semester break later february completed period mandatory training released service moved battalion rifle companies served alongside volunteers time service following japanese victories malaya singapore pacific late early 15th battalion wartime service tasked undertaking defensive duties coast queensland based concerns potential invasion invasion occur 15th battalion transferred 29th brigade consisting 42nd 47th battalions 29th moved north battalion served garrison force january 29th brigade deployed new_guinea serve garrison troops areas recently secured allied forces initially sent remaining months moved july remain long transferring weeks later battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel appealed battalion volunteer service majority men classified militia personnel meant battalion restricted serve liable broken classified battalion provisions newly passed act cent personnel volunteer service outside australian territory response considerable august battalion battalion later month australians fought secure battalion moved barges committed combat time occupying position known ridge marching arriving august battalion initially placed divisional reserve 29th brigade committed drive campaign proceed conjunction effort capture japanese garrison pressed 7th division advancing 9th division advancing coast beaches east town japanese sought reinforce moving troops south sensing opportunity early september began drive north august battalion joined fighting advancing right flank attacking junction course days heavy fighting hard going steep slopes gained position securing september battalion lost men killed wounded process killed japanese following day 15th advanced japanese resistance hard pressed japanese garrison begun withdraw completing process allies entered town september battalion total casualties fighting april september numbered killed wounded following fall town remainder rested 15th battalion seen action held reserve committed pursuing withdrawing japanese battalion advanced north september companies transported barge effort cut arrived hour late september battalion established large ambush site coast south river prevent fleeing japanese evacuating sea following day ambush sprung platoon sized group attempted away beaten jungle launched attack australian positions blocking escape ensuing hand hand fighting japanese killed prisoner taken minor clashes followed 15th patrolled north late october entered battalion subsequently took defensive duties town 29th brigade assigned task holding free troops 7th division operations west fighting battalion remained vicinity june withdrawn australia established moving greater brisbane area period leave battalion organised preparation employment campaign remaining 29th brigade transferred 3rd adopted jungle divisional establishment battalion authorised strength fell free troops service philippines australians took garrison arrived november prior arrival garrison maintained defensive posture australians launched limited scale offensive island evolved main drives north south centre island embarked transport november arrived days later rest 29th brigade relieved infantry regiment assigned southern drive main japanese force based involvement campaign came december 15th battalion departed led 29th brigade advance western coast reaching river order skirt thick jungle company sent barge rest battalion advanced inland january 15th joined 29th brigade battalions fought relieved 15th formation 7th brigade subsequently sent rest remaining early july point 29th brigade committed fighting moving took advance 15th brigade 15th battalion advanced relieve 57th 60th battalion clashed japanese units july company came heavy attack 15th battalion dispatched tanks support provide assistance heavy fighting continued afternoon following arrival japanese killed 15th battalion occupied position track southern sector brigade area australians preparations resume advance stronghold forward battalion july subjected heavy attacks japanese sought infiltrate australian forward positions cut lines communication result attacks plan advance cancelled temporarily patrols 15th sent daily initiative frequent actions followed involving contacts japanese forces strong small scale actions culminated large scale attack july japanese killed captured loss australians killed wounded patrols sent strong japanese resistance heavy rain frustrated 15th efforts carry detailed reconnaissance opposite bank effectively halting australian advance ending significant combat island south battalion able send patrols early august man swept downstream swollen waters number clashes occurred august august small patrol killed japanese surprising platoon east following day japanese killed clashes 15th battalion soldier battalion killed wounded japanese exploded remote control road august patrol 15th able penetrate far preparations began battalion resume advance august advance cancelled week later anticipation japanese surrender following news atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki battalion involvement fighting came end battle casualties campaign listed australian official historian officers ranks killed wounded disbandment legacy battalion concentrated october preparation post war personnel repatriated australia transferred units service strength mid december battalion remaining personnel embarked transport river sailed brisbane arriving christmas eve process continued battalion finally disbanded march australian war memorial lists battalion casualties second world war men killed wounded personnel received following decorations officers order british empire following disbandment militia battalions raised established remained australian army order battle battalion finally awarded battle honours second world war time entrusted earned corresponding 2nd battalion 15th battalion surviving australian veteran gallipoli died age member campbell enlisted tasmania age arrived peninsula reinforcement final stages campaign later wounded evacuated illness prior final evacuation allied forces december alliances 15th battalion held following alliance east yorkshire regiment battle honours 15th battalion awarded following battle honours world war road wood france flanders landing defence gallipoli egypt second world war south west pacific liberation australian new_guinea battalion longer australian_army order battle entrusted battle honours awarded 15th battalion service 2nd world war honours inherited time north_africa road defence borneo liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers following officers commanded 15th battalion world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel major lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel second world war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 15th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5562_SeaplaneSquadronRAAF | raaf flying unit royal_australian_air_force raaf wars operated flying boats january types fighter squadron component based raaf point cook victoria responsible coastal reconnaissance training operate supporting conducted survey flights remote parts australia mapped darwin sydney section route disbanded june history entry records dated february official history royal_australian_air_force raaf wars refers unit having operation australia acquired flying boats entered service january formed coastal reconnaissance flight operated aircraft seaplane training formations raised raaf point cook victoria auspices fighter squadron operated unit formed new march prefix royal added august year nicknamed biggest aircraft raaf inventory time new seaplane hangar specially constructed june flying boats overturned strong wind route meet royal air force near adelaide naval cooperation role required locate shadow enemy cruisers exercises radio communications aircraft naval ships parachute training pull technique involved standing small platform near outer wing opening parachute dragged aircraft wind early 1930s flying boats took forestry surveys tasmania june february southampton employed map darwin sydney section route survey work ultimately took new_guinea australian continent undertook search rescue work involved abortive search vanished october taken service continued flying october received locally designed crashed sea point cook january killing occupants design fitted assigned september trials possible use trainer patrol aircraft considered successful role maintenance issues led disposal july squadron operated flown darwin fitted undertook reconnaissance survey work cooperation converted returning july december fitted embarked antarctica aboard discovery locate missing explorer began operating navigation courses cross country exercises exercise november involved round australia flight new headquarters building squadron constructed late 1930s general improvements raaf facilities owing threat war europe existence seaplane fighter squadrons remained control little flights words official history final entry records june unit nucleus reconnaissance squadron formed point cook following day | Seaplane Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5693_166thAviationBrigade(UnitedStates) | united_states aviation training brigade united_states_army headquartered fort hood texas subordinate unit active component reserve component formation sole organization responsible post training aviation units unit designated 75th division trained aviation units line service seen combat earned campaign unit awards brigade army responsible training aviation units principal unit training assets preparing deploy world means responsible percent army aviation assets partners west sister brigade combat aviation brigade cab maintains authority final approval cab successful completion training fort hood june organization consists battalions regiments headquarters headquarters company located fort hood battalions located fort des iowa kansas kansas missouri active component battalions located fort riley kansas georgia kentucky fort hood texas brigade primary assault helicopter training unit specializing fast attack helicopters brigade primary utility lift air ambulance helicopter training unit specializing utility helicopters aviation units remaining battalions including 1st 2nd 3rd battalions combat support areas general instruction aspects conducting exercises logistics management reserve component battalions somewhat maintained mission training units iowa kansas nebraska missouri brigade shifted supporting brigade primary mission assisting ground training training evaluating aviation support battalions history constituted september headquarters took years formation organized unit finally activated september germany received distinctive unit insignia april headquarters formation june germany months unit inactive components reorganized redesignated brigade sized unit allowing larger support staff command soldiers transformation occurred brigade reassigned continental united_states activated october kansas activated active duty force brigade began undertake training support duties units process tasked provide support local authorities event peacetime crises natural disasters soldiers brigade participated assistance community projects fort riley community including repairing run properties shelter house projects disabled veterans years duty brigade october fort riley kansas army transformation plan 75th division redesignated command division west army mission train aviation units army reserve national guard components brigade army specialized training army aviation units activated december reserve unit fort riley brigade partner organization stationed fort riley provide better support headquarters headquartered fort colorado maintained units western united_states brigade received shoulder sleeve insignia june authorized wear army policy requiring units wear summer brigade combat service combat support battalions took equipment testing training tested remote control robot route clearance robot assistance bulk brigade spent summer fort oklahoma train aviation assets deploying units june brigade trained aviation assets air combat air assault tactics related aviation mission brigade assisted handled ground exercises new training routine brigade trained aviation units fort spending longer time training unit continued train brigade mobilized prepared deploy units trained division entire process process new facilities training exercises gave additional time training process programs efficient cutting time needed prepare half extensive evaluation completed training cab august brigade returned month beginning process pre training cab returned post training late january army realignment training support brigades approved change station training support brigades moved fort hood texas july brigade active component battalions aviation units moved later date likely summer exception located installation fort hood june honors brigade training supporting role army creation awarded campaign campaign participation awarded unit decoration | 166th Aviation Brigade (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5767_66thDivision(UnitedKingdom) | 2nd east lancashire division infantry division british_army saw service trenches western later years great war disbanded war reformed disbanded seeing active service second world war division created shortly outbreak world war end august 2nd second line formation composed primarily soldiers eastern lancashire industrial towns manchester training home service deployed western early major combat came october year battle march suffered extremely heavy losses operation michael german spring offensive withdrawn line reduced rebuilt returned time days offensive battle following armistice november stationed belgium march division reformed war regional title duplicate expansion early active slightly year disbanded june having seen home service component units transferred divisions world war formation home service division created end august 2nd second line formation territorial force soldiers deployed overseas consent territorial units accordingly split line men volunteered overseas service second line intended home service percent refused volunteer august second line units served absorb large number recruits joined following outbreak war commander brigadier general year old retired officer commanded brigade years earlier original 2nd organised infantry brigades battalions later numbered lancashire brigade composed 5th 6th 7th 8th east lancashire brigade composed 4th 5th 9th 10th manchester regiment composed 5th 6th 7th 8th manchester regiment drew men bury manchester division raised second line territorial artillery units lancashire manchester recruiting area attached squadron years 2nd numbered division august provided trained replacements parent unit carried home defence duties england elements division assembled near late moved south kent sussex area essex early early 5th second line battalion detached overseas service joined 51st battalion replaced duplicate battalion 5th line territorial battalions active service companies sent france join 48th south midland division heavy artillery batteries withdrawn broken following military service act january territorial soldiers deemed liable overseas service february division instructed prepare continental europe received new experienced commander flanders division arrived france early batch second line territorial divisions sent britain attached army april brigadier general officer commanding wounded died day june division transferred relatively quiet coastal sector flanders summer held ready operation amphibious landing coastal offensive rest planned support advance east operation postponed times cancelled october end september division relieved parent unit 42nd east lancashire division days overlap men able meet friends relations seen division moved south area division assigned predominantly australian formation moved line replace october relief badly leaving australian staff officers doubtful efficiency division october division debut night october brigades begun cover miles line usually took hours despite starting hours attack late zero hour attacked left flank divisional defences little damaged artillery bombardment advancing barrage held yards short objective arrived late right flank exhausted hour march mud attacked soon arrived brigade rapidly advanced drier sandy ground reached final objective yards short village officer patrol entered village found midday battalions near village withdrew flanks gain touch units objective troops centre withdrew distance german counter attack repulsed nightfall divisional commander ordered short withdrawal link left avoid fire brigade ended day yards start line loss casualties division relieved night october second senior officer killed action brigadier general commanding divisional artillery killed near november late december new commanding officer appointed division decorated veteran colonial wars served staff posts wounded second boer war recently served chief staff division reorganised winter brigade machine gun companies consolidated battalion pioneer battalion 5th border regiment joining division substantial change loss battalions 5th 8th 10th manchester regiment brigade change british divisions bring remaining battalions france strength increase ratio artillery infantry point general exchange men 42nd divisions core 6th lancashire 4th 9th transferred division amalgamated second line counterparts 42nd division received men disbanded battalions division division remained area february march division assigned holding area north bordering 24th right 16th irish division vii corps left corps sector north south new defence depth scheme small forward zone delay disrupt attack machine gun fire main body division remained battle zone local counter attacks forward zone reserve rear zone british deliberate attacks trench warfare conditions rapid counter attacks defensive german army perfected early felt vulnerable saw exposed positions combat units kept close line percent battalions forward zones leaving vulnerable attack lack manpower meant defensive positions necessary scheme work prepared rear zone morning march german spring offensive began battle elements attacked thick fog dawn battalions 4th 8th held positions forward zone reached battle zone fighting intensified right flank near boundary 24th division reserve company 7th held defensive position surrendered having lost percent casualties run ammunition left 6th held early afternoon survivors forced retreat battle zone northern element division defensive plan fortified quarry outside village held 7th lancashire 5th border regiment quickly surrounded bypassed attackers later day men escaping village defended 6th artillery battery course day battery destroyed pushed edge village positions night fell day men division killed detailed figures available suggest men wounded captured british casualties day killed wounded captured division known lost men killed morning march german attacks continued push remaining units division supported handful tanks composite force managed fighting retreat units avoiding shortly noon remnants division ordered retreat 50th division preparing fresh defences original edge rear zone division retreated new defensive line aid 5th temporarily transferred support 50th division took line following days divisions fell line division plus 5th took positions west bank river west march german army crossed 8th counter attacked success continued hold line close river expecting follow attack day temporarily attached units slowly pushed banks withdrawing night fell march remnants division holding position south 50th division right troops army river left attack morning march opening pushed units north bank division retired losing contact fell avoid flanked remaining troops moved reserve defended village early afternoon retired filled yard gap 39th divisions battalion formed reinforcement drafts lieutenant colonel commander 5th borders leave german offensive began moved line march british troops north night line south held 16th 39th 50th divisions battle continued continued march division pushed night division took positions facing north line mile brigade headquarters moved forward reinforce line division reorganised later year casualties numerous brigade structure reformed took turns command infantry morning march german attack broke division retreated south left nightfall line pushed miles elements division remained fighting line late march fought counter attack near command division division relieved 18th division night march days fighting men remained division ceased function organised unit infantry brigades infantry battalions lost commanders line strength reduced fewer company battalion proposal division discussed week april quickly rejected march near badly wounded good leg lame following injury south_africa left division recover command taken temporarily brigadier general march commanded 25th division october promoted division youngest man command division war temporary held substantive rank captain driven figure inspired admiration contemporaries saw outstanding commander furious temper time relations staff diminished point refused meals believed units leaving repeatedly returned staff officers battalion commanders brigade later provide new divisional transferred intervention chief staff army headquarters simply taken hospital approach extended new command april sent divisional acquire guns order reform division machine gun division idea appears entirely raiding divisions training school reported field marshal division ready return combat surprised find friend disapproved methods rejected proposal informed division instead withdrawn training unit later offered new division chose remain division hoping return lines later date following losses division reduced early meant infantry battalions cut officers men surplus sent base depots artillery engineer machine gun units distributed formations divisional artillery attached april battle later month summer continued planning rebuilding division having recruited staff felt work expecting experienced men available drafts returned mediterranean overseas divisions suffered fewer casualties reduction battalions brigade meant large numbers men returning reinforcements assembled divisional 39th division train american divisions british zone training process complicated rigid schedule laid american high command strongly objected plans july american divisions moved british troops began arrive palestine assembly division delayed returning men given home leave having spend time division complicated history period large number units attached withdrawn short periods merged disbanded thirty infantry battalions attached short periods divisional artillery supply columns remained support line ambulance company later transferred serve future division doubt early september transferred training role division expected disbanded argued retaining division ordered prepare line service replaced bring division strength end september following reorganisation division left 1st 2nd 4th regiments 5th 6th 6th 9th manchester regiment 18th divisional pioneers 9th gloucestershire regiment year half arriving france division retained 6th lancashire 9th manchester original battalions amalgamated units days offensive division reached forward areas september command reserve corps moved line october relieving 25th division division attacked dawn october opening phase second battle captured village nightfall determined resistance breakthrough division moved forward miles days patrols entering outskirts october night october divisional pioneers engineers crossed thick fog capture costly attack river crossing opening stage battle october final advance germany division withdrawn short rest moving line november point onwards division moved continually close pursuit retreating german army supported 25th division battle november november past 25th division advance leading units supplies ran short supply services struggled bring sufficient food ammunition roads wrecked bridges main british advance forced halt november maintain pursuit improvised force consisting raf squadrons support units division began pushing forward november advanced miles broad second advance november stopped minute divisional staff received warning armistice begin armistice november reached area september november division incurred casualties days offensive allied divisions succeed attack ordered north secure eastern belgium november began north region stationed division remained disbanded march remained germany colonel commandant 2nd headquartered second world war background 1930s tensions built nazi germany united_kingdom allies late german demands annexation czechoslovakia led international crisis attempt avoid war british prime minister met german chancellor adolf_hitler september munich agreement agreement war allowed germany annex intended agreement reconcile differences future issues resolved peacefully relations countries soon deteriorated march germany breached terms agreement invading occupying remnants czech state response march british secretary state war announced plans increase men double number territorial divisions intended plan action existing units recruit allowed establishments aided increase pay removal restrictions promotion major recruiting preceding years construction better quality barracks increase supper time rations form second line divisions small built result created unit duplicate line 42nd east lancashire infantry division april limited conscription introduced time age regular army intent trained months deployed forming second line units despite intention army grow size programme complicated lack central guidance expansion process issues lack facilities equipment instructors history despite ongoing efforts regiments able recruit required numbers form new battalions process words historian progressed paper stage second world war began september infantry division finally active september constituent units formed administered 42nd east lancashire division headquartered manchester composed major general given command division assigned november division transferred january given command division division based north manchester spread parts lancashire yorkshire war time deployment envisioned deployed reinforce regular army deployed european mainland equipment available plan envisioned deployment force waves divisions completed training final divisions deployed year outbreak war result division leave united_kingdom evacuated france june soon troops returned france british_army began implementing lessons learned campaign organizing formations army motor divisions brigades reformed regular infantry divisions brigades result disbanded june transferred went 1st assigned 55th general officer commanding division following commanders world war division following commanders second world war | 66th Division (United Kingdom) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5783_2ndArmyGroup(KingdomofYugoslavia) | kingdom yugoslavia formation commanded german led axis invasion april world war consisted 1st 2nd armies comprising infantry divisions cavalry division cavalry regiment brigade strength infantry detachments responsible defence border hungary river directly attacked days invasion events east west deployment area resulted successive orders withdraw lines danube april defences left flank penetrated german 8th division turned east drove left flank following day end day germans effectively routed remnants continued fight line early april mass began day tens thousands yugoslav soldiers taken captivity germans drive centre country surrendered belgrade effective april composition commanded consisted 1st army commanded commanded consisted infantry division cavalry division brigade strength infantry detachments supported artillery anti aircraft artillery air reconnaissance elements consisted infantry divisions cavalry regiment supported artillery anti aircraft artillery border guards air reconnaissance support control additional support units units significant proportion soldiers deployment deployment plan saw region danube formations centred towns held depth south danube region 2nd army deployment plan saw regions danube formations positioned south east towns formations 2nd infantry divisions 2nd army partly remaining infantry divisions brigade strength infantry detachments commenced right 1st independent formation responsible defence region east boundary 6th army ran east confluence danube south left flank responsible defence northwestern yugoslavia yugoslav hungarian west yugoslav yugoslav italian borders army group boundary ran east operations faced border days commencement invasion exchanges fire hungarian border guards faced direct attacks 2nd sector hungarians ready scale fighting deploying forces april german successes yugoslavia right flank ordered withdraw south danube deploy line facing east defend attack direction bulgaria received orders withdraw south line danube began withdraw day elements approaching danube crossing headquarters 2nd army issued orders evacuate reinforce left flank following day situation deteriorated significantly german crossed yugoslav romanian border struck 6th army halting withdrawal disrupting ability organise coherent defence danube april main thrust 2nd army consisting 8th leading 16th crossed 4th army sector turned southeast rivers meeting resistance strong air support reached left flank evening despite poor roads bad weather later day situation increasingly desperate country prime minister yugoslav chief general staff broadcast following message troops engage enemy encountered means disposal don wait direct orders act guided judgement initiative conscience bulk 1st army able cross danube began prepare defences able evacuate organise defence left flank threatened began desert units significantly reducing combat power 2nd army evening april 2nd ordered withdraw positions form defensive line confluence river days needed night april continued withdrawal units 2nd army left flank included significant numbers began dissolve fifth column activities fascist dawn april hungarian forces consisting mobile corps lieutenant general crossed yugoslav border north near overcame yugoslav border guards advanced corps continued push east south 8th capturing followed 16th advanced east despite bridge poor roads effectively routed 2nd april day group 26th heavy fighter wing german destroyed 1st rest flown air reconnaissance assets 2nd destroyed following day swept airfield effective attacks campaign night april 8th division captured destroyed bridge danube advanced kilometres south belgrade advances delayed withdrawal 2nd south april withdrawal threatened left flank time according polish historian combat importance right flank attempted pressed drove belgrade west belgrade remnants 2nd tried establish line captured bridges elements captured fight captured rear area units april 1st army counter attacked pushed germans hungarians pursued 1st army south occupied area danube meeting virtually resistance fought isolated engagements hungarian general staff considered irregular resistance forces significant opposition hungarian 1st captured canal bridges airborne operation hungarian history incident battalion aircraft consisted italian transport aircraft belonging civilian airline pressed service hungarian start european war shortly takeoff airport april command plane code crashed loss lives including heaviest single loss suffered hungarians yugoslav campaign captured determined resistance captured evening april elements command crossed danube boats captured belgrade resistance time elements approaching belgrade west away capital 8th continued thrust capture bridges west belgrade entered city night rest 8th division turned southeast drove link left flank southwest belgrade 16th south advanced fate april hungarians occupied resistance pushed south reach line early april remnants continued fight 16th april tens thousands yugoslav soldiers taken prisoner germans drive centre country including april 8th 14th divisions entered delay locating appropriate signatories surrender document yugoslav high command surrendered belgrade effective april books journals papers web | 2nd Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
5794_NewGuineaAirWarningWireless | new guinea air warning wireless known new guinea air warning wireless company unique signals unit australian_army formed january port territory world war provide early warning japanese air attack subsequently providing surveillance shipping ground based troops month operations stations established positions set coast mountains near port operated japanese lines risk captured japanese nature operations number run men manning killed end company maintaining operational stations strength men eventually peak late stations deployed islands mainland territories new_guinea company headquarters moved june time stations established far september australian military decided agree american requests unit serve outside australian area operations subsequently withdrawn left future operational role returning australia disbanded april members received awards actions company having distinction australia highly decorated signals unit world war history makeshift arrangements unit new guinea air warning wireless company initially formed port late january volunteers primarily militia battalion sent hastily garrison port following japan entry war unit raised result experiences ill fated australian garrison lack early warning system detect japanese air raids movement invasion force complicated defence ultimately overwhelmed operating similar manner considered secret signals unit role initially provide warning japanese air raids port later expanded allow reporting japanese movements air land sea tasks included long range transmission general intelligence enemy friendly force information meteorological data provision administrative communications australian new guinea administrative unit attached company conceived major chief signals officer 8th military district having experienced japanese air raids observed lack effective early warning system resulted defenders caught surprise attacked employing volunteers army units stationed area planned network observation posts equipped wireless screen port kilometre radius providing early warning air raids addition data size height strength decision territory administration withdraw civilian wireless operators following entry japan war left holes network reducing effectiveness days following fall hasty arrangements small assemble hoc group volunteer little signals training civilian wireless equipment deployment north coast assistance flying boats royal_australian_air_force raaf initial activities group left port february area strategically important tip issued air warning february observed japanese aircraft heading port attack time month operations stations established positions set coast mountains near port control station group located rear link company headquarters approximately kilometres port whilst outer perimeter able provide anti aircraft defences port approximately hour warning air raid system unable track approaching aircraft changed course crossing reporting line consequence second inner perimeter established march range kilometres port provide minutes warning attack air warning system set inner perimeter stations raaf control outer stations supervised ran addition number stations set manned new_guinea civilian stations reporting march crew shot japanese bomber engaged observation post team resulting killing japanese australian ground forces working network set weeks june manned observation post tree yards japanese photographed post agreement release pictures photos soon published newspaper sydney observation post attacked japanese day forced narrow escape july station reported landing japanese forces event marked commencement formation following rapid expansion required provide effective coverage response crises caused initial japanese movements review makeshift organisation undertaken october officially formed consolidate army raaf stations efforts equipment network implement common procedures company subsequently came command headquarters established mile near port captain command company time establishment company time included headquarters area section sub area section spotting station sub area sections raised required times located bay end company maintaining operational stations strength men warren transferred handed command temporarily captain october unit given separate independent establishment status control non commando independent company prior known company 18th subsequently authorised wear commando double diamond colour patch unit colour patch double diamonds independent companies later commando companies purple denoting divisional signals grey background white blue flash initially pattern forming later centre field grey background represented unit second distinguished units raised world war officer commanding major recently taken command applied increased establishment time expand size unit allow increased role anticipation employment outside ultimately approved subsequent operations cases travelling areas men took weeks reach destinations carry supplies arms radio help carriers teams typically maintained stations led acting non commissioned officer working isolation friendly forces remote locations extended periods time teams survived limited rations usually supplemented native food sources initial supplies expended usually fend stations supplied sea usually event failure mission essential equipment petrol radios ran low spotting stations usually lightly armed usually equipped rounds charge rifle rounds man personnel company risk captured japanese nature operations number run men manning killed landing japanese forces required shift providing air raid warnings military intelligence result stations found isolated japanese lines relying support native population whilst capture order continue operating later tide war turned allies favour necessary ahead advancing allied forces compelled work close proximity japanese forces team operated station kilometres advance nearest allied forces rescued buried crashed american australian airmen caring injured arranging safe transport early unit reorganised war moved north planning began deploy major took command march march april number stations closed transferred following reduction threat large scale air raids australian controlled territory debate future employment australian forces pacific continued future unit doubt consideration given disbanded following request americans detachment operators medical subsequently attached forces operations advance australian unit involved action april personnel officers enlisted men trained purpose establishing american air warning wireless unit function philippines company headquarters moved june time stations established far japanese lines eventually peak late stations deployed islands mainland territories new_guinea september australian military decided agree american requests unit serve outside australian area operations subsequently withdrawn left future operational role captain took command posted washington liaison officer marsh oversaw closure remaining network preparation unit shipping australia subsequently concentrated meeting face face time unit left new_guinea december disbandment christmas leave company concentrated victoria officially disbanded april men continued serve signals units end war complete records unable maintained nominal roll unit lists names approximately men served service unit lost men killed action died causes active service company distinction australia highly decorated signals unit world war members receiving military medals mentions dispatches numerous cards awarded commander chief flight lieutenant raaf pilot officer working awarded service lines joint mission personnel equipment initially equipped sets amateur equipment later replaced improved sets provide higher power communications occurred following decision following formation addition teams operating difficult jungle mountain terrain closer equipped raaf supplied radios lighter sets provided distant australian designed manufactured type receiver developed prior war provide long range wireless communications australia surrounding islands new_guinea fiji plantations mines settlements widely separated isolated nature civilian stations areas meant means communication available outbreak hostilities ran organised civilian wireless users islands pacific networks known order provide reports suspicious activities issued new sets following suggestions improvements developed communications techniques developed similarities receiver partially modified redesigned include crystal channels protect effects moist environment reducing fungus type set consisted main cases containing receiver speaker parts included key microphone small petrol charging generator pedal generator based bicycle frame operated native labour equipment include parts items locally available commonly referred regardless total weight approximately kilograms including generator weighing kilograms receiver kilograms steel cases centimetres wide centimetres high centimetres deep depending aerial provided range kilometres legacy war australian signal officer chief major general paid tribute writing typical battlefield field pieces tank crews tanks apart hard core talented personnel common ignorance signals won respect allies branch australian forces continued stating dedicated duty failed signal unit little heard duties secret times stated successful course war seriously delayed greatly prolonged signal unit operated efficiently australian_army role long range clandestine communications currently performed signals squadrons form 1st 2nd commando regiment respectively operates trace lineage units new guinea air warning wireless special units role pioneered units world war known special reconnaissance special forces teams enemy lines provide theater commander intelligence enemy gather information terrain local populace etc area verify observation collection methods information concerning enemy capabilities intentions activities support strategic operational objectives conventional forces reconnaissance surveillance actions conducted strategic operational levels complement national theater level collection efforts collect meteorological geographic demographic data provide target acquisition area assessment post strike reconnaissance data commanding officers following officers commanded major captain captain major major captain | New Guinea Air Warning Wireless | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6127_25thBattalion(NewZealand) | 25th infantry battalion served second world war 6th 2nd formed new_zealand period training rest 6th brigade embarked middle_east joined 2nd moved greece help defend german invasion battalion participated evacuated conclusion fighting country fought suffered heavy losses effectively destroyed 15th division december february battalion brought strength transferred syria returned egypt march suffered heavy casualties fighting north_africa ceased 25th battalion participated fighting actions later finished war remained counter presence yugoslav partisans entered city withdrawal partisans weeks later battalion moved florence long serving personnel began returning new_zealand required service pacific theatre operations battalion late formation following outbreak second world war new_zealand government authorised formation 2nd service home abroad following consultation british government decided main new_zealand contribution war effort form infantry division 2nd require battalions infantry consequently infantry battalions formed new_zealand volunteers eighth unit raised formed personnel drawn largely wellington bay region establishment men organised rifle companies headquarters company consisting specialised personnel signals battalion headquarters infantry battalions initially known later designated 6th infantry brigades 2nd command lieutenant colonel served world war battalion embarked active service aboard liner august transferring orient liner bombay battalion arrived middle_east september immediately commenced intensive training base near town egypt greece anticipated invasion greece germans decided send troops support greeks engaged italians albania 2nd number allied units dispatched greece early march tasked defence coastal portion northern greece 25th battalion preparing manning defences april germans invaded greece advance rapid quickly threatened brigade abandon positions withdrawn april marked beginning gradual retreat country series rearguard actions fought elements division battalion fought sharp attack german positions april major engagement campaign greece successfully later day evacuated greece april rest 6th brigade 4th 5th brigades having taken beaches east athens brigades disembarked crete 6th brigade continued egypt casualties 25th battalion campaign greece amounted nearly killed wounded personnel captured prisoners war majority captured personnel battalion reinforcement company left athens 6th brigade moved retreat soldier managed escape eventually way turkey sea act later awarded distinguished conduct medal north_africa late period training strength moved near suez_canal rest 6th brigade battalion manned defences possible attack german recent events crete demonstrating threat forces pose battalion shifted near west alexandria september time commander promoted brigadier given command battalion new commander lieutenant colonel recently involved fighting crete evacuated battalion improved defences area underwent intensive training open desert warfare training preparation 2nd role upcoming planned lift siege new 8th army infantry divisions surround capture main strong points armoured divisions seek engage lieutenant general time garrison attempt breakout november 6th brigade moved starting positions libya held reserve initial offensive commenced brigade entered november moved 25th battalion leading alongside 24th battalion 4th brigade targeted 5th brigade area following day 6th brigade ordered advance point set perimeter contact 5th difficulty leaving early morning november 25th 26th battalions led advance stopped units later discovered headquarters element moved far end initiated battle battalion took prisoners 6th brigade moved quickly point held german forces point marked start kilometres arriving hours initial contact enemy earlier morning attempt capture point having received orders brigade commander initial impressions point lightly defended proved incorrect attack needed additional support companies squadron valentine tanks 8th called assist initially proceeding german counterattack caused significant casualties battalion remaining companies 24th battalion moved forward evening help secure little ground won lieutenant colonel commander 24th battalion took command overall position following wounding subsequent evacuation losses incurred day dead wounded prisoners war november control new little company strength following events november moved brigade reserve inflicted significant defeat british armour returning area pockets vulnerable counter attack elements 15th contact november november 6th brigade surrounded 15th began attacking midday tanks infantry despite support anti tank guns new overrun prisoner war surviving company commanders survivors commanded major sole surviving company commander moved reserve days previously managed withdraw overrun syria battalion reformed escaped capture odd personnel left battle replacements new_zealand battalion second command major left new moved libya promoted lieutenant colonel commander battalion stationed late january moved shortly called cairo days increase allied presence counter potential unrest civilian population city tensions decreased returned resumed training included practice amphibious operations late february mid march 2nd transferred syria allied high command concerned middle_east risk invasion germans new force tasked blocking likely route stationed close border turkey near town manned frontier posts weeks battalion later shifted fortress area prepare defences following attack 8th army line army africa 2nd recalled egypt end june rest 6th brigade setting camp area egypt 2nd dispatched lines 4th 5th brigades went south 6th brigade commanded initially held reserve ordered man box arriving june 25th battalion guarded western box 24th 26th battalions responsible northern southern sides respectively brigade remained watching retreating british stream germans distance days moving missed action july saw destruction large 4th 5th brigades securing ridge armour available defend counterattack germans recalled lines relieve left days later involved night time attack aim secure depression create route british armour penetrate brigade reserve successfully achieved objective consolidating positions attacked july daylight german tanks caught 24th 25th battalions positioned relatively shallow headquarters surprise firing edge low cliff overlooking depression germans caused heavy losses 24th 25th battalions passing positions pursuit british armour george battalion commander captured men killed wounded survivors command burton senior surviving company commander lack armoured support 6th brigade moved southern section line manned defensive positions failed attempt cut 8th army battalion time numbered personnel included company left brought forward rejoin survivors battle burton promoted lieutenant colonel commanded battalion september time went leave replaced lieutenant colonel 8th army command general planning offensive operations formed defensive position minus incurred significant losses withdrawn converted armour 2nd play major role forthcoming attack phases beginning october new advanced artillery barrage commenced quickly attained objectives began consolidating wounded bombing raid day attack later awarded role battle new withdrawn positions days later remained fighting australian 9th division took offensive northern sector british infantry brigades 2nd resumed fight november intended break south german defences collapsed november began retreating new pursuit attached 2nd support led initial advance 6th brigade rain turned ground halted advance temporarily resume november mid november division withdrawn rest organisation shortly recovered wounds received october resumed command advance libya tunisia month engaged reorganisation training new entered campaign mid december attempt trap december division carried flanking south west led 6th brigade 25th battalion right advance unopposed days evening december reconnaissance element included brigade commander came fire ridge supported 24th battalion subsequent attack ridge found trap failed germans slipping gap 5th 6th brigades second attempt trap germans days later failed rearguard prevented 5th brigade closing road retreat advance continued january 2nd entered tripoli shortly reaching city given command lieutenant colonel taking 25th battalion initially stationed outside tripoli moved city proper later february rest 6th brigade occupying force meantime withdrawn tunisia following failed attack germans 8th army early march allied response new british free french forces drive forward gap south line march 6th brigade mounted night time attack feature known point defended italian forces attack battalion frontage left tasked capture point 26th battalion making corresponding movement forward objective achieved casualties killed incurred following day artillery fire point exposed breach attacking battalions exploited supporting british armour attempt capture gap mounted march infantry 5th brigade 6th brigade supported regiment british 8th armoured brigade 25th battalion played minor role securing extreme left flank carrying operations generally supporting 24th battalion advance attack total success day 2nd moved forward 25th battalion bringing rear 6th brigade coming days 2nd briefly halted advance week rest maintenance vehicles advanced town kilometres north minor opposition encountered moved forward 25th battalion leading 6th brigade outskirts reached battalion carriers april resistance prevented rifle companies entering town day preparations scale attack town begun 6th brigade relieved implemented 25th battalion moving kilometres rear focus shifted 2nd objective operation corps offensive reserve attack north road flanking attack attack commenced evening april 6th brigade easily secured objectives struggled took days fall shortly temporarily attached relieved 23rd battalion remained pressure enemy allied units broke early axis forces north_africa surrendered 2nd began return egypt italy close north african campaign allies attention turned despite preference sections new_zealand government 2nd decided division having served 8th army desert campaign remain europe fighting italy having based camp early june battalion left egypt october division shift italy reached taranto days later 2nd including fully armoured regiments tanks moved banks later month scheduled mount night crossing november companies crossed previous night opposite bank attack postponed bad weather brigade eventually crossed centre november river foot personnel crossing briefly disturbed crossing german casualties battalion pushed forward seized objective range hills metres river following weeks battalion involved 6th brigade attack initial attack evening december launched use supporting armour brigadier commander 6th brigade difficulty leading penetrated town square soon robust defence supported german tanks forced infantry captured tank troops 18th armoured regiment ordered forward time reached outskirts infantry withdrawing town battalion supported attacks following days german defences strong attack soon faded stalemate number forth actions winter set offensive operations ceased late december 6th brigade maintained sector battalions rotating 24th 25th 26th battalions line day spells time fell ill medically evacuated battalion second command major commander new withdrew area altogether january following withdrawal area 2nd number divisions transferred engaged western overall strategy breach break italian supporting british american artillery division newly formed command new_zealand divisional commander lieutenant general sir corps moved defenders resisted american forces weeks interim rested days valley miles time received reinforcements bring strength mid february recovered illness resumed command battalion rest division moved forward south taking sector 6th brigade reserve initial attack involved 4th indian division 28th new_zealand engineers mounted february failed lack air armoured support days later 5th brigade attempted capture town railway station failed soon 6th brigade turn moved reserve positions relieved positioned nearly kilometres north 24th manned lines exposed fire overlooking ridge planned 6th brigade mount attack february rainfall delayed weeks interim command 25th battalion passed lieutenant colonel replaced major norman turn taken earlier month fallen ill evacuated 6th brigade attack finally commenced march town thoroughly shelled bombed intervening period supported 19th armoured regiment 25th battalion pushed tasked capturing western town 26th battalion advance unable achieve objectives germans defended strongly assisted rubble hampered easy movement supporting armour spending march consolidating gains day attempt largely unsuccessful 25th battalion rifle companies strengths men battalions 6th brigade similar state commanding 2nd reluctant commit infantry battle finally ordered 5th brigade town march withdrawn secondary defensive position successful 6th brigade reduced simply holding ground gained rubble march disbanded reverted command division days later began withdrawn april 25th battalion moved kilometres south casualties battalion amounted personnel killed wounded action left capture mid june commander advance base norman promoted lieutenant colonel took permanent command 2nd held reserve july having spent intervening period assigned infantry brigades advanced florence duly entered city august 2nd transferred advanced advance 25th battalion formed battalion battle group included squadron 20th platoon heavy mortars anti tank troop similarly expanded battle groups alternated advance guard 6th brigade turn led division series river crossings september 5th brigade took advance end september withdrawn reserve rest week battalion entered lines taking positions preparation assault 24th 26th battalions 25th held reserve weather delayed attack abandoned altogether canadians took sector later october new relieved sent rest time division reorganised infantry brigades expanding battalions near town late november corps following month battalion crossed joined infantry battalions 6th brigade attacks rest 2nd remaining march advance april 2nd crossed crossing carried 5th right 6th brigade frontage alongside 24th battalion battalion armoured support including squadron 20th armoured regiment direct command crossing covered artillery fighter bombers achieved minimal opposition nearly germans captured leading companies despite suffering casualties accidentally bombed allied bombers battalion continued lead advance 6th brigade crossed april ordered continue advance battalion established tanks able cross relieved 23rd battalion april leaving brigade reserve beginning attack battalion advanced kilometres taken prisoners war inflicted numerous casualties enemy loss men killed action days line battalion resumed advance april 6th brigade reserve days later vehicle norman battalion commander travelling ran norman wounded medically evacuated replaced second command major promoted lieutenant colonel advance continued effectively unopposed 25th battalion leading despite expecting worst crossed minimal difficulty april traversed day relative ease took advance 6th brigade taking divisional reserve war nearly care required battalion moved forward towns surrender german forces italy 25th battalion moved village north elements 2nd battalion remained weeks counter presence yugoslav partisans laid claim city mid june partisans withdrew city weeks later new_zealand government decided division required service early august battalion began long serving men leaving new_zealand remaining personnel withdrew positions near florence october took command left 6th brigade left command battalion final days oversaw disbandment december war 25th battalion lost personnel killed action later died wounds nearly prisoners war honours personnel 25th battalion highly decorated including lieutenant colonel received bar time battalion personnel battalion including commanders awarded officers including norman awarded non commissioned officers awarded distinguished conduct medal awarded military medal awarded following battle honours greece crete 42nd street withdrawal middle_east defence line north_africa point roman wall north africa advance florence salute italy commanding officers following officers commanded 25th battalion war lieutenant colonel september lieutenant colonel september november lieutenant colonel november december july september lieutenant colonel december july lieutenant colonel september october november january major october november lieutenant colonel january december february lieutenant colonel december february march june april lieutenant colonel march june lieutenant colonel april october october disbandment | 25th Battalion (New Zealand) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6298_No.80WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing world war unit formed eventually comprised squadrons equipped fighter aircraft wing headquarters absorbed newly formed group july wing established provide fighter protection allied offensive darwin northern australia eastern netherlands east indies operation effectively cancelled june leaving wing clear mission unit remained darwin moved december march small number japanese aircraft remaining area wing aircraft mainly ground attack role end war wing squadrons participated borneo campaign history darwin early general commander allied air forces adopted goal landing forces island eastern establishing bomber base accordingly early march air vice marshal led presented proposal raaf contribute fighter wings units operation time scheduled june wings equipped march group captain raaf highest scoring flying ace war reluctantly accepted command projected wing request transfer europe rejected chief air staff air vice marshal meeting jones stated wing highest priority supplies equipment wing formed darwin northern territory initially comprised squadrons transferred wing squadrons seen extensive combat europe northern australia based near darwin squadrons equipped aircraft time wing establishment received superior june august general commander allied forces decided june postpone operation allied forces landed philippines communicated wing continued develop plans involvement operation late august effective cancellation operation left wing clear mission pilots left train september air commodore commander reported wing morale drop given active role transferred southern australia period wing pilots observed wing making occasional attacks japanese positions sought approval conduct similar operations agree believed risks associated flying edge range attack targets benefits morale mid september gained agreement headquarters deploy wing recently captured island raaf units raised morale wing short time prepare overseas november received orders begin movement soon possible visited island late month visit observed likely supply shortages wing operations wing headquarters left darwin december squadron departed december squadron trip destroyed damaged result landing accidents new_guinea december expected living facilities initially basic traded liquor services engineer units improve wing camp site wing began flying night defence patrols shortly squadron arrived time major allied base attacked japanese aircraft multiple occasions night december shot japanese bomber island proved japanese raids lack aerial opposition meant wing aircraft increasingly japanese positions near january wing flew ground attack sorties losing process lack opportunities aerial combat disappointed wing pilots contributed decline morale wing completed march squadron left darwin february arrived island days later later month squadron joined wing squadron previously operated new_guinea nearby islands withdrawing darwin january receive mark viii final ship carrying wing personnel equipment darwin arrived early march wing commander appointed wing wing leader october assumed temporary command unit days late march trip manila march wing commander assumed command reached end appointment disillusioned wing dissatisfaction tasks undertaken wing led mutiny april april senior officers attempted resign protest believed fighter aircraft ground attack operations isolated japanese positions action taken officers later court selling liquor wing units participated australian led borneo campaign squadron attached wing deployed june operation landings squadron provided air defence flew close air support sorties alongside squadron shot japanese aircraft june april squadron attached wing took landing delays repairing airfield meant combat june squadron subsequently supported landing july shot japanese aircraft early hours july period squadron remained continued fly ground attack sorties japanese positions nearby island july absorbed newly formed group intended wing flying squadrons come command group event took operational control squadron war ended memorial plaque wing unveiled australian war memorial november | No. 80 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6508_InternationalGendarmerie | international law enforcement agency albania established decision ambassadors great powers participated london peace conference decision basis london treaty signed members netherlands force known members arrived albania november soon faced peasant revolt officer killed imprisoned revolt erupted june dutch officers gradually replaced officers austria-hungary germany arrived july soon world war broke august dutch officers returned netherlands september imprisoned officers released background ambassadors decided constitute albania july 54th meeting london conference new country needed sovereign borders government military police force ensure neutrality powers decided members come different country choice sweden country busy similar mission persia chose netherlands neutrality lack direct interest albania extensive colonial experience dutch_east_indies october established administer country political institutions established selected prince leadership netherlands war minister initially chose major head dutch unrelated political crisis formation new government new minister appointed colonel instead placing second command october prepared classified page report setting discussions led dutch officers provided government netherlands february dutch officers arrived captain major major major captain major captain major major lieutenant captains mission numerous armed groups reign included irregular bands led local leaders native bulgarian outlaw greek rebels peasant rebels central albania volunteers led volunteers northern mountains command tasks new train recruits order control southern albania independence february minister war interior peaceful solution problem opposed believed problem solved diplomatic means prince cabinet accepted proposals military solution thousand italian rifles austrian machine mountain guns purchased distributed predominantly muslim population central albania believed new regime tool christian great powers landowners owned half land basis beliefs revolted thousands rebels surrounded accused revolt william exiled italy trial revolt intensified exile order gain support catholic paid volunteers northern mountains prince appointed leader foreign minister men joined fight rebels dutch attempted capture engaged surrounded captured expedition attempted release captured captain know northern catholic tribes refused fight rebels general agreed prince took throne rebels attacked firing light weapons people panicked prince took family shelter italian ship anchored bay early morning surprise attack june shot chest despite fact rebels attacking died minutes probable italian sniper responsible captain established volunteer artillery unit according austrian government volunteers bombarded rebels recruited vienna till end june dutch officers captured rebels central albania gradually replaced officers austria-hungary germany arrived july july colonel officially officers soon world war broke august officers returned home rebels captured july fight august captured officers released september end mission autumn accepted invitation senate central albania established towns mid north albania return albania control task provide financial backing government travelled kingdom serbia serbian prime minister signed secret treaty serbian alliance september october returned albania italian serbian financial backing established armed forces captured interior beginning october fight | International Gendarmerie | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6592_2/33rdBattalion(Australia) | 33rd battalion infantry battalion australian_army second world war formed united_kingdom june battalion create 25th brigade eventually 7th division threat invasion passed battalion transferred middle_east early period garrison duty battalion fought french invasion syria lebanon later early response japan entry war battalion transferred australia period organisation training sent new_guinea took track campaign arriving height fighting japanese advance stalled took pursuit japanese forces northern coast fighting returning australia months refit battalion committed campaign range campaign returning australia early long period inactivity followed 33rd undertook campaign borneo final months war battalion disbanded brisbane march history formation united_kingdom raised june 25th brigade battalion initially designated continuation numbers assigned infantry battalions raised world war australian infantry battalions established united_kingdom early months war 31st 32nd battalions formed surplus australian infantry reinforcements support corps personnel drawn australian states personnel originally assigned 6th division sent bolster garrison following threat invasion lacking support personnel large amounts specialist equipment battalion initially consisted rifle companies consisting companies designated numerically designated rifle company short standard establishment time time battalion strength personnel authorised strength addition battalion headquarters company consisted signals anti aircraft mortars carrier pioneer transport lacked large specialist equipment outset commanded lieutenant colonel september battalion issued circular brown red unit border grey denote battalion 2nd unit circumstances battalion establishment overseas resulted situation battalion personnel issued different personnel united_kingdom end issued brown red issued reference australia issued battalion reinforcements australia consisting black green oval circle grey intended link battalion served world war arrival middle_east patches replaced brown red patches october unit moved time redesignated 33rd battalion bring line battalions australians undertook period intensive training followed defensive duties amidst backdrop ongoing took place skies overhead time battalion allocated role mobile reserve assigned task counter attacking event german invasion role undertook training operating tanks british armoured vehicles crews assigned battalion training exercises garrison duties north_africa fighting syria end threat invasion dissipated australian troops sent united_kingdom transferred middle_east travelling train january main body battalion embarked transport sailed reached egypt early march 25th brigade assigned 7th division moving camp palestine battalion fourth rifle company designated company taken strength having previously formed september excess reinforcements time 7th division preparing greece follow wake 6th division entry fighting early german successes prompted movement fortress guard possible german advance egypt libya 33rd remained undertaking defensive duties combat 7th division began prepare invasion french held syria lebanon short lived campaign early june mid july 33rd took fighting attacking early stages campaign fighting mainly disparate company groups following french capitulation battalion undertook garrison duties lebanon allied occupation force established defend possible german invasion turkey september battalion occupied position port tripoli remained early australian government requested return 7th following japan entry war battalion role 7th division fighting french largely censored time concerns negative public opinion australia battalion historian notes later caused friction 7th division personnel 6th 9th divisions general lack public awareness casualties sustained battalion syria lebanon numbered dead wounded captured fighting japanese new_guinea embarking battalion sailed egypt early february arrived mid march battalion camped period conditioning exercises followed mid april majority personnel sent home leave end month remained undertook day train journey casino new south wales limited training undertaken mid time orders received time queensland end month battalion returned strength final leave draft returned time strategic situation pacific balance japanese advancing south concerns possible japanese invasion 25th brigade tasked defending coastal area north brisbane late august 33rd deployed new_guinea track campaign reaching climax japanese advanced port embarking late august landed port september days later battalion thrown battle japanese leading 25th brigade forward japanese advance continued australians withdrew 25th brigade withdrew 33rd formed rearguard covering withdrawal completing movement battalion subsequently assumed position depth right japanese began withdraw having reached limits supply line australians pursued northern coast japanese originally landed july october november battalion fought significant engagements thrown fighting late november early december casualties heavy time japanese destroyed battalion withdrawn battalion reduced companies early january main body 33rd returned australia transports rear detail followed middle month aboard total casualties sustained 33rd period included dead wounded concentrating queensland early months 33rd reorganised 7th division conversion jungle divisional establishment battalion establishment dropped men lost carrier platoon receiving place machine gun platoon equipped vickers machine guns addition anti aircraft platoon tank attack platoon transport platoon reduced complement vehicles replaced following intense period training undertaken battalion received batch reinforcements replace losses new_guinea july ready deploy subsequently returned new_guinea join campaign final weeks july battalion transported aboard transports canberra establishing camp east port battalion spent following month preparing support september battalion personnel waited fly jackson airfield near port heavily laden bomber crashed trucks carrying battalion killing injuring represented battalion casualties entire war following day 33rd flown subsequently took capture end month transported air committed advance involved mainly small unit actions patrols battalion casualties new_guinea campaigns numbered dead wounded borneo final campaign disbandment early february battalion withdrawn australia returning aboard long period training rebuilding followed forces assumed primary responsibility fighting japanese pacific inter allied politics coupled rapidly evolving strategic situation resulted period operational uncertainty australian_army significant ambiguity future employment japanese result close end war 33rd went action june battalion embarked subsequently took capture following month landing 33rd formed floating reserve early stages assault came ashore second day 25th brigade infantry battalions assumed control central australian following day 25th brigade began advance inland main north eastern axis australians dubbed 33rd took position right hand brigade coming stiff japanese resistance advanced road overcome machine gun artillery support advance inland continued series minor actions followed australians continued advance month fighting island largely secured following bombing hiroshima nagasaki early august japanese sued peace hostilities came end fighting borneo 33rd lost dead wounded immediate aftermath war australians remained borneo occupation force army slowly time battalion steadily reduced personnel repatriated australia discharge transferred units service including providing personnel raised occupation duties japan february remaining returned australia following month disbanded brisbane war men served battalion posted following war 33rd lost men killed wounded members battalion received following decorations seven military crosses military medals mentions despatches battle honours service war 33rd awarded following battle theatre honours north_africa syria crossing liberation australian new_guinea commanding officers following officers commanded 33rd war lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel | 2/33rd Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6617_104thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states infantry division united_states_army today known leader training based fort lewis washington training unit activated division created infantry unit focus nighttime combat operations deployed world war division saw days fighting northwestern europe fought france belgium western germany fighting fierce german advanced theater late combat duty served history end fighting day division central germany opposite troops allies world war division reorganized primarily training division reserve forces decades division expanded role conducting entry level training soldiers branches army northwestern united_states role size expanded time consolidation training commands division subsequently took charge number brigades specializing entry level training soldiers types history constituted june organized activated october year salt_lake_city utah assigned division containing unit organized reserves division represented assets states montana wyoming idaho utah nevada received shoulder sleeve insignia division significant duty world war world war outbreak world war began preparing participate war europe division ordered active military service september reorganized oregon army wide elimination brigade commands divisions division instead centered infantry regiments assigned division field artillery battalions point began training division preparation deployment europe division trained northwestern united_states years earning division time area division army division train specifically fighting nighttime conditions training camp division participation combat exercise fall europe sailed europe august landed france september early october major general took command division command division time combat division assigned ninth united states army division organized assembled france heading combat joining division moved defensive positions vicinity belgium october assigned marshal order clear open port antwerp assigned static duty holding right flank gains failed market garden operation assist taking traveled france train near belgian dutch border waited word attack taking place experienced left flank polish 1st armored division right americans given responsibility taking miles wet low country belgian border width approximately yards general allen planned employ regiments time shoulder shoulder began combat operations october began attack germans offered varying levels resistance division germans spread continuous lines defense possess deadly strong points progress time consuming costly possible making heavy use mines traps despite advance steady paid lives division soldiers conditions rainy wet muddy moisture grip beat troops went days soaked skin mud october days continuous operations division pushed miles sight liberated gained control overrun defenses fell division advanced arriving october coordinated attack november established rest division crossed river allies firmly north german resistance collapsed days pursued enemy remnants north captured reached november day general allen received orders releasing british control bulk division moved near germany elements remained secure november relieved time division reassigned november fighting netherlands cost casualties including killed missing montgomery canadian commanders sent general allen copies letters regiments wrote personal letter thanks division concluding favorite motto hell stop result actions allied counterparts cleared royal_navy took weeks sweep estuary waters clear mines early december port antwerp open allied shipping american command november division went offensive taking pushing heavy resistance fell november enemy cleared area west including december held enemy december strongholds west captured 23rd took temporary command 60th infantry regiment battle actively defended sector near december february time reassigned moved taking march heavy fighting entered defending west bank division crossed river march attacked east time division assets fell command period consolidation participated trap enemy troops pocket repulsed heavy attacks near captured april advanced east crossed april blocking enemy exits division crossed took bitter day struggle april sector cleared april vigorous patrolling contacted april division took temporary command assets early division returned united_states july return continued process december year division suffered killed action wounded action missing action prisoners war division suffered non battle casualties total casualties division took german prisoners war surrendered following armistice world war soldiers division awarded medals honor distinguished service medal legion merit medals division received distinguished unit campaign days combat training division division reactivated december organized reserves portland oregon began taking responsibility holding training programs new soldiers july division held session summer training end training turned new division turning new training camp division reorganized specifically training division division relocated washington division reorganized army wide initiative known plan division regiments disbanded replaced larger versatile brigades 1st brigade activated vancouver barracks activated washington activated washington brigades carried history historic units fought world war assigned mission conducting station unit training advanced individual training training took basic combat training undertook combat support training conducted combat service support training brigades added division structure activated salt_lake_city utah 6th brigade activated aurora colorado 7th brigade activated vancouver washington conducted health services training took charge professional development training 7th brigade provided training support brigades units redesignated training commands command division additional provisional brigades created 8th brigade created fort lewis unit training reserve officers cadets hawaii redesignated service training unit suggestions included closure vancouver barracks subsequently relocated washington current designed direction received new distinctive unit insignia october division renamed leader training change reflected change division mission specifically training officer non commissioned officer candidates assigned fields honors unit decorations army superior unit award jan iraq campaigns iraqi governance june december december date determined campaign legacy people served later went achieve reasons people governor iowa new_york_city mayor new_york governor generals addition actor member died combat nfl player served awarded world war addition soldiers division awarded medal honor service combat scouting german positions pinned machine gun fire led company men attack despite wounds mortar shell | 104th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6692_ConnecticutWingCivilAirPatrol | connecticut wing civil air patrol highest state connecticut headquartered hall campus connecticut connecticut wing primary subordinate units located state help carry missions missions include providing education training members teaching leadership skills connecticut youth performing domestic emergency services united_states_of_america capacity members notably instrumental major events wing year history carrying operations world war hurricane katrina disaster wing received numerous awards including unit northeast region headquarters government recognition local state federal officials individual members including cadet officers recognized receiving promotions governor declared december recognition continuing efforts wing held anniversary wing creation december wing currently members history world war connecticut wing heavily involved coastal patrol anti submarine missions section atlantic coast received air medals government flew recovery operations rescue american pilots lost aircraft domestically recovery operations display connecticut missions connecticut wing currently performs program flies patrol missions summer months coordination united_states_coast_guard provide immediate assistance vessels distress wing credited numerous finds saves year following inception summer plans effect continue program current command structure december wing commander col interim vice commander position held col chief staff col vice commander responsible coordinating wing subordinate units specifically squadrons vice commander assistant wing commander serving coordinator special projects chief staff responsible staff members located wing headquarters independent individual squadrons finally wing commander responsible connecting groups ensuring chief staff uses wing staff members benefit squadrons receive benefits vice commander wing level staff positions fit departments led directors example emergency services officer dos fit led positions departments safety officer wing staff members meet headquarters building campus connecticut attend monthly staff meetings improve internal communication squadrons connecticut squadrons report directly groups report non standard squadrons units branches armed forces including partners cap commanders col began history restoration project effort uncover history possible photographs found previous wing commanders restored wing staff members notable commanders connecticut wing include col tier née niece female wing commander slated commander relinquished command wing died assuming command col howard term wing commander established activities cadet membership col conducted annually honor icons symbols prominent icon representing wing connecticut wing patch blue background bearing image mascot search rescue dog wing patch required worn left sleeve battle dress uniform optional squadron distinctive patch issue magazine featured image squadron patches surrounding wing patch high resolution images patches taken history project undertaken charter oak radio connecticut northeast region uses start cap stone northeast region prefix cadet activities largest cadet activity held wing annual held vermont held connecticut decade reported held jointly new_hampshire vermont wings leadership school held air force base connecticut wing liaison multi wing col col runs application process national regulations featured march edition magazine event held airport connecticut conjunction provided volunteers training search rescue dogs connecticut wing cadets currently involved competition squadrons field model final competition held june conjunction local chapter wing cadet advisory council hosts annual col howard cadet ball recognition longest serving wing commander event held fall season year intended informal social gathering promote inter squadron cooperation nearly half wing cadets attended cadet ball estimated attendance additionally connecticut wing holds annual conference october time allow wing commander address entire wing guest speakers speeches annual awards presented recipients competitions cadets occur conference including military drill ceremonies competition public speaking competition col cap cadet awards named honor work women rights aviation speaker conference common government representatives attend including members state legislature recognition accomplishments project recognize involvement coastal patrol missions world war shortly creation cap cap created time crisis brigadier general warning country impending attack week attack pearl harbor hawaii coastal patrol submarine searching prime missions cap located bradley international airport connecticut flying boat found world war rescuing pilots gone local artist painted oil painting aircraft prominently displayed exhibit photos exhibit unveiling ceremony oil painting found wing headquarters building presented president united_states went hugh sharp conducted rescue successful program spotted german boats dropped depth charges hit sank inevitably discontinued end second world war planes specifically program parts exhibits replaced new aircraft suited teaching young students fly performing search rescue current missions currently glass cockpit highest number hours flown aircraft state ranks high national scale membership grew total active members fiscal year making largest percent increase wing cap year announced april wing conference connecticut | Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
6725_RoyalWiltshireYeomanry | royal wiltshire regiment united_kingdom established disbanded independent unit time strength greatly reduced regiment lives squadron squadron regiment took second boer war world war fought western saw relatively little action cavalry conversion infantry fought trenches notably 3rd german spring offensive second world war regiment fought middle_east seeing action syria french forces operations iraq iran joined seeing action north_africa italy formation took second battle break 2nd november including squadron contributed troops 2nd gulf war battle honour awarded unit cap badge feathers red backing vehicles carry new_zealand leaf emblem history formation early history june meeting country gentlemen decided raise body independent troops county wiltshire decision implemented high sheriff independent troops amalgamated unit called regiment wiltshire cavalry unit embodied britain independent troops raised earlier counties militia infantry counterpart liable service overseas regiment took napoleonic later wars 19th century royal wiltshire called deal civil disorders mutiny county militia machine riots recognition service regiment awarded title royal king regiment honoured contrary common belief regiment involved restoration order bristol riots followed rejection reform bill duty regular troops restored order provided escort later king edward vii recognition regiment british_army awarded title prince wales wear prince wales feathers badge placed head newly formed precedence queen_victoria second boer war intended serve overseas string defeats black week december british government realized going need troops regular army royal warrant issued december allow volunteer forces serve second boer war royal warrant asked standing regiments provide service companies approximately men imperial regiment provided 1st wiltshire company 2nd wiltshire company 63rd wiltshire company 16th battalion transferred regiment represented cavalry inauguration april regiment renamed reorganised squadrons machine gun section april regiment renamed royal wiltshire prince wales transferred trained equipped organisation ranked 1st order precedence regiments world war accordance act brought intended home defence force service wartime members compelled serve outside country outbreak war august members volunteered units split august september 1st line liable overseas service 2nd line home service unable unwilling serve overseas units later 3rd line formed act reserve providing trained replacements 1st 2nd line regiments 1st royal wiltshire regiment august 1st proceed france december squadrons joined cavalry unit squadrons joining regiment duties mainly involved traffic control riding similar activities march regiment played war cavalry german retreat day period german forces retreated miles prepared positions formed advanced guard british_army attempting touch german difficult owing broken nature ground original german lines contact times lance captured engagements possession regiment september finally conceded little place cavalry western regiment converted infantry joined 6th fighting trenches march german army mounted 6th point took weight offensive week combat 6th half taken casualties april received reinforcements later month took casualties shortly decided 6th effectively ceased exist regiment won battle honours world war earned 6th 1st royal wiltshire 2nd line regiment formed 1st area moved september canterbury march remaining ordered numbered single sequence brigade 15th joined july major reorganization units united_kingdom regiments converted consequence regiment joined 6th division near reorganization november saw 2nd broken regiment merged 1st form 10th wiltshire regiment march resumed identity 1st royal wiltshire july later moved early regiment moved ireland stationed dublin change end war 1st royal wiltshire 3rd line regiment formed summer affiliated summer affiliated early absorbed left converted infantry joined 4th reserve battalion wiltshire regiment wars post war commission set consider shape october experience world war clear cavalry commission decided senior regiments retained cavalry scottish horse remain mounted scouts regiments converted armoured car companies reduced battery regiment absorbed local infantry battalion signals regiment disbanded remaining regiments converted brigades senior regiment order precedence regiment retained cavalry interwar period remained important social scene county having officers drawn nobility landowners larger farmers ranks coming largely estates hunting point points social events important military training chapter relating period entitled long weekend brought regiment contact time later meet seriously brigadier referred commanding portsmouth brigade exercise wiltshire attached week annual camp brigade major wrote regiment run like days feudal lines heard going tremendous exercises nights time violently looked forward exercises day going bit night regiment banished distant camp disturbed regulars apparently intrigued exercises commanding officer approached asking included brigade exercise second world war regiment began august days second world war began initially assigned 43rd infantry division commanded bound palestine regiment served syria north_africa iraq north_africa unit served regiment ports january years horses finally replaced transport june involved successful campaign french forces syria spite desperately short equipment machine guns july participated expedition persia regiment fighting infantry december received honey tanks finally armoured regiment regiment moved egypt brigade independent brigade placed operational control command general later replaced lieutenant general brigade reserve late august october began training opening battle saw divisions 9th australian 51st highland 2nd new_zealand 1st south african assault north axis positions support 5th brigadier aim infantry secure darkness armour pass light establish screen regiment equipped mix grant lee tanks morning october squadrons ahead infantry western slopes ridge squadron delayed devil gardens minefields lost numerous tanks day engaged german plain turn hit anti tank fire initially heavier tanks vulnerable german anti tank guns joined took severe casualties midday squadrons reduced grants commanding officer badly wounded evacuated 10th armoured division command major general stage supposed pass onwards start break reluctant regiment ordered withdraw lost tanks taken casualties killed wounded reserve regiment issued new tanks hasty mix grants types iii salvaged battlefield rapidly repaired montgomery impressed performance 2nd wanted thrust unwilling reinforcements troops suffered casualties montgomery placed 50th division infantry brigades command phase battle night november attacked north lead placed brigade right brigade left aim attack directly westwards track infantry leading night assault commanded brigadier passing break enemy gun line allow break assault went plan opposition left heavier expected slowed advance result advancing tanks highlighted dawn sky east began picked axis anti tank fire regiment centre lost touch artillery support close anti tank support growing light squadron commander major realised ring enemy anti tank guns ahead flanks gave order charge squadron overran anti tank positions losing vehicles destroying enemy gun line counter attacking squadrons regiment tanks withdrawn liaison officers units 1st armoured opportunity push broken axis gun line action 6th went ahead survey scene seeing brigadier asleep approached saying sorry wake john like know tanks hand group tanks gentry don mean headquarters tanks mean armoured regiments arm replied armoured regiments bill assault 2nd drawn divisions result wide gap axis lines south west gap montgomery pushed remainder armour breaking line pushing westwards rear areas supply lines november battle won montgomery entertaining captured commander dinner account battle published mark 25th anniversary montgomery wrote mention magnificent fight 3rd british armour owed debt infantry 8th army debt paid november 2nd heroism blood syria italy following withdrawn cairo syria internal security duties remained reached italian placed command division lieutenant general support squadron support brigade infantry battalions june took advance rome working way close country central mountains sea west point division withdrew outlying elements regiment message continued forwards diary june records water truck reports clear enemy july august worked support 4th 10th central mountains south east florence approach august order received men years service overseas repatriated reduced regiment strength half impossible function fighting unit withdrawn line battle october regiment returned england train replacements armoured regiments fighting europe continued role pace slowed victory europe second world war officers soldiers serving regiment received military crosses military medals regiment lost dead war biggest single loss dead november post war regiment ceased exist following year established heavy tank unit support 43rd equipped tanks regiment converted light reconnaissance role equipped armoured cars armoured regiments decided reduce regiment disbanded independent unit new unit formed different predecessor units royal wiltshire squadron cold war role event war medium reconnaissance unit british_army rhine 1970s second based squadron raised squadron initially home defence unit trained infantry later equipped stripped perform reconnaissance duties role changed 1990s providing main battle tank crews soldiers biological radiation nuclear regiment january royal deployed squadrons iraq war unit formed body soldiers command combat operations overall members regiment deployed operational tours iraq recognition service liberation iraq royal presented battle honour iraq november battle honour presented unit second world war iraq war importance chemical biological nuclear role called acknowledged squadrons adopted squadrons adopted single cap badge crossed given regiments patron princess regiment supported operations iraq afghanistan operates providing formed crews regiments operating main battle tank squadron retains prince wales feathers squadron place senior unit squadron based salisbury squadron based squadron changed command royal july like fellow started train challenger squadrons wear new battle honours royal wiltshire awarded following battle honours honours bold regimental colours regiment battle honours summarised illustrated picture forms regimental history uniforms insignia 19th century regiment common militia units sported range uniforms jackets dark blue leather worn replaced fur red cloth bag service dress world war red stripe red worn ranks round left regimental badge red backing practice continued inter war years regimental colours green red yellow appear regimental tie stable belt decided late 19th century officer conservative suggested green red stripe objected similar officer liberal suggested adding yellow agreed joke red yellow liberal colours liberal got away rival nose cap badge feathers slightly different design regiments wearing symbol worn brown red black backing world war men carved cap badge chalk village seen today alongside units leaf emblem painted regiment vehicles command tradition continues day brigade sign worn italian campaign subsequently white horse green square background | Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7007_No.482SquadronRAAF | squadron raaf squadron maintenance unit royal_australian_air_force raaf formed repair salvage unit renamed repair unit january formed maintenance squadron squadron component bomber wing raaf station queensland years serviced wing squadron merged aircraft depot form wing march wing continued provide maintenance logistics support disbanding history repair salvage unit formed inaugural commanding officer june acting flight lieutenant october commenced operational december coming control nwa responsible damaged aircraft subsequently repaired dismantled spare parts december strength officers men renamed repair unit january located northern territory war pacific moved northward strength reduced august including officers december moved raaf station new_south_wales unit located raaf station queensland april formed maintenance squadron commanded squadron leader component bomber wing squadron motto wing flying complement included nos squadrons renumbered nos squadrons respectively february time wing heavy bombers replaced specially modified advanced radar instrumentation participate joint program royal_air_force gathering long range navigation bombing data use potential air campaigns soviet_union squadron faced critical shortage engines situation improved year october squadron personnel undertook airframe engine courses preparation introduction recently ordered jet bomber began wing flying squadrons december 1950s 60s squadron provided ground support exercises involving darwin new_guinea ceremonial occasions including royal visits april operational conversion unit responsible converting canberra independent wing concentrate providing crews squadron active duty vietnam war maintenance responsibilities transferred squadron relevant staff equipment interim measure pending long delayed delivery swing wing bomber wing operated leased maintained squadron conjunction routine units modified radars early squadron hangar electronics training facilities upgraded late 1960s anticipation arrival unit main hangar known year finally entered service squadron strength borrowing concept united_states_air_force raaf employed regime aircraft maintenance personnel held squadron serviced released line nos squadrons joint flying program according pilot rose chief air staff system disaster doomed failure owing relatively small size raaf fleet responsibility operational level transferred flying squadrons february arrangement personnel moved squadron nos squadrons time took direct control squadron continued provide intermediate level bombers major upgrades complex maintenance involving stripping airframe engines carried squadron operated flight squadron personnel deployed exercises took investigations recovery operations following accidents march sir presented squadron squadron merged aircraft depot form wing march largest unit raaf total strength wing continued provide deep maintenance logistics support awarded maintenance contract | No. 482 Squadron RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7245_No.71WingRAAF | wing raaf wing royal_australian_air_force raaf wing world war formed february bay wing initially comprised squadrons wing soon eventually equipped squadrons attached formation wing took new_guinea campaign auspices group transferring western new_guinea campaign returned control group support australian ground forces campaign completed final combat mission hours japanese surrender august wing remained new_guinea following war disbanded january history new_guinea campaign formed february wing consisted squadron flying lockheed squadron squadron squadron based bay wing led wing commander came raaf premier fighting unit purpose act mobile strike force support advancing allied troops march took decisive aerial engagement according general unable score hits japanese ships july october wing squadrons carried operations enemy bases shipping lines communication coast august given responsibility joined following month squadron flying squadron converted remained bay squadron transferred november october february squadrons took series major attacks bombing airfields infrastructure shipping japanese withdrew aircraft following month wing commanders period included wing commander group captain leader squadron early repatriated australia illness campaign early static garrison force new_guinea area renamed april better reflect new role following month wing led wing commander advanced came auspices later australian tactical air force nos squadrons engaged attacks japanese positions flying sorties month june wing went forward complement augmented squadron flying squadron flying squadrons undertook sorties july delivering tons bombs august squadron flew missions record unit general praised wing contributing large measure success operation continuous enemy lines communication bombing enemy concentrations supplies commodore battle led task force included cruisers paid tribute accuracy ensured excellent air spotting gave spotting deserve credit efficient manner undertaken particularly airmen trained hardly suitable plane work campaign decision september wing advance support australian 6th division campaign overall control wing returned month squadron arrived augment nos squadrons wing strengthened november flight army cooperation squadron wing commander previously charge squadron wing new officer commanding october units flew sorties month november january reduce rate effort ordnance fuel shortages day period march blew mid air releasing bombs aircraft pulled strike missions days problem traced faulty tail unit pound bombs cooper handed group captain commander squadron april maximize support australian ground troops lead final assault wing extant squadrons joined nos approximately struck japanese positions prior amphibious landings cut retreating enemy troops entire month wing dropped tons bombs flew excess sorties mid year wing short fuel ordnance squadrons took captured japanese bombs july supplies arrived enable wing continue operating nominal strength wing active day pacific war flying final combat mission involving thirty hours news arrived victory august squadrons dropped remaining pockets japanese resistance making aware surrender entry wing operations book january new_guinea headquarters disbanded days later | No. 71 Wing RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7259_10thBattalion(Australia) | 10th infantry battalion australian_army served world war units raised australia war battalion recruited south_australia august 9th 11th formed personnel completed basic training battalion embarked middle_east training undertaken egypt battalion committed april 10th battalion took landing coming ashore initial stages operation covering force members 10th battalion penetrated inland australian troops initial fighting allied advance inland checked battalion helped defend turkish counter attack joining august offensive failed allied effort break casualties heavy campaign november surviving members withdrawn peninsula early battalion reformed egypt period reorganisation 10th provided staff newly formed transferred western march half years took trench warfare france belgium armistice detachment men 10th battalion returned australia september following war battalion raised time unit based south_australia drawing personnel lineage number previously existing militia units unit served briefly inter war years merged size australia time military forces decreased following conclusion compulsory service scheme later raised right mid-1930s australian military reorganised country war preparations later world war 10th time service following japan entry war battalion assigned defend new_south_wales southern coast reassigned defence darwin amalgamated august post war period 10th battalion raised 1950s provided training national servicemen reduced company sized elements regiment reformed battalion remained australian_army order battle amalgamated 27th battalion form 10th 27th battalion history world war 10th battalion raised shortly outbreak world war volunteer force raised overseas service recruited south_australia battalion came august adelaide drawing volunteers mainly local population new_south_wales volunteers included men previously served time forces war coming variety units including 10th known adelaide rifles commanded lieutenant colonel stanley price formation battalion attached 9th 11th 12th battalions units raised war establishment officers ranks spread companies battalion personnel received short period individual basic training culminating presentation regimental colours september march past state september following month collective training company battalion level took place national park october battalion embarked passenger liner bound middle_east south australian infantry unit leave australia war briefly stopping albany convoy delayed concerns presence german warships route 10th battalion departed australian waters november proceeded egypt initially plan battalion continue united_kingdom subsequently western poor conditions training camps united_kingdom resulted decision australians alexandria instead arriving december battalion sent camp near cairo 10th battalion underwent desert training january february time reorganised company structure adopted british designated company consisted men spread late february received orders committed operation dardanelles moving rail alexandria boarded greek steamer march reaching shortage fresh water island meant battalion housed ship seven weeks spent ashore conducting exercises mounting guard duty planning landing gallipoli peninsula began early april proceeded april battalion issued distinctive blue purple unit colour patch april 10th battalion embarked gallipoli companies battalion headquarters allocated battleship hms prince wales companies embarked destroyers approximately april 10th battalion units come ashore cove covering force drawn colonel main landing troops battalion landed near centre cove ascending ridge attempted push inland according australian war memorial believed penetrated inland australian unit casualties weeks campaign heavy battalion losing men killed wounded april advance stalled turkish resistance grew turks launched heavy counter attack time located ridge brigade battalions occupying line abreast 10th battalion occupying position south lone pine overlooking wheat field turkish attack came caught heavy attack turned heavy losses following sides dug campaign ground stalemate battalion undertook mainly defensive duties perimeter cove july remnants battalion consisted personnel withdrawn brief rest period line returning july 10th battalion relieved 11th occupying position spur opposite lone pine early august allies attempted break beach launching offensive 10th battalion played support role offensive providing reinforcement parties machine gun crews support 1st brigade offensive costly failure stalemate returned battlefield winter approached conditions peninsula grew large number personnel evacuated sick wave swept battalion september arrived reinforcements mid november allied commanders debated future campaign received orders pull withdrawn rest november 10th battalion took reserve positions beach embarking transport princess landed spent rest november december main allied force evacuated peninsula australian troops withdrawing december boxing day 10th battalion sailed egypt arriving alexandria new years losses gallipoli heavy casualties reported battalion april september underwent period reorganisation expanded preparation deployment european battlefield process 10th battalion provided experienced personnel newly raised assigned 13th brigade brought strength fresh recruits australia march 10th battalion sailed france rest 1st division deployed battalion significant action western came july involved effort secure village high ground wider battle actions battle second lieutenant original member battalion served gallipoli campaign awarded victoria_cross later 10th battalion fought belgium transferred winter deploying defend trenches german withdrawal line battalion moved belgium committed fighting road september attack private actions resulted awarded battalion second victoria_cross battalion suffered heavily early involvement fighting briefly withdrawn support operations beginning october early hours october force men 10th battalion carried raid german positions known mystery celtic wood men killed raid wounded early following collapse russia germans able transfer troops western march launched spring offensive attacking southern british sector allies pushed australian divisions brought south help blunt attack late march april 10th battalion took series defensive actions including fighting german offensive turned joining preliminary operations ultimately brought end war stage fighting june fighting france corporal earned battalion victoria_cross attack impressed british inspector general described best battalion france august allies launched days offensive battalion participated attack described successful allies western words day german_army battalion remained late september battle took place suffered casualties later month having severely depleted heavy casualties supply reinforcements australia withdrawn line rest organisation result battalion took fighting armistice declared november line men served battalion ranks war including drafts reinforcements miscellaneous transfers units general service reinforcements casualties totalled men killed wounded addition victoria crosses members battalion awarded bar bars thirty sixteen distinguished conduct medals military medal bars bar battalion awarded total battle honours war service following cessation hostilities australian government decided contribute proposed allied occupation force germany begin process soon possible owing large number soldiers deployed overseas process took time decided progressively return men battalion send home formed unit numbers units amalgamated administrative purposes consequence 9th 10th battalions merged february final contingent troops 10th battalion return home september disembarked adelaide transport commanding officers 10th battalion commanding officers world war listed chronological order date commanded battalion follows lieutenant colonel stanley price major major lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel major son explorer major lieutenant colonel jacob major captain nephew chief justice south australia sir captain lieutenant colonel major battalion song words battalion song written music yard drill soldier shape camp clad armed fight tommy hold secure fields france german tide right left right column swinging step destination long long miles singing kits heavy chorus cheers help old needing soon prove men leading australians old hail busy street north line far beneath strange skies shine half world crowded strains puts sea long hear maxim smell strong busy firing line crowded trench rifles line runs swell wartime music grand chorus guns magic new lands won mind bright eyed dear australian best grand old jack wind blown colours bright means home love march fight inter war years world war 10th battalion disbanded shortly return australia personnel raise adelaide based 10th infantry regiment time unit later known militia unit drew lineage infantry regiment trace history battalions formed act merging units larger army wide reorganisation created convoluted lineage units according historian resulted confusion military historians officially disbanded time military forces reorganised numerical designations raised right adelaide drawing personnel 2nd battalions 10th 32nd 50th infantry regiments links 10th battalion inherited battle honour boer war time allocated 4th military district battalion received king colour recognition service world war years later territorial titles introduced battalion assumed designation adelaide rifles motto adopted time amid great depression following election government subsequent suspension compulsory training scheme decision battalion decline numbers volunteers merged shared history 10th 50th battalion unit assigned 10th 50th remained linked time response fears possible war europe following decided expand size militia result october 10th 50th battalion split raised separate unit assigned japan entry world war december 10th battalion undertake garrison duties australia 3rd brigade battalions 27th 43rd sent darwin 10th initially deployed new_south_wales south coast defending strategically important industrial area august ordered join moved darwin defend port possible japanese invasion arrived army wide reorganisation resulted 10th amalgamated form 10th 48th battalion august reorganisation result personnel shortages come australian military resulted amalgamation militia units 10th 48th unit meant members deployed outside australian territory disbanded august having served outside australia war battalion similar designation 10th battalion raised volunteer 2nd members militia volunteered join 2nd units 2nd considered separate militia existed time recruited south australians 10th raised mid october formed 18th brigade initially assigned 6th division transferred 7th course war served united_kingdom north_africa new_guinea borneo disbanded december world war australia time military force raised 10th battalion returned order battle designation adelaide rifles 1950s battalion provided training national servicemen widespread organisation saw creation state based multi battalion regiments smaller regional regiments past consolidated result 1st battalion providing companies battalion technically army order battle entrusted battle honours earned 10th battalion world war australian_army ended brief experiment divisional establishment july 10th raised unit right battalion remained order battle reserve unit november amalgamated 27th battalion form 10th 27th battalion battalion adopted 10th battalion unit colour patch carries colours 10th 27th battalions battle honours units south australian battalions 2nd raised service world war recruits areas headquartered adelaide depots south_australia battle honours 10th battalion received following battle honours south_africa inherited world war road wood france flanders landing defence gallipoli egypt world war north_africa cape australian new_guinea borneo inherited | 10th Battalion (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7310_CanterburyMountedRiflesRegiment | canterbury mounted rifles regiment mounted infantry regiment new_zealand raised service world war assigned formed regiment establishment officers ranks horses formed squadrons belonging pre war territorial force regiments 1st mounted rifles canterbury 8th south canterbury 10th nelson mounted rifles included small headquarters maxim machine gun section maxim guns withdrawn regiment fire power increased war end conflict squadron hotchkiss machine guns troop mounted infantry regiment rode battle horses expected fight foot regiment fought predominantly forces involvement came gallipoli campaign december participated largest battle theatre fighting hill evacuated egypt took early battles involved included later war force occupied took raids salt final wartime operation connection capture years war regiment lost men dead causes wounded war regiment played minor role egyptian revolution disbanded june history formation raised august start world war canterbury mounted rifles regiment came new_zealand commanded lieutenant colonel composed headquarters machine gun section squadrons formed regiments included compulsory training system military districts required supply mounted regiment meet obligation regiments provided squadron kept regimental traditions regiment squadrons came 1st mounted rifles canterbury 1st squadron 8th south canterbury 8th squadron 10th nelson mounted rifles 10th squadron establishment fixed officers ranks riding horses seventy draught horses pack horses squadron men field headquarters troops officer ranks riding horses sixteen draught horses regiment horses cavalry mounted infantry expected ride battlefield fight traditional infantry attached regiment medical officers ranks eighteen horses regiment assigned serving alongside regiments september regiment left camp embarked transport ships leaving day arrived wellington afternoon disembarked troops october boarded transports set sail short stop october arrived albany anchored waiting joined australian contingent combined convoy sailed november reached november days later sailed red_sea suez_canal docking port said december alexandria day regiment disembarked december boarded train camp cairo suburb started training programme desert manoeuvres day night gallipoli egypt regiment continued training programme working horses end working day fourth night soldiers performed guard duty looked horses egypt regiment brigade came command newly formed new_zealand australian april division infantry units left egypt undisclosed destination regiment learned gallipoli landings days later regiment received news deploy gallipoli role horses officers ranks men remaining look horses boarded trains alexandria board transports arrived gallipoli peninsula started landing troops equipped role carried rifle rounds ammunition small pack mess bayonet tool ashore regiment camped night line day moved left flank north relieve trenches stretched sea included outposts regiment took extreme right squadron line squadron support trench squadron reserve line right left regiment wait got dark sending men forward man outposts combat regiment experience combat started midnight march turkish opponents opened fire trenches main assault brigade sector support regiment sent troops 1st 10th squadrons troop 8th squadron form reserve daylight men manning post group turks concentrating opened fire machine gun forcing withdraw turkish attack continued afternoon gradually later estimated turkish troops involved attack beach head end day casualties later day white flags observed turkish trenches men man land considered ruse retrieve arms ammunition dead bring forward reinforcements turks warned return trenches new going open fire real armistice arranged wounded brought safety dead buried squadrons settled routine hours posts hours main trenches hours support outposts offensive action came dark turks built outpost yards 1st squadron charged captured position secured provided garrison called difficulties defending turks launched counter attack recapture battle lasting day 10th squadron troops 8th squadron managed relieve survivors defence post shortly relief decided position abandoned casualties gradually mounted regiment replacements officers ranks arrived end june objective british august offensive seize high point mountain range new_zealand provide attacking force initial attack clear turks foothills task given reinforced regiment clear valley advance north capture taylor hollow turn east capture reduce noise maintain stealth ordered use august men regiment moved forward preparation attack start night assault started time 1st 10th squadrons forward followed 8th squadron reserve leading men met killed turks observation post yards destroyer beam lit advancing men turkish machine gun opened fire 10th squadron charged straight turkish trench 1st squadron managed manoeuvre attack machine gun rear achieved firing shot making sound advanced objective hill hill captured survivors started dig taken objectives regiment cent casualties including commanding officer wounded second command major killed digging able observe rest battle going day august turkish reinforcements arriving attack failed start battle lost men dead men wounded commanded 10th squadron regiment remained hill defence august moved entrance later moved forward yards occupied old turkish trench hill august battle hill began charging straight hill regiment suffered cent casualties command replaced major 1st squadron succeeded capturing turkish trench minutes going rest attack failed leaving regiment isolated rest force having manpower continue assault ordered dig hold position held august relieved wellington mounted rifles days later regiment returned previous position continue assault attack began august regiment leading brigade charged yards open ground turkish trench minutes way captured second trenches defended night day casualties high men started assault eighteen left commanded officer captain brigade regiments similar state remained trenches relieved dark august september brigade machine gunners relieved 5th sailed island rest regiment strength officer thirty ranks machine gunners remain gallipoli including original contingent replacements total thirty officers ranks served regiment gallipoli arrival regiment came command lieutenant colonel early october replacements started arriving bring regiment strength end month stewart evacuated sick major senior officer replacements assumed temporary command regiment november returned gallipoli camping night hill evacuation regiment spent time building winter quarters provide protection november moved line december major took command regiment second command days later order complete evacuation peninsula issued men minor left followed regiment battalion brigade chosen regiment leave meant extend lines cover men leave night december regiment numbered fourteen officers ranks reduced officers men rest batch evacuated december remainder divided groups group officers ninety men left beach day followed second smaller group officers men group officers thirty men cover regiment keeping steady rate fire moving maxim gun position support deception defences fully manned group divided parts left december followed group waited minutes withdrawing small group men left reached beach incident regiment sailed december egypt arriving alexandria december eventually returned old camp egypt reinforcements brought regiment strength plus added cent doubled size guns change appointment major commanding officer january regiment left new defensive post canal eighty seven miles east having recovered wounds returned commanding officer february march regiment ready operations moved line canal later month brigade assigned notice regiment brigade ordered thirty miles away suez_canal april reason known later turkish force attacked british positions reached hour later moved desert camping night sent reconnaissance patrols desert manned observation posts regiment ordered day patrol activity kept time troop strength involving complete brigade regiment carried reconnaissance time sighted hostile force desert manage engage day men evacuated suffering heat exhaustion temperatures reached convinced cut patrol short travelling overnight arrived early weeks patrols continued men desert travel conditions early july regiment lost machine gun section transferred form brigade july reconnaissance aircraft spotted large turkish force moving west desert midnight august 1st 2nd light horse brigades attacked regiment acting brigade vanguard advanced time hear firing distance approaching turkish position regiment opened attack 8th squadron positioned left 1st centre 10th right following support 5th light horse regiment supposed left 8th squadron arrived assault commenced supported driven turks brigade captured artillery battery prisoners regiment casualties battle dead wounded day moved believed occupied large turkish force arrival brigade forward attacking south got close regiment continued foot fighting day waited vain support assault holding ground retire return water horses casualties dead wounded turkish force withdrew time regiment reconnaissance patrol got abandoned turks heading enemy located regiment kept patrols contact overnight day turks withdrew august enemy reached established defences waiting new dawn august regiment heading brigade attack head rest division attack flanks engaged turkish defenders 8th squadron sent forward left assist immediately came fire support 1st 10th squadrons moved left 8th squadron advanced captured ridge line facing east followed soon squadrons occupying high ground west turkish defences consisted trenches supported artillery kept steady rate fire regiment turks left trenches counter attack regiment stopped small arms fire attached somerset battery royal horse artillery regiment moved downhill faced heavy turkish artillery fire stopped 1st 2nd light horse brigades left noon second turkish counter attack came waves regiment lines managed fight heavy casualties turks attacking division brigades strength 1st 2nd light horse north 3rd south began retire leaving position exposed flanks keeping heavy rate small arms artillery fire hold enemy divisional commander called attack ordered withdrawal new danger overrun withdrawal postponed dark regiment forming rearguard battle cost regiment dead wounded men missing action brigade withdrew caring wounded resting days august moved evacuated turks sending reconnaissance patrols located turkish rearguard miles west position attack observed dusk turks moved east december response reports turks evacuated regiment started moving overnight village advance patrols discovered turks withdrawn dawn december regiment reached joined rest division heading turkish position brigade ordered approach north hours later brigade reached position start attack canterbury regiment brigade left squadrons advanced turn covered machine guns yards turkish lines able charge fixed captured turkish trench turkish captured nightfall regiment casualties light dead wounded end year turkish forces pushed january orders given division attack egyptian palestine border dawn january regiment division reached border brigade attack north east 8th squadron leading regiment moving north village turkish defenders opened fire regiment forward troops captured prisoners police post remainder captured trench system prisoners german officers regiment position block turkish withdrawal east able observe main turkish defences regiment started advancing village 8th squadron left 10th 1st squadron right covered machine guns heavy turkish fire gradually moved forward foot troops took turns run forward rest squadron covered intensity battle demonstrated supporting brigade ran ammunition hours later division covering force reported turkish reinforcements approaching lieutenant general commanding attack decided simultaneously commanding brigade ordered attack covered machine guns men carried bayonet charge turks surrendered time brigades started withdraw seeing happened turned charge capturing position battle cost regiment dead nineteen wounded palestine british plan required circle night block turkish reinforcements getting town march brigade left camp heavy fog crossed miles south east soon reached positions brigade 2nd light horse 22nd mounted brigades waited infantry divisions assault town infantry having problems brigade ordered attack regiment town right reserve regiment moved south ridge attacked garrison command approaches soon captured outlying turkish trenches forcing defenders town 10th squadron reached hill time 53rd welsh division trying day position despite having captured commanding position regiment infantry division ordered withdraw turkish reinforcements reported route overall commander believe hold captured regiment retired way come reached midnight day casualties day dead wounded line april squadrons issued hotchkiss machine guns troop british withdrawal turks built defensive line trenches sea south following route road british plan second attack involved providing flank protection reinforcements pursuing retreating turkish forces required regiment moved april forming vanguard division morning 10th squadron lead crossed opposition came enemy aircraft bombed division breaking extended line reporting turkish movements nightfall withdrew day repeat previous day dark division ordered march overnight support regiment set april brigade reserve assault ridge regiment called forward artillery bombardment machine gun section set time stop turkish counter attack british attack line called night withdrew days fighting cost regiment dead wounded regiment involvement attack began october set village brigade reached starting position ready begin assault moving open turkish flank managed approach mound east regiment right brigade line left regiment intended turkish position north assault started slowly moved hill eventually passed able engage rear turkish position confronted turkish artillery machine gun fire coming north advance managed charge capture hill captured following mounted charge regiment casualties battle dead wounded day november brigade moved north east following withdrawing turks regiment forming vanguard came machine gun fire 10th squadron charged directly position 1st squadron moved attacked flank position quickly captured thirteen prisoners machine gun taken night returned water following days rest moved november relieve mountains turkish artillery fired route wounding men position attacked morning small turkish force forced retire turkish cavalry force sighted assembling valley regiment opened fire away turkish returned attack supported artillery machine gun fire managed yards regiment lines stopped turkish artillery continued bombard regiment rest day stopping dark day fighting cost regiment dead wounded trace relief horses hours sent eventually relieved november men set rear foot meeting returning horses november brigade ordered western flank rejoin division easy task difficult terrain stage thirty miles took thirty hours cross eventually met division day rest moving november camping night morning november regiment crossed river located turkish position regiment left brigade advance left reserve regiment advanced orange engaged turkish defenders regiment held fire support position regiments attacked left fighting counter attacks brigade eventually nightfall won battle held ground overnight involved main assault regiment casualties light dead wounded day turkish force withdrawn regiment advanced occupied port november commanding officer established regimental headquarters river miles north withdrawing formed defence line crossing points bridge miles east river mouth brigade ordered assault river capture crossing november regiment 8th squadron leading crossed ford river mouth taken surprise turkish defenders retired followed regiment nearby foothills captured village rest brigade continued attack river capturing crossings support defence essex brigade moved north river dug regiment sent mounted patrols forward observe surrounding country day turkish counter attacked bridge head force attempt failed reinforced tried day eventually forced withdraw river regiment assist crossed river mouth attacked turkish right 10th squadron heading foot assist defended 10th squadron village defenders withdrew river clear followed squadron 1st 8th squadrons moved northern hills heavily attacked advancing turks managed hold line supported machine guns slowly retired troop covering troop river turkish force control northern river bank attempt force crossing despite nature battle regiment withdrawing daylight casualties light dead wounded british captured jerusalem december turkish forces held jordan valley area putting british right flank danger counter attack result regiment operation involved capture east february regiment started arriving day days later brigade started hills marching overnight tracks forced single file daylight terrain dropped thousand feet jordan valley soon brigade vanguard appeared engaged turkish defences regiment came open assist attack regiment sent turkish strong point hill 8th 10th squadrons leading 1st reserve 10th squadron problems continuing attack 1st sent forward different route noon turkish defenders withdrawing artillery machine guns turks held regiment advance narrow nightfall morning 10th squadron sent forward turks withdrawn night february regiment formed brigade vanguard started reaching regiment pushed ahead leaving 8th squadron repair road occupied 1st regiment deployed bridge held turks day spent patrolling vicinity river february western declared clear turkish forces brigade valley day started jerusalem raid operation regiment 60th london division march regiment started jordan valley heavy rain orders raid issued brigade advance mountain tracks village sir rains postponed raid march brigade crossed river jordan bridge regiment 6th london brigade started clearing area river foothills vanguard formed 1st squadron left started hills wet cold weather progress slow narrow tracks meant wheeled transport including artillery supply wagons left reached sir hours vanguard contact division remained village remainder day patrols checked area village miles away remainder division travelled different route arrived later day physical condition attack advance postponed day assault began daylight march 8th squadron moved plain progress stopped heavy turkish small arms fire squadron formed defensive line 1st squadron moved past right captured small hill turkish artillery machine gun fire grew heavier day attempt 8th squadron forward failed turks counter attacked 1st squadron forced retire night patrols sent turkish positions easily attacked day dawn march entire division tried attack managed capture small trench artillery support unable forward face heavy turkish machine gun fire day night managed hold won waiting reinforcement continue attack day decided attack outside regiment holding lines provided officers ranks assault formed started forward regiment contingent forming second line assault successful line capturing objectives second line passed objectives yards turkish machine guns opened fire pressed capturing machine gun fourteen prisoners 8th squadron moved forward 4th battalion captured turkish position hill brigade settled defend hill regiment located brigade units dawn turkish artillery targeted hill turks counter attacked new stopped brigade captured machine guns addition weapons turkish artillery continued bombard hill counter attack began regiment left driven counter attack came hour later defeated rest division trying reach progress unable continue attack shortage ammunition rations division ordered withdraw brigade ordered retire sir arrival 1st squadron formed defensive line rest regiment rested 1st squadron soon engaged turkish force regiment moved support remainder night division retired line held regiment april took regiment followed division river reached jordan valley dusk moved river operation regiment lost eighteen dead thirty seven wounded man missing action brigade crossed jordan regiment camped miles south east moved west river 1st remained eastern bank forming bridge head april regiment crossed river conduct reconnaissance advancing turkish artillery fire got thousand yards turkish lines foothills remained day returning western bank salt april second raid jordan began objective capture salt time larger force involved command regiment brigade force assigned attack advanced turkish artillery fire confronted turkish strong points foothills unable progress night moved jordan having suffered dead wounded brigade corps reserve noon ordered assist 4th london brigade attack regiment crossed bridge started forward artillery fire walking increasing pace reached cover ordered return headed reached village remained overnight ordered forward support 4th defending road ford route rest force attacking salt day regiment held defensive position road moved mountains help australian mounted division australians moved past regiment walked track shelled turkish artillery moved lines held infantry forces reached safety forming rearguard arriving months spent training august brigade formed divisional reserve located september moved forward form left northern flank defences time regiment took command 1st 2nd 38th 39th larger deception force commanded divisional commander tasked convincing turks british attack forces actually realigned attack west regiment heavily involved deception carrying offensive patrolling constructing dummy camps moving forwards lines impression larger force actually present main british attack started west september regiment remained jordan valley keeping patrols close turkish positions watch withdrawal evidence observed day turks retired forward positions regiment moved join rest brigade western bank jordan day brigade started objective bridge assisted 1st squadron assaulted captured bridge bayonet charge 10th squadron arrived bridge secured followed pursuing withdrawing turks hills night regiment moved bridge leaving 1st squadron guard day brigade ordered resume advance regiment vanguard overcame obstacle turkish machine gun post reached passed town east formed defensive position hills night day captured men artillery pieces machine guns day september regiment continued advance heading joined 1st 2nd light horse brigades day miles north west came turkish covering road town brigade regiments deployed attack regiment section ordered manoeuvre assault rear midday confronted turkish troops defending ridge line regiment artillery machine gun fire assaulted captured ridge stopping consolidate position continued forward 10th squadron 8th squadron assaulted citadel bayonet charge capturing german prisoners machine guns regiment charged town capturing railway station told regiment took prisoners fourteen machine guns military stores casualties dead wounded casualties illness reduced regiment strength men struck malaria regiment remained area night september moved south secured large number prisoners october relieved 3rd light horse regiment started jordan valley october crossed valley reached jerusalem went war post war war middle_east ended october following signing armistice november regiment selected allied force occupation dardanelles peninsula going role officers ranks involved leaving egypt november disembarked december moved camps january majority regiment returned egypt rejoining brigade march brigade ordered deploy assist civil authorities dealing growing unrest egyptian civilian population regiment moved march forming column armoured cars armoured train found rioting arrested tried court headed commanding officer imposed sentences weeks rioting regiment returned camp remaining june ordered send horses depot suez_canal june embarked transport ship new_zealand regiment disbanded casualties war men regiment died causes seven months gallipoli campaign dead fourteen died illness killed action included total reported missing believed dead years accounted dead time men wounded action gallipoli wounded later campaign total wounded campaigns gallipoli dead known grave commonwealth war graves commission constructed site turks buried allied war dead following evacuation graves men identified nearby hill cemetery graves seventy identified honours men regiment recognised service british empire awards system captain later commander brigade machine gun squadron decorated awarded distinguished conduct medal mentioned despatches times invested companion order bath awarded alongside officers invested officer appointed officer order british empire member order british empire officers awarded ranks received total military medals total mentions despatches men mentioned | Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7573_1stCroatianGuardsCorps | 1st croatian guards corps 1st croatian guards corps croatian special formation directly general staff reporting directly president croatia corps established amalgamation special forces strong unit organised 1st croatian guards brigade multi purpose special forces combat unit battalions tasked ensuring security president croatia carrying ceremonial duties took number military operations croatian war independence war disbanded components amalgamated units form establishment february special forces reorganised special forces units combined form 1st croatian guards corps april personnel 8th military police light assault brigade established september transferred corps ultimately making corps strong addition special forces operations corps tasked providing security president croatia corps organised specialised battalions 1st croatian guards brigade multi purpose special forces combat unit considered elite unit entire corps directly general staff reported directly president commanded deputy based bulk corps based nearby barracks capable fielding troops combat commanded colonel later major general previously commanded special forces units amalgamated corps combat service took battles croatian war independence war late november december participated operation winter joint offensive pushed western parts field bosnia elements saw action axis advance operation flash offensive took place western early time commanded artillery helicopter addition transport helicopters west early june operation leap extending created late west unit participated capture towns late july operation summer preparation 4th guards 7th guards brigades pulled positions facing established operation summer south army republic protecting northern approaches capital republic serbian croatia claimed territory brigades turned positions north west deployed rear battalion tasked intervening case attack second day operation august captured field village north linked 9th guards brigade advanced east capture villages august participated operation significant pocket area alongside guards brigades special police forces september took operation extended control western bosnia captured towns moving confrontation line north capital october participated captured town reached southern slopes kilometres miles south reorganisation corps disbanded constituents reorganised amalgamated form remainder brigade amalgamated based electronic warfare company form elements corps tasked security president croatia ceremonial duties reformed established place | 1st Croatian Guards Corps | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7587_2ndBrigade,7thInfantryDivision(UnitedStates) | united_states originally known infantry brigade united_states_army brigade based fort california history activated service world war unit saw brief service conflict fought entire unit korean war reactivated brigade returned united_states saw action sent quell civil unrest resulting los_angeles riots brigade finally history world war 2nd brigade constituted activated regular army 13th december camp georgia month later organized prepared deployment europe participate world war rest division brigades assigned division headquarters 14th serving brigade bringing total strength brigade men brigade sailed europe aboard time france brigade participate engagements infantry reconnaissance elements engage german forces october 13th brigade 7th division came attacks saint units came chemical attack elements 7th near capturing positions driving german forces region time division received shoulder sleeve insignia 13th brigade wore division early november 13th brigade began attack line division division launched reconnaissance force begin assault allies signed armistice ending hostilities days lines 7th division suffered casualties awarded campaign brigade performed occupation duties year began preparations return continental united_states 13th brigade returned united_states late gradually camp george maryland september year 7th division 13th 14th brigades reorganization july reactivated camp california command major general headquarters element 13th 14th brigades division instead centered infantry regiments 17th 32nd infantry regiment 53rd infantry regiment activated duration war headquarters formation form new unit post korean war wake korean war 7th defended main garrison camp south_korea occupation duties division saw complete reorganization compliance plan division headquarters company grew 1st brigade 13th 2nd brigade 14th redesignated renamed formations retained lineage campaign credits previous designations april division brigades returned united_states fort lewis washington october 7th brigades reactivated garrison national_guard brigade 41st periodically train division brigade unit action vietnam post war era tasked close watch south american developments trained fort october division redesignated organized light infantry division division specially designed battalions 17th 31st 32nd regiments moved division replaced battalions regiments including battalions 21st infantry regiment 27th infantry regiment 27th infantry participated operation golden honduras 2nd brigade participated panama recommended closing fort escalating cost living coastline garrison closed division assigned relocate washington include assigned military police companies participated final mission united_states called operation garden plot division slated post cold war army 2nd 3rd brigades 7th 1st brigade relocated lewis later 2nd brigade 2nd division headquarters formally june fort lewis honors unit decorations campaign | 2nd Brigade, 7th Infantry Division (United States) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7678_WellingtonMountedRiflesRegiment | mounted infantry regiment new_zealand raised service world war assigned regiment establishment officers ranks horses formed squadrons belonging pre war regiments queen 2nd mounted rifles 6th mounted rifles 9th mounted rifles included small headquarters maxim machine gun section maxim guns withdrawn regiment fire power increased war end squadron hotchkiss machine guns troop mounted infantry regiment rode battle horses expected battle fight foot regiment fought predominantly forces gallipoli campaign december participated largest battle theatre fighting hill evacuated egypt took early battles included later war force occupied took raid raid salt final war time operation connection capture years war regiment dead wounded wounded war regiment played minor role egyptian revolution disbanded june history formation raised august start world war came region wellington new_zealand commanded lieutenant colonel comprised headquarters machine gun section squadrons formed regiments included compulsory training system military districts required supply mounted regiment meet obligation regiments provided squadron kept regimental traditions regiment squadrons came queen 2nd mounted rifles 2nd squadron 6th mounted rifles 6th squadron 9th mounted rifles 9th squadron establishment fixed officers ranks riding horses seventy draught horses pack horses squadron men field headquarters troops officer ranks riding horses sixteen draught horses regiment horses cavalry mounted infantry expected ride battlefield fight traditional infantry attached regiment medical officers ranks eighteen horses regiment assigned serving alongside regiments regiment conducted training september received orders fear german warships area wait suitable escort ships delayed departure october short stop october arrived albany anchored waiting joined australian contingent combined convoy sailed november reached november days later sailed red_sea suez_canal docked port said december alexandria day regiment disembarked december boarded train camp cairo suburb started training programme desert manoeuvres day night april new_zealand australian forces mounted troops sent serve heavy casualties landings provided need reinforcements regiment mounted troops horses ordered gallipoli gallipoli regiment reduced officers ranks men stay look horses remainder brigade sailed gallipoli landed days later small arms fire australian relieved elements regiment taking nelson deal battalions right flank squadron occupied line squadron support trench reserve regiment left centre right spent days improving fire trenches constructing communications trenches tracks men guns forward quickly turkish machine gun rifle fire combat midnight turkish troops opened fire regiment left trenches charged mounted brigade concentrating turkish attackers engaged regiment machine guns fire attack dawn leaving hundreds turkish dead sides continued shooting artillery small arms fire general commanding section beach head ordered regiment counter attack turkish trenches trench yards man land cover regiment prepared obey order arranged squadron wiped men selected equal proportion squadrons captain chosen command brigadier general commanding brigade contacted advise circumstances attack russell told use judgement promptly called morning started way turkish artillery small arms fire directed regiment trenches lasted firing ceased white flags appeared turkish trenches turkish commander asked armistice collect dead wounded lying open appeared time bring forward reinforcements repair defences collect arms ammunition dead armistice turned negotiations continued truce agreed regiment sent men collect bury allied dead day 3rd relieved regiment moved safer area rear resting rear safe constantly shelled work details provided supplies construct better defences defence post regiment man position captured called chosen started improving trenches arrival daylight having worked night real impression position exposed turkish fire day instead abandoning post relieved hour later major commanding 9th squadron reported surrounded thousand turkish troops communications failed squadron fighting attacks stop turkish troops reaching edge trench throwing hand grenades positions troop 2nd squadron sent reinforcements unable break midnight remainder 2nd squadron attempted reach instead dig defend outnumbered squadrons managed hold providing covering fire turkish attempt capture trenches began time south turkish troops got left 2nd squadron trench major led troop counter attack clearing signal flags communications regimental headquarters established casualties mounting supplies ammunition defence managed reach 2nd squadron position face heavy turkish fire unable advance turkish troops got 9th squadrons trenches forcing troop withdraw captain located abandoned supply british ammunition new able return fire having conserve ammunition turkish force numbering thousand men continued attacks day turkish troops captured northern section 9th squadron trench chance relief daylight commanding officer informed squadrons try relieve 9th squadron time 6th squadron fought way round southern slopes hill got yards 9th squadron trench progress darkness approached turkish fire reduced canterbury mounted rifles reached took 9th squadron moved rear followed hour later 2nd 6th squadrons battle squadrons outnumbered fighting close quarters casualties light nineteen dead wounded walker ridge regiment returned june relieving 8th light horse regiment 2nd 9th squadrons manned trench 6th squadron reserve trench warfare continued month major attack regiment spent time rotating resting rear july reinforcements officers ninety seven ranks arrived july regiment returned relieving squadron troops forward reserve remained july relieved 10th light horse regiment returning rear regiment officers ranks men short establishment august planned new offensive brigade designated allocated objectives including post big table destroyer ridge regiment supported pioneer battalion given destroyer ridge big table capture august regiment moved starting position post attack planned following day troops 6th squadron capture destroyer ridge clear route big table remainder regiment assault august attack began covering yards leading troops discovered turkish charged trenches killing occupants cost men dead wounded including squadron commander rest squadron continued clearing route regiment thick bush forced regiment east continue scaling north eastern face hill reached summit attacked turks rear regiment worked secure position attack turkish forces total casualties operation dead wounded captured prisoners firing shot morning august 6th squadron rejoined regiment came heavy machine gun rifle fire day regiment british battalions combined column commanded brigadier general column hold ground occupied extend lines south east leaving 9th squadron defending big table rest regiment ranks reported ordered hold position man alongside regiment spent night improving crescent shaped position rear slope hill following day attacking turks sky lining crest hill easy targets regiment engaged fire left right regiment lines regiment attacked force turks withdrew suffering heavy casualties british attack failed units forced retire leaving regiment exposed fought attacks night morning hours harassed sniper fire hand grenades asked brigade reinforcements ammunition reserves ammunition available reinforcements men 6th battalion loyal regiment north lancashire sent assist arrive noon reported hold nightfall relieved rest 5th battalion wiltshire regiment day fighting regiment total ranks lost dead seventy wounded early august survivors 9th squadron moved camp post men strong remained defending table old post day brigade moved man inner defence line regiment occupied men destroyer ridge men remainder held reserve remained relieved august hill august regiment moved big table pending assault hill attack succeeded capturing yards turkish trenches days later regiment relieved rejoined brigade officers ranks return defend western slopes hill day officers seventy seven ranks arrived reinforcements regiment august men relieved preparation night assault hill brigade assault postponed days rest men brigade responsible centre objective assault provide men men coming australian 18th battalion regiment contribution officers ranks battle commenced hour long artillery bombardment formed line attack wellington regiment second australians line attack began despite taking heavy casualties crossing man land turkish line captured wellington regiment continued took machine gun post captured second turkish trench sustained heavy casualties flanks supporting assaults failed leaving regiment isolated narrow brigade consolidated ground captured moved forward machine guns support defence forward defensive line men regiment casualties battle dead wounded night remainder regiment moved line fought counter attacks losing man killed wounded august regiment relieved brigade remained reserve trenches days number casualties continued increase september officers ninety men left regiment despite supply officers thirty ranks occupy trench ridge evacuation september regiment strength officers eighty ranks fourteen machine gunners evacuated island original contingent landed men regiment november reinforcements increased regiment total officers ranks returned gallipoli reaching line hill november lack manpower meant fully man trenches system adopted men manned post duty day night men awake patrolled posts man land december orders complete evacuation peninsula issued regiment started leaving day officers ranks left dawn left appear trenches fully occupied thirds remainder evacuated smaller parties left trenches officer ranks moved beach evacuated surviving men regiment camped transport available egypt involvement cost regiment total casualties december regiment left disembarked alexandria days later december arrived camp reunited horses reinforcements arrived bring regiment establishment plus percent time doubled guns january regiment deployed defence suez_canal reaching january rail head march took infantry brigades later month brigade assigned newly formed alongside australian light horse brigades british royal horse artillery brigade regiment mixed defending canal training man getting arms equipment carried rounds ammunition horse neck horses carried saddle containing clothing blanket great coat water rations cooking rope horse april ordered assist attack travelling thirty miles overnight reached dawn crossed canal turkish force withdrawn brigade established chain observation posts desert near hill section canal defence zone regiment remained hill moved miles north east arrival established line observation posts sent reconnaissance patrols east desert days later 2nd squadron sent troop reconnaissance regiment occupied oasis day sent patrol sixteen miles east gained sight turkish forces region distant engage regiment rest brigade travelled thirty miles overnight early morning surprised turkish garrison main assault carried water supply insufficient complete mounted brigade return night june regiment provided flank protection 1st reconnaissance return attached 2nd gave nickname july regiment lost machine gun section transferred newly formed brigade maxim guns replaced lewis guns squadron loss section reduced regiment establishment officers ranks july reconnaissance aircraft located turkish force desert moving west regiment 2nd ordered establish line observation posts path send patrols locate withdraw attacked possible retire turks follow dawn july regiment located turks digging trenches near rifle fire exchanged prisoners captured prisoners revealed force comprised battalions artillery support planning attack days later july regiment encountered turkish troops time following days employed checking turkish positions line march july 2nd squadron located strong turkish force miles north covered artillery machine guns regiment squadrons carried bayonet charge captured position lost men dead wounded battle august 2nd regiment returned forming vanguard came turkish fire approach appeared held strength turks brigade set line observation posts monitor nightfall retired followed turks 1st reported movement thirty minutes later shots exchanged regiment settled night ordered stand august fighting broke line hours later 1st carried fighting withdrawal dawn regiment brigade reserve 6th 7th light horse regiments turkish force defences headquarters located regiment position hours later ordered line riding rifle machine gun fire moved left rear 6th 7th light horse regiments regiment position established australian regiments pulled form line turks advanced occupied ridge line previously held light horse brought artillery machine gun fire division rear areas situation appeared regiment ordered burn papers reinforcements consisting regiment scottish infantry companies arrived began attacking turkish left captured position regiment casualties day wounded orders given counter attack morning assault started august regiment charged forward foot fixed ignoring machine gun rifle fire broke turkish lines capturing prisoners ordered horses forward continued attack horseback stopped came heavy artillery machine gun fire approaching face fire unable continue support observed turkish positions gradually rest division arrived strengthened regiment line asked artillery assistance batteries following advance attacked turkish infantry sent squadrons help turkish attackers vanished arrived temporary commander 2nd brigade major temporary regimental commanding officer attack timed regiment force assaulting left alongside 6th light horse regiment advancing artillery machine gun fire yards turkish lines halted returned fire stage regiment bend line unit left gave ground turkish forces moved forward trying heavy fire regiment broke attack counter attacking turks withdrew nightfall forward possible horses needed attack called regiment fought day casualties light officer ranks wounded mortally captured thousand prisoners having slept days 1st 2nd light horse brigades rested remainder division continued counter attack turkish rearguard august turks 1st 2nd light horse brigades ordered forward later day ordered march night assault dawn morning setting position north west august half hour later wellington regiment vanguard led 2nd foot capture ridge high ground half mile turkish main defence line position came constant artillery fire later regiment led brigade capture ridge yards left 2nd squadron advancing left right supported reserve attack covered 7th advanced machine gun rifle fire ridge captured new came intense artillery bombardment turks counter attacked reaching 1st alongside flank forced retire division situation appeared orders issued evacuate wounded line retire remaining contact turks nightfall regiment returned casualties dead wounded day regiment rested turkish force withdrew august moved forward turkish troops encountered engaged burying dead day turkish force withdrawn august resumed command regiment moved strength officers ranks leave granted ranks september october new_zealand brigade regiment moved forward reached miles east october phase campaign advance miles desert regiment continued moving east reaching october troop 9th squadron located good water supply miles november regiment advanced fourteen miles east establishing outposts overnight november post attacked turkish troops withdrew dawn allied attack began december new_zealand 3rd light horse brigades chosen carry final assault south rest division cut retreat dawn brigade sight objective town surrounded discovered turkish forces aware advance evacuated town days earlier night december advance continued village surrounded sides defended covered artillery machine guns regiment miles north east village attack started regiment positioned brigade right headed objective open ground artillery machine gun fire yards turkish lines point continued foot supported section pinned turkish defenders assault continued 6th 9th squadrons yards objective command asked commander permission withdraw believed progress instead ordered assault meantime regiment continued advance fixed charged capturing turkish defenders 10th light horse regiment carried mounted charge middle position resistance ceased battle cost regiment dead palestine january regiment crossed egyptian palestine border continued northwards turkish observation posts set alert troops allied approach orders attack issued brigade form right flank brigade forward position miles east north east objective attack placed reserve secondary task providing protection attack brigade area low ammunition assault began regiment rounds machine gun ammunition regiment troops went forward occupy gap line new_zealand brigade position australian 1st regiment flank patrols miles north east captured turkish officer germans questioning claimed garrison consisted men mountain artillery guns route reinforce defenders patrol reported infantry battalions heading patrol reported men miles away coming turkish force seen approaching miles away far away details brigade ordered attack minutes later regiment patrols reported turkish troops approaching east approaching turkish forces convinced attack brigades retiring new charged captured objective allowed bring fire rest position rest division resumed attack captured village turkish relief force miles away north east wounded evacuated covering patrols recalled water supplies brigade ordered withdraw heavily involved battle units regiment men dead eighteen wounded march regiment set thick fog assault town crossed reached confronted enemy aircraft turkish patrols hours later miles east providing guard force reinforcements approach british assault according plan ordered attack town north regiment forward rest new_zealand brigade occupied north east regiment moved 6th squadron leading followed 2nd squadron 9th squadron bringing rear captured turkish field ambulance officers ranks vehicles continuing assault artillery small arms fire 2nd 9th squadrons reached cutting engaged turkish defenders hand hand fighting troops charged inches deep capture turkish trench right sighted turkish artillery ordered position taken delay troops 2nd 9th squadron carried bayonet charge captured guns intact regiment centre held strong turkish defensive position cemetery instead trying attack position held line captured guns recovered regiment distance 2nd left danger flanking counter attack assist defence position turned captured guns turkish strong points inexperienced gun crew sighting barrel target believed hold regiment ordered withdraw horse teams arrived recover guns slowly retired suburbs rejoined brigade left town morning arrived division located casualties battle light dead nineteen wounded captured prisoners guns field hospital regiment involvement second attempt capture began april brigade left marched night morning ford turkish machine gun post covering crossing taken soon regiment formed vanguard advance road midday despite attacked hostile aircraft established line observation posts turkish cavalry patrols observed distance attempt attack regiment nightfall brigade recalled camped night day similar setting posts observing turkish movements returning dark main assault day ordered assist attacking miles south east position attack brigade marched night initially held reserve sent assist attack ridge south getting position ordered 6th squadron assault length ridge help fire support attack supported right 6th squadron attack progressed half way ridge point half battery royal horse artillery arrived support assault prevent turkish reinforcements reaching doubtful ability capture asked reinforcements informed available advanced gap eased pressure superior turkish numbers strong defences forced commit reserve section time horses moved rear artillery range regiment right counter attacked turkish troops minutes later asked reinforcements refused supported artillery regiment held turks retired having suffered heavy losses hour later regiment ordered withdraw nightfall reported gained position allowed assault aware abandoned successful refused allow assault royal horse artillery withdrew regiment ordered remain left moved regiment left line april regiment reached night camp casualties battle amounted dead wounded night second attempt capture called line april promoted brigadier general given command new_zealand brigade temporarily replaced commanding officer major april wellington regiment returned manning line observation posts defence system right british line stretched mediterranean_sea south manning trenches carried mounted patrols man land june turn return rear rest area lieutenant colonel assumed command regiment july 9th squadron captured turkish outpost miles west clearly village defences days later regiment assaulted believed strong turkish position discovered defenders withdrawn approach july turkish force attacked regiment moved forward occupy line observation posts day discovered turks withdrawn weeks regiment carried numerous patrols checking turkish defences august sent rest weeks later september returned line attack brigade open turkish left flank assault village east north east moved miles south east october day established seven miles long observation line miles south west october regiment moved miles south east day sixteen miles south night october attack began regiment formed vanguard 6th light horse regiment 9th squadron lead 2nd squadron provided flank rear protection left main column capture turkish position miles south east position secured regiment remained instructions hours later 9th squadron attacked north squadron turkish cavalry supported counter attacked forced turks withdraw regiment moved rejoin brigade miles south east continuing forward captured salem regiment brigade reserve brigade assaulted captured 2nd squadron sent reinforce attack captured rest regiment involved battle eventually captured mounted charge casualties battle amounted dead wounded holding position overnight morning regiment advanced crossing seven miles north hours later short crossing 6th squadron leading regiment engaged turkish cavalry machine guns squadron supported immediately counter attacked captured position continued objective met held crossing nightfall relieved return camp shortage water affected division operations november brigade moved miles east brigade searching water advance running problems november brigade ordered relieve thirteen miles north east canterbury mounted rifles arrived followed 6th squadron wellington mounted lined left canterbury regiment facing opposition estimated thousand men artillery batteries november turks began attack hours later 9th squadron relieved line hours later 6th line west stopped turkish attack trying position 2nd squadron came heavy artillery bombardment suffered casualties turks carried bayonet charge getting yards regiment lines heavy fire forced withdraw regiment managed hold position weight fire power nightfall morning regiment relieved battle cost men wounded captured november regiment remained night november november regiment returned new_zealand brigade ordered miles british opposite flank days later 6th squadron assisted capturing turkish post defending turkish troops gathering nearby orange grove turkish troops north rest brigade arrived ordered immediate attack regiment advance main road left provide fire support reserve covered artillery fire 9th squadron started assault target trench system hill supported covering fire 6th squadron troop charged captured position capturing lewis gun turkish machine gun 2nd squadron secured position 9th squadron continued forward secondary objective charged captured captured machine guns sighted strong turkish force preparing counter attack began minutes later assault came left 9th squadron fought attack support machine guns flank severe pressure regiment ordered assist troops 2nd squadron mounted forward yards open ground charged machine gun post engaging defenders hand hand combat captured post machine gun able turkish troops attacking forced retire taking advantage turkish withdrawal charged occupied turkish position 6th squadron right moved forward support prompted general turkish retirement dusk left battlefield allies evacuated wounded expecting attack dawn prepared defences australian squadron squadron arrived support brigade regiment casualties battle dead wounded captured thirty prisoners seven machine guns military supplies river day november turkish force completely withdrawn brigade continued advance north stopping day patrols regiment entered port town inhabitants civilian population turkish troops having evacuated town regiment commander took formal possession government buildings posting guards german austrian post office days later november regiment moved line observation posts day troop 2nd squadron sent locate crossing points river located dam bridge north east approaching foot man wounded later taken prisoner following day regiment relieved rest brigade moved rear returning line november brigade ordered mount assault river november regiment objective canterbury mounted rifles crossed ford rivers mouth 6th 9th squadrons crossed moved river bank bridge captured taking prisoners bridge secure regimental headquarters 2nd squadron moved reinforce attack captured capturing prisoners machine guns crossing secured essex brigade moved river reinforce defence established observation posts north morning 2nd squadron sent patrol reconnaissance located strong turkish force approaching turkish force attacking 2nd squadron posts rest regiment south river moved support defenders came artillery bombardment time 2nd squadron ordered fall support infantry turks continued assault forced infantry withdraw south river holding unit cross river 2nd squadron attempt possession crossing 6th moved cover ford river mouth managed stop turkish advance yards short ford night took defences new remained close support regiment men wounded fighting remained area december brigade left south east relieving line december regiment attached 54th east division army tactical reserve days later new_zealand brigade north regiment encountered turkish rearguard locating turks positions regiment ordered ordered arriving christmas day february regiment started thirty miles country february camped north east day injured crash major temporary commanding officer day orders issued capture regiment attached 60th london division night position begin advance morning tasked ready intercept retreating turkish forces attacked infantry division evening february regiment moved long width track forced lead horses hand single file head column came fire turkish cavalry forced turks withdraw later surrounded captured prisoners known turkish spy continuing captured objective miles east spreading capture retreating turkish forces advanced north fire joined 60th division mounted patrols sent located strong turkish position located ancient road hill hill turkish positions supported artillery pieces regiment released attachment 60th division returned command new_zealand brigade advancing jordan valley joining hour later problems crossing mountainous terrain postponed attack daylight brigade moved right advancing hill canterbury mounted rifles left hill forming reserve attacked hill south south west dawn came large group turks fortress like position steep hill face machine guns commanding surrounding country artillery available squadrons unable advance speed small arms support assault gap appeared line regiment moved north intended moved forward assault hill instead forward captured hill forcing turks withdraw occupied hill turkish artillery bombarded hill troops retired east holding observation line overnight morning brigade advanced leaving capture including stores boats captured day australian 1st operation cost killed wounded february regiment returned jerusalem road eventually returning met commanding officer recovered injuries days later brigade crossed west returning raid operation regiment 60th london division march regiment started jordan valley heavy rain orders raid issued brigade advance mountain tracks village sir rains continued raid march brigade crossed bridge regiment 6th london brigade started clearing area river foothills charged captured artillery pieces brigade advance continued 6th squadron remained assist assault negotiating mountain track started rain brigade camped night starting morning reached sir midday forced stop wait supplies catch early march rest arrived evening cut reinforcements regiment troops set night destroyed section rail line south town returned morning loss orders issued attack town brigade assault south provide flank protection located area miles south east sir rest regiment including headquarters half section escorted demolition party destroy railway station miles south route 9th squadron located train carrying turkish troops stopped cutting opened fire train pulled ran squadron 9th squadron troops turks left train fight foot train continued leaving regiment men left demolition party escorted troops returned brigade outside march brigade reinforced 4th tried capture hill south west attack failed attempts postponed nightfall night assault began troops involved second line protect left flank attack successful brigade commenced improvements defences order withstand counter attack dug centre position right left expected counter attack started artillery bombardment turkish troop approached brigade lines order withdraw given regiment started retire allowed turks reach crest realised order mistaken brigade officers rallied man charged forcing turks hill turkish counter attacks continued day troop right flank turkish got close lines counter attack appreciated division achieve objectives withdrawal jordan river ordered wounded evacuated regiment pulled unopposed reaching sir day turkish troops closed position evening 6th squadron rejoined regiment line observation posts established monitor approaching turks regiment plans hold division passed village withdraw river april 2nd squadron formed skirmish line north sir 9th squadron line south east 6th squadron reserve brigade bringing rear reached village passed 6th squadron joined end line 2nd squadron opened fire turkish troops coming north 9th squadron withdrew followed soon 2nd squadron entered village enemy troops hills opened fire squadron immediately counter attacked supported troops remainder regiment stopped miles south forming defensive line turkish troops hills soon dealt 2nd squadron withdrew regiment able provide covering fire finally arrived camped night casualties raid fourteen dead wounded brigade bridge april pulled west bank jordan remained strengthening defences bridge head april regiment 6th squadron brigade force advanced village operation deception convince turks raids imminent day patrols regiment located large turkish force foothills village brigade positioned attack reinforced position brigade withdrew night crossed river camped outside regiment moved april camp foothills south april second raid jordan began objective time capture salt time larger force involved command rest new_zealand brigade force assigned attack village brigade crossed regiment came command 5th london brigade providing protection right flank advanced village difficult terrain strength turkish defences hindered progress dusk distance away objective day advance continued face growing turkish resistance arrival turkish reinforcements danger cut surrounded force withdrew leaving protect bridge head men infected malaria regiment periodically rotated away valley western hills west moved brigade camp site near remaining thirteen days moved solomon pools south june regiment returned line miles north established observation posts monitor turkish activity remaining relieved june july major assumed temporary command regiment leave regiment line near july neighbouring sector line defended australian 1st came heavy artillery bombardment rounds landed regiment positions causing casualties dawn july german soldiers attacked light horse brigade broken australian lines east came command light horse brigade support defence thirty minutes later 9th squadron advanced foot occupied position west germans turkish allies attacked managed hold line engaging far larger force 6th squadron moved forward left support squadrons lines able mutually support engage attacking turks fire squadrons light horse counter attacked forcing opposition capturing prisoners taken machine gun automatic rifle turks continued hold position north forced withdraw new regiment casualties battle dead wounded remained july rotated august brigade formed divisional reserve located september moved forward form left northern flank defences time brigade took command 1st 2nd 38th 39th larger deception force commanded divisional commander tasked convincing turks british attack forces actually realigned attack west regiment heavily involved deception carrying offensive patrolling constructing dummy camps moving forwards lines impression larger force actually present british attack west began september day new_zealand brigade started increasing pressure turkish positions opposite breakthrough september brigade ordered advance objective securing position midnight brigade reached ordered seize time occupy roads leading north west 9th squadron lead regiment moved closed village hear vehicles moving road pressing forward captured prisoners including commander staff seventy transport vehicles large quantity supplies moving reached occupied village 2nd 9th squadrons remained 6th squadron continued north west thousand yards occupy neighbouring village captured turkish supplies equipment september apparent trying withdraw north brigade ordered try intercept 6th squadron west_indies battalion left guard bridge remainder brigade moved occupied day day september brigade continued advance heading protecting open flank day mounted division ordered capture provided vanguard miles north west lead engaged machine gun rifle fire turkish cavalry distance 2nd squadron moved forward support 9th came fire took cover able bring fire force turkish reinforcements preparing counter attack 9th squadron relieved 2nd enabled division press forward forcing turkish defenders retire regiment ordered assault leaving 2nd squadron deal concealed machine gun posts rest continued attack closed captured hill stone tower canterbury mounted rifles town resistance ceased regiment pressed forward captured artillery pieces turkish positions taken hundreds prisoners battle campaign fought regiment camped town september left assist 2nd captured thousand prisoners october set return post war regiment war effectively october camped north west days moved old camp monastery eventually reached october january regiment waiting return home begun education courses continuation training playing sports occupied march revolt broke egypt regiment drew equipment storage headed posted regiment squadrons 9th went cairo began riots trying stop looting rioting regiment waited return home return finally began june majority brigade left suez_canal new_zealand ceased unit casualties service regiment men died causes killed action died wounds disease men wounded half dead men killed seven months fought static trench warfare men killed years mobile warfare palestine campaign gallipoli accounted half wounded total men compared men wounded palestine gallipoli dead known grave commonwealth war graves commission constructed site turks buried allied war dead evacuation graves men identified similarly nearby hill cemetery graves seventy identified honours men regiment recognised service british empire awards system regiment commanding officer invested companion order bath companion order michael awarded successor invested bar second award officers invested seven officers awarded appointed officer order british empire member order british empire regiment ranks awarded distinguished conduct medals military medals mentions despatches ranks men mentioned | Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7752_BritishCommandos | formed second world war june following request prime minister united_kingdom winston_churchill force carry raids german occupied europe initially drawn british_army soldiers volunteered ranks eventually filled members branches number foreign volunteers german occupied countries reaching wartime strength individual units assault brigades served theatres war europe mediterranean middle_east operations ranged small groups men landing sea parachute brigade assault troops allied invasions europe asia war commando units disbanded leaving royal marines commando brigade present day trace origins original second world war commando legacy extends mainland europe united_states french naval influenced degree formation formation organized special service june events leading evacuation disastrous winston_churchill british prime minister called force assembled equipped inflict casualties germans bolster british morale churchill told joint chiefs staff propose measures offensive german occupied europe stated prepared specially trained troops hunter class develop reign terror enemy coast staff officer lieutenant colonel submitted proposal general sir chief imperial general staff aware churchill intentions approved clarke proposal june commando raid took place request volunteers special service initially restricted serving army soldiers certain formations britain men disbanding divisional originally raised divisions served autumn men volunteered november new units organised consisting battalions command brigadier quickly expanded units known commando lieutenant colonel commanding officer numbered men divided man troops divided man sections technically men retained regimental cap remained regimental roll pay commando force came operational control man initially selected commander admiral veteran world war resigned october replaced vice admiral lord major general commander took october organisation commando units commando units formed united_kingdom guards scottish arctic commando time commando units formed middle_east commando formed volunteers occupied territories enemy aliens largest commando unit formed contained troops france belgium poland norway netherlands troop troop consisted enemy aliens known english jewish british troop officially renamed troop german austrian eastern european backgrounds political religious refugees nazi_germany designated different tasks start commando intended parachute unit june began parachute training designated 11th special air service eventually 1st designation new commando formed grouped larger formation known sent middle_east formed survivors men arctic commando specially trained operations specialised small boats attack shipping joint service unit commando formed intelligence gathering members trained recognition enemy documents search techniques safe cracking prisoner handling photography escape techniques commando small man unit operational control carried raids planned spanish island coast west_africa february reorganized accordance new war establishment commando unit consisted headquarters troops instead previous troop comprise officers ranks number set troop fit new formation meant complete commando units carried type landing ship unit dutch type landing ship motor transport issued commando consisted car commanding officer cwt trucks ton truck vehicles provided administration training intended accompany men operations february royal marines tasked organise commando units total commando units formed formed commando units formed established carry tasks associated establishing maintaining controlling amphibious operations accompany invasion force enemy airfields new operational contribute defence reorganization formation commando unit changed commando consisted small headquarters group fighting troops heavy weapons troop signals platoon fighting troops consisted men ranks divided man sections subdivided man heavy weapons troop inch mortar vickers machine gun teams provided motor transport needed accompany operations transport consisted commanding officer car cars cwt trucks ton trucks heavy weapons troop seven trailers fighting troops headquarters gave vehicles accommodate fighting troops heavy weapons troop commando headquarters started away smaller raiding operations formed brigades future allied landing operations previous special service brigade headquarters replaced command remaining commando units formation brigades remaining nos left brigade structure concentrate smaller scale raids increased tempo operations shortage volunteers need provide replacements casualties forced disbandment end small scale raiding role given french troops commando formed responsible sub units army units establishment troops heavy weapons troop fully trained men troops provide individual complete troop replacements commando units field december brigades designated commando brigades training commando units originally formed training responsibility unit commanding officers training hampered general shortage equipment british_army time arms equipment left december depot formed responsibility training supplying reinforcements commando units theatre february commando training depot scottish highlands established brigadier command lieutenant colonel commando depot responsible training complete units individual replacements training regime time innovative physically demanding far advance normal british_army training depot staff hand picked ability volunteers training assessment started immediately arrival volunteers having complete mile march equipment bridge railway station commando depot arrived met stressed physical demands course man failed live requirements returned unit exercises conducted live ammunition explosives training realistic possible physical fitness cross country runs boxing matches improve fitness speed endurance marches conducted nearby mountain ranges assault courses included line carrying arms equipment training continued day night river crossings mountain climbing weapons training unarmed combat map reading small boat operations living conditions primitive camp housed canvas tents responsible cooking meals correct military enforced officers uniforms clean boots shining parade end course final exercise simulated night beach landing live ammunition smaller commando depot known training camp established camp run famous depot commander squadron leader chief instructor major depot provided training operations arctic conditions instruction climbing snow covered mountains cliff climbing small boat canoe handling training conducted live fight foot snowy conditions major change training programme occurred point training concentrated assault infantry role raiding operations training included fire support artillery naval gunfire obtain tactical air support allied air forces emphasis joint training commando units working brigades end war men passed commando course total includes british volunteers volunteers belgium france netherlands norway poland modelled weapons equipment raiding force issued heavy weapons normal infantry battalion weapons standard british_army small arms time carried lee rifle section fire support provided light machine gun thompson gun choice later war cheaper lighter gun commando sections equipped higher number thompson guns normal british infantry section initially standard eventually replaced pistol ammunition thompson gun weapon specifically designed modelled lee rifle fitted cartridge thompson designed eliminate commando raids proved successful operations nature commando role changed production order purchase cancelled designed especially use hand hand combat range clubs knives field heavier crew served weapons included boys anti tank rifle inch mortar indirect fire support infantry anti tank known replaced obsolete boys anti tank rifle formation heavy weapons troops issued inch mortar vickers machine gun issue medium vickers machine gun commando units set apart typical british_army infantry divisions tended employ weapon specialist machine gun battalions initially indistinguishable rest british_army volunteers retained regimental head dress insignia commando adopted scottish head dress ranks scottish commando wore black official head dress bush hat cap badge badge modelled issue fighting knife mark trench knife handle green commando combined operations tactical recognition flash adopted men equipped raiding operations lightly armed carry anti gas protective equipment large packs standard british steel helmet replaced cap instead heavy ammunition boots wore lightweight rubber gym shoes allowed ranks carried rope linked form longer ropes scaling cliffs obstacles boat operations worn safety unit adopt bergen carry heavy loads ammunition explosives demolition equipment battle produced wear airborne forces standard issue commando forces later war operations commando raid june actually carried commando unit predecessors mission led major offensive reconnaissance carried french coast south sur operation limited success german soldiers killed whilst british injury flesh wound suffered lieutenant colonel accompanied raiders observer second similarly raid operation ambassador german occupied island night july men commando unit landed wrong island group disembarked launch water deep came heads intelligence indicated large german barracks island found buildings returned beach heavy seas forced launch offshore forced swim sea picked size raiding force depended objective smallest raid conducted men commando operation largest man raids scheduled overnight like operation conducted number days north west europe raids targets france raids norway seven raids single raids belgium netherlands success raids varied raid dock installations hailed greatest raid time like operation resulted capture death involved smaller raids ended orders suggested longer effective resulted germans strengthening beach defences extremely detrimental allied plans norway commando raid norway conducted march men large scale raid united_kingdom war objective norwegian islands successfully destroyed fish oil factories petrol ships capturing germans equipment december raids operation raid commando december german garrison midst christmas celebrations easily overcome embarked days larger raid raid involved men nos royal_navy flotilla limited air support raid caused significant damage factories warehouses german garrison sank ships germans increased garrison norway extra troops upgraded coastal inland defences sent number capital ships area september men commando took operation raid hydroelectric power plant landed submarine succeeded blowing turbines tunnels effectively destroyed generating station aluminium plant shut permanently commando killed raid seven captured trying escape spent short time castle transferred concentration camp shortly arrival executed victims secret mandated execution captured remaining managed reach sweden eventually returned commando arctic assisted royal_navy carrying anti shipping raids norwegian coastal waters provided extra firepower navy motor torpedo boats sea acted guard force anchor norwegian april seven men arctic commando took raid german shipping near code named operation managed sink ships mines captured eventually taken concentration camps executed germans responded numerous raids directed norway increasing number troops stationed garrison risen men comparison british infantry division establishment men seven commando missions carried operation ambassador largest employing men commando night raid july later raids smaller men commando took september captured seven prisoners located german reconnaissance mission aimed identify suitable gun position support future raids followed days later october year men took raid saw germans killed taken prisoner raids successful january raid failure attempts scale islands cliffs finally reached signs german occupation troops island population raids operations december raid jersey ended failure men killed wounded walked minefield exploding mines alerted german garrison abandon operation returned abandon operation return england unable scale island cliffs mediterranean tasked carry campaign harassment enemy forces mediterranean time raised british theatre largely defeated italians felt employed capture island rhodes arrival invasion yugoslavia greece greatly changed strategic outlook time arrived egypt march situation dire deployment forces greece meant troops general reserve strategic situation worsened increasingly difficult employ manner intended called reinforcements rest army majority sent reinforcements soon landed decided employed offensive role instead cover withdrawal route south ill equipped type operation lacking indirect fire support weapons mortars artillery armed mainly rifles light machine guns evacuation drawing close running low ammunition rations water fell end vast majority left island prisoners war sent crete listed killed missing wounded managed island april men commando took raid late july severely reduced strength reinforcements unlikely given circumstances operational difficulties exposed raid combined inability high command fully embrace commando concept largely served force ineffective decision november formed allied landings algeria tensions high british time number clashes like attack result decision equipped american weapons uniforms effort defenders followed torch landings involved battle february march commando units remained theatre april decision withdraw fighting north_africa lacking administrative support reinforcements regular infantry units strength units fallen longer considered effective comprising sent mediterranean allied invasion sicily action landing ahead main force serving italian campaign joined november belgian polish troops commando polish troop captured german occupied village 6th battalion queen regiment failed reach rendezvous time april named engaged north east italy major action big spring offensive push germans italy fierce day battle succeeded clearing spit separating adriatic secured flank 8th army fostered idea main offensive coast gap major corporal commando awarded posthumous victoria_cross actions france commando raids targeted france small affairs involving men larger raids involved commando units march commando plus demolition experts seven commando units took operation known destroyer accompanied smaller ships sailed rammed directly dock gates engaged german forces destroyed dock facilities hours later delayed action set explosives wrecked dock gates killed germans french total soldiers sailors took killed wounded taken prisoner men returned took killed missing captured lieutenant colonel plus members royal_navy awarded victoria_cross eighty received decorations gallantry august major landing took place french coastal town main force provided 2nd supported mission commando german coastal battery near position fire landing landing craft carrying commando ran german coastal convoy handful second command major landed scaled barbed wire laced cliffs eventually reached perimeter battery engaged target small arms fire unable destroy guns prevented germans firing effectively main assault gun crews sniper fire subsidiary operation commando landed force french troop commando united states army rangers destroyed artillery battery commando safely returned england captain commando awarded victoria_cross actions raid normandy landings june special service brigades deployed landed main objective fight 6th landed overnight holding northern flank bridges cleared town headed bridges miles away arriving bridge fought left flank ordered withdraw brigade remained normandy weeks sustaining casualties including brigade commander brigadier lord royal marines involved normandy landings commando landed left flank commando landed right flank assaulted lion sur commando landed strong point lost percent men unit ashore commando landed near town landing craft assault carrying ashore sunk mines beach obstacles resulted loss men losses delayed advance primary objective port port captured following day netherlands battle started november assigned carry assault island plan island attacked directions coming sea 52nd lowland division attacking causeway commando landed commando held reserve landed advance past commando attempt link commando south day captured artillery observation tower cleared rest town moved coast dealt coastal defence installations commando quickly captured radar station advanced gun battery south captured nightfall november commando advanced commando attack gun battery attack failed unit suffering heavy casualties including rifle troop commanders day supported commando attacked gun battery time managed continue advance link commando capture batteries allowed navy start sweeping channel antwerp mines november commando captured gun battery north east left battery german control brigade concentrated assault position attack began november men battery surrendered quickly followed surrender rest island garrison germany january 1st involved operation attached commando awarded victoria_cross took crossing march heavy artillery bombardment evening march brigade carried initial assault cover darkness 15th scottish division 51st germans moved reserve troops captured crossed rhine point mile west crossing unopposed brigade headed outskirts waited raid bombers royal_air_force finished attack tons bombs dropped moving city midnight met resistance defenders organised anti aircraft division march resistance ended brigade declared city taken burma burma campaign participated coastal landings southern offensive landings culminated battle hill lieutenant commando awarded posthumous victoria_cross victory hour battle hill cut escape 54th amphibious landings 25th overland advance west_africa division japanese position general withdrawal ordered avoid complete destruction eighth japanese army commando brigade withdrawn india preparation planned invasion malaya landings needed japanese surrender brigade sent hong_kong duties instead legacy end second world war british_army royal_navy royal_air_force disbanded leaving brigade supporting army elements british commando force consists british_army components commando trained personnel royal_navy royal_air_force units british armed forces trace origins second world war western nations represented commando norway develop commando force french troops predecessors naval dutch troops predecessors predecessors influenced volunteers troops stationed northern_ireland sent train commando depot subsequent ranger battalions formed trained independent british influence men serving awarded decorations war includes awarded ranks officers awarded bars second award military crosses bars ranks awarded distinguished conduct medals military medals commando memorial unveiled queen mother category listed monument scotland dedicated men original raised second world war situated mile bridge village training areas established battle honours british_army battle honours awarded regiments seen active service significant engagement campaign generally victorious outcome following battle honours awarded second world war | British Commandos | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7810_3rdDivision(Australia) | infantry division australian_army existing periods considered longest serving australian_army division formed world war infantry division saw service western france belgium time fought major battles war division raised based central victoria 1920s 1930s division establishment fluctuated effects great depression general military matters world war division war december initially undertook defensive duties australia deployed new_guinea took campaign japanese returning australia rest reorganisation late sent final campaign war undertook series advances island war came end august following end hostilities division disbanded december process later raised subsequently served cold war reserve formation division disbanded final time australian_army focus australian field force operations shifted divisional level brigades history world war formation training early following unsuccessful gallipoli campaign decision expand size time divisions egypt 1st 2nd 1st split provide raise 4th time decision raise fifth division fresh volunteers australia result officially raised february formation division drew personnel australian states consisted battalion infantry brigades 9th 10th 11th number supporting elements including engineers artillery medical personnel rudimentary initial training undertaken elements division began process june moved united_kingdom individual sub units concentrated time received arms equipment began task undertaking training hill july division artillery component formed consisting batteries pounders inch battery process raising training took time consequently division transferred france mid november prior division endured proposals break provide reinforcements australian divisions france threats passed early september following losses men transferred october likely drafts away division occur early november divisional exercises undertaken finally november crossed arrived france command major general division assigned years major battles australians fought western initially deployed quiet sector line gained experiences trench warfare conducting patrols minor raids german trenches opposite winter months early engagements january artillery reorganised consisted field artillery brigades consisted gun pounder batteries inch brigades 7th consisting 25th 26th 27th batteries 8th 29th 30th 31st batteries april division moved section line belgium taking position extreme right left early june division undertook major engagement war committed fighting tasked 9th 10th brigades provide assault force operation act divisional reserve division assault units began approach march line departure late evening june german artillery opened gas bombardment severely hindered march breaking assaulting units men lost suffering casualties battle began division assault units reached assembly points men arrived time appointed hour number mines exploded positions assault began exploding mines destroyed large german line result initial resistance quickly overcome division lead battalions 33rd 34th 38th 39th division gained crest ridge began digging defend possible counter attack engagements followed division largely played supporting role following division major engagement came october took time held reserve 10th 11th brigades led division forward attacking left australian 2nd division right early morning scheduled start attack german artillery opened division assaulting infantry battalions stood open ready step artillery main attack supporting allied artillery provided limited counter battery fire division suffered heavily forced endure hour long barrage zero hour came 37th 43rd battalions led advance german lines supported small teams machine gunners germans launched attack australian assault taken surprise initial resistance german assault troops began fall surrender follow battalions exploited ground gained initial assault advance continued 3rd division carried ridge begun dig having advanced yards counterattack late day 11th brigade position turned sealing stunning success division casualties high men killed wounded actions attack lewis gunner attached anti aircraft duties received victoria_cross personally led assault number german positions held line days withdrawn rest reorganisation october division returned began preparations assault advance yards heavy rain turned battlefield thick muddy result transportation resupply efforts hampered attempts supporting artillery consequence attack went october 9th 10th brigades limited fire support fraction guns required limited ammunition artillery supposed provide barrage infantry advance provide thin bombardment mud thick infantry unable barrage unable maintain required rate advance eventually fell barrage lost cover provided reaching assaulting infantry caught open barbed wire german positions suffered heavily hands german artillery able fire answer british batteries run ammunition 10th brigade managed reach objective 9th pushed second began receive fire left flank attack ground halt germans began counterattack australian positions quickly division right flank gap begun develop lost contact australian 4th division result order retire passed returned start line assault units relieved formed divisional reserve end day division lost men killed wounded played offensive role battle eventually removed line october canadians took fighting proved division offensive actions spent winter months rear training undertaking defensive duties reasonably quiet sectors line reformed brought strength time australian divisions western reorganised unified command structure german spring offensive march germans launched spring offensive near saint allied line collapsed german forces advanced swiftly valley believing attack directed forces flanders sector effort reinforce british forces allied commanders recalled recalled quiet sector sent attack came march division transferred south help stem advance defend approaches important temporarily placed command british vii corps division took position east lacking reserves possessing limited artillery support division engineers prepared bridges rivers march onwards minor actions fought line german advance began reach australians march attempt penetrating line held broken german losses assessed half brigades roughly men april attempts confusion charges placed bridge fired dropped canal attempt beaten 10th brigade following australians able begin taking initiative began slowly recapture ground lost earlier undertook series peaceful penetration operations june commander promoted command result major general took divisional commander battle august allies launched days offensive tasked leading attack stage divisional artillery consisted field brigades cover heavy artillery bombardment provided field brigades organised supporting sub groups supported tanks gas attack began weight allied fire support intense artillery pieces opened german defences assaulting infantry battalions assigned frontage yards assaulted companies forward support thick smoke meant attackers found difficult maintain supporting armour delayed attack proved successful australians overwhelmed german defenders end day division achieved objectives rest august continued offensive operations launching daylight raids german positions august attacked advancing village capturing number german prisoners brief fighting continued advance august capturing end week taking september september germans began withdraw line took operations undertaken follow harass rearguard casualties phase high result division pioneers infantry led advance september operations continued month casualties critical decision 3rd division battalions use reinforce remaining units decision saw reduction strength division infantry brigades battalions bringing australians line british similar decision earlier war decision popular soldiers received order attempt rejected personnel order result proposed reorganisation postponed division final offensive actions fought early october came canal division attacked line concert american troops 27th division lead assault attack went lead assault units failed adequately clear forward positions subsequently committed came fire immediately instead passing american positions complete process advance nightfall october division captured northern end tunnel ran canal october majority removed line rest reorganisation number artillery batteries continue support operations withdrawn following continued participate fighting support 27th battery fired division shot war november division line news armistice came november following end hostilities process began men repatriated australia division eventually disbanded inter war years following end war disbanded focus australia military forces units process completed force existed state planning post war army finally completed raised victoria 3rd military district formation consisted battalion brigades 4th brigade 15th brigade supporting units including artillery engineers signals transport medical time existing infantry battalions redesignated numerical designations attempt designations based regional considerations ultimately possible ultimately established component battalions 37th 39th battalions previously assigned division peacetime establishment personnel division brought strength compulsory training scheme initially system worked number division reported establishment long signed theoretically australia security concerns japanese expansion pacific result army budget scope compulsory training scheme scaled authorised strength infantry battalion reduced men ranks division artillery reduced field battery artillery brigade disbanded time result subsequent reorganisation artillery consisted artillery brigades 2nd 4th 8th compulsory training scheme suspended following election government place new system introduced maintained time voluntary basis renamed militia time decision suspend compulsory training coupled economic great depression meant manpower militia units dropped considerably result number units amalgamated process division reduced infantry battalions battalions merged form new amalgamated units 29th 22nd 37th 52nd 57th 60th battalions large extent hollow structures overall establishment men ranks 1930s number active personnel remained low necessity training opportunities limited army attempted improve conditions service members training program individual units began undertake recruiting campaigns tensions grew europe prospect war likely attempt expand establishment militia time effort determine readiness militia expand continuous training camps undertaken component unit assessed mixed results following year saw expansion end april year division posted strength grown personnel expansion divisional artillery expanded raising batteries disbanded world war home duties september australia found war attempts finding diplomatic solution german invasion poland failed following outbreak world war began slowly government called force militia personnel undertake security duties days following declaration war short time later decision raise volunteer force overseas service known 2nd necessary provisions defence act deploying militia outside australian territory result government decided use militia provide small 2nd raised provide training compulsory training scheme established early time large numbers officers senior non commissioned officers volunteered service 2nd units lost large experienced personnel time militia called periods continuous training consisting 4th 10th 15th brigades undertook series training camps victoria march division artillery reorganised bring line british system artillery brigade converted field regiment numerical designations stayed late division completed transition saw infantry brigades reduced battalions supporting elements inserted brigade level training time rudimentary limited mainly individual skills division establishment recorded half authorised wartime establishment shortage modern equipment japan entry war following attacks pearl harbor malaya likely division called undertake active service overseas division war early january experienced officer commanded 17th brigade combat germans middle_east earlier war took command division set task preparing division combat began removing officers think physically fit competent lead battle replacing men gained experience units comprehensive training program established april division assigned australian corps order enable divisional exercises begin moved victoria order men decided march foot new camp following month relocated time queensland undertook training exercises defensive duties coast brisbane heads new_south_wales border time army began deficiencies division equipment lists battalions began receiving new machine guns motor transport carriers situation new_guinea grew worse decision august battalions amalgamated 37th 52nd september 10th brigade disbanded battalions 4th 15th brigades october 29th 46th battalions amalgamated leaving division infantry battalions brigades new_guinea early division new_guinea 15th brigade sent 4th brigade going bay point reassigned later replaced division 29th brigade division stay port brief april began moving units assigned including 17th brigade 2nd formation began operations campaign initially operations limited area immediately surrounding division established headquarters shifted brigades pushed defensive patrols undertaken stretched miles june division reinforced following division took primary responsibility allied operations new_guinea eventually fell september soon elements moved sent support 7th division campaign advance august brigades withdrawn australia leave reorganisation preparations began division campaign time adopted jungle divisional establishment reorganised infantry brigades 7th 15th 29th brigades assigned australian late decided australians responsibility operations japanese americans november december independent brigades 11th 23rd began relieve units transferred pacific allied intelligence japanese strengths island varied time believed japanese later proved incorrect allies believed japanese formations area despite strength capable carrying effective combat operations result decided offensive order clear japanese island campaign planned northern central southern sectors island division supported number artillery units including 2nd 4th field regiments 2nd mountain battery anti aircraft units later transferred 11th field regiment order provide organic fire support advance decision time place divisional artillery assets directly underneath supporting outset division allocation engineers consisted field companies 5th 11th course campaign arrived including 10th 15th 7th arrive june ultimately division engineers field companies supporting plant park units represented largest engineer contingents australian division war initially division deployed armoured support december squadron 4th armoured regiment equipped tanks arrived subsequently took operations island attached elements division supported commence operations launched surprise attack central sector island japanese outpost little george hill november following month battalion seized control 29th brigade began patrolling operations southern sector following capture focus operations shifted northern southern sectors independent assumed control drive north 3rd division concentrated drive south main japanese force concentrated rotating brigades division commander advanced south river crossing japanese launched significant counterattack eventually beaten early april april 15th brigade took 7th brigade resumed advance rivers early july 29th brigade relieved 15th continued advance attempted cross japanese launched ferocious counter attack 15th battalion turned desperate defence following advance came halt torrential rain turned axis advance sea mud bridges australian supply system dependent washed away situation worse briefly patrolling operations stopped patrols resumed late july august isolated pockets japanese began attack 3rd division supply lines support units preparations resume advance dropping atomic bombs hiroshima nagasaki japan subsequent surrender brought fighting end cease fire came effect following end hostilities process began eventually disbanded december division campaign soldiers earned victoria_cross actions fighting cold war australia wartime army complete decision raise time forces militia albeit new reduced establishment infantry divisions armoured brigade corps level support units time raised based nucleus infantry brigades 4th 6th 9th brigades based central victoria based south_australia tasmania division component units bore little resemblance fought world wars service post war initially voluntary basis recruitment remained poor conscription introduced effort improve readiness australian military korean war deployed time national service instituted service korea undertaken voluntary basis conscription means expand provide base achieved proved necessary resulting influx manpower point 1950s division experienced remarkable level manning resources saw units achieve strength equipment march divisional parade conducted bringing division victorian based units concentration force seen division following year division conducted live fire exercise based 4th brigade involving men tanks artillery aircraft supporting arms despite success demonstrated exercise time division mounted similar national service scheme modified limit size yearly intake size reduced men effort free regular personnel raise 1st brigade reforms achieve required order free regular personnel meet strategic requirements maintain regular field force ready respond cold war result decision suspend national service realised changes required expand size regular army changes came introduction divisional establishment australian_army saw reduction army divisions 1st division reorganised battalion plus sized battle groups resulted removal brigade level formations disbandment amalgamation number smaller based infantry battalions larger units state based regiments authorised peacetime establishment personnel included formations different military command districts including queensland new south wales western_australia south_australia tasmania victoria main infantry components time royal queensland regiment australian_army experiment establishment long created number planning issues including lack western allies result abandoned late early reorganised resulting changes saw establishment brigade level formations briefly known task forces planning considerations raised time consisting infantry battalions time australian government announced national service scheme implemented instead focusing expanding scheme set national servicemen serve limited terms service units view service overseas vietnam malaysia highlighted changing focus australia military planning regular forces negative impact division essentially forced compete manpower gains men chose serve longer national service terms order service units arguably limited quality government decision deploy units conflicts meant division experienced personnel chose transfer units order gain operational experience attempts situation offering officers opportunity undertake short attachment unit serving vietnam number officers took opportunity saw combat national service scheme ended following election late lost large number personnel time division artillery assets included artillery field regiments medium regiment divisional locating battery paper division large combined arms formation reality units hollow equipped decades following division general underwent period uncertainty government attempted solve issues organisation faced pressing question role strategic relevance concerning conditions service training access equipment division combat strength dropped extent brigade group formation possessing infantry battalions field artillery regiments medium regiment locating battery result february division headquarters merged headquarters redesignated time position formation commander downgraded rank brigadier major general remained case april divisional headquarters established late 1980s division given task vital asset protection doctrine division undertook number exercises north australia including personnel took june following force structure review finally removed australian_army order battle remaining units transferred command commanding officers following list commanding officers | 3rd Division (Australia) | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
7956_No.1InitialFlyingTrainingSchoolRAAF | initial flying training school flying training school royal_australian_air_force raaf formed response increased demand korean war emergency headquartered raaf station queensland operating unit renamed initial flying training school ground staff school won trophy small arms proficiency training requirements eased following end korean war merged basic flying training school raaf base new_south_wales history prior world war training royal_australian_air_force raaf conducted auspices unit raaf point cook victoria dramatic expansion pilot training wartime empire air training scheme supplanted elementary flying training schools service flying training schools war progressed came end saw disbanded formed personnel equipment service flying training school new_south_wales returned raaf sole facility training new pilots response demands australia commitments korean war emergency flying training raaf expanded functions split separately located units november raised raaf station queensland students general military knowledge received flight grading hours tiger graduate pilots went new unit basic flying training school new_south_wales underwent aerial instruction included instrument formation night flying successful students finally transferred renamed march advanced weapons combat training graduating sergeant pilots commanding officer wing commander began arriving january course commenced days later graduated march having flown total hours unit renamed initial flying training school raaf pilots school trained students fleet air arm gave cadets flying experience went recruiting drive august month graduates commenced phase training students selected pilots went victoria responsible staging aerial september september ground staff school won trophy small arms proficiency held liverpool new south wales december april tiger practised bombing troops exercise australian_army november following end korean war raaf need help meet australian military international obligations eased decision combine starting new year disbanded january base facilities handed squadron | No. 1 Initial Flying Training School RAAF | Warfare | Armies and military units | Armies and military units |
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