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id_3900 | Manufacturing around the globe is being hit by strong increases in the cost of commodities. In some industries, such as the automotive sector, it is common that contracts require annual price reductions. This means that manufacturers in these sectors are unable to pass on price increases. In other sectors there seems to be a general acceptance that prices are having to go up. Manufacturers in some parts of the world also face pressure from emission trading and climate change legislation. | You can infer from the passage that some automotive manufacturers will have to cease trading. | c |
id_3901 | Manufacturing around the globe is being hit by strong increases in the cost of commodities. In some industries, such as the automotive sector, it is common that contracts require annual price reductions. This means that manufacturers in these sectors are unable to pass on price increases. In other sectors there seems to be a general acceptance that prices are having to go up. Manufacturers in some parts of the world also face pressure from emission trading and climate change legislation. | You would expect the immediate effect of this price pressure to be the erosion of margins. | e |
id_3902 | Manufacturing around the globe is being hit by strong increases in the cost of commodities. In some industries, such as the automotive sector, it is common that contracts require annual price reductions. This means that manufacturers in these sectors are unable to pass on price increases. In other sectors there seems to be a general acceptance that prices are having to go up. Manufacturers in some parts of the world also face pressure from emission trading and climate change legislation. | The passage implies that commodity price inflation is the most serious threat to manufacturers. | c |
id_3903 | Many barristers hold that the compensation culture is in fact hype and imagined. They rely on the fact that the number of compensation cases going through the courts is falling. Others believe that they are wrong because the figure excludes the large increase in the numbers of claims brought to industrial tribunals and because they ignore the widespread fear of compensation. A fear of being sued, it is argued, has changed day-to-day life and this is what is meant by the compensation culture. These changes include the cancellation of school outings and the banning of ball games in the park. Bizarre judgments have also added to a sense of compensation culture; an example of such a judgment is the successful case of the prisoner who sued the prison service after he fell from a roof when trying to escape. | The case made for the compensation culture is entirely anecdotal. | c |
id_3904 | Many barristers hold that the compensation culture is in fact hype and imagined. They rely on the fact that the number of compensation cases going through the courts is falling. Others believe that they are wrong because the figure excludes the large increase in the numbers of claims brought to industrial tribunals and because they ignore the widespread fear of compensation. A fear of being sued, it is argued, has changed day-to-day life and this is what is meant by the compensation culture. These changes include the cancellation of school outings and the banning of ball games in the park. Bizarre judgments have also added to a sense of compensation culture; an example of such a judgment is the successful case of the prisoner who sued the prison service after he fell from a roof when trying to escape. | The warnings printed on paper cups stating that the drink inside is hot so we should exercise extreme caution could be used as another example of how the fear of being sued has impacted on everyday life. | e |
id_3905 | Many barristers hold that the compensation culture is in fact hype and imagined. They rely on the fact that the number of compensation cases going through the courts is falling. Others believe that they are wrong because the figure excludes the large increase in the numbers of claims brought to industrial tribunals and because they ignore the widespread fear of compensation. A fear of being sued, it is argued, has changed day-to-day life and this is what is meant by the compensation culture. These changes include the cancellation of school outings and the banning of ball games in the park. Bizarre judgments have also added to a sense of compensation culture; an example of such a judgment is the successful case of the prisoner who sued the prison service after he fell from a roof when trying to escape. | If you discount claims that originate from employment then the view that we now face a higher risk of a claim for compensation is indeed imagined. | e |
id_3906 | Many businesses have clients, suppliers and employees all over the world. Keeping up with the demands of an international corporation would be impossible, or at least incredibly difficult, without a modern communications infrastructure. Today, with e-mail, cell phones, teleconferencing and video chats, it is possible to have a company meeting with clients and employees around the globe, as if they were all sitting in the same conference room. For the travelling businessperson, smartphones and laptops allow them to keep up with their work from wherever they are and always be available to their clients. E-mail in particular has made communication more efficient as the parties do not have to have a conversation simultaneously, and logistics can be taken care of rapidly without getting side-tracked by conversational pleasantries. | Thanks to modern communications infrastructure, conversational pleasantries have become uncommon. | n |
id_3907 | Many businesses have clients, suppliers and employees all over the world. Keeping up with the demands of an international corporation would be impossible, or at least incredibly difficult, without a modern communications infrastructure. Today, with e-mail, cell phones, teleconferencing and video chats, it is possible to have a company meeting with clients and employees around the globe, as if they were all sitting in the same conference room. For the travelling businessperson, smartphones and laptops allow them to keep up with their work from wherever they are and always be available to their clients. E-mail in particular has made communication more efficient as the parties do not have to have a conversation simultaneously, and logistics can be taken care of rapidly without getting side-tracked by conversational pleasantries. | Modern communications are of great importance for an international business. | e |
id_3908 | Many businesses have clients, suppliers and employees all over the world. Keeping up with the demands of an international corporation would be impossible, or at least incredibly difficult, without a modern communications infrastructure. Today, with e-mail, cell phones, teleconferencing and video chats, it is possible to have a company meeting with clients and employees around the globe, as if they were all sitting in the same conference room. For the travelling businessperson, smartphones and laptops allow them to keep up with their work from wherever they are and always be available to their clients. E-mail in particular has made communication more efficient as the parties do not have to have a conversation simultaneously, and logistics can be taken care of rapidly without getting side-tracked by conversational pleasantries. | A businessperson is always available to their clients, thanks to laptops and Smartphones. | n |
id_3909 | Many businesses now recognise that there are wide-ranging benefits to begained from offering their workforce flexible working arrangements. These arrangements can include being able to work from home, job sharing, part-time working and being able to choose when to complete agreed hours, for example through working fewer but longer days, or working flexitime. Employees able to adopt flexible working are better able to balance work and family commitments and are therefore happier at work, experiencing greater job satisfaction. They are also more motivated and less likely to leave which is important because staff recruitment costs are not insignificant to businesses. For businesses, they reap the benefits through productivity increases, and greater cost-effectiveness. Customers can benefit too as businesses are better able to react quickly to changes in the market. All employees have a statutory right to request flexible working arrangements; the law extends no further than insisting employers consider and respond to these requests within a predefined timescale. | Flexible working arrangements are conducive to better job satisfaction for employees. | e |
id_3910 | Many businesses now recognise that there are wide-ranging benefits to begained from offering their workforce flexible working arrangements. These arrangements can include being able to work from home, job sharing, part-time working and being able to choose when to complete agreed hours, for example through working fewer but longer days, or working flexitime. Employees able to adopt flexible working are better able to balance work and family commitments and are therefore happier at work, experiencing greater job satisfaction. They are also more motivated and less likely to leave which is important because staff recruitment costs are not insignificant to businesses. For businesses, they reap the benefits through productivity increases, and greater cost-effectiveness. Customers can benefit too as businesses are better able to react quickly to changes in the market. All employees have a statutory right to request flexible working arrangements; the law extends no further than insisting employers consider and respond to these requests within a predefined timescale. | Employees are legally entitled to work flexible hours if they request to do so. | c |
id_3911 | Many businesses now recognise that there are wide-ranging benefits to begained from offering their workforce flexible working arrangements. These arrangements can include being able to work from home, job sharing, part-time working and being able to choose when to complete agreed hours, for example through working fewer but longer days, or working flexitime. Employees able to adopt flexible working are better able to balance work and family commitments and are therefore happier at work, experiencing greater job satisfaction. They are also more motivated and less likely to leave which is important because staff recruitment costs are not insignificant to businesses. For businesses, they reap the benefits through productivity increases, and greater cost-effectiveness. Customers can benefit too as businesses are better able to react quickly to changes in the market. All employees have a statutory right to request flexible working arrangements; the law extends no further than insisting employers consider and respond to these requests within a predefined timescale. | Employers may save on recruitment costs if they introduce flexible working hours. | e |
id_3912 | Many dual-career parents are concerned about arrangements for their children during the summer months when the children are at home. There are several ways that employers can cope with this problem: allowing the dual wife or husband to have a lighter load during these months, allowing the dual wife or husband to build up a backlog of working time during other months to relieve them during the summer months, providing facilities on site during the summer months for young children (perhaps using students training in the field of primary education), or some combination of all of these. However, building up a backlog of working time has generally proved difficult to achieve. | The best solution to the problem is to lighten the workload of one or both of the parents during the summer months. | n |
id_3913 | Many dual-career parents are concerned about arrangements for their children during the summer months when the children are at home. There are several ways that employers can cope with this problem: allowing the dual wife or husband to have a lighter load during these months, allowing the dual wife or husband to build up a backlog of working time during other months to relieve them during the summer months, providing facilities on site during the summer months for young children (perhaps using students training in the field of primary education), or some combination of all of these. However, building up a backlog of working time has generally proved difficult to achieve. | Students training in primary education can assist with the provision of arrangements for children during the summer holidays. | e |
id_3914 | Many dual-career parents are concerned about arrangements for their children during the summer months when the children are at home. There are several ways that employers can cope with this problem: allowing the dual wife or husband to have a lighter load during these months, allowing the dual wife or husband to build up a backlog of working time during other months to relieve them during the summer months, providing facilities on site during the summer months for young children (perhaps using students training in the field of primary education), or some combination of all of these. However, building up a backlog of working time has generally proved difficult to achieve. | 4 Building up a backlog of working time is an easy-to-implement solution for coping with the problem of working parents summer arrangements. | c |
id_3915 | Many dual-career parents are concerned about arrangements for their children during the summer months when the children are at home. There are several ways that employers can cope with this problem: allowing the dual wife or husband to have a lighter load during these months, allowing the dual wife or husband to build up a backlog of working time during other months to relieve them during the summer months, providing facilities on site during the summer months for young children (perhaps using students training in the field of primary education), or some combination of all of these. However, building up a backlog of working time has generally proved difficult to achieve. | Increasingly, both parents of children are pursuing their own careers. | n |
id_3916 | Many employees of the organisation applied for special sabbatical leaves of two years to pursue higher education | The management of the organisation may not grand leave of most of these employees. | n |
id_3917 | Many employees of the organisation applied for special sabbatical leaves of two years to pursue higher education | These employees may be able to complete their education during the sabbatical leave. | e |
id_3918 | Many graduates opt to house-share during the beginning of their careers. A benefit of this is that it provides the opportunity to save money; it reduces rent without compromising the standard of accommodation. In this way, house-sharing is often a popular option. However, living in close proximity with non-family members can often be taxing. Issues such as division of chores, payment of bills and respecting personal privacy can make such arrangements difficult. Statistics suggest that over sixty percent of graduates who opt to house-share live with the same people for no more than one year before finding other arrangements. For this reason there has been an increase in the number of graduates renting self-sufficient accommodation. | House-sharing is a popular option amongst graduates | e |
id_3919 | Many graduates opt to house-share during the beginning of their careers. A benefit of this is that it provides the opportunity to save money; it reduces rent without compromising the standard of accommodation. In this way, house-sharing is often a popular option. However, living in close proximity with non-family members can often be taxing. Issues such as division of chores, payment of bills and respecting personal privacy can make such arrangements difficult. Statistics suggest that over sixty percent of graduates who opt to house-share live with the same people for no more than one year before finding other arrangements. For this reason there has been an increase in the number of graduates renting self-sufficient accommodation. | Graduates live with their house-mates for much less than one year. | c |
id_3920 | Many graduates opt to house-share during the beginning of their careers. A benefit of this is that it provides the opportunity to save money; it reduces rent without compromising the standard of accommodation. In this way, house-sharing is often a popular option. However, living in close proximity with non-family members can often be taxing. Issues such as division of chores, payment of bills and respecting personal privacy can make such arrangements difficult. Statistics suggest that over sixty percent of graduates who opt to house-share live with the same people for no more than one year before finding other arrangements. For this reason there has been an increase in the number of graduates renting self-sufficient accommodation. | House-sharing became popular in the nineteen-fifties. | n |
id_3921 | Many graduates opt to house-share during the beginning of their careers. A benefit of this is that it provides the opportunity to save money; it reduces rent without compromising the standard of accommodation. In this way, house-sharing is often a popular option. However, living in close proximity with non-family members can often be taxing. Issues such as division of chores, payment of bills and respecting personal privacy can make such arrangements difficult. Statistics suggest that over sixty percent of graduates who opt to house-share live with the same people for no more than one year before finding other arrangements. For this reason there has been an increase in the number of graduates renting self-sufficient accommodation. | A source of disruption between house-mates is tax. | c |
id_3922 | Many historians have done more harm than good by distorting truth. | People believe what is reported by the historians. | e |
id_3923 | Many historians have done more harm than good by distorting truth. | Historians are seldom expected to depict the truth. | n |
id_3924 | Many organisations predict that the global water crisis presents this centurys biggest threat. Today 84% of people in developing countries have access to clean water, 2 billion more than in 1990. However, millions still lack clean water for drinking and sanitation, posing a major health threat. In the developed world, water consumption is unsustainably high, doubling every twenty years. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use, and an increasing population to feed means this demand will only increase. Groundwater sources, used to irrigate crops, are running dry because of overuse. While limiting the use of groundwater is a possible solution, it would have a financial impact on farmers and result in lower yields. While climate change has resulted in increased precipitation in some areas, it is contributing to water shortages in other regions. Rising temperatures have caused the Himalayan glaciers, the source for all of Asias major rivers, to retreat. A reservoir for nearly half of the worlds fresh water, these glaciers are predicted to lose four-fifths of their area by 2040. The solution to the global water crisis lies predominantly in new technologies. Desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water, have now been built in countries including Israel and Singapore. The processs high costs however limit its widespread adoption. Organising bodies and treaties are also needed to ensure that cross-border water sources are managed properly and do not become a source of conflict. | The main impediment to desalination is expense. | n |
id_3925 | Many organisations predict that the global water crisis presents this centurys biggest threat. Today 84% of people in developing countries have access to clean water, 2 billion more than in 1990. However, millions still lack clean water for drinking and sanitation, posing a major health threat. In the developed world, water consumption is unsustainably high, doubling every twenty years. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use, and an increasing population to feed means this demand will only increase. Groundwater sources, used to irrigate crops, are running dry because of overuse. While limiting the use of groundwater is a possible solution, it would have a financial impact on farmers and result in lower yields. While climate change has resulted in increased precipitation in some areas, it is contributing to water shortages in other regions. Rising temperatures have caused the Himalayan glaciers, the source for all of Asias major rivers, to retreat. A reservoir for nearly half of the worlds fresh water, these glaciers are predicted to lose four-fifths of their area by 2040. The solution to the global water crisis lies predominantly in new technologies. Desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water, have now been built in countries including Israel and Singapore. The processs high costs however limit its widespread adoption. Organising bodies and treaties are also needed to ensure that cross-border water sources are managed properly and do not become a source of conflict. | Both technological innovation and diplomacy are needed to tackle the worlds water crisis. | e |
id_3926 | Many organisations predict that the global water crisis presents this centurys biggest threat. Today 84% of people in developing countries have access to clean water, 2 billion more than in 1990. However, millions still lack clean water for drinking and sanitation, posing a major health threat. In the developed world, water consumption is unsustainably high, doubling every twenty years. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use, and an increasing population to feed means this demand will only increase. Groundwater sources, used to irrigate crops, are running dry because of overuse. While limiting the use of groundwater is a possible solution, it would have a financial impact on farmers and result in lower yields. While climate change has resulted in increased precipitation in some areas, it is contributing to water shortages in other regions. Rising temperatures have caused the Himalayan glaciers, the source for all of Asias major rivers, to retreat. A reservoir for nearly half of the worlds fresh water, these glaciers are predicted to lose four-fifths of their area by 2040. The solution to the global water crisis lies predominantly in new technologies. Desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water, have now been built in countries including Israel and Singapore. The processs high costs however limit its widespread adoption. Organising bodies and treaties are also needed to ensure that cross-border water sources are managed properly and do not become a source of conflict. | The irrigation of crops comprises the majority of groundwater usage. | n |
id_3927 | Many organisations predict that the global water crisis presents this centurys biggest threat. Today 84% of people in developing countries have access to clean water, 2 billion more than in 1990. However, millions still lack clean water for drinking and sanitation, posing a major health threat. In the developed world, water consumption is unsustainably high, doubling every twenty years. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use, and an increasing population to feed means this demand will only increase. Groundwater sources, used to irrigate crops, are running dry because of overuse. While limiting the use of groundwater is a possible solution, it would have a financial impact on farmers and result in lower yields. While climate change has resulted in increased precipitation in some areas, it is contributing to water shortages in other regions. Rising temperatures have caused the Himalayan glaciers, the source for all of Asias major rivers, to retreat. A reservoir for nearly half of the worlds fresh water, these glaciers are predicted to lose four-fifths of their area by 2040. The solution to the global water crisis lies predominantly in new technologies. Desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water, have now been built in countries including Israel and Singapore. The processs high costs however limit its widespread adoption. Organising bodies and treaties are also needed to ensure that cross-border water sources are managed properly and do not become a source of conflict. | The global water crisis has resulted in less of the worlds population having access to fresh water | n |
id_3928 | Many organisations predict that the global water crisis presents this centurys biggest threat. Today 84% of people in developing countries have access to clean water, 2 billion more than in 1990. However, millions still lack clean water for drinking and sanitation, posing a major health threat. In the developed world, water consumption is unsustainably high, doubling every twenty years. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the worlds fresh water use, and an increasing population to feed means this demand will only increase. Groundwater sources, used to irrigate crops, are running dry because of overuse. While limiting the use of groundwater is a possible solution, it would have a financial impact on farmers and result in lower yields. While climate change has resulted in increased precipitation in some areas, it is contributing to water shortages in other regions. Rising temperatures have caused the Himalayan glaciers, the source for all of Asias major rivers, to retreat. A reservoir for nearly half of the worlds fresh water, these glaciers are predicted to lose four-fifths of their area by 2040. The solution to the global water crisis lies predominantly in new technologies. Desalination plants, which convert seawater into fresh water, have now been built in countries including Israel and Singapore. The processs high costs however limit its widespread adoption. Organising bodies and treaties are also needed to ensure that cross-border water sources are managed properly and do not become a source of conflict. | Despite increasing rainfall in some areas, climate change is the main cause of the global water crisis. | n |
id_3929 | Many organizations find it beneficial to employ students over the summer. Permanent staff often wish to take their own holidays over this period. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for companies to experience peak workloads in the summer and require extra staff. Summer employment aslo attracts students who may return as well qualified recruits to an organization when they have completed their education. Ensuring that the students learn as much as possible about the organization encourages their interest in working on a permanent basis. Organizations pay students on a frued rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays or sick leave. | Students in summer employment are given the same paid holiday benefit as permanent staff. | c |
id_3930 | Many organizations find it beneficial to employ students over the summer. Permanent staff often wish to take their own holidays over this period. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for companies to experience peak workloads in the summer and require extra staff. Summer employment aslo attracts students who may return as well qualified recruits to an organization when they have completed their education. Ensuring that the students learn as much as possible about the organization encourages their interest in working on a permanent basis. Organizations pay students on a frued rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays or sick leave. | Students are subject to the organizations standard disciplinary and grievance procedures. | n |
id_3931 | Many organizations find it beneficial to employ students over the summer. Permanent staff often wish to take their own holidays over this period. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for companies to experience peak workloads in the summer and require extra staff. Summer employment aslo attracts students who may return as well qualified recruits to an organization when they have completed their education. Ensuring that the students learn as much as possible about the organization encourages their interest in working on a permanent basis. Organizations pay students on a frued rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays or sick leave. | Some companies have more work to do in summer when students are available for vacation work. | e |
id_3932 | Many organizations find it beneficial to employ students over the summer. Permanent staff often wish to take their own holidays over this period. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for companies to experience peak workloads in the summer and require extra staff. Summer employment aslo attracts students who may return as well qualified recruits to an organization when they have completed their education. Ensuring that the students learn as much as possible about the organization encourages their interest in working on a permanent basis. Organizations pay students on a frued rate without the usual entitlement to paid holidays or sick leave. | It is possible that permanent staff who are on holiday can have their work carried out by students. | e |
id_3933 | Many organizations have switched over to online mode of examinations. | Online mode of examinations helps in recruiting more capable personnel. | n |
id_3934 | Many organizations have switched over to online mode of examinations. | Candidate from all parts of the country may be well- versed using computers. | e |
id_3935 | Many people are aware that high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, but they will be surprised to learn that cholesterol performs essential functions in the human body. A lipid made in the liver and found in animal cell membranes, cholesterol is used to repair tissues and digest fat, as well as in the manufacture of hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D. However, problems arise when an excess of cholesterol builds up on blood vessel walls, thus impeding blood flow. A persons blood cholesterol count is comprised of two different types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), sometimes called bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol. Whereas HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the arteries where it accumulates. Although certain foods deriving from animals, such as meat, shellfish, cheese and eggs, are high in dietary cholesterol, it is actually the consumption of the saturated fats found in red meat, full-fat dairy products, cakes and biscuits that raises levels of bad cholesterol. Conversely, eating polyunsaturated fats and soluble fibre can lower LDL. | To maximise blood flow in the arteries, HDL levels should be minimised. | c |
id_3936 | Many people are aware that high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, but they will be surprised to learn that cholesterol performs essential functions in the human body. A lipid made in the liver and found in animal cell membranes, cholesterol is used to repair tissues and digest fat, as well as in the manufacture of hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D. However, problems arise when an excess of cholesterol builds up on blood vessel walls, thus impeding blood flow. A persons blood cholesterol count is comprised of two different types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), sometimes called bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol. Whereas HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the arteries where it accumulates. Although certain foods deriving from animals, such as meat, shellfish, cheese and eggs, are high in dietary cholesterol, it is actually the consumption of the saturated fats found in red meat, full-fat dairy products, cakes and biscuits that raises levels of bad cholesterol. Conversely, eating polyunsaturated fats and soluble fibre can lower LDL. | Making dietary changes is the only way to lower bad cholesterol levels. | n |
id_3937 | Many people are aware that high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, but they will be surprised to learn that cholesterol performs essential functions in the human body. A lipid made in the liver and found in animal cell membranes, cholesterol is used to repair tissues and digest fat, as well as in the manufacture of hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D. However, problems arise when an excess of cholesterol builds up on blood vessel walls, thus impeding blood flow. A persons blood cholesterol count is comprised of two different types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), sometimes called bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol. Whereas HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the arteries where it accumulates. Although certain foods deriving from animals, such as meat, shellfish, cheese and eggs, are high in dietary cholesterol, it is actually the consumption of the saturated fats found in red meat, full-fat dairy products, cakes and biscuits that raises levels of bad cholesterol. Conversely, eating polyunsaturated fats and soluble fibre can lower LDL. | Not everyone is aware of the true effect of cholesterol on ones health. | e |
id_3938 | Many people are aware that high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, but they will be surprised to learn that cholesterol performs essential functions in the human body. A lipid made in the liver and found in animal cell membranes, cholesterol is used to repair tissues and digest fat, as well as in the manufacture of hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D. However, problems arise when an excess of cholesterol builds up on blood vessel walls, thus impeding blood flow. A persons blood cholesterol count is comprised of two different types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), sometimes called bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol. Whereas HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the arteries where it accumulates. Although certain foods deriving from animals, such as meat, shellfish, cheese and eggs, are high in dietary cholesterol, it is actually the consumption of the saturated fats found in red meat, full-fat dairy products, cakes and biscuits that raises levels of bad cholesterol. Conversely, eating polyunsaturated fats and soluble fibre can lower LDL. | Vegetarians are likely to have lower levels of bad cholesterol, as they do not eat meat. | n |
id_3939 | Many people are aware that high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, but they will be surprised to learn that cholesterol performs essential functions in the human body. A lipid made in the liver and found in animal cell membranes, cholesterol is used to repair tissues and digest fat, as well as in the manufacture of hormones, bile salts, and Vitamin D. However, problems arise when an excess of cholesterol builds up on blood vessel walls, thus impeding blood flow. A persons blood cholesterol count is comprised of two different types of cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), sometimes called bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as good cholesterol. Whereas HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the arteries where it accumulates. Although certain foods deriving from animals, such as meat, shellfish, cheese and eggs, are high in dietary cholesterol, it is actually the consumption of the saturated fats found in red meat, full-fat dairy products, cakes and biscuits that raises levels of bad cholesterol. Conversely, eating polyunsaturated fats and soluble fibre can lower LDL. | Full-fat dairy products have no effect on a persons levels of LDL. | c |
id_3940 | Many people wonder why children aren't taught grammar and punctuation at school. Many of our teachers today are the product of the same education system that they now teach in and so the simple answer is that they have never learnt it themselves. In recent years there have been significant improvements in the level of functional literacy amongst school leavers, but at the other end of the range universities are complaining about the poor writing skills of undergraduates. These complaints are not raised because of a failure by students to place an adverb in the correct place or to leave out the prepositional phrase. They are far more fundamental failures, such as incorrect use of apostrophes and confused tenses. | The teaching of grammar and punctuation does not feature in the school curriculum. | n |
id_3941 | Many people wonder why children aren't taught grammar and punctuation at school. Many of our teachers today are the product of the same education system that they now teach in and so the simple answer is that they have never learnt it themselves. In recent years there have been significant improvements in the level of functional literacy amongst school leavers, but at the other end of the range universities are complaining about the poor writing skills of undergraduates. These complaints are not raised because of a failure by students to place an adverb in the correct place or to leave out the prepositional phrase. They are far more fundamental failures, such as incorrect use of apostrophes and confused tenses. | The meaning of the sentence would be unaffected if we substituted the words significant and range with meaningful and spectrum. | e |
id_3942 | Many people wonder why children aren't taught grammar and punctuation at school. Many of our teachers today are the product of the same education system that they now teach in and so the simple answer is that they have never learnt it themselves. In recent years there have been significant improvements in the level of functional literacy amongst school leavers, but at the other end of the range universities are complaining about the poor writing skills of undergraduates. These complaints are not raised because of a failure by students to place an adverb in the correct place or to leave out the prepositional phrase. They are far more fundamental failures, such as incorrect use of apostrophes and confused tenses. | The author does not think that placing an adverb in the wrong place or leaving out a prepositional phrase are elementary errors in grammar. | e |
id_3943 | Many people wonder why children aren't taught grammar and punctuation at school. Many of our teachers today are the product of the same education system that they now teach in and so the simple answer is that they have never learnt it themselves. In recent years there have been significant improvements in the level of functional literacy amongst school leavers, but at the other end of the range universities are complaining about the poor writing skills of undergraduates. These complaints are not raised because of a failure by students to place an adverb in the correct place or to leave out the prepositional phrase. They are far more fundamental failures, such as incorrect use of apostrophes and confused tenses. | The author would agree that the reading and writing skills of children of school leaving age have improved. | e |
id_3944 | Many people wonder why children aren't taught grammar and punctuation at school. Many of our teachers today are the product of the same education system that they now teach in and so the simple answer is that they have never learnt it themselves. In recent years there have been significant improvements in the level of functional literacy amongst school leavers, but at the other end of the range universities are complaining about the poor writing skills of undergraduates. These complaints are not raised because of a failure by students to place an adverb in the correct place or to leave out the prepositional phrase. They are far more fundamental failures, such as incorrect use of apostrophes and confused tenses. | The passage says that teachers cant teach grammar and punctuation because they have not been taught it themselves. | c |
id_3945 | Many perfumes are diamonds. All aspirins are powder. No perfume is powder. | Some diamonds are powders. | c |
id_3946 | Many perfumes are diamonds. All aspirins are powder. No perfume is powder. | Some diamonds are not aspirin. | e |
id_3947 | Many perfumes are diamonds. All aspirins are powder. No perfume is powder. | Some diamonds are not powders. | e |
id_3948 | Many perfumes are diamonds. All aspirins are powder. No perfume is powder. | No aspirins are perfume. | e |
id_3949 | Many species of bird migrate northwards in the spring to take advantage of the abundance of nesting locations and insects to eat. As the availability of food resources decreases during the winter to the point where the birds cannot survive, the birds migrate south again. Some species are capable of flying all the way around the earth. The act of migration itself can be risky for birds due to the amount of energy required to sustain flight over these long distances. Many juvenile birds can die from exhaustion during their first migration. Due to this inherent risk of migration, many species of birds have acquired different adaptations to increase the efficiency of flight. Flying with other birds in certain formations can allow their flight patterns to be more energy efficient. The Northern bald ibis migrates from Austria to Italy. The behaviour of these birds is such that they migrate together within a flock and each individual bird continuously changes its position within the flock. Each individual bird benefits by spending some time flying in the updraft produced by the leading birds and a proportional amount of time leading the formation. Although it would theoretically be possible for an individual bird to take advantage of this energy-efficient flight without leading the formation itself, no Northern bald ibis has been shown to do this. | A bird within a Northern bald ibis flock that does not lead will be forbidden from flying with the rest of the flock | n |
id_3950 | Many species of bird migrate northwards in the spring to take advantage of the abundance of nesting locations and insects to eat. As the availability of food resources decreases during the winter to the point where the birds cannot survive, the birds migrate south again. Some species are capable of flying all the way around the earth. The act of migration itself can be risky for birds due to the amount of energy required to sustain flight over these long distances. Many juvenile birds can die from exhaustion during their first migration. Due to this inherent risk of migration, many species of birds have acquired different adaptations to increase the efficiency of flight. Flying with other birds in certain formations can allow their flight patterns to be more energy efficient. The Northern bald ibis migrates from Austria to Italy. The behaviour of these birds is such that they migrate together within a flock and each individual bird continuously changes its position within the flock. Each individual bird benefits by spending some time flying in the updraft produced by the leading birds and a proportional amount of time leading the formation. Although it would theoretically be possible for an individual bird to take advantage of this energy-efficient flight without leading the formation itself, no Northern bald ibis has been shown to do this. | The migration timing depends on different seasons | e |
id_3951 | Many species of bird migrate northwards in the spring to take advantage of the abundance of nesting locations and insects to eat. As the availability of food resources decreases during the winter to the point where the birds cannot survive, the birds migrate south again. Some species are capable of flying all the way around the earth. The act of migration itself can be risky for birds due to the amount of energy required to sustain flight over these long distances. Many juvenile birds can die from exhaustion during their first migration. Due to this inherent risk of migration, many species of birds have acquired different adaptations to increase the efficiency of flight. Flying with other birds in certain formations can allow their flight patterns to be more energy efficient. The Northern bald ibis migrates from Austria to Italy. The behaviour of these birds is such that they migrate together within a flock and each individual bird continuously changes its position within the flock. Each individual bird benefits by spending some time flying in the updraft produced by the leading birds and a proportional amount of time leading the formation. Although it would theoretically be possible for an individual bird to take advantage of this energy-efficient flight without leading the formation itself, no Northern bald ibis has been shown to do this. | All the birds within a flock of Northern bald ibis benefit from flocking behaviour | e |
id_3952 | Many species of bird migrate northwards in the spring to take advantage of the abundance of nesting locations and insects to eat. As the availability of food resources decreases during the winter to the point where the birds cannot survive, the birds migrate south again. Some species are capable of flying all the way around the earth. The act of migration itself can be risky for birds due to the amount of energy required to sustain flight over these long distances. Many juvenile birds can die from exhaustion during their first migration. Due to this inherent risk of migration, many species of birds have acquired different adaptations to increase the efficiency of flight. Flying with other birds in certain formations can allow their flight patterns to be more energy efficient. The Northern bald ibis migrates from Austria to Italy. The behaviour of these birds is such that they migrate together within a flock and each individual bird continuously changes its position within the flock. Each individual bird benefits by spending some time flying in the updraft produced by the leading birds and a proportional amount of time leading the formation. Although it would theoretically be possible for an individual bird to take advantage of this energy-efficient flight without leading the formation itself, no Northern bald ibis has been shown to do this. | All migrating birds do so in flocks to increase their efficiency | n |
id_3953 | Many species of bird migrate northwards in the spring to take advantage of the abundance of nesting locations and insects to eat. As the availability of food resources decreases during the winter to the point where the birds cannot survive, the birds migrate south again. Some species are capable of flying all the way around the earth. The act of migration itself can be risky for birds due to the amount of energy required to sustain flight over these long distances. Many juvenile birds can die from exhaustion during their first migration. Due to this inherent risk of migration, many species of birds have acquired different adaptations to increase the efficiency of flight. Flying with other birds in certain formations can allow their flight patterns to be more energy efficient. The Northern bald ibis migrates from Austria to Italy. The behaviour of these birds is such that they migrate together within a flock and each individual bird continuously changes its position within the flock. Each individual bird benefits by spending some time flying in the updraft produced by the leading birds and a proportional amount of time leading the formation. Although it would theoretically be possible for an individual bird to take advantage of this energy-efficient flight without leading the formation itself, no Northern bald ibis has been shown to do this. | As migration is risky and dangerous, it would be better for birds not to migrate. | c |
id_3954 | Many young people drift into university because they do not know what else to do. They leave years later, often in considerable debt, and find that a degree is no longer a guaranteed route into a good job. In fact the number of graduates is increasing at a much faster rate than the number of graduate jobs. They also find that there are plenty of careers that do not need a university degree and for these jobs they must compete with the many non-graduate job seekers. In law enforcement, public adminis- tration, nursing, catering, retail, construction and transport there are many highly paid roles wide open to the non-graduate. Take for example an airline pilot. No degree is required for this post and salaries routinely start at $100,000. Another example is the manager of a supermarket. No degree is needed yet they are responsible for the running of a business that grosses millions of dollars a month and employs hundreds of people. Managers of the larger stores are on salaries far in excess of $100,000. | The passage touches on the reason why a degree is not a route into a good job. | c |
id_3955 | Many young people drift into university because they do not know what else to do. They leave years later, often in considerable debt, and find that a degree is no longer a guaranteed route into a good job. In fact the number of graduates is increasing at a much faster rate than the number of graduate jobs. They also find that there are plenty of careers that do not need a university degree and for these jobs they must compete with the many non-graduate job seekers. In law enforcement, public adminis- tration, nursing, catering, retail, construction and transport there are many highly paid roles wide open to the non-graduate. Take for example an airline pilot. No degree is required for this post and salaries routinely start at $100,000. Another example is the manager of a supermarket. No degree is needed yet they are responsible for the running of a business that grosses millions of dollars a month and employs hundreds of people. Managers of the larger stores are on salaries far in excess of $100,000. | The passage gives a positive reason for why many people go to university. | c |
id_3956 | Many young people drift into university because they do not know what else to do. They leave years later, often in considerable debt, and find that a degree is no longer a guaranteed route into a good job. In fact the number of graduates is increasing at a much faster rate than the number of graduate jobs. They also find that there are plenty of careers that do not need a university degree and for these jobs they must compete with the many non-graduate job seekers. In law enforcement, public adminis- tration, nursing, catering, retail, construction and transport there are many highly paid roles wide open to the non-graduate. Take for example an airline pilot. No degree is required for this post and salaries routinely start at $100,000. Another example is the manager of a supermarket. No degree is needed yet they are responsible for the running of a business that grosses millions of dollars a month and employs hundreds of people. Managers of the larger stores are on salaries far in excess of $100,000. | We cannot infer from the passage that it was once the case that a degree was considered a guaranteed route into a good job. | c |
id_3957 | Many young people drift into university because they do not know what else to do. They leave years later, often in considerable debt, and find that a degree is no longer a guaranteed route into a good job. In fact the number of graduates is increasing at a much faster rate than the number of graduate jobs. They also find that there are plenty of careers that do not need a university degree and for these jobs they must compete with the many non-graduate job seekers. In law enforcement, public adminis- tration, nursing, catering, retail, construction and transport there are many highly paid roles wide open to the non-graduate. Take for example an airline pilot. No degree is required for this post and salaries routinely start at $100,000. Another example is the manager of a supermarket. No degree is needed yet they are responsible for the running of a business that grosses millions of dollars a month and employs hundreds of people. Managers of the larger stores are on salaries far in excess of $100,000. | The author of the passage is of the view that the role of airline pilot is highly paid. | e |
id_3958 | Many young people drift into university because they do not know what else to do. They leave years later, often in considerable debt, and find that a degree is no longer a guaranteed route into a good job. In fact the number of graduates is increasing at a much faster rate than the number of graduate jobs. They also find that there are plenty of careers that do not need a university degree and for these jobs they must compete with the many non-graduate job seekers. In law enforcement, public adminis- tration, nursing, catering, retail, construction and transport there are many highly paid roles wide open to the non-graduate. Take for example an airline pilot. No degree is required for this post and salaries routinely start at $100,000. Another example is the manager of a supermarket. No degree is needed yet they are responsible for the running of a business that grosses millions of dollars a month and employs hundreds of people. Managers of the larger stores are on salaries far in excess of $100,000. | The case made in the passage would be weakened if it were true that the large majority of graduates find good jobs on leaving university. | e |
id_3959 | Maple syrup is a sweet syrup made from maple trees. The sap from the trees is harvested during March. It is then boiled to evaporate water, making it denser and sweeter. It takes roughly 40 litres of maple sap to produce 1 litre of maple syrup. This current process is very similar to that used by the Native Americans except it uses more advanced equipment. According to American Indian legend, the maple trees originally made life free from hardship. They produced a thick syrup all year round which the people would drink. A mythological creature named Glooskap saw that the people of a village were strangely silent. The men were not getting ready to hunt and the women were not minding the fires. He found the villagers sitting near the maple trees letting its syrup drip into their mouth. Glooskap was angered by their laziness and used his powers to fill the trees with water so that they would only produce a dilute, watery sap. This meant that the people had to boil the sap to produce the sweet syrup. Although it wasn't very difficult to do this, it meant that they had to look after their fires and gather firewood. Furthermore, it meant that the trees were not able to produce enough sap to sustain the people all year so they would be forced to hunt and forage during the spring and summer. | Sweet syrup can be made from the sap from other trees. | n |
id_3960 | Maple syrup is a sweet syrup made from maple trees. The sap from the trees is harvested during March. It is then boiled to evaporate water, making it denser and sweeter. It takes roughly 40 litres of maple sap to produce 1 litre of maple syrup. This current process is very similar to that used by the Native Americans except it uses more advanced equipment. According to American Indian legend, the maple trees originally made life free from hardship. They produced a thick syrup all year round which the people would drink. A mythological creature named Glooskap saw that the people of a village were strangely silent. The men were not getting ready to hunt and the women were not minding the fires. He found the villagers sitting near the maple trees letting its syrup drip into their mouth. Glooskap was angered by their laziness and used his powers to fill the trees with water so that they would only produce a dilute, watery sap. This meant that the people had to boil the sap to produce the sweet syrup. Although it wasn't very difficult to do this, it meant that they had to look after their fires and gather firewood. Furthermore, it meant that the trees were not able to produce enough sap to sustain the people all year so they would be forced to hunt and forage during the spring and summer. | Hunting animals was more difficult than drinking maple syrup. | c |
id_3961 | Maple syrup is a sweet syrup made from maple trees. The sap from the trees is harvested during March. It is then boiled to evaporate water, making it denser and sweeter. It takes roughly 40 litres of maple sap to produce 1 litre of maple syrup. This current process is very similar to that used by the Native Americans except it uses more advanced equipment. According to American Indian legend, the maple trees originally made life free from hardship. They produced a thick syrup all year round which the people would drink. A mythological creature named Glooskap saw that the people of a village were strangely silent. The men were not getting ready to hunt and the women were not minding the fires. He found the villagers sitting near the maple trees letting its syrup drip into their mouth. Glooskap was angered by their laziness and used his powers to fill the trees with water so that they would only produce a dilute, watery sap. This meant that the people had to boil the sap to produce the sweet syrup. Although it wasn't very difficult to do this, it meant that they had to look after their fires and gather firewood. Furthermore, it meant that the trees were not able to produce enough sap to sustain the people all year so they would be forced to hunt and forage during the spring and summer. | Sap is only harvested from maple trees for one month a year. | e |
id_3962 | Maple syrup is a sweet syrup made from maple trees. The sap from the trees is harvested during March. It is then boiled to evaporate water, making it denser and sweeter. It takes roughly 40 litres of maple sap to produce 1 litre of maple syrup. This current process is very similar to that used by the Native Americans except it uses more advanced equipment. According to American Indian legend, the maple trees originally made life free from hardship. They produced a thick syrup all year round which the people would drink. A mythological creature named Glooskap saw that the people of a village were strangely silent. The men were not getting ready to hunt and the women were not minding the fires. He found the villagers sitting near the maple trees letting its syrup drip into their mouth. Glooskap was angered by their laziness and used his powers to fill the trees with water so that they would only produce a dilute, watery sap. This meant that the people had to boil the sap to produce the sweet syrup. Although it wasn't very difficult to do this, it meant that they had to look after their fires and gather firewood. Furthermore, it meant that the trees were not able to produce enough sap to sustain the people all year so they would be forced to hunt and forage during the spring and summer. | Glooskap was angered because there was no syrup left for him to drink. | c |
id_3963 | Maple syrup is a sweet syrup made from maple trees. The sap from the trees is harvested during March. It is then boiled to evaporate water, making it denser and sweeter. It takes roughly 40 litres of maple sap to produce 1 litre of maple syrup. This current process is very similar to that used by the Native Americans except it uses more advanced equipment. According to American Indian legend, the maple trees originally made life free from hardship. They produced a thick syrup all year round which the people would drink. A mythological creature named Glooskap saw that the people of a village were strangely silent. The men were not getting ready to hunt and the women were not minding the fires. He found the villagers sitting near the maple trees letting its syrup drip into their mouth. Glooskap was angered by their laziness and used his powers to fill the trees with water so that they would only produce a dilute, watery sap. This meant that the people had to boil the sap to produce the sweet syrup. Although it wasn't very difficult to do this, it meant that they had to look after their fires and gather firewood. Furthermore, it meant that the trees were not able to produce enough sap to sustain the people all year so they would be forced to hunt and forage during the spring and summer. | The technique for making maple syrup is similar to that used in the time of the American Indian legends. | e |
id_3964 | March is a transitional month and can bring snow or warm weather. Last week saw balmy weather that ended with a bitter snap. No lasting damage was done and the trees and bushes that had shown the first sign of green and blossom bounced back. Spring flowers had appeared, and daffodils, hyacinths and prim- roses were an incredible sight in gardens and parks. The freeze put the burst of spring flowers on temporary hold. | The freeze lasted the whole of last week. | c |
id_3965 | March is a transitional month and can bring snow or warm weather. Last week saw balmy weather that ended with a bitter snap. No lasting damage was done and the trees and bushes that had shown the first sign of green and blossom bounced back. Spring flowers had appeared, and daffodils, hyacinths and prim- roses were an incredible sight in gardens and parks. The freeze put the burst of spring flowers on temporary hold. | You cant tell if it snowed this March, but from the passage you can infer that it would be unusual if it did. | c |
id_3966 | March is a transitional month and can bring snow or warm weather. Last week saw balmy weather that ended with a bitter snap. No lasting damage was done and the trees and bushes that had shown the first sign of green and blossom bounced back. Spring flowers had appeared, and daffodils, hyacinths and prim- roses were an incredible sight in gardens and parks. The freeze put the burst of spring flowers on temporary hold. | The warm weather triggered an early burst of spring flowers. | n |
id_3967 | Marketing and advertising books via various internet sites is becoming most popular with traders. This is chiefly because it costs less to publicise the actual book, as compared to traditional methods such as conferences and advertisements on billboards and in newspapers. Books are also stored in large warehouses prior to being dispatched to customers, nationally and internationally. Therefore overheads are also less. Whilst this may be true, publishers feel that they are not gaining an adequate amount from book sales, and are not just demanding that they are paid for the cover prices of the books, but also that they receive a percentage of the actual amount received for them. However, these discounts only seem possible on books which are bestsellers. | The consumer demand for books which are sold over the internet is increasing | n |
id_3968 | Marketing and advertising books via various internet sites is becoming most popular with traders. This is chiefly because it costs less to publicise the actual book, as compared to traditional methods such as conferences and advertisements on billboards and in newspapers. Books are also stored in large warehouses prior to being dispatched to customers, nationally and internationally. Therefore overheads are also less. Whilst this may be true, publishers feel that they are not gaining an adequate amount from book sales, and are not just demanding that they are paid for the cover prices of the books, but also that they receive a percentage of the actual amount received for them. However, these discounts only seem possible on books which are bestsellers. | Internet bookstores tender the greatest concession on the least popular books | n |
id_3969 | Marketing and advertising books via various internet sites is becoming most popular with traders. This is chiefly because it costs less to publicise the actual book, as compared to traditional methods such as conferences and advertisements on billboards and in newspapers. Books are also stored in large warehouses prior to being dispatched to customers, nationally and internationally. Therefore overheads are also less. Whilst this may be true, publishers feel that they are not gaining an adequate amount from book sales, and are not just demanding that they are paid for the cover prices of the books, but also that they receive a percentage of the actual amount received for them. However, these discounts only seem possible on books which are bestsellers. | In general, recurring costs of running a publishing business that use the internet for marketing and advertising are high | c |
id_3970 | Marketing and advertising books via various internet sites is becoming most popular with traders. This is chiefly because it costs less to publicise the actual book, as compared to traditional methods such as conferences and advertisements on billboards and in newspapers. Books are also stored in large warehouses prior to being dispatched to customers, nationally and internationally. Therefore overheads are also less. Whilst this may be true, publishers feel that they are not gaining an adequate amount from book sales, and are not just demanding that they are paid for the cover prices of the books, but also that they receive a percentage of the actual amount received for them. However, these discounts only seem possible on books which are bestsellers. | Conventional methods of publicising a book are more expensive | e |
id_3971 | Martina is sitting in the desk behind Jerome. Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant. | Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina. | c |
id_3972 | Mary Hayes was shopping with her partner Alan one frosty January morning. Their children, Fred, Sam and Charlie were at home being looked after by Alans mother. Mary and Alan were taking advant age of the January sales to look for a new pair of shoes for Mary and a suit for Alan. After finding the items they wanted they called into a supermarket to get the weeks groceries. Later, as they were walking back to the car park, Mary slipped on some steps and injured her arm and grazed her knee. Alan drove Mary to the local hospital where an X-ray revealed that she had broken her wrist. It is also known that: Verbal logical reasoning tests There was a handrail on the steps. Mary was carrying the sale items while Alan carried two large bags of groceries. Alan was walking in front of Mary. While in the supermarket Mary said that she was feeling dizzy. An elderly gentleman had fallen on the steps the day before. | Mary was taken to the hospital in an ambulance. | c |
id_3973 | Mary Hayes was shopping with her partner Alan one frosty January morning. Their children, Fred, Sam and Charlie were at home being looked after by Alans mother. Mary and Alan were taking advant age of the January sales to look for a new pair of shoes for Mary and a suit for Alan. After finding the items they wanted they called into a supermarket to get the weeks groceries. Later, as they were walking back to the car park, Mary slipped on some steps and injured her arm and grazed her knee. Alan drove Mary to the local hospital where an X-ray revealed that she had broken her wrist. It is also known that: Verbal logical reasoning tests There was a handrail on the steps. Mary was carrying the sale items while Alan carried two large bags of groceries. Alan was walking in front of Mary. While in the supermarket Mary said that she was feeling dizzy. An elderly gentleman had fallen on the steps the day before. | The groceries were bought before looking for the items in the sales. | c |
id_3974 | Mary Hayes was shopping with her partner Alan one frosty January morning. Their children, Fred, Sam and Charlie were at home being looked after by Alans mother. Mary and Alan were taking advant age of the January sales to look for a new pair of shoes for Mary and a suit for Alan. After finding the items they wanted they called into a supermarket to get the weeks groceries. Later, as they were walking back to the car park, Mary slipped on some steps and injured her arm and grazed her knee. Alan drove Mary to the local hospital where an X-ray revealed that she had broken her wrist. It is also known that: Verbal logical reasoning tests There was a handrail on the steps. Mary was carrying the sale items while Alan carried two large bags of groceries. Alan was walking in front of Mary. While in the supermarket Mary said that she was feeling dizzy. An elderly gentleman had fallen on the steps the day before. | Mary and Alan were unable to buy the suit and shoes they wanted. | c |
id_3975 | Mary Hayes was shopping with her partner Alan one frosty January morning. Their children, Fred, Sam and Charlie were at home being looked after by Alans mother. Mary and Alan were taking advant age of the January sales to look for a new pair of shoes for Mary and a suit for Alan. After finding the items they wanted they called into a supermarket to get the weeks groceries. Later, as they were walking back to the car park, Mary slipped on some steps and injured her arm and grazed her knee. Alan drove Mary to the local hospital where an X-ray revealed that she had broken her wrist. It is also known that: Verbal logical reasoning tests There was a handrail on the steps. Mary was carrying the sale items while Alan carried two large bags of groceries. Alan was walking in front of Mary. While in the supermarket Mary said that she was feeling dizzy. An elderly gentleman had fallen on the steps the day before. | Mary fell because the steps were slippery. | n |
id_3976 | Mary Hayes was shopping with her partner Alan one frosty January morning. Their children, Fred, Sam and Charlie were at home being looked after by Alans mother. Mary and Alan were taking advant age of the January sales to look for a new pair of shoes for Mary and a suit for Alan. After finding the items they wanted they called into a supermarket to get the weeks groceries. Later, as they were walking back to the car park, Mary slipped on some steps and injured her arm and grazed her knee. Alan drove Mary to the local hospital where an X-ray revealed that she had broken her wrist. It is also known that: Verbal logical reasoning tests There was a handrail on the steps. Mary was carrying the sale items while Alan carried two large bags of groceries. Alan was walking in front of Mary. While in the supermarket Mary said that she was feeling dizzy. An elderly gentleman had fallen on the steps the day before. | Alans mother was looking after the three children. | e |
id_3977 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | It is difficult to distinguish one manta ray from another. | c |
id_3978 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | For hotel guests, viewing manta rays feeding has to be arranged at short notice. | e |
id_3979 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | The manta rays appear to object to the presence of people in the water while they are feeding. | c |
id_3980 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | Guy Stevens is concerned about the increasing interest in Hanifaru. | e |
id_3981 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | Mohamed Nasheed succeeded in persuading certain other countries to take steps to protect the environment. | n |
id_3982 | Mass appeal of the manta rays I am underwater, face to face with a large flat fish which I recognise immediately as being a manta ray. For an instant I look straight into its gaping mouth and see the row of small, flattened teeth in its lower jaw. Close on its tail comes another manta ray, and another and another. The manta rays are unaffected by my being there, cruising past in a leisurely fashion without seeming to expend any great effort. From above, the manta rays are great black silhouettes that fishermen called devil fish, because of the curious horn-like fins hanging down near their mouths. But looking into their eyes you get a sense of their peaceful nature. Unlike stingrays, mantas dont have venomous spines in their tails, and unlike many fish species they seem to enjoy human company. Once, over-enthusiastically, I swim towards a manta. I am just a few inches away when it senses me. To my surprise, the whole fish twitches in alarm and shoots off, perhaps fearing that I will touch it. I feel ashamed to have given it a fright. I have come to Hanifaru, a small lagoon next to an uninhabited island in the Maldives, especially to see manta rays. These great harmless creatures congregate here during the south-west monsoons between May and November and, if the tides and winds are right, enter a shallow cul-de-sac in the reef to hunt for plankton, their main source of nutrition. On certain days the bay can attract more than 100 mantas. I have seen many manta rays on dives around the world, though not in these numbers. Guy Stevens is my guide, a British marine biologist who has been studying the mantas for the past five years. Based at the nearby Four Seasons resort, he has identified more than 2,000 individual manta rays, photographing and cataloguing them according to their distinctive skin patterns. Each day we make the 40-minute boat journey from the resort to Hanifaru. Feeding events, as Guy calls them, are never guaranteed, but, during the season, hotel guests can sign up for manta alerts. If Guy and his research assistants spot significant manta activity, the guests will be brought by fast speedboat to the lagoon to snorkel. When feeding, the mantas of Hanifaru tend to stay near the surface, making them accessible to snorkellers just as much as divers. They seem not to mind the human competition in this quite small space, and indeed they are often joined by other rays and even giant whale sharks, which feed on the same plankton. Word among the diving community about the possibility of finding a mass of manta rays at Hanifaru has slowly been spreading over the past year. Outside the shallow lagoon I can see five large safari boats live-aboard cruisers that take divers around the best underwater sites in the Maldives. It is something that Guy has been monitoring closely. Word is out that Hanifaru is a top manta spot, he explains, and although the government has declared the bay a protected area, we still dont have any regulations in force to limit the number of people in the water at any one time. During my stay, the resort received a visit from the then-president of the Maldives, Mohamed Nasheed. Since coming to power in 2008, he had made his interest in the marine environment and concerns about climate change well known. In 2009 he held an underwater cabinet meeting, urging other world leaders to act decisively to combat climate change. The protection of wildlife areas such as Hanifaru was clearly one of his objectives, and I asked him why he took such an interest. Maldivians have lived with the reefs and their fish life since long before there were tourists, he said. And while tourist dollars are good for our country, the sea and its produce are even more vital to my people. I have to balance what tourists want to see with preserving the marine environment and in some cases, like Hanifaru, those objectives coincide. On several dives I am lucky enough to get close to the mantas, sometimes at underwater cleaning stations. Here, the mantas come in small numbers, or individually, to pause above a coral outcrop and wait while small fish pick at their skin, removing parasites. Adapted for fast swimming with their flattened bodies, they can accelerate rapidly with a twitch of their wings. They gaze at human swimmers with a kind of knowing calm, something people often remark on when they try to capture the emotion they experience after seeing them. The manta rays have the biggest brain of any fish, Guy explains, and some manta researchers are convinced that mantas can recognise individual people underwater. I return to the lagoon over the course of several days and learn more from Guy about his hopes for the future. People can visit this place, but I want to be sure that they dont harass the mantas by touching them or crowding them out while theyre feeding. Were working to get a full-time ranger station and some kind of permit system to limit the number of boats that can enter the lagoon each day. | A procedure has now been established to control the number of visitors. | c |
id_3983 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | The sound of 'temporary' cannot wholly present its spelling. | e |
id_3984 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | The great change of language in Russian history is related to the rising status and fortune of middle classes. | n |
id_3985 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | The g in gnat not being pronounced will not be spelt out in the future. | n |
id_3986 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | The link of mt can be influenced being pronounced as 'nt | e |
id_3987 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | Pronunciation with causal inaccuracy will not exert big influence on language changes. | e |
id_3988 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | All the children learn speeches from adults while they assume that certain language is difficult to imitate exactly. | n |
id_3989 | Mechanisms of Linguistic Change. The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions ofcontemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kinds of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give US a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible. When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long a: vowels in a language may change into long e: vowels, or all the b consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into p consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period. It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech. A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language. One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation, which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the m has been changed to n under the influence of the following t. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because n and / U are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas m is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball. Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final -n was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken to bake changed from ba: kon to 'ba: ko, and later to ba: k. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a t in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial k in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory. | it is impossible for modern people to find pronunciation of words in an earlier age | c |
id_3990 | Mensa was founded in 1946, after a chance meeting on a train between an Oxford postgraduate called Lancelot Ware and Roland Berrill, a 50-year-old Australian of private means. The two men discovered a mutual interest in IQ testing. When Ware tested Berrill and announced that he was in the top 1 per cent of the population, the latter is said to have burst into tears. He was rejected by Oxford and this was the very first time he had ever been told that he was good at anything. From that day forward, the reassurance of the insecure has always been an inseparable part of Mensas operations. However, that wasnt the aim of Mensa. It was intended to be a contact organization and research body and there was always the notion that a useful chain reaction might occur with a critical mass of brainpower. | One of Mensas aims was to be a research body. | e |
id_3991 | Mensa was founded in 1946, after a chance meeting on a train between an Oxford postgraduate called Lancelot Ware and Roland Berrill, a 50-year-old Australian of private means. The two men discovered a mutual interest in IQ testing. When Ware tested Berrill and announced that he was in the top 1 per cent of the population, the latter is said to have burst into tears. He was rejected by Oxford and this was the very first time he had ever been told that he was good at anything. From that day forward, the reassurance of the insecure has always been an inseparable part of Mensas operations. However, that wasnt the aim of Mensa. It was intended to be a contact organization and research body and there was always the notion that a useful chain reaction might occur with a critical mass of brainpower. | Wares IQ was in the top 1 per cent. | n |
id_3992 | Mensa was founded in 1946, after a chance meeting on a train between an Oxford postgraduate called Lancelot Ware and Roland Berrill, a 50-year-old Australian of private means. The two men discovered a mutual interest in IQ testing. When Ware tested Berrill and announced that he was in the top 1 per cent of the population, the latter is said to have burst into tears. He was rejected by Oxford and this was the very first time he had ever been told that he was good at anything. From that day forward, the reassurance of the insecure has always been an inseparable part of Mensas operations. However, that wasnt the aim of Mensa. It was intended to be a contact organization and research body and there was always the notion that a useful chain reaction might occur with a critical mass of brainpower. | Lancelot Ware and Roland Berrill arranged to meet on the train in 1946. | c |
id_3993 | Mensa was founded in 1946, after a chance meeting on a train between an Oxford postgraduate called Lancelot Ware and Roland Berrill, a 50-year-old Australian of private means. The two men discovered a mutual interest in IQ testing. When Ware tested Berrill and announced that he was in the top 1 per cent of the population, the latter is said to have burst into tears. He was rejected by Oxford and this was the very first time he had ever been told that he was good at anything. From that day forward, the reassurance of the insecure has always been an inseparable part of Mensas operations. However, that wasnt the aim of Mensa. It was intended to be a contact organization and research body and there was always the notion that a useful chain reaction might occur with a critical mass of brainpower. | There was no IQ testing in Australia in 1946. | n |
id_3994 | Mention Australia and people think of sunshine, beaches and coral reefs. Mention the interior of Australia and people only think of the arid outback and desert. But Australia also has extensive rain forests, mountain ranges (a few with snow) and wetlands. It has rivers too, the mightiest of which is the Murray. It stretches over 2,500 km from its source high in the interior mountains to its mouth. Much of its length forms the boundary between the Australian states Victoria and New South Wales and it was once a busy waterway used to carry wheat, wool and timber from the interior to the city of Melbourne. Nowadays the river is quiet, not because the farming and lumbering has stopped but because the produce is carried by train and truck instead. | You can still navigate the river Murray in a boat but the work of trans- porting produce has been lost to trains and trucks. | n |
id_3995 | Mention Australia and people think of sunshine, beaches and coral reefs. Mention the interior of Australia and people only think of the arid outback and desert. But Australia also has extensive rain forests, mountain ranges (a few with snow) and wetlands. It has rivers too, the mightiest of which is the Murray. It stretches over 2,500 km from its source high in the interior mountains to its mouth. Much of its length forms the boundary between the Australian states Victoria and New South Wales and it was once a busy waterway used to carry wheat, wool and timber from the interior to the city of Melbourne. Nowadays the river is quiet, not because the farming and lumbering has stopped but because the produce is carried by train and truck instead. | The author is unlikely to agree with the view that the beaches and coral reefs are less interesting than the interior of Australia. | n |
id_3996 | Mention Australia and people think of sunshine, beaches and coral reefs. Mention the interior of Australia and people only think of the arid outback and desert. But Australia also has extensive rain forests, mountain ranges (a few with snow) and wetlands. It has rivers too, the mightiest of which is the Murray. It stretches over 2,500 km from its source high in the interior mountains to its mouth. Much of its length forms the boundary between the Australian states Victoria and New South Wales and it was once a busy waterway used to carry wheat, wool and timber from the interior to the city of Melbourne. Nowadays the river is quiet, not because the farming and lumbering has stopped but because the produce is carried by train and truck instead. | The tone of the passage is sceptical. | c |
id_3997 | Mention Australia and people think of sunshine, beaches and coral reefs. Mention the interior of Australia and people only think of the arid outback and desert. But Australia also has extensive rain forests, mountain ranges (a few with snow) and wetlands. It has rivers too, the mightiest of which is the Murray. It stretches over 2,500 km from its source high in the interior mountains to its mouth. Much of its length forms the boundary between the Australian states Victoria and New South Wales and it was once a busy waterway used to carry wheat, wool and timber from the interior to the city of Melbourne. Nowadays the river is quiet, not because the farming and lumbering has stopped but because the produce is carried by train and truck instead. | The word arid means dry. | e |
id_3998 | Mention Australia and people think of sunshine, beaches and coral reefs. Mention the interior of Australia and people only think of the arid outback and desert. But Australia also has extensive rain forests, mountain ranges (a few with snow) and wetlands. It has rivers too, the mightiest of which is the Murray. It stretches over 2,500 km from its source high in the interior mountains to its mouth. Much of its length forms the boundary between the Australian states Victoria and New South Wales and it was once a busy waterway used to carry wheat, wool and timber from the interior to the city of Melbourne. Nowadays the river is quiet, not because the farming and lumbering has stopped but because the produce is carried by train and truck instead. | It can be inferred from the passage that Australias interior has more diverse habitats than people think. | e |
id_3999 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | There are more elder experts than young experts. | n |
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