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id_4000 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Beverage retailers have a wealth of merchandising information to guide them. | n |
id_4001 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | The application of merchandising principles is a recent innovation within general retailing. | c |
id_4002 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | The continuous and full loss of memory during the ageing process Is inevitable. | c |
id_4003 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | The shelves near checkouts are often positioned at eye level. | c |
id_4004 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | In supermarkets, goods placed near checkouts sell best. | n |
id_4005 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Clarification of responsibilities is one of the factors in achieving common understanding between management and staff. | e |
id_4006 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Clarification of goals is specifically the responsibility of management. | c |
id_4007 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Effective management is not determined by the cooperation between management and Staff. | n |
id_4008 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Generally speaking, most elderly people will eventually lose part of their memory. | n |
id_4009 | Merchandising tactics, which address the effective packaging and positioning of goods, have long been deployed within retailing to stimulate customer demand. Unprecedented changes in consumer buying habits and the escalating sophistication of technology have encouraged the beverage retailers to make up lost ground and to adopt the merchandising philosophy wholeheartedly after years of neglect. The principal penalty incurred by past caution is that decision making is now hampered by the scarcity of good quality merchandising research. Nevertheless some retailers have decided to move to glass-fronted chilled cabinets to display their beverages. Alternatively, such products are placed on shelves at eye level or, potentially more tempting still, near checkouts. | Less democratic countries are unlikely to oppose extradition cased by tax-concerned crimes. | n |
id_4010 | Metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Common engineering metals are aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding one very important alloy system, that of purified iron, which has carbon dissolved in it, better known as steel. Normal steel is used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. | Using stainless steel avoids problems due to corrosion. | n |
id_4011 | Metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Common engineering metals are aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding one very important alloy system, that of purified iron, which has carbon dissolved in it, better known as steel. Normal steel is used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. | Aluminium is lighter than iron but not as strong. | e |
id_4012 | Metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Common engineering metals are aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding one very important alloy system, that of purified iron, which has carbon dissolved in it, better known as steel. Normal steel is used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. | Steel is relatively cheap but can suffer from corrosion. | e |
id_4013 | Metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Common engineering metals are aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding one very important alloy system, that of purified iron, which has carbon dissolved in it, better known as steel. Normal steel is used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. | Metallurgy involves producing alloys for use in engineering products. | n |
id_4014 | Metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. Common engineering metals are aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These are most often used as alloys. Much effort has been placed on understanding one very important alloy system, that of purified iron, which has carbon dissolved in it, better known as steel. Normal steel is used in low cost, high strength applications where weight and corrosion are not a problem. | Iron is purified steel which has carbon dissolved in it. | c |
id_4015 | Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal tracing. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a sale place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisations programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exits. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individuals situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$90-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates) Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfill economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical kills as well as productive businesses. | Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support. | c |
id_4016 | Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal tracing. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a sale place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisations programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exits. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individuals situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$90-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates) Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfill economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical kills as well as productive businesses. | In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S. K. I. | n |
id_4017 | Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal tracing. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a sale place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisations programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exits. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individuals situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$90-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates) Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfill economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical kills as well as productive businesses. | The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed. | e |
id_4018 | Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal tracing. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a sale place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisations programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exits. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individuals situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$90-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates) Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfill economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical kills as well as productive businesses. | Only one fixed loan should be given to each child. | c |
id_4019 | Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth 'I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes. ' Doreen Soko 'We've had business experience. Now I'm confident to expand what we've been doing. I've learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn't know each other before now we've made new friends. ' Fan Kaoma Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses. | The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed. | e |
id_4020 | Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth 'I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes. ' Doreen Soko 'We've had business experience. Now I'm confident to expand what we've been doing. I've learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn't know each other before now we've made new friends. ' Fan Kaoma Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses. | Only one fixed loan should be given to each child. | c |
id_4021 | Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth 'I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes. ' Doreen Soko 'We've had business experience. Now I'm confident to expand what we've been doing. I've learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn't know each other before now we've made new friends. ' Fan Kaoma Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses. | Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support. | c |
id_4022 | Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth 'I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes. ' Doreen Soko 'We've had business experience. Now I'm confident to expand what we've been doing. I've learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn't know each other before now we've made new friends. ' Fan Kaoma Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S. K. I. ) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S. K. I. and our partners have learned. Background Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse. Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks. Street Business Partnerships S. K. I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. The S. K. I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India. Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y. W. C. A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y. W. C. A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S. K. I. and partner organisations have created. Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established. The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them. It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation. Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S. K. I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100. All S. K. I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). Conclusion There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses. | In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S. K. I. | n |
id_4023 | Middletown is north of Centerville. Centerville is east of Penfield. | Penfield is northwest of Middletown. | c |
id_4024 | Millions of lives around the world could be saved, and the quality of life of hundreds of millions markedly improved - very inexpensively - by eradicating three vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people's diets. The three vitamins and minerals are vitamin A, iodine and iron - so-called micronutrients. More than 2 billion people are at risk from micronutrient deficiencies and more than 1 billion people are actually ill or disabled by them, causing mental retardation, learning disabilities, low work capacity and blindness. It costs little to correct these deficiencies through fortification of food and water supplies. In a country of 50 million people, this would cost about $25 million a year. That $25 million would yield a fortyfold return on investment. | Correcting micronutrient deficiencies would cost about $2 per person per year. | e |
id_4025 | Millions of lives around the world could be saved, and the quality of life of hundreds of millions markedly improved - very inexpensively - by eradicating three vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people's diets. The three vitamins and minerals are vitamin A, iodine and iron - so-called micronutrients. More than 2 billion people are at risk from micronutrient deficiencies and more than 1 billion people are actually ill or disabled by them, causing mental retardation, learning disabilities, low work capacity and blindness. It costs little to correct these deficiencies through fortification of food and water supplies. In a country of 50 million people, this would cost about $25 million a year. That $25 million would yield a fortyfold return on investment. | Vitamin A, iodine and iron are the only micronutrients that people need in their diet. | n |
id_4026 | Millions of lives around the world could be saved, and the quality of life of hundreds of millions markedly improved - very inexpensively - by eradicating three vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people's diets. The three vitamins and minerals are vitamin A, iodine and iron - so-called micronutrients. More than 2 billion people are at risk from micronutrient deficiencies and more than 1 billion people are actually ill or disabled by them, causing mental retardation, learning disabilities, low work capacity and blindness. It costs little to correct these deficiencies through fortification of food and water supplies. In a country of 50 million people, this would cost about $25 million a year. That $25 million would yield a fortyfold return on investment. | Micronutrients provide inadequate nourishment to maintain a healthy life. | n |
id_4027 | Millions of lives around the world could be saved, and the quality of life of hundreds of millions markedly improved - very inexpensively - by eradicating three vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people's diets. The three vitamins and minerals are vitamin A, iodine and iron - so-called micronutrients. More than 2 billion people are at risk from micronutrient deficiencies and more than 1 billion people are actually ill or disabled by them, causing mental retardation, learning disabilities, low work capacity and blindness. It costs little to correct these deficiencies through fortification of food and water supplies. In a country of 50 million people, this would cost about $25 million a year. That $25 million would yield a fortyfold return on investment. | Most illnesses in developing countries are caused by vitamin and mineral deficiencies. | n |
id_4028 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The Low Pay Commission has played an important part in obtaining support from large companies. | e |
id_4029 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The creation of the Low Pay Commission was the first step in the process of agricultural and industrial minimum wage policies. | c |
id_4030 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | Employee exploitation is the key concern of most workers unions. | n |
id_4031 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The Low Pay Commission has played an important part in obtaining support from large companies. | e |
id_4032 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The creation of the Low Pay Commission was the first step in the process of agricultural and industrial minimum wage policies. | n |
id_4033 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and campaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, culminating in the creation of the Low Pay Commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | Employee exploitation is the key concern of most workers unions. | n |
id_4034 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and compaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, Culminating in the creation of the Low pay commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The Low Pay Commission has played an important part in obtaining support from large companies. | n |
id_4035 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and compaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, Culminating in the creation of the Low pay commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | Employee exploitation is the key concern of most workers unions. | n |
id_4036 | Minimum wage policies, first introduced in the service industry and leading to a reduction in employee exploitation, were the result of numerous studies. The studies confirmed that a national minimum wage is an important parameter in employee security, and compaigners were rewarded with key backing from workers unions. This provided the support required to drive through Employment Relations programmes in many agricultural and industrial sectors, Culminating in the creation of the Low pay commission. This has been vital in attracting collaboration from major corporations which have previously resisted the pressure to improve income stability. | The creation of the Low Pay Commission was the first step in the process of agricultural and industrial minimum wage polices. | n |
id_4037 | Minted. Coins have been struck in Britain for over 2,000 years, but it was not until the 13th century that a properly instituted mint was formed. Sited in the Tower of London between the inner and outer walls, it employed primitive methods of coining money with hand- held tools. In the 17th century, human-powered screw presses were introduced that could strike up to 30 coins per minute. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, steam-powered machinery was available and a private mint was opened in Birmingham by the entrepreneur Matthew Boulton. He secured contracts for pennies and twopences, producing much higher-quality coins than the Tower, which lacked the space for steam-powered presses. A decision was taken to transfer facilities from the Tower to Tower Hill, where the Royal Mint began production in 1810. The new presses were capable of striking up to 100 coins per minute. UK coins were circulated in various parts of the British Empire, and after the First World War the Royal Mint sought orders from countries all over the world. In 1964 the government decided to adopt a decimal system of currency and a new Royal Mint was constructed in readiness for decimalization on 15 February 1971. The new Mint was constructed at Llantrisant in south Wales in 1967 and the first phase was opened by the queen on 17 December 1968. Later, an up-to-date foundry was installed, followed by engraving, tool-making and assay departments along with a special section for striking proof coins for the collectors market. The original site on Tower Hill was run down once the Llantrisant facility had the full range of minting facilities. Tower Hill struck its last coin in November 1975. | The mint at Tower Hill continued to operate after decimalization. | e |
id_4038 | Minted. Coins have been struck in Britain for over 2,000 years, but it was not until the 13th century that a properly instituted mint was formed. Sited in the Tower of London between the inner and outer walls, it employed primitive methods of coining money with hand- held tools. In the 17th century, human-powered screw presses were introduced that could strike up to 30 coins per minute. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, steam-powered machinery was available and a private mint was opened in Birmingham by the entrepreneur Matthew Boulton. He secured contracts for pennies and twopences, producing much higher-quality coins than the Tower, which lacked the space for steam-powered presses. A decision was taken to transfer facilities from the Tower to Tower Hill, where the Royal Mint began production in 1810. The new presses were capable of striking up to 100 coins per minute. UK coins were circulated in various parts of the British Empire, and after the First World War the Royal Mint sought orders from countries all over the world. In 1964 the government decided to adopt a decimal system of currency and a new Royal Mint was constructed in readiness for decimalization on 15 February 1971. The new Mint was constructed at Llantrisant in south Wales in 1967 and the first phase was opened by the queen on 17 December 1968. Later, an up-to-date foundry was installed, followed by engraving, tool-making and assay departments along with a special section for striking proof coins for the collectors market. The original site on Tower Hill was run down once the Llantrisant facility had the full range of minting facilities. Tower Hill struck its last coin in November 1975. | Only Llantrisant could strike special proof coins. | n |
id_4039 | Minted. Coins have been struck in Britain for over 2,000 years, but it was not until the 13th century that a properly instituted mint was formed. Sited in the Tower of London between the inner and outer walls, it employed primitive methods of coining money with hand- held tools. In the 17th century, human-powered screw presses were introduced that could strike up to 30 coins per minute. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, steam-powered machinery was available and a private mint was opened in Birmingham by the entrepreneur Matthew Boulton. He secured contracts for pennies and twopences, producing much higher-quality coins than the Tower, which lacked the space for steam-powered presses. A decision was taken to transfer facilities from the Tower to Tower Hill, where the Royal Mint began production in 1810. The new presses were capable of striking up to 100 coins per minute. UK coins were circulated in various parts of the British Empire, and after the First World War the Royal Mint sought orders from countries all over the world. In 1964 the government decided to adopt a decimal system of currency and a new Royal Mint was constructed in readiness for decimalization on 15 February 1971. The new Mint was constructed at Llantrisant in south Wales in 1967 and the first phase was opened by the queen on 17 December 1968. Later, an up-to-date foundry was installed, followed by engraving, tool-making and assay departments along with a special section for striking proof coins for the collectors market. The original site on Tower Hill was run down once the Llantrisant facility had the full range of minting facilities. Tower Hill struck its last coin in November 1975. | The Royal Mint was not the first to utilize steam power. | e |
id_4040 | Minted. Coins have been struck in Britain for over 2,000 years, but it was not until the 13th century that a properly instituted mint was formed. Sited in the Tower of London between the inner and outer walls, it employed primitive methods of coining money with hand- held tools. In the 17th century, human-powered screw presses were introduced that could strike up to 30 coins per minute. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, steam-powered machinery was available and a private mint was opened in Birmingham by the entrepreneur Matthew Boulton. He secured contracts for pennies and twopences, producing much higher-quality coins than the Tower, which lacked the space for steam-powered presses. A decision was taken to transfer facilities from the Tower to Tower Hill, where the Royal Mint began production in 1810. The new presses were capable of striking up to 100 coins per minute. UK coins were circulated in various parts of the British Empire, and after the First World War the Royal Mint sought orders from countries all over the world. In 1964 the government decided to adopt a decimal system of currency and a new Royal Mint was constructed in readiness for decimalization on 15 February 1971. The new Mint was constructed at Llantrisant in south Wales in 1967 and the first phase was opened by the queen on 17 December 1968. Later, an up-to-date foundry was installed, followed by engraving, tool-making and assay departments along with a special section for striking proof coins for the collectors market. The original site on Tower Hill was run down once the Llantrisant facility had the full range of minting facilities. Tower Hill struck its last coin in November 1975. | All of the minting facilities had been transferred from Tower Hill to Llantrisant by 1968. | c |
id_4041 | Mobile technology has played great role in growth and development of society. Earlier cellphone was used as a medium of conversation only. Now mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services, such as, texting, email, internet access etc. The price of mobile phones is also decreasing and people are being encouraged to buy a mobile phone set at a cheaper rate. The mobile technology and smartphones have the capabilities of handling video calls, sharing large files. Mobile technology had made it more efficient to conduct business. Video calls and taking photographs have become possible as mobile phone has inbuilt camera. Therefore, there is no need to carry around a camera everywhere you go. | Many features are being added to mobile phones now-a-days. | c |
id_4042 | Mobile technology has played great role in growth and development of society. Earlier cellphone was used as a medium of conversation only. Now mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services, such as, texting, email, internet access etc. The price of mobile phones is also decreasing and people are being encouraged to buy a mobile phone set at a cheaper rate. The mobile technology and smartphones have the capabilities of handling video calls, sharing large files. Mobile technology had made it more efficient to conduct business. Video calls and taking photographs have become possible as mobile phone has inbuilt camera. Therefore, there is no need to carry around a camera everywhere you go. | One can share photos and videos via mobile phones provided that the other person has a similar device. | c |
id_4043 | Mobile technology has played great role in growth and development of society. Earlier cellphone was used as a medium of conversation only. Now mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services, such as, texting, email, internet access etc. The price of mobile phones is also decreasing and people are being encouraged to buy a mobile phone set at a cheaper rate. The mobile technology and smartphones have the capabilities of handling video calls, sharing large files. Mobile technology had made it more efficient to conduct business. Video calls and taking photographs have become possible as mobile phone has inbuilt camera. Therefore, there is no need to carry around a camera everywhere you go. | Mobile phones can be used for purposes other than making calls. | c |
id_4044 | Mobile technology has played great role in growth and development of society. Earlier cellphone was used as a medium of conversation only. Now mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services, such as, texting, email, internet access etc. The price of mobile phones is also decreasing and people are being encouraged to buy a mobile phone set at a cheaper rate. The mobile technology and smartphones have the capabilities of handling video calls, sharing large files. Mobile technology had made it more efficient to conduct business. Video calls and taking photographs have become possible as mobile phone has inbuilt camera. Therefore, there is no need to carry around a camera everywhere you go. | Technological advances are taking place in fields other than cellphones as well. | e |
id_4045 | Mobile technology has played great role in growth and development of society. Earlier cellphone was used as a medium of conversation only. Now mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services, such as, texting, email, internet access etc. The price of mobile phones is also decreasing and people are being encouraged to buy a mobile phone set at a cheaper rate. The mobile technology and smartphones have the capabilities of handling video calls, sharing large files. Mobile technology had made it more efficient to conduct business. Video calls and taking photographs have become possible as mobile phone has inbuilt camera. Therefore, there is no need to carry around a camera everywhere you go. | The other features of mobile phones are not as useful as the built in camera. | c |
id_4046 | Money Transfers by Mobile The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenyas biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10,000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 million shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricoms executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account, said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the next big thing in mobile telephony. M-Pesas is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money, you hand over the cash to a registered agent typically a retailer who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (259) via text message to the desired recipient even someone on a different mobile network who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999, Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today, it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someones phone is stolen, the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr. Joseph said the only danger is sending cash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away. The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. | M-Pesa can only be used by people using one phone network. | c |
id_4047 | Money Transfers by Mobile The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenyas biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10,000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 million shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricoms executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account, said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the next big thing in mobile telephony. M-Pesas is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money, you hand over the cash to a registered agent typically a retailer who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (259) via text message to the desired recipient even someone on a different mobile network who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999, Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today, it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someones phone is stolen, the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr. Joseph said the only danger is sending cash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away. The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. | So far, most of the people using M-Pesa have used it to send small amounts of money. | e |
id_4048 | Money Transfers by Mobile The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenyas biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10,000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 million shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricoms executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account, said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the next big thing in mobile telephony. M-Pesas is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money, you hand over the cash to a registered agent typically a retailer who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (259) via text message to the desired recipient even someone on a different mobile network who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999, Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today, it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someones phone is stolen, the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr. Joseph said the only danger is sending cash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away. The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. | The GSM Association is a consumer organisation. | c |
id_4049 | Money Transfers by Mobile The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenyas biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10,000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 million shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricoms executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account, said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the next big thing in mobile telephony. M-Pesas is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money, you hand over the cash to a registered agent typically a retailer who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (259) via text message to the desired recipient even someone on a different mobile network who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999, Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today, it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someones phone is stolen, the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr. Joseph said the only danger is sending cash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away. The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. | M-Pesa can be used to buy products and services. | c |
id_4050 | Money Transfers by Mobile The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenyas biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10,000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 million shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricoms executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account, said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the next big thing in mobile telephony. M-Pesas is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money, you hand over the cash to a registered agent typically a retailer who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (259) via text message to the desired recipient even someone on a different mobile network who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999, Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today, it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someones phone is stolen, the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr. Joseph said the only danger is sending cash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away. The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. | Most Kenyans working in urban areas have relatives in rural areas. | n |
id_4051 | More than 50 new alien planets, including 16 super-Earths, which are potentially rocky worlds that are more massive than our planet, have been discovered by an exoplanet-hunting telescope. One in particular - called HD 85512 b - has captured astronomers' attention because it orbits at the edge of its star's habitable zone, suggesting conditions could be ripe to support life. The harvest of discoveries from the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher instrument, or HARPS, has exceeded all expectations and includes an exceptionally rich population of super-Earths and Neptune-type planets hosted by stars very similar to our sun. And even better the new results show that the pace of discovery is accelerating. HD 85512 b is the lowest-mass confirmed planet discovered by the radial velocity method that potentially lies in the habitable zone of its star, and the second low-mass planet discovered by HARPS inside the habitable zone. | HD 85512 b is the first planet residing in its star's habitable zone to be discovered. | c |
id_4052 | More than 50 new alien planets, including 16 super-Earths, which are potentially rocky worlds that are more massive than our planet, have been discovered by an exoplanet-hunting telescope. One in particular - called HD 85512 b - has captured astronomers' attention because it orbits at the edge of its star's habitable zone, suggesting conditions could be ripe to support life. The harvest of discoveries from the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher instrument, or HARPS, has exceeded all expectations and includes an exceptionally rich population of super-Earths and Neptune-type planets hosted by stars very similar to our sun. And even better the new results show that the pace of discovery is accelerating. HD 85512 b is the lowest-mass confirmed planet discovered by the radial velocity method that potentially lies in the habitable zone of its star, and the second low-mass planet discovered by HARPS inside the habitable zone. | Planets that lie in their stars' habitable zone contain water. | n |
id_4053 | More than 50 new alien planets, including 16 super-Earths, which are potentially rocky worlds that are more massive than our planet, have been discovered by an exoplanet-hunting telescope. One in particular - called HD 85512 b - has captured astronomers' attention because it orbits at the edge of its star's habitable zone, suggesting conditions could be ripe to support life. The harvest of discoveries from the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher instrument, or HARPS, has exceeded all expectations and includes an exceptionally rich population of super-Earths and Neptune-type planets hosted by stars very similar to our sun. And even better the new results show that the pace of discovery is accelerating. HD 85512 b is the lowest-mass confirmed planet discovered by the radial velocity method that potentially lies in the habitable zone of its star, and the second low-mass planet discovered by HARPS inside the habitable zone. | HARPS is discovering more planets faster than before. | e |
id_4054 | Morse Code Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money. Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Surprisingly this message, which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st 1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the worlds shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as the end of art era. The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly associated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now remembered as the father of the tele-graph partly thanks to his single-mindednessit was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph linebut also for technical reasons. Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it required little more than a key (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages, a clicking sounder to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary. But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became dominant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years. ) By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute, handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often called an information superhighway, the telegraph was described in its day as an instantaneous highway of thought, But by the 1890s the Morse telegraphs heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships. | Morse had already been famous as an inventor before his invention of Morse code. | c |
id_4055 | Morse Code Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money. Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Surprisingly this message, which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st 1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the worlds shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as the end of art era. The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly associated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now remembered as the father of the tele-graph partly thanks to his single-mindednessit was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph linebut also for technical reasons. Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it required little more than a key (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages, a clicking sounder to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary. But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became dominant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years. ) By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute, handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often called an information superhighway, the telegraph was described in its day as an instantaneous highway of thought, But by the 1890s the Morse telegraphs heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships. | Morse code is difficult to learn compared with other designs. | e |
id_4056 | Morse Code Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money. Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Surprisingly this message, which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st 1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the worlds shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as the end of art era. The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly associated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now remembered as the father of the tele-graph partly thanks to his single-mindednessit was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph linebut also for technical reasons. Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it required little more than a key (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages, a clicking sounder to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary. But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became dominant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years. ) By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute, handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often called an information superhighway, the telegraph was described in its day as an instantaneous highway of thought, But by the 1890s the Morse telegraphs heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships. | Companies and firms prefer to employ telegraphy operators from rural areas. | n |
id_4057 | Morse Code Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money. Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Surprisingly this message, which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st 1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the worlds shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as the end of art era. The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly associated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now remembered as the father of the tele-graph partly thanks to his single-mindednessit was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph linebut also for technical reasons. Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it required little more than a key (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages, a clicking sounder to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary. But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became dominant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years. ) By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute, handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often called an information superhighway, the telegraph was described in its day as an instantaneous highway of thought, But by the 1890s the Morse telegraphs heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships. | Morse died from overwork. | n |
id_4058 | Morse Code Morse code is being replaced by a new satellite-based system for sending dis-tress calls at sea. Its dots and dashes have had a good run for their money. Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Surprisingly this message, which flashed over the airwaves in the dots and dashes of Morse code on January 31st 1997, was not a desperate transmission by a radio operator on a sinking ship. Rather, it was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the worlds shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The final deadline for the switch-over to GMDSS is February 1st, a date that is widely seen as the end of art era. The code has, however, had a good history. Appropriately for a technology commonly associated with radio operators on sinking ships, the idea of Morse code is said to have occurred to Samuel Morse while he was on board a ship crossing the Atlantic, At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes. Other inventors had been trying to do just that for the best part of a century. Morse succeeded and is now remembered as the father of the tele-graph partly thanks to his single-mindednessit was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph linebut also for technical reasons. Compared with rival electric telegraph designs, such as the needle telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in Britain, Morses design was very simple: it required little more than a key (essentially, a spring-loaded switch) to send messages, a clicking sounder to receive them, and a wire to link the two. But although Morses hardware was simple, there was a catch: in order to use his equipment, operators had to learn the special code of dots and dashes that still bears his name. Originally, Morse had not intended to use combinations of dots and dashes to represent individual letters. His first code, sketched in his notebook during that transatlantic voyage, used dots and dashes to represent the digits 0 to 9. Morses idea was that messages would consist of strings of numbers corresponding to words and phrases in a special numbered dictionary. But Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes. At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid. But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code. As electric telegraphy took off in the early 1850s, the Morse telegraph quickly became dominant. It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries. (Britain chose not to participate, sticking with needle telegraphs for a few more years. ) By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day. On international submarine cables, left and right swings of a light-beam reflected from a tiny rotating mirror were used to represent dots and dashes. Meanwhile a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging, with its own customs and vocabulary, and a hierarchy based on the speed at which operators could send and receive Morse code. First-class operators, who could send and receive at speeds of up to 45 words a minute, handled press traffic, securing the best-paid jobs in big cities. At the bottom of the pile were slow, inexperienced rural operators, many of whom worked the wires as part-timers. As their Morse code improved, however, rural opera-tors found that their new-found skill was a passport to better pay in a city job. Telegraphers soon, swelled the ranks of the emerging middle classes. Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female. In a dramatic ceremony in 1871, Morse himself said goodbye to the global community of telegraphers he had brought into being. After a lavish banquet and many adulatory speeches, Morse sat down behind an operators table and, placing his finger on a key connected to every telegraph wire in America, tapped out his final farewell to a standing ovation. By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network. Just as the Internet is today often called an information superhighway, the telegraph was described in its day as an instantaneous highway of thought, But by the 1890s the Morse telegraphs heyday as a cutting-edge technology was coming to an end, with the invention of the telephone and the rise of automatic telegraphs, precursors of the teleprinter, neither of which required specialist skills to operate. Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless. Following the invention of radiotelegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896, its potential for use at sea quickly became apparent. For the first time, ships could communicate with each other, and with the shore, whatever the weather and even when out of visual range. In 1897 Marconi successfully sent Morse code messages between a shore station and an Italian warship 19km (12 miles) away. By 1910, Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships. | Morse waited a long time before receiving support from the Congress. | e |
id_4059 | Most architects are writers. No writer is a driver. All drivers are architects. | Some writers are architects. | e |
id_4060 | Most architects are writers. No writer is a driver. All drivers are architects. | All architects are drivers. | c |
id_4061 | Most architects are writers. No writer is a driver. All drivers are architects. | No driver is a writer. | e |
id_4062 | Most architects are writers. No writer is a driver. All drivers are architects. | Some drivers are writers. | c |
id_4063 | Most banks and buliding societies adopt a no smoking policy in customer areas in their branchs. Plaques and stickers are displayed in these areas to draw attention to this policy. The notices are worded in a customer friendly manner, though a few customers may feel their personal freedom of choice is being infringed. If a customer does ignore a notice, staff are tolerant and avoid making a great issue of the situation. If fact, the majority of customers now expect a no smoking policy in premises of this kind. After all, such a policy improves the pleasantness of the customer facilities and also lessens fire risk. | A no-smoking policy is in line with most customers expectations in banks and buliding societies. | e |
id_4064 | Most banks and buliding societies adopt a no smoking policy in customer areas in their branchs. Plaques and stickers are displayed in these areas to draw attention to this policy. The notices are worded in a customer friendly manner, though a few customers may feel their personal freedom of choice is being infringed. If a customer does ignore a notice, staff are tolerant and avoid making a great issue of the situation. If fact, the majority of customers now expect a no smoking policy in premises of this kind. After all, such a policy improves the pleasantness of the customer facilities and also lessens fire risk. | No smoking policies have mainly been introduced in response to customer demand. | n |
id_4065 | Most banks and buliding societies adopt a no smoking policy in customer areas in their branchs. Plaques and stickers are displayed in these areas to draw attention to this policy. The notices are worded in a customer friendly manner, though a few customers may feel their personal freedom of choice is being infringed. If a customer does ignore a notice, staff are tolerant and avoid making a great issue of the situation. If fact, the majority of customers now expect a no smoking policy in premises of this kind. After all, such a policy improves the pleasantness of the customer facilities and also lessens fire risk. | All banks and buliding societies now have a no smoking policy. | n |
id_4066 | Most banks and buliding societies adopt a no smoking policy in customer areas in their branchs. Plaques and stickers are displayed in these areas to draw attention to this policy. The notices are worded in a customer friendly manner, though a few customers may feel their personal freedom of choice is being infringed. If a customer does ignore a notice, staff are tolerant and avoid making a great issue of the situation. If fact, the majority of customers now expect a no smoking policy in premises of this kind. After all, such a policy improves the pleasantness of the customer facilities and also lessens fire risk. | There is no conflict of interest between a no smoking policy and personal freedom of choice for all. | c |
id_4067 | Most bulls are cows. No bull is horse. All horses are cows. | Some cows are not horses. | e |
id_4068 | Most bulls are cows. No bull is horse. All horses are cows. | All cows are not horses. | c |
id_4069 | Most bulls are cows. No bull is horse. All horses are cows. | Some bulls are cows. | e |
id_4070 | Most bulls are cows. No bull is horse. All horses are cows. | Some bulls are not horses. | e |
id_4071 | Most chairs are tables. No chairs are trolleys. All trolleys are tables. | Some chairs are tables. | e |
id_4072 | Most chairs are tables. No chairs are trolleys. All trolleys are tables. | Some chairs are not trolleys. | e |
id_4073 | Most chairs are tables. No chairs are trolleys. All trolleys are tables. | Some tables are not trolleys. | e |
id_4074 | Most chairs are tables. No chairs are trolleys. All trolleys are tables. | All tables are not trolleys. | e |
id_4075 | Most countries generate radioactive waste, and everyone has a vested interest in high-level nuclear waste being stored safely. High-level nuclear waste, initially comprised of extremely hot spent fuel rods, is cooled down in temporary storage pods. These can then be stored indefinitely above- or below-ground in remote areas. Underground storage may seem to be a safer option. But is it a permanent solution for the thousands of years that are necessary? Associated questions also remain about the environmental impact of nuclear power generation. There is the risk of contaminating ground water if burial occurs in deep holes. Underground sites must have dry surroundings in order to reduce the risk of water seeping through rock and corroding radioactive waste containers. In the United States, the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility was to be located 1600 feet under the empty Nevada desert. Despite the government investing billions of dollars in the project, it was cancelled in 2009 due to public and political opposition. The expense of finding and constructing suitable storage facilities is particularly acute for small countries. Many options have been considered, including burying waste under the ocean floor or under the polar ice. Each potential solution is problematic. Conducting the necessary monitoring beneath the sea floor, for example, would be very difficult. | The two most important considerations for radioactive storage are safety and cost. | n |
id_4076 | Most countries generate radioactive waste, and everyone has a vested interest in high-level nuclear waste being stored safely. High-level nuclear waste, initially comprised of extremely hot spent fuel rods, is cooled down in temporary storage pods. These can then be stored indefinitely above- or below-ground in remote areas. Underground storage may seem to be a safer option. But is it a permanent solution for the thousands of years that are necessary? Associated questions also remain about the environmental impact of nuclear power generation. There is the risk of contaminating ground water if burial occurs in deep holes. Underground sites must have dry surroundings in order to reduce the risk of water seeping through rock and corroding radioactive waste containers. In the United States, the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility was to be located 1600 feet under the empty Nevada desert. Despite the government investing billions of dollars in the project, it was cancelled in 2009 due to public and political opposition. The expense of finding and constructing suitable storage facilities is particularly acute for small countries. Many options have been considered, including burying waste under the ocean floor or under the polar ice. Each potential solution is problematic. Conducting the necessary monitoring beneath the sea floor, for example, would be very difficult. | Government subsidies have been used to construct underground storage facilities. | n |
id_4077 | Most countries generate radioactive waste, and everyone has a vested interest in high-level nuclear waste being stored safely. High-level nuclear waste, initially comprised of extremely hot spent fuel rods, is cooled down in temporary storage pods. These can then be stored indefinitely above- or below-ground in remote areas. Underground storage may seem to be a safer option. But is it a permanent solution for the thousands of years that are necessary? Associated questions also remain about the environmental impact of nuclear power generation. There is the risk of contaminating ground water if burial occurs in deep holes. Underground sites must have dry surroundings in order to reduce the risk of water seeping through rock and corroding radioactive waste containers. In the United States, the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility was to be located 1600 feet under the empty Nevada desert. Despite the government investing billions of dollars in the project, it was cancelled in 2009 due to public and political opposition. The expense of finding and constructing suitable storage facilities is particularly acute for small countries. Many options have been considered, including burying waste under the ocean floor or under the polar ice. Each potential solution is problematic. Conducting the necessary monitoring beneath the sea floor, for example, would be very difficult. | Theres a consensus about the safest option for storing nuclear waste. | c |
id_4078 | Most countries generate radioactive waste, and everyone has a vested interest in high-level nuclear waste being stored safely. High-level nuclear waste, initially comprised of extremely hot spent fuel rods, is cooled down in temporary storage pods. These can then be stored indefinitely above- or below-ground in remote areas. Underground storage may seem to be a safer option. But is it a permanent solution for the thousands of years that are necessary? Associated questions also remain about the environmental impact of nuclear power generation. There is the risk of contaminating ground water if burial occurs in deep holes. Underground sites must have dry surroundings in order to reduce the risk of water seeping through rock and corroding radioactive waste containers. In the United States, the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility was to be located 1600 feet under the empty Nevada desert. Despite the government investing billions of dollars in the project, it was cancelled in 2009 due to public and political opposition. The expense of finding and constructing suitable storage facilities is particularly acute for small countries. Many options have been considered, including burying waste under the ocean floor or under the polar ice. Each potential solution is problematic. Conducting the necessary monitoring beneath the sea floor, for example, would be very difficult. | It costs more to store nuclear waste in smaller countries. | n |
id_4079 | Most countries generate radioactive waste, and everyone has a vested interest in high-level nuclear waste being stored safely. High-level nuclear waste, initially comprised of extremely hot spent fuel rods, is cooled down in temporary storage pods. These can then be stored indefinitely above- or below-ground in remote areas. Underground storage may seem to be a safer option. But is it a permanent solution for the thousands of years that are necessary? Associated questions also remain about the environmental impact of nuclear power generation. There is the risk of contaminating ground water if burial occurs in deep holes. Underground sites must have dry surroundings in order to reduce the risk of water seeping through rock and corroding radioactive waste containers. In the United States, the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste storage facility was to be located 1600 feet under the empty Nevada desert. Despite the government investing billions of dollars in the project, it was cancelled in 2009 due to public and political opposition. The expense of finding and constructing suitable storage facilities is particularly acute for small countries. Many options have been considered, including burying waste under the ocean floor or under the polar ice. Each potential solution is problematic. Conducting the necessary monitoring beneath the sea floor, for example, would be very difficult. | Wherever nuclear waste is buried it needs to be monitored. | e |
id_4080 | Most employees are attracted by the job-related perks and many employers nowadays provide fringe benefits for their staff. Unfortunately, the majority of these perks are taxable, depending in some cases on an employee's position within an organisation and their level of remuneration. The emphasis in the taxation system means that it is usually to an employee's advantage to be given fringe benefits which would otherwise have to be paid for from taxed net income. The wide variety of fringe benefits includes subsidised meals, staff parties and access to sports facilities. | Senior managers' fringe benefits will be taxed more heavily than those of non-managerial staff. | n |
id_4081 | Most employees are attracted by the job-related perks and many employers nowadays provide fringe benefits for their staff. Unfortunately, the majority of these perks are taxable, depending in some cases on an employee's position within an organisation and their level of remuneration. The emphasis in the taxation system means that it is usually to an employee's advantage to be given fringe benefits which would otherwise have to be paid for from taxed net income. The wide variety of fringe benefits includes subsidised meals, staff parties and access to sports facilities. | It is always more cost effective to take fringe benefits than to pay for them out of net income. | n |
id_4082 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | Over half of the 1750 colonists that lived on the American seaboard had genetic links to immigrants who had arrived a century ago. | e |
id_4083 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | According to Hall, Americas population at the date of the Revolutionary war could be entirely traced back to 20,000 immigrants. | c |
id_4084 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | The population in the 1751 colonies was over ten times the original immigration that moved there. | e |
id_4085 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | Most of the books on board ships were Bibles and Biblical commentaries. | n |
id_4086 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | According to Hall, in 1751 the population in the American colonies was one million. | c |
id_4087 | Most of the colonists who lived along the American seaboard in 1750 were the descendants of immigrants who had come in fully a century before; after the first settlements there had been much less fresh immigration than many latter-day writers have assumed. According to Prescott F. Hall, the population of New England ... at the date of the Revolutionary War ... was produced out of an immigration of about 20,000 persons who arrived before 1640, and we have Franklins authority for the statement that the total population of the coloniesin 1751, then about 1,000,000, had been produced from an original immigration of less than 80,000. Even at that early day, indeed, the colonists had begun to feel that they were distinctly separated, in culture and customs, from the mother-country and there were signs of the rise of a new native aristocracy, entirely distinct from the older aristocracy of the royal governors courts. The enormous difficulties of communication with England helped to foster this sense of separation. The round trip across the ocean occupied the better part of a year, and was hazardous and expensive; a colonist who had made it was a marked manas Hawthorne said, the petit maitre of the colonies. Nor was there any very extensive exchange of ideas, for though most of the books read in the colonies came from England, the great majority of the colonists, down to the middle of the century, seem to have read little save the Bible and biblical commentaries, and in the native literature of the time one seldom comes upon any reference to the English authors who were glorifying the period of the Restoration and the reign of Anne. | According to Hall, 80,000 people led to a population of 1,000,000. | c |
id_4088 | Most of the private companies have decided against awarding annual increase in the salaries of their employees for the previous year due to the current economic situation. | Majority of the employees may leave their job to protest against the decision. | n |
id_4089 | Most of the private companies have decided against awarding annual increase in the salaries of their employees for the previous year due to the current economic situation. | These companies may announce hike in salaries next year. | n |
id_4090 | Most workers in the UK over the age of 16 are legally entitled to a minimum rate of pay, called the national minimum wage. An independent body called the Low Pay Commission (LPC) each year reviews this rate and passes their recommendation to the government, who then set and enforce the rate. With few exceptions, the minimum wage is the same for all types of work and all kinds of business. The current amount for people over 22 years of age is 6.80 per hour. The rates for younger workers are less. However, the following groups are not entitled to receive the minimum wage: workers under school leaving age, the genuinely self-employed, some apprentices, au pairs, armed service personnel and voluntary workers. Also agricultural workers have a separate minimum rate of pay set by the Agricultural Wages Board. | Au pairs generally receive less than the minimum wage. | n |
id_4091 | Most workers in the UK over the age of 16 are legally entitled to a minimum rate of pay, called the national minimum wage. An independent body called the Low Pay Commission (LPC) each year reviews this rate and passes their recommendation to the government, who then set and enforce the rate. With few exceptions, the minimum wage is the same for all types of work and all kinds of business. The current amount for people over 22 years of age is 6.80 per hour. The rates for younger workers are less. However, the following groups are not entitled to receive the minimum wage: workers under school leaving age, the genuinely self-employed, some apprentices, au pairs, armed service personnel and voluntary workers. Also agricultural workers have a separate minimum rate of pay set by the Agricultural Wages Board. | The lowest wage a 16 year old is entitled to is 6.80 an hour. | c |
id_4092 | Most workers in the UK over the age of 16 are legally entitled to a minimum rate of pay, called the national minimum wage. An independent body called the Low Pay Commission (LPC) each year reviews this rate and passes their recommendation to the government, who then set and enforce the rate. With few exceptions, the minimum wage is the same for all types of work and all kinds of business. The current amount for people over 22 years of age is 6.80 per hour. The rates for younger workers are less. However, the following groups are not entitled to receive the minimum wage: workers under school leaving age, the genuinely self-employed, some apprentices, au pairs, armed service personnel and voluntary workers. Also agricultural workers have a separate minimum rate of pay set by the Agricultural Wages Board. | The Agricultural Wages Board sets pay bands for different levels of agricultural workers | n |
id_4093 | Most workers in the UK over the age of 16 are legally entitled to a minimum rate of pay, called the national minimum wage. An independent body called the Low Pay Commission (LPC) each year reviews this rate and passes their recommendation to the government, who then set and enforce the rate. With few exceptions, the minimum wage is the same for all types of work and all kinds of business. The current amount for people over 22 years of age is 6.80 per hour. The rates for younger workers are less. However, the following groups are not entitled to receive the minimum wage: workers under school leaving age, the genuinely self-employed, some apprentices, au pairs, armed service personnel and voluntary workers. Also agricultural workers have a separate minimum rate of pay set by the Agricultural Wages Board. | The Low Pay Commission sets the rate of the national minimum wage. | c |
id_4094 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | Rewarding system cause the company to lose profit. | n |
id_4095 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | Increasing pay can lead to the high work motivation. | n |
id_4096 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | Local companies benefit more from global companies through the study. | n |
id_4097 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | Employees achieve the most commitment if their drive to comprehend is met. | c |
id_4098 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | The employees in former company presented unusual attitude toward the merging of two companies. | e |
id_4099 | Motivating Drives Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research in a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine. Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. The Drive to Acquire The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation. The Drive to Bond The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company. The Drive to Comprehend The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees dont want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didnt provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company. The Drive to Defend The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries. Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation. The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude. The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life. | The two studies are done to analyze the relationship between the natural drives and the attitude of employees. | c |
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