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The Mauryan pillars are rock-cut pillars thus displaying the carverโ€™s skills.
ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠุงู† ู‡ูŠ ุฃุนู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตุฎุฑุŒ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุนุฑุถ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุงุช.
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technical
moderate
Ashoka emerged as the most powerful king of the Mauryan dynasty.
ุจุฑุฒ ุฃุดูˆูƒุง ูƒุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ู„ูˆูƒ ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠุงู†.
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history
simple
Religious practices had many dimensions and were not confined to just one particular mode of worship.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุงุช ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฐุงุช ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆู„ู… ุชู‚ุชุตุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนุจุงุฏุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
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history
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The Mauryan pillar capital found at Sarnath popularly known as the Lion Capital is the finest example of Mauryan sculptural tradition.
ุฑุฃุณ ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุณุงุฑู†ุงุซ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุจุงุณู… ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ุฃุณุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ู†ุญุช ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠ.
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The capital originally consisted of five component parts.
ุชูƒูˆู†ุช ุงู„ุนุงุตู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู…ู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก.
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The facial musculature of the lions is very strong.
ุนุถู„ุงุช ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
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The abacus has the depiction of a chakra (wheel) having twenty-four spokes.
ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ู„ุนุฌู„ุฉ (ุนุฌู„ุฉ) ุจู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆุนุดุฑูˆู† ุถู„ุนู‹ุง.
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The life-size standing image of a Yakshini holding a chauri (flywhisk) from Didargunj near modern Patna is another good example.
ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูŠุงูƒุดูŠู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุญู…ู„ ุชุดูˆุฑูŠ (ู…ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ุฐุจุงุจ) ู…ู† ุฏูŠุฏุงุฑุฌูˆู†ุฌ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุจุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซุงู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุขุฎุฑ.
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The method of working was collective in nature.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุจุทุจูŠุนุชู‡ุง.
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Traders recorded their donation along with their place of origin.
ุณุฌู„ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑ ุชุจุฑุนุงุชู‡ู… ู…ุน ู…ูƒุงู† ุฅู‚ุงู…ุชู‡ู….
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During the early phase of Buddhism, Buddha is depicted symbolically through footprints, stupas, lotus throne, chakra, etc.
ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆุฐูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุชู… ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุจูˆุฐุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑู…ุฒูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณุชูˆุจุงุŒ ูˆุนุฑุด ุงู„ู„ูˆุชุณุŒ ูˆุงู„ุนุฌู„ุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
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The Jataka stories also became equally important for sculptural decorations.
ุฃุตุจุญุช ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุฌุงุชุงูƒุง ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุฏูŠูƒูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุญุชูŠุฉ.
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From the second century BCE onwards, various rulers established their control over the vast Mauryan Empire.
ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ูุตุงุนุฏู‹ุงุŒ ุฃู‚ุงู… ุญูƒุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ููˆู† ุณูŠุทุฑุชู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู…ุจุฑุงุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠุงู† ุงู„ุดุงุณุนุฉ.
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Bharhut sculptures are tall like the images of Yaksha and Yakhshini in the Mauryan period.
ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุช ุจู‡ุงุฑูˆุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุตูˆุฑ ูŠุงูƒุดุง ูˆูŠุงูƒุดูŠู†ูŠ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงูˆุฑูŠุงู†.
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Clarity in the narrative is enhanced by selecting main events.
ูŠุชู… ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ูˆุถูˆุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฑุฏ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ.
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At Bharhut, narrative panels are shown with fewer characters.
ููŠ ุจู‡ุงุฑูˆุชุŒ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ุงู„ุณุฑุฏูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุงุช.
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Folded hands in the narratives as well as single figures of the Yakhshas and Yakshinis are shown flat clinging to the chest.
ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุทูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงูŠุงุช ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ูุฑุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู€ Yakshas ูˆ Yakshinis ู…ุณุทุญุฉ ุชู„ุชุตู‚ ุจุงู„ุตุฏุฑ.
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Sculptures at Bharhut, Bodhgaya, Sanchi Stupa-2, and Jagayyapetta are good examples.
ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุช ููŠ ุจู‡ุงุฑูˆุชุŒ ูˆุจูˆุฏุบุงูŠุงุŒ ูˆุณุงู†ุชุดูŠ ุณุชูˆุจุง -2ุŒ ูˆุฌุงุฌูŠุงุจุชุง ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
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The next phase of sculptural development at Sanchi Stupa-1, Mathura, and Vengi in Andhra Pradesh is noteworthy.
ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ุญุชูŠ ููŠ ุณุงู†ุชุดูŠ ุณุชูˆุจุง -1ุŒ ูˆู…ุงุชูˆุฑุงุŒ ูˆููŠู†ุฌูŠ ููŠ ุฃู†ุฏุฑุง ุจุฑุงุฏูŠุด ุฌุฏูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ.
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Figure compositions are in high relief, filling up the entire space.
ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ููŠ ุฅุบุงุซุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู„ุก ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง.
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Map showing prehistoric sites (Outline map not to scale) 2024-25 PREHISTORIC ROCK PAINTINGS
ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุชูˆุถุญ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃุซุฑูŠุฉ (ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุชูˆุถูŠุญูŠุฉ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚) 2024-25 ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ
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The distant past when there was no paper or language or the written word, and hence no books or written documents, is called prehistory or as we often say, prehistoric times.
ูŠูุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠู‡ ูˆุฑู‚ ุฃูˆ ู„ุบุฉ ุฃูˆ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ูƒุชุจ ุฃูˆ ู…ุณุชู†ุฏุงุช ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉุŒ ุงุณู… ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุฃูˆ ูƒู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุงุŒ ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
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How people lived in those times was difficult to surmise until scholars began to discover the places where prehistoric people lived.
ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ูƒูŠู ุนุงุด ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุญุชู‰ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ููŠ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุด ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ุงุณ ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
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Excavation at these places brought to light old tools, pottery, habitats, bones of ancient human beings and animals, and drawings on cave walls.
ุฃุฏุช ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู„ู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ูุฎุงุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฆู„ ูˆุนุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู.
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By piecing together the information deduced from these objects and the cave drawings, scholars have constructed fairly accurate knowledge about what happened and how people lived in prehistoric times.
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุชู†ุชุฌุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูˆุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŒ ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจุจู†ุงุก ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ูˆูƒูŠู ุนุงุด ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
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When the basic needs of food, water, clothing and shelter were fulfilled people felt the need to express themselves.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู… ุชู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฃูˆู‰ุŒ ุดุนุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู….
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Painting and drawing were the oldest art forms practised by human beings to express themselves, using the cave walls as their canvas.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฑุณู… ูˆุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ูู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุงุฑุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู„ู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู…ุŒ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ูƒู„ูˆุญุงุชู‡ู….
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Why did prehistoric people draw these pictures?
ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฑุณู… ุฃู†ุงุณ ุนุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŸ
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They may have drawn and painted to make their shelters more colourful and beautiful or to keep a visual record of their day-to-day life, like some of us who maintain a diary.
ุฑุจู…ุง ุฑุณู…ูˆุง ูˆุฑุณู…ูˆุง ู„ุฌุนู„ ู…ุขูˆูŠู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ู‹ุง ูˆุฌู…ุงู„ู‹ุง ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุงุญุชูุงุธ ุจุณุฌู„ ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู„ุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุจุนุถู†ุง ู…ู…ู† ูŠุญุชูุธูˆู† ุจู…ุฐูƒุฑุงุช.
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The prehistoric period in the early development of human beings is commonly known as the Old Stone Age or the Palaeolithic Age.
ุชูุนุฑู ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุจูƒุฑ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู….
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Prehistoric paintings have been found in many parts of the world.
ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู„ูˆุญุงุช ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ููŠ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
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We do not really know if Lower Palaeolithic people ever produced any art objects.
ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฃู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ุชุฌูˆุง ุฃูŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
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But by the Upper Palaeolithic times we see a proliferation of artistic activities.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠุŒ ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑู‹ุง ู„ู„ุฃู†ุดุทุฉ ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ.
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Around the world the walls of many caves of this time are full of finely carved and painted pictures of animals which the cave-dwellers hunted.
ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ุชู…ุชู„ุฆ ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุจุตูˆุฑ ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุฉ ูˆู…ู„ูˆู†ุฉ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ูŠุตุทุงุฏูˆู†ู‡ุง.
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The subjects of their drawings were human figures, human activities, geometric designs and animal symbols.
ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุถูˆุนุงุช ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุชู‡ู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุดุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠุฉ ูˆุฑู…ูˆุฒ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
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In India the earliest paintings have been reported from the Upper Palaeolithic times.
ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏุŒ ุชู… ุงู„ุฅุจู„ุงุบ ุนู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ู…ู† ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ.
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It is interesting to know that the first discovery of rock paintings was made in India in 1867โ€“68 by an archaeologist, Archibold Carlleyle, twelve years before the discovery of Altamira in Spain.
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู† ุฃูˆู„ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ุงู„ุตุฎุฑูŠุฉ ุชู… ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ููŠ 1867-68 ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุฃุฑุดูŠุจูˆู„ุฏ ูƒุงุฑู„ูŠู„ุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุงุซู†ูŠ ุนุดุฑ ุนุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฃู„ุชุงู…ูŠุฑุง ููŠ ุฅุณุจุงู†ูŠุง.
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Cockburn, Anderson, Mitra and Ghosh were the early archaeologists who discovered a large number of sites in the Indian sub-continent.
ูƒุงู† ูƒูˆูƒุจูˆุฑู† ูˆุฃู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู† ูˆู…ูŠุชุฑุง ูˆุบูˆุด ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠ ุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ.
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Remnants of rock paintings have been found on the walls of the caves situated in several districts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Bihar.
ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ุงู„ุตุฎุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุฏุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุงุช ู…ู† ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ู…ุงุฏูŠุง ุจุฑุงุฏูŠุด ูˆุฃูˆุชุงุฑ ุจุฑุงุฏูŠุด ูˆุฃู†ุฏุฑุง ุจุฑุงุฏูŠุด ูˆูƒุงุฑู†ุงุชุงูƒุง ูˆุจูŠู‡ุงุฑ.
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Some paintings have been reported from the Kumaon hills in Uttarakhand also.
ุชู… ุงู„ุฅุจู„ุงุบ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุงุช ู…ู† ุชู„ุงู„ ูƒูˆู…ุงูˆู† ููŠ ุฃูˆุชุงุฑุงุฎุงู†ุฏ.
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The four gateways are decorated profusely with sculptures.
ุชูุฒูŽูŠูŽู‘ู†ู ุงู„ุจูŽูˆูŽู‘ุงุจุงุชู ุงู„ุฃูŽุฑุจูŽุนู ุจููƒูŽุซู’ุฑูŽุฉู ุจูุงู„ุชูŽู‘ู…ุงุซูŠู„.
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Buddha is shown symbolically as an empty throne, feet, chhatra , stupas, etc.
ูŠูุตูŽูˆูŽู‘ุฑู ุจูˆุฐุง ุฑูŽู…ู’ุฒููŠู‹ู‘ุง ูƒูŽุนูŽุฑู’ุดู ูุงุฑูุบูุŒ ูˆุฃูŽู‚ู’ุฏุงู…ูุŒ ูˆูŽู…ูุธูŽู„ูŽู‘ุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽุฃูŽุจู’ุฑุงุฌูุŒ ูˆูŽุบูŽูŠู’ุฑู ุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ.
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Their stylistic differences indicate their possible chronology from the first century BCE onwards.
ุชูุดูŠุฑู ุงุฎู’ุชูู„ุงูุงุชูู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃูุณู’ู„ููˆุจููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูŽุณูŽู„ู’ุณูู„ูู‡ุง ุงู„ุฒูŽู‘ู…ูŽู†ููŠูู‘ ุงู„ู…ูุญู’ุชูŽู…ูŽู„ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ู‚ูŽุฑู’ู†ู ุงู„ุฃูŽูˆูŽู‘ู„ู ู‚ูŽุจู’ู„ูŽ ุงู„ู…ููŠู„ุงุฏู ูˆูŽุตุงุนูุฏู‹ุง.
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The figures at Sanchi, despite being small in dimension, show considerable mastery of sculpting.
ุชูุธู’ู‡ูุฑู ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ู…ุงุซูŠู„ู ููŠ ุณุงู†ู’ุชุดูŠุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑูŽู‘ุบู’ู…ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุตูุบูŽุฑู ุญูŽุฌู’ู…ูู‡ุงุŒ ุฅูุชู’ู‚ุงู†ู‹ุง ูƒูŽุจูŠุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ูŽู‘ุญู’ุชู.
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Their physiognomictreatment of the body shows both depth and dimension which arevery naturalistic.
ุชูุธู’ู‡ูุฑู ู…ูุนุงู„ูŽุฌูŽุชูู‡ูู… ู„ููููŠุฒู’ูŠููˆู†ููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุงู„ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏู ูƒูู„ู‹ู‘ุง ู…ูู†ูŽ ุงู„ุนูู…ู’ู‚ู ูˆุงู„ุฃูŽุจู’ุนุงุฏูุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููŠูŽ ุทูŽุจููŠุนููŠูŽู‘ุฉูŒ ุฌูุฏู‹ู‘ุง.
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There are guardian images on pillars and theshalbhanjika (i.e., lady holding the branch of a tree) sculptures are remarkable in their treatment of volume.
ุชููˆุฌูŽุฏู ุตููˆูŽุฑูŒ ุญุงุฑูุณูŽุฉูŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูŽุนู’ู…ูุฏูŽุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽุชูŽู…ุงุซูŠู„ู ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ุงู„ู’ุจุงู†ู’ุฌููŠูƒุง (ุฃูŽูŠู’ุŒ ุณูŽูŠูู‘ุฏูŽุฉูŒ ุชูู…ู’ุณููƒู ุจูููŽุฑู’ุนู ุดูŽุฌูŽุฑูŽุฉู) ู…ูู„ู’ููุชูŽุฉูŒ ู„ูู„ู†ูŽู‘ุธูŽุฑู ููŠ ู…ูุนุงู„ูŽุฌูŽุชูู‡ุง ู„ูู„ู’ุญูŽุฌู’ู…ู.
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The rigidity of the earliersculptures of Stupa-2 is no more there.
ู„ูŽู…ู’ ุชูŽุนูุฏู’ ุตูŽู„ุงุจูŽุฉู ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ู…ุงุซูŠู„ู ุงู„ุฃูŽู‚ู’ุฏูŽู…ู ู„ูู„ู’ุณูู‘ุชููˆุจูŽุฉู 2 ู…ูŽูˆู’ุฌููˆุฏูŽุฉู‹.
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Each torana consists of two vertical pillars and three horizontal bars on the top.
ูŠูŽุชูŽูƒูŽูˆูŽู‘ู†ู ูƒูู„ูู‘ ุชูŽูˆู’ุฑุงู†ูŽุง ู…ูู†ู’ ุนูŽู…ููˆุฏูŽูŠู’ู†ู ุฑูŽุฃู’ุณููŠูŽู‘ูŠู’ู†ู ูˆูŽุซูŽู„ุงุซูŽุฉู ู‚ูุถู’ุจุงู†ู ุฃูููู‚ููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŽุนู’ู„ู‰.
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Each horizontalbar is decorated with different sculptural themes on the front aswell as at the back.
ูŠูุฒูŽูŠูŽู‘ู†ู ูƒูู„ูู‘ ู‚ูŽุถููŠุจู ุฃูููู‚ููŠูู‘ ุจูู…ูŽูˆุงุถููŠุนูŽ ู†ูŽุญู’ุชููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ู…ูุฎู’ุชูŽู„ูููŽุฉู ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูŽู…ุงู…ู ูˆูŽูƒูŽุฐูŽู„ููƒูŽ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎูŽู„ู’ูู.
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Supporting the extensions of the lowermosthorizontal bar from below are the images of shalbhanjikas.
ุชูŽุฏู’ุนูŽู…ู ุตููˆูŽุฑู ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ุงู„ู’ุจุงู†ู’ุฌููŠูƒุงุณู ุชูŽู…ู’ุฏููŠุฏูŽุงุชู ุงู„ู‚ูŽุถููŠุจู ุงู„ุฃูููู‚ููŠูู‘ ุงู„ุฃูŽุณู’ููŽู„ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ุฃูŽุณู’ููŽู„ู.
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Mathura was a great centre for making sculptures during the early historic period and many images have been found here.
ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุงุซูˆุฑุง ู…ูŽุฑู’ูƒูŽุฒู‹ุง ุนูŽุธููŠู…ู‹ุง ู„ูุตูู†ู’ุนู ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ู…ุงุซูŠู„ู ุฎูู„ุงู„ูŽ ุงู„ููŽุชู’ุฑูŽุฉู ุงู„ุชูŽู‘ุงุฑููŠุฎููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุงู„ู…ูุจูŽูƒูู‘ุฑูŽุฉูุŒ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุฏู’ ุนูุซูุฑูŽ ุนู„ู‰ ุตููˆูŽุฑู ูƒูŽุซูŠุฑูŽุฉู ู‡ูู†ุง.
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A large number of images dating back to the Kushana Period is from Mathura.
ูŠูŽุนูˆุฏู ุนูŽุฏูŽุฏูŒ ูƒูŽุจูŠุฑูŒ ู…ูู†ูŽ ุงู„ุตูู‘ูˆูŽุฑู ุฅู„ู‰ ุนูŽุตู’ุฑู ูƒููˆุดุงู†ุง ูˆูŽู‡ููŠูŽ ู…ูู†ู’ ู…ุงุซูˆุฑุง.
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The image of the Buddha from the Katra mound belongs to the second century CE.
ุชูŽุนููˆุฏู ุตููˆุฑูŽุฉู ุจูˆุฐุง ู…ูู†ู’ ุชูŽู„ูู‘ ูƒุงุชู’ุฑุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŽุฑู’ู†ู ุงู„ุซูŽู‘ุงู†ููŠ ุงู„ู…ููŠู„ุงุฏููŠู‘.
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It represents the Buddha with two Boddhisattva attendants.
ุชูู…ูŽุซูู‘ู„ู ุจูˆุฐุง ู…ูŽุนูŽ ู…ูุฑุงููู‚ูŽูŠู’ู†ู ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ุจููˆุฏู’ู‡ููŠูŽู‘ุงุชู’.
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The Buddha is seated in padmasana (cross-folded legs) and the right hand is in the abhayamudra, raised a little above the shoulder level whereas the left hand is placed on the left thigh.
ูŠูŽุฌู’ู„ูุณู ุจูˆุฐุง ููŠ ูˆูŽุถู’ุนููŠูŽู‘ุฉู ุจุงุฏู’ู…ุงุณุงู†ุง (ุฃูŽุฑู’ุฌูู„ูŒ ู…ูุชูŽู‚ุงุทูุนูŽุฉูŒ) ูˆูŽุงู„ูŠูŽุฏู ุงู„ูŠูู…ู’ู†ู‰ ููŠ ุฃูŽุจู’ู‡ุงูŠุงู…ููˆุฏู’ุฑุงุŒ ู…ูุฑู’ุชูŽููุนูŽุฉูŒ ู‚ูŽู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง ููŽูˆู’ู‚ูŽ ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽูˆู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŽุชูููุŒ ููŠ ุญููŠู†ู ุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ ุงู„ูŠูŽุฏูŽ ุงู„ูŠูุณู’ุฑู‰ ู…ูŽูˆู’ุถููˆุนูŽุฉูŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŽุฎูุฐู ุงู„ูŠูุณู’ุฑู‰.
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The ushanisha, i.e., hair knot, is shown with a vertically raised projection.
ูŠูุธู’ู‡ูŽุฑู ุงู„ุฃููˆุดูŽุงู†ููŠุดุงุŒ ุฃูŽูŠู’ุŒ ุนูู‚ู’ุฏูŽุฉู ุงู„ุดูŽู‘ุนู’ุฑูุŒ ุจูู†ูุชููˆุกู ู…ูุฑู’ุชูŽููุนู ุนูŽู…ููˆุฏููŠู‹ู‘ุง.
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Mathura sculptures from this period are made with light volume having fleshy body.
ุชูุตู’ู†ูŽุนู ุชู…ุงุซูŠู„ู ู…ุงุซูˆุฑุง ู…ูู†ู’ ู‡ูŽุฐูู‡ู ุงู„ููŽุชู’ุฑูŽุฉู ุจูุญูŽุฌู’ู…ู ุฎูŽูููŠูู ูˆูŽุฌูŽุณูŽุฏู ู„ูŽุญู’ู…ููŠูู‘.
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The shoulders are broad.
ุงู„ุฃูŽูƒู’ุชุงูู ุนูŽุฑููŠุถูŽุฉูŒ.
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The sanghati (garment) covers only one shoulder and has been made prominently visible covering the left hand whereas while covering the torso, the independent volume of the garment is reduced to the body torso.
ุชูุบูŽุทู‘ูŠ ุงู„ุณูŽู‘ุงู†ู’ุบุงุชูŠ (ุงู„ู„ูู‘ุจุงุณู) ูƒูŽุชููู‹ุง ูˆุงุญูุฏู‹ุง ููŽู‚ูŽุทู’ุŒ ูˆูŽู‚ูŽุฏู’ ุฌูุนูู„ูŽุชู’ ูˆุงุถูุญูŽุฉู‹ ุจูุดูŽูƒู’ู„ู ุจุงุฑูุฒูุŒ ูˆูŽู‡ููŠูŽ ุชูุบูŽุทู‘ูŠ ุงู„ูŠูŽุฏูŽ ุงู„ูŠูุณู’ุฑู‰ุŒ ููŠ ุญููŠู†ู ุฃูŽู†ูŽู‘ู‡ุง ุนูู†ู’ุฏูŽ ุชูŽุบู’ุทููŠูŽุฉู ุงู„ุฌูุฐู’ุนูุŒ ูŠูŽุชูŽู‚ูŽู„ูŽู‘ุตู ุงู„ุญูŽุฌู’ู…ู ุงู„ู…ูุณู’ุชูŽู‚ูู„ูู‘ ู„ูู„ูู‘ุจุงุณู ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌูุฐู’ุนู ุงู„ุฌูŽุณูŽุฏู.
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The Buddha is seated on a lion throne.
ูŠูŽุฌู’ู„ูุณู ุจูˆุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนูŽุฑู’ุดู ุฃูŽุณูŽุฏู.
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The artisan skillfully carved intricate designs into the stone.
ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุญุฑููŠ ุจู†ุญุช ุชุตุงู…ูŠู… ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุจู…ู‡ุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ.
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The temple's architecture reflects a blend of different cultural influences.
ุชุนูƒุณ ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุจุฏ ู…ุฒูŠุฌู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
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The museum houses a vast collection of ancient artifacts.
ูŠุถู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญู ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃุซุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ.
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The artist used vibrant colors to depict the bustling marketplace.
ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ูู†ุงู† ุฃู„ูˆุงู†ู‹ุง ู†ุงุจุถุฉ ุจุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ุตุงุฎุจ.
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The intricate details of the sculpture were admired by all.
ุฃุนุฌุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุจุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุญุช.
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The historical significance of the site is immense.
ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ.
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The ancient texts provide valuable insights into the past.
ุชูˆูุฑ ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุฑุคู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
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The architectural style of the building is unique.
ุงู„ู†ู…ุท ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุจู†ู‰ ูุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡.
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The use of semi-precious stones added to the beauty of the artwork.
ุฃุถุงู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฃุญุฌุงุฑ ุดุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠู…ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูู†ูŠ.
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The artist's skill was evident in every brushstroke.
ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู‡ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู†ุงู† ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุถุฑุจุฉ ูุฑุดุงุฉ.
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The preservation of cultural heritage is of utmost importance.
ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุซ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠ ู„ู‡ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ุตูˆู‰.
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The exhibition showcased a wide range of artistic styles.
ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑุถ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ.
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The influence of religious beliefs is apparent in the art.
ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญ ููŠ ุงู„ูู†.
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The intricate patterns on the walls were mesmerizing.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุณุงุญุฑุฉ.
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The study of art history provides a deeper understanding of human civilization.
ูŠูˆูุฑ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ูู† ูู‡ู…ู‹ุง ุฃุนู…ู‚ ู„ู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ.
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The use of symbolism adds layers of meaning to the artwork.
ูŠุถูŠู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฑู…ุฒูŠุฉ ุทุจู‚ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูู†ูŠ.
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The artist's interpretation of the subject was unique and thought-provoking.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ูู†ุงู† ู„ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง ูˆู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ.
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The restoration project aimed to preserve the ancient structure.
ู‡ุฏู ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุชุฑู…ูŠู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู….
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The cultural exchange between different regions is reflected in the art.
ุชู†ุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุชุจุงุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูู†.
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The legacy of the past continues to inspire artists today.
ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุฅุฑุซ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ููŠ ุฅู„ู‡ุงู… ุงู„ูู†ุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
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The temples at Khajuraho are all made of sandstone.
ู…ุนุงุจุฏ ุฎุงุฌูˆุฑุงู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ุฑู…ู„ูŠ.
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They were patronised by the Chandella dynasty.
ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญุช ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ุชุดุงู†ุฏูŠู„ุง.
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The Lakshmana temple represents the full-fledged, developed style of temple architecture during the time of the Chandellas.
ูŠู…ุซู„ ู…ุนุจุฏ ู„ุงูƒุดู…ุงู†ุง ุงู„ู†ู…ุท ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ ู„ุนู…ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุจุฏ ููŠ ุนู‡ุฏ ุชุดุงู†ุฏูŠู„ุงุณ.
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Its construction was completed by 954, the year as per the inscription found at the base of the temple.
ุงูƒุชู…ู„ ุจู†ุงุคู‡ ุนุงู… 954ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุด ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุจุฏ.
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The temple plan is of a panchayana type.
ุฎุทุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุจุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุจุงู†ุดุงูŠุงู†ุง.
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The outer walls of the garbhagriha and the outer and inner walls around the circumambulatory path are decorated with sculptures.
ุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู€ garbhagriha ูˆุงู„ุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุณุงุฑ ุงู„ุทูˆุงู ู…ุฒูŠู†ุฉ ุจู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุช.
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The Khajuraho temples are also known for their erotic sculptures.
ุชุดุชู‡ุฑ ู…ุนุงุจุฏ ุฎุงุฌูˆุฑุงู‡ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ.
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Many erotic sculptures are carved on the plinth wall.
ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุช ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ.
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Some erotic sculptures are carved on the actual wall of the temple.
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุงุช ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู†ุญูˆุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุนุจุฏ.
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The interior halls are also decorated profusely.
ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุฒูŠู†ุฉ ุจุบุฒุงุฑุฉ.
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An image of Chaturmukha Vishnu is in the garbhagriha.
ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุดุงุชูˆุฑู…ูˆุฎุง ููŠุดู†ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ garbhagriha.
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religion
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There are four shrines in each corner of the temple.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุถุฑุญุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฑูƒู† ู…ู† ุฃุฑูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุนุจุฏ.
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architecture
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Drapery and ornaments are given a lot of attention.
ูŠูˆู„ู‰ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุณุชุงุฆุฑ ูˆุงู„ุญู„ูŠ.
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We have focussed on the dominant art styles and some of the most famous monuments from different parts of India in the medieval period.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฑูƒุฒู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูู† ุงู„ุณุงุฆุฏุฉ ูˆุจุนุถ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰.
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These large projects would have brought architects, builders, sculptors and painters together.
ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุณุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุจู†ุงุฆูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู†ุญุงุชูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฑุณุงู…ูŠู† ู…ุนู‹ุง.
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Through them we can surmise what their buildings were like, what types of clothes they wore and above all we can use the art material to reconstruct the history of their religions.
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ู… ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฎู…ู† ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุจุงู†ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฑุชุฏูˆู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุฏูŠุงู†ุงุชู‡ู….
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Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism each have a plethora of gods and goddesses, and this was the period when bhakti and tantra โ€” two major developments, affected them.
ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูˆุณูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจูˆุฐูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌุงูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู„ู‡ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ุงุชุŒ ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุซุฑุช ููŠู‡ุง ุจู‡ุงูƒุชูŠ ูˆุชุงู†ุชุฑุง - ูˆู‡ู…ุง ุชุทูˆุฑุงู† ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุงู† - ุนู„ูŠู‡ู….
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religion
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Temples also became a space for many other art forms, such as music and dance and, from the tenth century onwards, temples became large landowners as kings and feudal lords gave them land for their maintenance once and upkeep, and performed an administrative role as well.
ุฃุตุจุญุช ุงู„ู…ุนุงุจุฏ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ูู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ูˆุงู„ุฑู‚ุตุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุงุดุฑ ูุตุงุนุฏู‹ุงุŒ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุงู„ู…ุนุงุจุฏ ู…ู„ุงูƒู‹ุง ูƒุจุงุฑู‹ุง ู„ู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุญูŠุซ ู…ู†ุญู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู„ูˆูƒ ูˆุงู„ุฅู‚ุทุงุนูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ู„ุตูŠุงู†ุชู‡ู… ูˆุฑุนุงูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุฏูˆุฑ ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
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Find any temple or monastery in or around your town and note down its important features such as different artchitectural features, sculptural style, identification of images, dynastic affiliation and patronage.
ุงุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃูŠ ู…ุนุจุฏ ุฃูˆ ุฏูŠุฑ ููŠ ุจู„ุฏุชูƒ ุฃูˆ ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ูˆู‚ู… ุจุชุฏูˆูŠู† ู…ูŠุฒุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุงู…ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู…ุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ู†ุญุชูŠุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุชู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ.
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Mark out all the places discussed in this chapter on a map of India.
ุญุฏุฏ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ุช ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดุชู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ.
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