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26921_TheBoatRace1854 | boat race 12th boat race took place river_thames april typically held annually event rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge race won oxford cambridge seven lengths background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london oxford went race reigning champions having defeated cambridge lengths previous race cambridge led overall seven wins oxford boat race scheduled time proposed cambridge challenge oxford universities race year grand challenge cup won oxford february challenge sent oxford cox assumed temporary despite having coached dark blues victory race oxford arrived favourites win race cambridge style force odds practice race dark blues defeated scratch crew easily restored position pre race favourites crews rowed foot long boats manufactured umpire race starter crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge saw rower return race oxford crew contained blues president race oxford pre race favourites won toss elected start middlesex station handing cambridge surrey river race commenced oxford pulling away start dark blues clear cambridge time crews reached crab tree hammersmith_bridge forced action result barge blocking route lead lengths bridge oxford continued increase lead eventually passing flag boat seven length advantage time minutes seconds consecutive victory took overall record cambridge favour speech evening celebrations umpired previous declared longer young active continue act capacity umpire replaced president rowed march december races | The Boat Race 1854 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27058_TheBoatRace1914 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race year race umpired rower cambridge won half lengths time minutes seconds victory took overall record oxford favour race years following outbreak world war background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race quarters length led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed university races son rowed times president race time blue cambridge coached rowed race eleventh year umpire old rowed cambridge races according author oxford rower cambridge crew rapidly developed crew gave promise fast conversely noted oxford suffered material followed constant changes crew order resulted merely good men boat crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew saw participants return including cox taking fourth race cambridge crew included participants including making fourth appearance event won gold medals men summer olympics rowing defeated final rowed race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford bright sunshine light wind smooth water umpire started race rating slower oxford cambridge took lead quarters length ahead extended lead length quarter mile_post continued pull away passed hammersmith_bridge according took things easy rough water barnes bridge went pass finishing post half lengths ahead time minutes seconds cambridge victory race took overall record event oxford favour concluded oxford poor crew individually lot talent comparison noted cambridge reasonably high class crew lacked race result outbreak world war time break annual tradition conflict blues killed including participants cox cambridge crew oxford boat | The Boat Race 1914 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27272_TheBoatRace1909 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames cambridge reigning champions having won previous year race oxford heavier crew contained olympic gold race umpired oxford won half lengths time minutes seconds win races took overall record favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race half lengths oxford led overall victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coaches rowed university races sixth consecutive year president race time blue rowed oxford times rowed cambridge coached time blue rowed race sixth year umpire old rowed cambridge races rower author noted oxford considerable wealth material disposal cambridge good trial went describe oxford rough crew arrival cambridge rapidly got despite late replacement bow cambridge favourites win race crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew contained rowers including oxford saw crew members return boat including making fourth consecutive appearances occupants boat educated oxford number australian non british participant registered race oxford crew studying gold men summer olympics cambridge number won bronze medal men oxford crew studying cambridge race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford described conditions perfect umpire started race crews strong starts oxford edged ahead held length lead minute extended half length minutes cambridge stroke stuart kept light blue stroke rate high round bend mile_post counterpart allowed draw level crews passed hammersmith_bridge cambridge held slender lead despite number oxford light blues held lead relinquished briefly stuart crews passed lead oxford pushed yards barnes bridge left cambridge standing clear barnes bridge oxford extended lead stroke won half lengths time minutes seconds oxford victory years took overall record event favour | The Boat Race 1909 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27302_TheBoatRace1886 | boat race 43rd boat race took place april boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames repairs hammersmith_bridge restricted crews pass single arch umpired cambridge won race thirds length time minutes seconds crew come barnes bridge win background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place miles championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won previous year race half lengths held overall lead victories cambridge excluding dead heat oxford coach cambridge coached rowed light blues times races represented cambridge races rowed races umpire race rowed cambridge times hammersmith_bridge undergoing repair practice crews struggled negotiate rowing arch agreed foul occur race restart bridge place new finishing line near sets taken umpire launch arise clash result damage crews oxford crew weighed average pounds opponents cambridge crew contained blues including boat club president rowing boat race oxford saw rowers return crew including boat club president making fourth appearance event rowing brother second consecutive year non british registered participants race cambridge oxford race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex station cambridge commencing light blues better start time crews passed held half length lead oxford began close gap soap works boats level approach hammersmith_bridge steered accuracy nerve shown practice crews able shoot bridge safely inches spare rowing rough water oxford started pull away lead increased lengths bridge cambridge push increased rating strokes minute sustaining drive minutes overtaking oxford passing finishing post margin thirds length winning time minutes seconds win cambridge second victory years taking overall record oxford favour time winning crew come barnes bridge win according author oxford rower history sic contest thrilling watch sensational result | The Boat Race 1886 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27433_TheBoatRace1971 | boat race boat race took place march held annually rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames won cambridge passed finishing post lengths ahead oxford securing cambridge fourth consecutive victory winning time point second fastest history event reserve race beat isis cambridge victorious background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having beaten oxford half lengths previous year race held overall lead victories oxford excluding dead heat women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race cambridge coach aiming lead light blues victory fourth consecutive time guidance oxford coached blue represented university races race umpired oxford olympic rower represented dark blues races crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge saw return blues boat_race debut race oxford welcomed rowing boat race dark blues cambridge american number seven non british rower recorded race race cambridge pre race favourites according writing times strongest favourites years won toss elected start surrey station oxford middlesex consecutive races commenced good start despite desperate attack dark blues cambridge seconds ahead mile_post light blues clear soon time crews shot hammersmith_bridge held length second lead oxford lead extended seconds oxford trailed seconds barnes bridge ground cambridge passed finishing post lengths clear winning time minutes seconds second fastest history event cambridge crew race recorded time seconds faster reserve race cambridge beat oxford isis lengths fifth consecutive victory 26th running cambridge ninth consecutive victory | The Boat Race 1971 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27699_TheBoatRace1949 | boat race boat race took place march held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river_thames london race umpired oxford rower notable commentator bbc announced lead oxford cambridge cambridge won quarter length margin victory race officially recorded dead heat victory took overall record event favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed light blues races non rowing boat club president race rowed times time blue oxford coaches hugh edwards rowed oxford coached cambridge previous occasions rowed race coached cambridge race umpired rowed oxford races writing observer noted crew contains exceptional power distinction reputation crews improved form arrival rowing correspondent praised quality final coaching thames stated threat minute change constitution crew went claim oxford win times rowing correspondent suggested crews evenly matched crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew contained participants prior boat race experience including cox cambridge saw rower return crew number crew contained olympic won silver finished second men summer olympics london race oxford won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge umpire started race took early lead half length ahead minute race clear cambridge time crews passed mile_post length ahead bend river favour cambridge slowly balance begun overlap oxford boat oxford lead half length cambridge rated opponents drew level passed despite numerous oxford stroke cambridge kept touch fighting inch way bbc launch engine failed announced lead oxford cambridge crews rating strokes minute approached finishing post light blues ahead win quarter length time minutes seconds winning distance dead heat result race cambridge consecutive victory took overall record event favour rowing correspondent suggested race forgotten correspondent times claimed boat_race history having provided epic struggles time writing observer stated heroic determination sides produced exciting boat race time | The Boat Race 1949 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27804_TheBoatRace1863 | boat race 20th boat race crews university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge took place river_thames march oxford won lengths time minutes seconds took overall record wins time race scores level race held tide championship course reverse time race held fashion race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities 21st century followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide oxford went race reigning champions having won race lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford according boat club president sensible duty kept records training crews crews arrived week race practice sessions run main event cambridge boat built race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race crews oxford crew averaged feet height weighed average pounds rower opposition oxford crew represented university previous year race including rowing stroke time cambridge boat contained members crew including race oxford clear pre race favourites won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge like race race conducted tide start moved rails room crews start race delayed half hour result number course future british king attendance time race mild breeze water perfect cambridge better start oxford steady rowing brought level yards start nearly half length light blues clear lengths mile_post oxford crossed row directly cambridge according evident race barring accidents dark blues lengths shot barnes bridge won lengths oxford consecutive victory took overall total wins time race scores tied | The Boat Race 1863 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27947_TheBoatRace1954 | boat race 100th boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired cambridge rower oxford won half lengths time minutes seconds taking overall record competition cambridge favour background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed race represented cambridge races rowed race oxford coaches blue represented oxford races race umpired fourth time british rowed cambridge races build race rowing correspondent times suggested weeks ago cambridge victory certain practice rows proved disappointing oxford crew struck training order month race new order weak better progress training cambridge light blues described erratic remained favourites crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford crew saw members return boat including cox boat club president making consecutive appearance cambridge crew contained single participant boat_race experience stroke boat club president according rowing correspondent times crews closely matched oxford crew contained non british participants australian race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge stiff south westerly wind umpire started race oxford quick start according rowing correspondent times literally away seemingly row strokes cambridge begun end minute dark blues feet ahead bend river favouring cambridge crews level despite push cambridge stroke light blues gain advantage crews passed mile_post level rating slightly lower opposition oxford best bend river lead canvas length time passed hammersmith_bridge strong faced crews rowed cambridge struggled rough water middle river oxford cox steered shelter surrey shore gained length half minute extending lengths oxford won half lengths time minutes seconds second victory years | The Boat Race 1954 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
27973_TheBoatRace1962 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames umpired blue won cambridge lengths time minutes seconds race featured heaviest race background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race quarter lengths led led overall victories oxford excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed twice cambridge races time blue rowing races rowed races oxford coaches rowed oxford races represented oxford races rowed races cambridge crew favourites arrival best boat race crews years early performances practice impress critics final row race cambridge took seconds record time mile_post covering distance minutes seconds race umpired rowed cambridge races gone win gold medal great_britain summer olympics crews oxford crew weighed average pounds rower opponents cambridge crew saw blues return bow number similarly oxford crew contained rowers including rowing stroke consecutive year non british participants registered race cambridge crew rowing number canadian olympic american occupied seat heaviest feature boat race rowed oxford inaugural race race cambridge won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river oxford race commenced dark blues making better start quickly held lead cambridge sticky second stroke crews rating strokes minute light blues quickly restored taking lead holding length advantage oxford reduced deficit half length cambridge began pull away despite dark blues crab tree saw crews level passed hammersmith_bridge cambridge cox succeeded forcing oxford boat wide rough water took advantage drawing clear avoid breaking waves oxford pulled boat race contest effectively ended cambridge continued pull away passed finishing post lead lengths time minutes seconds slowest winning time race cambridge second consecutive victory largest winning margin race according rowing correspondent times cambridge convincing unexpected victory | The Boat Race 1962 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
28071_TheBoatRace1930 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race umpired oxford rower cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds seventh consecutive victory took overall record favour time years held lead event background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having won race lengths overall record tied victories excluding dead heat cambridge coached rowed race time blue oxford coaches rowed times dark blue inclusive rowed oxford races fourth consecutive year umpire rowed oxford races rowed oxford race finishing judge consecutive year according rowing correspondent times cambridge trial certainly comparable past years conversely oxford better years past performed practice rows build race broke record mile_post seconds cambridge considered slightly faster oxford coming crews rowed boats built brothers crews cambridge crew weighed average pounds rower opponents oxford saw rowers return cambridge boat contained participants including olympic gold making consecutive appearance participant race registered non british cambridge american cox race oxford won toss elected start surrey station handing middlesex river cambridge unpleasant umpire started race light blues start marginally rated oxford held length lead minute extended lead thirds length bend river favoured cambridge lead mile_post dark blues led length canvas oxford stroke responded push cambridge nearly length ahead crews passed light blues saw lead reduced length time crews passed hammersmith_bridge record time reducing stroke rate cope rough water oxford increased lead quarters length half length lead light blues better conditions duke closed gap crews raced stroke stroke light blues taking lead crews passed barnes bridge cambridge holding length advantage rated opponents kept rowing end cambridge won lengths time minutes seconds seventh consecutive victory eleventh previous years fastest winning time race fifth fastest time history event rowing correspondent times suggested year exceptional years vast crowds rewarded years waiting cambridge men oxford fine courage skill losing crew course race spectator boat resulting people taken hospital | The Boat Race 1930 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
28448_TheBoatRace1877 | boat race 34th boat race took place march boat_race annual rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames race ended dead heat time event ended fashion despite formal declaration tie oxford believed controversy surrounding result led significant changes way race conducted including introduction finishing posts blues background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues race held taken place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry major point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast worldwide cambridge went race reigning champions having beaten oxford easily previous year race oxford held overall lead victories cambridge oxford coached reverend rowed oxford races represented dark blues races cambridge coach rowed light blues races cambridge practised fortnight race initially clear favourites oxford practice rows week later impressed brought contention race umpired rowed oxford twice march december races race starter assisted honest acted finishing judge professional years old reportedly blind eye crews oxford crew weighed average pounds opponents cambridge crew featured seven blues including cox george davies number participating oxford saw blues return rowed previous races race race started saturday march oxford won toss elected start middlesex station handing surrey river cambridge dark blues took early lead ahead mile_post crab tree pub crews level cambridge pulled ahead held quarter length lead hammersmith_bridge extended crews arrived oxford took lead leading half length clear experiencing strong head winds rough water oxford bow man suffered damage contribution race described oxford undergraduate watching race suddenly oxford stood mass foam bow struck big wave broken blade clean immediately cambridge took advantage held determined oxford crew drew steadily inch inch near thing passed post reaction noted expect discipline old blues unanimous verdict dead heat conclusion unsatisfactory competitors oxford firmly believed won race feet following subsequent meeting law court representatives universities umpire official result declared dead heat punch declared oxford won cambridge fellow cambridge writing history trinity boat club suggested broken deciding factor oxford won correspondent writing said teams consider lucky lose speculated race looked great year legacy year result judged professional controversy resulted introduction finishing posts remain metres downstream engraved controversy led selection blue umpire selected university drawn alternating year replaced finishing judge died december great great great great nephew umpired race ended cambridge lost strokes clash oxford won lengths biggest margin years declined appeal light blues row | The Boat Race 1877 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
28451_TheBoatRace1992 | boat race boat race took place april held annually boat race rowing race crews universities oxford cambridge river thames oxford cox oldest competitor boat_race history age years days oxford won quarter lengths closest margin victory years race featured german competitor history event umpired cambridge rower writing times described race greatest races reserve race cambridge defeated oxford isis cambridge won background boat race rowing competition university_of_oxford referred dark blues university_of_cambridge referred light blues held race takes place mile championship course river thames southwest london rivalry contested point honour universities followed united_kingdom broadcast international television networks oxford went race reigning champions having won race quarter lengths cambridge leading overall victories oxford excluding dead heat women boat race took place annual fixture 1960s contest conducted race held river_thames day men main reserve races reserve race contested oxford isis boat cambridge boat held usually takes place prior main boat race president said previous year race burned day badly burned worse defeats thought win oxford rowed stroke took destroyed belief crew mate focused approach year race year heads job know don cross line day care sponsored event prior year race announced million deal continue close involvement years crews aged years months cambridge cox oldest competitor history boat race oxford crew featured returning blues isis crew members cambridge saw old blues participate oxford boat australian american yugoslav cambridge represented seven american german participate event oxford crew coached assisted olympic coach cambridge guided oxford successful coach provided advice oxford cambridge respectively race race commenced oxford won toss elected start middlesex station boats raced half miles race fourteen minutes crew held lead half length umpire forced issue warnings steering close dark blues held slight early advantage cambridge pulled ahead bridge oxford edged ahead barnes bridge passed finishing post time minutes seconds quarter lengths ahead cambridge closest finish years oxford yugoslav rower lifted boat end race trophy presented winning boat club president reserve race cambridge won quarter lengths isis fifth victory years cambridge won 47th women boat race length time minutes seconds victory years reaction writing times complimented race participants individuals involved produced greatest races oxford coach writing observer described oxford win noted crews locked combat fully half miles writing guardian suggested promise delivered rare race oxford number great_britain international noted impact felt strength built months methods continued cambridge slower start expected nice referring cambridge lead bridge number seven said feeling good closed door killed bend cambridge cox conceded counterpart steered oxford coach stated wonderful crews good disciplined like university students cambridge coach wilson lamented failed grew confidence | The Boat Race 1992 | Sports and recreation | Other sports | Rowing |
74_YamahaNS-10 | standard studio monitor music industry rock pop recording engineers launched started life speaker destined domestic environment poorly received eventually valuable tool mix rock recordings speaker characteristic white coloured mid bass drive unit technically known speaker easily reveals poor quality recordings recording engineers sought dull response hanging tissue paper resulting known tissue paper effect type monitor large number successful recordings numerous artists leading refer important heard discontinued product history originally conceived domestic speaker designed launched sold price point speaker poorly received commercial life short took years popularity established professional users recording engineers came rely dominated mixing pop rock music world years displaced sound cube monitor choice 1980s recognised ability reveal shortcomings recordings probably reached american shores recording engineer visit japan engineer likely monitored recording session speaker japanese studio brought pair return began speakers los_angeles studio engineers heard time impressed sound use spread new_york adopted studios early use engineers include rising star record production credited popularity writing sound sound suggested probably earliest certainly influential early legend chosen worst speaker find new breed creative freelance recording engineers producers travel studio studio equipped gear included pair reference recording studios world particularly rock pop music adopted speaker standard excess pairs sold world referred important heard stopped manufacturing speaker citing problems wood pulp drivers years discontinued speaker continued found studios mix reported variants commercially available japanese consumer market design construction way sealed cabinet measuring millimetres weighing kilograms particle board cabinet wood skin seven black finishing layers domestic version speaker vertically came factory fitted drivers paper soft weighing manufactured flat sheet pressed pulp paper formed conical shape pressure ends black finish cabinet white bass mid driver cone distinctive iconic feature product network second order passive crossing frequency range quoted rated power handling early version speaker press type output later models screw signature sound simplistic terms possesses sonic characteristics allow record producers assume recording sounds good monitors sound good systems whilst reveal shortcomings recording mix monitoring chain lead listener fatigue prolonged use domestic setting perfectly flat frequency response sound slightly heavy like sealed box speakers similar size bass extension limited boost end starts rolling response open frequencies problematic worst sounding human ear practical level music professional speaker clinical sounding likened music editors reveal weaknesses recordings engineers forced necessary compensation mix report undertaken found excellent time domain response low frequencies ability start stop response signal input found superior monitors related closed box design researchers held extremely fast decay time speaker low frequencies ensures bass instruments guitar drums correctly balanced mix product revisions versions best known studio pro introduced technically identical studio pro comes fitted speaker meant vertical orientation professional version launched years introduction popularity engineers revised version including logo connection panel horizontally studio improvements included new crossover address problem better connection cabinet longer studio improved power handling excess pairs studio sold world product line studio magnetic different 1990s introduced bass version different designed home cinema bass response nominal maximum power handling rated miniature version named natural sound surround speaker launched reception sound quality opinions characterised love hate professionals find particularly enjoy listening refuse space studio happily admit effective professional tool reliance independent producers viral phenomenon thousands studios equipped attract big named producers making speakers industry standard tissue paper effect said recording engineers hang tissue paper bright covering tissue paper said produce mixes normal domestic phenomenon subject hot debate recording engineer investigated alleged sonic effects tissue paper found inconsistent results different paper said tissue paper generally demonstrated undesirable effect known high frequencies reflected instead absorbed derided tissue practice behaviour saying engineers usually fear associated cancellation effects suggested random electronic noted speakers studios routinely removed effect output improvised tissue paper filter influence speaker came relied independent engineers worked different studios needed equipment familiar reference point 1980s engineers producers worked widely speaker monitor album love 80s 90s born let dance david_bowie hall influential monitors professional mixing sound recordings inducted mix magazine reflecting influence speaker won technical grammy speaker found studio | Yamaha NS-10 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
112_TiberOilField | oil field offshore oil field located block united_states sector gulf_of_mexico field defined water depth feet discovered september operated described giant find estimated contain billion barrels oil place states early sure size huge field usually considered contain million barrels required drilling deep water making deepest wells time discovery description comprises multiple lower petroleum located block southeast houston south west new_orleans 18th lower date drilling formations infancy oil light crude early estimates reserves recovery suggesting figures million barrels reserves sources suggest caution warning find technically complex potentially years produce oil lower yield based rates talked nearby oil field previous giant find away commercial prospects field evaluated discovery acquired outer continental shelf lease block reference station october phase sale lower rock formations oldest technically challenging offshore rock formations currently oil dating million years ago plan exploration filed june initially fifth generation dynamic positioned semi oil rig drilling commencing march slightly delayed planned date september deeper gulf reserves buried salt thousands feet thick present problem seismic exploration previously developed exploration techniques bypass difficulty oil located multiple levels field announced september shares rose percent news joining successful lower area analysts viewed announcement sign optimism renewed interest production offshore gulf_of_mexico exploration hold following april destruction horizon drilling resulting oil spill activities wells exploration gulf_of_mexico including placed hold developing use relief wells | Tiber Oil Field | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
1144_ILoo | short internet cancelled microsoft project develop enabled portable toilet debut british summer festivals described portable toilet wireless internet screen membrane wireless keyboard channel speaker system toilet paper popular web site addresses extra screen keyboard outside guarded intended series successful initiatives sought introduce internet unusual locations including project announced april widely ridiculed declared hoax microsoft microsoft press release stated project hoax cancelled little promote brand speculation project cancelled fear sued invented similarly named product described public relations description designed internet enabled portable toilet allow users surf internet internally facility connection wireless wireless keyboard swivel screen running channel surround sound system beneath sink toilet paper popular toilet externally facility feature logo station additional screen keyboard waiting consumers security guard stationed near unit ensure properly prevent unit stolen debut majority summer season festivals deployed britain public relations timeline project announced april press release british subsidiary series initiatives look changing nature use web constantly press release stated popular website creating world internet mobile mission allow instant logging place time summer festival season process converting portable create unique experience looking alternative standard festival experience users able sit wireless keyboard access press release stated talks toilet paper manufacturers produce special web paper need inspiration news widely circulated mainstream media story story yahoo news times widely derided press coverage subjected microsoft heavy criticism published story alleged microsoft stole idea invention microsoft announced hoax british division calling april fool joke issued apology confusion associated_press stated previously received confirmation project microsoft firms red stated received confirmation provided drawing furthermore month microsoft released fake press release microsoft retracted denial stating legitimate demonstration project released britain summer music festivals terminated microsoft executives washington believed inappropriate final decision senior vice president product manager stated project didn map global branding objectives microsoft apologized stating confusion legitimacy effort caused people moving quickly gathering relevant information prior cancellation prototype early stages construction allows regional units design marketing campaigns division developed reputation innovative campaigns case involving british toilet humour designed tongue cheek marketing initiative intended line number clever initiatives involving introducing internet interesting locations including previous initiatives received microsoft stated employees disciplined result company stated conduct internal discussions reaction product publicly released questioned microsoft lost senses product widely derided critics contended product waste money doomed fail concerns raised serve extend waiting lines share keyboards public happen keyboard critics questioned users spend time use internet facilities noting port users stay long relieve having given related nature subjected microsoft jokes especially microsoft marketing slogan time want today dubbed herald sun wrote good news mainly journalists pit jokes wrote company credibility problem red face newspapers issued humorous headlines microsoft technology headed toilet san_francisco_chronicle toilet mixes ones washington_post microsoft daily_mirror product studied example public relations disaster example internet hoax microsoft public relations response considered company history given microsoft reputation micro managing news releases interviews promotional events negative publicity drowned launch inspired number controversy reading article inventor similarly named wrote stating sounds remarkably similar clever people microsoft idea went microsoft meant additionally printed information toilet paper didn use keyboard interface reasons thesis university degree interview noted designed university partial rights product watching microsoft invention closely microsoft formally commented allegations instead initially stated april fool joke result questioned calculated ploy destroy competition early stages admitting don know time month embarrassing potentially expensive situation went state idea joke able produce idea consulting law books statements taken public legal action microsoft pertaining described internet toilet roll novel unique product designed best use time spend product allows search internet whilst sitting toilet print web pages interested toilet paper brings new meaning word unit fixed toilet sic wall product provides date information new products daily news lottery results easy navigate software package normal operation toilet paper evident internet toilet roll featured daily mail ideal home future concepts exhibition london nominated bright sparks awards sponsored received significant press coverage featured radio shows | ILoo | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
1212_ConstructionoftheTrans-AlaskaPipelineSystem | construction trans alaska pipeline system construction included miles oil pipeline pump stations new tanker port built largely alaska billion effort required tens thousands people working extreme temperatures conditions invention specialized construction techniques construction new road highway section pipe laid years legal political arguments allegations faulty drew intense scrutiny local national observers culture grew unique working conditions involved constructing pipeline union worked project different function stereotype thirty employees contract workers killed project main construction effort lasted barrel oil delivered july year pump stations added oil flow increased completed survey design intensive geological sampling survey work pipeline route started spring aerial photograph taken examined preliminary route detailed small survey parties physically visited route stakes ground work difficult animal dangers forced crews armed cope remote area limited infrastructure places foliage dense trees cut progress limited feet day surveyed route passed mountain passes pass pass location cliffs order perform work planners deal major cause earthquakes large amounts unincorporated group series core samples north demonstrated route forced design elevated pipeline tested feet loop built near elevation required pipeline extreme cold temperatures caused metal hot oil pumped pipeline ecological objections forced subterranean pipeline crossings order allow cross engineers developed system ground near pipeline sections placed lined trenches covered gravel value altogether miles pipeline designed built underground way places lack meant simply placed underground special plant large amounts gravel needed sections pipeline heat ground structures melting gravel needed build construction maintenance road located sites alaska needed cubic yards gravel located pipeline authorization act required pipeline able withstand maximum earthquake recorded area built crossing coated designed allow pipeline earthquake protect forward backward allow thermal expansion pipeline wasn designed straight line instead intended laid shape bends allow expansion movement breaking pipeline built pipes holding raised sections pipeline contained sealed tube pipeline heat rises cooled outside air falls tube process repeats surveyed route crossed hundreds streams rivers cross pipeline engineers designed concrete jackets surround pipe weight sink stream river oil lighter water pipeline float concrete jackets rivers burying pipeline allowed environmental concerns places fear disturbing river river characteristics pipeline bridges constructed notable protect wet environments pipeline designed protection terms spill prevention pipeline designed way oil moving ahead leak hole certain point computer aided leak detection features pipeline designed leak instantly detected loss pressure pump stations sound alarm halt flow oil quickly proposed pipeline scheduled start capacity million barrels day capacity expanded million barrels day years million barrels day time oil scrapped plans intended pipeline built initial capacity million barrels day required pumping stations instead ready greatly increasing manpower required southern end pipeline planned site port proper initial studies predicted bedrock feet surface ground excavation began discovered bedrock actually feet requiring removal cubic yards terminal designed built tanker space fifth necessary holding tanks planned capacity equal pipeline allowing pipeline emptied required required pipeline authorization act ballast water system designed system removes oil ballast water released fishermen feared pipeline proposed preparation shortly permit signed convoys equipment snow began heading north hardened snow roads ice bridge reach seven construction camps dormant days mid january time snow ice melted mid april workers moved short tons seven camps built camps temporary february ice bridge snow road carrying tracked vehicles north awarded contract design construction maintenance road inc firm pennsylvania awarded contract cross state alaska designed bridge paid thirds cost remaining paid bridge built april contracts build road picked total new highway cost million build companies shared cost construction started april peak effort workers deployed massive created supply road construction effort flights day total required road finished september days mile gravel road built final grading small permanent bridges built november road open traffic crossing ice bridge management supervise construction pipeline appointed construction management contractors oversee project san_francisco named management contractor pipeline division named management contractor pumping stations complex single section pipeline involved transfer oil pipeline oil companies actually construction work job handed series responsibility sections pipeline seven marine terminal included bidding jobs opened end march contracts announced june section ran miles pipeline camp division given contract section covered miles north joint venture section covered miles past contract section given group formed usually known section miles south contracted group formed group main contractors construction highway section covered distance pipeline camp section went sections covered miles supervision venture inc supervision work divided contractors site preparation work built tank farms tanker built venture general_electric pipes supervision construction pumping stations generally built contractors working specific section pipeline pipeline camps contracts announced pipeline construction camps built construction camps north camps built entire length project planned construction camps created seven built pipeline south built pump stations length route camps built thick beds gravel laid underlying prevent pollution conclusion construction project gravel removed theoretically removing oil leaks pollution atop gravel buildings flown site highway standardized structures house people typically create wings story pump station camps laid atop space concerns addition gravel buildings utility raised ground avoid heating camps housed people pump station people typical pump station camp cost million build typical mainline camps cost million build camps beds workers collectively referred city workers came fact city miles long feet wide overall construction headquarters fort near leased land buildings vacant barracks converted housing vacant offices given oil workers air traffic increased arranged use fort airfield relieve burden international airport camp use buildings workers built entirely labor construction united_states large pipeline drew workers country workers follow strict hiring process based union labor needed priority given hiring alaska residents strikes permitted labor agreement unions exchange restrictions workers paid extremely received fringe benefits according labor contract worker guaranteed hours pay week weather work impossible addition cost plus contracts incentive levels low factors led people assigned job work attempt time lost weather delays peak construction fall people working pipeline fourteen percent workers minorities percent women high turnover project people worked pipeline worked pipeline came oklahoma specialized providing large scale pipeline projects members performed pipeline including pump stations work highest paid workers pipeline normal rate hour hired pipeline project intensive certification process involved series test failed test hired allowed try weeks characterized southern accent cowboy boots unique hats people inch pipe main pipeline outside observers characterized arrogant fellow stated time typical pipeline feed drinks probably tell god greatest gift attitude generated resentment pipeline workers conflict caused large scale instances flown pipeline camps order break small riots end pipeline project series produced slogan happiness going south arm far largest notable contributor workers pipeline project worked transportation supply aspects project trucks driven supply warehouses run buses transported workers camps job sites run local employees peak far dominant labor force pipeline project frequent allegations corruption project won pulitzer prize series rise local influence state politics repeated allegations links organized crime backed evidence leaders murdered investigating drug activity pipeline project workers strongly denied involvement organized crime pointed fact percent project college degrees professional management experience control tools equipment warehouses ran led conflicts workers instances assaulted workers unions instances position extract concessions forbidden striking allowed halt work safety meetings excuse handful occasions notable february series truck accidents connected newly built upgraded drive trucks hauling feet pipe attempts upgrade road rebuffed leader stopped truck traffic state days safety meetings state promised upgrades road traffic resumed operators called operators short represented men women sat controls heavy equipment construction pipeline equipment included cranes drilling cross crane lay section pipe trench parallel tracks heavy equipment operators typically assigned piece equipment allowing frequent breaks popular joke pipeline sole qualification operator able sit freeze seriously wrote terrifying trench drunken operator handling pipe laid trench laborers represented bulk skilled labor project laborers commonly known odd jobs project digging trenches areas inaccessible heavy equipment drilling holes pipeline vertical spreading gravel crushing rock moving supplies hand laborers local prominent laborers group project special skills required jobs filled attracted people came alaska specifically pipeline project people simply looking easiest way possible getting day laborers applicants jobs available process getting job pipeline laborers local multi process multiple levels eligibility based person level members pick jobs worked hours union previous year level members worked hours union level members years experience outside alaska alaska resident year level level people rarely got jobs didn stop people trying january shortly pipeline right way signed people spent night outside office waiting choice jobs office opened pipeline life life pipeline construction project characterized long hours poor conditions limited entertainment compensated excellent benefits pay worker handed small booklet camp rules rules including alcohol smoking frequently broken target humor living quarters atmosphere resembled college dormitory laundry services provided quarters small little entertainment available television broadcasts delayed days need fly tapes california workers develop forms entertainment winter took skiing summer went hiking general little time available recreation long hours worked people years project workers regularly treated prime rib exotic fare cost plus contract food later years cost plus contracts replaced institutional cooking box common food project prized workers soon haul road later named highway built food overtime unions changed highway construction charged federal state governments supposed cost plus nights times week australian rock tails disappeared union overtime sundays changed double time time half completion haul road workers pay averaged hour depending position averaging hours week problem workers extra money typical worker wrote money magazine asking advice detailed pay rate year time members congress earned annually professional football players averaged vice president earned large amounts money pipeline camps lack entertainment caused frequent gambling games involved tens thousands dollars instead gambling workers saved money hawaii warm climates returned work money remaining laying pipe section pipeline laid march foot sections pipe coated concrete prior ceremony mounted cranes lifted feet pipe laid trench dug perpendicular filled exposed trench gravel restoring river original process repeated miles south pipeline crossed end april feet elevated pipeline built area year set goal completing percent mile route laid straight line expected river crossings longer complete portions pipeline dry land work pumping stations begun fall expected longer laying pipe conversely work projects proceed winter place frozen ground laying pipe took stages right way cleared followed rough route laid initial crews followed group engineers determined pipeline laid planned spot moved soft ground considerations state federal surveillance officers working engineers path pipeline feet right left order avoid obstacles path finalized came holes served foundations vertical support members held pipe holes filled mix water gravel dirt dropped hole frozen ground gravel dirt hard concrete sealing place laid parallel time rest pipeline segments carried foot foot segments crane appropriate location lowered place inspected ray quality control engineers followed construction progressed management engineer worked projects singapore construction system prior named senior project manager known work ethic hard driving style said person office leave end day engineering news record reported demands total dedication saying wife baby named construction industry man year spur progress pipeline started contractors working pipeline compared based share completed time biggest decision canceled contract management contractor felt company adding bureaucracy pipeline contractors historian later called decision defeats history october snow cold weather brought pipeline laying halt year employment rose workers spring summer christmas estimated pipeline laying percent complete miles pipeline place work pump stations project percent complete pumps speeding construction winter pronounced dissatisfied progress promised improvements learned awful lot year pull operation didn organization set july wasn working effectiveness october advantage effectiveness set ambitious goal construction expecting line installed tested november said january goal ambitious work point flat terrain left tackle difficult construction projects areas eat cake year said winter shut right way work pump stations continued stop pump station temperatures reached lower work continued pump station origin point main pipeline process lines coming oil wells pump station camp population workers winter peak summer workers controversy weather warmed work resumed main pipeline administrators distracted controversy pipeline previous year september employee filed suit company alleging laid participate conspiracy quality control rays pipeline trans alaska pipeline unique pipeline projects point required main pipeline verified time consuming process quality control procedures continually end terminated contract took responsibility analyzing rays controversy continued lawsuit moved forward manager found dead poisoning photographs stolen pump station construction camp began review submitted report april submitted technical analysis report repair work way review produced list questionable percent work reported half minor affect running pipeline questions lay thousand dangerous examining extremely difficult sections pipeline sealed cases buried july began holding hearings problems president sent team alaska oversee examine work recommendations team avoid investigations began repairing september questionable redone certified safe asked remaining hearings resulted end november issue leader ford team ordered dug granted buried feet south proof integrity questionable evaluated unique solution section north ground pipeline cut inch fans installed air team men riding wheeled pulled modified entered pipe counted passage arriving questionable taken inside pipe team exited pipe opposite taken camp evaluation estimated total cost million suspected faulty section pipeline construction project northernmost miles area included major problems encountered construction season pass known pipeline laid trench beneath river late fall laid late season trench fill material frozen impossible fill submerged trench containing pipeline spring flooded river battered submerged portion pipe june battered pipeline broke free foot section concrete coated pipe floated surface river repair work interfere migration arctic allowed hours project preparing site took hours replacement trench dug pipe laid trench trench filled pass south workers deal different set challenges discovered pass filled glacial soils pass site frequent elevated pipeline possible solution design reinforced ditch lay pipeline result foot long concrete box lined inches problem building snow started falling october opposite end pipeline north engineers difficulties posed canyon route occupied room available pipeline solution avoid canyon building pipeline rim canyon winter work impossible inches snow fell winter snow melted construction workers figure travel percent grade lay pipeline rock crushing plant built canyon rim avoid need carry gravel steep grade problems persisted traverse grade team helping grade turn modified carry foot meter sections pipe grade sections equipment lifted helicopter canyon rim similar techniques nearby sections required entire construction season complete pump stations marine terminal work pump stations marine terminal stopped winter continued construction season pump station south redesigned excavation revealed ice rich site pump stations needed lower received pumps turbines completed pump stations received testing portions pipe filled water subjected pressures excess eventual operating conditions following testing initial pump stations disconnected main pipeline oil run continuous loop similar new automobile worker said drive days components going fail given time fail work additional pump stations needed pipeline brought capacity pressed forward construction thirds complete september workers complete marine terminal loose soil found job site enormous retaining walls constructed secure ground structures completed end year week november ship docked newly built tanker ship bringing construction material december signal sent operations center new control computers installed pump station project completion meet goal having pipe installed tested winter final section main pipeline place december pipeline tested winter set end project percent complete pipeline percent complete pump stations percent marine terminal stood percent terminal portion project work crew continued operations winter finishing line tasks left complete construction season began pump stations turned operating personnel construction workers environmental cleanup swing repaired damage caused construction performed construction tasks assigned job finishing final touches main pipeline miles testing completed miles pipe tasks pace construction slower fewer workers needed fewer employed peak work half total final pipeline took place additional tasks remained completed pipeline operation foot completed october traffic utilized series ferries river additional pump stations constructed oil flow increased camp cleanup required remove traces pipeline construction camps seven camps closed november closed construction season started told camps went sale sold use arctic research facility converted use truck stop addition removing camps dispose heavy equipment build pipeline january listed pieces equipment sale new_york_times called auction surplus equipment biggest going business sales history turning april filed notice intended start filling pipeline june july engineers face problems filling pipeline need balance temperatures filled air steel pipeline degrees oil emerging wells degrees danger introduced intermediate warming pipeline crack thermal expansion second problem came pipeline needed air order reduce danger fire explosion usually pipeline filled water oil pushes water ahead pipeline goes alaska fear water freeze pipeline damaging problem solved nitrogen instead water june section pipeline nitrogen oil introduced cold temperature pipeline slow rate oil introduced took days oil travel oil thicker explained worker oil similar asphalt problem faced oil traveled avoid situation oil gain momentum downhill slope rapidly crash pipeline section pump damage slow rate nitrogen ahead oil procedure downhill slopes oil advanced pipeline paced series traveled pipeline route ensure weight oil cause pipeline settle create problems bridges weight oil passed inspection crew followed second patrolled pipeline regularly oil passed line oil arrived july oil gradually warmed system reached thermal initial pipeline intended run continuously said engineer start pipeline stay forever forever life oil field incident july nitrogen leak detected flow oil stopped days workers repaired pipe elbow cracked temperature difference pipe nitrogen july oil flowed shut pump workers replaced resulting spray mixed ambient air ignited stray spark worker killed injured resulting explosion shut station march july heavy equipment accident caused pipeline break leaked barrels day oil process construction came end august tanker sailed load oil cost group initially proposed pipeline proposed cost million pipeline completed january projected cost risen million billion october refined figures anticipated cost billion billion potential billion year later released detailed cost estimate point billion june figure risen billion time estimated billion cost rise point inflation billion environmental costs july amid second year construction project cost raised billion increase reported material freight costs repairs needed poorly built sections pipeline estimates final construction cost tallied billion figure include interest investment loans cost improvements repairs cost billion percentage pipeline owned companies changed time primary owner controls percent pipeline second percent followed order percent percent percent pipeline human toll thirty contract workers killed construction project figure include common carrier fatalities pipeline began operating people killed working contractors additional sources allen trans alaska pipeline vol beginning vol south seattle year journey bruce rush north boston pipeline status report alaska john peter lost frontier new_york survey trans alaska pipeline system washington report joe going extremes new_york john coming country john elizabeth seven wonders world history new_york video armstrong john davis mark american experience alaska pipeline pbs season episode april world season episode august | Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
1503_Broaching(metalworking) | process uses toothed tool called remove material main types linear linear common process run surface effect cut linear machine shortened rotated pressed cut axis shape screw machine processes cut performed pass makes efficient precision required especially odd shapes commonly surfaces include circular non circular holes flat surfaces typical include small medium sized screw machine parts expensive usually favored processes high quantity production runs shaped similar saw height teeth increases length tool contains distinct sections semi finishing final finishing unusual process feed built tool profile surface profile rise tooth known step feed tooth determines material removed size chip moved relative vice versa features built complex motion skilled labor required use effectively collection single point cutting tools sequence cutting cut analogous multiple passes process process depends type performed surface simple moved stationary surface held stationary moved internal involved process begins special holding fixture called mounts machine machine elevator machine moves machine essentially hook grabs pilot elevator releases pilot pulls completely removed machine raised elevator usually moves rotated create spiral gun barrel cutting reasons cool cutting surfaces flush chips teeth fortified petroleum cutting common heavy duty water cutting superior cooling non usage originally developed internal soon discovered useful surfaces shapes high volume specialized cut shape specially designed geometry designed standard geometry usually viable high volume cost produce speeds vary surface feet minute results complete cycle time seconds time consumed return stroke handling loading unloading limitations length surface geometry cut curves multiple planes strong withstand forces involved specifically internal hole exist enter limits size internal cuts common internal holes range diameter possible achieve range surface range usually feasible range usually precise applications tolerance held surface finishes usually range minimal exit cut works best softer materials brass bronze copper aluminium hard wood plastic good rating mild free rating closely related material ideal range greater dull quickly difficult harder materials steel possible types categorized means use internal surface purpose single combination motion push pull stationary construction solid built hollow shell function large costs reduced built construction involves producing pieces assembling portion wears section replaced instead entire high speed steel steel tin common life cast iron rarely tooth material cutting edge crack pass surface slab simplest surface general purpose tool cutting flat surfaces slot cutting slots dimensions high production rates slot quicker slot needs multiple run time machine designed cut concave convex irregular shaped surfaces pot cut internal cut outside diameter cylindrical named pot looking fixture mounted fixture referred pot pot designed hold multiple tools entire length held stationary pushed pulled replaced gears cutting external slots use slab cut parallel surfaces opposite sides pass type holds closer cuts independently named fact multiple sides internal solid common type solid piece material wear quickly shell similar solid hole center mounts shell cost initially save cost overall replaced pilots reproduced replacement commonly large internal applications similar shell multi piece construction design cheaper build flexible solid design common type internal uses special fixture called horn support properly locate relation special type cutting cuts minor diameter form ensure precise cut cut thin walled thin walled tendency expand cutting shrink afterward problem standard teeth followed breathing section serves pilot teeth breathing section include semi finishing finishing teeth design defining geometry internal type shown note similar important characteristic rise tooth material removed tooth varies section section semi finishing section finishing section teeth remove material number teeth required long semi finishing teeth provide surface finish finishing teeth provide final finishing finishing section usually zero finishing teeth wear later ones continue function free ranges surface usually diameter usually exact value depends factors cut big stress teeth cut small teeth instead cutting way increase keeping stresses chip breakers teeth designed break chip decrease overall material removed given tooth drawing effective material final dimension cut hook angle material cut steel cast iron provides clearance teeth don usually require deep cut tooth cut jump cut design known free design designated rows teeth work tooth cluster wide notch tooth smaller notch tooth design final tooth notch allows deep cut keeping stresses forces power requirements low different options achieving goal flat surface similar cut design known double cut design teeth row progressive tooth takes portion cut teeth image gallery option known progressive completely machines center rest machines outward designs require longer standard design circular teeth provided instead finishing teeth teeth rounded discs results hole proper size primarily non cast iron pitch defines tooth construction strength number teeth contact pitch usually calculated length designed teeth contact time pitch remains constant teeth way pitch formula machines machines relatively simple linear motion speed provide means handling automatically machines hydraulic specialty machines driven machines distinguished motion horizontal vertical choice machine primarily dictated stroke required vertical machines rarely stroke longer vertical machines designed push pull pull surface push machines similar press guided ram typical capacities tons ram pull machine common type machine style machine table pull machines ram table usually ram surface vertical machine horizontal machines designed pull surface continuous pull style machines basically vertical machines laid longer stroke surface style machines hold stationary fixtures mounted system continuous style machines similar surface style machines adapted internal horizontal machines common vertical machines today represent machines purchased vertical machines popular space impossible specific machines system conjunction modern centre driven extra bits equipment open possibility producing hit somewhat different design cutting tool achieve irregular hole outer profile called biggest advantages type require machine instead machines screw machines swiss requires components tool holder leading cutting edge matching desired final shape mounted special tool holder allows freely rotate tool holder special holds tool axis rotation inclined slightly axis rotation work typical value angle produces rotating edge cut tool holder rotated tool holder rotated causes appear origin term internal sides drafted inward thinner external sides drafted outward pocket bigger draft keeps draft larger angle work piece pressed driven tool holder pressed driven tool holder tool advances rate cuts ideal rate cut defined rate cut inches rotation diameter tool inches sin angle degrees advances faster tool conversely advances slower interrupted cut occurs practice rate cut slightly ideal rate load released non cutting edge tool tool cuts form rotated respect form hole profile undesirable body tool prevents cutting sharply solution reverse rotation mid cut causing tool spiral opposite direction reversing machine practical cut possible solution general cut accurately push pull ability use type cutting tool common machine tools highly history concept traced early 1850s applications cutting gears world war rifle gun barrels 1920s cost reduced thanks advances form grinding machines | Broaching (metalworking) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
1819_CookeandWheatstonetelegraph | telegraph telegraph early electrical telegraph system dating 1830s invented english inventor english scientist telegraph system commercial service receiver consisted number moved electromagnetic point letters board feature liked early users unwilling learn codes employers want invest staff training later systems letter board code read directly movement came number reduced leading complex codes change motivated economic need reduce number telegraph wires related number change urgent early installations deteriorated causing original wires successful system eventually needle system continued service 1930s telegraph played murderer known boarded train london telegraph signal ahead terminus arrested novelty use telegraph crime fighting generated great deal publicity led increased acceptance use telegraph public telegraph arose collaboration best known eponymous bridge happy collaboration differing objectives men inventor entrepreneur wished patent commercially exploit hand academic interest commercial ventures intended publish results allow freely use difference outlook eventually led bitter dispute men claims priority invention differences taken arbitration acting acting eventually bought interest exchange royalties ideas building telegraph prior partnership consulted scientist expert advice scientific knowledge model actually practice came earlier ideas mechanical telegraph involving mechanism electromagnetic largely abandoned history january proposed design code telegraph directors liverpool manchester railway complicated purposes immediate need simple signal communication liverpool station rope engine house steep long tunnel outside station rope main stations common time avoid noise pollution case gradient steep locomotive ascend required simple signals indication engine house start hauling requested build simpler version fewer codes end april railway decided use instead telegraph equipped soon went partnership patented telegraph system number board moved point letters alphabet patent recommended needle system number depending number characters required code needle system installed london rail line constructed london birmingham successfully demonstrated july similar application liverpool project carriages detached town travelled gravity system needed signal engine house start hauling carriages waiting locomotive liverpool electric telegraph end rejected favour system commercial success telegraph installed great western railway miles station commercial telegraph world needle wire system cables originally installed underground steel cables soon began fail result deteriorating replaced wires poles interim measure needle system remaining working underground wires despite greater number codes line extended needle wire system installed point use electric telegraph started grow new railways built london rope hauled application equipped telegraph opened followed needle telegraph proved highly successful british railways sets use end nineteenth century remained service 1930s september formed company bought patents established telegraph business company murder suspect following use needle telegraph message january thought use telegraph catch murderer message murder gust committed salt hill london great coat reaches nearly feet compartment second class compartment system support lower case letters needle system omitted letters caused difficulty receiving operator repeatedly requested receiving assumed mistake continued small boy suggested sending operator allowed complete word understood arriving followed nearby coffee shop detective arrested newspaper coverage incident gave great deal publicity electric telegraph brought firmly public view widely publicised arrest events brought telegraph greater public attention led widespread use railway signalling event announcement telegraph birth second son queen_victoria news published times unprecedented speed minutes announcement operation telegraph consisted number magnetic turn short distance clockwise anti clockwise electromagnetic induction winding direction movement determined direction current telegraph wires board marked diamond shaped grid letter grid intersection arranged point specific letter number wires required system equal number number determines number characters patent recommends number early demonstration models number codes obtained respectively sending end rows buttons pair buttons row operator selected button row connected positive negative ends battery respectively ends connected telegraph wires end receiving station end receiving receive mode current flowed ends system pairs rotated opposite directions needle telegraph needle telegraph possible needle positions codes short able complete alphabet letters omitted great selling point telegraph simple use required little operator training code learn letter sent visibly displayed sending receiving operator telegraph originally wires needle system sixth wire provide common return operated independently giving possibility available codes codes required extensive operator training display read sight grid simple codes telegraph systems later use earth return avoid need return wire principle established time telegraph economic need reduce number wires end proved stronger incentive simplicity use led develop needle telegraph needle telegraph needle telegraph required wires needle common return somewhat different needle telegraph needed learned read display left right times quick succession single time directions quick succession needle moved gave total codes taken stop code letters omitted substituted respectively needle telegraph system developed replace failing multi wire telegraph line required wires complex code slower transmission speed needle system needed unit code movements represent letter needle system unit code codes entire alphabet like preceding needle system code units consisted rapid needle left right quick succession needle struck post moved causing ring different tones provided left right movements operator hear direction needle moved looking codes codes refined adapted added needle code achieved provision sixth wire common return making possible single needle original wires possible pairs opposite directions common wire provided codes theoretically possible common return signalling grid indication display worked marking edge diamond grid right pointed respectively left respectively additional buttons provided telegraph sets enable common return connected positive negative terminal battery according direction desired needle codes added needle code apparently codes marked plates later needle unit codes number shift letter shift numerous compound codes added operator controls wait repeat compounds similar found code characters run character gap needle number shift letter shift codes compounds reason written codes needle telegraph known equipment survived known letters assigned possible codes | Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
1894_CQC-6 | close tactical folding knife blade manufactured initially reported sixth design evolution fighting knives model lineup custom knives later revealed knife named seal team ground blade steel handle credited knife popularized concept tactical folding knife specifications long blade handle long making knife close inches length opened butt end knife point features hole tying blade profile japanese ground single zero ground blade early models similar found japanese leather wheel finish blades unlike typical japanese grind grind left blade opposed right handle material composed liners utilizing walker single double locking mechanism experimental model exists lock half knife half represented scales reasons material memory characteristics resistance screws handle pivot traditional straight head screws accommodate easy field improvised tool needed models feature traction grooves secure grip wet environment early knives black later models featured green color exclusively pocket clip held place screws allows knife pocket web gear history mid-1980s individual navy seals west_coast team personally purchased custom fixed blade knives southern_california knives hard ground heat treated tool steel known distinctive ground blades accurately zero ground edge secondary drag cutting purposes long impressed cutting ability ground edge asked permission incorporate folding knives granted seals asked folding knife informed folding knives referred manufactured folding knives utilizing walker according seals requirements knife resistant designed easy cleaning field daily basis tool capable weapon need arise folding ground sixth model series handful prototypes referred model soon named refers close quarters combat chosen seals use writer refers sixth model prototypes opposed evolution line knives says moniker seals question members seal team ownership soon status symbol members elite military units including navy seals german connection special warfare community changed custom knife line knives new designation began appearing logo line custom blades noted officially issued item privately purchased troops question rogue warrior novels green team task force blue detachment seal force alpha violence action holy terror prominently feature regularly carried piece equipment page task force blue remarks personal gift popularity books helped fuel popularity particular tactical folding knives general realm military law enforcement personnel variants hand certain subtle variations models different years earliest examples feature half moon logo simply arranged arc blade replaced logo resembles stealth aircraft moniker knives logo briefly replaced diamond logo period year die cut logo broken resumed log incorporated patented wave opening device profile blade blade finish uniformly trademark flats edges models coating steel originally replaced american equivalent dress versions damascus steel blades blades edge exotic handle materials decorative shell mother pearl dress variants models feature polished hardware opposed tactical models early models featured replaced later years early featured handle small pair found japan strict laws manufacture possession blades response small batch conventional blade grind knives featured grind right blade opposed left makes scaled version known super scaled version retro named like custom knives year new orders knives taken november kind auctioned benefit children parents killed proceeds went charity knife featured polished hardware hand scales engraved blade reading shall strike dagger deep heart evil president approached manufacture larger scale factory production model preferring custom knife instead licensed similar design piece satisfied customers version work affordable price year wait manufactured automatic versions currently california automatic version collaboration similar size blade profile main difference rear brake butt handle opposed shape contract expired began production model factory inc production version knife features handle construction handle material production model edge blade secondary larger smaller version knife known super mini respectively version drop point blade opposed handled version known commemorate tenth anniversary model makes versions variations similar mentioned russian movie remake classic angry men revealed potential weapon teen murder russian foster parents knife shown movie knife non custom factory knife carried served point man mission kill capture auctioned charity | CQC-6 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
2317_Pitot-staticsystem | static system static system system pressure sensitive instruments aviation determine aircraft number altitude altitude trend static system generally consists tube static port static instruments equipment measure forces acting vehicle function temperature density pressure fluid operating instruments connected air data computers flight data altitude cabin controllers switches errors static system readings extremely dangerous information obtained static system altitude potentially safety critical commercial airline disasters traced failure static system static pressure static system instruments uses principle air pressure gradient works measuring pressures pressure differences values assess speed altitude pressures measured static port static pressure tube pressure static pressure measurements pressure determine pressure pressure obtained tube pressure measure ram air pressure air pressure created vehicle motion air tube ideal conditions equal pressure called total pressure tube located wing section aircraft facing forward opening exposed relative wind tube location ram air pressure accurately measured distorted aircraft structure increases ram air pressure increased translated indicator static pressure static pressure obtained static port static port flush mounted hole fuselage aircraft located access air flow relatively area aircraft single static port situations aircraft static port usually located fuselage positioning average pressure taken allows accurate readings specific flight situations alternative static port located inside cabin aircraft backup external static port blocked static tube effectively static ports probe incorporates second tube tubes pressure sampling holes sides probe outside direct measure static pressure aircraft climbs static pressure decrease multiple pressure static systems incorporate single contain multiple pressure ports allow sensing air pressure angle attack angle data depending design air data referred hole hole air data differential pressure sensing techniques produce angle attack angle indications static instrument static system pressures interpretation static instruments explanations explain traditional mechanical instruments modern aircraft use air data computer rate climb altitude number aircraft receive total static pressure independent tubes static ports aircraft flight data computer compares information computers checks standby instruments instruments employed case problems primary instruments indicator indicator connected static pressure sources difference pressure static pressure called dynamic pressure greater dynamic pressure higher reported traditional mechanical indicator contains pressure connected tube case static port higher speed higher ram pressure pressure exerted larger needle movement mechanical pressure known barometric determine changes air pressure occur aircraft altitude changes pressure prior flight register pressure altitude sea level instrument case vent static port inside instrument sealed pressure case decreases internal expands translated determination altitude reverse true descending higher lower altitudes main errors produced error error instruments error position error temperature error barometric error jump aircraft designed operate speeds incorporate ratio true relation speed sound aircraft limited maximum number fly known limit number displayed fraction vertical speed indicator known vertical speed indicator vertical velocity indicator static instrument determine aircraft flying level flight vertical speed specifically shows rate climb rate descent measured feet minute meters second vertical speed measured mechanical located instrument area surrounding static port leak known restricted aircraft begins increase altitude begin contract rate faster leak causing needle positive vertical speed reverse situation true aircraft descending leak varies model model average time pressure seconds static errors situations affect accuracy static instruments involve failures static system classified system result faulty instrument placement environmental factors classified inherent errors system blocked tube blocked tube static problem affect blocked tube cause indicator register increase aircraft climbs actual constant caused pressure system remaining constant atmospheric pressure static pressure decreasing reverse indicator decrease aircraft descends tube susceptible ice water insects reason aviation regulatory agencies recommend tube checked prior flight prevent tubes equipped heating element heated tube required aircraft instrument flight aircraft experimental amateur built blocked static port blocked static port situation affects static instruments common causes blocked static port airframe blocked static port cause freeze constant value altitude static port blocked vertical speed indicator frozen zero change vertical speed increases decreases indicator reverse error occurs tube cause read actually aircraft climbs aircraft descending reported aircraft alternative static source available selected cockpit inherent errors inherent errors fall categories affecting different instruments density errors affect instruments altitude type error caused variations pressure temperature atmosphere error arise impact pressure cause air tube standard sea level pressure altitude equation correctly accounts compression error sea level higher altitudes compression correctly accounted cause instrument read greater equivalent correction obtained chart error significant altitudes feet greater knots error caused mechanical properties located instruments determine pressure differences physical properties resist change retaining given shape external forces changed reversal errors caused false static pressure reading false reading caused large changes aircraft pitch large change pitch cause showing movement opposite direction reversal errors primarily affect vertical speed position errors class inherent errors position error position error produced aircraft static pressure different air pressure remote aircraft error caused air flowing past static port speed different aircraft true position errors provide positive negative errors depending factors factors include angle attack aircraft weight acceleration aircraft configuration case helicopters categories position errors fixed errors variable errors fixed errors defined errors specific particular model aircraft variable errors caused external factors deformed panels flow air particular situations aircraft errors errors caused fact changes static dynamic pressure outside aircraft require finite time way affect type error depends length diameter volume inside error significant time altitude changing concern steady level flight static related disasters december flight boeing crashed northwest international airport climb route buffalo international airport tubes atmospheric february flight crashed sea shortly takeoff incorrect readings indicator suspected cause blocked tube confirmed airplane wreck recovered october flight crashed static ports static ports left aircraft taped aircraft cleaned job tape removed february bomber crash guam caused moisture sensors june french air safety authority said tube contributing factor crash flight | Pitot-static system | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
3293_Pulvermacher'schain | chain chain sold electric chain type battery sold second half 19th century medical applications chief market numerous practitioners taking advantage popularity relatively new treatment electrification known unique selling point construction numerous linked cells rendering flexible variant intended worn wrapped body long periods known chain electric belt attracted great deal medical community use names known physicians advertising permission nature business selling promoting practices unpopular medical community despite chain widely reported useful source electricity medical scientific purposes vocal critics construction electrically machine worked like pile constructed completely differently copper consisting weak acid salt solution cell consisted wooden winding copper wires like screw thread locate wires precisely position enabled copper wires placed close coming electrical contact wires interfere operation copper wires inserted ends copper end wires attached formed hooks eyes cells arrangement depicted figure provided electrical connections mechanical cell connected copper winding connected winding cells connected end end compact assembly manner links chain voltage delivered assembly controlled number links incorporated high current available single cell increase current size cells increased shock delivered chains described strong chain links sharp links prior use chain soaked absorbed wooden wood chosen type absorbed chain continue produce voltage dried chain typically chain charged slowly drawing bowl shown figure special link included chain incorporated circuit purpose rapidly connect circuit normally steady current battery turned rapidly varying current usual practice use medical electrical batteries feed output induction order increase voltage applied patient action patent mention induction battery produce large merely adding links chain effect interrupted current produces stronger sensation electric shock patient steady current novel feature operated action spring kept motion movements patient need external input time typically hand physician existence electro mechanical automatic later versions chain driven rate adjusted rate shock patient controlled fitted chain shown figure wound turning handle left end variant chain appeared wooden instead hollow tube tube formed cell wound copper wire version rings copper plates tube copper wire kept apart thread commonly battery manufacturers time high price unlike today compared cell place produces twice voltage importantly cell output voltage replaced plain water marketed type chain designed worn wrapped limb treated claimed operate body sweat acting need charge external source produced smaller pocket version chain fewer links cell version physicist inventor originally concerned electric telegraph published details chain august german winter year came britain demonstrate machine notable physicians visited london edinburgh trip gives residence patent prior arrived britain vienna british sources time describe vienna medical opinion positive reaction early gave known london physician interest sample machine experiment bird impressed later gave representative letter introduction physicians edinburgh bird thought battery useful source portable electricity treating patients forms homes contemporary equipment portable case friction machines required skilled operators going october bird felt tested device sufficiently glowing article early stage signs wrote favourable report felt need level criticism london agent promoting device universal complaint company advertisements bird opponent practitioners particular quick medically electrical treatment felt reason professional acceptance work held market sector claims aimed bird specifically exclude responsibility claims april situation extracts provided bird permission order bolster company medically largely advertising claims bird threatened legal injunction refused tried imply bird publicity letter writing campaign advertisements led exchange letters bird plain recommended chain convenient source electricity support claimed powers especially supposed produce instant results typical course time months criticised chains sold delivering current medical use pointed proposed procedure wrapping device affected limb useless path skin cell prevent useful voltage developed suggests patent contact body generates electricity effective resulted journal removing advertisements pages quickly followed growing pressure pretty ended professional medical support device time despite start medical profession chain continued described scientific medical journals books useful tool late 1850s 1860s mentioned proceedings bird height dispute company found able battery ingenious useful source electricity banned medical press advertising claims use notable names investigated possible use tooth extraction found benefit device frequently adding pain found subject discussion medical press involved legal proceedings time company victim product poor quality cause court case prompted examine chain ending long period paper ignoring worthless instrument result positive review chain function reviewer particularly praised competition decline patented chain battery soon followed chain battery belt electric belt electric belts enormously popular far europe led company headquarters moved cincinnati 1880s calling london prestige european connection early models soaked use england later models worked purely action body sweat introduced device sold essentially cure necessary generate electricity feel matter slightly know working electric belts human anatomy limbs abdomen chest neck worn time model designed attach male special sac claimed cure promoted theory loss male later life consequence early life limited supply provided run time wasted device meant address competition intense lucrative market claimed benefits extravagant competitors actually new_york based crystal horn owen founded father famous owen originally new_york based expanded country business fraud europe competitors popular belt attempted unsuccessfully sue paper accused oregon based company founded selling belts making large profits inflation adjusted net belts months end 1920s electric belt popularity severely declined public appetite electric scientific market long moved better electrical generation technology chain batteries popular culture chain especially form worn body familiar late 19th early 20th century needed explained audience instance references novel madame character wearing number chains described | Pulvermacher's chain | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
3391_YuccaMountainnuclearwasterepository | nuclear waste designated amendments deep geological storage facility spent nuclear fuel high level radioactive waste site located federal land adjacent nevada northwest project approved united_states congress federal funding site ended amendment passed april project difficulties highly contested general public politicians stated closure political technical safety reasons leaves non governmental entities utilities designated long term storage site high level radioactive waste stored site nuclear facilities country government waste new_mexico rooms feet underground reviewing options high level waste established secretary energy released final report january expressed urgency find consolidated geological future facility developed new independent organization direct access subject political financial control like meantime nuclear power plants united_states resorted indefinite site dry storage waste nearly steel concrete background spent nuclear fuel radioactive product electricity generation commercial nuclear power plants high level radioactive waste product spent fuel produce material nuclear weapons united_states congress established national policy solve problem nuclear waste disposal policy federal law called nuclear waste policy act responsible finding site building operating underground disposal facility called recommendation use dates recommended best means protecting environment public health safety dispose waste rock deep underground began studying determine suitable nation long term metric tons long tons short tons million pounds spent nuclear fuel high level radioactive waste stored sites nation estimated metric tons long tons short tons waste america military nuclear programs december selected locations states consideration potential sites based data collected nearly years sites studied results preliminary studies reported based reports president ronald_reagan approved sites intensive scientific study called site characterization sites washington texas congress amended nuclear waste policy act directed study located nuclear test site act provided site characterization location found unsuitable studies stopped immediately option expired site actually recommended president july president signed house joint resolution pub allowing step establishing safe store country nuclear waste begin accepting spent fuel mountain january series delays legal challenges concerns transport nuclear waste facility political pressures resulting construction july proposed march date open facility begin accepting waste based funding september ward edward nuclear industry executive energy pennsylvania nominated president bush lead following mid term congressional elections democratic nevada senator longtime opponent senate majority leader putting position greatly affect future project said continue work block completion project quoted having said dead happen spending bill budget reduced million project able resources delay transportation expenditures complete submission june lacking operating federal government owes utility companies million year compensation failing comply contract signed spent nuclear fuel presidential campaign barack_obama promised abandon project result senator moved nevada primary help obama campaign election told obama ability april south_carolina senators introduced legislation provide billion federally managed fund nuclear power plants paying collected funds project fact cancelled congress november response lawsuit filed court appeals ruled nuclear utilities stop paying nuclear waste recovery fund follows nuclear waste policy act congress changes law fee ended facility purpose project comply develop national site spent nuclear fuel high level radioactive waste storage management operating contractor april project consortium government contractors employees march employees remained project technical staff laid end zero funding budget responsibility post closure analysis ensuring compliance main tunnel shaped long wide cathedral like branch main tunnel scientific experiments conducted smaller diameter tunnels branching main tunnel waste stored constructed required construction authorization statutory limit metric tons short tons store waste required miles tunnels nuclear waste policy act limits capacity metric tons long tons short tons initial heavy metal commercial spent fuel commercial currently operating produce quantity spent fuel assuming spent fuel rods currently civil plant studied pieces geology world studies materials science united_states invested billion project estimates million gallons highly radioactive waste metric tons short tons spent fuel production nuclear weapons research activities temporary storage cost facility paid combination tax hour nuclear power disposal weapons naval nuclear waste based cost estimate approximately percent funded consumers nuclear powered electricity percent presented congress july director billion cost compared previous estimates included capacity twice large previously estimated longer period time years years additionally cost project continued insufficient funding efficiently forward complete project announced seeking double size capacity metric tons short tons million pounds tunnel boring machine excavated main tunnel cost million length operation sits exit point south entrance facility short tunnel excavated explosives opposition scheduled begin accepting spent fuel january years deadline future status unknown going litigation opposition senator construction delays number nuclear power plants united_states resorted dry storage waste site indefinitely nearly steel concrete project widely opposed nevada debated national topic thirds majority feel unfair state store nuclear waste nuclear power plants nevada opposition stemmed called screw nevada bill legislation halting study texas potential sites waste conclusions local county proposed facility located supports development adjoining counties point concern standard radiation years years future august proposed limit year period october issued draft shows years mean public dose year years median public dose year substantially proposed limit comparison hip ray results dose head chest scan results annually united_states individual background radiation places twice february secretary energy decision site suitable nation nuclear governor nevada days object objection governor objection stood project abandoned new site chosen august election issue senator said abandon plans elected march energy interior departments revealed geological survey exchanged discussing possible quality assurance documents water research february released report confirming technical modeling work performed employees march issued page white paper studied real estate planet conclusions extensive studies consistently sound site nuclear waste disposal cost moving forward extremely high nuclear waste disposal capability environmental nuclear waste disposal capability supports national security demand new nuclear plants demands disposal capability january announced designate lead laboratory integrate science work believe establishing lead laboratory important step new path forward independent expert review scientists perform help ensure technical scientific basis question acting director said unique experience managing scientific investigations support federally licensed disposal facility having served role scientific advisor new_mexico began acting lead laboratory october questions raised congressional members quality science announced march selection science education profit consortium includes doctoral degree granting institutions associate member universities provide expert reviews scientific technical work mountain project stated based sound science bringing review technical work seek present high level expertise credibility project forward award gives access academic research institutions help meet mission legal obligation license construct open nation spent nuclear fuel significant public political opposition project nevada attempt push ahead project opposition large projects decades complete chance sustained local opposition prevail happened project successful nuclear waste storage efforts scandinavia involved local communities decision making process given veto stage happen local communities potential storage sites early continued involvement process including funding allow retain technical experts march energy secretary reiterated senate hearing site longer considered option storing waste march filed motion withdraw license application multiple lawsuits stop action filed states counties individuals country unauthorized radiation standards original standard established standards june storage standard set dose limit year public outside site disposal standards consisted components individual dose standard standard evaluating impacts human intrusion protection standard individual protection human intrusion standards set limit year reasonably exposed individual highly exposed members public protection standard consistent safe drinking water act standards agency applies situations pollution prevention measure disposal standards apply period years facility closed dose assessments continue years placed subject compliance standard year period compliance assessment consistent generally applicable standards developed nuclear waste policy act reflects international guidance level confidence placed numerical projections long periods time inconsistent standards shortly established standards nuclear industry environmental public interest groups challenged standards court july district columbia circuit found favor agency counts year regulatory time frame court ruled year compliance period isolation radioactive waste consistent recommendations short report recommended standards set time peak risk approach period million years limiting compliance time years respect statutory requirement develop standards consistent recommendations rule published final rule new rule limits radiation years closes regulatory time frame dose standards apply based number years time facility closed years retain final rule dose limit year protection level stringent radiation regulations today million years established dose limit year rule requires safely contain considering effects earthquakes volcanic activity climate change container million years current analysis indicates cause year public dose years geology formation makes created large volcano composed alternating layers non semi surround burial sites expected protect human health provides natural barrier radiation lies transition great basin volcanic fractured movement water waste primarily usually confined individual layers faults extend planned storage area way water table surface future water transport surface waste containers likely dominated evidence surface water transported tunnel years site opponents assert predicted failure waste containers cracks provide route movement radioactive waste water flowing downward desert surface officials state waste containers stored way minimize nearly eliminate possibility area received rain past water table consequently higher today level earthquakes nevada ranks fourth nation current seismic activity earthquake provide current historical earthquake information analysis available data indicates seismic events magnitude greater mile radius stated seismic effects natural systems significantly affect performance lies region ongoing rates slow significantly affect mountain year regulatory compliance period rises water table caused seismic activity tens meters reach fractured volcanic comprises reflects occurrence earthquake strong ground motion events million years characteristics rock changed significantly seismic events occur years engineered barrier system components reportedly provide substantial protection waste water severe seismic loading september discovered bow ridge fault line ran underneath facility hundreds feet east originally thought located beneath storage pad spent radioactive fuel cooled sealed maze tunnels discovery required structures moved feet east drew criticism head argues administrators known fault line location years prior called movement structures time engineering june major nuclear equipment supplier criticized safety plan handling containers radioactive waste buried proposed dump concern earthquake nuclear waste material awaiting burial sent chaotic melee bouncing rolling transportation waste nuclear waste planned shipped site rail truck robust containers known spent nuclear fuel shipping approved routes nevada public states planned routes dates times transport secret security reasons state tribal representatives notified shipments spent nuclear fuel enter jurisdictions nevada routes nevada planned primary mode transportation rail corridor corridor starts nevada traveling northern western borders approximately miles point turns south options considered included rail route corridor rail route originated fort churchill siding rail line near proposed corridor proceeded southeast blair junction oasis valley rail line turned north northeast use rail corridor required permission order cross land miles proposed corridor owned additional permission granted impacts early 1960s safely conducted shipments spent nuclear fuel harmful release radioactive material safety record comparable worldwide experience metric tons spent nuclear fuel transported approximately equal total spent nuclear fuel shipped cities concerned transport radioactive waste highways railroads passed heavily populated areas transportation adviser state nevada stated transportation high level waste heavily affect cities like buffalo cleveland pittsburgh chicago metropolitan area coming south heaviest impacts atlanta nashville kansas_city moving salt_lake_city downtown las_vegas cities affected rail shipments hand stated think general understanding hazardous materials country understanding federal government knows safely cultural impact archaeological surveys found evidence native americans immediate vicinity temporary seasonal basis native americans disagree conclusions archaeological investigators ancestors highly mobile groups hunter occupied area began area surveying believe conclusions traditional accounts farming occurred european contact surrounding lands central lives western peoples shared religious ceremonies resource uses social events nash wrote song don dig protesting environmental issues associated project delays obama administration attempting close despite current law nation nuclear waste administration agency began implementation president plan gone administration closure plan state congressional entities attempted challenge administration closure plans statute court recently august decision told obama administration approve reject application completed waste storage site nevada simply plans closure violation law united_states secretary energy stated table going saying let step realize know lot today years ago saying dry storage current sites safe decades gives time figure long term strategy assembling blue ribbon panel look issue looking high energy spectrum actually allow burn long lived waste fast resurgence hybrid solutions fusion fusion energy creates high energy burn long lived waste mind economical reason think pulling potential fuel cycle imagine depends blue ribbon panel says imagine certain classification certain type waste don want access anymore means use different sites salt salt stable million year time scale trouble type places don access anymore certain types waste don want access anymore good natural waste inherent value let years years high likelihood come want recover real thing let wise heads figure want deal interim long term storage supposed everybody think knowing know today going regional areas found failure perform contractual requirements cost billion estimate liability raised billion july house_of_representatives voted amendments roll vote budget house_of_representatives voted twice energy water debate majority reject elimination nation nuclear waste solution april state washington filed suit prevent closing slow efforts clean south_carolina location site joined washington district columbia circuit dismissed suit july saying ruled withdrawal license application washington south_carolina filed lawsuit july billion received power companies fund project billion spent study build federal government billion left including interest march senator introduced bill requiring money given customers remainder companies storage improvements august ordered approve reject application completed waste storage site nevada court opinion said simply law previous action allow obama administration continue plans close proposed waste site federal law designating nation nuclear waste remains effect court opinion stated president decline follow statutory mandate prohibition simply policy objections pop culture film dinosaur eggs hatch inside havoc facility ultimately suffers failure explodes american science fiction monster film waste store mysterious radioactive pod revealed egg enormous monster escapes causes havoc monster movie tradition | Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
5555_Nominalimpedance | nominal nominal electrical engineering audio engineering refers approximate designed electrical circuit device term applied number different fields encountered respect nominal value characteristic cable form transmission line nominal value input output image port network especially network intended use transmission line filters nominal value input radio frequency antenna actual vary considerably nominal figure changes frequency case cables transmission lines variation length cable properly terminated usual practice speak nominal constant resistance frequency zero component despite far case depending field application nominal referring specific point frequency response circuit consideration low frequency mid band point specific applications discussed sections applications number values nominal recognised standard nominal component circuit assigned standard values regardless measured exactly corresponds item assigned nearest standard value nominal started specified early days telecommunications available available expensive consequently necessary achieve maximum power transfer cable receiving end order lengths cables installed apparent reflections transmission line severely limit distance transmit matching equipment characteristic cable reduces reflections eliminated altogether match perfect power transfer end cables equipment started specified standard nominal earliest widespread standard originally said choice figure way local exchange characteristic local telephone cable old style connect exchange twisted pair leg pair connected relay detect signalling line hook etc end connected supply voltage second connected ground telephone exchange relay terminating line telephone networks generally twisted pair cable audio frequencies especially restricted telephone band frequencies far constant possible manufacture kind cable characteristic value specific frequency quoted nominal frequency characteristic rapidly rises dominated resistance cable frequency falls audio band tens hand high frequency region characteristic constant reason response explained primary line local area networks commonly use similar kind twisted pair cable screened manufactured necessary similar telephone cable nominal rated data higher frequency band characteristic substantially flat line nominal led port networks filters designed matching nominal nominal low pass symmetrical filter sections generally image filter sections defined limit filter image frequency approaches zero given formula defined constant filter seen expression purely filter transformed band pass filter equal nominal resonance low frequency nominal filters generally nominal circuit cable filter working universal standard local presentation customer premises exchange long distance transmission trunk lines exchanges standard nominal usually lower field radio frequency microwave engineering far away common transmission line standard cable line arose nominal world war work radar compromise requirements standard work wartime joint requirement minimum loss loss cable given formula metre loop resistance metre characteristic making diameter inner conductor larger decrease decreasing decreases loss hand depends ratio outer inner decrease increasing inner conductor diameter increasing loss specific value loss minimum turns air corresponds characteristic produced war rigid air pipe remained case time second requirement maximum power handling important requirement radar condition minimum loss power handling usually limited breakdown voltage similar compromise terms ratio conductor making inner conductor large results thin breaks lower voltage hand making inner conductor small results higher electric field strength near inner conductor field lines closer smaller reduces breakdown voltage ideal ratio maximum power handling turns corresponds characteristic air geometric mean figures formula rounding convenient number wartime production period tended use standard pipe sizes outer conductor standard sizes inner conductor resulted nearly matching critical requirement voice frequencies cable started available truly need arose matching circuits interface new cables legacy equipment strange matching network cable highly desirable power handling capabilities commercial production large size inner conductor makes difficult manufacture case cable cable nominal use early period telecommunications low loss characteristic according chosen nominal corresponded standard wire size inner conductor video cables near universal standard nominal radio antennae widespread idea cable nominal arose connection input antennae myth true common antennae easily matched cables nominal quarter free space half free space half folded commonly seen television antennae hand times straight line folded commonly taken having nominal respectively installed antenna feed point varies quoted value depending installation height ground electrical properties surrounding earth cable quality measure cable manufacturing installation quality closely characteristic nominal length changes caused variations geometry cable length turn caused faulty manufacturing process faulty installation observing limits bend unfortunately easy non destructive method directly measuring cable length indicated indirectly measuring reflections return loss return loss reveal cable design return loss having purely characteristic technique carefully adjust cable termination obtain close match possible measure variation return loss frequency minimum return loss measured called structural return loss measure cables adherence nominal direct correspondence errors generator effect close measurement carried band frequencies significant reason equally spaced errors introduced manufacturing process cancel invisible reduced certain frequencies quarter wave action audio systems audio systems professional domestic components low connected high poorly defined nominal usually assigned kind connection exact little difference performance long times larger common scheme audio electronic units general form larger equipment connected short distance audio needs transmitted large distances case broadcast engineering considerations matching reflections telecommunications standard normally mean nominal standards encountered sending receiving advantages nominal transmission line transmission chain value nominal audio system important connected circuit capable dealing appropriate range assigning nominal convenient way quickly determining likely dealt separate sections kept relatively low compared audio components required audio power transmitted dangerously high common nominal common reserved high frequency compression drivers high frequency end audio spectrum usually require power reproduce constant frequencies typical rise increasing frequency value shown reaches point mechanical resonance following resonance falls minimum begins rise speakers usually designed operate frequencies resonance reason usual practice define nominal minimum round nearest standard value ratio peak frequency nominal perfectly possible low frequency actually lower nominal given audio capable driving low frequency capable driving nominal problem solved use crossover filters supplied days vacuum tubes nominal valve require output match high output voltage output lower commonly tapped allow matching output multiple setup example parallel advent solid state require common multiple rare lower common common nominal single solid state designed work combinations large number different types microphone large differences range low ribbon large measured defined number standard microphone nominal aid defines similar set nominal classification low medium high usually high affect circuit measured connected input specific nominal value high common use common value nominal resistance known input probe designer ensure probe input exactly times figure actually plus probe cable included input probe circuit result measured distorted circuit formed probe resistance input cable generally higher | Nominal impedance | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
6236_FinniestonCrane | disused giant crane centre glasgow scotland longer working order retained symbol city engineering heritage crane loading cargo particular steam locomotives ships exported world cranes fifth having demolished giant cranes remaining worldwide crane seen background news broadcasts history queens dock opened august acres dock goods centre glasgow tonnes long tons short tons steam crane constructed west current 1890s demolished way proposed bridge crossing built present crane constructed replacement giant crane built clyde commissioned june operators port dock facilities glasgow completed commenced operation tower built supervision mechanical engineer contract build crane sir significant experience dock cranes built number cranes clyde including involved design foundations total cost crane foundations met trust properly known crane clyde navigation trustees crane proximity fact intended replace previous led popularly known public artwork summer size replica locomotive straw local sculptor hauled old park works suspended crane hauled burned reveal metal framework underneath death giant question mark suspended crane work attached crane american artist record sounds structure purpose connected spur railway crane primary purpose lifting heavy machinery tanks steam locomotives ships export locomotives hauled streets glasgow horses traction engines diesel works crane export british_empire crane working order retained symbol city engineering heritage design giant crane feet tall feet lifting capacity tons perform rotation half minutes ascended steel staircase electric lift example personnel lift britain crane fitted horizontal rail permit movement auxiliary crane intended handle lighter loads docks serviced crane closed filled redeveloped defunct clyde harbour tunnel stands east crane scottish exhibition conference centre clyde auditorium west cranes clyde demolished giant cranes remaining worldwide crane seen background broadcasts backdrop riverside glasgow | Finnieston Crane | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
6263_JBLParagon | iconic piece stereo created introduced discontinued production run longest speaker launch expensive domestic market designed concept elaborated feet long requires man hours hand finishing team dedicated resembling conventional elegant landmark product company sought celebrities estimated total production units highly sought collectors day history horn loaded stereo speaker system housed piece piece including slot panel foot cabinet based principle developed consultant launched world earliest production stereo home use expensive speaker time flagship product cost equivalent terms product longest production run produced continually discontinued replaced product line named design early days sound designers faced issue listener located exactly speaker units col pioneer sound film industry solution problem stereo sound centrally positioned listener devised system sound speaker drive units curved surfaces wood panels cabinet create wide uniform stereo image hold stable location listening room ranger ranger radial system reproduction axis symmetry speakers consistently equal effect soon listener moves axis speaker moves takes sound intensity decreases rapidly distance distant speaker quickly loses nearer avoided projecting sound speaker curved surface acts convex lens sound directs strongly opposite speaker convex sharp axis symmetry movement listener disturbing listening area integrated speaker system energy stereo channels builds sound readily appreciated person axis symmetry longer unstable critical listener term unstable mere stereo reproduction customary appear center certain sections accompanying music positioned right left important stay uncertain movement apparent sound source gives feeling possible hold sound center found regular stereo fell proper place curtain sound opened ranger foot prototype product plenty right angles shiny black skin imposing visually called industrial design consultant project early wolf later president chief executive initially asked produce shell version dealers shops transportation installation constraints decided speaker split components left right channel curved panel easily assembled support weight prevent design called feet height instead producing detailed drawings wolf worked scale models created model plastic ended scale model design phase relationship wolf ranger tense project nearly collapsed parties came month june agreed definitive production specification way design construction seen unusual shape complicated build engineering factory translated design shop floor overcoming manufacturing challenges posed curved panels cabinet legs speaker entered production late original way design consisted bass drivers inch elliptical horns essentially drivers start rolling feedback foreign distributors way adding ring mounted cabinet aimed central sweet spot bass mid crossover mid frequencies crossed resembles measures inches weighs pounds according product standard finishes include birch premium wood finishes included light dark oak teak piano finish cost extra team worked unit spending estimated man hours complete single unit spent finishing assembly hours needed entire enclosure coats applied hand allowed dry product revisions components went numerous changes years launched domestic industrial variants driver added early 60s bass driver replaced early 60s power launched available integration powered speakers removed 1970s use new drivers employing instead bass driver replaced driver replaced discontinued reception said ideal listening position metres away lower normal seated position alternatively speaker needs hoisted comfortable sound sound described possessing dynamics turned loud sign distortion impressive separation instruments sonic describes sound possessing integrated liquid highs excellent bass worth dying rumours acquired left center right channels monitor recordings master tapes thousand units produced year life height production units left factory week units mint condition upwards second hand market featured museum exhibitions held entitled living modern way spin offs legacy launched smaller elaborate way speaker measuring inches named self powered employing stereo optional miniature version available early | JBL Paragon | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
6776_LinnIsobarik | nicknamed designed manufactured known reproduction low bass frequencies demanding launched maiden flagship based named loading principle invented 1950s speaker exists destined professional market discontinued remains popular history manufacturers sought produce quantum bass output products seeking clear low frequency bass design bass way fundamental resonance quest extra octave dry extended bass sound accurate reproduction resulted launched original year following release product domestic monitor system designed driven home setting incorporated crossover cabinet professional monitor system launched destined professional market internal crossover configuration opens driving options particular active operation tri named employs loading principle invented 1950s bass units mounted sealed container driven parallel effectively double speaker enclosure volume extend bass frequency response possible identical speakers variant principle patented use bass drive units facing forward arrangement early crossover boards nominal designed lie flat base stands change original distinction disappeared designation discontinued remained price lists speaker discontinued speaker little performance specifications mentioning somewhat frequency response varies loading extending usable bass response claimed low distortion high sound pressure levels recommended power rating range pleasure noted speakers quoted nominal considerably parts audio spectrum hard drive potentially causing output protection trip equally heavy twice power hungry demands happened perfect match high current delivery capabilities near short circuits famously acid test budget priced launch 1970s available number sold corporate philosophy intended significant dealer involvement customer education decision making included teaching customers listen correctly musical attributes trial evaluation product prior purchase dealer expert installation considered important parts value added end products instructions supplied product including stands crossover priced design way system employing individual drive units drivers driver frequency range faces forward second mounted surface enclosure bass unit hidden view bass units loaded mounted terminated transmission line crossover points set upward firing drivers designed aid improve axis listening experience like developed 1970s 80s designed work best near room boundaries manufacturer advise positioning speaker close rear wall approximately feet corners trade solid stereo image declared designed work tight wall merit according maintained design manufacture buy sell positively review installed away room boundaries fool early product recommended tri configuration fed way electronic crossover typically pair doubled bass units introduction pack configuration started manufacturing electronics release crossover declared system comprises source components plus crossover power pair necessary cables construction cabinet measures inches extremely rigid cabinet constructed high density particle board strategically places extensively according manufacturer array stressed steel rods inside enclosure control energy flows techniques employed ensure energy caused unwanted motion panel drivers cancelled similar opposite energy upward facing units resulting minimum initially factory manufacturing later furniture makers glasgow speaker uses bought drivers rebuilt stronger materials drivers metal treated reduce effects vibration enclosure designed constructed control energy drive units sourced kit form kits cabinet found fragile replaced robust better sounding short run scan speak later changed sourced denmark known use bbc monitor diameter unit applied layer unit cabinet weighs kilograms designed placed stands centimetres tall positioned listener ear level speaker supplied heavy stands square cross section spikes fitted prior positioning speaker cabinet input connections established pin later versions version banana image product revisions launched revised cabinet style launched enclosure cabinet changed smaller launched unit unit unit replaced common earth cannon unit fitted nuts jan cabinet changed sides units sound material painted bass units crossover units circuit board wider tracks improved layout new units response logo incorporated plate cabinet improved internal sealing units harder rubber surround cabinet crossover moved compartment speaker replaces crossover new external crossover fitted stand facility tri discontinued driven actively discontinued speaker addition stone changed improved cabinet non discontinued source reception received opinions news noted speaker kept promise managing play lowest bass guitar notes impression unlimited bass extension active system source electronic regarded pinnacle flat systems speaker integral general went equipment products product concurrent life way design physically smaller product measuring required tall speaker stands launched entry level non speaker drive units big brother released discontinued late 1980s worked replacement project bearing final product bear technology mentioned marketing materials product manual products bearing trade marked include active | Linn Isobarik | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
6809_Mobilityanalogy | mobility analogy mobility analogy called analogy analogy method representing mechanical system analogous electrical system advantage large body theory analysis techniques concerning complex electrical systems especially field filters converting electrical representation tools electrical domain directly applied mechanical system modification advantage occurs systems converting mechanical system electrical domain allows entire system analysed unified mathematical behaviour simulated electrical system identical mathematical behaviour represented mechanical system element electrical domain corresponding element mechanical domain analogous equation laws circuit analysis laws apply electrical domain apply mechanical mobility analogy mobility analogy main mechanical electrical representing mechanical systems electrical domain analogy roles voltage current reversed methods electrical representations produced dual circuits mobility analogy preserves mechanical system transferred electrical domain analogy hand analogy preserves analogy electrical mechanical mobility analogy applications mobility analogy widely model behaviour mechanical filters filters intended use electronic circuit work entirely mechanical waves provided input output filter convert electrical mechanical domains common use field audio equipment consist mechanical moving parts acoustic waves waves mechanical motion air molecules fluid medium elements electrical analogy developed mechanical system described abstract mechanical network mechanical system broken number ideal elements paired electrical symbols mechanical elements network shown following sections individual element mechanical electrical elements elements assumed mechanical component possessing element small time taken mechanical waves end component neglected developed distributed elements transmission lines greatest benefits element circuits mechanical required passive electrical elements resistance determined mechanical property chosen represent voltage property chosen represent current mobility analogy voltage velocity current force mechanical defined ratio force velocity analogous electrical electrical mechanical commonly called mobility analogy resistance mechanical analogy electrical resistance loss energy moving system processes friction mechanical component analogous shock property analogous resistance electrical analogy mechanical governed equation law formula analogous equation mechanical domain formula resistance voltage current mechanical resistance force velocity induced force electrical represents real electrical likewise mechanical resistance real mechanical mechanical analogy mobility analogy compliance common mechanics discuss compliance mechanical component analogous spring governed equation formula analogous equation mechanical domain form law formula time mechanical compliance purely imaginary given formula analogous mechanical given formula electrical imaginary unit angular frequency mechanical mechanical analogy mobility analogy mass mechanical component analogous large rigid weight governed equation formula analogous equation mechanical domain newton second law motion formula mass purely imaginary given formula analogous mechanical given formula curious difficulty arises mass analogy electrical element connected fact mechanical systems velocity mass importantly acceleration measured fixed reference frame usually earth considered terminal system element mass terminal velocity analogous electric potential terminal zero velocity analogous electric ground potential mass led university_of_cambridge define new energy storing element mechanical networks called component possesses called unlike mass allowed different arbitrary equation given formula equal opposite force applied respectively units mass kilograms system indicates relationship smith define network element suggested construction real mechanical component small prototype smith consists able slide cylinder connected rack gear drives inside cylinder counter rotating order prevent developing energy provided pushing returned moves opposite direction device stores energy like block mass actual mass small ideal mass points cylinder case independently connected parts mechanical system necessarily connected ground smith found application formula racing known alternative banned tuned mass forms vehicle suspension secretly following collaboration smith teams believed smaller tuned mass contact patch load variations tyres smith suggests reduce machine vibration difficulty mass mechanical limited mobility analogy corresponding problem occurs analogy case represented standard elements mechanical consists mass element compliance element mechanical analogous electrical circuits consisting real mechanical components mass compliance practical proposition single component fact difficult pure mass pure compliance single component spring certain compliance mass mass compliance eliminated altogether mechanical key component mechanical filters generators exist active electrical elements voltage source current source generators mechanical mobility analogy constant current generator constant force generator mechanical constant voltage generator constant velocity generator example constant force generator constant force spring example practical constant velocity generator lightly loaded powerful machine motor driving belt analogous real voltage source battery remains near constant voltage load provided load resistance higher battery internal resistance systems require convert electrical mechanical domains analogous port networks like described pair simultaneous arbitrary parameters numerous possible representations form applicable mobility analogy arbitrary parameters units matrix form electrical taken port representation formula element formula short circuit mechanical presented mechanical zero voltage short circuit applied electrical element formula conversely electrical presented electrical mechanical driving load zero force remaining elements formula formula describe forward reverse transfer functions respectively analogous transfer hybrid electrical mechanical quantity mechanical analogy simple machine force applied load greater input force depending mechanical advantage machine greater unity respectively mechanical advantage analogous turns ratio mobility analogy mechanical advantage unity analogous step greater unity analogous step power energy examples simple circuit figure shows mechanical arrangement platform mass suspended substrate spring resistance mobility analogy equivalent circuit shown right arrangement consists parallel circuit system frequency natural frequency heavily advantages principal advantage mobility analogy alternative analogy preserves mechanical system elements series mechanical system series electrical equivalent circuit elements parallel mechanical system remain parallel electrical equivalent principal disadvantage mobility analogy maintain analogy electrical mechanical mechanical represented electrical mechanical resistance represented electrical electrical equivalent circuit force analogous voltage generator called force analogous current history historically analogy use long mobility analogy mechanical associated mobility analogy introduced overcome issue preserving independently idea germany developed treatment general mathematical theory perspective introduced new analogy | Mobility analogy | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
7334_BrabhamBT49 | formula racing car designed south african british team competed formula world championships brazilian driver win world championship car initially designed short notice replacement team engined team owner decided end relationship italian engine manufacturer created weeks elements chassis widely engine single open cockpit exposed wheels chassis aluminium carbon car fitted controversial suspension water cooled brakes different points life updated seasons taking total seven wins poles points seventeen eventually built survive today successfully historic won historic formula championship driving concept created south african designer team season formula motor racing team competing partnership engine supplier won races season team car great success entered type type cars formula prix summer helping convince team owner partnership author writes want team second place works team team designing cars drawing knowledge engines powerful proved troublesome according henry days pure power main criterion temporarily vanished start instead aerodynamic ground effect brought formula lotus years earlier important factor allow focus team reverted known quantity reliable widely ford engine designed built weeks september converted chassis newly built chassis suspension like formula contemporaries chassis structure built sheet aluminium reinforcement carbon composite panels formula chassis incorporate material structurally chassis slightly longer new cockpit revised structural fuel tank reduced imperial gallons capacity match reduced fuel consumption requirements compared allowed reduction dry weight pounds fully underside shaped create ground effect air accelerated car reducing air pressure beneath pushing tyres harder track provides grip higher speeds compared conventional wings creates drag car straight line original form reduced pressure area car sealed sliding skirts rose fell movement car ensure air leak according murray car great strength car came ground effect ran car wing scarcely suspension controls relative motion chassis wheels similar features double rear springs mounted chassis activated anti roll bars fitted rear disc brakes mounted wheel activated single brake wheel career conventional steel brakes lighter reinforced carbon carbon discs pads technology introduced formula wheels inch diameter occasionally wheels car initially raced tyres team adapt new radial tyres season temporarily withdrew formula slick tyres dry conditions tyres wet chassis included modified units built end season formula season alongside seven new chassis engine transmission ford produced formula normally stroke engine banks cylinders degrees configuration aluminium engine block cylinder liners cylinder heads single spark plug activated gear driven double overhead combined flat plane provides relatively simple exhaust layout exhaust pipes exit outer block engine water cooled water oil mounted left right respectively revised version introduced water oil pumps reduced size grouped forwards flanks engine provide clearance ground effect tunnels cars like contemporaries uses engine fully stressed structural component carrying loads rear car engine bolts directly integral fuel tank engine car rear suspension gearbox ford engine integrated car easily large heavy sized units murray described returning like having holiday time weighed roughly produced brake horsepower revolutions minute rpm peak pound feet rpm test session car brazilian driver commented believed rough coarse engine felt opposite felt smooth willing raced teams ferrari powerful alternative produced teams joined employing engines ferrari engine produced output remained initially fitted gearbox team speed unit designed internal components cast variants specification appeared early season conceived new transverse gearbox designed american gearbox specialist new unit fitted gears tall narrow allowing car rear intent improving ground effect alternative rear suspension layout designed gearbox replaced standard rocker arms activated vertical springs mounted gearbox unit proved difficult reliable alongside original gearbox mainly spare chassis modified dubbed test earliest versions formula engine formula seasons cylinder engine single mounted left hand car version engine said produce season specification produced chassis increased use carbon composite materials variant built previous year cars converted specification year minimum ride height millimetres introduced sliding skirts banned intention limiting ground effect slowing cars regained wings compensate lost significantly murray devised suspension system soft air springs supported car regulation height checks stationary speed ride height measured compressed air car settled lower height creating skirts fixed suspension stiff allow consistently seal sides car end season total suspension movement inches half came compression tyres lightweight qualifying chassis produced featuring small fuel tank lighter reinforced carbon carbon brake discs pads new chassis built season featuring lighter chassis piece stage cars bring minimum weight limit specified rules carbon carbon brakes standard powered cars fitted large water tanks ostensibly water cooled brakes practice water dumped early race allowing cars race weight limit regulations stated topped end race weight checked view teams practice met letter regulations performance powerful cars ground clearance rule removed season fixed skirts stiff suspension remained racing history racing career got unsettled start lead driver abruptly quit sport laps practice session penultimate race season car soon showed promise ran race high speed circuit notre dame retiring broken gearbox replacement argentine seventh completed race season finale wet conditions international circuit spun set fastest lap failed putting car race early season car scored points finishes argentine south african prix fourth race season united_states grand prix west qualified pole second featuring updates suspension leading race held streets california start finish hands scored seven remaining rounds championship end season suspension reworked high speed circuit park inches allowing car run lower drag configuration won jones destroyed skirts won race italian grand prix point lead williams driver jones end season arguably fastest powered car lost title jones penultimate race year canadian grand prix development engine failed leading race driven team second drivers mid season retired finished outside points exception sixth place canadian race team finished championship williams unable compete car scoring points disagreement teams sport administrators technical regulations formula season contributed temporary withdrawal formula meant south african grand prix run teams regulations cars sliding skirts finished second race count championship season proper opened united_states grand prix west introduced team surprise car exploit obvious new ground clearance regulation lowering raced conventional suspension system repeatedly jammed team revised system continuously races set pole position brazilian argentine prix win argentine races continuing suffer system rising lowering correctly led abortive protest car flexibility fixed skirts seal underside car allowed replicate effect sliding skirt following race rejected flexible skirts replaced material teams race won season progressed teams developed lowering systems spring cylinder stolen garage argentina rule cars lowered driver pressing switch development murray found frustrating light efforts develop system considered legal cars ran tyres sixth round championship author believes cost good results races american company adapted latest formula developments despite virtually solid suspension required maintain consistent ride height components greater strain built championship challenge consistent reliability end season finished races mechanical failure finished fifth final race season title williams point working german engine manufacturer development engine formula powered debut start season taking advantage high altitude circuit south_africa favoured cars unreliable powered cars dropped races finished brazilian grand prix disqualified protest ferrari grounds car raced water cooled brakes ruled future cars weighed topped resulting boycott fourth race season powered teams including threat use ford powered sixth race season entered alongside won race chaotic final lap cars stopped races taking second place powered car final formula race canadian grand prix historic racing competed regularly historic formula championship championship open cars competed formula era classes allow equal competition competes class post ground effects cars magazine tested series featuring developed rpm championship introduced rules restrict engines rpm costs cars original skirts kept set clearance beneath car rule removes advantage ground effect suspension employed permitted carbon carbon brakes originally banned cars run conventional brake pads steel brakes cars use slick tyres won historic formula championship driving won championship complete formula world championship results key results bold indicate pole position results indicate fastest lap championship chassis engine combinations ford powered cars season scored points classified ford powered cars season classified 9th | Brabham BT49 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
7392_SpaceXreusablelaunchsystemdevelopmentprogram | launch system development program launch system development program privately funded program develop set new technologies launch system reused times manner similar aircraft company developing technologies number years facilitate rapid space launch vehicles project long term objectives include returning launch vehicle stage launch site minutes return second stage launch pad following realignment launch site atmospheric hours long term goal stages launch vehicle designed allow reuse hours return program publicly announced design returning rocket propulsion systems completed february active test program began late testing low altitude low speed aspects landing technology high velocity high altitude aspects atmospheric return technology began testing late continued late achieved successful landing recovery stage launch system technology development stages falcon family rockets particularly suited outer separate rocket earlier flight moving slowly stage separation flight speed separation close allowed return near launch site flight going speed faster faster speeds possible return near launch site landing attempted need hundreds kilometres likely autonomous ship process involves rocket burn slow rocket burn controlling direction arrive landing site landing burn intended technology extended upper stages future launch vehicle considered paramount plans developing mars controlled vertical rocket stage ocean surface achieved april ninth flight falcon subsequent flights january april attempted land returning stage floating platform guided accurately target succeed landing vertically ship destroyed historic vertical landing finally achieved december stage falcon flight successfully touched landing zone april flight achieved soft landing ship atlantic_ocean history broad outline launch system publicly described september said attempt develop powered descent recovery stages fully vertical takeoff vertical landing rocket company produced computer animated video depicting view stage returning tail powered descent second stage heat shield head rotating powered descent september began flight tests prototype stage rocket tests continued including testing second larger prototype vehicle news test rocket public earlier september released draft environmental impact assessment test site texas space media reported september obtained set atmospheric test data recovery falcon stage based test runs nasa marshall space flight center wind tunnel test facility work contracted space act agreement nasa noted technology projected use falcon rocket stage separation occur velocity approximately mph mph falcon provide fuel necessary turnaround maneuver controlled descent landing november ceo announced plans build second larger rocket system powered falcon new system evolution falcon reiterated commitment develop breakthrough vertical landing technology end demonstration test vehicle test flights including second flight meters december early march successfully tested fourth time flew altitude meters march announced instrument equip subsequent falcon stages controlled descent test vehicles plans water simulated landings beginning intent return vehicle launch site powered landing possibly early april draft environmental impact statement proposed south texas launch site includes specific accommodations return falcon stage launch site publicly referred falcon falcon april september successfully engines spent launch entered atmosphere speed burning data collected flight test controlled descent high altitude coupled technological low altitude landing announced believed ready test land recovery stage based positive results high altitude flight test advanced expected date test early intention cargo resupply flight pending regulatory flight took place april stated goal program achieve rapid stage develop launch vehicle following future design architecture february explicit newly defined super heavy launch vehicle use technology consistent strategic statement revolutionary breakthrough come rockets fully rapidly conquer mars expensive american colonies pioneered ships crossed ocean hadn publicly announced extensive test program related technology landed space capsule called tests run texas june clarified funding development testing launch system technology development program private funding contribution government publicly disclosed cost development program time stated july highly confident able land successfully floating launch pad launch site rocket required refurbishment late suspended abandoned plan recover reuse falcon second stage additional mass required heat shield landing gear low powered landing engines great performance penalty technologies new technologies needed developed tested facilitate successful launch recovery stages rocket launching system following completion high altitude controlled descent test completion low altitude flight second generation prototype test vehicle plus flights generation prototype flight test vehicle indicated able consistently space velocity restart main engines twice deploy landing legs touch near zero velocity technologies developed program refined include system stage required upper atmosphere order high velocity away launch pad descent trajectory launch pad high lower atmosphere order slow terminal descent perform soft landing new attitude control technology stage second stage bring descending rocket body atmosphere manner non destructive return sufficient aerodynamic control terminal phase landing possible includes sufficient roll control authority rocket spinning excessively occurred high altitude flight test september roll rate exceeded capabilities attitude control system fuel tanks tank shutting single engine involved low altitude maneuver technology needs handle transition vacuum space conditions passing main stage engines terminal velocity grid fins added test vehicle design beginning fifth ocean controlled descent test flight arranged configuration grid fins control descending rocket lift vehicle returned atmosphere enable precise landing location rocket engine technology required reduce engine thrust thrust single engine exceeds weight nearly core terminal guidance landing capability including vehicle control system control system software able land rocket thrust weight ratio vehicle greater closed loop thrust throttle control navigation suite precision landing large floating landing platform order test landings prior receiving permission government bring returning rocket stages land event built autonomous ship conducted initial flight test landing attempt january large surface area thermal protection system absorb heat load second stage velocity terminal velocity lightweight landing gear stage design shown frame total span carbon fiber aluminum landing legs approximately meters weigh kilograms deployment system uses high pressure working fluid flight announced landing leg contained crush core absorb impact landing particularly hard landings economics rocket reuse order falcon return launch site extra landing gear carried stage requiring percent reduction maximum orbit comparison falcon previously stage subsequent flight dependent condition landed stage technique seen little use outside space shuttle solid rocket september said aspects test program successful customer interested falcon stage happen early late december following recovery stage december launch projected recovered likely occur plan december recovered stage purpose projects step program straightforward multiple duration engines ground multiple engine demonstrated significant degradation seen industry analysts continue potential problems prevent economic reuse costs stage demonstrated economic case reuse highly dependent launching frequently simply unknown successful developing technology expected significantly reduce cost access space change increasingly competitive market space launch services wrote foreign policy published cost million launch low earth orbit falcon rockets industry falcon drop price order magnitude sparking space based enterprise turn drop cost access space economies scale military launches number contractual requirements additional launch services provided price million space industry analyst noted technology space transport jet engines air transportation years ago people imagined million passengers travel year cost reduced level passenger volume reliable said january successful developing technology launch prices million falcon possible following successful stage recovery december said potential cost reduction long term probably excess factor march launch service providers compete planning develop similar technology offer competing options markets launches russian rocket planning developing marketing launch vehicle services competitor projected sufficiently elastic market demand justify costly development rocket technology expenditure private capital develop options theoretical market opportunity specifications published non falcon rocket actually include percent performance published price list indicates additional performance reserved demonstration flight tests achieving specified customers order achieve economic benefit technology necessary reuse rapid complete long costly refurbishment period partially design plagued earlier attempts launch vehicles explicit huge potential open space flight dependent achieving complete rapid ceo stated success technology development effort reduce cost factor cost falcon percent total cost vehicle separate market competition brought lower launch prices potential future radically lower launch prices technology completed successfully aviation week said launch work model concept speed program progress pace development apollo like execution success far guaranteed march president gave realistic potential savings reused launch attempts reuse second stage abandoned cost weight issues said cost cost stage potentially allow launch priced low saving biggest customer said wants ride reused vehicle wants launch price saving offset risk pioneering process according piece falcon reused times heat shields items reused times replacement technical feasibility prior program success december return launch system accomplished success rapid reuse rocket attempted developing rocket extremely challenging small percentage rocket mass orbit typically rocket mass rocket roughly mass fuel required vehicle entry said beginning program believed return vertical landing recovery possible manufacturing result rocket efficiency exceeding typical margin rocket operating configuration approximately lift capacity rocket configuration test program currently testing technologies stage launch vehicle designs test vehicles new dragon space capsule low altitude test vehicle called publicly disclosed multi element test program stages includes aspects low altitude low velocity testing single engine technology texas test site low altitude low velocity testing larger second generation engine test vehicle called second generation vehicle includes landing legs tested texas test site high altitude mid velocity testing planned discontinued use leased facility america new_mexico high altitude high velocity approximately mph controlled controlled descent tests post mission spent falcon stages following falcon launches began low altitude flight tests return controlled descent test high altitude september second test april test flight july fourth test september test flights date intended water simulated landings low altitude flight tests flown april august vehicle self safety reasons fifth flight flight testing vehicles set experimental technology launch vehicles versions prototype test vehicles built foot tall designated foot tall falcon development vehicle known built low altitude low velocity testing texas began september concluded october test flights second prototype vehicle design built larger falcon stage higher altitude higher velocity flight testing low altitude low speed flights test vehicle conducted tested texas facility company test vehicle consisted falcon stage tank single engine permanently attached steel landing legs stood feet tall built acre concrete launch facility texas support flight test program known version prior time class test vehicles built addition test flights additional tests successfully flown end october including fourth test overall march doubled highest leap rise meters second flight seventh test august vehicle flew meters second flight executed meter lateral maneuver returning pad eighth final test flight october flying meters miles making eighth successful landing test vehicle retired falcon development vehicle beginning october discussed development second generation test vehicle lighter landing legs fold rocket different engine bay nearly longer vehicle march announced larger class flight vehicle constructed falcon stage tank qualification testing early rebuilt landing legs second flight test vehicle built longer falcon stage tank retractable landing legs test flight april low altitude test flights texas area projected maximum altitude meters vehicle self safety measure test flight august april flight test vehicle built planned flown high altitude test range available america new_mexico expected flown altitudes meters prototype test article landed version dragon space capsule launch vehicle intended low altitude flight testing undergo test program texas test vehicle powered engines arranged redundant pattern support fault tolerance propulsion system design utilize mixture fuel nitrogen smaller attitude control maneuvering generation dragon spacecraft engines capable lbf thrust use flight test vehicle lbf maintain vehicle stability test flight program thirty flights proposed including assist plus landing flights dropped helicopter altitude approximately meters test flights projected pad assist landing plus similar stage test flights test program expected start completion testing facility falcon post mission flight tests arrangement unusual launch vehicles stages falcon rockets return controlled descent flight tests complete boost phase flight discarded ocean setting way water tests place pacific atlantic oceans south east flight test occurred september second stage separated descent simulated landing tests continued years second flight test taking place april subsequent tests conducted entry controlled descent following analysis flight test data controlled descent september announced successfully tested large new technology flight coupled technology low altitude landing ready test recovery stage flight test successful said able successfully transition vacuum light engines way control stage way atmosphere said attempt recovery sic falcon stage fourth flight upgraded rocket commercial dragon cargo flight second flight test took place april dragon flight attached landing legs stage ocean attempted simulated landing water following second stage cargo resupply mission contracted nasa stage successfully slowed soft landing atlantic_ocean announced february intent continue tests land stage ocean precision control way regimes proven additional controlled descent tests conducted remainder april including attempts land floating landing platform built atlantic_ocean east launch site brought vehicle landing platform resulted successful landing landing success aground launch hiatus requested regulatory approval attempt returning flight instead targeting floating platform ocean goal land vertically leased landing zone facility recently built large rocket landing pad approved safety plan ground landing december stage landed successfully target local time december utc december plan fly falcon flight stage rocket moved miles north launch pad recently refurbished adjacent kennedy space center conduct static fire test january test aimed assess health recovered capability rocket design fly repeatedly future tests delivered good overall results outer engines experiencing thrust fluctuations reported debris near misses oceans falcon flight launched satellite january attempted land floating platform read instructions located time miles pacific_ocean approximately minutes flight live video feed ship went losing lock satellite vehicle landed smoothly vessel landing legs failed lock properly reportedly ice heavy pre launch fog preventing consequently fell shortly touchdown destroyed impact pad flight carrying heavy kilograms transfer orbit heavier previously advertised maximum lift capacity possible going slightly following delays caused failure flight agreed provide extra thrust satellite result factors little left execute landing test normal margins consequently falcon stage followed trajectory separation entered atmosphere high velocity making likely land successfully atmospheric entry controlled descent successful despite higher constraints stage extra speed rocket moving fast destroyed collided ship collected valuable data extended flight envelope required recover missions landings ship april falcon flight flight thrust version delivered cargo way stage conducted entry maneuver atlantic ocean minutes landed vertically ship course love florida coastline achieving long sought milestone development program second successful ship landing occurred flight launched second landing sea difficult previous separation traveling mph compared mph launch low earth orbit pursuing experiments test limits flight envelope opted shorter landing burn engines instead single engine burns seen earlier attempts approach fuel leaving stage free fall long possible sharply energy expended counter gravity indicated stage flown instead life leader ground tests confirm good successful landing followed 27th following high speed required launch landing crushed crush core leg leading notable tilt stage stood ship future tests aims return number stages land ships clarify procedures needed use rapidly company hopes begin offering pre flown falcon rocket stages commercially end year aiming stage near future january estimated likelihood success percent landing attempts hopefully rising percent cautioned expect rapid denote destruction vehicle impact | SpaceX reusable launch system development program | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
7740_HitachiMagicWand | magic renamed magic original original magic referred simply magic electrical powered manufactured relieving tension sore muscles japanese company listed device business united_states sex educator popularized use aid women sex positive movement late 1960s functions effectively able bring women inches long weighs pounds provided inches head executives assisted financing production shape honor year anniversary sex shop good vibrations subsequently company asserted sole intended use health care purposes conflict distributor briefly stopped selling device reached new deal distributor magic sold featured episode sex city decided cease production device concerns having company attached sex toy persuaded company continue manufacturing original magic company magic original academics researched use treatment female sexual disorder chronic sexual person achieve published study found self administered treatment use magic best method achieve published research finding group chronic women reach magic device studies applications including articles published experimental brain research letters magic alternatively referred mother recommended device women cosmopolitan magazine reported magic suggested sex readers voted magic greatest time film featured device showing evolution called magic recognizable sex toy earth design features device long weighs muscle nerve provided device head attached main body flexible neck cord attached device provide power electricity alternating current requires volts batteries provides vibration rates rpm equivalent controlled switch body specifically research published journal sexual relationship therapy determined magic operated low setting frequency high setting displacement measured acceleration device originally designed exhibits deficiencies purpose apart size bulk reliance power supply limits water resistant minutes work electrical outlets countries internationally popularity differences colour pattern material available purchase produced companies ties device functions effectively able bring women add fitted device available attachment called wonder allows women feel vibrations deep according article wonder created plastic material consistency simply use designed aid modify texture device available add called fits device fashion turns device spot referred similar type attachment stimulate spot tip attachment placed device mimic sensation axis magic user hold hands use sold website provides instructions use magic men attachment held stimulate attachment company provides cap fits device function male sleeve history debut listed magic business use united_states patent april registered trademark magic available mass market 1970s advertised device aid techniques effective relieving pain associated registered physical medicine device classification electric stated use sore muscles nerves relieving tension rehabilitation sports injuries women education magic found great commercial success aid women popularity purpose associated american artist sex educator demonstrations classes females self pleasure techniques active sex positive movement late 1960s recommended women small sex organs order dull sensation experience technique known sessions known workshops featured naked women position magic simultaneously aid provided magic woman hour sessions taught thousands women achieve technique founder feminist sex toy business united_states eve garden inspired launch store magic student course early 1970s williams said magic favorite sex toy power delivering pleasure recommended device book demonstrations replaced magic recommended device editor men magazines leg recalled initial experience receiving recommendation said instructed purchase magic advised cautious emotional physical influence properties cause habit forming observed comparison prior operated batteries magic significantly effective magic bestseller sex shop good vibrations opened shop marketed magic women effective means device enduring bestseller adult sex toy shops united_states known colloquially women big simply referred 1980s device advertised pages magazine popular women featured cover book good vibrations new complete guide magic features covers editions book 15th anniversary opening sex store managers arranged manufactured shape magic sales staff corporate headquarters company contributed finances creation shape executives additionally purchased shaped given company sales conference year surveyed sex toy store customers asked rank opinions sex toys magic identified outstanding book censorship forbidden passages canada included works confiscated canadian authorities featured contribution involving woman magic pain relief magic popular holiday gift item sold good vibrations store berkeley california according magazine magic best selling sex toy received criticism reporting increasing popularity sex toys women magic promoted consumers personal device village_voice reported device marketed company magic household electric according village_voice article device competition subsequent companies remained bestseller contacted village_voice public relations director emphasized original intent product clearly magic straightforward product implications standard health care use distribution company conflict american distributor products including magic device ceased sold briefly united_states june reached deal sex toy distributor company located california sell device continued sell device specialist sexual told renowned reputation stated recommended device female patients difficulty achieving use observed magic extremely successful manner available concept neck stated purpose popularized fifth season episode television series sex city critical condition character goes buy staff store tell neck shortly featured sex city magic sold stores journalist wrote sunday_times researching article female oriented sex toys catalogue good vibrations informed magic sold stock appearance sex city rabbit previously seen increase sales similarly popularized program according contribution best sex writing appearances sex toys sex city way perceived culturally united_states times noted magic relatively new market united_kingdom available magic number seven hand held sold writing reported exempt anti laws alabama georgia texas appear object device selling aids market closing credits director film featured montage showing evolution august american filmmaker magic video art exhibit titled film project featured women sitting chair piece literature stimulated magic video ends woman writing called great art concerns having attached popular sex toy decided cease production director operations told extremely company uncomfortable associated best selling aid persuaded continue manufacturing device original magic use lighter materials reference newly named device returned market june improved engineering modified graphic design accompanying box sold original magic january device magic original according information provided associated website market device sexual purposes told device preferred device featured comedy segment television program magic sold november assistant professor recommended magic commented yahoo health effective helping women improving sexual ability self esteem academic research sexual uses academics discussed use magic treat chronic type sexual person achieve sexual problems including female sexual disorder study published analyzed training women self techniques sample individuals previously difficulty experiencing researchers gave women magic help increase likelihood experience found self administered treatment magic efficient option address prior problems achieving scientific world journal published research women long term problems achieving instructed documentation said magic large head effectively created sensation area superficial discomfort research showed group women reach magic research subsequently discussed literature review published published article introducing women magic way increase subjects levels sexual experience assess changes sexual expectations work pleasure able sexual device manual persons disabilities authors supervision doctors recommended use sexual activity people disabilities authors said person holding device need capable maintaining active wide grasp process wrote magic helpful disabled people limited strength upper limited use hands said suited individuals decreased movement upper paper computing systems authors discussed magic context devices sexual behavior originally created purpose study published journal sexual relationship therapy evaluated seven use clinical therapy sexual found magic displayed high degree movement researchers suggested data select deliver effectiveness sensitivity clients vibration book pain authors surgeon physical recommended use magic self treatment patients wrote continued use trigger points tense areas muscle result decreasing discomfort felt patients suggested treatment residence outside clinical setting article published online journal authors reported use magic help alleviate pain techniques performed authors described use device decrease discomfort procedures including injection nail fold decreasing discomfort injection fold making facial treatment easier reducing pain procedure treatment recommended use device wonder attachment provide vibration decreased surface area patient lead researcher explained vibrations delivered area patient relief discomfort feelings pain sent sensory system smith elaborated use chapter uses compilation book clinical emphasized beneficial uses wonder attachment showed vibrations reduce pain given injection injection site authors examined use vibration delivery pain heel stick procedures article sample size included babies age weeks tracked subjects levels pain infant pain scale giving mechanical vibration alleviate discomfort heel stick procedure vibration delivered magic bought set magic highest setting placed heel infant seconds heel stick procedure results found delivered previously discomfort heel able deliver relief wrote additional research indicated form clinical trial greater sample size reported use magic create vibrations left study signals humans related contact surfaces gordon followed research subsequent paper published journal wrote extension muscles sensory clues worked provide regional perception patient upper localized area gordon later wrote paper additional authors expanded research incorporating use magic stimulate measured people suffering disease ability subjects muscles stimulated researchers published paper journal use magic help measure balance sway testing subjects balance having deal simultaneous vibration researchers attached magic leg article discussed inner ear disorder common cause problem attributed detached canals recommended treatment patients posterior canal location wrote procedure performed purpose slightly transformed version maneuver recommended carrying test assess status test positive recommended magic deliver vibrations area process reception commentary magic received nickname sex shop good vibrations store founders called book sex toys characterization echoed authors physician observed device discomfort recommended magic new users asked suggestion starter device observed unique success word mouth marketing sex positive feminist writer called magic favorite called miracle device able bring seconds bright wrote experience magic relieve discomfort author wrote able females multiple wrote effectiveness hampered appearance brought mind objects featured sex positive feminist carbon magic imported japan praised environmentally friendly qualities including lack batteries compared sex said device favored selecting electrical variety sex educator recommended device articles chicago_sun-times women experienced difficulty aroused wrote book truth sex sex 21st century successful aids marketed stated popular non nature australian clinical psychologist sex reported couple corresponded success magic simultaneously engaging sexual intercourse physician sex columnist recommended magic book pleasure suggested women place soft cloth felt needed decrease delivered intensity device cosmopolitan magazine reported magic suggested sex author way young women remake sexual revolution placed increasing popularity influential factor sexual revolution took place end 20th century recommended magic use intercourse noted couples feel pleasure device time wrote edition lesbian sex book enjoyed magic ability concentrate powerful vibration announced july issue readers voted magic greatest time magic won despite included category included telephone founders women entertainment company cake awarded device best award book piece cake publications called magic mother including valley advocate wrote device effective giving intense writing recommended device woman having difficulty achieving wrote thirty years multitude females found assured way reach recommended magic subsequent column valentine day gift wrote faced little competition basic construction efficiency intensity reliability author wrote device highest demanded united_states stated approximately ninety percent females able achieve magic panel users arranged good tried magic relief discomfort unimpressed results observed device appreciation cultural phenomenon praised device article titled reasons favorite composed article form ode favorite toy rationale selecting device favorite included power speed takes state increased lack need batteries delivery intense described device piece wrote effective bringing women compared intensity truck valley advocate recommended magic article overweight partners use sex longer handle wrote book achieving simultaneous partners length magic style intercourse similarly advised use sexual position comic book artist devoted piece new comic strip series joy sex toy magic april work syndicated received praise review article said device women help reach additional women choose use find simple quick path pleasure praised built construction magic won award favorite sex toy women october sex awards california valued users long lasting device garnered attributes recognizable sex toy earth magazine featured device article titled ultimate guide sex toys recommended use partners awards | Hitachi Magic Wand | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
8364_Widestpathproblem | widest path problem widest path problem problem finding path designated weighted weight minimum weight edge path widest path problem known shortest path problem maximum capacity path problem possible adapt shortest path widest paths modifying use distance instead path length cases faster possible instance represents connections internet weight edge represents connection widest path problem problem finding end end path internet maximum possible smallest edge weight path known capacity path applications network routing widest path problem important component method deciding winner election applied digital analysis maximum flows closely related problem path problem asks path maximum weight edges applications include transportation planning widest path problem transformed path problem vice versa reversing sense weight comparisons performed replacing edge weight widest path found path maximum spanning tree path found path minimum spanning tree directed straightforward finding widest path weight minimum weight edge known simply smaller edges search path remaining edges breadth search depth search based test exists linear time finding widest path use maximum spanning tree main idea apply linear time path finding median edge weight smaller edges contract larger edges according path exist resulting smaller use shortest paths order form composite aerial photographs combine multiple images overlapping areas widest path problem applies images transformed common coordinate system remaining task select curve passes region overlap divides images copied images copied image unlike methods average images produces valid photographic image region photographed weight edges grid estimate visually apparent edge find shortest path weights path conventional shortest path causes system find difficult points allowing trade greater visibility image lesser visibility solution path problem opposite corners grid find weak distance chains grid represents pair line segments chain weight edge represents distance needed pass pair segments edge weights positive distances pairs points maximum edge weights paths form conversely finite space comes distances way data structure constructed minimum spanning tree allows distance pair constant time lowest common ancestor tree root tree represents heaviest minimum spanning tree edge children root trees constructed minimum spanning tree formed removing heaviest edge leaves tree represent input distance equals weight tree lowest common ancestor minimum spanning tree edges tree constructed linear time directed directed maximum spanning tree solution instead different known choice use depends start destination path fixed paths start destination found simultaneously pairs pairs widest path problem applications method choosing winner elections voters rank candidates preference order method complete directed represent candidates connected edge edge directed winner loser contest candidates connects labeled margin victory contest method widest paths pairs winner candidate wider paths opponent vice versa results election method consistent method candidate wins contests automatically wins election generally allows winner selected situations method fails method organizations including widest path pairs dense directed ones arise voting application fastest known approach takes time fast matrix best known matrix time bound instead reference implementation method uses modified version simpler takes time sparse efficient repeatedly apply single source widest path single source edges weights modified version designated start linear time key idea conventional version sequence distances order considered sequence edge weights priority queue implemented bucket queue array numbers number edges array cell contains distance weight edge position order method allows widest path problem solved quickly instance edge weights represented time bounds list apply problem single source single destination suggest service vehicles emergency vehicles use paths returning service base application time return important response time service occurs vehicle process returning path weight edge maximum travel time point edge possible service plan route maximum possible delay service arrival responding vehicle lee use paths model dominant reaction chains networks model weight edge free energy reaction represented edge application widest paths arises ford maximum flow problem repeatedly flow maximum capacity path network flow leads small bound log number needed find maximum flow edge capacities assumed analysis depend finding path exact maximum capacity path capacity constant factor maximum combining idea shortest path method leads maximum flow running time log possible find maximum capacity paths paths single source single destination efficiently models allow comparisons input edge weights maintains set edges known contain edge optimal path initially set edges iteration splits ordered sequence approximately equal size number partition chosen way split points found repeated median finding time edge index containing edge uses modified based results determine linear time contains edge weight replaces determined contain weight starts iteration new set number split increases step number proportional function log total time log model edge weight machine use repeated replaced list splitting technique allowing split smaller sets single step leading linear overall time bound point sets variant path problem considered sets points plane problem path problem solved efficiently finding minimum spanning tree path tree path problem complicated path desired hop length paths hop length approximately total length path solution geometric number theory moat problem asks paths prime numbers bounded length exist constant pair points infinite point set defined path edge length | Widest path problem | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
8664_Negativeresistance | negative resistance electronics negative resistance property electrical circuits devices increase voltage device results decrease electric current contrast ordinary increase applied voltage causes proportional increase current law resulting positive resistance positive resistance power current passing negative resistance produces power certain conditions increase power electrical signal negative resistance uncommon property occurs electronic components device types resistance defined static absolute resistance ratio voltage current formula differential resistance ratio change voltage resulting change current formula term negative resistance refers negative differential resistance formula general negative differential resistance terminal component converting power applied output power signal applied electronic particularly microwave frequencies microwave energy produced negative differential resistance devices switching memory circuits examples devices negative differential resistance tunnel gas discharge tubes neon lamps addition circuits containing devices positive feedback negative differential resistance active filters negative resistance devices complicated behavior positive usually encountered electric circuits unlike positive negative resistance varies depending voltage current applied device negative resistance devices negative resistance limited portion voltage current range real negative analogous positive constant negative resistance wide range current negative resistance devices electronic components negative differential resistance include devices tunnel mechanism transferred electron mechanism impact mechanism vacuum tubes operating mode tubes microwave vacuum tubes electric gases exhibit negative differential resistance including devices electric arc tubes neon lamp lamp gas discharge tubes addition active circuits negative differential resistance built devices like feedback number new experimental negative differential resistance materials devices discovered recent years physical processes cause negative resistance diverse type device negative resistance characteristics specified current voltage curve definitions resistance electrical device circuit determined current voltage curve characteristic curve giving current formula given voltage formula materials including ordinary positive encountered electrical circuits obey law current proportional voltage wide range curve resistance straight line origin positive slope resistance ratio voltage current slope line voltage formula independent variable constant negative resistance occurs devices component curve straight line obey law resistance defined resistance constant varies voltage current device resistance device defined ways equal static resistance called resistance absolute resistance resistance common definition resistance voltage divided current formula slope line chord origin point curve power source like battery electric generator positive current flows positive voltage terminal opposite direction current passive sign convention formula formula opposite signs representing points lying 2nd 4th quadrant plane right power sources formally negative static resistance formula term practice term resistance applied passive components static resistance determines power dissipation component passive devices consume electric power positive static resistance active devices produce electric power differential resistance called dynamic resistance derivative voltage respect current ratio small change voltage corresponding change current slope curve point formula differential resistance relevant time varying currents points curve slope negative declining right meaning increase voltage causes decrease current negative differential resistance formula devices type signals usually meant term negative resistance negative resistance like positive resistance measured resistance measured resistance type resistance defined corresponding static formula differential formula seen sign corresponding resistance negative resistance negative positive resistance positive operation way different types resistance distinguished directions current electric power circuit electronic component illustrations representing component attached circuit different types work types terminology electronic device differential resistance formula static resistance formula negative categories devices table called negative term negative resistance means negative differential resistance formula negative differential resistance devices unique capabilities act port increasing power time varying signal applied port tuned circuit possible device negative differential resistance power source devices divided categories depending power internal source port passive negative differential resistance devices known type negative passive terminal components curve downward causing current decrease increasing voltage limited range curve including negative resistance region lies 1st 3rd quadrant plane device positive static resistance examples gas discharge tubes tunnel devices power source general work converting external power port time varying power require bias current applied port addition signal add confusion authors active devices category includes terminal devices covered negative differential resistance section active negative differential resistance devices circuits designed positive voltage applied cause proportional negative current current positive terminal opposite ordinary limited range unlike devices downward sloping region curve passes origin lies 2nd 4th plane meaning device sources power devices like positive feedback type negative resistance feedback active filters circuits produce net power port internal power source separate connection external power supply circuit theory called active type referred linear absolute ideal pure negative resistance distinguish passive negative differential electronics simply called positive feedback regeneration covered active section occasionally ordinary power sources referred negative static absolute resistance formula active devices power sources considered negative negative static resistance section ordinary power sources batteries generators non positive feedback positive differential resistance source resistance devices function port capabilities negative differential negative static absolute resistance point confusion ordinary resistance static absolute resistance formula negative electronics term resistance applied passive materials components wires formula shown law formula passive device electric power passive sign convention formula law formula words material conduct electric current better perfect conductor zero resistance passive device formula violate conservation energy second law authors state static resistance negative easily shown ratio voltage current power source negative electric power potential energy flow device circuit charge flow device direction increasing potential energy conventional current positive charge negative positive terminal direction current positive terminal opposite direction current passive device defined passive sign convention current voltage opposite signs ratio negative formula proved law formula shows power flow device circuit formula formula quantity referred resistance negative matter convention absolute resistance power sources negative regarded resistance sense positive negative static resistance power source abstract useful quantity varies load conservation energy simply equal negative static resistance attached circuit right work charges source energy device positive terminal electric field conservation energy requires negative static source power power come internal source converts form energy electric power battery generator separate connection external power supply circuit device like vacuum tube eventual circuit negative static resistance active infinite voltage current range able produce infinite power active circuit device finite power source eventually passive property means large external voltage current applied static resistance positive formula formula maximum power device produce ends curve eventually turn enter 1st 3rd range curve having negative static resistance limited confined region origin example applying voltage generator battery greater open circuit voltage reverse direction current flow making static resistance positive power similarly applying voltage negative greater power supply voltage cause making resistance positive negative differential resistance device circuit negative differential resistance curve current decreases voltage increases formula curve having peaks regions negative slope representing negative differential resistance passive negative differential positive static resistance consume net power curve confined 1st 3rd passes origin requirement means excluding cases region negative resistance limited surrounded regions positive resistance include origin types negative differential classified types voltage controlled negative resistance short circuit stable type type current single valued continuous function voltage voltage function current common type negative resistance region curve shaped generally like letter voltage increased current increases positive resistance reaches maximum decreases region negative resistance minimum increases devices type negative resistance include tunnel current controlled negative resistance open circuit stable type type dual voltage single valued function current current function voltage common type negative resistance region curve shaped like letter devices type negative resistance include electric arc gas discharge tubes like tubes lamps neon lights devices single negative resistance region devices multiple separate negative resistance regions fabricated stable states interest use digital circuits implement logic compare different devices peak valley current ratio ratio current negative resistance region current formula larger larger potential output given bias current greater efficiency negative differential resistance device signal applied signal biased voltage current lie negative resistance region curve tunnel circuit example tunnel voltage controlled negative differential resistance battery formula adds constant voltage bias operates negative resistance range provides power signal suppose negative resistance bias point formula stability formula formula formula voltage output voltage formula voltage gain formula normal voltage resistance branch resistance output voltage input negative resistance total resistance formula resistance formula output voltage formula greater input formula voltage gain formula greater increases limit formula approaches formula explanation power gain illustrate biased negative differential resistance device increase power signal applied principle voltage current device divided bias component formula component formula formula formula positive change voltage formula causes negative change current formula current voltage device phase means equivalent circuit right current flows device direction increasing potential generator power dissipation negative power produced device flows external circuit formula proper external circuit device increase signal power delivered load serving circuit unlike port device signal leaves device port input signal enters passive device power produced comes input bias current device power converted power device applied signal output power limited bias power formula negative differential resistance region include origin able signal applied bias current producing power power input device power heat equal difference power power device phase difference current voltage differ vary frequency long real component negative phase angle device negative resistance maximum output power limited size negative resistance region formula formula reflection reason output signal leave negative resistance port input signal enters transmission line theory voltage current component divided moving waves incident wave formula travels device reflected wave formula travels away device negative differential resistance circuit magnitude reflection formula ratio reflected wave incident wave greater formula formula reflected output signal larger incident device reflection gain reflection determined negative resistance device formula circuit attached formula formula formula formula device smith chart graphical aide widely design high frequency circuits negative differential resistance corresponds points outside unit circle formula boundary conventional chart special expanded charts stability conditions circuit negative differential resistance multiple points possible operating points lie curve point stable circuit neighborhood point poles left half plane point unstable causing circuit converge point poles axis right half plane respectively points determined bias circuit stability determined formula external circuit different shapes curves condition stability different types negative resistance type negative resistance resistance function formula single valued stability determined poles circuit equation formula circuits formula sufficient condition stability total resistance positive formula stable stable load called open circuit stable type negative resistance function formula single valued stability determined poles equation formula reason referred negative circuits sufficient condition stability total circuit positive formula formula stable stable short output called short circuit stable general negative resistance circuits stability determined standard tests like stability criterion alternatively high frequency circuit design values formula circuit stable determined graphical technique stability circles smith chart operating regions applications simple negative resistance devices formula formula different operating regions device illustrated load lines curve load line straight line determined bias circuit equation formula formula bias supply voltage resistance supply possible operating point points occur load line intersects curve stability require low bias formula voltage source require high bias formula current source voltage source series high resistance load line straight line point slope differential resistance formula facing device increasing formula load line circuit operates possible regions depending formula stable region green illustrated line load line lies region intersects curve point circuits stable poles circuit stable negative resistance operate region energy storage device like circuit unstable stable formula stable formula unstable point line formula load line curve total differential resistance circuit zero poles axis unstable tuned circuit linear operate point practical actually start unstable region poles increases eventual negative resistance decreases increasing stabilize formula region red illustrated line region load line intersect curve points center point point unstable poles outer points stable correct circuit converge points switched input pulse switching circuits like flip operate region formula formula active negative resistance feedback addition passive devices negative differential resistance circuits devices like negative resistance ports input output positive feedback applied negative formula input resistance feedback formula gain formula transfer function feedback path input resistance positive feedback formula loop gain formula greater formula negative circuit acts like negative linear limited range curve having straight line segment origin negative slope negative differential resistance active formula law negative value resistance linear range complicated negative resistance curves pass origin called active applying voltage causes proportional current positive terminal opposite ordinary example connecting battery cause battery charge discharge considered port devices circuits function similarly passive negative differential resistance components like port advantages active devices require external bias provide power coupled negative resistance varied adjusting loop gain linear circuit elements voltage proportional current cause distortion curve voltage controlled type current controlled type negative resistance depending feedback loop connected series negative created feedback circuits create active linear circuit elements negative values widely active filters create transfer functions realized positive circuit elements examples circuits type negative resistance negative frequency dependent negative resistance feedback circuit connected input positive feedback like negative differential input resistance formula cancel positive loss resistance formula inherent tuned circuit formula create effect tuned circuit zero resistance poles axis spontaneous excited tuned circuit frequency sustained power feedback work negative resistance model alternate way analyzing feedback operation linear circuits negative resistance feedback tuned circuit integral feedback network circuit negative resistance frequencies near frequency tuned circuit connected negative resistance parasitic loss resistance formula negative resistance decrease circuit moving poles axis increasing factor narrower called regeneration radio receiver invented later widely active filters example integrated circuits use integrated save space consisting spiral conductor fabricated chip high losses low create high tuned circuits increased applying negative resistance chaotic circuits circuits exhibit chaotic behavior considered quasi periodic like require negative resistance circuit provide power circuit simple circuit widely standard example chaotic system requires active component called usually synthesized negative circuit negative common example active resistance circuit negative shown formula constitute negative feedback non gain output voltage formula voltage formula applied input voltage applied backwards formula causing current flow input current formula input circuit formula circuit converts formula negative formula value formula linear range formula input acts like linear negative value formula input port circuit connected circuit component cancel positive resistance circuit example originally developed cancel resistance telephone cables serving negative replacing formula circuit formula formula negative synthesized negative relation formula formula formula applying positive current negative cause discharge voltage decrease similarly negative characteristic formula formula circuit having negative cancel unwanted positive circuit circuits cancel telephone cables way looking negative current opposite phase current positive instead leading voltage voltage negative acts like reverse dependence frequency decreasing instead increasing like real similarly negative acts like increases frequency negative non foster circuits violate foster application researched create active matching network match antenna transmission line broad range frequencies single frequency current networks allow creation small compact broad exceeding limit negative differential resistance devices widely electronic negative resistance negative differential resistance device microwave vacuum tube connected electrical circuit crystal cavity source bias device negative resistance region provide power circuit store electrical energy internal resistance losses decay zero negative resistance positive resistance creating effect spontaneous continuous occur frequency uses negative resistance mainly high frequencies microwave range feedback function poorly frequencies microwave medium power applications radar speed guns local satellite receivers widely source microwave energy virtually solid state source millimeter wave energy negative resistance microwave vacuum tubes produce higher power applications radar microwave lower frequency gas discharge lamps neon lamps negative resistance model limited port devices like applied feedback circuits port devices tubes addition modern high frequency increasingly port negative resistance devices like microwave frequencies certain loads applied port unstable internal feedback negative resistance port high frequency designed applying load port negative resistance connecting port negative resistance described common circuit illustrates negative resistance work voltage controlled type negative resistance voltage source formula negative resistance region differential resistance formula choke prevents current flowing bias source formula equivalent resistance losses series tuned circuit formula plus load resistance analyzing circuit voltage law gives differential equation formula current formula solving equation gives solution form formula formula shows current circuit formula varies time point formula started initial current formula current frequency tuned circuit constant increasing decreasing depending value circuit sustain steady depends balance formula formula positive negative resistance circuit formula poles left half plane negative resistance positive resistance tuned circuit positive circuit lose energy heat resistance formula die away zero ordinary tuned circuit circuit formula poles axis positive negative equal net resistance zero zero adds energy compensate energy lost tuned circuit load circuit started continue constant condition steady state operation formula poles right half plane negative resistance greater positive resistance negative grow energy condition practical designed region net negative resistance started widely rule thumb formula power turned electrical noise circuit provides signal formula start spontaneous grow grow forever eventually limits large circuit linear analysis strictly apply differential resistance circuit understood considering formula average resistance cycle wave exceeds width negative resistance region voltage swing extends regions curve positive differential resistance average negative differential resistance formula smaller total resistance formula formula negative eventually turns positive stabilize zero formula negative resistance range formula close formula small allow start voltage swing limited linear portion curve output nearly frequency stable circuits formula far formula swing extends curve distortion output wave severe frequency increasingly dependent supply voltage types circuit negative resistance circuits divided types types negative differential resistance voltage controlled current controlled negative resistance voltage controlled type devices require low bias stable load ideal circuit device form shown right voltage source bias device negative resistance region parallel circuit load circuit high frequency circuit unstable frequency negative current controlled type devices contrast require high bias stable load greater ideal circuit like right current source bias consist voltage source series large series circuit series circuit low frequency conditions complicated example active device load resistance modern negative resistance designed frequency domain technique circuit imagined divided reference plane red separates negative resistance active device positive resistance circuit output load right complex negative resistance formula depends frequency general declining current formula linear depending frequency circuit equation formula frequency total formula zero means magnitude negative positive equal formula formula steady state equal sign applies inequality applies circuit excess negative resistance start alternately condition expressed reflection voltage reference plane divided component travelling negative resistance device component travelling opposite direction reflection active device formula greater formula operation waves reflected forth round trip circuit formula equality gives condition steady inequality required provide excess negative resistance conditions analogous criterion feedback necessary sufficient circuits satisfy derived complicated sufficient conditions instead negative differential resistance devices particularly microwave frequencies commonly negative resistance devices port unlike port devices outgoing signal leave device incoming signal enters way separating signals negative resistance directions suffers sensitivity load feedback problems separate input output signals negative resistance use devices directional reflection widely circuit reflection separation accomplished solid state component ports transfers signal applied port direction port port reflection input signal applied port biased negative resistance attached filter port output circuit attached port input signal passed port port outgoing reflected signal routed port little output input characteristic formula input output transmission lines usually matched port purpose filter present correct set gain radio frequencies pure loads second purpose filter cancel prevent standing waves filter components absorb power power passed ports loss input signal power formula output power formula power gain formula square reflection formula formula formula formula negative resistance assuming filter matched formula gain formula reflection stable formula stable formula seen reflection unlimited gain approaching infinity formula approaches point formula characteristic contrasting behavior port generally limited gain stable practice gain limited backward ports extremely low noise implemented reflection applications like radio switching circuits negative differential resistance devices switching circuits device operates changing abruptly state advantage negative resistance device flip flop memory cell built single active device standard logic circuit functions requires active devices switching circuits built negative circuit unstable states output periodically switches forth states time remains state determined time constant circuit produce square waves triangle waves circuit unstable state stable state stable state pulse applied input output switches state remains period time dependent time constant circuit switches stable state delay element flip flop circuit stable states pulse input switches circuit state memory circuits digital applications models instances display regions negative slope voltage clamp experiments negative resistance implied consider typical style circuit model history negative resistance recognized investigations electric arcs lighting 19th century observed voltage arc decreased temporarily arc current increased researchers thought secondary effect temperature term negative resistance applied effect term controversial known resistance passive device negative beginning extending husband william research series meticulous experiments measuring curve arcs established arcs negative resistance controversy support introduced concept differential resistance slowly accepted arcs negative differential resistance recognition research woman voted induction arc realized resistance circuit zero negative produce continuous year built negative resistance connecting circuit arc example electronic student brought arc public attention negative resistance current arc unstable arc lights produce noises investigating effect connected circuit arc negative resistance excited tuned circuit producing musical tone arc demonstrate invention wired tuned circuits arc played tune singing arc limited audio frequencies danish engineers increased frequency radio range operating arc hydrogen atmosphere magnetic field arc radio widely 1920s vacuum tubes early 20th century physical causes negative resistance understood engineers knew generate begun apply showed negative resistance discovered mercury lamps produce build telephone lines discovered vacuum tubes negative resistance parts operating ranges phenomenon called secondary vacuum tube strike plate knock additional surface tube represents current away plate reducing plate current certain conditions increasing plate voltage causes decrease plate current connecting circuit tube hull created negative resistance tube followed invented hull negative originated work report negative decade later vacuum tube developed telephone line telephone service possible pioneered initiated great increase interest new circuits applications developed solid state devices negative differential resistance observed point contact junction called cat researchers noticed junctions biased voltage improve sensitivity radio break spontaneous effect pursued person exploit negative resistance practically russian radio researcher discovered negative differential resistance biased point contact junctions build solid state radio receivers years invention later built receiver achievements overlooked success vacuum tube technology years abandoned research technology dubbed forgotten widely solid state negative resistance device tunnel invented japanese physicist lower parasitic vacuum tubes small junction size function higher frequencies tunnel proved able produce power microwave frequencies range ordinary vacuum tube invention set search negative resistance devices use microwave resulting discovery derived conditions stability negative resistance circuits currently negative differential resistance widely sources microwave energy new negative resistance devices discovered recent decades | Negative resistance | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
9050_Staggeredtuning | tuning tuning technique design multi stage tuned stage tuned slightly different frequency comparison tuning stage tuned produces wider expense reduced gain produces transition tuning tuning circuits easier tune manufacture filter types function tuned circuits expressed rational function designed major filter responses poles circuit easy manipulate achieve desired response stages applications include television 20th century receivers wireless rationale tuning improves multi stage tuned expense overall gain tuning increases skirts improves value tuning best explained looking shortcomings tuning stage method called tuning stage reduce multiple identical stages points response stage points second stage successive stage add band edge stage progressively narrower additional stage example stage points points individual stage circuit given formula power ratio power resonance band edge frequency equal point point quality factor reduced factor formula terms number stages formula stage tuned single stage stage reduced original tuning allows widened expense overall gain overall gain reduced stage resonance maximum gain unlike tuning stages maximum gain frequency stage tuned gain tuned design intended tuned tuning effect inevitable practical keeping tuned circuits perfectly step feedback effects problem narrow band applications essentially spot frequency interest local feed wave trap overall gain tuned theoretical maximum tuned tuned schemes number advantages schemes place tuning components single filter circuit separate ladder networks coupled advantage easy tune stages little effect circuits hand interact particularly nearest neighbours advantage components need close ideal directly working losses components absorbed design designs usually require high tuned circuits components values close tuned circuits identical spread component values tuned circuits circuits design tuned illustrated beginning article depicted chain loaded tuned circuit stage tuned circuit tuned circuit sum output input stage gain gain stage given formula complex frequency operator written generic form assuming type following formula frequency formula gain resonance formula stage quality factor resulting formula stage gain expression given function angular frequency making imaginary unit angular frequency formula frequency band edges found expression value gain band edge magnitude expression formula defined equal points desired solving taking difference positive solutions finds formula formula overall response overall response given product individual stages formula desirable able design filter standard low pass prototype filter required specification frequently smooth response chosen functions allow response popular choice response steep skirt purpose transformation stage gain expression rewritten suggestive form formula transformed low pass prototype filter transform formula frequency low pass prototype complete filter case tuned stage tuned simple solution transform tuned designs approached instead calculating poles low pass prototype desired form transforming poles band pass response poles calculated define tuned circuits individual stages poles stage gain rewritten terms poles formula complex pair poles overall response formula band pass low pass transform given expression found poles terms poles low pass prototype formula desired band pass centre frequency effective overall circuit pole prototype transforms complex pair poles band pass corresponds stage expression greatly simplified frequency prototype set final filter formula case design formula poles inserted stage gain expression terms poles comparing stage gain expression terms component values component values calculated applications tuning benefit applications commonly television receiver saw filters likely role tuning advantages radio applications wireless low spread component values easier implement integrated circuits traditional ladder networks | Staggered tuning | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
9154_DeepwaterHorizon | ultra positioned semi offshore oil drilling rig owned built south_korea rig commissioned later registered leased september september rig deepest oil history vertical depth measured depth block approximately miles southeast houston feet water april drilling prospect explosion rig caused killed crewmen ignited visible miles away resulting fire extinguished april sank leaving causing largest oil spill waters design fifth generation design model type positioned column stabilized semi mobile offshore drilling unit designed drill wells oil exploration production psi kpa outside diameter marine second semi rig constructed class predecessor positioned rig capable operating waters feet deep maximum drill depth approximately offshore capable drilling waters deeper class column stabilized drilling unit rig upgraded drill drill monitoring system technical personnel based houston texas received real time drilling data rig transmitted maintenance information advanced systems played key role rig operation pressure drill monitoring technology automated systems modelling systems cement modelling system april played crucial cement mix support decisions decisions focus investigations explosion rig month history construction ownership horizon built later south_korea construction started december keel laid march rig delivered february acquisition december rig registered switzerland subsidiary operated rig flag convenience rig leased year contract deployment gulf_of_mexico following construction lease renewed year years years covering contract worth million day bare rig crew gear support vessels estimated cost according sec transfer document falcon dated august rig specified official registration number number gross net transfer value million rig million covering replacement cost wreckage removal drilling operations horizon worked wells atlantis oil fields described times lucky celebrated rig described powerful world discovered oil oil field giant field field vertical depth measured depth water deepest oil world feet rig official drilling specification stated company fleet list february commenced drilling mississippi canyon block miles southeast coast louisiana water depth approximately feet prospect exploration rights acquired prospect jointly owned offshore working site april violent explosion occurred leading destruction rig resulting oil spill final stages completion time cement injected rig shortly role semi permanent production platform site followed return field work described concluded permission requested terminate operations site operational lifetime rig actively operation working life days remainder partly relates time spent sites regulation safety inspection renamed june regulatory body offshore oil drilling united_states_of_america according associated_press investigation certain safety documentation emergency procedure information including documentation exact incident later occurred absent exact number required monthly performed varied time carried required months omitted investigation notes partly expected circumstances weather movement inspection reports provided freedom information legislation taken hours lifetime rig received non compliance safety including pollution sixth citation related non grounded electrical equipment later withdrawn equipment determined regulations overall horizon safety record strong according drilling consultant reviewing information herald horizon industry model safety according investigation record according officials rig informal watch list problem explosion oil spill april final phases drilling erupted marine rig shooting air soon followed eruption combination drilling mud gas water gas component material quickly transitioned fully state ignited series explosions attempt activate failed final defense prevent oil spill device known blind shear ram activated failed plug time explosion crew board seven employees employees companies involved operation rig including workers presumed killed initial explosion rig evacuated injured workers medical facilities approximately hours sank april remains rig located resting approximately deep location quarter mile northwest resultant oil spill continued july closed cap relief wells permanently seal declared effectively dead september aftermath received early partial insurance settlement total loss million financial analysts noted insurance recovery likely value rig necessarily replacement value estimated million litigation ultimate roll damage scope final insurance recovery unknown june analysts reporting aftermath unprecedented scale complexity compared previous disasters took years resolve july analysis aftermath cited legal sources saying point scale litigation large novel situation likely complicated variety probable cases means hard aggregate called class actions way historical context faced like disaster litigation discussed terms year january agreed pay billion violations clean water act earlier agreed pay billion faced additional penalties range billion billion september agreed settle large percentage legal claims paying billion trust way installments years september district judge ruled guilty gross misconduct clean water act described actions reckless said actions blame spill issued statement strongly finding saying court decision appealed | Deepwater Horizon | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
9439_Injectionmoulding | injection injection manufacturing process producing parts material mould injection performed host materials including metals process called glasses commonly material fed heated barrel mixed forced mould cavity configuration cavity product designed usually industrial designer engineer metal usually steel aluminum precision form features desired injection widely manufacturing variety parts smallest components entire body panels cars advances printing technology melt injection lower temperature simple injection parts injection carefully designed facilitate process material desired shape features material mould properties machine taken account versatility injection facilitated breadth design considerations possibilities applications injection create things wire packaging bottle caps automotive parts components pocket musical instruments parts piece chairs small tables storage containers mechanical parts including gears plastic products available today injection common modern method manufacturing plastic parts ideal producing high volumes object process characteristics injection uses ram screw type force plastic material mould cavity shape mould commonly process volume considerably higher prevalent characteristics highly suitable injection ease recycled versatility allowing wide variety applications ability flow heating element safety ejected injection barrel timely manner chemical occur causing screw check seize potentially damaging injection machine injection consists high pressure injection raw material mould shapes desired shape single cavity multiple multiple cavity cavity identical form parts unique form multiple different single cycle generally tool aluminum suitable certain applications aluminum typically ill suited high volume production parts narrow dimensional inferior mechanical properties prone wear damage injection cycles aluminum cost effective low volume applications mould costs time considerably reduced steel designed process million parts lifetime cost hundreds thousands dollars typically raw material fed heated barrel screw entrance barrel temperature increases van der forces resist relative flow individual chains weakened result increased space molecules higher thermal energy states process reduces enables flow driving force injection unit screw delivers raw material forward mixes thermal reduces required heating time material adding significant heating material feeds forward check valve collects screw volume known shot shot volume material fill mould cavity compensate provide approximately total shot volume remains barrel prevents screw transfer pressure screw mould cavity material gathered material forced high pressure velocity forming cavity prevent spikes pressure process normally uses transfer position corresponding cavity screw shifts constant velocity constant pressure control injection times second screw reaches transfer position packing pressure applied completes mould filling thermal high relative materials packing pressure applied gate cavity entrance small size gate normally place entire thickness gate material enter cavity accordingly screw material cycle material mould ejected stable cooling duration dramatically reduced use cooling lines circulating water oil external temperature controller required temperature achieved mould opens array etc driven forward article mould closes process repeated shot mold separate materials incorporated type injection add soft touch product multiple colors produce multiple performance characteristics typically different chemical components injected barrel components immediately begin chemical reactions eventually material single connected network molecules chemical reaction occurs fluid components permanently transform solid injection barrel screw problematic financial repercussions barrel vital typically means residence time temperature chemical injection unit residence time reduced barrel volume capacity cycle times factors led use isolated cold injection unit reacting chemicals isolated hot mould increases rate chemical reactions results shorter time required achieve solidified component solidified close injection system chemical mould opens parts mould closes process repeats pre components inserted cavity mould open allowing material injected cycle form process known insert allows single parts contain multiple materials process create plastic parts protruding metal screws allowing repeatedly technique mould film attached plastic containers parting line gate marks pin marks usually present final features typically desired nature process gate marks occur gate joins melt delivery channels runner forming cavity parting line pin marks result minute wear adjacent parts relative motion dimensional differences mating surfaces contacting injected dimensional differences attributed non uniform pressure induced injection non uniform thermal expansion mould components experience rapid cycling injection packing cooling phases process mould components designed materials thermal expansion factors simultaneously accounted astronomical increases cost design processing quality monitoring mould designer position aesthetic hidden areas feasible history american inventor brother patented injection machine machine relatively simple compared machines use today worked like large needle plastic heated cylinder mould industry progressed slowly years producing products collar stays buttons hair german invented forms eventually available powder form readily injection developed injection press patented injection industry expanded rapidly 1940s world war created huge demand inexpensive mass produced products american inventor built screw injection machine allowed precise control speed injection quality articles produced machine allowed material mixed injection colored recycled plastic added virgin material mixed thoroughly injected today screw injection machines account vast majority injection machines 1970s went develop gas assisted injection process permitted production complex hollow articles cooled quickly greatly improved design flexibility strength finish manufactured parts reducing production time cost weight waste plastic injection industry evolved years producing buttons producing vast array products industries including automotive medical consumer products toys packaging construction examples best suited process referred including total number available materials injection increased rate year approximately materials available trend began available materials include blends previously developed materials product designers choose material best set properties vast selection major criteria selection material strength function required final cost material different parameters taken account common like examples comparatively recently plastic springs possible advances properties practical applications include outdoor equipment equipment injection machines consist material injection ram screw type heating unit known presses hold components shaped presses rated expresses force machine exert force keeps mould closed injection process vary tons tons higher figures comparatively manufacturing operations total clamp force needed determined projected area projected area multiplied clamp force tons square centimeter projected areas rule thumb tons products plastic material stiff require injection pressure fill mould clamp hold mould closed required force determined material size larger parts require higher force mould mould die common terms describe tool produce plastic parts expensive manufacture usually mass production thousands parts produced typical constructed hardened steel pre hardened steel aluminum copper choice material build mould primarily economics general steel cost construct longer lifespan offset higher initial cost higher number parts wearing pre hardened steel wear resistant lower volume requirements larger components typical steel scale hardened steel heat treated far superior terms wear resistance lifespan typical ranges aluminum cost substantially designed modern equipment economical tens hundreds thousands parts copper areas mould require fast heat removal areas shear heat generated manufactured electrical discharge processes injection die pulls mould design mould consists primary components injection mould plate mould plate components referred plastic enters mould gate injection mould seal tightly injection barrel machine allow plastic flow barrel mould known cavity directs plastic cavity images channels faces plates channels allow plastic run referred runners plastic flows runner enters specialized gates cavity geometry form desired required fill runner mould comprises shot trapped air mould escape air ground parting line mould slightly smaller holes retaining trapped air allowed escape compressed pressure incoming material corners cavity prevents filling cause defects air compressed burns surrounding plastic material allow removal mould mould features direction mould opens parts mould designed mould opens components called sides appear parallel direction draw axis position hole insert parallel movement mould opens closes typically angled slightly called draft ease release mould insufficient draft cause damage draft required mould release primarily dependent depth cavity deeper cavity draft necessary taken account determining draft required skin thin tend shrink form cooling warp twist crack cavity pulled away mould usually designed reliably remains mould opens draws runner parts falls freely ejected tunnel gates known submarine mould gates located parting line mould surface opening surface mould parting line cut mould runner system mould known knockout circular placed half mould usually half push finished product runner system mould article etc cause undesirable impressions distortion care taken designing mould standard method cooling passing usually water series holes mould plates connected form continuous heat mould absorbed heat hot plastic keeps mould proper temperature plastic efficient rate ease maintenance divided pieces called sub assemblies called blocks chase blocks mould variations complex parts formed complex sections called cavity perpendicular draw direction form features mould opened pulled away plastic stationary angle stationary mould half enter slot cause backward moving half mould opens ejected mould closes closing action mould causes forward angle allow previously parts allow new plastic layer form referred system allow production piece tires wheels shot multi shot designed single cycle processed specialized injection machines injection units process actually injection process performed twice smaller margin error step base color material basic shape contains spaces second shot second material different color injection spaces keys instance process markings wear remain heavy use mould produce copies parts single shot number impressions mould incorrectly referred tool impression called single impression cavity mould mould parts likely referred multiple impression cavity mould extremely high production volume like bottle caps cases multiple cavity mould series different parts tool family parts related examples include plastic model kits mould storage manufacturers great lengths protect custom high average costs perfect temperature humidity level maintained ensure longest possible lifespan custom mould custom rubber injection stored temperature humidity controlled environments prevent tool materials tool steel mild steel aluminum suitable prototype short production runs modern hard aluminum proper mould design easily capable life proper mould maintenance built main methods standard standard conventional form historically method building injection technological development predominant means making complex accurate mould details time traditional methods electrical discharge spark erosion process widely mould making allowing formation shapes difficult machine process allows pre hardened shaped heat treatment required changes hardened mould conventional drilling normally require mould followed heat treatment simple process shaped usually copper slowly lowered mould surface period hours immersed oil voltage applied tool mould causes spark erosion mould surface shape cost number incorporated mould directly costs fewer require far work limiting number turn result lower initial manufacturing costs build injection mould number play vital role costs complexity design complexity incorporated factors surface finishing tolerance requirements internal external threads fine detailing number incorporated details feature causing additional increase mould cost surface finish core cavity influence cost rubber injection process produces high yield products making efficient cost effective method consistent processes involving precise temperature control significantly reduces waste material injection process injection plastic fed forced ram heated barrel slowly moved forward screw type plastic forced heated chamber melted advances melted plastic forced rests mould allowing enter mould cavity gate runner system mould remains cold plastic soon mould filled injection cycle sequence events injection mould plastic called injection cycle cycle begins mould closes followed injection mould cavity cavity filled holding pressure maintained compensate material step screw turns feeding shot screw causes screw shot prepared sufficiently cool mould opens ejected scientific versus traditional traditionally injection portion process constant pressure fill pack cavity method allowed large variation dimensions cycle cycle commonly scientific method pioneered injection plastic stages allow better control dimensions cycle cycle commonly called shot shot industry consistency cavity filled approximately velocity speed control pressure sufficient allow desired speed pressure limitations stage undesirable cavity machine switches velocity control pressure control cavity packed constant pressure sufficient velocity reach desired pressures required allows dimensions controlled inch better different types injection processes injection processes covered conventional process description important variations including limited die casting metal injection thin wall injection injection liquid rubber comprehensive list injection processes found process like industrial processes injection produce flawed parts field injection performed examining parts specific defects addressing defects design mould characteristics process trials performed production runs effort predict defects determine appropriate specifications use injection process filling new unfamiliar mould time shot size mould unknown technician tool perform trial run production run starts small shot weight fills gradually mould achieved small holding pressure applied holding time increased gate freeze time occurred gate freeze time determined increasing hold time weighing weight change known gate frozen material injected gate time important determines cycle time quality consistency product important issue economics production process holding pressure increased parts free weight achieved defects injection complex technology possible production problems caused defects process methods industrial scanning help finding defects externally internally tolerance specified parameters dimensions weights shapes angles etc maximize control setting usually minimum maximum limit thickness based process injection typically capable equivalent grade possible tolerance millimeters specialised applications low linear features achieved mass production surface finishes better obtained rough surfaces possible power requirements power required process injection depends things varies materials manufacturing processes reference guide states power requirements depend material specific gravity melting point thermal size rate table page reference previously mentioned best illustrates characteristics relevant power required commonly materials robotic means smaller size parts permits mobile inspection system examine multiple parts quickly addition mounting inspection systems automatic devices multiple axis robots remove parts mould position processes specific instances include removing parts mould immediately parts created applying machine vision systems robot extended free mould moves holding location directly inspection system choice depends type product general layout manufacturing equipment vision systems mounted robots greatly enhanced quality control insert parts mobile robot precisely determine placement accuracy metal component inspect faster human gallery | Injection moulding | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
10075_Subwoofer | sub complete dedicated reproduction low pitched audio frequencies known bass typical frequency range consumer products professional live sound approved systems intended augment low frequency range covering higher frequency bands mounted enclosure wood capable air pressure resisting come variety designs including bass port passive enclosure infinite horn loaded designs representing unique respect efficiency size cost passive driver enclosure powered external active include built developed 1960s add bass response home stereo systems came greater popular consciousness 1970s introduction movies earthquake produced loud low frequency sounds large advent compact cassette compact disc 1980s easy reproduction deep loud bass longer limited ability record stylus track groove producers add low frequency content recordings 1990s dvds increasingly recorded surround sound processes included low frequency effects channel heard home theater systems 1990s increasingly popular home stereo systems custom car audio installations systems 2000s universal sound reinforcement systems concert venues history september received patent numbered specifically designed augment low frequency range modern stereo systems able reproduce distortion free low frequencies cycles second specific objective invention provide portable sound provide high fidelity reproduction low frequency sound waves giving indication portion room marketed trade early 60s mid-1970s utilized recording artists era notably bassist bassist speaker technology utilized select theaters reproduce low pitch frequencies blockbuster movie earthquake late 1960s favorably reviewed publications including news early enclosure home studio use separate bass speaker designed prototype physicist airline pilot garage design second winding custom inch driver provide control information offered sale expensive complete listed stereo review found outside investment reorganized infinity reviewed positively magazine winter issue infinity reviewed highly magazine developed late 1960s president los_angeles business partner owned high end audio store los_angeles told store high end speakers complained lack bass response designed powered reproduce frequencies low speakers convey infinity range speaker system developed 1960s cover lower frequency range handle adequately use recording session mixing dan album logic recording engineer arranged bring prototype design modifications years 1970s 1980s engineer record producer served consultant golden ears design crossover network partition frequency spectrum attempt reproduce frequencies high effective range main speakers need handle frequencies low effective range received great deal publicity movie earthquake released initially installed theaters system large driven racks triggered control tones printed audio tracks film positioned audience film screen placed rear audience platform powerful noise energy range generated level sound pressure level abbreviated new low frequency entertainment method helped film box office success systems assembled installed systems select theaters films use effect include naval battle epic midway speakers exotic popular different sizes capabilities sound output owners rpm singles loud deep bass limited ability record stylus track groove solved problem reel reel tape players capable delivering accurate naturally deep bass acoustic sources synthetic bass found nature popular introduction compact cassette possible add low frequency content recordings satisfy larger number consumers home grew popularity easy add existing speaker easy position hide construction features enclosure design use speaker drivers typically diameter uncommon use larger drivers single prototype large fabricated smaller end spectrum drivers small depending design enclosure desired sound pressure level lowest frequency targeted level permitted distortion common driver sizes sound reinforcement models respectively largest available sound reinforcement drivers commonly seen efficiency speaker driver given formula parameters deep low frequency extension common goal small box volumes considered desirable low efficiency constraints require considerable power individual drivers example sealed speaker box box volume achieve given proportional formula formula decrease box volume decrease efficiency sub similarly speaker proportional formula efficiency proportional small improvements low frequency extension driver box volume result significant reductions efficiency reasons typically inefficient converting electrical energy sound energy combination factors accounts higher power output requirement greater power handling drivers enclosure variations bass designs increase efficiency driver enclosure system helping reduce power requirement designed number enclosure approaches bass acoustic suspension infinite horn loaded tapped horn transmission line enclosure type advantages efficiency increase bass extension cabinet size distortion cost typically constructed mounting cabinet medium density oriented strand board aluminum stiff materials high air pressure produce cabinet require internal distribute resulting forces smallest typically designed systems largest common concert sound reinforcement systems dance club sound systems example large concert enclosure 1980s era bass cube system drivers example uses bass horn loads driver foot long folded horn folded horn type typically produce deeper range greater efficiency driver enclosure lacks horn experimental fixed installation horns constructed brick concrete produce long horn allows deep sub bass extension output level increased increasing cone surface area increasing cone excursion large drivers require large drivers large unfortunately high excursion high power levels tends produce distortion inherent mechanical magnetic effects electro dynamic drivers common sort conflict goals fully resolved designs necessarily efficiency system directly proportional cabinet volume cube frequency applies frequency range frequency response frequency response specification speaker describes range frequencies musical tones speaker reproduce measured typical frequency range professional concert sound system typically operate approved systems operate vary terms range pitches reproduce depending number factors size cabinet construction design enclosure driver specifications frequency response depend wholly relevance accompanying value measurements taken wider tolerance wider frequency response example system discontinued system designed movie theaters frequency response measured boundary narrower frequency response measured boundary vary regard sound pressure levels distortion levels produce range abyss example reproduce pitches pitch lowest notes huge pipe organ foot pipes abyss lowest frequency maximum limit distortion meters means person choosing needs consider lowest pitch sub reproduce active include dedicated cabinet include user allows boosted reduced output particular frequencies vary simple boost switch fully meant detailed speaker room correction systems supplied microphone measure room response automatic correct combination location room response minimize effects room modes improve low frequency performance passive driver enclosure include incorporate internal passive filter frequency determined factory generally party power taking active earlier signal chain box packages come passive cabinet multi channel high end home theater systems use passive format popular professional sound industry adjust room response system designers active include degree compensate known performance issues desired low end roll rate addition include low pass filter prevents higher frequencies reaching driver example listener main speakers usable filter set works typical filters involve overlap frequency ranges steep filter generally desired crossover section include high pass filter prevents driver attempting reproduce frequencies safe capabilities systems use attempt correct room frequency response irregularities unable achieve flat frequency response listening locations resonance standing wave patterns low frequencies nearly rooms careful positioning room help frequency response multiple manage general response arranged room modes evenly single allowing effective phase control changing relative phase respect speakers help minimize unwanted destructive acoustic interference frequency region covered main speakers help frequencies create problems frequency response generally provided adjustment phase control circuits simple reversal switch complex continuously variable circuits continuously variable phase control circuits common found electronics projects phase controls allow listener change arrival time sound waves relative frequencies main speakers crossover point similar effect achieved delay control home theater receivers phase control found actually switch allows users reverse relative audio signal given type control allows phase source signal degrees phase phase changed moving closer listening position practical active use feedback mechanism based cone movement signal sent voice feedback signal derived comparison input signal versus actual motion cone usual source feedback signal turns voice attached cone based placed cone advantage implemented design reduced distortion making smaller enclosure sizes possible primary cost complexity controlled primary mechanism sound reproduction avoids normal voice combination favor high speed belt driven design increases output power reduces distortion virtually loss output results increase voice voice called power compression feature allows high power operation extended periods time nominated drive design model applications home audio use bass capability main speakers allows smaller sacrificing low frequency capability necessarily provide superior bass performance comparison large conventional ordinary music recordings typical lack low frequency content sources recordings substantial low frequency content conventional ill equipped handle help especially high levels music pipe organs meter bass pipes large bass drums symphony orchestra recordings electronic music extremely low synth bass parts bass tests bass songs frequencies sufficiently low easily localized humans stereo audio systems feature channel single placed center affecting perceived sound stage sound produced difficult intention system use small main speakers stereo surround sound movie tracks hide furniture table augment existing speaker save having handle destroying low frequencies high levels effect possible restricted low frequencies usually taken localization possible restricted lower maximum frequencies higher upper limits easily localized making single impractical users add high levels low bass desired original recording case house music enthusiasts package includes satellite speakers purchased separately built cabinet conventional speaker system instance floor standing tower speakers include driver lower portion cabinet physical separation satellite speakers allows placement location sub bass frequencies particularly sensitive room location room modes best position likely satellite speakers located greatest efficiency best room air volume placed corner room far large room openings closer listener possible low bass frequencies long little difference information reaching listener left right ears readily localized low frequency information sent sound tracks carefully mixed single channel possible cancellation low frequencies bass information channel phase physically separate satellite arrangement popularized speaker systems audio series low cost home theater box systems advertise integration simplicity particularly low cost home theater box systems boom boxes inclusion little marketing device unlikely small built compact plastic cabinet better bass performance designed conventional typically larger speakers cabinet mere use term guarantee good extended bass performance better termed bass drivers small produce deep bass poorly designed systems leave higher meaning handles frequencies ear use sound source localization introducing undesirable localization effect usually poor crossover designs choices high crossover point insufficient crossover slope computer home theater systems localization comes port noise typically large amounts distortion design home sold individually usually include crossover assist integration existing system car audio automobiles suited hidden approach space limitations passenger compartments possible circumstances fit large drivers doors installed trunk seat space car audio enthusiasts compete produce high sound pressure levels confines vehicle cabin dangerously high wars drawn attention general competitions sound quality gained equivalent popularity cars able play normal music drive normally designed solely competition non competition capable generating high levels cars small volume typical car interior high sound levels cause hearing loss exposed extended period time 2000s car audio manufacturers produced non circular shapes manufacturers including sony shapes typically carry sort distortion penalties situations limited mounting space provide greater cone area assuming constant greater maximum output important factor square sub round sub argument effects enclosure sealed enclosure maximum displacement determined formula stands volume displacement linear excursion speaker capable cone area sub parameters measured found driver specifications cinema sound introduction movie theater owners began installing permanent systems track channel film sound format introduced channels stereo reproduction low frequencies introduced dedicated cinema model tuned starting certification cinema sound experience parameters good audio watching films including requirements performance levels isolation outside sounds noise interfere listening experience helped provide guidelines cinema owners wanted individual cinema neighbors making isolation difficult specific cinema models appeared early 1990s digital channel film sound format incorporated single channel point surround sound boston based blames complaints modern movies loud says possible loud relatively bass movie sound levels limited distortion capable systems low frequency high levels sound reinforcement professional audio rock concerts performances festivals similar events capable high output levels low distortion reflected design attention given recent years applications sound reinforcement public address systems dance club systems concert systems consumer applications home use considerably demanding smaller listening space lower levels universal professional sound applications live concert sound churches theme parks movie theatres certified standard include high capability professional applications require designed high sound levels multiple drivers respectively drivers small occasionally generally horn loaded number concert depends number factors including size venue indoors outdoors low frequency content band sound desired volume concert design construction direct versus horn loaded small bar use single direct inch sub cabinet large dance club row twin inch largest stadium venues large number example tour uses double box perimeter central circular stage placed underneath ring shaped stage central main stage main speakers flown ceiling venue chain flying points attachment points built professional flown stacked ground near stage inch typical concert system consumer medium density oriented strand board plastic dense material professional built materials commonly construct permanent installations density relatively high concern permanent installation thick birch faced oak touring typically built thick void free baltic birch finland estonia russia greater strength frequently transported naturally baltic birch coated carpet thick paint spray truck greater touring typically designed features facilitate moving enclosure wheels bar handle handles protective speaker direct style metal plastic protection protect finish slid hardware facilitate corners flying stage rigging 2000s small mid size designed bands live sound use applications powered integrated power models typically built crossover models metal reinforced hole speaker stand mounted range range system professional concert sound system design incorporated seamlessly main speakers stereo range system active crossover system receives signal main stereo mixing console mix bus frequencies desired balance main sound system stereo stereo channel derived crossover stereo mix depending crossover model fed instead incorporated range system concert supplied signal separate mix bus mixing console auxiliary sends configuration called fed observed significantly reduce low frequency build concert sound system stage number picking low frequencies having different phase relationships low frequencies fed method greatly reduces number sources feeding include instruments desired low frequency information sources kick drum bass guitar keys signal sent makes greater clarity low punch fed stereo desired auxiliary mix buses directional bass thumb pattern end fire placed enclosure nearest listener delayed order low frequency energy focused audience area stage low frequencies people outside event space variety techniques developed concert sound turn naturally radiation directional pattern techniques include setting vertical array combinations delay setting delay shaded system vertical array rigging vertical array focuses low frequencies forward greater lesser extent depending physical length array longer directional effect lower frequencies pronounced vertical dimension yielding radiation pattern wide tall helps reduce low frequency sound bouncing ceiling indoors assists external noise complaints outdoors rear delay array array pattern horizontally takes channels processing change required physical space method called array pattern directional methods method enclosure orientation stage delays maximum cancellation target frequency stage implemented reversing physically positioning enclosure face method reduces forward output relative tight packed flat fronted array solve problems unwanted low frequency energy coming stage compared end fire array method axis energy pattern control audience predictable cancellation effect spans range slightly octave second method rear delay array combines end fire reversal positioned drivers spaced quarter apart rear enclosure inverted delayed maximum cancellation stage target frequency method output power directed audience compared directional methods end fire array end fire method called forward steered places drivers rows destructive interference reduce emissions sides rear separate positioned quarter target frequency frequency wanted stage desired audience row delayed row related speed sound air typically arrival time sound energy near simultaneous audience perspective canceled large degree offset sound wave arrival times target frequency achieve rear forward sound summed line technique end fire came widespread use european live concert sound end fire array trades output power requires output power tight packed flat fronted array sixteen rows stages ultra music festival reduce low frequency interference neighboring stages physical size end fire array concert venues able implement output pattern suffers axis shaped adjusting frequency response row delay shaded array long line placed horizontally edge stage delayed center fire prior ones flanking fire prior neighbors continuing fashion reached outside ends row method helps counteract extreme horizontal pattern seen horizontal array delay virtually array directional enclosure enclosure designs rely drivers facing sides rear order achieve degree end fire drivers positioned single enclosure houses driver bass instrument rare cases sound reinforcement bass instrument electric bass players synth bass players bands mid size venues bars standard bass guitar speaker keyboard provide sufficient sound pressure levels onstage monitoring regular electric bass low lowest note standard bass guitar designed range goes cases performers wish extended sub bass response available standard instrument speaker use electric add huge guitar mainly add immense mainly extension sub operated lower volume main bass bass guitar players use include performers play extended range include low string play styles powerful sub bass response important sound funk latin gospel etc bass players perform stadium size venues large outdoor venues keyboard players use stage monitoring include electric organ players use bass pedal keyboards low synth bass players play sub bass parts low keyboard instruments onstage synthesizers produce lowest pitches unlike traditional electric piano electric organ lowest notes low low respectively synth fixed lowest octave synth player add lower octaves patch pressing octave button produce pitches limits human hearing concert sound manufacturers suggest bass instrument suggests concert series square foot enclosure inch drivers bass instrument performers use concert sound onstage monitoring like powerful sub bass sound onstage sound engineers find use large drivers onstage instrument monitoring problematic interfere sub bass sound bass bass felt sub bass augmented unlike typical driver produces vibrations produce low frequency vibrations designed felt individuals touching indirectly piece furniture wooden floor recently emerged device class called variously bass butt throne attached seat instance drummer throne gamer chair car seat home theater seating vibrations driver transmitted body ear manner similar bone connect like normal attached large flat surface instance floor platform create large low frequency area transmission low frequencies feet efficient seat advantage low frequencies allow listening environment filled loud low frequency waves helps concert drummer monitor kick drum performance stage powerful low frequency waves monitor having monitor bass enables drummer lower sound pressure levels exposed performance home cinema use bass help user avoid disturbing nearby apartments rooms powerful sound effects explosion sounds war simulated earthquake adventure film heard critics argue felt vibrations disconnected experience claim music satisfying butt sound effects critics claimed bass loud sound effects distract listener world record claims varying measures base claims said world largest lowest model completed march georgia military request project waves distance designed reproduce continuous wave generate distance meters music measured horn mouth generate constant wave tone hours day seven days week extremely low distortion flat frequency response built container feet long feet square container doors swing open reveal tapped horn driven long throw inch speaker drivers powered manufacturer claims foot sheets construction wrote double thickness sheets convenience diesel generator housed enclosure supply electricity external power unavailable constant tone output capability designer wrote target meters essentially fictional burst peak nonsense pro sound like death signal car sound contests annual convention march barred making loud demonstrations power concerns damaging building instead single electrical circuit safety visitors allowed step inside horn acoustic powered reproduced low level waves royal device custom installation claimed world biggest custom installation italy primarily bricks concrete sound material consisting embedded foundation listening room horn loaded floor mouth square meters horn length meters cavity meter floor listening room driven inch drivers millimeters voice designers assert floor mouths horns additionally loaded vertical wooden horn expansion room ceiling create power wave listening position inch single inch diameter driver designed help driver intended break sound pressure level records mounted road vehicle calculated able achieve built driven motors connected somewhat like engine cone diameter inches held place inch surround inch peak peak stroke created way air displacement cubic inches capable generating waves motor speeds response audio signal play music driver mounted owned powerful applied reinforcement damaged vehicle helped project driver called thunder million unfinished vehicle entered competition complaint lodged computer control motor instead controller leads touched hope motor speed set correctly drive shaft broke positive stroke created interior pressure wave concept design inch shown public heaviest production intended use automobiles audio features inch diameter cone known upwards sent dual voice moving weighs pounds aluminum heat sink featured television ride | Subwoofer | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
10666_NAD3020 | iconic stereo integrated considered important components history high fidelity audio launched circa highly affordable product delivered good quality sound acquired reputation exceptional value known best selling audio history history launched circa era principal manufacturers power output low powered solid state created marketed little known manufacturer rapidly acquired reputation excellent sound quality exceptional value magazine called inexpensive integrated built convincing ability drive difficult loads sound quality far exceeded integrated price point time era rated power output channel continuous considered manufacturer claimed deliver stronger power output lower dynamic conditions music peak power output capable delivering loads limited time pushed main appeal inherent ability drive difficult speaker loads allow grade source components launching product consumer electronics company wired battery way presented experienced problems similarly london launch successfully demonstrated driving characteristics known challenging best known best selling annals segment industry design principles director advanced development set create inexpensive easily capable driving best laboratory test equipment thinking prevalent time instead aimed capable properly driving real realistic conditions shift gave rise cost sounded better able achieve low cost base foreign manufacture company designed product europe produced factories taiwan manufacturers production asia design models following included soft protects driven signals connections allow splitting power section button bypass tone controls disclosure power ratings measuring output power real world loads audio switched panel tape manufacturer claims input high output moving contains circuit engineered extremely low noise nearly distortion free performance reviewers note pre decent moving stage limited incorporating filters supposedly reduce effects non musical signals acoustic feedback disc electromagnetic interference musical signals bass tone controls according manufacturer tailored musically effective response high low frequencies altering critical mid range balance switch era upper lower frequencies mute switch reduces volume low level listening mounted panel according manufacturer high voltage design uses large powerful output manufacturers employ enabling deliver power musical limits output voltage driven rated power tnt considers protection tone shaping unnecessary advises users avoid like plague innovative split power sections allows use pre stage drive multiple power parallel use long signal cables connect remote power powered speakers faculty hugely popular seek remarkably fine sounding section use external power power source manufacturer calls dual mode power supply output stage loosely regulated free supply high needed musical large currents lower needed driving low loads power design incorporates separate regulated power supply circuit fed secondary winding dedicated pre tone control stages claimed distortion stereo image power supply functioning occur resembled budget time available grey silver commented inexpensive looked criticised ugly cheap poor level finishing said components fair clearly man design knew pretty reception highly popular considered important components history home audio benefited design error left right channels presented better detail error corrected later guise sound described reviewers dark warm sweet sensual reviewers observed noticeable rolling frequency extremes sonic neutrality lacked precision universally praised value money hot seller achieved record million units lifetime figure higher sales derived directly design included quality possible price tag opened market budget quality spawned similarly low priced competitors mission cyrus ranked list hot products absolute sound placed list significant time absolute sound remarked iconic gem costing times big warm detailed sound best affordable price available wider audience retrospective review said perfect surpassed components according performance criteria individually better integrated right complimented quality electronic circuit design noting particular stage sounded better balanced dedicated day spin offs legacy sold half million units years life second generation replacing corrected minor design errors proved popular predecessor variants included identical version dubbed stripped tone controls higher quality binding posts released improved version launched receiver included received mixed reception severe reliability issues following release product sought pre section version released 40th year company launched range digital products including digital bearing | NAD 3020 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
10883_Rowhammer | row hammer row hammer written effect dynamic random access memory causes memory cells leak charges interact electrically possibly altering contents nearby memory rows addressed original memory access isolation memory cells results high cell density modern triggered specially crafted memory access patterns rapidly activate memory rows numerous times row hammer effect privilege computer security exploits different hardware based techniques exist prevent row hammer effect occurring including required support types memory background dynamic ram bit stored data occupies separate memory cell electrically implemented charge state charged discharged determines cell stores value huge numbers memory cells packed integrated circuits additional logic cells purposes reading writing refreshing data memory cells blue squares illustration provided section organized addressed rows columns memory address applied matrix broken row address column address processed row column address illustration vertical horizontal green respectively row address row read operation selection known row activation bits cells row transferred sense form row red squares illustration exact bit selected column address consequently read operations destructive nature design requires memory cells rewritten values read transferring cell charges row write operations addresses similar way result design entire rows rewritten value single bit changed result storing data bits natural discharge rate memory cells lose state time require periodic memory cells process known refreshing result design memory susceptible random changes stored data known soft memory errors attributed cosmic rays causes different techniques counteract soft memory errors improve reliability error code memory advanced variants memory commonly overview increased integrated circuits led physically smaller memory cells capable storing smaller charges resulting lower operational noise margins increased rates electromagnetic interactions memory cells greater possibility data loss result disturbance errors observed caused cells interfering operation random changes values bits stored affected memory cells awareness disturbance errors dates early 1970s commercially available manufacturers employed techniques counteract disturbance errors improving isolation cells performing production testing researchers proved analysis commercially available chips manufactured susceptible disturbance errors term row hammer associated effect led observed bit opportunity row hammer effect occur memory primarily attributed high density memory cells results associated interactions cells rapid row determined primary cause frequent row cause voltage fluctuations associated row selection lines observed induce higher natural discharge rates belonging nearby adjacent cases memory rows called victim rows affected memory cells lose charge disturbance errors occur tests disturbance error observed performing subsequent memory row memory cell cells susceptible tests rate disturbance errors substantially affected increased environment temperature depends actual contents certain bit patterns result significantly higher disturbance error rates variant called double sided involves targeted rows surrounding victim row illustration provided section variant yellow rows aim inducing bit purple row case victim row tests approach result significantly higher rate disturbance errors compared variant victim row neighbouring rows different methods exist successful detection prevention correction row hammer effect tests simple solutions providing single error correction double error detection capabilities able correct detect observed disturbance errors include flipped bits memory word effective solution introduce frequent memory refreshing intervals shorter usual technique results higher power consumption increased processing overhead vendors provide updates implement type complex prevention measures performs counter based identification frequently accessed memory rows neighboring rows method issues additional random memory rows neighboring accessed rows regardless access frequency research shows prevention measures cause performance impacts release ivy bridge support called pseudo target row combination dual line memory row hammer effect automatically refreshing possible victim rows negative impacts performance power consumption default fall performing twice usual frequency results slightly higher memory access reduce memory memory standard published includes optional hardware support called target row prevents row hammer effect negatively performance power consumption additionally manufacturers implement products memory standard published internally identifies possible victim rows counting number row comparing chip specific maximum activate count mac maximum activate window values rows prevent bit mac value maximum total number row encountered particular row time interval equal shorter time neighbouring rows identified victim rows flag row victim row sum row neighboring rows reaches mac limit time window necessity huge numbers rapidly performed row row hammer exploits issue large numbers memory cause misses detected monitoring rate misses unusual peaks hardware performance version memory software released february includes called hammer test checks computer hardware susceptible disturbance errors implications memory protection way preventing processes memory assigned concepts modern operating systems memory protection combination security related mechanisms protection rings possible achieve privilege separation processes programs computer systems general divided parts limited specific privileges require perform particular task privilege separation reduce extent potential damage caused computer security attacks restricting effects specific parts system disturbance errors explained section effectively defeat layers memory protection short low hardware level practically creating unique attack type allows processes alter contents arbitrary parts main memory directly manipulating underlying memory hardware comparison conventional attack aim protection mechanisms software level exploiting programming mistakes achieve alterations inaccessible main memory contents exploits initial research row hammer effect publicized group authors june described nature disturbance errors indicated potential constructing attack provide examples working security exploit research paper created group authors published october imply existence security related issues arising row hammer effect march google project zero revealed working privilege exploits based row hammer effect establishing nature architecture revealed exploits targets google native client mechanism running limited machine instructions exploiting row hammer effect escape gain ability issue system calls directly vulnerability tracked modifying allow execution line flush machine instruction found required constructing effective row hammer attack second exploit revealed runs process architecture exploiting row hammer effect gain access physical memory installed computer combining disturbance errors memory exploit capable altering page table entries virtual memory system mapping virtual addresses physical addresses results exploit gaining memory access nature inability architecture privileged machine instruction exploit hardly computers use hardware built row hammer prevention mechanisms testing viability exploits found half tested experienced disturbance errors occurring vulnerable minutes running row hammer inducing code tested manufactured non memory july group security researchers published paper describes instruction set independent way exploiting row hammer effect instead relying instruction perform approach memory causing high rate carefully selected memory access patterns replacement policies differ approach architectural differences employing strategy proof concept approach provided native code implementation pure implementation runs implementation called uses large relies internal allocation large pages result demonstrates high level exploit low level vulnerability | Row hammer | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
10901_Vintageamateurradio | vintage amateur radio vintage amateur radio amateur radio activity considered form nostalgia hobby like antique car collecting enthusiasts collect restore preserve build operate amateur radio equipment years notably vacuum tube technology popular modes operation include voice communication code continuous wave enthusiasts considerable interest owning restoring operating vintage military commercial radio equipment years old undertake construct gear known slang vintage parts designs number amateur radio clubs organizations sponsor contests events swap meets cater specialized aspect hobby appeal prefer relatively precise digital frequency displays stability modern state art based amateur radios vintage radio enthusiasts contend modern amateur equipment lacks aesthetic appeal soul amateur electronic gear vacuum tube era additionally find satisfaction taking commercially amateur equipment called boat anchors large size weight carefully restoring enthusiasts feel electrical mechanical designs boat anchor radios easily worked modern japanese gear fixing modern involves chip replacement vintage amateur radio enjoy primitive experience boat anchor radios offer calling real radio enthusiasts claim boat anchors sound better modern equipment saying tube audio vintage gear warmer aesthetically pleasing vintage radio operation valuable asset help preserve history heritage radio future generations assist restoration operation vintage radio equipment historical exhibits museums museum ships activity main voice mode amateur radio superseded single recently nostalgic specialty interest bands vintage radio operation drawn wide range amateur radio enthusiasts rock star attorney majority stations consist vintage receivers housed separate operators obtained old broadcast radio stations upgraded equipment build equipment scratch called modern vintage era components united_states frequencies amateur radio activity found include feature special event stations unique signs united_kingdom activity found day frequencies french activity found day morning frequency conversations slang typically consisting participants interested newcomers usually encouraged switch modern mode introduce join conversation classic gear vintage operating activity limited mode use classic amateur gear vintage era american manufacturers like national drake collins swan way contacts 1930s 1970s gear considered vintage collectors differ dates sub military radio collecting undertake restore operate surplus communications equipment dating world war exotic gear like british small espionage supplied resistance forces france belgium netherlands considerable interest vintage military commercial radio equipment amateur radio operators especially gear british manufacturers variety russian german canadian british_army equipment known wireless set related aspect vintage radio early days amateur radio majority hand crafted equipment smaller size boat anchors term describe simple home tube type radio set reminiscent radio building 1920s 1930s glow refers glow vacuum tubes bug gear relatively size receiver circuits considered classic designs generally small home built tube type receiver referred majority designed mode late 1960s stations radio amateur handbook years exhibited number simple tube based designs today operators enjoying resurgence interest enthusiasts penchant constructing equipment assembling improvised chassis tin wooden boards putting air amateur radio enthusiasts heard communicating bands code popular frequencies hear contacts chosen crystals frequency salvaged discarded color sets components clubs events publications vintage radio clubs sponsor special events contests sponsored sponsored operating events traditional radio contests night friendly home built restored commercial broadcast military equipment expedition thomas point lighthouse chesapeake_bay commemorated history vintage special event station sign britain vintage military affiliated coordinates regular air nets enthusiasts gather massive technical files benefit members dutch society collectors old military radio equipment nostalgic receivers holds weekly radio activity nets sunday sponsors markets exchange year canada based group members virtually world wide collect restore operate vintage military communications equipment emphasis world war wireless set radio members operators use equipment air contacts publishes vintage radio collection articles magazine describing vintage equipment restoration magazine releases yearly classic radio calendar featuring color vintage radio images safety accustomed making repairs solid state equipment cautioned vacuum tube gear contain potentially lethal practice power supply keeping hand pocket working powered gear essential safety measures older equipment directly connects metal chassis incoming line practice results entire unit electrified wall plug inserted backwards older radios vintage receivers safety fused generally replace line cord modern wire plug install line chassis mount use common station ground connection equipment encouraged collect restore use vintage radio equipment aware possible radioactive substances | Vintage amateur radio | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
11190_Bolliger&Mabillard | abbreviated formally known roller coaster design based switzerland company founded president vice president built roller coasters world pioneered new ride technologies notably inverted roller coaster coasters designed built north_america manufactured located ohio united_states started employees grown employs people engineers company completed 100th coaster history starting working manufacturing company supplied rides 1970s time helped design company stand roller coaster flags magic mountain worked projects flags great america left company continued use track design company roller coasters flags magic mountain flags texas use track style similar underwent change management decided leave founded company time employed people created pair agreed amusement attractions flags contacted new company asked build roller coaster accepted offer hired problem manufacture track pieces roller coaster impression work went steel plant asked interested manufacturing track accepted currently roller coaster track pieces north_america company manufacture track built roller coaster stand roller coaster opened flags great america years later built project flags great america batman ride world inverted coaster brought prominence industry invented coaster dive coaster company built launched roller coaster incredible hulk universal islands adventure uses launch system sitting coaster unveiled new premiered prototype model named seats car hang riders sides track currently operation constructed house launched coaster employed engineers company contributions roller coaster industry company built trains demolished wooden roller coaster flags magic mountain trains later park wooden roller coaster refurbished october year trains faced backward usually raced trains second track ran forward supplied new trains steel dragon built operating roller coasters worldwide listed amusement today golden ticket awards steel coasters list company built roller coasters manufacturer list features currently different roller coaster styles stand coaster inverted coaster coaster flying coaster sitting coaster family coaster involved developing new technologies concepts roller coasters inception worked engineer designers management client theme parks lift hills coasters feature element known pre drop short drop lift hill start drop designed reduce tension lift chain flat section pre drop drop serves shelf support weight train reducing related stresses chain coasters pre drop weight train tends pull lift chain begins descent half train lifted chain pre drops company dive flying coasters hyper coasters built recently pre drop coasters curved drops coasters straight drops flags georgia pre drops inverted roller coaster feature pre drop trains roller coaster trains use abreast seating car row seats train length vary coasters company coaster models dive coaster use configuration dive coaster uses abreast seating rows seats example gardens uses seats rows park uses seating rows recent hyper coaster projects new car design rows seats seats rear car pushed centerline seats resemble formation formation canada wonderland kings island introduced new car design rows seats formation hyper coasters use type restraint called bar restraint consists bar lap bar handles riders hold type restraint generally use seat belt seat belts added canada wonderland kings island stadium style seating uses shoulder restraints restraint placed riders shoulders sits extends riders laps type restraint dive inverted sitting flying stand track notable feature roller coasters box section track running rails connected box section spine instead circular spine manufacturers train travels box section track creates distinctive sound unique style track roller coasters track filled sand reduce noise depending model roller coaster track size vary models flying wing heavier trains require larger track size models lighter trains stand use smaller sized track brakes uses types braking system friction magnetic water friction brakes founded linear magnetic brake developed friction brakes main braking system train pads fitted beneath seating areas brakes similar pads connected steel supports pads train come contact brakes friction created train beginning friction brakes trim brakes regulate speed train navigating course magnetic brakes magnetic brakes flags great adventure magnetic brakes slow trains faster friction brakes roller coaster built set magnetic brakes magnetic brakes contact train fins run parallel train fitted beneath seats fins pass brakes magnetic field created brakes train magnetic brakes alternate type trim brake roller coasters wonderland water brakes water brakes introduced gardens tampa bay water brakes element body water surrounds section track present layout roller coaster car train come contact surrounding water train water sprayed feet air list roller coasters built roller coasters operation original incredible hulk dismantled completely replaced relocated renamed | Bolliger & Mabillard | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
11603_Shortwavelistening | listening listening hobby listening radio broadcasts located frequencies listeners range casual users seeking international news entertainment programming immersed technical aspects radio reception collecting official cards document reception distant broadcasts developing countries listening enables remote communities obtain regional programming traditionally provided local medium wave broadcasters estimate placed number listeners worldwide hundreds millions practice long distance radio listening began 1920s broadcasters established europe audiences discovered international programming available bands consumer radio receivers number magazines listener clubs catering practice arose result listening especially popular times international conflict world war korean war listeners use inexpensive portable world band radio receivers access bands advanced employ specialized communications receivers featuring digital technology designed reception signals outdoor enhance performance advent internet international broadcasters scaled terminated favor web based program distribution moving traditional analog digital broadcasting modes order allow efficient delivery programming number organized listening clubs diminished printed magazines devoted hobby enthusiasts continue exchange information news web history practice listening distant stations medium wave broadcast band carried bands early pioneer medium wave broadcasting pittsburgh instituted broadcasts stations affiliated general_electric followed shortly united_states broadcasters began popular radio programs attempt attract foreign audiences 1930s new receivers appeared market popular magazines clubs stations offered unique cards europe broadcasts britain netherlands began germany italy soviet_union britain countries soon followed classic broadcasters got start bbc began broadcasts aimed principally english speakers broadcasting english french german italian arabic began broadcasting entry world war yankee musical theme technically minded listening war years demands military service casual listeners seeking war news foreign broadcasters increased receiver manufacturers contributed war production launched multi band series radios countries war listening foreign stations criminal offense established chinese station broadcast programming aimed listening restricted japan station bombed japanese cbs began listening program september experimental basis west tennis club new_york engineers installed equipment cbs booth location found good reception monitors relayed european news cbs headquarters new_york tennis matches world war cbs captured allied enemy communications international stations secretly located receivers translations intercepted broadcasts new_york newspapers associated_press turn newspapers radio stations united_states major headline news frequently resulted big stories broke radio listeners notified families prisoners war studio stations axis powers countries germany japan read prisoner written messages allied monitors notified families listeners report broadcasts listeners countries monitored messages americans actively discouraged listening reports broadcasting names american prisoners regarded propaganda trick build listening audience axis radio programs director cbs listening post told journalist reliable source information prisoners expressed concern receiving seven letters week requesting german broadcasts service members mentioned reason nazis prisoner broadcasts people anxious relatives reported missing listen propaganda messages undoubtedly true represent small fraction prisoners assurance faked papers picked battlefield concerns consequences listening nazi broadcasts trained listener nazi arguments sound plausible person listen skepticism world knowing word lie content sufficiently sensational source forgotten time pops nazi lie new_zealand listeners reported voices broadcast korean war 1950s 60s columns magazines tuning short wave bands listener news sources radio listeners monitor registration program begun offered like number specialty radio clubs arose decades provided exchange news information similar magazines expanded coverage new electronics topics 1970s led cancellation long time listening columns beginning slightly earlier short lived program radio stations began programs providing news prominent programs swiss merry round example notable programming happy station popularly called world longest running radio program originated station continuing world war radio netherlands broadcast terminated producer presenter resurrected happy station march longer associated new effort transmitted globally internet streaming radio 1990s americans tuned foreign news broadcasts electronics retailers reported run portable receivers increased interest time practices listening broadcast stations news information programming common listeners abbreviated goal receive stations countries possible known routinely test limits antenna systems radios radio propagation knowledge specialized interests listeners include listening utility shipping sailing naval aviation military signals listening intelligence signals numbers stations tuning amateur radio stations listeners obtain cards confirm contact operators broadcasters utility stations trophies hobby traditionally listeners send letters station reception reports requests schedules stations accept provide reception report forms web sites reception reports valuable information propagation interference station engineers publications dedicated providing information listeners including magazines digital supplement magazine defunct spectrum monitor digital publication united_states annual publications passport defunct addition stations provide broadcast schedules mail mail radio programs dedicated listening recently programs curtailed dropped international broadcasters hosts program called estimated millions listeners according estimated numbers households set working order asia led large majority followed europe sub africa soviet_union respectively total estimated number households worldwide set working order said varied common age occupation david_letterman admitted fan bbc developing countries use means receiving local regional programming china russia domestic channels target listeners far provinces listening educational tool classrooms poor sound reproduction unreliable signal quality access seen humanitarian organizations like ears world distribute portable self powered radios developed parts globe enabling people remote impoverished parts world educational programming local international news emergency information music recently group involved sending radios haiti victims haiti earthquake stay abreast local disaster recovery efforts equipment radio receivers radios reception generally higher performance intended local broadcast band reception signals requires radio increased sensitivity stability modern radio receivers relatively inexpensive easily accessible use portable world band receivers built use expensive communications receivers outdoor antenna located away electrical noise sources wire features typical modern solid state communications receivers frequency coverage type double triple conversion stages crystal controlled stage product reception signal strength meter gain control adjustments antenna filters tuning audio frequency display analog digital older vacuum tube based communications receivers known large size weight receivers include modern solid state receivers large heavy feature coming wide use modern receivers technology short digital signal processing use digital means process signals primary benefit receivers ability tailor receiver current reception conditions type signal listened typical analog receiver limited number fixed receiver individually filters important trend modern listening use radios radios designed controlled standard personal computer radios suggests controlled specialized software serial port connected radio radio panel designed exclusively computer control reduces cost pure software defined radios signal manipulation software usually dedicated piece hardware future listening rise internet influenced broadcasters cease favor broadcasting world wide web discontinued service europe north_america caribbean generated protests activist groups shifting resources internet television oversees international broadcasting resulted reduced broadcasting hours english language prominent broadcasters continue scale analog completely terminate common active developing regions parts africa international broadcasters turned digital mode broadcasting called outlets reason digital broadcasts cover geographic region power roughly fifth power traditional mode broadcasts significantly reducing electricity cost operating station traditional analog international station power rating kilowatts million typical power levels range endorsed approved international standard digital broadcasts bands broadcast rivals quality send graphic images web pages separate information channel listening remains popular tune homeland additionally number remotely controlled receivers located world available users web radio report number listening clubs diminished printed magazines devoted hobby enthusiasts continue web sites originate dedicated pursuit | Shortwave listening | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
11634_Variable-frequencydrive | variable frequency drive variable frequency drive termed frequency drive variable speed drive drive micro drive drive type speed drive electro mechanical drive systems control motor speed varying motor input frequency voltage applications ranging small largest mill drives world electrical energy consumed electric motors industrial applications especially energy savings load service global market penetration applications relatively small lack penetration highlights significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities new installations decades power electronics technology reduced cost size improved performance advances switching devices drive simulation control techniques control hardware software available number different medium voltage system description operation variable frequency drive device drive system consisting following main sub systems motor main drive controller assembly drive operator interface electric motor system usually phase induction motor types single phase motors phase motors usually preferred types motors offer advantages situations phase induction motors suitable purposes generally economical motor choice motors designed fixed speed operation elevated voltage stresses imposed induction motors supplied require motors designed definite purpose fed duty accordance requirements controller controller solid state power electronics conversion system consisting distinct sub systems bridge direct current link voltage source drives generic sub section far common type drives drives drives convert line input output applications common bus solar applications drives drives basic drive phase pulse wave bridge drive link consists output provides stiff input filtered voltage converted quasi voltage output active switching elements drives provide higher power factor lower distortion phase controlled current source csi load drives generic sub section drive controller phase having single phase input phase output controller advances exploited dramatic increases voltage current ratings switching frequency solid state power devices past decades introduced gate past decades come dominate switching device variable applications suited volts drive control motor characteristics require voltage magnitude output motor adjusted match required load linear relationship example motors linear relationship suitable wide ranging applications control sub optimal high performance applications involving low speed demanding dynamic speed regulation positioning reversing load requirements control drives operate mode programmed suit special multi point paths drive control platforms control direct control adjust motor voltage magnitude angle reference frequency precisely control motor magnetic mechanical space pulse width increasingly popular straightforward method vary drives motor voltage current frequency control quasi variable pulse width output constructed intersections saw toothed carrier signal signal variable operating frequency voltage current operation motors rated speed base speed possible limited conditions require power rating motor called field weakening motors means operating rated rated speed permanent motors limited field weakening speed range constant wound motors induction motors wider speed range example rpm pole induction motor supplied limited speed rpm power higher speeds induction motor limited lowering motor rated power typically produced rated speed wound motors run higher speeds rolling mill drives base speed mechanical strength limits maximum speed motor embedded overall operation controller basic programming provided user inaccessible user programming display variable function block parameters provided control protect monitor motor driven equipment basic drive controller include optional power components accessories follows connected upstream circuit breaker isolation filter line passive filter connected link braking braking connected downstream output wave filter filter operator interface operator interface provides means operator start stop motor adjust operating speed additional operator control functions include reversing switching manual speed adjustment automatic control external process control signal operator interface includes display indication lights meters provide information operation drive operator interface display unit provided controller shown photograph display cable connected mounted short distance controller provided input output connecting push buttons switches operator interface devices control signals serial communications port available allow adjusted monitored controlled computer drive operation referring accompanying chart drive applications categorized single quadrant quadrant quadrant chart defined follows forward accelerating quadrant positive speed braking forward braking quadrant positive speed negative reverse accelerating quadrant negative speed braking reverse braking quadrant negative speed positive applications involve single quadrant loads operating quadrant variable pumps fans certain constant loads certain applications involve quadrant loads operating quadrant speed positive changes case fan faster natural mechanical losses sources define quadrant drives loads operating iii speed positive negative directions certain high performance applications involve quadrant loads speed direction elevators hilly regeneration occur drive link bus voltage smaller magnitude motor voltage starting motor initially applies low frequency voltage avoiding high current associated direct line starting start applied frequency voltage increased controlled rate accelerate load starting method typically allows motor develop rated drawing rated current low speed range adjusted produce steady starting right speed motor cooling result speed decreases prolonged low speed operation significant usually possible separately fan ventilation stopping sequence opposite starting sequence frequency voltage applied motor controlled rate frequency approaches zero motor shut small braking available help load little faster stop motor simply switched allowed coast additional braking obtained adding braking circuit controlled dissipate braking energy quadrant active end able brake load applying reverse energy line benefits energy savings fixed speed motor load applications supplied direct line power save energy operated variable speed means energy cost savings especially pronounced variable fan pump applications load power vary square cube respectively speed change gives large power reduction compared fixed speed operation relatively small reduction speed example speed motor load speed power reduction accordance affinity laws define relationship load united_states estimated electrical energy supply motors variable fan pump loads eighteen percent energy million motors saved efficient energy improvement technologies total installed base motors provided drives estimated drive technology adopted newly installed motors energy consumption breakdown global population motor installations shown following table control performance drives bring process quality improvements industrial commercial applications acceleration flow monitoring pressure speed temperature tension fixed speed loads subject motor high starting current times load current drives instead gradually ramp motor operating speed mechanical electrical stress reducing maintenance repair costs extending life motor driven equipment variable speed drives run motor specialized patterns minimize mechanical electrical stress example curve pattern applied application acceleration control reduces backlash occur accelerating performance factors tending favor use drives drives include requirements continuous operation low speed quadrant operation regeneration frequent acceleration routines need motor protected hazardous area following table compares drives according certain key parameters high frequency injection types ratings generic drives classified according following generic voltage source drive image drive output bridge stores energy bus supply stiff voltage input vast majority drives type voltage output current source csi drive image csi drive output bridge stores energy series connection supply stiff current input csi drives operated step output step drive image largely obsolete step drives csi type referred variable voltage drives pulse pam drives square wave drives drives step drive output bridge bus series connection supply quasi step voltage current input induction motor load drive drive special csi case output bridge stores energy link circuit supply stiff quasi step current output second bridge excited machine matrix image intermediate link energy storage operates phase current source anti parallel connected bridges pulse configuration phase acting convert fixed line frequency voltage alternating voltage variable load frequency drives based fed slip recovery system fed slip recovery system feeds slip power supply power supply network speed motor controlled adjusting current control platforms drives use following control platforms control field oriented control control direct control load power characteristics variable frequency drives categorized following load power characteristics variable fan pump applications constant positive displacement pump applications constant power machine tool traction applications available power ratings available voltage current ratings covering wide range single phase multi phase motors low voltage drives designed operate output equal motor application drives available ratings order economic considerations typically favor medium voltage drives lower power ratings different drive table accordance voltage current combination ratings different drive controllers switching devices given voltage rating greater equal following standard nominal motor voltage ratings generally manufacturer rated switching applications step placed drive motor load drives typically rated motor applications greater drives historically required considerably application design effort required drive applications power rating drives reach range different drive involved different rating performance power quality reliability requirements drives machines detailed lastly useful relate terms following classifications terms machines shown table terms detailed shown tables application considerations line note output easily filtered carrier frequency related filter supply near currents motor load bridge converts line voltage voltage output super imposing non linear half phase current creating current distortion voltage distortion line input loads relatively small comparison large stiff power system available electric power company effects distortion grid acceptable limits furthermore low voltage networks caused single phase equipment computers partially cancelled phase bridge 5th 7th proportion non linear load compared total load non linear load compared power supply relatively large load negative impact power available power company customers grid power company voltage distorted losses loads normal fixed speed motors increased condition lead shorter operating life compensation affected negatively particular cause resonance conditions levels order limit voltage distortion owners load required install equipment reduce distortion acceptable limits alternatively utility adopt solution installing equipment affected large equipment high power installations distortion reduced supplying multi pulse bridge multiple phase shifted possible replace standard bridge directional switching device bridge standard uses switching device output motor referred designations including active active supply unit active end quadrant operation control suitable input line current nearly inherently energy quadrant mode grid braking needed efficiency drive improved drive frequently required brake motor techniques exploit use passive active filters connected common bus branch load bus passive filters involve design low pass filter traps trap tuned required frequency 5th 7th 11th 13th pulse number common practice power companies customers impose distortion limits based standards example standard limits customer connection point maximum individual frequency voltage fundamental voltage total distortion general power supply system switching frequency switching frequency drive uses default switching frequency setting reducing drive switching frequency carrier frequency reduces heat generated carrier frequency times desired output frequency establish switching intervals carrier frequency range common low voltage volts higher carrier frequency produces better wave higher switching losses decreasing overall power conversion efficiency noise drives noise feature turned introduce random variation switching frequency acoustic noise range frequencies lower peak noise intensity long lead effects carrier frequency output voltage causes rapid rise times transmission line effects considered transmission line cable motor different tend reflect motor cable resulting produce equal twice bus voltage times rated line voltage long cable runs putting high stress cable motor eventual failure note standards phase motors rated adequately protect long lead systems 3rd generation rise time maximum recommended cable distance motor feet solutions caused long lead lengths include cable distance lowering carrier frequency installing filters duty rated motors rated withstand pulse trains rise time equal peak magnitude installing low pass wave filters lowering carrier frequency note noise noticeably increased carrier frequencies noticeable note selection carrier frequency drives involves balancing noise heat motor stress common mode voltage induced motor bearing current damage smooth motor operation factors obtained low pass wave filter filter motor bearing currents drives inherently associated high frequency common mode currents cause trouble motor high frequency find path earth bearing transfer metal electrical discharge sparking occurs bearing ball bearing race time based sparking causes erosion bearing race seen pattern large motors stray provides paths high frequency currents pass motor shaft ends leading circulating type bearing current poor grounding motor lead shaft ground bearing currents small motors poorly grounded driven equipment susceptible high frequency bearing currents prevention high frequency bearing current damage uses approaches good grounding practices bearing currents common mode currents example soft magnetic called good grounding practices include use shielded symmetrical geometry power cable supply motor installation shaft grounding bearing bearing currents interrupted installation specially designed shielded induction motors high frequency bearing soft magnetic phases giving high frequency common mode motor bearing currents approach use instead standard level drives level drives matrix fed motor cables high frequency current spikes interfere facilities fed motor cables shielded symmetrical geometry design routed away signal cables dynamic braking generated drive causes induction motor run speed slip load drives motor faster speed motor acts generator converting mechanical power electrical power power returned drive link element link connected electronic power switch braking controls dissipation power heat set cooling fans prevent dynamic braking braking energy transforming heat contrast drives recover braking energy energy line capital cost drives relatively high drives drives capacity recover braking energy load moving faster designated motor speed load return power system matrix csi drives inherently allow return energy load line voltage source require additional return energy supply regeneration useful value recovered energy large compared extra cost system system requires frequent braking starting widely speed control loads required examples belt drives manufacturing stop minutes stopped parts assembled correctly belt moves crane motor stops frequently braking required slow load lowering plug hybrid electric vehicles types image historical systems solid state devices available variable frequency drives machines obtained patents early 20th century example patent states generator finds useful application supplying current induction motors driving cars locomotives mechanism driven variable speeds | Variable-frequency drive | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
12820_Pailcloset | closet closet room disposal human system system waste removal closet small contained seat underneath portable placed bucket user removed emptied local authority regular basis contents advanced water closet flush toilet popular wealthy homes lack adequate water supply poor meant 19th century england working class towns cities chose dry methods waste disposal closet evolution closet closet impractical considered public health system popular france england particularly historic lancashire town system commonly took closet problems emptied regular basis overflowed manufacturers lined materials designs dry earth ash disguise smell improved water supplies systems england led directly replacement closet early 20th century municipal collection toilets continued australia second half twentieth century western world completely replaced flush toilet closet dispose human dirty water general household waste kitchen refuse closet system methods waste disposal common use 19th century system system dry earth system manchester population people served water flush toilets investigation condition city sewer network revealed accumulation solid caused overflow refer ash pits refuse problems forced city authorities consider methods dealing human water closet wealthy homes concerns river pollution costs available water supplies meant towns cities chose labour intensive dry systems manchester city authorities replaced rising soil surrounding old cleared connections drains removed dry erected site contemporary estimate stated installation removed imperial gallons accompanying city drains rivers closet development evolved primitive ditch 19th century rapidly falling favour speech said closet represented standard utterly wrong constructed materials permitting free surrounding soil capable containing entire house block houses months years rivers pollution commission reported years later continually seen cleaned notice given need probably half yearly average staff night men attendant generally difficult clean later improvements closet built nottingham brick raised seat concave direct centre pit lined cement prevent surrounding soil closet designed special opening material scattered pit special ventilation shaft installed design offered significant improvement advanced problems cleaning pits remained system easily container popular system geographic spread system europe french cities english towns cities leeds birmingham manchester popular town system collection took widespread australia system system wooden half petroleum barrel placed closet seat circular aid cleaning designed easily handled size encouraged regular collections carried cast iron rim inches deep receive tight fitting inner lid collected weekly basis day secured lid loaded sealed bay wagon taken depot emptied cleaned returned removed closet replacement installed place employed wagons time service collecting spread town contrast larger population employed wagons use number separate cart accompanied wagon collect household refuse collected separate chamber closet long tons night soil collected year population roughly person depot night soil emptied storage tank washed large trough mixture lime water night soil dried revolving cylinders heat borough refuse transferred called drying plates gases burnt escaping foot chimney remains burnt refuse mortar works environment filled dust paid general labourers transported works railway local plots disposal supplied iron attempted remove smell fine ash poured system invented 1860s landowner near paris widely france overcame common problems associated lining material experimented design months settled instead system smaller system find home halifax wooden halifax oval cross section inches inches deep lined sides mixture refuse straw grass street wool hair lining formed special mould lime added designed help remove smell slow dry collected members public occasionally complained smell usually occurred left overflow winter severe weather conditions prevented horse pulled collection wagons reaching systems areas earth closet invented system metal container system small amounts mixture dry earth ashes cover removing immediately applied small elaborate systems existed powder kept box near seat small handle control deposited obtained street good effect process expensive simpler system mixture earth dried fear spread bacteria meant instead garden earth usually housed separate building main structure system earth closet containers designed emptied frequently earth closet popular private houses military camps hospitals extensively india remained use 1930s perspective system waste removal imperfect general waste left ground hours days time report system commented instance use days capacity absorption liquid claimed material exceeded days week use filled extent thirds cavity liquid solid floating closet contained important design considerations essay author described commonly encountered problems provided handles held place guide pieces nailed floor mention specifications wooden boxes unsatisfactory soon heavy handle hold long permit breeding flies flies away difficult matter door rear exposed weather soon leaving openings edges self closing seat cover fails operate properly door seldom kept closed lack proper attention regard cleaning principal style makes practically failure general use towns difficult find willing kind work rural districts usually neglected popularity following successes seen northern towns introduced leicester implementation water hindered refusal water company provide adequate supplies use reduced demand placed area inadequate system town suffered difficulties collection treatment night soil initially night soil collected contractors local authority responsible authority found dealing night soil expensive difficult business following legal proceedings corporation transport night soil transferred railway system canal barges led complaints canal authority found badly sewage built sewage farm end 19th century construction new sewer system enabled phased replaced water manchester faced phenomenal population growth council attempted retain closet system following exposure dumping long tons human rivers town sewage works council forced change plans originally intended build public objections dumping waste rivers forced council instead purchase developed refuse disposal sites 1930s site receiving night soil water closet having replaced dry manchester decline end number use declined toilets municipal collection persisted australia second half twentieth century brisbane populous city relied 1950s source says 1970s population dispersed difficult install tar kept smell academic claimed typical australian yard cities country towns half twentieth century fence pan collected lane trap door | Pail closet | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
12912_Reflectionsofsignalsonconductinglines | reflections signals conducting lines signal travelling electrical transmission line partly wholly reflected opposite direction travelling signal encounters characteristic line far end line terminated characteristic happen instance lengths transmission lines joined article signal reflections electrically conducting lines lines loosely referred copper lines telecommunications generally copper metals notably aluminium power lines article limited describing reflections conducting lines essentially phenomenon optical reflections lines microwave reflections reflections cause undesirable effects including modifying frequency responses causing power power lines reflection phenomenon use devices special cases open circuit short circuit lines particular relevance reflections cause standing waves set line conversely standing waves indication reflections present relationship measures reflection standing wave ratio specific cases approaches understanding reflections relationship reflections conservation laws particularly simple example step voltage formula formula height step formula unit step function time formula applied end line consider happens line terminated ways step propagated line according equation velocity formula incident voltage formula point formula line given formula incident current formula found dividing characteristic formula formula open circuit line incident wave travelling line affected way open circuit end line effect step actually reaches point signal end line affected local characteristics line line length formula step arrive open circuit time formula point current line zero definition open circuit charge continues arrive end line incident current current leaving line conservation electric charge requires equal opposite current end line essentially current law operation equal opposite current reflected current formula formula reflected voltage formula drive reflected current line reflected voltage exist reason conservation energy source supplying energy line rate formula energy dissipated line termination available direction line reflected current equal magnitude incident current formula add step reflected twice incident voltage appears output line reflection proceeds line reflected voltage continues add incident voltage reflected current continues incident current interval formula reflected step arrives generator end condition double voltage zero current length line generator matched line formula step absorbed generator internal reflections counter intuitive doubling voltage circuit considered line short ignored purposes analysis equivalent circuit generator matched load formula delivering voltage formula represented figure generator represented ideal voltage generator twice voltage deliver internal formula generator left open circuit voltage formula appears generator output figure situation short transmission line inserted generator open circuit longer line characteristic formula noticeable end end delay inserted generator initially matched line formula output interval reflected return end line information line actually terminated voltage formula short circuit line reflection short line described similar terms open line open circuit case current zero end line short circuit case voltage zero volts short circuit energy reflected line reflected voltage equal opposite incident voltage voltage law formula formula reflection travels line cancel currents add reflection double negative negative current travelling reverse direction dual situation open circuit case arbitrary general case line terminated arbitrary usual describe signal wave travelling line frequency domain consequently represented frequency complex function line terminated characteristic reflection definition terminating characteristic effect infinitely long line result reflection magnitude reflection smaller magnitude incident wave terminating wholly partly energy incident wave absorbed resistance voltage formula terminating formula calculated replacing output line equivalent generator figure given formula reflection formula exact required formula formula reflection formula defined formula expression formula formula general formula complex function expression shows magnitude limited formula formula physical interpretation reflection greater incident wave passive elements involved negative resistance example condition hold special cases described formula formula purely formula purely real general case formula complex interpreted shift phase reflected wave relative incident wave termination special case occurs formula purely real formula formula purely imaginary formula case formula formula formula showing incident wave reflected absorbed termination expected pure change phase formula reflection given formula line length line results incident wave reflected transmitted onward second section line shown figure reflection case given formula similar manner transmission formula defined describe portion wave formula transmitted forward direction formula kind caused sections line identical characteristic element formula example shown figure element formula formula similar expressions developed series element electrical network matter networks reflections complex scenarios found network cables result complicated long lasting cable simple pulse entering cable system power found typical private home result disturbance pulse reflected multiple circuit ends ring waves known persist far longer original pulse bears little obvious resemblance original disturbance containing high frequency components tens range standing waves transmission line carrying waves phase reflected wave continually changing distance respect incident wave proceeds line continuous change certain points line reflection phase incident wave waves add points waves anti phase consequently points minimum known incident wave totally reflected line complete cancellation zero signal present despite ongoing transmission waves directions points waves phase anti represent peak anti alternate line combined wave varies continuously combined incident plus reflected wave appears standing line called standing wave incident wave characterised terms line propagation constant formula source voltage formula distance source formula formula convenient work terms distance load formula incident voltage arrived formula formula positive formula measured reverse direction line voltage increasing closer source likewise reflected voltage given formula total voltage line given formula convenient express terms functions formula similarly total current line formula voltage current locations anti occur formula easy solution general case case lines lines short considered formula replaced formula formula phase change constant voltage equation reduces functions formula partial differential magnitude yields condition formula expressing formula terms formula allows formula solved terms formula formula formula purely real termination short circuit open circuit formula formula purely cases anti given formula formula formula formula point formula point anti alternate purely remain pattern shifted line constant related phase formula voltage standing wave ratio ratio formula anti called voltage standing wave ratio related reflection formula line line expression valid adjacent termination approaches unity distance termination positions parameters directly measured instrument called line instrument makes use reflection phenomenon different measurements microwave frequencies use position test component terminating line useful method measuring directly measuring currents difficult frequencies conventional means expressing match radio antenna important power reflected high power damage output input input looking transmission line terminated characteristic far end formula function length line value found dividing expression total voltage expression total current given formula formula length line dividing formula reduces formula considering short pieces transmission line formula replaced formula expression reduces functions formula applications structures particular importance use reflected waves modify short length line terminated short circuit open circuit produces purely imaginary input formula suitable choice length place circuit structure quarter wave suggests line exactly formula length formula produce terminating formula structures widely distributed element filters matching networks | Reflections of signals on conducting lines | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
13703_CentennialLight | centennial light centennial light world longest lasting light burning east avenue california maintained longevity noted believe general_electric cited evidence existence planned later produced light history centennial light originally dim light hand blown carbon common light manufactured ohio late 1890s like exist found functioning according donated father owned donated fire station sold company story supported volunteers era evidence suggests hung locations originally hung cart house moved garage downtown fire police departments fire department consolidated moved newly constructed city hall housed unified departments unusual longevity noticed reporter weeks interviewing people lived lives wrote light world oldest published tri valley herald contacted book world records believe general_electric confirmed longest lasting known existence article came attention cbs program road fire department moved cord severed fear damage deprived electricity minutes transfer specially designed box escort hand install new fire station emergency generator believe stated short delay continuous burning record 100th birthday celebrated community live music run continuously years previously grid short periods time week renovation odd power evening general public witnessed dedicated apparently burned morning called confirm status determined burned power supply bypassed extension cord dedicated power supply found faulty approximately seven hours light cared partnership plans house maintain rest life regardless length plans believe requested museum long life attributed low power nearly continuous operation dedicated power supply publicity officially listed light replacing texas listed book editions listed reason given returning french spanish documentary light conspiracy dealing planned refers centennial light extensively according fire chief months news outlet publish story generating visitors general interest drop obscurity dozens magazines newspapers featured articles visited featured major news channels united_states including nbc abc fox cbs cnn npr received letters acknowledging celebrating longevity city ohio california state senate senator president featured episode december pbs documentary briefly mentioned warehouse season episode regrets light featured episode invisible | Centennial Light | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
13909_RegaPlanar3 | successors known budget british manufacturer available belt drive deck broke convention employing solid lieu suspended chassis sub chassis quality early 1960s product lived changes referred simply highly influential small british manufacturer synonymous gave company widest brand recognition product sector relative simplicity bedrock analog years history record player principal launched followed launch june decks identical design built different budgets established threshold entry level high quality hugely popular known produced centre place system afford reference simplicity value confirming britain important player specialist industry design went conventional wisdom time preferring decks lightweight rigid means controlling unwanted belief mass energy results lost music senses deliberately require justify users adjustment vertical tracking angle cartridge belt driven design incorporating driving sub mounted high quality oil bearing fixed directly supported simple rubber feet heavy glass sits atop sub driven isolated motor rubber belt thick mat sits glass suspension rubber feet provide limited mechanical isolation floor transmitted vibrations cover provided isolation airborne vibrations record deck single speed runs rpm user physically remove drive belt play rpm records major changes life firstly inclusion higher quality 1980s change new motor recently motor tuned lower vibration allowed elimination old motor mounting comes factory fitted piece die cast aluminium tube core arms higher tolerance spring type tracking force adjustment higher quality cables compared fitted launched fitted new anti mechanism external cable improved vertical bearing new point attachment instead single pillar considered classics regarded offering high value reviewers context price deck high price performance ratio popular use manufacturers decks including example earned place widely market comparison supplied available black finish earlier models glass wood surround frame shaped arm changed describes sic giving good mass accuracy compared thicker heavier drive motor mounted rubber suspension improved isolation glass thicker felt mat star speculated revised looked lot substantial ancestor cost cutting whilst decks continued glass reviewers derided inspiring confidence website described low mass core highly rigid looks like plain cheap board according badly proved unpopular prospective buyers reverted glass discontinued entry level record player company including arm cartridge compete offerings music hall late early resurrected different thicker giving audio reviewers advised readers pay little extra evolution updated renamed started available range bright colours pole motor decks released separate power supply drives low vibration motor directly mounted table optional external power supply designed gives stable voltage drive motor allows speed operation rpm requiring manual speed change recent models constructed skin instead custom scottish kitchen cabinet supplier improvements bearing arm founder chief designer realised lighter thicker installed key points structure stronger found thick incorporated skin fitted predecessor changed cast tube offered greater better control resonance reception sound quality ross regarded original overall sonic presentation refined typical dual referring dual similarly priced japanese record players found fault number parameters average response sense depth higher expected noise floor musical notes details individual voices small group singers mid-1980s wrote good sounding good value price miracle sounds good compared apparently better built sound quality viewpoint noted dynamic sound powerful bass table conveys music excitement emphasis mid- upper bass tends sound little muddy bass detail added deck pitch instability particularly agreed musical classic strength weaknesses included occasional speed heavily bass said sounded nicely musical balanced coherent manner presentation detail considered average asserted long time leader wrote december wrong offered somewhat deeper bass better dynamics ends scale better sensation quiet overall performance considered terms quiet dynamic free obvious tracking distortion supposed analog problems extremely balanced offers deep reasonably tight bass comparison tnt rpm recordings sounded like recording like real life said compared discontinued faster little better dimensions strong slight invested lower described sound dynamic expressive fresh enthusiastic feel nearly weaving illusion sitting row auditorium engineer booth recording studio sounded newer focused contemporary sound million miles players times price writing secrets home theater high fidelity said meaningful advances help operate low background noise innate ability detail table conveys average dynamic providing solid foundation support frequency balance cartridge writing absolute sound superior predecessor way said retained fast sound added better controlled low frequencies popularity accolades better known history said incarnations probably best selling lines history world notes current remained bedrock analog years notes components lived longer exerted greater influence said table map gave company widest brand identity joint analog source joint budget component won analog source component year voted product year category | Rega Planar 3 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
14860_Coandă-1910 | designed romanian inventor unconventional aircraft powered fan called turbo experimental engine consisted conventional engine driving multi bladed exhausted unusual aircraft attracted attention paris october exhibit propeller aircraft displayed afterward fell public awareness similar turbo drive snow develop aircraft decades later practical demonstration began tell conflicting stories early experiments jet turbo engine complete fuel claimed single brief flight december crashing takeoff aircraft destroyed fire aviation historians countered version events saying proof engine proof aircraft flew brought drawings forward prove claim shown recently reworked differing substantially originals aviation historians dismissive saying turbo design involved weak stream plain air powerful jet air expanding fuel based notion invented jet centennial jet aircraft celebrated romania special coin stamp issued construction began working replica aircraft exhibition commemorated building testing early developments interested achieving propelled flight early conducting tests rockets attached model aircraft arsenal secret germany successfully tested flying machine equipped single tractor propeller counter rotating propellers providing lift powered horsepower engine positioned fuselage smaller rear lift propeller mounted vertically larger inclined slightly forwards degrees according later claims tested aircraft witnessed chancellor german time interest jet propulsion began claiming aircraft jet propelled model displayed december indoor sports arena berlin continued studies belgium roommate friend built box based plans designed previously studied employed technical director end year help car manufacturer built present flown belgium 1910s opening constructions november moved paris continuation belgian experiments especially looking way test wing higher speeds contacted founder turn directed assistance gained approval test different wing configurations air resistance platform built locomotive railway march started flying lessons helped started build slender unusual powerplant workshop courtyard house tested thrust powerplant tests described detail april edition technique filed patents mechanism aircraft later additions existing patents exhibited aircraft commonly referred paris salon paris flight salon held october november aircraft devices aerodynamic experiments placed solitary state upstairs gallery separated usual types aircraft main exhibition floor aircraft construction novelty time contrast described july patent application exhibit complicated construction return solved lateral stability control issues wings held place points tubular steel flying wires according description wings built metal existing photographs construction completely wooden internal structure trailing edges upper wing twisted separately lateral control braking landing controlled seat open cockpit fuselage painted reddish brown highly polished described magazine having framework steel construction photographs indicate wooden framework triangular cross section convex ribs edged strips steel strengthened covering heat shaped tubular engine cooling located cockpit vertical wings secured fuselage steel fixed screws fuselage terminated control surfaces angles vertical horizontal triangular surfaces rear tail controlled pair large vii style steering wheels mounted outside cockpit pitch directional control early instance known forward tail small horizontal fuel tank located fuselage engine cockpit remarkable feature aircraft powerplant instead propeller water cooled internal engine built workshop funding placed forward section fuselage drove gearbox rpm turned rpm drew air expelled compression added heat diameter centimetres located fuselage according later descriptions cast aluminium components create powerplant weight kilograms equivalent power weight ratio kilowatts kilogram considerable achievement time 1910s era patents describe engine exhaust gases routed heating channels heat contact central air flow inlet reduce pressure engine adding heat mass turbo claimed capable generating lbf thrust powerplant referred reports time different terms turbine propellers turbo fan turbine aviation reporters technique doubtful powerplant provide sufficient thrust engine noted reprinted aircraft remarkably small proportions relation size machine writer said turbo claimed enormous wind velocity intake area small produce stated thrust appears enormous power necessary drive supplied reportedly sold october daily newspaper wrote aircraft constructed workshops fly weeks near paris piloted pilots celebrated aviation meeting newspaper listed aircraft november sold twice expressed willingness buy aircraft tests carried exhibition reaction observers mixed doubted aircraft fly focused likely machines design gave special notice calling original ingenious reporter wrote absence definitive trials permitting precise yield machine doubt premature propeller tentative interesting watch closely official exhibition report ignored turbo engine instead described novel wing design unusual november wrote machine develop inventor hoped beautiful dream exhibition aircraft moved workshop les testing work reflected additions powerplant related patents december group modern day romanian investigators led having examined photographs concluded featured exhibition hybrid described initial patent shown later patent application felt exhibition machine simpler director system different smaller intake cone exhaust gas heat transfer system implemented according techniques propulsion system generated lbf thrust generate thrust aircraft estimated lbf spin turbine speed rpm risk exploding tried concluded experiment proved solution worked perfectly writing magazine january recalled previous exhibition machine chief attraction salon wrote answered pressing questions turbo powered aircraft earlier exhibit telling machine attained speed kilometres hour mph flight tests answer reserved judgment waiting confirmation related developments additional turbo patent application dated december implemented double seat commissioned russia help boat maker motor manufacturer supervised building motor powered engine driving turbo blessed russian orthodox priests plant near paris december starting day exhibited weeks 12th france alongside powered automobiles stand number automobile general interest magazines published photographs sketches second time autumn version turbo design shown grand paris periodicals reported expected speed mph account exists tested continued work project beginning aiming improve stability increase power turbo implement improvements applied new patents aerodynamic investigations improvements described different system attachment wings enabled changes angle attack centre gravity aimed obtain power propulsion system design drawings arrangement air cooled engines sides fuselage placement engines indicates intend fuel jet stream cooling engines compromised patent additional claim july brought significant changes including addition retractable landing gear inside aerodynamic removal horizontal supporting surface provided engine accessories covered improve continued study propulsion mechanisms believes implemented practical solution lack funds filed english language patents turbo design united_kingdom united_states second french language patent filed switzerland described publication expensive project costing million left limited funds possibility new contract french government lead build wished win army organised competition october required engines aircraft fail safe strategy aviation salon paris displayed scale model aircraft engines mounted connected gear single bladed propeller strange combination engines connected propeller originally intended drive new turbine unable fund trials assembly provide traction bladed propeller ordered mounting support engines initially intended jet propulsion version adequate new configuration forward chassis modified writing magazine january said new aircraft retained fuselage frame wing design turbo wooden surface including forward longitudinal ribs aircraft flown october modest results latest modifications especially related powerplant compensate increased total weight aircraft military contest meet requirements independent operation engine following exhibition personal request sir moved united_kingdom position chief engineer chief designer british years decades worked great variety world war revived earlier turbo engine contracted german_army late develop air propulsion system military ambulance snow like russian grand duke german contract concluded year yielding plans production experimented variety said achieved degree success engine style fuel injection air stream attempted aircraft absent aviation literature day annual issues jane world aircraft mentioned turbo powerplant soviet engineer mention volume jet rocket engines written late 1920s early later claims beginning jet age potential engines recognised number histories jet engine written classified study completed described probably flown featuring mechanical jet propulsion device heat engine furnished auxiliary jet propulsion editorial lead article augmented flow flight terms scarcely jet year chronicled technological development book gas turbines jet propulsion aircraft mention aviation des authors assert flew jet aircraft les metres ending crash flight treatment aircraft years wright brothers flight included fan said believes took feet came broke teeth quoting letter editor flight discussion paris end world war said definitely confirm power unit fan type similar basic principles aircraft 1930s referring early 1950s began claim flown aircraft powerplant fuel injection create thrust number aviation articles presented version events said took crashed december presence aircraft makers spoke subject notably new_york hotel january said intended fuel air stream ignited exhaust gases circular vent implying finished powerplant wrote story issue flying based personal interview article flew interviewed wrote contradictory story september saying flown unusual aircraft december fuel certainly injected jet flight world relation interview aircraft stalled throwing clear gently collapsed ground burned wrote aircraft engine designed friend specification burning exhaust directed fuselage protected vulnerable places jet age published article entitled jet flight submitted text written flying december brought airplane hangar les bit started motor admit outstanding pilot unable shake vague morning addition usual excited climbed cockpit accelerated motor felt power jet thrust plane forward gave signal remove wheel blocks plane started moving slowly ahead anticipated attempt fly today ground tests small field les controls loose injected fuel turbine moment surrounded flames cut reduce power quickly worked throttle flames subsided opportunity lift head saw plane gained speed walls ancient fortifications bordering field pulled stick hard moment plane airborne upward steep angle flying felt plane slipping wing cut gas left hand jet fuel right thing knew found thrown free plane slowly came burst flames impossible determine wreckage fuel cause fire test flown jet airplane collection aviation stories published friend wrote eyewitness day flew crashed chapter book describes group french watched twice airfield lifted avoid ruins old fortification wall started flames engine applying power thrown aircraft moment hit wall badly hurt version fuel tank overhead wing metal statements said aircraft leading edge slots retractable landing gear fuel supply held overhead wing reduce fuselage profile drag presented set drawings photographs specifications aircraft prepared received director early aviation curator rocket engineer worked alongside interviewed magazine flying printed account written described landing gear lower wing fuel tank hidden upper wing wrote flew december described heat jet powerplant mounted aircraft 1980s death wrote magazine article book mentioning aircraft including new details master mechanic friend helped build turbo december flight included group eyewitness french heat shields metal plates aft engine intended flight steep climb stall thrown clear aircraft crashing ground burning gave assessment elements true jet patent application indication critical stage injection fuel compressed air wrote jet propelled aircraft existence early time pure jet aircraft flight germany historian emeritus interviewed related december flight accident seated cockpit intending test factors aircraft structure engine wing lift balance controls said heat engine fantastic placed sheets plates direct jet blast away wooden fuselage wrote aircraft began forward rise ground exhaust flame instead outward curved inward ignited aircraft interview said brought aircraft earth control landing abrupt thrown clear airframe consumed completely flame engine reduced white powder aviation historian london reacted mid-1950s assertion built flew jet engine aircraft wrote recently arisen controversy machine designed born french exhibited paris salon october recently accepted wood wings powered engine driving turbo form large simple air fan fan fitted right machine nose covered nose engine resulting jet plain air propel wrote claims flew tested time story flying suddenly appeared 1950s aircraft obscurity wrote airfield les military exercise ground test supposedly took place constant observation owned french aviation reporters photographers aviation experts countries said airfield famous observed reported airfield paris events let exciting crash destruction fire carried local papers described military reports contemporary accounts exist tested flown destroyed smith countered point point saying aircraft retractable leading trailing edge wing slots fuel tank overhead wing fuel injected turbine smith pointed pilot killed heat initiated engine air stream smith wrote account unsuccessful machine strictly speaking exhibited october wood construction fully wings look robust like fuselage tail unit equipped reaction propulsion unit consisting engine driving large fan enclosed covered nose machine engine fan simple air fan driving air form jet inevitably earth bound aircraft stands size attempt jet propelled wrote thought speculated basis evidence absence aircraft tested flown find concrete evidence support position similarly unable find concrete proof test flight wrote check french patents claimed describing retractable gear leading edge wing slot upper wing fuel tank photographs private collections demonstrating aspects wrote historian examined drawings specifications prepared wrote article claim wholly new description inner workings machine occur accounts given 1910s patent specifications said told conflicting stories claimed flight produced set altered drawings proof claims differences version story earlier marked hardly need pointed obvious ones planned versus completely accidental flight immediate flight versus busy field thrown plane stalled versus pitched forward landing apart personal bestowed museum drawings illustrations turbo drawings internal details machine unfortunately modern obviously executed 1960s worse fuel injection outlet tubes aft end turbine later addition original drawings brief drawings constitute evidence claim article winter wondered add novel feature fuel injection air stream patent applications feature present supposed flying experience months earlier winter noted august patent french essentially ones english descriptions applicable air water flowing device meaning patents possibly include fuel jet stream noted mention early patents heat shields fuel injection looking aviation periodicals paris newspapers reporting month december winter found spell bad weather flying took place situation occurred mid month period covering conflicting dates december said aircraft tested flown crashed regular foreign aviation news column flight magazine reported blank period weather ended 19th tested aircraft tests activities listed mention machine winter found italian civil aviation engineer working turbo style aviation engine attempted aircraft engine milan took patents machine wrote appearance engine called general attention designs like death modern reference books aviation history represent ways mention machine inventor acknowledge effect honour designing jet engine power aircraft manned flight honour completing jet engine capable flight book authors state aircraft jet aviation author changed mind years publishing book gave credit jet engine description began built engine instead turning propeller drove blowing air rear thrust said kilograms figure author december aircraft powered inadvertently airborne crashed burned called turbine significance aircraft mentioned later decided switch propeller publication world encyclopedia engines major aircraft power plants wright brothers present day include include jane world encyclopedia engines director prolific aviation author mentions passing times works discusses briefly books leading edge professor scientific work designed built jet aircraft like martin built technically advanced fly later magazine article described details romanian inventor attempted fly primitive jet aircraft cylinder internal engine drive revolutions minute equipped today called producing estimated pounds thrust countless loyal fans insist airplane flew merely crashed jane encyclopedia aviation included entry aircraft calling turbine describing world jet propelled aircraft fly winter authored book fellow curator der years flight chronicle history book described unsuccessful fan aircraft lacking documentation flight test history aviation wrote development jet broadly story men sir von description disputed test flight agreed fuel injection initiated vent novel detail aircraft flew thousand feet crashing wall 24th papers presented included sentence world famous inventor pioneer jet flight space engineering owes model planes provided rocket engine construction engine experiment jet aircraft popular book wrote powerplant earliest attempts jet engine unsuccessful incapable actual flight unlike engines designed question jet aircraft appear resolved supporting view built true jet probably argued 2000s romanian aviation experts investigated existing photographs leading believe aircraft presented exhibition finished exhibited published technical work book said unfinished state aircraft led filing extra patents starting new series studies aim making machine instance wrote exhaust pipes engine appeared free devices exhaust gases turbine described patent heat shields crew protection central attachment tubular holding wings fuselage mere secured screws judged appearing potentially unsafe landing considerable loads shaped covered high angles horizontal making high speed taxi machine danger nose memorials models size replica built displayed scale model displayed paris airport site historic les airfield large plaque lists pioneers flight closely associated airfield later plaque romanian aviation engineer placed nearby building auspices mayor les france construction sized functional replica plane began march romania team engineers test pilots replica based plans reworked plans lost uses metal fuselage wood intended engine true jet 1960s era military trainer october issued commemorative silver coin centennial building jet aircraft piece intended coin collectors official purchase price set represents aircraft portrait reverse including romanian words translate jet aircraft month section produced limited edition stamp commemorating centennial jet aircraft stamp presents modern internal drawing quote boy born years early december president opened centennial exhibition celebrating building testing specifications data contemporary pamphlet general characteristics crew length wingspan wing area gross weight powerplant cylinder water cooled engine developing rpm driving lbf thrust | Coandă-1910 | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
15205_Bicycleandmotorcycledynamics | bicycle motorcycle dynamics bicycle motorcycle dynamics science motion components forces acting dynamics branch classical mechanics turn branch physics bike motions interest include balancing steering braking accelerating suspension activation vibration study motions began late 19th century continues today single track vehicles motions fundamental attributes common fundamentally different difficult study wheeled vehicles lack lateral stability stationary circumstances remain upright moving forward experimentation mathematical analysis shown bike stays upright steered center mass wheels steering usually supplied rider certain circumstances bike factors including geometry mass distribution effect contribute varying degrees self stability long standing claims single effect trail solely responsible force remaining upright primary goal beginning riders bike lean order maintain balance turn higher speed smaller turn radius lean required roll wheel contact patches generated force turn force lean usually produced steering opposite direction called skill usually acquired motor learning executed procedural memory conscious thought unlike wheeled vehicles primary control input steering position stable stationary high center mass short lift wheel ground sufficient acceleration braking depending location combined center mass bike rider respect point wheel contacts ground wheel flip bike rider wheel similar situation possible accelerating respect rear wheel history history study bike dynamics nearly old bicycle includes contributions famous scientists early 19th century credited wheeled vehicle variously called horse showed rider balance device steering wheel published article engineer repeating von assertion balance maintained steering direction lean understanding bicycle dynamics goal prix competition end 19th century showed rigid body dynamics safety actually balance moving right speed won prix clear credit steering axis vertical helps possible published article showing effects necessary balance bicycle identified named modes written regularly behavior london worked early 1970s later buffalo usa sponsored study simulate bicycle motorcycle dynamics portions work released public detailed reports posted bicycle dynamics site 1990s researching motorcycle dynamics research experimental numerical covered vehicle modelling tire modelling handling minimum lap time maneuvering published canonical motion proceedings different methods assumed tires roll slip point rider attached rear frame bicycle published article science showing effects called effects trail necessary bike balance designed mass bicycle motion predict self stable negative trail wheel contacts ground steering axis counter rotating wheels cancel effects constructed physical model prediction require details provided steering geometry stability evaluated bicycle dynamics named discover stories cycles awarded examine bicycle stability forces bike rider considered single system forces act system components roughly divided groups internal external external forces gravity contact ground contact atmosphere internal forces caused rider interaction components external forces masses gravity pulls rider bike components earth tire contact patch ground reaction forces horizontal vertical components vertical components counteract force gravity vary braking accelerating details section longitudinal stability horizontal components friction wheels ground including rolling resistance response forces braking forces turning forces aerodynamic forces atmosphere form drag normal speeds level ground aerodynamic drag largest force resisting forward motion faster speed aerodynamic drag overwhelmingly largest force resisting forward motion turning forces generated maneuvers balancing addition changing direction travel interpreted forces accelerating reference frame bike rider simply stationary reference frame forces forces acting rotating parts wheels engine transmission etc rotating parts discussed section effects internal forces internal forces components bike rider system caused rider friction addition rider apply steering mechanism fork wheel etc rear frame rider rear frame friction exists parts drive train steering mechanism rear frame etc addition brakes create friction rotating wheels non rotating frame parts rear steering dissipate undesirable energy spring connecting fork frame provide progressive tends steer bicycle straight ahead rear feedback drive train suspension issue designers attempt handle configurations motions motions bike roughly grouped central plane symmetry lateral central plane symmetry longitudinal vertical lateral motions include balancing leaning steering turning motions central plane symmetry include rolling forward course brake diving suspension activation motions groups interact order bike unstable stationary self stable moving right conditions controlled rider conversely bike stable stationary unstable undergoing sufficient acceleration lateral dynamics lateral dynamics proven complicated requiring dimensional dynamic analysis coordinates analyze minimum coupled second order differential required capture principal motions exact solutions possible numerical methods instead competing theories balance found print online hand shown later sections longitudinal dynamic analysis accomplished simply coordinate balance discussing bike balance necessary distinguish carefully stability self stability recent research suggests rider controlled stability related self stability bike remains upright steered ground reaction forces exactly balance internal external forces experiences leaning turn steered aerodynamic steering supplied rider certain circumstances bike self stability generated combination effects depend geometry mass distribution forward speed bike tires suspension steering frame influence especially staying relatively rider balance bike principle performing track stand rider line contact patches combined center mass steering wheel moving forward backward slightly contact patch necessary forward motion generated simply backwards motion generated way fixed gear bicycle rider advantage slope pavement upper body backwards brakes momentarily engaged steering bike locked virtually impossible balance riding hand effect rotating bike wheels cancelled adding counter rotating wheels easy balance riding way bike balanced locked steering applying appropriate bike rider similar way swing hanging straight uneven parallel bars person start swinging swing rest pumping legs double inverted controlled elbow forward speed rider applies order turn wheel control lean maintain balance high speeds small steering angles quickly ground contact points low speeds larger steering angles required achieve results time usually easier maintain balance high speeds self stability usually occurs speeds minimum going faster increases chances bike contributing stability center mass location farther forward closer wheel center mass combined bike rider wheel order maintain balance conversely closer rear wheel center mass located wheel lateral movement bike forward motion required regain balance noticeable long issue touring heavy load gear rear wheel mass rear wheel easily controlled lower mass wheel bike example inverted easier balance pencil tall bike high center mass easier balance ridden low lean rate slower rider opposite impression bike stationary heavy bike require effort upright stopped traffic example bike tall lower center mass example vertical second class small force end seat bike easily moves large mass mass closer tires touch ground touring advised carry loads low bike hang rear racks trail factor influences easy difficult bike ride trail distance wheel ground contact point trails steering axis ground contact point steering axis axis entire steering mechanism fork wheel etc traditional bike designs steering axis vertical positive trail tends steer wheel direction lean independent forward speed simulated pushing stationary bike wheel usually steer lean gravity provides force dynamics moving bike complicated factors contribute effect trail function head angle fork offset wheel size relationship described formula formula formula wheel radius formula head angle measured clock wise horizontal formula fork offset trail increased increasing wheel size decreasing head angle decreasing fork trail traditional bike stable feels trail bike feel difficult steer negative trail contact patch steering axis intersects ground reported feel unstable normally road racing trail touring mountain mountain designed reduced head angles road improve stability greater trail touring built small trail allow rider control bike weighed baggage consequence touring bike feel unstable fork curve fork blades forward steering axis diminish trail negative trail exist experimental bike negative trail shown self stable refers head angle instead offset created triple tree diminish trail small survey wilson found touring head angles trail racing head angles trail track head angles trail ranges hard fast example offers offset size wheels course designed road racing head angle varies depending frame size trail varies designed track head angle varies depending frame size trail varies trail particular bike vary time reasons suspension especially suspension heavy braking example steering axis angle reduce trail trail varies lean angle steering angle usually decreasing maximum bike straight upright steered straight ahead trail decrease zero sufficiently large lean steer angles alter stable bike feels finally profile tire influence trail varies bike steered measurement similar trail called mechanical trail normal trail true trail perpendicular distance steering axis wheel contact patch factor influences directional stability bike horizontal distance ground contact points rear wheels given displacement wheel disturbance angle resulting path original proportional radius given steer angle lean angle proportional finally increases bike steered extreme lean angle bike steered direction lean increased radius rear wheels steering mechanism mass distribution factor contribute self stability traditional bike designs distribution mass steering mechanism includes wheel fork center mass steering mechanism steering axis pull gravity cause wheel steer direction lean seen leaning stationary bike wheel usually steer independent interaction ground additional parameters fore aft position center mass elevation center mass contribute dynamic behavior bike effects role effect bike designs help steer wheel direction lean phenomenon called rate object proportional rate spin slower wheel spins faster bike vice versa rear wheel prevented wheel friction tires ground continues lean spinning forces provide resistance low forward speeds wheel quick contributing bike tendency start lean way eventually fall high forward speeds usually slow contributing bike tendency eventually fall having reached upright position instability slow order seconds easy riders counteract fast bike feel stable actually self stable fall contribution effects roll moment generated wheel example steering left causes moment right moment small compared moment generated tracking wheel begins soon rider applies helpful motorcycle racing detail section article self stability unstable regimes mentioned previous section influenced factors described contribute balance trail mass distribution effects etc range forward speeds given bike design effects steer bike upright proven effects positive trail sufficient necessary self stability certainly enhance hands free control self stability bike ridden steering wheels note effects mentioned combine produce self stability overwhelmed additional factors friction stiff control cables video shows bicycle exhibiting self stability longitudinal acceleration longitudinal acceleration shown large complex effect lateral dynamics study positive acceleration self stability negative acceleration changes speeds self stability turning order bike turn change direction forward travel wheel aim approximately desired direction wheel steered vehicle friction wheels ground generates acceleration necessary alter course straight ahead combination force thrust radius turn upright leaning bike roughly small steering angles formula formula approximate radius formula formula steer angle formula angle steering axis leaning unlike wheeled vehicles lean turn balance relevant forces ground support angle lean easily calculated laws circular motion formula forward speed radius turn acceleration gravity case slight increase lean angle required compensate width modern tires forward speed turn radius example bike radius steady state turn mph angle rider lean respect bike order bike upright desired angle matters horizontal plane plane defined tire contacts location center mass bike rider lean bike decreases actual radius turn lean angle resulting radius roughly exact value formula approximate radius lean angle steer angle angle steering axis bike tires contact patches farther causing wear portions edge motorcycle tire remain leaning turns referred chicken strips finite width tires actual lean angle rear frame ideal lean angle described actual lean angle frame vertical increase tire width decrease center mass height fat tires low center mass lean tires higher centers mass negotiate turn speed increase lean angle tire thickness calculated formula ideal lean angle height center mass example motorcycle inch wide rear tire inches combined bike rider center mass height inches lean increased nearly increase tires inches wide lean angle increase half shown couple created gravity ground reaction forces necessary bicycle turn custom built bicycle spring loaded exactly cancel couple bicycle rider assume lean angle traveling straight line riders find impossible turn soon wheels straight path bicycle rider begin lean opposite direction way right steer straight path order initiate turn necessary lean direction turn bike momentarily steer opposite direction referred wheel finite angle direction motion lateral force developed contact patch tire force creates longitudinal roll axis bike causes bike lean away initially steered direction direction desired turn external influence wind create force necessary lean bike necessary initiate rapid turn initial steer steer angle opposite desired turn direction case maintain steady state turn sustained steer angle usually direction turn remain opposite direction turn especially high speeds sustained steer required maintain steer angle usually opposite turn direction actual magnitude orientation sustained steer angle sustained steer particular bike particular turn depend forward speed bike geometry tire properties combined bike rider mass distribution turn radius changed appropriate change lean angle accomplished additional turn increase lean decrease radius turn decrease lean increase radius exit turn bike momentarily steering turn order decrease radius increasing forces decreasing angle lean steady state turning turn established applied steering mechanism order maintain constant radius constant forward speed depends forward speed geometry mass distribution bike speeds speed described section called speed self stability bike cause tend steer turn exiting turn applied opposite direction turn speeds speed instability cause tend steer turn increasing lean applied direction turn speed input steering necessary maintain steady state turn steering angle effects influence steering angle angle assembly rotated steering axis necessary maintain steady state turn unique single track vehicles experienced automobiles mentioned article repeated necessarily order importance found place actual steering angle angle projected road plane assembly rotated function steering angle steering axis angle formula formula steering angle formula steering angle formula angle steering axis second lean bike decreases actual radius turn lean angle resulting radius roughly exact value formula formula approximate radius formula formula lean angle formula steering angle formula angle steering axis rear tires different slip angles weight distribution tire properties etc experience steering angle greater steering angle slip angles equal maintain given turn radius authors use term counter steering refer need conditions steer opposite direction turn negative steering angle maintain control response significant rear wheel fourth thrust contributes force necessary cause bike straight path force slip angle largest contributor thrust contributes ability negotiate turn radius automobiles smaller steering angle bike steered direction angle tire greater rear generate thrust equal hands usually initiated applying directly lighter vehicles accomplished shifting rider weight rider right relative bike bike left conserve angular momentum combined center mass remains nearly vertical plane lean bike called counter lean authors cause steer left initiate right hand turn rider left applying directly technique complicated additional factors friction stiff control cables combined center mass slightly left rider right relative bike bike left response action space tires right prevented friction tires ground pushes combined center mass left small effect evidenced difficulty people balancing bike method effects mentioned section balance effect turning wheel roll moment caused magnitude moment proportional moment wheel spin rate forward motion rate rider turns wheel applying angle steering axis vertical sample motorcycle moving mph wheel moment turning wheel degree half second generates roll moment comparison lateral force tire tracks motorcycle reaches maximum acting height center mass generates roll moment moment forces play significant begins act soon rider applies instead building slowly wheel tracks especially helpful motorcycle racing wheel steering theoretical benefits turning radius low speed attempts construct wheel steering working prototype australia reported work issues design include provide active control rear wheel let swing freely case active control control needs decide steering opposite direction wheel implementation wheel steering sideways bike lets rider control steering wheels directly second steering axis seat controlled built long low wheel steering bicycle called steering mechanisms control wheels independently steering motions included balance wheels steer tire contacts center mass true circle wheels steer equally opposite directions steering bicycle substantially changing lateral position tire contacts relative center mass able wheels parallel line frame instance wheel near roadway center line rear wheel near curb balance steering allowed easy balancing despite long low center mass self balancing hands configuration discovered true circle expected essentially impossible balance steering correct tire patch center mass cycling angles tested tendency fall braking mentioned passing wilson science 2nd edition rear wheel steering theoretical benefits especially simplified wheel drive mechanism attempts construct rear wheel steering bike built rear wheel steering bicycle commissioned construction rear wheel steering motorcycle proved illinois offered person successfully ride rear steered bicycle documented example successfully riding rear wheel steering bicycle specially designed bike difficulty turning left accomplished turning rear wheel right initially moves center mass right vice versa task induced environment examination common mass shows moving reverse rear wheel steering inherently unstable purpose built designs published suffer problem center steering extremes classical wheel steering strictly rear wheel steering class pivot point referred center steering similar articulated steering early implementation concept phantom bicycle early 1870s promoted safer alternative penny design allows simple wheel drive current appear stable hands photographs illustrate designs usually head angles positive negative trail builder bike negative trail states steering bike straight ahead forces seat rider rise slightly effect negative trail reverse steering constructed investigation demonstration purposes steering reversed turning left causes wheel turn right versa possible ride bicycle found riders experienced normal find difficult learn manage effect effect expression describe extend far steering axis head tube act like boat moves bars right order turn wheel left vice versa situation commonly found cruiser troublesome limits ability steer interference limits arm reach tires tires large influence bike handling especially tires influence bike dynamics distinct ways finite crown radius force generation increase crown radius tire shown decrease size eliminate self stability increasing crown radius rear tire opposite effect lesser degree tires generate lateral forces necessary steering balance combination force thrust tire inflation pressures found important behavior motorcycle high speeds rear tires different slip angles weight distribution tire properties etc experience wheel rear wheel dangerous wheel steering critical maintaining balance real tires finite contact patch road surface generate turn experience slipping roll generate axis normal plane contact patch generated tire called self caused slip length contact patch resultant force slip occurs geometric center contact patch distance described trail creates tire direction slip outside turn force tire center turn tends turn wheel direction slip away direction turn tends increase radius turn produced finite width contact patch lean tire turn portion contact patch outside turn actually moving respect wheel hub faster rest contact patch greater radius hub reasoning inner portion moving slowly outer inner portions contact patch slip pavement opposite directions generating tends turn wheel direction turn tends decrease turn radius combination opposite creates resulting wheel direction function slip angle tire angle actual path tire direction pointing angle tire angle tire vertical result suppression speed predicted rigid wheel models described section steady state turning high high type bike motion caused rear wheel gaining traction facing direction travel usually slipping sideways curve occur heavy braking acceleration varying road surface suspension activation especially interaction drive train form single slip flip series violent handling bike handling difficult reasons geometry bike especially steering axis angle makes analysis complicated conditions inherently unstable rider control finally rider skill large influence bike performance maneuver bike designs tend consist trade stability rider control primary control input rider apply directly steering mechanism bike dynamics steering geometry effects direct position control steering angle found problematic secondary control input rider lean upper relative bike mentioned effectiveness rider lean varies mass bike heavy rider lean ground clearance requirements turn improves view road improves bike system dynamics low frequency passive manner motorcycle racing leaning moving body projecting knee inside turn relative bike cause aerodynamic moment entering rounding turn differences automobiles need bike upright avoid injury rider damage vehicle limits type testing commonly performed example automobile publications perform quote results motorcycle publications need set turn lean bike appropriate angle means rider ahead necessary typical car speed need increases proportion speed rating schemes schemes devised rate handling particularly roll index ratio steering roll lean angle acceleration index ratio steering lateral acceleration steering ratio ratio theoretical turning radius based ideal tire behavior actual turning radius values wheel slip greater rear wheel slip described steering equal neutral steering greater steering values zero wheel turned opposite direction curve greater rear wheel slip wheel described counter steering riders tend prefer neutral slight steering car drivers tend prefer steering index ratio peak steering product peak lean rate forward speed large touring tend high index sport tend medium index tend low index easier maneuver light heavy lateral motion theory motion bike system variable solved written linear sum independent components behavior sum behaviors generally systems difficult solve linear systems case friction ignored bike conservative system demonstrated right circumstances decrease time energy added sideways bike running straight upright demonstrating self stability converted increased forward speed lost die bike system outcome path dependent order know exact configuration especially location necessary know configuration parts histories moved time mathematical analysis finally language control theory bike exhibits non minimum phase behavior turns direction opposite initially steered described section degrees freedom number degrees freedom bike depends particular model simplest model captures key dynamic features called model developed rigid bodies knife edge wheels rolling slip flat smooth surface degrees freedom configuration required completely describe location orientation bodies coordinate rear wheel contact point coordinate rear wheel contact point orientation angle rear frame rotation angle rear wheel rotation angle wheel lean angle rear frame roll steering angle rear frame end adding complexity model rider movement suspension movement tire compliance frame adds degrees freedom rear frame pitch leaning steering pitch angle completely constrained requirement wheels remain ground calculated seven location bike rotation wheels ignored degrees freedom ignored bike described lean angle steer angle motion motion bike consisting rigid frame rigid fork knife edged rigid wheels connected rolling friction slip smooth horizontal surface operating near upright straight ahead unstable represented single fourth order ordinary differential equation coupled second order differential lean equation formula steer equation formula formula lean angle rear assembly formula steer angle assembly relative rear assembly formula formula moments applied rear assembly steering axis respectively analysis bike taken zero represented matrix form formula formula symmetrical mass matrix contains terms include mass geometry bike formula called matrix bike dissipation contains terms include forward speed formula formula called matrix contains terms include constant formula formula formula formula formula lean angle steer angle formula external forces moments mentioned model geometric parameters head angle mass body wheel radius etc significant lean angle lean rate steer angle steer rate verified comparison multiple models derived completely independently bicycle like inverted lateral position support controlled terms representing roll acceleration roll velocity roll displacement steering feedback roll acceleration term normally wrong sign self expected important mainly respect roll velocity feedback correct sign nature proportional speed dominated wheel contribution roll displacement term important mainly controlled trail steering offset frame mass center steering axis terms involve complex combinations bicycle design parameters speed limitations bicycle considered extensions treatments tires frames riders implications included optimal rider controls path following control discussed possible state lean angle lean rate steer angle steer rate order analyze normal modes self stability particular bike design plot right particular bicycle calculated forward speeds mph real parts shown dark blue negative bike self stable imaginary parts shown non zero bike exhibits point origin bike design self stable region forward speeds self stable going backwards speed forward speeds identified plot right motion bike changes forward speed begin mph example called double root speed repeated root characteristic exactly value speed bike simply falls inverted forward speed increase mode switch positive negative mph example called speed speed increase bike falls speed eventually die forward speed non leaning increases mode switch negative positive pitchfork mph example called speed speed non lean eventually causes bike fall speeds exist range forward speeds particular bike design self stable case bike shown self stable range mph fourth usually stable negative represents behavior wheel tends turn direction bike traveling note model exhibit rear described seen models incorporate tire interaction ground degrees freedom experimentation real far confirmed mode predicted found tire slip frame important lateral dynamics bicycle speed range bike model shown incorporate real tires generate tire interaction pavement prevent mode unstable high speeds wilson suggest happens real world modes complex mechanisms variety modes fundamental ways modes stable unstable depending bike parameters forward speed context stable means bike continue rolling forward falling long forward speed maintained conversely unstable means bike eventually fall forward speed maintained modes differentiated speed switch stability relative phases leaning steering bike experiences mode bike motion consists combination amounts possible modes main modes bike experience lesser known mode rear usually stable word describe bike falling wheel usually direction lean stop increasing lean high lean angle reached point steering turn opposite direction happen slowly bike moving forward rapidly instability slow order seconds easy rider control actually rider initiate lean necessary turn depending geometry mass distribution stable low speeds stable speed increases longer stable tire interaction pavement sufficient prevent unstable high speeds word describe slow leaning left steering right vice versa entire bike affected significant changes steering angle lean angle roll heading angle steering phase heading phase leaning movie shows depending geometry mass distribution unstable low speeds pronounced speed increases longer unstable decrease frequency actually increases speed tank speed death words phrases describe rapid primarily end wheel fork involved rear frame contribute flexible instability occurs high speed similar experienced shopping cart wheels airplane landing gear automobile wheels easily adjusting speed position grip fatal left begins minor fork wheel restoring force applied phase progress wheel turns process repeated insufficient steering increase system failure occurs frequency changed changing forward speed making bike lighter increasing steering rider main component rear term rear describe mode lean angle roll heading angle phase phase steer angle rate moderate maximum rear heavily falls quickly bike speed increases design criteria effect design parameters bike modes investigated examining motion details motion section motion general conclusions drawn described lateral rear frame wheel affects mode substantially long trail flat steering head angle found increase mode lateral distortion countered locating fork axis low possible tendencies degraded rear suspension length rear tire largest contribution parameters tire lesser effect rear loading tendencies rear load assemblies appropriate successful study shown theoretically bike turn road mode high speed mode low speed frequencies match vehicle speed parameters mode effective steering mode worse light riders heavy riders riding riding theoretically identical riding stationary pavement physical testing confirmed developed specifically indoor bicycle training riding investigation appear simple mechanisms major moving parts frame fork wheels parts arranged way makes complicated analyze fact ridden effects wheels canceled hypothesis effects wheels bike upright common print online examples print angular momentum motorcycle counter steering discussion demonstration motorcycle hill new_york new_york longitudinal dynamics experience variety longitudinal forces motions wheel turned entire rear frame pitches forward slightly depending steering axis angle trail rear trim describe geometric configuration bike especially response forces braking accelerating turning drive train aerodynamic drag load borne wheels varies center mass location turn varies location passengers acceleration phenomenon known load transfer weight transfer depending author provides challenges opportunities riders designers example motorcycle use increase friction available tire attempts reduce suspension compression heavy braking spawned motorcycle fork designs net aerodynamic drag forces considered act single point called center pressure high speeds create net moment rear driving wheel result net transfer load wheel rear wheel depending shape bike shape installed aerodynamic lift present increases reduces load wheel stability stable stationary bike unstable sufficient acceleration second law analyze ground reaction forces generated example normal vertical ground reaction forces wheels bike formula center mass height formula distance formula rear wheel hub simplicity wheels locked expressed formula rear wheel formula wheel horizontal forces simply formula rear wheel formula wheel formula friction formula total mass bike rider formula acceleration gravity formula occurs center mass line extending wheel contact patch inclined angle formula horizontal normal force rear wheel zero point equation longer applies bike begin flip loop forward wheel hand center mass height line tandem long wheel base cars likely wheel generate braking force flip bike means nearly limit tires road reach friction upright bicycle best conditions science author points puts upright particular risk causing rear end collision cars similarly powerful generate rear wheel lift wheel ground maneuver called line similar described analyze braking performance drawn rear wheel contact patch predict possible given available friction center mass location sufficient power happen power available center mass far rider applying power course angle terrain influence calculations remaining equal risk pitching end reduced riding hill increased riding hill possibility performing increases riding hill major factor motorcycle competitions braking according ground conditions braking rider motion seeking change speed combined mass rider plus bike negative acceleration line travel acceleration causes forward force mass braking initial speed final speed length time equation implies greater acceleration shorter time needed change speed stopping distance shortest acceleration highest possible value compatible road conditions equation makes low high low braking force apply wheel depends ground conditions balance weight wheels instant time total braking force exceed gravity force rider bike times friction tire ground occurs ratio greater rear wheel having negative impact lateral stability braking force line travel linear tends rotate tendency rotate moment resisted moment taking moments wheel contact point instance time braking mass typically way rear wheels greater constant light braking emergency stop required poor ground conditions prevent heavy braking weight rests rear wheel meaning large contribute braking increases decrease moment increases maximum constant clockwise anti clockwise moments equal point greater factors downhill easier wheel moves line closer try reduce tendency rider stand try far possible braking increasing center mass forward relative wheel rider moves forward relative bike bike suspension wheel load changing bike geometry puts extra load wheel end brake maneuver rider comes halt suspension pushes rider values vary greatly depending number factors material ground road surface ground wet dry ground ground speed vehicle friction reducing mph friction rolling sliding sliding friction peak rolling friction braking braking force standard upright comes wheel analysis shows brakes strong rear wheel easy wheel generate stopping force flip rider bike wheel called rear wheel lifted bike flip abbreviated form end end bike long low cruiser tire instead possibly causing loss balance assuming loss balance possible braking performance depending bike geometry location center gravity bike rider maximum friction case suspension especially fork tubes increase downward force wheel braking cause suspension end lower known brake diving riding technique takes advantage braking increases downward force wheel known trail braking wheel braking limiting factors maximum wheel braking maximum limiting value static friction tire ground rubber dry asphalt friction brake pads rim disk pitching bike rider wheel upright bicycle dry asphalt excellent brakes pitching probably limiting factor combined center mass typical upright bicycle rider wheel contact patch allowing maximum rider brakes properly pitching avoided rider moves weight larger possible brakes inexpensive strong road limiting factor cheap brakes especially power style pull brakes severely restrict stopping force wet conditions effective wheel common road mud water loose stones reduce friction tire trail tires effect grabbing surface irregularities wheel common corners road acceleration adds forces tire ground contact friction force exceeded wheel rear wheel braking rear brake upright bicycle produce best decrease normal force rear wheel described rear braking subject limitation example coaster brake fixed gear braking mechanism situations warrant rear wheel braking slippery surfaces surfaces wheel braking lower friction cause wheel results loss balance flat tire braking wheel flat tire cause tire come rim greatly reduces friction case wheel result loss balance brake failure long require good rear brake near rear wheel braking technique expert opinion varies use equally fastest stop bike normal apply brake hard rear wheel lift ground depending road conditions rider skill level desired fraction maximum possible suspension rear suspension suspension operate primarily central plane symmetry consideration given lateral compliance goals bike suspension reduce vibration experienced rider maintain wheel contact ground maintain vehicle trim primary suspension parameters sprung mass tire characteristics irregularities terrain brake acceleration drive train forces activate suspension described examples include bob pedal feedback shaft effect brake dive vibration study vibrations includes causes engine balance wheel balance ground surface transmission absorption effects bike rider safety important factor vibration analysis comparison natural frequencies system possible driving frequencies vibration sources close match means mechanical resonance result large challenge vibration create compliance certain directions vertically sacrificing frame needed power transmission handling issue vibration bike possibility failure material fatigue effects vibration riders include discomfort loss efficiency secondary form disease body vibration instruments inaccurate difficult read primary cause vibrations properly functioning bicycle surface rolls addition tires traditional bicycle variety techniques developed damp vibrations reach rider include materials carbon fiber frame key components fork tube shapes curved seat stays special specialized addition road surface vibrations motorcycle caused engine wheels manufacturers employ variety technologies reduce damp vibrations engine balance shafts rubber engine mounts tire weights problems vibration causes spawned industry market parts systems designed reduce add include weights isolated foot engine high speeds riders experience aerodynamic changing air flow key parts experimentation variety experiments performed order verify bike dynamics built search configuration built confirm jones findings built bike rocket bike investigate steering effects built motorcycle fixed investigate effects rider motion position steering performed measurements bike moore performed measurements bike | Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
15448_M-derivedfilter | derived filter parts article section rely reader knowledge complex representation knowledge frequency domain representation signals derived filters type filters type electronic filter designed image method invented early 1920s filter type originally intended use telephone improvement existing constant type filter main problem addressed need achieve better match filter terminating general filters designed image method fail exact match type filter big improvement suitable choice type filter section advantage rapid transition cut frequency pass band pole inside stop band despite advantages type filters frequencies past pole response starts rise types poor stop band rejection reason filters designed type sections designed composite filters mixture type type sections different values different points performance types background patented matching network essence called type filters image method pre dated publication constant type design type filter based published image analysis theory type filters popular type filters image designed filters general rarely designed having superseded advanced network synthesis methods building block derived filters image filters network called half section composed series derived filter derivative constant filter starting point design values derived constant prototype given formula nominal filter designer arbitrary constant different kinds derived section series obtain derived series half section designer determines added image image original constant section general formula image additional required shown formula obtain derived half section added image image original half section additional required shown formula general arrangements circuits shown right specific example low pass section consequence design derived half section match type section type section value match type section value sides offer type operating frequency low pass half section shown cut frequency type type given formula pole occurs formula clear smaller values produce formula closer cut frequency formula cut despite cut brings unwanted stop band response type closer cut frequency making difficult filtered subsequent sections value chosen usually compromise conflicting requirements practical limit small inherent resistance effect causing pole deep longer genuinely infinite pole slope cut steep effect marked formula brought closer formula improvement response image following expressions image referenced low pass prototype section scaled nominal frequencies expressions scaled cut frequency series sections image series section given formula constant section formula sections image section given formula constant section formula type section image type low pass section purely real cut frequency purely imaginary chart seen closest match constant pure resistance termination occurs approximately transmission parameters derived section general transmission parameters half section given formula half sections formula particular example low pass section transmission parameters solve differently frequency bands formula transmission formula formula transmission parameters formula formula transmission parameters formula prototype plots shown image phase change plots low pass prototype filter section prototype cut frequency nominal produced filter half section henry prototype scaled frequency scaled desired values low pass prototype transformed high pass band pass band stop types application suitable frequency sections half sections form composite filter like face like combinations circuits formed identical half sections faces section called section faces section formed section additions half sections forms ladder network start end series elements born mind characteristics filter predicted image method accurate section terminated image usually true sections end usually terminated fixed resistance section end filter accurate prediction effects terminating masked intervening sections usual provide half half sections ends filter value gives best match termination | M-derived filter | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
15497_Prototypefilter | prototype filter prototype filters electronic filter designs template produce modified filter design particular application example design desired filter scaled transformed seen regard electronic filters especially linear passive filters principle method applied kind linear filter signal processing including mechanical acoustic optical filters filters required operate different frequencies utility prototype filter comes property filters derived applying scaling factor components prototype filter design need carried filters obtained simply applying scaling factor especially useful ability transform case transform simple scale factor meant indicate category filter possesses usual possible particular possible filter multiple fact treatments filter considered type multiple filter having commonly prototype filter expressed filter techniques possible parts article section rely reader knowledge complex representation knowledge frequency domain representation signals low pass prototype prototype low pass filter corner frequency angular frequency occasionally frequency instead likewise nominal characteristic filter set principle non zero frequency point filter response reference prototype design example filters corner frequency usually defined highest frequency maximum case image filters older design method modern network synthesis filters use cut frequency point cut defined point type filter prototype filter produce filters class order instance fifth order filter prototype converted fifth order filter transformed order filter fifth order filter frequency scaling prototype filter scaled frequency required following transformation formula value frequency cut frequency prototype desired value transfer function filter transformed formula readily seen achieve non components filter transformed formula formula scaling scaling invariably scaling fixed resistance filter nominally taken fixed resistance carry scaling nominal element filter transformed formula convenient elements scale instead formula readily seen achieve non components filter scaled formula formula scaling effect transfer function filter providing terminating scaling applied usual combine frequency scaling single step formula formula transformation general filter transformed replacing occurs transfer function function turn leads transformation components filter component frequency scaling trivial case transformation corresponding transformation frequency transformation required case formula point filter corresponding prototype transfer function transforms formula transformed according formula transformed formula quantities component value prototype case required frequency transformation formula factor equal formula lower upper frequency points respectively response corresponding prototype formula formula absolute frequency filter note frequency scaling prototype prior transformation affect frequency instead affects final filter transfer function filter transformed according formula transformed series formula transformed parallel formula required frequency transformation formula transformed parallel formula transformed series formula multi band filters multiple obtained applying general transformation formula number expression corresponds number required filters viewed special cases expression terms zero appropriate filters regarded combination filter multiple filters expressed terms multiple filter way seen transformation represents general case viewed special cases response obtained convenient component transforming multiple instead multiple required transformation cases formula alternative prototype treatment image filters provided alternative basis constructing prototype based frequency domain prototypes correspond particular transformed giving special significance makes method pleasing common use prototype considers filter sections components transformation carried port network terminal transfer function expressed terms product series filter half section article image description half sections quantity adding prototype generally complex quantity formula general functions properly write formula image filters possible obtain filters different classes constant filter prototype means different kind transformation composite image filter constant filters constant reason filters classes given terms constant formula case networks quantity zero need considered ranges centre cut frequency continues increase negatively regardless filter designed obtain required following transforms constant prototype scaled formula independent variable response plot formula prototype formula formula formula | Prototype filter | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
15811_ImplosionofRadioNetworkHouse | august new_zealand controlled building demolition explosives like buildings central city damaged repair february earthquake added demolition list august july announced building going involving specialist company america large track record type work right push button auction website auction highest page views winning bid consortium demolition contractors allowed child cancer foundation nominate year old boy trigger event carefully monitored assess approach potential future applications went problems anticipated paved way new_zealand general particular background storey office tower constructed building located worcester street north street block manchester street square years owned company west arch ltd building operated studio displayed logo building shows school face music later son filmed tower block vacated building late following decision produced shows wellington late 1990s telecommunications company new_zealand owned naming rights building acquired december form clear logo prominently displayed building building naming rights sold renamed ownership west arch ltd time demolition logo subsidiary displayed building canterbury region hit series earthquakes february earthquake damaged office building repair people worked building earthquakes following earthquakes set manage recovery process preparation august added list buildings demolished july local canterbury newspaper press reported approved day press conference held representatives demolition companies involved addressed media main contractor demolition engaged new_zealand turn partnered american company based phoenix maryland track record considered world leader field test case technique applied new_zealand tall buildings demolished challenging controlled demolition inc new_zealand buildings designed withstand earthquake loading reinforcing buildings usually deal demolition buildings stripped contents including internal fees dumping demolition waste risen earthquakes economical demolition contractors produce clean demolition material holes support columns building filled total kilograms explosives set destroy support structure cause collapse building challenge demolition contractor explosives available new_zealand low velocity low energy representative stated demolition process weeks save money costs compared conventional demolition owner building insurance covering costs owner building stated cheaper option company conventional demolition save thousands likened consent process wanting sail america everybody telling owner building corner manchester worcester street metres away threatened seek court injunction raised concerns potential seismic activity possible damage new building transferred dust original building destroyed earthquake new buildings centre rebuilt concerns dismissed demolition contractors threatened court action auction soon announcement approved reported demolition contractors considered putting right push button auction proceeds going charity seen company representatives quoted issue liability needed worked auction set internet auction website went live tuesday july set reserve meaning theoretically right push button sold auction hugely popular hour bidding reached bidding reached bids considered illegitimate staff removed cases requested removed auction closed received highest number viewers views winning bid placed consortium seven demolition contractors currently undertake central city construction construction demolition march construction brown demolition ward demolition gave right choose person push button nominated year old boy charity chosen receive proceeds auction canterbury earthquake passed funds heritage building registered category government new_zealand pledged match donations restoration heritage buildings dollar dollar final received demolition companies involved appealed public day prior stay away health safety reasons watch proceedings internet television stations live streams event press announced post video website shortly exclusion zone place ensure approximately metres building despite appeal thousands filled street sunday morning august series short explosions heard followed series couple seconds later building collapsed north planned manager quoted saying went bit hoped lucky explosions heard objectives approving find soil behaved built worst soils readings showed ground velocity comparable large truck slowly driving demolition site concerns performance poor soils building removed easier building owners obtain consent likely representative describing market target rich environment second building early attracted global attention media australia canada ireland south_africa united_states covering event | Implosion of Radio Network House | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
16151_InternationalAerialRoboticsCompetition | international aerial competition international aerial competition began campus longest running university based competition world collegiate teams backing industry government fielded autonomous flying robots attempt perform missions requiring robotic behaviors exhibited flying machine term aerial coined competition creator describe new class small highly intelligent flying machines successive years competition saw aerial robots grow capabilities vehicles barely maintain air recent self stable self navigating able interact environment especially objects ground primary goal competition provide reason state art aerial forward challenges set international collegiate community geared producing advances state art increasingly aggressive pace total missions proposed involved fully autonomous robotic behavior time impossible robotic system fielded world sophisticated military robots belonging super powers october new seventh mission proposed previous missions mission involves totally autonomous flying robots mission involve interaction multiple ground robots simultaneous competition aerial robots working clock influence behavior trajectory autonomous ground robots creator officially recognized georgia legislative session form senate resolution recognized longest running aerial competition world having responsible moving forward state art aerial occasions past quarter century history mission initial mission metallic disc arena completely autonomous flying robot seen impossible college teams continued improve entries years competition saw autonomous takeoff flight landing team years later team stanford_university able acquire single disk arena fully autonomous flight half decade earlier predicted second mission competition mission bit abstract requiring teams search toxic waste dump map location partially buried randomly oriented toxic waste drums identify contents drum hazard labels found outside drum bring sample drums human intervention whatsoever team backing created small fully autonomous flying robot repeatedly correctly mapped location toxic waste drums correctly identified contents air completing approximately seventy percent mission following year aerial robot developed team completed entire mission mission mission begun search rescue mission requiring fully autonomous robots fly disaster area search survivors dead amid raging fires broken water clouds toxic gas rubble destroyed buildings scenario recreated hammer training facility hazards recreated realism scenario instead human actors simulate survivors incapable disaster area aerial robot germany able detect avoid obstacles destroyed robot identify dead ground survivors distinguishing based movement relay pictures survivors locations attempt rescue mission completed fourth mission fourth mission initiated fully autonomous mission involved scenarios requiring autonomous behavior scenario hostage rescue mission submarine kilometers coast world nation send aerial robot find coastal city identify embassy hostages held locate valid openings embassy building enter send probe relay pictures hostages submarine prior mounting amphibious assault embassy free hostages second scenario revolved discovery ancient archaeologists ancient virus contained quickly killed archaeological team prior death important hanging inside local government planning area fuel air explosion minutes scientists send autonomous aerial robot find enter send probe relay pictures prior destruction contents scenario involved explosion nuclear facility killed disaster scientists send aerial robot find operating building enter building send probe relay pictures control panels determine melt imminent scientists forced maintain kilometer stand distance extreme radiation hazard missions involve elements rapid path location building complex location specific building complex identification valid openings building entry building aerial robot carrying relay pictures launch point away mission completion minutes autonomy aspects mission fourth mission conducted fort soldier battle lab site complete german village created war gaming main cold war threat perceived come gap germany fourth mission completed teams having demonstrated required aerial robotic behaviors mandated fourth mission rules able demonstrate behaviors seamlessly minutes feat considered organizer judges inevitable given bit time longer significant challenge fourth mission terminated awards distributed fifth mission established fifth mission fifth mission picked fourth mission left demonstrating fully autonomous aerial robotic behaviors necessary rapidly negotiate confined internal spaces structure penetrated air vehicle nuclear complex explosion scenario fourth mission backdrop fifth mission fifth mission required fully autonomous aerial vehicle launched outside structure demonstrated fourth mission penetrate structure negotiate complex interior space containing small rooms obstacles dead ends order search designated target aid global positioning navigational aids relay pictures monitoring station distance structure indoor flight issues held conjunction event sixth mission sixth mission began extension fifth mission theme autonomous indoor flight behavior sixth mission demanded advanced behaviors currently possible aerial robot extant espionage mission involved stealing flash drive particular room building knowledge floor plan identical drive avoid detection theft indoor flight issues held concurrently 20th anniversary competition current 6th mission available competition web site seventh mission seventh mission began demanding advanced behaviors currently possible aerial robot extant mission involves autonomous aerial robots controlling autonomous ground robots mission divided mission mission requires single autonomous aerial robot herd autonomous ground robot targets possible green boundary line minutes arena feet feet green boundary line end red boundary line opposite end white pattern floor arena unknown aerial robot designers known feet feet white square grid pattern arena seen arena floor walls slam mapping gps availability techniques optical flow optical possible solutions navigation arena addition ground robot targets tall robot obstacles feet height arena collisions obstacle ground robots ends run score non obstacle ground robot targets automatically reverse direction seconds noise applied second intervals aerial robot touches ground robot ground robot turn clockwise aerial robot blocks forward motion landing ground robot targets reverse direction ground robot targets escape arena count aerial robot team score autonomous aerial robots decide ground robots imminent danger crossing boundary green green boundary ground robot targets green red mission pits best teams green ground robots green boundary opponent red ground robots similarly opponent trying red ground robots red boundary opponent green ground robots official rules current 7th mission available competition web site addition video derived august events held china explains details mission participants collegiate teams participating come primarily united_states germany england switzerland spain canada chile iran india teams range size students undergraduate graduate students teams teams composed entirely industry permitted enter assist student teams funding equipment aerial robots aerial robots vary design fixed wing conventional helicopters fans bizarre hybrid creations competition focuses fully autonomous behavior air vehicle importance teams choosing develop new air vehicle types won comparison adapt existing working air vehicles concentrate performing mission developing fly result adaptations conventional wing fixed wing entries overall winners fans close second aerial robots autonomous compete based ability sense semi structured environment competition arena intelligent controlled remote human operator power need carried air vehicle computers operating standard commercial power set outside competition arena boundary directional data transmitted vehicles arena size weight constraints normally placed aerial robots equipped method manually activated remote primary propulsion system venues international aerial competition held campus mission center asked competition location second mission held entrance park hammer training facility brought conduct mission fourth mission began field maryland moved calgary canada following year unsuitable weather difficulty management extreme electromagnetic interference drove ideal venue issues managed fort soldier site fourth mission scenarios existence village provides perfect venue nature challenge fifth mission took place indoor location sixth mission initiated campus august sixth mission moved beginning second venue established beijing china beginning asia pacific venue serves asian australian continents american venue serves american european african continents teams free enter competition venue beginning august venues conducted sixth mission set rules new seventh mission begun pavilion campus american venue china august prizes prizes traditionally winner competition early years monetary progress awards given development best performers fourth mission realized quick winners years development required teams growing prize pot established adds year prize level set total team completing fourth mission minutes receive entire prize prize distributed based competitor performance closely approaching minute mission goal levels fourth mission demonstrated proving required aerial robotic behaviors possible end event single team able seamlessly demonstrate behaviors minutes divided finalists received calgary remainder shared finalists based merit awarded team addition receiving sponsored prize award received application fee incentive program outlined stated team completing fifth mission year mission receive application fee august team completed entire sixth mission winning spin offs competition creator past president established seed money logistics grand prize backed association initial success tremendous media attention garnered launched intelligent ground vehicle competition years later detroit organized member worked time underwater community represented teamed offer international autonomous underwater vehicle competition held annually competitions land sea air core autonomy distinctive characteristic continues support competitions logistics prize money numerous industry sponsors autonomous aerial robots volume october washington howe design development south school mines technology aerial robotic reconnaissance system proceedings swiss entry international aerial competition proceedings july orlando teaching design design competition education teaching learning era 27th annual conference proceedings november hybrid system design proceedings july robots urban search proceedings conference australian november johnson development autonomous aerial reconnaissance system | International Aerial Robotics Competition | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
16329_Trans-AlaskaPipelineSystem | trans alaska pipeline system includes trans alaska crude oil pipeline pump stations miles world largest pipeline systems commonly called alaska pipeline trans alaska pipeline pipeline pipeline referred alaska terms technically apply miles pipeline diameter inches conveys oil alaska crude oil pipeline privately owned pipeline built oil crisis caused sharp rise oil prices united_states rise exploration oil field economically feasible environmental legal political debates followed discovery oil pipeline built oil crisis provoked passage legislation designed remove legal challenges project task building pipeline address wide range difficulties stemming mainly extreme cold difficult isolated terrain construction pipeline large scale projects deal problems caused special construction techniques developed cope frozen ground project attracted tens thousands workers alaska causing atmosphere anchorage barrel oil traveled pipeline scale production began end year notable incidents oil occurred including caused sabotage maintenance failures bullet holes pipeline shipped billion barrels oil origins people alaska mined oil saturated possibly thousands years fuel heat light stayed point saw substance called pitch recognized petroleum settled operated trading posts arctic coast directed oil far north alaska east village brooks report confirmed observations officer observed similar found following world war united_states_navy converted ships coal fuel oil importance securing stable supply oil important government accordingly president established executive order series naval petroleum reserves united_states reserves areas thought rich oil set aside future drilling naval sited alaska far north south encompassed acres km2 naval petroleum reserves embroiled controversy government corruption dome scandal undertaken focused mapping identifying coal resources western portion reserve petroleum exploration eastern northern portions reserve surveys primarily pedestrian nature drilling remote sensing techniques available time surveys named geographic features areas explored including efforts summarized petroleum reserve lay dormant second world war provided impetus explore new oil prospects renewed efforts identify strategic oil assets survey bush aircraft local guides personnel multiple agencies locate reported reported initial starting funded oil exploration near foothills spread petroleum reserve worked determine extent navy suspended funding project found oil fields notably alpine oil field cost effective develop years navy suspended survey later enormously successful oil near southern alaska near resulting alaska major commercially producing oil field spurred exploration development oil natural gas fields developed success previous navy exploration petroleum reserve led petroleum engineers conclusion area alaska north surely held large amounts oil gas problems came area harsh climate estimated barrels barrels oil recovered oil field commercially viable began detailed survey work area january reports began circulating natural gas discovered discovery march drilling crew hit discovery began flowing rate barrels oil day june announced second discovery likewise producing oil similar rate wells confirmed existence new field contained billion barrels oil making largest north_america 18th largest world problem soon develop oil field ship product markets pipeline systems represent high initial cost lower operating costs pipeline length needed constructed solutions offered boeing proposed series gigantic engine tanker aircraft transport oil field boeing proposed line tanker submarines travel beneath arctic ice cap group proposed extending ice breaking oil proposed transport oil directly sent specially fitted oil tanker test feasibility transporting oil ice breaking market manhattan fitted ice breaking bow powerful engines hardened propellers successfully traveling atlantic_ocean voyage ship suffered damage cargo holds flooded wind blown ice forced manhattan change intended route smaller prince wales escorted manhattan successfully summer concept considered risky pipeline viable system transporting oil nearest port free pack ice miles away forming february sailed east_coast starting point unincorporated joint group created october asked permission interior begin geological engineering studies proposed oil pipeline route alaska feasibility studies began oil companies chosen approximate route pipeline permission given teams engineers began drilling core samples surveying alaska hoped begin laying pipe september substantial orders placed steel pipeline inches diameter american company manufactured pipe specification japanese companies received million contract miles pipeline time placed million order enormous pumps needed push oil pipeline june traveled formally applied permit build oil pipeline miles public land application foot wide right way build subterranean inch centimeter pipeline including pumping stations right way requested build construction maintenance highway paralleling pipeline document pages contained information collected route stage surveying responded sending personnel analyze proposed route plan arctic expert charge concluded plan bury pipeline completely abundance route report said hot oil conveyed pipeline melt underlying causing pipeline fail support turned mud report passed appropriate committees senate approve right way proposal asked land authorized mineral act break development freeze imposed secretary interior stewart imposed freeze projects involving land claimed hopes overarching native claims settlement result fall set bypassing land freeze obtaining native villages claims portion proposed right way end september relevant villages waived right way claims secretary interior asked congress lift land freeze entire project months questioning house senate committees oversight project given authority lift land freeze ahead began issuing letters intent contractors construction haul road highway running length pipeline route construction heavy equipment prepared crews prepared work gave permission snow melted act conservation groups asked judge washington issue injunction project continuing native villages waived claims right way chosen native contractors project contractors chosen likely hire native workers april judge district_of_columbia ordered issue construction permit section project crossed claims weeks later hart heard arguments conservation groups project violated mineral act gone effect start year hart issued injunction project preventing issuing construction permit halting project tracks stopped issuing construction permit unincorporated consortium reorganized new incorporated manager charge new company began lobby strongly favor alaska native claims settlement resolve disputes pipeline right way opposition opposition construction pipeline primarily came sources groups upset pipeline cross land traditionally claimed variety native groups economic benefits directly angry saw america wilderness opposition movements launched legal campaigns halt pipeline successful preventing construction conservation objections conservation groups environmental organizations voiced opposition pipeline project introduction allowed legal grounds halt project arctic engineers raised concerns way plans subterranean pipeline showed ignorance arctic engineering particular clause requiring study alternatives clause requiring environmental impact statement turned concerns tools friends earth spring lawsuit stop project injunction project forced research summer collected material turned october draft environmental impact statement published january statement met massive criticism moment released statement amounted pages generated pages testimony evidence congressional debates end march criticisms project included effect alaska possible pollution harm animals geographic features lack engineering information element opposition report discussion alternatives proposed alternatives extension alternative route canada establishing port deemed pose environmental risks construction pipeline directly alaska opposition directed building construction maintenance highway parallel pipeline clause pipeline proposal called removal pipeline certain point provision removal road president warned oil years road remain forever argument relied slow growth plants animals far northern alaska harsh conditions short growing season testimony argued arctic trees feet tall george_washington inaugurated portion environmental debate biggest symbolic impact took place discussing pipeline impact proposed pipeline effect similar effect railroad american population north_america pipeline critics said pipeline block traditional migration routes making populations smaller making easier hunt idea exploited anti pipeline advertising notably picture carrying legally shot slogan way use example pipeline environmental effects reached peak spring draft environmental statement debated native objections set aside acres km2 natives lived area protested land theirs taken congress passed law allowing sue resulting case dragged million settlement reached following native lawsuit halt work precedent frequently mentioned debate causing pressure resolve situation quickly years taken satisfied succession bills introduced compensate statewide native claims earliest bill offered million rejected created hired justice suggested settlement include million acres km2 land payment million issue remained began lobbying favor native claims act congress order lift legal injunction pipeline construction october president richard_nixon signed alaska native claims settlement act act native groups renounce land claims exchange million million acres km2 federal land money land split village regional corporations distributed shares stock natives region village shares paid based settlement corporation profits pipeline developers important aspect clause native selected path pipeline legal issues politics oil companies fought objections pipeline construction courts congress debates pipeline environmental impact statement continued objections countered observations water pipeline diameter able jump argued pipeline alter alaska wilderness proponents pointed remnants erased years later pipeline opponents satisfied preliminary design incorporated underground raised crossings big game gravel prevent melting automatic leak detection techniques opponents including fishermen feared tanker leaks south maintained disagreement plan arguments pipeline incorporated page volume final environmental impact statement released march alaska felt statement written proponent maintained general approval pipeline construction demonstrated draft statement secretary interior rogers allowed days comment release created page document opposing impact statement document failed sway judge hart lifted injunction project august environmental groups filed injunction appealed decision october washington partially reversed hart decision appeals court said impact statement followed guidelines set follow minerals act allowed smaller pipeline right way required oil companies appealed decision april court declined hear case congressional issues appeals court having decided cover pipeline requirements oil companies began lobbying congress amend act create new law permit larger right way began hearings series bills effect march environmental opposition switched pipeline grounds fighting amendment act new bill spring summer opposition groups attempted persuade congress endorse oil pipeline railroad believed leave ground argument doomed fail best way oppose pipeline propose ineffective alternative easily defeated problem approach alternative cover ground damaging environmentally hearings house continued summer new bills amendments july amendment calling study project defeated followed victory pipeline proponents amendment alaska passed senate amendment declared pipeline project fulfilled aspects modified mineral act allow larger right way alaska pipeline vote tied required vote vice president supported amendment similar amendment passed house august oil crisis authorization act october announced oil united_states retaliation support israel war united_states imported approximately percent oil foreign sources major effect price gasoline shot upward gasoline shortages common considered americans began demanding solution problem president richard_nixon began lobbying answer nixon supported pipeline project oil crisis september released message stating pipeline priority remainder congressional session year november place weeks reaffirmed statement members congress pressure constituents created trans alaska pipeline authorization act removed legal barriers construction pipeline provided financial incentives granted right way construction act drafted rushed committee approved house november vote day senate passed nixon signed law november federal right way pipeline transportation highway granted january deal signed oil companies january allowing work start construction legal right way cleared january cold weather need hire workers construction highway meant work pipeline begin march july barrel oil reached tens thousands people worked pipeline thousands workers came alaska attracted prospect high paying jobs time rest united_states undergoing recession construction workers endured long hours cold temperatures brutal conditions difficult terrain particularly near forced workers come solutions problems faulty accusations poor quality control caused congressional investigation ultimately revealed little billion spent build miles pipeline pump stations construction effort human toll thirty contract employees died causes directly related construction figure include common carrier casualties impact construction completion immense effect alaska united_states rest world impact included economic physical social repercussions running life small towns global oil market construction pipeline caused massive economic boom towns pipeline route prior construction residents towns like recovering devastating flood strongly supported pipeline town residents endured spike crime public infrastructure influx people unfamiliar alaska customs percent said pipeline changed worse boom greater population jumped summer increase population caused adverse effects home prices home sold purchased lots land sold late 1960s went home apartment upward rising prices demand pipeline workers room log rented month bedroom home housed pipeline workers shared beds rotating schedule week apartment rented month december cost month march month plus mandatory april hotel rooms sold far away miles north prices driven high salaries paid pipeline workers eager spend money high salaries caused corresponding demand higher wages non pipeline workers alaska non pipeline businesses demand higher wages job turnover high yellow cab turnover rate percent nearby restaurant turnover rate percent positions filled high school students promoted experience level meet demand high school ran shifts morning afternoon order teach students worked hours day wages people meant higher demand goods services waiting line fact life world sales recently opened stockholm store contractors bought bulk local stores causing shortages cars tractor parts water salt batteries large sums money spent caused crime illicit activity towns pipeline route exacerbated fact police officers state resigned large groups pipeline security guards wages far excess available public sector jobs second avenue notorious prostitutes dozens bars operated town estimated prostitutes working city people prostitutes brought engaged turf fights police responded shootout automatic firearms large biggest police issue number drunken fighting pipeline major problem poor accounting record keeping allowed large numbers tools large amounts equipment stolen los_angeles_times reported yellow painted trucks missing alaska scattered miami mexico_city denied problem said trucks missing theft problem practice boxes pipeline camps boxes filled items shipped ruled packages sealed presence security guard number packages sent camps dropped percent economy alaska completion government state alaska reliant taxes paid oil producers prior alaska personal income tax rate percent highest united_states gross state product billion earned billion personal income thirty years pipeline began operating state personal income tax gross state product billion earned billion personal income alaska moved heavily state tax free state difference taxes revenue brought alaska oil companies injected dollars alaska economy construction effort years afterward addition taxes paid companies altered tax structure state years pipeline started transporting oil percent alaska revenue came directly petroleum industry series taxes levied oil production alaska changed times overall form remains alaska receives royalties oil production state land state property tax oil production structures transportation pipeline property state property tax alaska special corporate income tax petroleum companies state taxes petroleum produced production tax levied cost oil pump station tax state takes market value oil transportation costs tanker pipeline production costs resulting barrel oil produced month state takes percentage dollar figure produced latest taxation system introduced governor passed year maximum tax rate profits percent rate based cost oil lower prices lower tax rates state claims percent oil produced state royalty oil sold oil companies generating additional revenue local level pipeline owners pay property taxes portions pipeline pipeline facilities lay districts impose property tax property tax based pipeline value assessed state local property tax rate example pipeline owners paid million property taxes approximately percent property taxes paid borough enormous public revenue created pipeline provoked debates record million created oil lease sale took place time entire state budget million entire created sale taxes pipeline oil carried promised bring money state ensure oil revenue wasn spent came alaska legislature governor proposed creation long term savings account state measure required constitutional amendment duly passed november amendment requires percent mineral extraction revenue deposited february deposit deposit subsequent ones invested entirely bonds debates quickly arose style investments alaska legislature created manage investments passed permanent fund program provided annual payments interest earned fund years legal arguments eligible payments checks distributed peaking billion fund value declined approximately billion summer addition state maintains separate savings account established legal dispute pipeline generated time payment billion oil companies reserve run similar money withdrawn pay state annual budget unlike oil prices began pumping oil major immediate impact global oil prices partly took years reach production partly production outside alaska declined mid-1980s iranian revolution price increases triggered energy crisis despite production increases oil prices remained high late 1980s stable international situation removal price controls peak production contributed 1980s oil delivering percent oil production oil production declined share production today provides percent oil production social impact pipeline attracts tens thousands visitors annually pipeline tourism trips notable visitors included president king norway knight starred movies pipeline construction pipe dreams film critically panned films deadly ground days night refer pipeline use plot device pipeline inspired forms artwork notable form art unique pipeline pipeline maps portions scrap pipe cut shape alaska piece metal path pipeline map pipeline maps frequently created working pipeline maps frequently sold tourists given away gifts pipeline inspired pieces art include objects containing crude oil transported pipeline technical details oil going comes oil fields alaska bay oil field commonly associated pipeline contributes oil liberty oil fields oil emerges ground approximately time reaches pump station stretch crude oil specific gravity pipeline carried approximately thousand barrels day theoretical maximum capacity million barrels day actual maximum million barrels day pump station takes average days oil travel entire length pipeline speed miles hour minimum flow pipeline clearly defined maximum operating lower flows extend life pipeline increasing profit owners flow significantly pipeline designed low require oil slower line meaning temperature drops high flow situations freeze line block pig line force repairs engineering report stated avoid freezing need installed pump stations report noted improvements bring flow low attempt determine absolute minimum studies suggested minimum current pipeline replace pipeline pipeline use rail rest way allow little pumping stations maintain momentum oil goes pipeline pump station northernmost pump stations spread length pipeline original design called pump stations pumps pump station built pump stations retained intended naming system stations operating number increased rose december stations operating pump station held reserve pump stations capacity moving gallons minute min stations capacity gal min min pumps natural gas liquid fueled turbines thermal seismic accommodations inch diameter steel pipeline pipe stations end line miles linear distance station miles pipeline crosses major streams rivers nearly minor ones highest point pipeline feet sea level maximum grade pipeline pipeline created foot meter sections thousand sections double joint laid place line thousand field needed join double joints continuous pipeline pipe different miles inches thick remaining miles inches thick vertical support members hold sections pipeline pipeline contains end pipeline store million barrels oil eighteen storage tanks provide capacity feet tall feet diameter average given time million barrels power plants terminal generate tanker available ships addition loading oil pumping takes place filled marine terminal maintenance pipeline surveyed times day air foot road patrols place check problems leaks pipe settling shifting pipeline surveyed little hours surveys longer ensure external standard maintenance majority pipeline maintenance pipeline pigs mechanical devices sent pipeline perform variety functions common pig pig removes wax oil collects walls pipeline colder oil wax buildup buildup cause variety problems regular needed pipe clear second type pig travels pipe looks detecting pigs use magnetic sensors magnetic sensors detect analyzing variations magnetic field pipeline metal testing pigs detect examining vibrations walls pipeline types pigs look irregularities shape pipeline bending smart pigs contain variety sensors perform multiple tasks typically pigs inserted travel length pipeline july pig installed pump station near pipeline type common maintenance installation replacement subterranean portions pipeline reduce caused action affect interred sections pipeline excavation replacement required incidents pipeline times damaged sabotage human error maintenance failures natural disasters law required report significant oil regulatory authorities oil spill best known accident involving alaska oil involve pipeline following spill created rapid response force paid oil companies including found liable spill explosion july pump station killed worker injured destroyed pump station later announced cause workers following proper procedures causing crude oil flow pump repair time alaska pipeline june august seven incidents accidents caused pipeline shut periodically investigated system recommendations largest oil spill involving main pipeline took place february unknown individual blew inch centimeter hole creek east approximately barrels oil leaked hole pipeline shut hours restarted steel pipe resistant resisted occasions october drunken named shot hole near causing second largest mainline oil spill pipeline history approximately barrels leaked pipeline barrels recovered pipeline nearly acres removed cleanup pipeline repaired restarted hours later lewis found guilty december criminal assault drunken driving oil pollution misconduct pipeline built withstand earthquakes forest fires natural disasters earthquake damaged pipeline designed absorb similar caused pipeline shut hours precaution overran portions pipeline damaged shut thousands barrels pump station near scheduled relief valve control circuit failed test fire control system oil poured tank overflowed secondary area leak discovered jan basement pump pump station hours pipeline flow reduced percent normal oil collection system place flow resumed pipeline shut bypass installed avoid leaking section future pipeline decline oil production posed problem pipeline anticipated daily oil approach barrels day additional sources oil developed volumes decrease begin closing pump stations company intends close stations lower require pumping maintain momentum reports supporting drilling coastal plain maintain pipeline reach minimum operating level barrels day estimated levels ongoing exploration outside improvements allow low flow rates extend lifespan far law alaska required remove traces pipeline oil extraction complete date set removal plans updated continuously additional sources allen trans alaska pipeline vol beginning vol south seattle year journey michael bennett social impact alaska anchorage brown tom oil ice wilderness crossroads edited san_francisco happened effects alaska social impact assessment series boulder colorado bruce rush north boston pipeline status report alaska john peter lost frontier new_york survey joe alaska age petroleum big oil bought alaska inc trans alaska pipeline system washington report manning harvey cry crisis rehearsal alaska case study government oil alaska earth san_francisco joe going extremes new_york john coming country miller know financing trans alaska pipeline cleveland john elizabeth seven wonders world history new_york let freeze dark new_york john extreme conditions big oil new_york wolf dreams companies story norman oklahoma daniel prize epic quest oil money power new_york video armstrong john davis mark american experience alaska pipeline pbs season episode april world season episode august | Trans-Alaska Pipeline System | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
16512_Powerdividersanddirectionalcouplers | power directional power power reverse power directional passive devices field radio technology couple defined electromagnetic power transmission line port enabling signal circuit essential feature directional couple power flowing direction power entering output port coupled isolated port coupled port directional frequently constructed coupled transmission lines set close energy passing coupled technique favoured microwave frequencies transmission line designs commonly implement circuit elements component devices possible lower frequencies microwave frequencies particularly higher bands designs correspond conducting transmission line designs types unique directional power applications include providing signal sample measurement monitoring feedback combining feeds antennae antenna beam forming providing cable distributed systems cable separating transmitted received signals telephone lines symbols symbols directional shown figure symbol factor marked directional ports port input port power applied port coupled port portion power applied port appears port transmitted port power port portion went port directional frequently symmetrical exists port isolated port portion power applied port coupled port device normally mode port usually terminated matched load typically termination internal device port accessible user effectively results port device utility second symbol directional figure symbols form formula article meaning port input port symbol power shown figure power directional class device directional tends port devices loosely coupled small fraction input power appears coupled port power devices tight commonly power provide half input power output ports usually considered port device parameters common properties desired directional wide operational high good match ports ports terminated matched loads general characteristics discussed factor factor defined formula input power port output power coupled port figure factor represents primary property directional factor negative quantity exceed passive device practice exceed result power output coupled port power transmitted port effect roles reversed negative quantity minus sign frequently dropped implied running text authors far define positive quantity constant varies frequency different designs reduce perfectly flat theoretically built directional specified terms accuracy frequency band center loss main line loss port port loss formula loss power going coupled port called loss given loss formula loss ideal directional consist entirely loss real directional loss consists combination loss loss conductor loss loss depending frequency range loss significant losses constitute majority total loss theoretical loss shown figure table isolation isolation directional defined difference signal levels input port isolated port ports terminated matched loads isolation formula isolation defined output ports case output ports input considered output port ports input isolated terminated matched loads consequently formula isolation input isolated ports different isolation output ports example isolation ports isolation ports different value isolation estimated plus return loss isolation high possible actual isolated port completely isolated power present directional best isolation directly related isolation defined formula output power coupled port power output isolated port high possible high design frequency sensitive function frequency depends cancellation wave components directional best directly calculated addition isolation negative measurements formula note positive definition formula results formula parameters matrix ideal infinite isolation perfectly matched symmetrical directional given formula formula transmission formula general formula formula complex frequency dependent numbers matrix main diagonal consequence perfect matching power input port reflected port matrix consequence perfect isolation input isolated port passive directional addition formula power entering input port leave ports loss related formula formula factor related formula formula non zero main diagonal entries related return loss non zero entries related isolation similar expressions authors define port numbers ports results scattering matrix longer balance terminology defines power difference output ports hybrid ideal hybrid circuit difference practical device balance frequency dependent departs ideal difference phase balance phase difference output ports hybrid depending type like balance phase difference sensitive input frequency typically vary degrees transmission line types directional coupled transmission lines common form directional pair coupled transmission lines realised number technologies including technologies implementation shown figure quarter directional power coupled line flows opposite direction power main line port arrangement shown figure numbering remains reason called backward main line section ports coupled line section ports directional linear device figure arbitrary port input example seen figure result directly connected port transmitted port adjacent port coupled port diagonal port isolated port directional main line designed high power operation large coupled port use small connector connector internal load power rating limit operation coupled line accuracy factor depends dimensional coupled lines printed technologies comes resolution printing process determines minimum track width produced puts limit close lines placed problem tight required use different design tightly coupled lines produced air permits manufacture printed technology design lines printed opposite sides lines width greater edge coupled line design good work popular format designs exist reason medium different transmission strip leads transmission modes usual mode found circuits propagation odd modes different leading signal better solution coupled line shorter shown figure disadvantage factor rises noticeably frequency variation design encountered coupled line higher main line shown figure design fed power monitoring higher line results higher voltage given main line power making work easier frequency range specified manufacturers coupled line main line response wider instance specified main line operate distributed element circuits coupled response periodic frequency example coupled line responses odd single coupled section good octave achieve greater multiple sections design proceeds way design distributed element filters sections treated sections filter adjusting factor section coupled port classic filter responses flat filter equal filter specified filter response maximum variation output coupled port usually quoted plus minus value nominal factor shown coupled line directional formula purely real formula purely imaginary frequencies leads matrix result coupled port phase output port applications use phase difference letting formula ideal case operation formula branch line branch line consists parallel transmission lines physically coupled branch lines branch lines spaced apart represent sections multi section filter design way multiple sections coupled line section controlled branch lines main coupled line formula system sections higher ratio branch lines high lines narrow tracks usually limits design sections formats manufacturing limitations similar limitation applies factors low requires narrow tracks coupled lines better choice loose required branch line good tight hybrids branch line usually wide coupled lines style good implementing high power air solid bar formats rigid structure easy support construction similar filter paralleled lines achieve strong range power earliest transmission line power simple junctions suffer poor isolation output ports large power reflected port finds way port shown theoretically possible simultaneously match ports passive port poor isolation possible ports fundamental reason port devices implement port power port devices designed power arriving port split port port terminated matching load ideal case goes port term hybrid originally applied coupled line directional directional half input power meant phase matched port isolated arms equal power division called hybrid hybrid types different phase relationships hybrid hybrid article hybrid qualification means coupled line hybrid power power consists parallel transmission lines input fed lines parallel terminated twice system design realised format natural implementation lines kept apart couple brought terminated lines run relying outer screening power matching problem simple junction low ports high isolation output ports input output port designed equal characteristic microwave system achieved making line formula system system lines approximately hybrid coupled line directional described designed called hybrid matrix ideal hybrid reduces formula output ports phase difference hybrid hybrid ring hybrid ring called rat race port directional consisting ring transmission line lines intervals shown figure power input port splits travels ways round ring ports signal arrives phase adds port phase ports phase example hybrid figure shows implementation design implemented possible produce factor different making section ring alternately low high entire ring formula port design ring approximately matrix hybrid given formula hybrid ring ports choosing different port input necessarily produce results port port input hybrid ring hybrid stated port port input results hybrid fact leads useful application hybrid ring produce sum difference signals input signals shown figure ports signal appears port signal appears port multiple output typical power shown figure input power divided equally output ports multiple like reversed channel output consists power relatively inefficient reason half input power goes port dissipated termination load coherent phases arranged cancellation occurred port power port usually entirely independent sources coherent filter networks types directional branch line branch line described implemented hole directional common simplest directional hole directional consists parallel stacked hole power guide launched hole hole example backward concept hole extended providing multiple holes holes spaced apart design parallels multiple section coupled transmission lines multiple holes allows extended designing sections filter class hole size chosen desired section filter design criteria achieve substantially flat high desired band short slot short slot wall common instead long hole slot cut allow design frequently produce reversed phase reversed phase design parallel time long common short wall centre slots cut spaced apart backward design advantage substantially flat response disadvantage strongly frequency dependent compared hole little variation factor crossed guide crossed guide stacked like hole right angles instead parallel centre holes usually cross shaped cut diagonal distance formula apart good tight applications compromise properties hole varying frequency power hybrid ring hybrid ring discussed implemented magic coherent power division accomplished means simple junctions microwave frequencies possible forms plane plane junctions split power equally different field configurations junction electric fields output arms phase plane phase plane combination form hybrid known magic magic port component perform sum difference coherent microwave signals element types hybrid standard hybrid shown figure power port split equally ports hybrid hybrid centre tap usually terminated internally possible bring port case hybrid sum difference hybrid port presents different ports require additional conversion required use port system hybrid commonly telecommunications wire conversion telephone include convert wire line wires cross connected lower frequencies compact implementation means possible figure circuit shown meant weak understood lines signal coming line pair reduces voltage signal reduces current matched argument holds direction signal relative sign induced voltage current determines direction outgoing signal given formula secondary primary turns ratio equal splitting signal transmitted port coupled port formula isolated port terminated twice characteristic system power based circuit phase compared coupled lines phase relationship simple circuit power shown figure circuit implemented delta circuit applying transform delta form uses equal system precision value system available system nominal circuit benefits simplicity low cost wide major circuit dissipate power equal split result loss instead second problem leading poor isolation output ports loss problem unequal split power instance port loss port isolation improved expense loss output ports replacing output pads isolation improvement greater loss added bridge hybrid true hybrid theoretically infinite isolation bridge circuit like circuit bridge loss disadvantage circuits addition ideal balanced lines loss issue bridge represent ports usually device exception port left permanently internally provided line device consists essentially plus port termination applications monitoring coupled output directional monitor frequency power level signal main power flow system power reduction figure making use isolation isolation high directional good combining signals feed single line receiver tone receiver tests figure signal enters port enters port exit port signal port port experience loss signal port port loss internal load isolated port dissipate signal losses port port figure neglected isolation measurement port port determines power signal generator injected signal generator injection level increases cause signal generator injection phase locking symmetry directional reverse injection happen possible problems signal generator figure effectively increase isolation directional consequently injection loss isolation directional plus reverse isolation hybrids applications hybrid include power phased array radar antenna systems phase devices hybrid coherent power applications example hybrids coherent power application given section inexpensive version power home divide cable air signals multiple sets devices output ports usually consist internally number domestic internet service provided cable companies cable internet domestic user internet cable connected port power hybrid circuits directional combine power splitting figure example shown signal split feed multiple low power feed single antenna high power phases power arranged phase coupled port hybrid phase transmitted port causes powers add output cancel isolated port representative example figure shown figure note additional fixed phase shift ports shown simplicity applying phase power input ports desired result sum appear output ports half total power approach allows use numerous expensive lower power instead single high power approach solid state feed antenna let power combined space feed lens attached antenna phase difference phase properties hybrid great advantage microwave circuits example balanced microwave input stages fed hybrid device normally poor match reflects incident energy devices essentially identical reflection device equal reflected voltage phase isolated port different input port reflected power goes load isolated port power goes input port results good input match low phase matched lines antenna input hybrid shown figure occur directly receive signal position change hybrid type line length reject signal given direction create difference pattern radar good approach phase difference create beam tilt radio station delaying phase lower elements antenna array generally phase difference fixed phase delays antenna beam forming networks butler matrix create radio beam prescribed direction | Power dividers and directional couplers | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
17391_RoksanXerxes | shortened record player named persian king produced london based designed founder belt driven solid launched sound quality product positioned strong competitor established industry leader reviewers use reference production version called reference 20th anniversary launch history founded dissatisfied state audio arts heard little television set reproduce monk musically satisfying way high end tri audio system experimentation existing design failed cartridge held groove went believed mean line traced groove relative body cartridge needed constant ideas led away sprung sub chassis speed controlling system needing roughly inch thick wood density found suitable material fire door built prototype friend investment analyst heard new prototype wanted agreed team start production formed introduced secured advocacy successful independent retailer london sold market leader credits urging start satisfying demand dozens week customers product named persian king launched concept unveiled design principles said sought create equipment high quality musical reproduction capable involving listener emotional level product characteristics include precision transparency sound acting chief designer set find solutions engineering problems saw inherent belt driven suspended sub chassis design sub chassis free rotate believed design generated undesirable modes mode said caused groove drag dynamic forces exerted stylus record tracked chose mounting drive motor bearing motor mounted separately spring allowed limited rotation axis load varied groove increases drag spring loaded motor acceleration words managing director argued suspended floating surface support record allow accurately read record floating said record surface remain stationary solid complete isolation rest deck design provided stable base record like piece sub configuration sits thin felt mat aluminium outer rigid weighted outer weighs half reduce load main bearing able achieve greater weight distribution second challenge overcome rotation suspended parts sub chassis arm cartridge relative motor imagining suspension freedom lateral movement relative drive motor uses relatively light medium density board bearing assemblies mounted firm rubber mounted board motor assembly support board aesthetically boards wooden surround fixed base board screws design principles seen evolution right construction original design deliberately radical departure traditional suspended sub chassis design instead having point sprung suspension separating sub chassis boards separated stiff rubber sees main bearing hole cut board motor assembly emerge fixture board lower board outer surround attached rubber feet additional isolation chosen placement notable characteristic deck large shaped groove cut control vibrations transmitted area cut prone commonly observed bend true rest board designs use couple disc shares philosophy believing rigid cause rumble transmitted main bearing sound increase isolation possesses allows user centre record supposed removed listening disc rests solely felt mat bearing mounted spring loaded motor powered power supply designated basic power supply rpm years changes significantly improved table earliest important new main bearing changes include modifications components power supply seventh version suspension early versions platform mounting party prior launch maiden commonly partnered budget end end inch arms like chosen buyers able function way price performance terms original fitted costing head cheaper alternative fitted arm partner deck version launched priced flagship design break established conventions arm piece construction large gauge aluminium tube interference fitted end massive bearing tube flat end provide mounting cartridge arm finished matt paint unusually finger lift arm fitted conventional operated lift lower assembly bearing vertical arm tube massive single solid piece arrangement upper component consisting ball arranged triangle rests single ball bearing deliberate play allows movement response dynamic forces records tracked possesses intelligent balanced rear arm weight arm centre gravity low rider small moved adjust tracking weight tuned outside range vibrations bias spring arm wired wire specification end terminated cartridge gold wire join arm base thin cartridge wires leads power supplies accessories introduced stage moving pre designed sit inside marketed legged table dedicated deck launched moving cartridge launched budget radius record player arm moving cartridge popularity launched established competition dominated competitors included logic launch priced approximately cheaper company highly influential way sold managed market share critic observed prior arriving scene people valued component rhythmic melodic capabilities real choice splendid good superior pre honest listeners called self called flat choice known speed stability ability extract information detail record groove acceptable acknowledge good performance products companies considered arguably previously conquering real run money lead character seen home listening music according manufacturers producers deliberately sought feature series episode highlight passion music episode dead people associated fictional manufacturer richards audio research focal point storyline versions exists distinct versions original discontinued years production launched 10th anniversary company reprised entry level design named houses main bearing isolated base allow adjusted planes parallel perpendicular motor main bearing motor driven reference motor drive receives power superseded incorporated new main bearing ball new sub bearing attached inner unusually small diameter hardened steel sits ball measures tolerance order corresponding housing bronze piece fit according manufacturer incorporates key design elements including bearing ball inner outer aluminium mat isolation layers improved plus bearing higher quality sub redesigned mat distinctive cut outs placed assembly support disc board sits lower half bright polished metal feet bearing ball mat available existing owners legacy specifications main bearing hardened tool steel length diameter ratio main bearing ball diameter main bearing housing solid bronze clearance inner piece solid aluminium interference fitted structure isolation level motor custom pole solid aluminium belt ground motor mount unique bearing motor drive external speed controller rumble dimensions weight source distributor | Roksan Xerxes | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
17794_Slottedline | line lines microwave measurements consist probe inserted slot transmission line conjunction microwave power source usually keeping low cost application low cost meter expensive microwave power meter lines measure standing waves calculation plotting smith charts number parameters including reflection electrical precision variable incorporated test setup improve accuracy level measurements meter retained mark reference point set eliminating entirely meter measurement errors commonly measured line serves measure accuracy match item test especially important feed lines high standing wave ratio radio antenna signal increase transmission line loss potentially damage components transmission path possibly lines longer widely found budget applications main labour intensive use require calculation tables plotting use results need mechanical precision probe need adjusted care accurate results description line basic instruments radio frequency test measurement microwave frequencies consists precision transmission line usually probe inserted longitudinal slot cut line line slot cut outer conductor line probe inserted past outer conductor far touches inner conductor rectangular slot usually cut centre broad wall circular lines possible lines relatively cheap perform measurements expensive equipment network line measurement techniques labour intensive directly output desired calculation plotting frequently required particular carry measurement spot frequency time producing plot versus frequency time consuming compared modern instruments like network spectrum frequency swept produce plot instantly lines largely superseded found capital costs issue remaining uses millimetre band modern test apparatus expensive available academic laboratories useful teaching aid user directly exposed basic line phenomena sophisticated instruments operation line works sampling electric field inside transmission line probe accuracy important probe field little possible reason probe diameter slot width kept small usually probe inserted necessary necessary lines place slot position current walls parallel slot current disturbed presence slot long wide dominant mode centre line broad face modes need centre issue line operates transverse electromagnetic mode current parallel slot slot tapered ends avoid causing reflections disturbance field inside line caused probe far possible parts disturbance power probe extracted line equivalent circuit limiting distance probe inserted line power extracted operate effectively second disturbance energy stored field probe equivalent cancelled equal opposite practical microwave frequencies instead equivalent circuit tune probe result equivalent circuit high line little effect transmitted power line probe sensitive result tuning distance inserted limited result test setup typical test setup line shown figure referring figure power test equipment source shown enters apparatus cable left converted format means followed section providing transition smaller size guide important component setup prevents power reflected source depending test conditions reflections large high power source damaged returning wave power entering line controlled variable followed line probe mounted carriage carriage carries probe probe depth adjustment length section tuning adjustments crystal right hand end line terminated matched load power exiting end load replaced component system desired test replaced reference short circuit line carriage moved line means simultaneously moves gauge accurate measurement position line probe connected display meter shown figure respectively power meter envelope meter crystal barrier mounted probe assembly usually distance probe tip shown figure looks like short circuit transmission line distance convert open circuit quarter wave effect minimal effect loading line probe tuning seen figure branching line linking probe figure slightly different arrangement main probe leads vertical tuning adjustment section horizontal section secondary probe upright section measurements measurements microwave power directly usually based meter instruments expensive common meter measurements line instead cheaper low frequency meter microwave power source typically signal recovered envelope probe sent meter scheme preferred simply detecting carrier directly result output stable tuned signal large required meter limit square law range line terminated precision matching load variation detected power line small decrease losses line replaced device test perfectly matched line reflection source causes standing wave set line periodic collectively alternating destructive interference found moving probe forth line level point measured meter great interest calculation useful parameters parameters require measurement exact position equally mathematical point view preferred especially large reflections shown figure additionally probe causes disturbance field near minimum near maximum determined measuring distance adjacent distance need better results obtained reference short position standing wave ratio standing wave ratio basic commonly measured line quantity particular importance antennae high indicates poor match feed line antenna increases wasted power cause damage components transmission path possibly including cause distortion stereo digital signals input power set measurement minimum directly minus sign reflection reflection ratio reflected wave incident wave general complex number magnitude reflection calculated measurement formula standing wave ratio expressed voltage ratio completely reflection phase found line measuring distance minimum moving probe right different approach usually adopted position minimum reference short place noted distance line reference point minimum place distance minimum reference short guarantees minimum position phase given formula distance minimum described earlier magnitude phase representation required expressed real imaginary parts instead usual manipulation complex numbers calculated reflection formula characteristic line alternative method plot distance smith chart quantities directly measured line plot read directly smith chart accuracy considerations good lines precision instruments need mechanical defects affect accuracy mechanical issues relevant include backlash inner outer conductor outer conductor inner conductor variations cross section ability carriage maintain constant probe depth issues probe tuning disturbances field discussed holding centre conductor place field consequently compatible mechanical strength greatest source usually line characteristics detected voltage signal output barrier typically microwave square law relationship power measured meters accordingly power increases significantly square law remains accurate output voltage improved little adding load output undesirable effect decreasing sensitivity technique reduce range power measured brought square law range measuring point maximum maximum calculated known mathematical shape standing wave pattern objection adds significantly labour required measurements technique precisely adjusting readings meter according chart possible completely eliminate errors meter precision variable test setup technique minimum found adjusted meter indicating precisely convenient mark maximum found increased meter indicating mark increased standing wave accuracy depends accuracy | Slotted line | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
17889_Reflectorsight | sight sight sight optical device allows user look partially reflecting glass element illuminated projection aiming point image superimposed field view sights work simple optical principle focus lens curved mirror illuminated look like sitting viewer infinity sights employ sort allow viewer infinity image field view time bouncing image created lens glass plate clear curved glass images viewer looks infinity stays alignment device sight attached regardless viewer eye position removing sighting errors found simple sighting devices invention sights come gun sights kinds weapons fighter aircraft limited capacity world war widely world war base component types modern head displays types usually large weapons anti aircraft gun sights anti tank gun sights role operator engage fast moving targets wide field view sight supplied sufficient electrical power function limited use sight small arms world war came widespread use late 1970s invention red dot sight red light led making sight extremely long illumination run time sights civilian applications sights surveying equipment optical pointing aids camera design sights work lens image forming curved mirror reflective image focus creating optical produces virtual image image reflected form angled beam partially curved mirror observer looking beam mirror image focus superimposed sight field view focus ranges infinity optical produces image light light nearly parallel light making image theoretically perfectly parallel axis device gun barrel aligned infinity image seen eye position cylindrical volume light created sight optical window means targets closer infinity sighting edge optical window relation target observer sighting parallel light bundle edge eye movement perpendicular device optical axis image exact relationship eye position cylindrical column light created common type applications aircraft gun sights uses lens beam type tends requires optical components lens beam glass plate situated optical path making lighting difficult usually needing additional electric illumination lenses etc compact type replaces lens beam configuration half curved mirror set angle performs tasks focusing combining image offset type seen red dot type small arms possible place viewer curved mirror mirror focus close eye focus curved mirror presents viewer image infinity type invented dutch optical engineer originally camera featured folding reflecting sight assembly viewing portion sight use optical elements simply projected bounced beam curved mirror right users eye gives defining characteristics needing considerable experience skill use opposed simple mechanical sights iron sights sight field view eye relief problems sights based optical depending design constraints field view user naked eye field view non focusing nature means don optical eye relief sights combined usually placing directly sight view projected creating sight introduces problems narrow field view limited eye relief primary sight need way function illuminated ambient light hard use low light situations sights electrical illumination stop functioning altogether system fails history idea sight originated irish optical designer maker patent conceived gun sight large small ordnance better alternative difficult use iron sight avoiding sight limited field view greater apparent target speed errors danger keeping eye eye stop scientific transactions described invention possible conceive arrangement fine beam light like search light projected gun direction axis adjusted correspond line fire beam light object shot hit arrangement course equally obvious reasons beam light necessary qualifications purposes sight forms subject paper similar result projecting actual spot light image object projecting called optical language virtual image noted soon invention sight good alternative iron sights uses surveying measuring equipment sight german fighter aircraft widely adopted kinds fighter bomber aircraft 1930s world war sight types weapons aircraft including anti aircraft guns naval guns anti tank weapons weapon user needed simplicity quick target acquisition nature sight development 1930s sight referred applications sight weapon sights sights invented improved gun sight invention adapted types weapons different types guns sights considered improvement simple iron sights sights composed spaced metal aiming points aligned iron sights considerable experience skill user hold proper eye position simultaneously focus rear sight sight target different distances align planes focus achieve hit sight single free virtual image focus target removes aiming problem helping poor average expert shooters alike image produced sight truly free infinity sight error circle equal diameter target finite distance depending eye position sight target aiming error larger targets distance given non quick target acquisitions nature sight aiming error considered trivial small arms aimed close targets compensated keeping middle optical window sighting optical axis manufacturers small arms sights models optical set finite distance gives sight eye movement size optical window close range minimal size set distance desired target range yards compared standard sights sight held distance eye require designed eye relief angle image target eyes open brain tend automatically illuminated image coming dominant eye eye view giving shooter normal depth perception field view sights dependent eye relief theoretically placed convenient mounting position weapon aircraft earliest record sight fighter aircraft optical firm berlin working patents developed versions came known sight degree angle glass beam electrical illumination aim plane machine guns version operational trials fighter fighter interest sight world war sights general widely adopted fighter bomber aircraft 1930s french major sights aiming fighter aircraft aircraft defensive guns sights aircraft gun sights advantages pilot gunner need position head align sight line precisely point mechanical sights head position limited determined diameter lens sight interfere overall view particularly light turned eyes simultaneously sighting optical nature sight meant possible feed information field view modifications aiming point determined input saw development british sights adjusted aircraft speed rate turn enabling display lead adjusted sighting actual weapon allowing lead target turn proper effective strike sight designs advanced world war giving pilot information eventually evolved head display illuminated eventually replaced video screen focus gave sighting point information lead finding computer radar aircraft artificial horizon compass altitude visual tracking targets transition instrument visual methods landings firearms idea sight invention soon world war models appeared rifles including shotgun sight curved semi reflective mirror reflect ambient lit electric battery powered illuminated later types included thompson sight beam type sights ambient light green sight red plastic rod light pipe produced red aiming spot mid- late 1970s saw introduction usually referred red dot sights type gives user simple bright red dot aiming point typical configuration sight compact curved mirror design red light led focus led innovation greatly improves reliability general sight need optical elements focus light mirror use coating reflect red spectrum passing light led solid state little power allowing battery powered sights run hundreds tens thousands hours sights military firearms usually referred sights took long time adopted noted far use sight military widely introduce sights early 2000s red dot sight designated close combat types illumination pattern options available common light sources sights include battery powered lights fiber light collectors sights specifically designed visible viewed night vision devices color sight red amber visibility backgrounds sights use triangular pattern instead aid precision aiming range provide patterns sights use dot invariably measured minutes angle convenient measure shooters english units approximately inch distance yards makes unit use dot small obscure targets large quickly acquire proper sight picture types action shooting larger dot preferred dots rings combined horizontal vertical lines provide level reference sights active passive adjustments help shooter adapt different lighting conditions dim help prevent loss night vision low light conditions brighter display clearly sunlight configurations modern optical sights designed firearms uses fall housing configurations open tube sights look similar standard sights cylindrical tube containing tube sights offer option filters reducing filters reducing protective flip lens covers open sights known mini sights mini red dots advantage fact sight optical element optical window doesn need housing configuration consists base necessary reflective surface mounted diminished profile open sights usually accommodate filters options typically supported tube designs uses sights years nautical navigation devices surveying equipment type sights early large format cameras point shoot type cameras simple cameras sights astronomical help aim desired object commercial models invented amateur late 1970s available companies sights entertainment industry productions live theater follow spot sights adapted use purpose built spot dot allow spotlight operator aim light turning similar types sights called eye simply optical focusing optical window viewer sees image eyes open looks sight eye open moving head alternately sight target eye partially sight target time illuminated electric passive ambient light source examples commercially available ambient lit sights sights advantage requiring illumination level high contrast black background reason eye practical use small arms low power consumption illumination sources commonplace weapon sights similar layout sights use projected system instead representative recorded dimensional space film time manufacture image optical viewing window recorded illuminated laser built sight sight adjusted range simply optical window | Reflector sight | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
17923_TitanClydebank | foot high crane scotland designed lifting heavy equipment engines boilers fitting battleships ocean liners shipyard world electrically powered crane largest crane type time completion situated end shaped fitting basin crane construct largest ships 20th century including queen mary queen historical structure refurbished tourist attraction museum history shipyard created company moved purchased yard order crane placed based engineering company sir completed years later constructed scottish engineer working chief engineer having served construction forth bridge fabricated installed machinery including electric motors built dock fitting vessels crane lift engines boilers ships lifting capacity location yard confluence contributed success yard build extremely large ships tested april largest crane built capacity tonnes long tons short tons radius feet original lift capacity long tons apparent original specification insufficient install new long range gun turrets ships duke york nights march virtually destroyed town civilians killed people seriously injured civilians lost homes seven properties undamaged worst bombing raids britain raids involving luftwaffe bombers night second targeted industry crane undamaged yard amalgamated attempt increase general elections saw change government funding yard withheld resulting closure bought receivers houston texas based oil rig construction marathon sold yard owners closed yard site redevelopment ships constructed crane include queen mary queen refurbishment crane fell 1980s intervening period neglect crane suffered vandalism structure crane recognised category listed historical structure urban regeneration company started restoration project crane opened public august structure shot remove old paint allowing repairs undertaken lift visitors ascend emergency evacuation installed wire viewing area crane night design fixed electrically operated mounted rotated beam making faster responsive steam powered predecessors lifting smaller assemblies require lifting capacity tonnes long tons short tons tonnes long tons short tons auxiliary large loads comparatively rare metres high weighs tonnes long tons short tons sits concrete piles sunk depth metres deep arms metres metres long tower metres square centre sits metres edge following removal 1970s giant cranes crane james dock crane fewer giant cranes built worldwide clyde believed remained clyde awards crane awarded engineering heritage award described magnificent example mechanical engineering forms integral local landscape designated fifth award given scottish structure restoration structure recognition accorded | Titan Clydebank | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
18460_Topology(electricalcircuits) | electrical circuits electronic circuit form taken network circuit components different specific values ratings components regarded concerned physical layout components circuit positions circuit concerned connections exist components numerous physical circuit strictly speaking replacing component entirely different type contexts loosely described different instance low pass filter results high pass filter described high pass low pass network identical correct term classes object network type component specified absolute value prototype network electronic network related mathematical particular networks contain terminal devices circuit viewed application theory network analysis circuit point view network theory network branches edges theory standard theory extended deal active components multi terminal devices integrated circuits analysis infinite networks circuit circuit article follow usual conventions electronics lines represent filled small circles represent junctions open small circles represent connection outside world cases represented practical circuit use specific symbols etc concerned type component network symbol general instead theory section article gives alternative method representing networks names names relate appearance drawn circuits drawn variety ways consequently variety names instance circuits shown figure look different identical example demonstrates common convention naming letter alphabet resemblance greek alphabet letters way example delta series parallel network branches possible series parallel simplest variations way circuit presented network branches possible note parallel series representation delta discussed later series parallel continue constructed greater greater numbers branches number unique obtained branches total number unique obtained branches important linear network analysis simplest possible terminal networks transform available linear circuits transform important networks analysed terms series parallel combinations example network figure consisting network connected parallel network desired network networks successive applications rules combination series parallel possible case transform needed addition series parallel rules called star star refer general case branches connected simple filter shown figure commonly filter designs section identical potential section identical section identical viewed short section ladder longer sections normally described ladder kinds circuits commonly analysed characterised terms port network bridge bridge important uses linear non linear applications including bridge bridge phase ways bridge rendered circuit rendering figure traditional depiction bridge circuit second rendering clearly shows bridge derived series parallel combinations rendering commonly known obvious equivalent seen left moved right right normal network bridge port network input output ports consisting pair opposite box figure seen identical bridge case filter input output ports pair adjacent loading indication component output port bridge included bridge shown figure twin derived bridge way explained network article derivative discussed article twin practical applications desirable input output share common ground terminal instance input output connections connecting input output terminal normal bridge reason twin bridge balance measurement applications twin wave generator lower figure shows twin emphasise connection bridge infinite ladder extended limit filter designs variations ladder discussed electronic filter composite image filter articles balanced form ladder viewed arbitrary order anti forms sense anti ladder anti ladder finds application voltage circuits particular generator wave version generator uses double anti ladder infinite formed multiple sections simple bridge sections infinite chains sections occur theoretical analysis artificial simulation transmission lines rarely practical circuit implementation components circuits containing components greatly increase number possible conversely number different circuits represented cases circuit easily specific components identified complex circuits description proceed specification transfer function ports network components theory theory branch mathematics dealing network analysis extensively represent network analysed network captures certain aspects network aspects related words useful representation network network networks includes derived laws history theory network analysis linear passive networks moment laws formulated abstract representation network loop analysis circuits approach later circuits replacing provided dual analysis analysis responsible matrix equal sum tree products introduced idea representing matrix founding field applied analysis responsible introduction spanning tree aid choosing compatible set network comprehensive network apply electrical circuits began engineer friendly article limited survey series parallel combinations called chains rank provided charts small number work grew earlier survey foster collaborating port telephone produced distinct long time electrical circuit theory remained concerned linear passive networks recent developments devices circuits required new tools deal enormous increases circuit complexity led use theory improve efficiency computer calculation circuit networks commonly classified kind electrical elements making circuit element kinds specifically drawn unique symbol networks element kind networks consisting elements likewise networks element kind circuits simple element kind networks circuit simplest element kind network ladder network commonly low pass filters elements example element kind network conversely concerned geometric relationship elements network kind elements heart representation network network elements represented edges edge drawn line terminating dots small circles edges elements circuit analysis edges called branches dots called represent network terms discussing networks figure shows representation circuit figure network analysis usually addition directed capture direction current flow voltage labelled capture branches instance consisting square branches branches branches uniquely labelled directed branch connects designated source target typically indicated arrow drawn branch basic properties edge connected said incident captured matrix format matrix called matrix fact matrix alternative mathematical representation need kind drawing matrix rows correspond matrix columns correspond branches elements matrix zero branch direction directed indicated sign element equivalent transformed include operations translation rotation reflection bending stretching branches crossing branches equivalent said field electrical networks additional transforms considered result equivalent produce interchange series connected branches dual interchange parallel connected branches achieved need special rule second concerned divided separate parts sets branches incident set separate parts considered equivalent parts joined combining single likewise split separate parts splitting considered equivalent trees links tree connected directly indirectly branches forming closed loops closed loops currents tree network analysis interested spanning trees trees connect present network article spanning tree meant tree stated given network contain number different trees branches removed order form tree called links branches remaining tree called twigs number branches tree formula important relationship circuit analysis formula number branches number links removed form tree tie sets cut sets goal circuit analysis determine branch currents network network independent branch related branch currents transfer function elements composed complete solution network terms branch currents branch branch currents independent minimum number branch currents required complete solution consequence fact tree links removed currents tree remaining branches tree zero current independent link currents branch currents chosen set independent set associated links tree choose branches terms branch complete solution network obtained branch consequence fact short branches tree results voltage zero link independent tree branch common analysis approach solve loop currents branch currents branch currents found terms loop currents set loop currents chosen guarantee set independent loop currents associated certain set loops set loops consists loops formed replacing single link given tree circuit analysed replacing single link tree forms exactly unique loop number loop currents defined equal term loop context usual meaning loop theory set branches forming given loop called tie set set network formed loop currents sum tie set branch currents possible choose set independent loop currents reference trees tie sets sufficient necessary condition choosing set independent loops ensure chosen loop includes branch previously included loops chosen particularly straightforward choice analysis loops chosen analysis applied possible map plane sphere branches crossing called ability map plane sphere equivalent conditions finite mapped plane map small region sphere conversely mapped sphere stretched space inside occupies nearly sphere entire occupies small region sphere case map plane approach choosing network analogous dual loop current method voltage associated pairs primary branch found terms method particular tree chosen order ensure independent dual tie set cut set tie set formed allowing links open circuit cut set formed allowing tree branches short circuit cut set consists tree branch short links short tree branches cut set produces cuts parts minimum set branches needed set network formed pair sum cut set branch dual special case analysis analysis rank separate parts branches defined formula represents number degrees freedom set network equal number rank defined formula rank plays role analysis plays analysis gives number voltage required rank dual concepts related formula solving network set independent chosen state network expressed terms result set independent linear need solved simultaneously order find values network set expressed matrix format leads characteristic matrix network form matrix formed loop analysis basis matrix formed analysis basis solved number known ways method systematic elimination method involves use known rule provides direct expression unknown variable terms useful provides compact expression solution trivial networks greater calculation effort required method working manually dual relationship branches pairs relationship branches loops dual found entirely graphical method dual given tree set branches branches tree form tree dual set current loop associated tie sets original tree identical set voltage pair associated cut sets dual following table lists dual concepts related circuit theory dual tree called maze consists spaces connected links way tree consists connected tree branches formed requires tie set dual cut set dual condition met sphere branches crossing note tie set required tie portions dual cut set required cut portions finite network map sphere require fold tie set passes hole fail tie parts consequently dual cut parts contain required cut set consequently formed networks containing mutual corresponding element equivalent circuits developed dual formed mutual directly elimination operations set network meaning aid happening elimination voltage set network corresponds elimination connected corresponds known transform transform extended greater numbers connected known star transform transform transform corresponds elimination current corresponds elimination elimination current branches common arbitrary number general result transform general star map sphere contains star multiple dual exist required represent elimination mutual conventional representation circuits means explicitly representing mutual occurs components result disconnected separate convenience analysis multiple parts combined single single makes difference theoretical behaviour circuit analysis carried valid practical difference circuit implemented way destroy isolation parts example primary secondary functions voltage ratio longer isolation recent techniques theory able deal active components problematic conventional theory new techniques able deal mutual active components basic approaches available dealing mutual active components introduced signal flow signal flow weighted directed circuits containing mutual active networks weight directed edge represents gain possessed general signal flow unlike regular directed described correspond physical arrangement components second approach extend classical method includes mutual active components methods proposed achieving constructed representing currents circuit representing passive components identical branches trees active components method relies identifying spanning trees common alternative method extending classical approach requires proposed method based rooted tree way extending classical theory active components use electronic components represented naturally connection points normal branch connect modern integrated circuits connections problem overcome instead regular conventional representation components represented edges connects components represented connect arbitrary number connect graphical representation box compared edge line representations lines box connected directed carry labels determined label conventional directed thought labelled source target usually indicated arrow general complex required characterised regular containing terminal components exactly non zero entries row matrix non zero entries row representation number non zero entries row rank corresponding branch highest branch rank rank matrix non classical network analysis develops set network network current loop analysis voltage analysis set network found necessarily minimum necessary form set independent difference number loop analysis analysis cases minimum number possible requirement relaxed mix current voltage allowed result absolute minimum number required describe behaviour network given maximum distance spanning forests network network synthesis theory applied network synthesis classical network synthesis realises required network number canonical forms examples canonical forms driving point canonical ladder network foster canonical form positive real functions methods hand start given canonical form form result mathematical representation canonical forms require mutual major aim methods network synthesis eliminate need mutual come driving point mutual minimal loops theory powerful network synthesis elements network represented real numbers element kind networks networks states switching networks infinite networks earliest network infinite studied ladder network represent transmission lines developed final form certainly early studies infinite networks limited periodic structures elements repeated late 20th century tools infinite networks arbitrary available infinite networks largely theoretical interest infinite networks constrained real world restrictions properties instance laws fail cases infinite defined driving point depends termination infinity property theoretical infinite networks general dissipate infinite power constraints placed addition usual network laws laws real world applications transmission line example class practical problems modelled elements distributed element model examples launching waves continuous medium field problems measurement resistance points substrate networks extend idea infinite networks infinite network branch connected leading network new network infinite constructed pairs finite path networks infinite networks called networks | Topology (electrical circuits) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
18549_Compositeimagefilter | composite image filter composite image filter electronic filter consisting multiple image filter sections different types image method filter design determines properties filter sections calculating properties infinite chain sections analysis parallels transmission line theory based filters designed method called image filters image filters important image filters image infinite chain identical sections basic sections arranged ladder network sections number sections required determined rejection required simplest form filter consist entirely identical sections usual use composite filter different types section improve different parameters best addressed particular type frequent parameters considered rejection filter skirt transition band matching filter image filters linear filters invariably passive implementation history image method designing filters originated interested developing telephone channels single cable researchers involved work contributions briefly listed provided mathematical theory invented single purpose telephone channels need recover signals gave rise need advanced techniques pioneered use operational transforms formal mathematical guise signals worked onwards invented constant filter seen continuation work loading transmission lines concept invented incidentally invented operational provided theoretical basis campbell filters invented derived filter published composite designs incorporating constant derived sections contributed image method image analysis starts calculation input output image transfer function section infinite chain identical sections shown equivalent performance section terminated image image method relies filter section terminated correct image easy internal sections multiple section filter necessary ensure sections facing question identical image end sections problem usually terminated fixed filter match perfectly specific frequency leads multiple reflections filter junctions sections reflections result filter response sharply theoretical especially near cut frequency requirement better matching end main motivations composite filters section designed good matching ends instance rejection transition designed body filter filter section types filter section type particular advantages capability improve particular filter parameters sections described prototype filters low pass sections prototypes scaled transformed desired frequency low pass high pass band pass band stop smallest unit image filter half section section symmetrical different image formula denoted formula formula refer shape filter section formed half sections connected smallest symmetrical sections constructed shown chart section question image different general case added identifying section type instance formula constant section constant type filter section basic image filter section simplest circuit type moderately fast transition moderately good rejection derived section derived type filter section development type section prominent feature type pole past cut frequency inside position pole smaller values pole closer cut frequency larger values away limit approaches unity pole approaches infinity section approaches type section type particularly fast cut going fully pass cut frequency fully stop pole frequency cut faster moving pole nearer cut frequency filter fastest cut filter design note fast transition achieved single section need multiple sections type sections poor rejection past pole particularly useful property type filters flat image formula good matching filter story variants type section series identical transfer functions image different half section image matches formula different formula series half section matches formula formula section section independent parameters designer adjust arrived double application process chief advantage better matching end type type image half section formula different formula like type section constructed series section image come variants series construction applied type construction applied series type advantages filter achieved expense greater circuit complexity normally needed matching purposes body filter transfer function type set product choose values best match requires designer choose frequencies match exact frequencies choice suggests values useful band section faster cut type alternative matching possible continue process repeatedly produce improvements obtained diminish iteration usually worth increase complexity filter variation type filter described filter uses prototype mid series derived filter transforms addition section advantage able place pole closer cut frequency filter starts fail work properly small values resistance equivalent transforms explanation operation network distinguishing feature network filters constant resistance image reason known constant resistance networks clearly network filter problem matching main advantage filter types transfer functions cut offs applications main role networks filters networks different group image filters constant resistance means combination image filter sections problem matching arises end networks suffer disadvantage far components equivalent image sections effect end consequence image method filter design effect end calculated separately effects response taken account severe response predicted occurs close cut reason match progressively improves limiting error hand waves reflected end termination twice filter rejection pass severe limited effect filter response sections half sections form composite filter important rule constructing composite image filter image face identical like face like sections face sections sections face sections type face type type type type face type furthermore type different values face sections type different values cut frequency sections beginning end filter chosen match shape frequency response purpose type sections common choice alternative sections type section rarely advantages noted complex constant sections required body filter necessary include type sections interface types inner sections filter commonly chosen constant produce greatest type sections included improve rate fall pass low value chosen types purpose lower value faster transition time increasing need use extra type sections advantage matching type end sections fast transition type matching need sections body filter reason types body filter place additional pole frequency pole directly depends value smaller value closer pole cut frequency conversely large value places pole away cut limit pole infinity response type section value chosen pole different pole end sections effect band good rejection near cut frequency way type sections serve good rejection near cut type sections good rejection far cut alternatively type sections body filter different values value found end sections unsuitable advantages matching matching places pole half matching section needs type automatically gives good spread rejection transition issue use sections remove need additional type sections body constant resistance sections required filter transmission line improve response necessary transmission line response usually near perfectly flat sections normally placed closest line present predictable line tend mask line rest filter issue matching constant resistance sections sections operating totally different frequency bands sections precisely image fixed resistance image filter types constant filter derived filter general type image filters filter filter design concepts image prototype filter loading people john | Composite image filter | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
18638_Primarylineconstants | primary line primary line parameters describe characteristics transmission lines pairs copper wires terms physical electrical properties line primary line relevant lines contrasted secondary line derived generally applicable secondary line instance compare characteristics copper line primary meaning conductor resistance convention given symbols respectively terms unit length circuit representation elements requires distributed element model consequently circuit secondary characteristic propagation constant derived way number special cases particularly simple solutions important practical applications low loss cable requires included analysis useful short lengths cable low frequency applications twisted pair telephone lines dominated high frequency applications cable dominated lines loaded prevent distortion need elements analysis simple elegant solution primary line circumstances small ignored analysis simplified symbols units follows elements series line properties conductor elements line properties material represents current cables small word loop emphasise resistance taken account instance line consists identical wires resistance loop resistance double values small common manufacturers quote kilometre metre english speaking world mile word constant misleading variation frequency particular heavily influenced skin effect furthermore virtually effect audio frequency cause noticeable losses high frequency materials cables high loss avoiding losses caused reason cables designed use air foam makes virtually air actual meaning constant context constant distance line assumed condition true vast majority transmission lines use today typical values common cables manufacturers commonly value data sheets values estimated figures characteristic formula circuit representation line simply represented elements circuit described distributed elements instance pieces pieces resistance pieces broken argued broken apart properly represent circuit division number circuit increased shown figure true representation circuit elements small element distributed line elements distance formula given formula formula formula formula convenient purposes analysis roll elements general series elements formula formula analysis network figure yield secondary line propagation constant formula real imaginary parts constant formula phase change constant formula respectively characteristic formula general real formula imaginary formula parts making total secondary derived primary term constant misleading secondary usually vary strongly frequency frequency dependence primary ignored circuit formula formula introduce dependence formula possible choose specific values primary result formula formula constant condition case formula directly proportional formula primary meaning secondary vary distance line independent frequency characteristic characteristic transmission line formula defined looking infinitely long line line return reflection incident wave reach end reflected considering finite initial length line remainder line replaced formula equivalent circuit remainder line infinitely long considering section equivalent circuit line network consisting element formula formula remainder replaced formula results network shown figure analysed formula usual network analysis formula arranges formula taking limits sides formula line assumed formula propagation constant ratio line input voltage voltage distance formula line section equivalent circuit given standard voltage calculation remainder line right characteristic calculation replaced formula formula section voltage drop factor formula sections voltage ratio formula distance formula line number sections formula formula limit formula formula second order term formula disappear limit write loss accuracy formula comparing mathematical identity formula yields formula definition propagation constant formula formula special cases ideal transmission line loss implies elements zero results purely real characteristic ideal line realised practice useful circumstances especially true instance short pieces line circuit components short line little loss ignored treated ideal line secondary circumstances formula formula formula formula twisted pair typically twisted pair cable audio frequencies low data rates line dominated loss usually frequencies close zero case low frequency formula means ignored circumstances secondary formula formula formula formula cable type increases frequency causing distortion obviously variation formula frequency causes distortion type called avoid requirement formula directly proportional formula actually proportional formula results formula varies frequency partly features cause reflections line termination undesirable effect nominal quoted type cable case nominal valid spot frequency usually quoted cable cable operated high frequency radio frequency high data rates meet conditions formula formula eventually case frequency increased cable conditions ignored purpose calculating cable loss secondary formula formula formula formula loaded line loaded lines lines designed deliberately increased adding iron magnetic metal cable adding purpose ensure line meets condition distortion caused frequency dependent ensures formula constant secondary related primary formula formula formula formula velocity velocity propagation given formula formula formula formula cases taken formula velocity propagation given formula lower higher velocity air cable low loss cable velocity propagation close speed light | Primary line constants | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
18702_LGMobileWorldCup | international competition held january participants competed speed accuracy held hall new_york_city thirteen teams representing countries competed total usd prize money format teams consist members member competes keyboard member uses thirteen countries participated competition argentina australia brazil canada indonesia mexico new_zealand portugal russia south_africa south_korea spain united_states previously hosted competitions individual countries united_states south_korea united_states competitions south_korea competitions year countries competed qualification teams earned right participate regional million people registered compete tournament team participated separate events break wall monster moving pillar running relay racing replay basic premise copy scrolling piece text quickly possible errors allowed text messages native language participants number characters order ensure additionally participants use results aged partner year old won prize competition min won national championship able text average characters second signed competition noticed mall saw opportunity win free movie tickets high school signed order obtain money buy new car second place finishers united_states place team argentina prizes set pair place pair second place pair place records competition offered beat record fastest text message sent record broken portugal character text message records fastest minute keyboard set indonesia minute record keyboard set south_korea | LG Mobile World Cup | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
19163_CitroënC3Picasso | mini produced french motor company unveiled paris motor concept car named designed mini version successor designed compete vehicle mini vehicle version latin_america market sold assembled december plant west slovakia announced france july sole manufacturer model presented finished product press public september unveiled world october paris motor expected building cars hour went sale france february company began sell car european markets march launched spain available exclusive basic expensive model engine priced exclusive model expensive engine launched united_kingdom april went sale basic model imp expensive exclusive engine imp redesigned version car shown paris motor september sale europe november models exclusive consistently expensive trim market biggest choice engines features model feature folding passenger seat making storage space interior car driver seat extras trim include windows rear parking sensors automatic leather interior filter dual zone automatic climate control allows varying temperature settings simultaneously vehicle limited special edition limited edition trim available november based sold high pressure direct injection diesel engine discontinued replaced code red january engine anniversary release limited edition anniversary august limited edition model created commemorate years similar features exclusive trim sold price features system leather commemorative badge wording years bonus came equipped extras released advertising campaign anniversary models time launch trim france model limited cars sold registered use millennium released france millennium moniker including model inch wheels system radio built dual zone automatic climate control car available metallic finish code red code white released january limited edition code red code white replaced code engine finely tuned marginally increased fuel economy lower carbon dioxide emissions features black inch cherry red wheels equipped extra features include roof bars curtain cruise control speed body colours exclusive trim passion released france celebrate european football championship tribute french national football team supports partner advertising campaign involved french rallying champion online facebook game pilot blue vehicles receive passion trim music touch launched january france created partnership music touch comes free white obvious differences additional mirror covers white paint special series added vehicles design features models anti lock braking system electronic distribution child locks remote central locking electronic stability control option included range vehicle available models rear seats folded flat increase boot capacity litres litres including hidden compartment store parcel shelf maximum litres exclusive model features folding passenger seat increase storage space models range maxi taylor woven cloth interior according european engineers designers including involved designing vehicle optional accessories available range including aluminium roof rack capable carrying lights door mirrors available inch inch wheels choice patterns doors fog lamps cruise control rear parking sensors automatic lights standard variants speed limitation device commonly safety reasons reduce fuel bills reminder added passenger rear seats fitted driver seat standard chassis platform modified version giving comparable reuse automobile platforms commonplace especially plant builds parent company pools resources manufacturing vehicles vehicles combining design teams brands create shared product advantage designing testing vehicles reduced cost participating brands creates multiple identical looking vehicles market minor differences examples include toyota placed contractual obligation manufacturers use green materials range comprise vehicle including parcel shelf boot carpet recommends vehicle serviced years miles petrol models miles diesel models engines equipped engine exclusive models capable speed mph seconds smaller petrol engine developed diesel engine engines model came speed manual gearbox speed manual automatic manual versions introduced friendly start stop system braking technology certain models notably exclusive models german market according new features reduce emissions significantly introduction coincided release higher specification engine european standards euro carbon dioxide emissions limits lowered addition low rolling resistance tyres added entire range tyres specially designed minimize wasted energy tyre rolls estimated save fuel typical car decided offer new automatic gearbox version unfavourable exchange rate costs changed small number privately imported insurance classification purposes gearbox option engine models shortly starting june production replaced older petrol engines pure tech motor new cylinder engine paired speed manual transmission emissions diesel coupled speed manual transmission replaced earlier offerings automatic transmission longer available complete vehicle lineup includes multiple models engine configurations different specifications tuning safety euro tested model standard equipment including single forward seat speed limitation device vehicle scored basis child adult injury including risk seating pedestrian impact rating safety equipment clear labels detailing disable features results end tests mixed scoring available points vehicle lack protection potential damage caused pedestrian struck protection inside car scored highly seat adult child protection lost points use forward facing restraints fatal accident infant hit offering poor protection driver seat scoring tests losing points position restraint overall vehicle scored stars vehicles euro compares released time recalls investigation june built january march recalled incorrectly routed fuel pipes believed contact heat shield fault caused lead fuel leak models built january march sold august sold recalled trim deteriorate eventually leading loose fitting recalled safety modification following complaints investigation bbc consumer affairs programme brakes activated passenger right hand drive vehicles problem occurred way vehicles modified right hand drive investigation showed brake pedal moved right connected mechanism passenger covered felt carpet meant passenger driver activate brakes investigation later found problem models vehicles produced registered manufacturers worked vehicle identify severity problem vehicles found affected issue recalls built january market recalled september discovered battery cable short cause gearbox failures turn stall engine faulty earth return cable replaced despite recalls vehicle continued sell won numerous awards reviews critics praised reviews inspired ease use space offered reviewers criticised interior said felt cheap quality reliability petrol engines criticised reviewers sluggish struggling carry weight vehicle diesel engines feedback positive able cope better run reviewers comments tight turning radius vehicle favourable combination thin door pillars high seats increase visibility road led reviewer compare greenhouse car monitors monitors status important components second controls sound system counter digital fuel gauge described speed gauge monitor clear close driver natural line sight criticized monitors possibly dangerous driver car moving reviewers complained vehicle adequately conceal wind engine high speed received mixed reviews number reviewers reported fault bottle freeze cold weather blow fuse reviewer european car year called nominated fuel efficient said dull steering awards publication gear magazine awarded family car year stating 21st century family car look like editorial director magazine admitted taken chance model available united_kingdom following year car finally launched awards increased best diesel car year awards scottish year scottish car year awards best year auto express new car awards finally design year fleet world honours vehicle nominated european car year received lowest overall score candidate finishing seventh place survey announced best market satisfaction rating stars overall lowest rating given exterior quality stars reviewers complained poor fitting finish exterior advertising dog created advertising agency france released june advertisement shows dog items including purse swimming blow shoes wandering streets song somebody come play scene dog invited boot family leaving holiday dog fits car space seat comfortably advertisement shown french market english language song somebody come play advertisement vehicle range produced euro paris shows futuristic battling monster style character stay man monster size tall building items including tyres monster defeated items fit boot music remix theme tune performed street life advertisement new variant september launched brazil argentina car based mini differences including raised suspension roof bars mirror covers skirts rear spare tyre appeared paris motor september new system located central console functional previous model allowing connection reversing camera available extra displays console screen led daytime running lamps fog lamps built lamps non standard features addition added new exterior paint colour options white ink blue vehicle features new branding joining badge form crown spanish market launch took place november trim choices expensive attraction engine expensive exclusive engine launch december worldwide sales production figures | Citroën C3 Picasso | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
19839_Impedanceanalogy | analogy analogy method representing mechanical system analogous electrical system advantage large body theory analysis techniques concerning complex electrical systems especially field filters converting electrical representation tools electrical domain directly applied mechanical system modification advantage occurs systems converting mechanical system electrical domain allows entire system analysed unified mathematical behaviour simulated electrical system identical mathematical behaviour represented mechanical system element electrical domain corresponding element mechanical domain analogous equation law circuit analysis laws apply electrical domain applies mechanical analogy analogy main mechanical electrical representing mechanical systems electrical domain mobility analogy roles voltage current reversed methods electrical representations produced dual circuits analogy preserves analogy electrical mechanical mobility analogy hand mobility analogy preserves mechanical system transferred electrical domain analogy applications analogy widely model behaviour mechanical filters filters intended use electronic circuit work entirely mechanical waves provided input output filter convert electrical mechanical domains common use field audio equipment consist mechanical moving parts acoustic waves waves mechanical motion air molecules fluid medium early application type significant improvements audio performance designed mechanical parts behave flat filter anticipating electronic filter elements electrical analogy developed mechanical system described abstract mechanical network mechanical system broken number ideal elements paired electrical symbols mechanical elements network shown following sections individual element mechanical electrical elements elements assumed mechanical component possessing element small time taken mechanical waves end component neglected developed distributed elements transmission lines greatest benefits element circuits mechanical required passive electrical elements resistance determined mechanical property chosen represent effort analogy voltage property chosen represent flow analogy current analogy effort variable force flow variable velocity resistance mechanical analogy electrical resistance loss energy moving system processes friction mechanical component analogous shock property analogous resistance governed equation law formula analogous equation mechanical domain formula resistance voltage current mechanical resistance force velocity induced force electrical resistance represents real electrical likewise mechanical resistance real mechanical mechanical analogy analogy mass mechanical component analogous large rigid weight governed equation formula analogous equation mechanical domain newton second law motion formula time mass purely imaginary given formula analogous mechanical given formula electrical imaginary unit angular frequency mechanical mechanical analogy analogy compliance common mechanics discuss compliance analogy electrical domain commonly mechanical component analogous spring governed equation formula analogous equation mechanical domain form law formula purely imaginary given formula analogous mechanical given formula alternatively write formula mechanical compliance directly analogous electrical expression mechanical consists mass element compliance element mechanical analogous electrical circuits consisting real mechanical components mass compliance practical proposition single component fact difficult pure mass pure compliance single component spring certain compliance mass mass compliance eliminated altogether mechanical key component mechanical filters generators exist active electrical elements voltage source current source generators mechanical analogy constant voltage generator constant force generator mechanical constant current generator constant velocity generator example constant force generator constant force spring analogous real voltage source battery remains near constant voltage load provided load resistance higher battery internal resistance example practical constant velocity generator lightly loaded powerful machine motor driving belt systems require convert electrical mechanical domains analogous port networks like described pair simultaneous arbitrary parameters numerous possible representations form applicable analogy arbitrary parameters units matrix form electrical taken port representation formula element formula open circuit mechanical presented mechanical current open circuit entering electrical element formula conversely electrical presented electrical mechanical prevented moving velocity zero remaining elements formula formula describe forward reverse transfer functions respectively analogous transfer hybrid electrical mechanical quantity mechanical analogy simple machine force applied load greater input force depending mechanical advantage machine greater unity respectively mechanical advantage analogous turns ratio analogy mechanical advantage greater unity analogous step unity analogous step power energy examples simple circuit figure shows mechanical arrangement platform mass suspended substrate spring resistance analogy equivalent circuit shown right arrangement consists series circuit system frequency natural frequency heavily model human ear circuit shows analogy model human ear ear canal section followed representing acoustic waves air ear canal mechanical vibrations bones middle ear change medium mechanical vibrations fluid filling example demonstrates power electrical bringing domains acoustic mechanical fluid flow single unified nerve flowing brain included model electrical domain domains encompassed model portion circuit uses finite element analysis continuous transmission line ideal representation structure use elements infinite number model divided sections section modelled small number elements advantages principal advantage analogy alternative mobility analogy maintains analogy electrical mechanical mechanical represented electrical mechanical resistance represented electrical resistance electrical equivalent circuit natural think force analogous voltage generator called force velocity analogous current basic analogy leads analogy electrical mechanical principal disadvantage analogy preserve mechanical system elements series mechanical system parallel electrical equivalent circuit vice versa matrix representation transforms force mechanical domain current electrical domain likewise velocity mechanical domain transformed voltage electrical domain port device transforms voltage analogous quantity represented simple device transforms voltage dual property voltage current velocity represented force analogous voltage current like disadvantage face practical especially audio frequencies work electromagnetic induction governed relationship instance force current carrying conductor given formula magnetic density length conductor history analogy called analogy mechanical explain ideas electromagnetic fields term coined idea complex introduced concept extended mechanical domain describe pair linear relating electrical voltage current mechanical force velocity express terms mechanical electrical | Impedance analogy | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
21514_Foster'sreactancetheorem | foster foster important fields electrical network analysis synthesis states passive terminal port network strictly increases frequency easily seen individually increase frequency basis proof passive networks generally constructed proof presented principle published earlier foster colleagues extended encompassing concept consequence foster poles alternate frequency foster property develop canonical forms realising networks foster work important starting point development network synthesis possible construct networks active components generate equivalent negative negative example circuit explanation imaginary complex electrical possess opposite sign frequency dependent specification network passive implies energy sources passive network network consequently consist entirely purely imaginary number zero real foster applies equally network imaginary passive port increases frequency result easily proved formula formula formula imaginary unit given formula formula increasing frequency decreasing consequently increasing proved increasing case network theory principle procedure applies equally reflecting principle electric networks convenient circumstances use concept mean mathematics carried units desired specific example foster stated general form foster form imaginary passive port strictly increases frequency foster general particular applies distributed element networks foster formulated terms applicable microwave frequencies lower frequencies examples following examples illustrate number simple circuits given formula formula formula angular frequency formula inspection seen increasing frequency given formula formula formula increasing frequency function identical function vice versa general result dual function foster follow foster series circuit series circuit sum formula low frequencies dominated large negative increases zero magnitude smaller passes zero point equal frequency continues increase progressively dominant parallel circuit parallel circuit dual series circuit function form function series circuit formula function formula low frequencies dominated small positive increases pole anti frequency equal opposite cancel past pole large negative increasing zero dominated poles consequence foster poles passive function alternate frequency increases passing pole function negative obliged pass zero reaching pole increasing poles function completely determine frequency characteristics foster network foster networks identical poles equivalent circuits sense functions identical scaling factor difference elements multiplied scaling factor shape functions identical consequence foster phase increase frequency consequently plot foster function smith chart travel chart clockwise direction increasing frequency port passive consisting elements distributed element circuit represented rational function formula formula formula real positive formula transform variable replaced formula dealing steady state signals follows fact elements simple rational functions combination rational functions results rational function referred driving point place network external circuit connected drives signal paper foster describes rational function realised ways foster form consists number series connected parallel circuits foster second form driving point consists number parallel connected series circuits driving point means unique foster advantage poles directly associated particular circuit known ladder filter design networks foster network passive active network containing power source obey foster called networks particular circuits containing positive feedback declines frequency example possible create negative negative circuits circuits function phase like positive negative slope frequency interest accomplish tasks foster network example usual passive foster matching networks match antenna transmission line frequencies limits antenna non foster network match antenna continuous band frequencies allow creation compact wide violating limit practical non foster networks active area research history developed ongoing investigations improved filters telephone applications work commercially important large sums money saved increasing number telephone conversations carried line published campbell proof great use immediately filter design appears prominently proof landmark paper summarised state art filter design time foster published paper following year included canonical forms germany importance foster work foundation network synthesis innovations extension foster work element kind networks discovering interested finding necessary sufficient condition rational port network function condition known positive real function reverse problem networks equivalent function important problems network theory filter design foster networks networks | Foster's reactance theorem | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
22384_QuadElectrostaticLoudspeaker | world production range launched known speaker shaped somewhat like home electric curved slightly vertical axis widely admired clarity precision known difficult speakers run maintain original production hailed important speakers 20th century succeeded remained production maintains speakers range history launched ribbon hybrid horn loaded corner ribbon commercially successful designed company founder principle elaborated general_electric granted patent immediately book published scientific merits inspired walker develop enabled film developed came market walker demonstrated prototype panel speaker exceptional clarity frequency infinite speaker ample bass response british sound recording association annual exhibition research large panel speaker better response frequency range demonstrated march entered commercial production discontinued development successor began giving rise product launched attempted address bass response original extreme high frequencies goal achieved splitting concentric rings fed slight time delay compared ring immediately attempting emulate point source left factory superseded speaker described speaker having designed music classical listeners play records musical enjoyment sound launched speaker priced believing audio system able extract value recording mediocre sound recordings consists slightly curved flat panel designers intended variously referred descendants simply referred legacy walker called concept fred acronym range design speaker frame support charged uses ultra thin stretched oriented film main component drive units plates potential difference volts thin film coated mildly electrically substance sound produced audio signal step sets film motion different charge plates allows alternately attracted repelled plate original bass panels flank panel provide range sound panel subdivided sections achieved centre sections driven separately entire unit operates substantially lower operating said bass speaker needs charged prior use operates constant charge mode takes time charge build practice speaker usable charging half minute sound gradually improves charge builds best performance achieved speaker charged fully hour electricity charge consumption design away major weaknesses boxed speakers enclosure signal degradation crossover crossover consists merely work inherent speaker elements obtain order response sides elements enclosed directly air crossover components box induced reflections fast response low distortion characteristic driver inch thick weighing capable stopping starting seemingly necessary drive units design limits tnt noted upper register starts falls severely speaker design makes extremely directional general practice toe speakers point directly listener slight difference practice possible person enjoy reasonably balanced sound stage contrary flat appearance panels slightly curved vertical axis improve quality panels flat obtain slightly bent curved backing nature speaker sound surfaces application felt sheet rear panels high frequencies crossover network set remains necessary adjust interference causing loss output low frequencies addition speaker stand free space achieve sound instructions book contains advice placement speaker corners positions close parallel walls explains corner placement adversely affect bass response detrimental standing waves generated load highly consume large amounts power feeds opposition points cycle demanding stability designed power power capable delivering channel excessive voltage input known cause speaker panels fact instructions book states properly regulated delivering unlikely cause damage speaker speakers accurately rated voltage power case rated nominal limit volts reached power output reaches driving conventional load common failure modes loss sensitivity caused dust speaker panels internal panels caused excessive power step use high altitudes cause effect novel electrical characteristics speaker cause unstable result damage late speaker life owners found highly stable launched worked construction measures inches weighs pounds terms appearance original expanded metal little wooden feet earlier version golden bronze classic teak end caps later production versions black end caps finish minor variants exist speaker electronics components consisting mainly audio power supply crossover fixed base cabinet original suffered reliability issues frequently caused use inappropriate driven hard main arc audio seize exposed excessive design lack structural integrity seen significant weakness inception lived successors shortcomings include limited sound pressure levels meaning won play loud bass response lacking addition reviewer experienced problems shut downs playing music high intensity bass drums product revisions brought generations classic design originally designed sound domestic context sound prompted manufacturer modify panels improve stereo speakers featured larger panels revolutionary design concentric rings fed centre delay lines audio signal gives illusion point source foot panel addressed limitations original design degree development newer design initiated product released changed orientation measures inches speaker smaller new protection circuit incorporated prevent action protection circuit detect high frequency noise accompanies air speaker arcs power occurs power rating increased furthermore panels original prone attracting dust dust proof new marketing position needed market rising pound sterling product expensive customers decided improve specification target price point monitor version modelled rugged professional model possessed metal steel frame instead aluminium created recording division reception launch awaited launched articles written wireless world appeared cover generally received launch speaker dubbed walker wonder early studio monitors controlling sound quality broadcasts professional users included bbc original production sold pairs life despite major weaknesses universally hailed important speakers 20th century said product walker elevated god like status audio world notes loyalty owners speaker fascination people demand second hand versions original later remains years discontinued demand customers resulted manufacture continuing machine manufacture bought representative germany continue manufacture complete speakers spare parts overhaul customers speakers small companies world dedicated speaker commenting considered major failure speaker shut orchestral said regardless sonic merits possesses speaker simply power handling capability recent program material signature sound renowned sonic transparency low distortion performance usually described terms common designs sound neutral exceptionally response fast properly stereo pair generate small sweet spot sound stage focus led criticisms speaker practice rarely problem benefit reducing effects room experience listening described non wrote june neutral sound bass natural response excellent boxes superior sonic characteristics offset moderate power handling need relatively large space breathe usable frequency response past occasionally criticised bass light moderate bass extension considered adequate classical music fans later incarnations said deliver better bass performance | Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
23260_Razer(robot) | robot combat robot competes british television series robot wars constructed team later expanded include designed constructed participate second series robot wars subsequent modifications improvements enabled remain competitive retirement second series robot wars extreme despite gaining reputation unreliable champion fifth series robot wars runner sixth won robot wars world championships weapon piercing arm approximately tonnes pressure square inch cm2 tip arm designed pierce opponents armour plating break internal components rendering impaired weapon inspired principle brake press piece industrial machinery bend metal damage use arm integral element winged self mechanism rolls robot wheels inverted later series robot wars hook attached arm lift robots immune pierced popularity crushing piercing weaponry robot combat events attributed inspired record wins losses concession robot wars series recognised successful competitors programme history featured robot wars merchandise including dvd video games pull toy created image later modified function fully radio miniature version team original heavyweight machine competed american television series winning head head battles rumble team later constructed new called specifically competition retirement appears non combat demonstrations educational displays events returned active combat revival robot wars construction origins designed built watching series robot wars agreed combat robots potential considerably destructive pioneering machines display choice weapon piercing arm attached hydraulic ram powered pump powered motorcycle starter motor based principle brake press piece industrial machinery bend metal progressive force hydraulic system pumped liquid opposed force generated controlled release gas arm said exert tonnes force hydraulic ram produced tonnes pressure square inch cm2 output geared tonnes square inch cm2 tip arm modifications iteration competed second series robot wars successfully passing trials stages heat defeated battle robot called cause fight drives blocks designed prevent stress machine drive wheels replaced robust metal ones future competitions robot wars television series evolved grew design revised refined counter weaknesses advantage rule changes series lewis estimated taken hours build cost wheeled drive train steering arrangement wheels robot rotated faster turn machine weight robot biased rear weapon stayed facing opponent turned solid rubber rear wheels series provided traction reluctant swing machine series custom aluminium drive wheels incorporated reducing force required simultaneous forward sideways movement wheels later upgraded stronger construction whilst level drive system reduced implementation electronic series robot wars extreme rubber wheels replaced metal ones bearing small competitors series robot wars largely featured passive weapons second series saw greater number robots including series champion panic attack lifting weapons designed opponent lewis scott noted overturned piercing arm fully upright robot halfway naturally rolling wheels powered mechanism inverted wings attached arm cables wings opened arm fully raised wheels unique design provided victory salute raising wings whilst standing tail putting machine weight limit kilograms balance approximately holes robot series robot wars onwards weight limit heavyweight competitors increased kilograms allowed improvements chassis including new millimetre thick armour panels versus millimetre noticeable alteration version redesigned enclosed wheels reduce impact damage greatly decreased robot ground clearance reduce vulnerability flipped whilst making easier underneath opponents crush iteration won robot wars extreme stars championship series robot wars alongside mounting successful defence title time robot wars extreme appearances machine weighed kilograms metres long reached speed miles hour combat history details television series formats robot wars series debut fourth heat series robot wars viewed million people bbc finished late night recording radio interference caused hard control stage competition successfully obstacle course progressed trial phase robotic football match scored goal reach heat semi final opponent battle box shaped robot equipped rotating whilst stronger start support drives motors impact arena floor rendered ended promising run despite relatively early exit competition won best design award series series joined team taken offer create basic website series robot wars entered american robot combat programme los_angeles team won international scholarship fellow british robots battle flipped lewis self scott pierced armour given victory crowd vote fight defeated crushing opponent electrical system adversary beat arena severed cable left unable self right dropped best rest competition faced kill defeated pulled wheel crushing opponent battery faced round losing spike pierced armour breaking starter knocking radio switch position sent spin requiring lewis enter arena manually power finally competed robot rumble time limit expired robots including mobile result went audience vote crowd voted favour rumble champion series robot wars trial stages heat dropped main competition formed direct combat battle series scott lowered arm lewis pushed opponent pit open hole arena floor second round despite causing damage lost mechanical failure valve controls direction hydraulic fluid arm jammed causing arm raise height refuse lower rear wheels ground eliminated early main competition outside main championship won concurrent tournament event retained best design award immediately filming series participated international championship following scheduled opponent beat dutch representative techno lease irish win tournament fought direct video representing england victories scottish robot fellow english chaos saw win tournament associated title round series heat progressed alongside way battle eliminated battle removed opponent wheels rendering unable post battle interview host blood likened attack pulling legs spider early heat final stuck forward drive arena wall rear wheels spinning unable steer severely damaged end wheels house robots pitted machine defeat lewis turned fight left control booth immediately refused interviewed lewis accused team breaking gentlemen agreement teams seriously damage machine unaware took warrior tournaments series performances events scoring points having abandoned run attack sir lasting seconds series appearance came robot wars christmas special called southern robots fought time eliminated judges decision remaining robots fought eliminating robot remained declared winner spawn drum set final onslaught attack arm onslaught rear wheels saw adversary shed tyre lose grip drive area patrolled house robot flipped onslaught rendering assured victory attacked badly damaged rear shell took stars tournament beating establish grand final tornado competitive encounter repeatedly pierced tornado low flat body eventually breaking drive chain tornado won second consecutive trophy battle extreme match response accusation team broken agreement team series heat body lifted arm fell escaped impacted wheel rendered team competed seven way melee featuring robots miniature machines weighed grams fitted inch cube lewis robot battle modified toy tournament second world championship title defence began qualification melee beat fellow english representative tornado semi final facing walking robot final unable pierce millimetres thick armour concentrated inflicting damage opponent legs proved secure victory judges decision enabling retain title battle victory streak fought eleventh heat fifth series robot wars defeated widow revenge machine reportedly constructed team wives reach series semi final opponent spawn armed equipped new lower wedge able underneath spawn crush broke quarter finals faced cylindrical robot vertical spinning blade arm weapon controls stopping disc allowed dominate fight win judges decision faced battle series grand final rematch stars semi final earlier year whilst victory battle relatively straightforward increased thickness armour battle harder inflict major damage tactic worked unable completely robot fight ended close judges decision favour victory handed place series grand final bigger brother rebuilt heavily damaged previous battle bigger brother early battle causing damage opponent drive chain bigger brother recovered final ended stalemate went judges decision came favour championship took home best design award series coming series reigning champion started title defence qualifying way melee defeated pyramid shaped robot judges decision set heat final raging reality pushed opponent ripped entire panel caused raging reality break saw reach semi finals second consecutive series wild thing damaged opponent exposed drive wheels movement subsequently arm dropped wild thing pit fought armed arm early pushing arena wall rest battle similarly potent attacks matched pushing power judges decided second series final reaching grand final meant defeating axe wielding robot avoided axe lowered arm armour panels lined strike slid wedge underneath chassis buried arm opponent carried pit release button dropped pit tornado stood successful title defence twice losing year developers tornado constructed large metal frame equipped rotating blade qualifying weapon size framework prevented reaching tornado chassis team responded lifting hook arm fight able pierce tornado lift framework battle tornado superior pushing power slam arena wall house robots near end fight managed lift tornado push pit size additional framework prevented tornado falling minute discussion judges ruled favour tornado new champion lost title reigned champion tournament battle defend title twice champion chaos dual spinner black black joined forces eliminate chaos fight robot wars battle spawn rematch series semi finals repeatedly spawn body panels prompting seek safety driving pit battle versus black following impact arena wall black stopped spinning long lift arm lower pit stars grand final faced wedge underneath lowered arm opponent stars champion second time running final televised tournament qualified reigning defeated dutch champions set semi final tornado adversaries attached anti frame previous meeting series grand final team installed revised version lifting hook tornado early picked hook dragged pit size tornado framework difficult drop strain lifting tornado burnt drive motors end match result went judges decision awarded victory control fight split decision team decided unfair conceded tornado beat final claim european title retirement years appearing bbc channels seventh regular series robot wars broadcast participate following cancellation series retired combat team started hire help independent demonstrations appears non combat demonstrations displays events organised demonstration company returned action revival robot wars eliminated round impact team acknowledged having devised crushing piercing arm weapon success spawned number heavyweight robots adopted weapon whilst robot venom scaled replica appeared cartoon form cover seventeenth issue included robot wars video games version competed fourth series robot wars model pull toy powered friction motors sold alongside model stunt ramp barrels small metal toy based available robot wars range alongside chaos competitor robots chosen appear dvd series | Razer (robot) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
24514_Watson(computer) | watson computer watson question answering computer system capable answering questions posed natural language developed project research team led principal investigator watson named ceo industrialist computer system specifically developed answer questions jeopardy watson competed jeopardy winners watson received place prize million watson access million pages structured content consuming disk storage including text connected internet game clue watson probable responses displayed television screen watson consistently human opponents game signaling device trouble categories notably having short clues containing words february announced watson software system commercial application management decisions lung cancer treatment memorial cancer center conjunction health insurance company watson business chief says nurses field use watson follow guidance description watson question answering computing system built apply advanced natural language processing information knowledge representation automated reasoning machine learning technologies field open domain question answering key difference technology document search document search takes returns list documents ranked order relevance based popularity page ranking technology takes question expressed natural language seeks understand greater detail returns precise answer question according different techniques analyze natural language identify sources find generate find score evidence merge rank software watson uses software framework system written languages including java runs enterprise operating system framework provide distributed computing hardware system workload integrating massively parallel built technology uses generate gather massive evidence analyze data watson employs cluster ninety power uses core threads core total system threads ram according watson process equivalent million books second master inventor senior consultant estimated watson hardware cost million dollars performance stands half fast cut line list according content stored watson ram jeopardy game data stored hard drives slow competitive human jeopardy champions data sources information watson include articles literary works watson specifically team provided watson millions documents including reference material use build knowledge operation watson questions different sentence fragments order find related phrases watson main innovation creation new operation ability quickly execute hundreds proven language analysis simultaneously find correct answer find answer independently likely watson correct watson small number potential solutions able check database solution makes sense comparison human players watson basic working principle clue searching related terms responses gives watson advantages compared human jeopardy players watson deficiencies understanding contexts clues result human players usually generate responses faster watson especially short clues watson programming prevents popular tactic sure response watson consistently better reaction time generated response immune human players psychological tactics jumping categories clue sequence mock games jeopardy human participants able use average seven seconds watson needed hear clue decide signal responding time watson evaluate response determine sufficiently confident result signal system win jeopardy contest electronic receives ready signal examined watson confidence level great activate given speed compared speed human reaction times watson reaction time faster human contestants human anticipated instead reacted ready signal signaling watson speaks electronic voice gives responses jeopardy question format watson voice synthesized recordings actor text speech program jeopardy staff different means watson human players buzz critical rounds humans notified light took tenths second perceive watson notified electronic signal activate humans tried compensate perception delay anticipating light variation anticipation time generally great fall watson response time watson attempt signal history development victory chess hunt new challenge manager dinner noticed restaurant fallen silent soon discovered cause evening hiatus middle successful game run jeopardy nearly entire restaurant mid meal watch phenomenon intrigued possible challenge passed idea executive backed pushing department challenge playing jeopardy system initially trouble finding research staff willing looked complex challenge game chess eventually took offer competitions managed united_states government watson predecessor system named usually able respond correctly clues required minutes respond compete successfully jeopardy watson need respond seconds time problems posed game deemed impossible solve initial tests run senior manager integration department watson given clues past jeopardy programs best real life competitors half time responded correctly clues watson pass correct team given years staff people solve problems developers advanced watson compete jeopardy champions february watson beat human jeopardy contestants regular basis system primarily effort watson development involved faculty graduate students austin students jeopardy preparation representatives communicated jeopardy executive producer possibility having watson compete successful contestants program producers agreed watson differences human players generated conflicts jeopardy staff planning competition repeatedly expressed concerns writers exploit watson deficiencies writing clues turning game test alleviate claim party randomly picked clues previously written shows broadcast jeopardy staff showed concerns watson reaction time originally watson signaled staff requested press button physically human contestants robotic finger pressing watson remained faster human competitors noted trying win watson knock precise buzz single time little variation human compete computer circuits regard journalist recorded watson development book final jeopardy reported conflict jeopardy competition canceled preparation constructed mock set conference room technology sites model jeopardy human players including jeopardy contestants participated mock games watson playing host test matches conducted watson winning games provide physical presence televised games watson represented avatar globe inspired planet symbol described computer avatar glowing blue ball crossed threads thought threads precise stated number thought threads avatar joke referencing significance number guide galaxy artist designed avatar project explained states watson able use game confidence responding clue correctly hoped able find add level guide reference unable game states practice match recorded january official matches recorded january participants maintained secrecy outcome match broadcast february practice match practice match press january watson won question round score watson tied final question players responded incorrectly clue match round broadcast february second round february right choose category determined draw won watson represented computer monitor display artificial voice responded correctly second clue selected fourth clue category deliberate strategy find daily double quickly possible watson guess daily double location correct end round watson tied watson performance characterized instance watson repeated version incorrect response offered said reference 1920s watson said 1920s watson recognize contestants responses know given response instance watson initially given credit response leg incorrectly responded hand clue correct response missing leg watson unlike human responding mistake decided response incorrect broadcast version episode edited original acceptance watson response watson demonstrated complex strategies daily doubles bet researchers worked watson explained watson based confidence level category complex model called game state watson took commanding lead double jeopardy correctly responding daily doubles watson responded second daily double correctly confidence score clue watson contestant miss final jeopardy response category cities largest airport named world war hero second largest world war battle gave correct response chicago watson response toronto offered reasons watson appear canadian city categories weakly suggest type response desired phrase city didn appear question cities named toronto toronto ontario american_league baseball team worked watson suggested able correctly second clue second largest world war battle standalone clause despite following required context understand referring second largest airport professor member development team stated error occurred watson possess comparative knowledge potential response viable displayed audience questions watson second choice chicago toronto chicago watson confidence threshold respectively lack confidence reason multiple question marks watson response game ended watson second match introduction canadian native joked learned toronto city watson error match prompted engineer wear jacket recording second match round finally able choose clue watson responded daily double clue incorrectly time double jeopardy round round watson placed second time competition briefly successful increasing dollar values watson respond nonetheless final result ended victory watson score scored scored final outcome prizes competition million place watson second place place promised donated watson charity going going similarly donated respective charities watson achievements additional remark final jeopardy response welcome new computer echoing similar reference episode deep space homer simpsons news presenter speaks welcoming new insect later wrote article slate stated media watson question answering skills good annoying company sees future fields like medical diagnosis business tech support automated question answering software like watson factory jobs eliminated 20th century new assembly line robots knowledge industry workers work new generation thinking machines contestant job redundant watson sure won philosophy argues watson despite impressive capabilities actually think drawing chinese room thought experiment claims watson like machines capable manipulating symbols ability understand meaning symbols experiment detractors match members united_states congress february watson played exhibition match jeopardy members united_states house_of_representatives round jeopardy contestant challenging computer led watson second place combining scores matches final score watson congressional players combined said match technology watson represents major advancement computing data intensive environment government type technology help organizations better decisions improve government helps citizens current future applications according goal computers start interact natural human terms range applications processes understanding questions humans ask providing answers humans understand justify suggested general counsel watson legal research company intends use watson information intensive fields telecommunications financial services government watson based commercially available marketed february intends market software large corporations price millions dollars reflecting million needed acquire meets minimum system requirement operate watson price decrease substantially decade technology improves said important reason strategic seen broadly american public company tackle tough computer problems big slice profit comes selling government biggest expensive systems world reported companies working create embedded watson technology fluid developing app retailers called north face designed provide advice online developing app designed people advice ways engage activities improve health developing app purpose advising medical institutions equipment decisions november announced watson available software application providers enabling build services embedded watson capabilities build base partners create applications watson platform network venture capital firms advise portfolio companies logical fit calls watson ecosystem far roughly organizations individuals signed interest creating applications use watson platform january announced receive successor version watson housed institute technology park available researchers students summer university receive watson computer february reported plans invest million year initiative use watson technologies help countries africa address development problems beginning healthcare education june new partners chosen business concepts submitted teams spanning industries countries bright organizations discovered innovative ways apply watson deliver business benefits said vice president winners educational platform friendly anthropomorphic retail sales trainer medical recommendation service july announced plans integrate watson improve customer experience platform citing sheer volume customer data analyze watson integrated including magazine perform recipe generating platform watson music discovery app uses provide music recommendations users use artificial intelligence watson found industry uses watson app gives hotel staff way quickly respond questions guests built app helps energy companies stay regulatory guidelines making easier managers sense thousands pages legal technical uses watson computer vision services analyze satellite aerial imagery municipal data water usage property property basis helping water districts drought stricken california improve water conservation efforts healthcare healthcare watson natural language hypothesis generation evidence based learning capabilities allow function clinical decision support system use medical professionals aid physicians treatment patients physician posed system describing symptoms related factors watson input identify important pieces information mines patient data find facts relevant patient medical hereditary history examines available data sources form test finally provides list confidence scored recommendations sources data watson uses analysis include treatment guidelines electronic medical record data notes physicians nurses research materials clinical studies journal articles patient information despite developed marketed diagnosis treatment advisor watson actually involved medical diagnosis process assisting identifying treatment options patients diagnosed february announced research project develop commercial product months designed exploit watson clinical decision support capabilities physicians columbia_university help identify critical issues practice medicine system technology able contribute physicians work identify best way technology like watson interact medical practitioners provide maximum assistance september major american healthcare provider announced partnership utilize watson data capability help suggest treatment options physicians february gave watson commercial application management decisions lung cancer treatment memorial cancer center announced partnership october company sent watson increase health expertise assist medical professionals treating patients medical facility utilize watson ability store process large quantities information help speed increase accuracy treatment process collaboration exciting offers opportunity teach watson think ways potential powerful tool medicine said chief information officer february announced maine center cancer medicine new_york started test watson system effort recommend treatment lung cancer january announced creating business unit watson led senior vice president headquarters new_york employ people invested billion division going develop new cloud delivered services watson discovery advisor watson engagement advisor focus research development projects industry publishing focus self service applications insights basis natural language questions posed business users focus helping enterprise users uncover share data driven insights based search easily company launching million venture fund spur application development applications according cloud delivered enterprise ready watson seen speed increase times percent improvement performance physical size percent size master bedroom stacked pizza boxes ceo said wants watson generate billion annual revenue years watson partner program provide conversation children toys professor watson create virtual teaching assistant assist students class initially didn reveal nature created help students answered questions certainty accurate answer remainder answered human assistants archive jeopardy game jeopardy game jeopardy game videos documentary making watson building watson brief overview project youtube watson answers question youtube david watson summit youtube november alternate youtube watson introduction future applications youtube edge watson healthcare youtube jeopardy watson day retrieved july youtube watson watson | Watson (computer) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
24837_Double-tunedamplifier | double tuned double tuned tuned stages primary secondary tuned separately scheme results wider skirts single tuned circuit achieve critical value frequency response flat gain maximum frequency designs frequently use greater order achieve wider expense small loss gain centre multiple stages double tuned results reduction overall stages double tuned single stage alternative double tuning avoids loss tuning tuned designed prescribed greater single stage tuning requires stages lower gain double tuning typical circuit circuit shown consists stages common bias serve usual functions input stage coupled conventional way series avoid affecting bias collector load consists serves inter stage instead placed form circuits provide tuning detail seen kind presence input output connections matching purposes junction kind shown circuit high output low input problem avoided high input connected secondary ground form tuning purpose bias circuit properties double tuning compared single tuning effect widening skirt response tuning sides forms pair coupled source increased gain function related mutual primary secondary winding respectively formula critical value gain maximum resonance critical value single peak frequency response peaking resonance peak decreasing decreases response said values critical response starts split peaks peaks narrower apart increases gap centred frequency progressively deeper response said critically coupled response flat response achieved stages tuned unlike tuning double tuning usually tunes frequency designer choose design order achieve wider expense small dip typically centre frequency response like tuning adding stages double tuned effect reducing identical stages fraction single stage given approximately formula expression applies small analysis circuit represented generic way replacing shown stage number output input typically design frequencies primary secondary sides identical formula formula frequency expressed units angular frequency refer respectively components primary secondary stage gain assumptions voltage gain stage expressed formula formula imaginary unit formula maximum gain stage formula frequency expressed frequency frequency peak frequency critical peak response occurring resonance critical peaks frequencies given formula respectively low high frequencies peaks expressed critical peaks reach maximum gain available critical critical occurs peaks coincide formula formula | Double-tuned amplifier | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
24931_Voltagedoubler | voltage voltage electronic circuit charges input voltage switches charges way ideal case exactly twice voltage produced output input simplest circuits form voltage input doubled voltage switching elements simple driven switch state merely alternating voltage input voltage switch way require driving circuit control switching frequently require switching element controlled directly relying voltage switch simple case voltage variety voltage circuit voltage circuits viewed single stage higher order identical stages greater voltage voltage doubling circuit circuit consists simply great benefit simplicity output poor characteristics essentially circuit clamp circuit charged negative half cycles peak voltage output input steady effect circuit shift value negative peaks actually small forward bias voltage positive peaks output peak peak enormous circuit effectively turned sophisticated forms circuit reversed supply negative high voltage microwave oven circuit voltage significant improvement circuit small cost additional components reduced nominally zero open circuit load conditions current drawn depends resistance load value circuit works following cell stage essence peak envelope stage peak cell effect removing preserving peak voltage output circuit commonly known half wave voltage circuit invented published provide needed newly invented supplied power stations time insufficient later extended idea cascade cascade cells referred cascade called particle machine built independently discovered circuit concept extended voltage circuit cells opposite driven source output taken individual bridge circuit impossible simultaneously ground input output circuit bridge circuit circuit uses bridge voltage doubling consequently called wave voltage form circuit time commonly found ray tube television sets provide voltage supply generating excess safety issues terms domestic equipment case black white television sets required colour sets voltage double voltage winding applied line circuit consists half wave peak functioning exactly way peak cell circuit peak cells operates opposite half cycles incoming series output twice peak input voltage switched circuits possible use simple circuits described double voltage source preceding voltage circuit effect converts application voltage efficient circuits built driving switching devices external clock functions achieved simultaneously circuits known switched circuits approach especially useful low voltage battery powered applications integrated circuits require voltage supply greater battery deliver frequently clock signal readily available board integrated circuit little additional needed generate simplest switched configuration shown figure simultaneously charged voltage parallel supply switched switched series output taken series resulting output double supply voltage different switching devices circuit integrated circuits devices frequently employed basic concept charge pump version shown figure charge pump charged input voltage switched charging output series input voltage resulting eventually charged twice input voltage cycles charge pump succeeds fully charging steady state reached necessary pump small charge equivalent supplied load disconnected charge pump partially load resulting output voltage smaller higher clock frequencies discharge time shorter easier filter alternatively smaller given specification practical maximum clock frequency integrated circuits typically hundreds charge pump charge pump consists cascade cells plate driven clock pulse train circuit modification takes input clock trains providing switching signal instead input normally requires alternate cells driven clock opposite phase voltage shown figure requires stage clock signal required frequently employed integrated circuits supply voltage battery instance lower required integrated circuit manufacture components basically type commonly standard logic block integrated circuits reason replaced type wired function arrangement called wired figure shows voltage wired channel type variations improvements basic charge pump concerned reducing effect drain source voltage significant input voltage small low voltage battery ideal switching elements output integral multiple input single cell battery input source switches output far value voltage dropped circuit components better choice switching element extremely low voltage drop state integrated circuit designers prefer use easily available compensate increased circuit complexity example battery cell nominal voltage voltage ideal switching elements zero voltage drop output double drain source voltage drop wired state gate threshold voltage typically voltage succeed raising output voltage drop final taken account circuit able increase voltage multiple stages typical hand state voltage result voltage output cross coupled switched cross coupled switched circuits come low input wireless battery driven equipment devices like require single cell battery continue supply power discharged clock formula low turned time clock formula high turning resulting charged formula goes high plate pushed twice time switch closes voltage appears output time turned allowing charge half cycle roles reversed formula low formula high open close output supplied alternately circuit loss low circuit wired associated threshold voltage problems circuit advantage frequency doubled effectively voltage supplying output phase primary disadvantage circuit stray significant account larger losses circuit | Voltage doubler | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25340_Continuousdistillation | continuous continuous form ongoing separation mixture continuously fed process separated removed continuously output streams separation partial separation liquid feed mixture components selective boiling process produces output include volatile fraction boiled separately captured condensed liquid practically bottoms fraction volatile separately captured condensed alternative continuous batch mixture added unit start taken time remaining bottoms fraction removed end taken different times exit point location needed batch switched different receiver fraction collecting container batch smaller quantities continuous fraction streams taken simultaneously operation separate exit point needed fraction practice multiple exit points located different heights column bottoms fraction taken column unit taken connected column fraction contain components types chemical compounds crude oil similar fraction contains components similar properties possible run small scale laboratory continuous continuous large scale industrial process industrial application unit operations chemical engineering continuous widely chemical process industries large quantities industries natural gas processing production coal tar processing liquor production air separation production similar industries finds widest application petroleum crude oil complex mixture separated yields pure chemical compounds expected groups compounds relatively small range boiling points called origin term worthwhile separating components based product requirements economics industrial typically performed large vertical cylindrical columns shown images known towers columns ranging centimeters meters heights ranging meters meters principle principle continuous normal liquid mixture heated composition liquid differs liquid composition separated condensed liquid richer lower boiling point component original mixture happens continuous column mixture heated routed column entering column feed starts flowing component lower boiling point rises rises continues enriched volatile component begins descend image depicts simple continuous tower separating feed stream overhead product bottoms product products lowest boiling point highest exit columns heaviest products bottoms highest boiling point exit column overhead stream cooled condensed water cooled air cooled bottoms steam heated hot oil heated heat gas oil fired continuous system kept steady state approximate steady state steady state means quantities related process change time passes operation constant quantities include feed input rate output stream rates heating cooling rates ratio temperatures pressures compositions point location process disturbed changes feed heating ambient temperature steady state normally maintained main attraction continuous apart minimum easily surveillance feed rate feed composition kept constant product rate quality constant variation conditions occurs modern process control methods commonly able gradually return continuous process steady state continuous unit fed constantly feed mixture filled like batch continuous unit need sizable pot vessel reservoir batch fill instead mixture fed directly column actual separation occurs height feed point column vary situation designed provide optimal results method continuous vacuum steam design operation design operation column depends feed desired products given simple component feed methods method equation assist design multi component feed simulation models design subsequently operation column modeling erected columns equipment originally designed continuous column operation closely monitored changes feed composition operating temperature product composition tasks performed advanced computer control equipment column feed column fed different ways feed source pressure higher column pressure simply column feed pumped compressed column feed saturated partially liquid mixture saturated liquid liquid boiling point column pressure sub cooled liquid feed liquid higher pressure column pressure flows pressure let valve ahead column immediately expand undergo partial flash resulting liquid mixture enters column improving separation small size units glass laboratories industrial units large vertical steel vessels images known towers columns improve separation tower normally provided inside horizontal plates shown image column packed packing material provide heat required involved compensate heat loss heat added column purity product improved recycling externally condensed product liquid depending purpose columns liquid outlets intervals length column shown image large scale industrial towers use achieve efficient separation products refers portion condensed overhead liquid product tower returned upper tower shown images inside tower liquid provides cooling partial increasing tower provided better tower separation lower boiling higher boiling components feed balance heating column cooling condensed column maintains temperature gradient gradual temperature difference height column provide good conditions feed mixture flows middle tower called changing combination changes feed product withdrawal improve separation properties continuous column operation contrast adding plates changing packing minimum require significant plates towers images use liquid contacting methods provide required number stages devices commonly known plates plates different temperature pressure stage tower highest pressure temperature progressing upwards tower pressure temperature decreases succeeding stage liquid feed component tower unique way different pressure temperature conditions stages means component establishes different concentration liquid phases stages results separation components example depicted image detailed expanded image seen theoretical plate article acts additional stage physical plate efficient number physical needed given separation equal number stages theoretical plates seldom case column needs plates required number theoretical liquid stages packing way improving separation column use packing material instead offer advantage lower pressure drop column compared plates beneficial operating vacuum tower uses packing instead number necessary theoretical stages determined packing height equivalent theoretical stage known height equivalent theoretical plate determined total packing height required number theoretical stages multiplied packing material random dumped packing rings structured sheet metal tend wet surface packing pass surface mass transfer takes place unlike conventional represents separate point liquid liquid curve packed column continuous modeling packed columns useful number theoretical plates denote separation efficiency packed column respect traditional differently shaped different surface areas void space factors affect packing performance factor addition packing shape surface area affects performance random structured packing liquid distribution entering packed bed number theoretical stages required given separation calculated specific liquid ratio liquid evenly distributed superficial tower area enters packed bed liquid ratio correct packed bed required separation achieved packing appear working properly height equivalent theoretical plate greater expected problem packing distribution entering packed bed liquid distribution frequently problem design liquid distributors introduce feed packed bed critical making packing perform maximum efficiency methods evaluating effectiveness liquid distributor found references overhead system arrangements images assume overhead stream totally condensed liquid product water air cooling cases tower overhead easily condensed totally drum include vent gas outlet stream cases overhead stream contain water feed stream contains water steam injected tower case crude oil towers oil cases product water drum contain condensed liquid phase condensed water phase non gas phase makes necessary drum water outlet stream examples continuous crude oil petroleum crude contain hundreds different compounds organic compounds organic nitrogen compounds oxygen containing crude generally contain formed processes petroleum crude oil produce products having single boiling point produces having boiling ranges example crude oil produces overhead fraction called gasoline component processed remove reformer reform molecules complex molecules higher rating value cut fraction called contains different compounds initial boiling point final boiling point cut produced columns different boiling range distance overhead cut withdrawn column usually jet fuel cut known cut boiling range cut initial boiling point final boiling point contains different cut tower diesel oil cut boiling range boiling ranges cut cut overlap perfectly sharp come heavy fuel oil cuts finally bottoms product wide boiling ranges cuts processed subsequent processes | Continuous distillation | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25419_Antimetricelectricalnetwork | electrical network electrical network electrical network exhibits anti symmetrical electrical properties term encountered filter theory applies general electrical network analysis opposite merely mean lacking symmetry possible networks electrical properties physically definition references symmetry network usually refer input port network correctly terminated network equal input network dual respect nominal formula formula necessary terminating dual practical cases terminating equal nominal time physical electrical networks respectively physical arrangement components values ladder example necessary condition electrical example example networks figure additional identical section added left hand shown figure networks remain network resulting application applied section network shown figure physically retain electrical case second case properties port parameters conditions symmetry stated terms port parameters port network described parameters parameters formula network formula network passive networks kind illustrated article requires formula results matrix formula networks formula networks port network described scattering parameters parameters formula network formula network condition formula resulting matrix formula networks formula networks applications circuit designs naturally output networks instance low pass filter implemented ladder network number elements similarly number mechanical filter number mechanical notes | Antimetric electrical network | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25425_Earthstructure | earth structure earth structure building structure largely soil soil widely available material construction prehistoric times combined materials compressed baked add strength soil economical material applications low environmental impact construction earth structure materials simple mud mud mixed straw dwellings built turf soil stabilized addition lime cement rammed earth construction faster pre formed compressed earth blocks fired clay bricks types earth structure include earth shelters dwelling wholly partly embedded ground soil native american earth examples houses use poles interwoven sticks provide stability mud walls houses built northwest coast europe later european settlers north american mud brick buildings built world include houses apartment buildings churches large fortified rammed earth buildings southeastern china shelter families types earth structure include religious purposes stabilized earth retaining walls forts trenches embankment dams soil soil created rock physically transported deposited precipitated soil particles include sand clay sand particles largest millimetres diameter clay smallest millimetres diameter sand rock particles including typically minerals sheet like structure small clay particles interact physically small proportion clay affects physical properties soil expected expand contract dried useful brick making expand contract considerably wet dry suitable building mix sand clay soils given different names depending relative proportions sand clay clay construction subject article referred construction uses clay bricks ancient building technology early mediterranean egypt yellow river valleys billion people lived houses built recent years interest construction revived developed world seen way minimize use fossil pollution particularly carbon dioxide manufacture create comfortable living environment high mass high absorption material main technologies stamped rammed earth clay called french typically sun dried bricks mud straw mixture materials earth usually requires sort processing use construction combined water mud straw added form material lime cement earth earth increase strength mud mud construction oldest approaches building walls moist mud formed hand base wall allowed dry mud added allowed dry form successive courses wall complete mud hand mud form filled mud allowed dry iran mud walls called construction course inches thick inches high typically technique garden walls house construction presumably concern strength walls way approach lot time spent waiting course dry technique areas wood plentiful build wood frame house mud primarily provide parts england similar technique referred natural building material soil includes clay sand small stones organic material straw walls usually built courses mortar joints need clay soil fill post beam buildings load bearing walls bear stories wall inches thick ratio width height typically inside mix lime soil sand thermal mass helps stabilize indoor temperatures tests shown resistance seismic activity building codes developed world recognize approved material turf cut bricks called spanish tough walls cut soil heavy mat grass roots found river lands stood edge dry construction european settlers found likely deteriorate freezing rain came dried turf extensively walls houses ireland scotland iceland turf houses found turf house years longer maintained cold climate find best quality turf centimetres grass turf stabilized earth clay usually hard strong dry soft water dry clay helps hold earth wall wall directly exposed rain water leaking roof saturated collapse earth stabilized weather resistant practice earth adding burnt lime centuries old portland cement added earth intended construction adds strength stabilized earth strong fired clay concrete cement lime lime sand content soil soils low clay content non expansive clay suitable stabilized earth clay percentage reduced adding sand available clay cement stabilize soil adds cost earth contains little clay holds cement effect concrete cement particularly environmentally friendly manufacturing process generates large amounts carbon dioxide low density stabilized earth weak earth machine makes blocks wall rammed earth technique rammed earth rammed earth technique building walls natural raw materials earth chalk lime gravel rammed earth wall built placing damp soil temporary form soil manually form removed rammed earth generally water need time dry building rises susceptible moisture laid course stops rising covered water need protection sort plaster paint china rammed earth walls built people period cities appeared region thick sloping walls rammed earth characteristic traditional buddhist monasteries common northern indian areas technique spread middle_east north_africa city built rammed earth technology brought europe romans rammed earth structures long lasting great wall china rammed earth rammed earth buildings seven stories high years old concrete romans concrete strong load bearing walls roman concrete contains rubble broken bricks rocks set mortar mortar included lime volcanic material contributed significantly strength roman concrete structures completed stand longevity explained fact builders relatively dry mix mortar aggregate pounding eliminate air pockets derived earth products concrete structures usually considered earth structures building units mud brick brick bricks masonry units sun dried mud invented different times different parts world civilization developed construction bricks avoids delays course mud wall murals production techniques highly advanced egypt construction common africa today bricks traditionally sand clay mixed water plastic consistency straw grass mud prepared placed wooden forms leveled turned mold dry days bricks stood end air cure month southwest united_states mexico buildings massive walls rarely stories high mission churches feet surfaces fragile protect periodically renewed included mud plaster lime plaster walls historically laying bricks mud mortar swells rate bricks dried heated cooled modern stabilized cement cement mortars cement mortars cause bricks deteriorate different rates thermal expansion compressed earth block compressed earth blocks traditionally stick ram soil wooden mold today usually compressed hand operated powered machine developing world manual machines cost effective solution making uniform building blocks complex expensive machines likely appropriate labor intensive construction avoids cost buying transporting materials block making machines form blocks shapes reduce requirement mortar block holes grooves rods bamboo inserted improve earthquake resistance suitable earth clay hold block resist erosion expansive clay block stabilized earth contains cement concrete given weeks cure time blocks stacked kept drying water problem hot dry climates water scarce closely blocks covering sheet help reduce water loss construction natural building technique evolved historic military construction techniques local composition mix soil compact stable structure packed woven sacks sacks better cheaper bags laid courses barbed wire course prevent slipping course laid structure similar rammed earth structure extremely strong dome shaped buildings retaining walls fired clay brick technique firing clay bricks dates fired bricks build masonry europe asia north_africa remain important building material modern fired clay bricks formed shaped fired hours temperature result mainly composed ingredients sand brick depends materials firing temperature duration bricks vary color depending iron calcium materials oxygen bricks decay brick pores frost action acidic gases bricks laid courses mortar combination portland cement lime sand wall bricks thick include bricks long narrow exposed bricks crossing bonds patterns including english dutch flemish bonds examples earth earth thousands years energy efficient dwellings configurations extreme earth sheltered dwelling completely underground open courtyard provide air light earth house set slope windows door openings sides building ground level earth walls earth roof pit houses farmers southwest usa structures partially embedded south facing slopes successful design hundreds years tunisia ancient homes built metres ground level surrounded metres square homes reached tunnels examples subterranean semi subterranean cliff based dwellings hot cold climates found turkey northern china southwest usa number buddhist monasteries built earth materials cliff sides caves areas northern india placed starting 1970s interest technique revived developed countries setting earth house ground house cooler warm season warmer cool season native american earth lodge earth lodge circular building native americans north_america wood post beam construction dome shaped typical structure central posts planted ground connected cross beams smoke hole left open center central structure larger ring shorter posts connected cross beams central cross beams outside cross beams split beams formed vertical walls structure covered sticks brush grass covered turn heavy layer earth groups structure mud dried form shell old building technique smaller sticks interwoven upright poles mud mixed straw grass wall technique found world japan bamboo houses built floor lowered feet ground variant technique called colombia prehistoric britain simple circular shelters built adequate clay available found panels timber framed buildings generally walls structural interior use technique developed world replaced plaster prairie house european pioneer farmers north_america wood construction home dug cave hill covering entrance time build house farmer use cut bricks feet form walls strips grass way rows resulting wall feet thick wall built door window frames corners wall secured rods driven vertically roof poles brush covered prairie grass sealed layer houses strong lasted years damp dirty interior walls roofs tended leak collapsed mud brick buildings examples mud brick building world walled city designated known story mud brick buildings built start 14th century 8th century round mud bricks stone mud rebuilt times steadily growing size south great mosque dramatic example architecture built based design earlier built site requires maintenance ruler let previous mosque collapse national monument arizona protected modern roof massive story structure built people european record great house jesuit priest father visited site time long abandoned time temporary roof installed building standing hundreds years northern peru large temple built people building went series construction phases growing eventually height metres main platforms smaller rooms walls covered striking multi colored murals visible today date type rural dwelling people mountainous areas southeastern china built 13th 20th centuries large enclosed fortified earth building rectangular circular thick load bearing rammed earth walls stories high house families smaller interior buildings enclosed huge peripheral walls contain halls wells living areas structure resembles small fortified city walls formed earth mixed stone bamboo wood readily available materials feet thick result lit earthquake proof building warm winter cool summer elevated temples constructed end 4th millennium 2nd millennium rising series temple feet ground level contained million bricks inches length construction huge project largest thought tower mentioned bible destroyed foundations remain originally stood feet high base feet square sun dried bricks interior fired bricks facing bricks held clay pre native american societies ancient north_america built large earth structures known platform largest best known structures site illinois completed base larger great pyramid underwent multiple episodes mound construction periodic intervals large believed played central role mound building peoples religious life documented uses include semi public chief house platforms public temple platforms platforms house platforms earth lodge town house platforms residence platforms square ground platforms dance platforms feet pyramid sun mexico started stone faced structure contains million tons rammed earth earthworks earthworks engineering works created moving processing quantities soil rock material moved location formed desired shape purpose dams types elongated natural ridge artificially constructed dirt fill wall water levels usually runs parallel course river low lying coastlines stabilized earth retaining walls walls combine concrete pad wall facing panels soil reinforcement select variety designs wall facing panels pad laid row panels placed layer earth brought wall set reinforcements laid earth reinforcements metal strips attached facing panels process repeated successive layers panels earth reinforcements panels tied earth embankment stable structure balanced stresses construction basic principles long history developed current form 1960s reinforcing elements vary include steel term usually usa distinguish reinforced earth trade generally accepted term construction relatively fast inexpensive labor intensive demand high levels skill suitable developing developed countries forts trenches earth construct fortifications thousands years including strongholds walls protected ditches aerial photography europe revealed traces earth fortifications roman era later medieval times huge stretches disputed border england wales little known period builder king died early timber earth fortification later succeeded brick stone structure site trenches besieging forces approach fortification protected missiles build trenches fortress attacked excavated dirt protective wall combined trench depth height feet tunnel dug feet surface highly skilled highly paid extreme danger work american civil war trenches defensive positions struggle played increasingly important role campaigns years military earthworks culminated vast network trenches built world war stretched switzerland north_sea end lines trenches faced manned soldiers living conditions cold damp conditions worst allied trenches germans willing accept trenches long term positions concrete blocks build secure shelters deep underground electrical lighting heating embankment dams embankment dam massive artificial water barrier typically created complex semi plastic mound compositions soil sand clay rock semi permanent natural covering surface dense core makes dam surface erosion force creates downward thrust mass dam greatly increasing weight dam foundation added force effectively seals makes underlying foundation dam interface dam stream bed dam composed fragmented independent material particles friction interaction particles particles stable mass use substance lake alberta canada embankment dam kilometres long metres high volume fill believed largest earth structure world | Earth structure | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25649_Ship'schronometerfromHMSBeagle | ship nautical equipment ship carried voyage world held subject episode bbc series history world objects meticulous naval hms carried total recorded main survey second voyage darwin board dedicated cabin navy property loan manufacturers second voyage owned captain known survivors second voyage owned second loan canberra background nautical great importance 18th 19th centuries aids navigation accurate measurement time needed determination started essential equipment ship sea time set sail reported price dropping rapidly quality maintained novel mechanism spring strip temperature compensation continue maintain accuracy climates world sent survey mission involved globe journey described naturalist board ship book voyage lasted journey darwin began form ideas published later carried unusually large number necessary ensure accuracy survey commonplace ships time minimum number required easily identify gone faulty admiralty started general issue availability demand admiralty issued ship captain personally owned cases admiralty issue second machine total reasoning ship better event possible identify faulty instrument gone years required ashore boat expeditions rivers determine coordinates specific reference points instructed admiralty guaranteed continue function accurately survive journey mounted level sea conditions assembly fixed inside wooden box protection additional protection stored special cabin captain quarters crew needed measurements maintained allowed access measures indicate importance attached instruments voyage succeeded time establishing linked chain reference points globe known subsequent maintenance accuracy maintained instrument maker salary paid personally captain vessel considered post essential mission admiralty refused pay bore cost ship equipment admiralty fed ship rations concession extended darwin paid able measure overall accuracy entire journey measure time local noon returned home port sailed west local noon occurred progressively later finally globe shift local noon time measured exactly hours fact measurements exceeded seconds equivalent nautical miles impressive journey tens thousands miles years considered error large history manufactured served number royal_navy ships exploring july attempt find mentions determine spot measurement ship board early time royal_navy purchased issued checked rates sent cleaning initially issued directly ships later common sent royal_navy ports issue locally recorded issue july captain command took anglo war lasted returned february sent makers come nearly years march issued captain command time famous ship command second expedition find members public visited ship waited set expedition attempt abandoned leading ship abandoned ice damage attempt reach gave admiralty sent survey west african coast command july returned went cleaning london returned november immediately issued ship portsmouth devonport march delivered devonport rate checked recorded december issued captain command hms sailed captain command famous second voyage returned november period arnold cleaning transported portsmouth issue ships returned november service arnold issued january stayed formidable november returned serviced sent issue ships portsmouth transported periodically royal_navy ships service hms march hms december finally returned portsmouth final ship issued received april returned february use shore serving stayed months issued november observations observatory returned november sent november returned december declaring economic repair given july exchange later acquired private collector death collection auction auction cancelled collection purchased following private donation funds object series history world objects broadcast october series collaboration presented director specialist contributors episode vice chancellor television presenter programme discussed search role played contributions design voyage importance carried | Ship's chronometer from HMS Beagle | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25852_Hardsuctionhose | hard hard alternatively specific type fire drafting operations fire engine uses vacuum draw water portable water tank pool static water source built withstand vacuum pressure heat united_states standard equipment according standards fire engines structural world connection types usage hard known specific type rigid fire drafting operations technique fire engine draws water fire fighting supply portable water tank pool static water source instead drawing water water supply fire complete vacuum conditions pump lift water feet pumps fire apparatus capable producing high vacuum limitation friction loss fire services recommend attempting lift water metres hard connect fire engine practice common australia woven jacket fire normally purpose united_states hard manner requires fire engine positioned carefully limited flexibility require multiple firefighters weight bulk section certain circumstances possible use hard draft adequate water supply low flow rate built withstand vacuum water pressure heat constructed differently standard fire different end fittings united_states standard equipment according standards fire engines hard folded typically mounted fire engine opposite ground structural world hard extend range water tender dumping capability fittings hard match tender dumping water fill portable dump tank immediately adjacent water tender fire engine draft water movement dumping relies gravity mechanical hard useful task characteristics construction hard differs standard fire construction usage rigid generally manufactured synthetic material shaped series rings shape allows somewhat flexible allowing collapse normal woven jacket fire uses standard fire pressure designed minimize water leaking connecting hard sections pump instead prevent air entering vacuum allow air pump intake large diameter inch greater hard typically use fittings inch smaller hard typically use fittings case hard connection match fittings pump intake supply hard place supply appropriate short typically hard comes feet lengths fire comes feet lengths fire engine pump produces partial vacuum recommended lifting water metres reason junction opportunity crack imperfect seal vacuum rare sections hard connected designed use fire streams nature hard necessary drafting renders unsuitable high pressure water flow needed spray stream water fire hard tested ability prevent collapse vacuum conditions ability function attack hard steam gas powered fire engines available referred spiral diameter hard comes multiple sizes inches diameter large diameter carried size fire engines smaller hard carried apparatus smaller fire pump ratings fire engines united_states requires engines hard matches engine pump rating example engine minute pump required carry inch larger fire engine typically carry inch hard united_kingdom range metric smallest provide adequate flow rates range centimetres fitted centimetres centimetres comes types fittings provide tables maximum flow rates given pump pressure diameter total length use tables facilitate selection suitable taking account losses caused transporting water pump fire fighting draft water source drafting operation pool portable water tank uncovered water source length hard pump usually attached foreign objects water pulled damaging pump pond stream body water appropriate device surface mud air fire engine pump drafting solid tank pool safely rest mud fire engine pump united_kingdom official guidance use ropes weight order avoid putting sideways ensure minimum water surface prevent air support packing necessary crosses wall prevent air pocket formed | Hard suction hose | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
25937_Speech-generatingdevice | speech generating device speech generating devices known voice output communication aids electronic alternative communication systems supplement replace speech writing individuals severe speech enabling verbally communicate needs important people limited means interacting verbally allow individuals active participants communication interactions particularly helpful patients suffering recently children predicted speech deficiencies input display methods users varying abilities use multiple pages symbols accommodate large number portion symbols available visible time navigating pages speech generating devices produce electronic voice output recordings natural speech speech synthesis carry emotional information permit user speak novel messages content organization vocabulary influenced number factors user needs contexts device development techniques improve available vocabulary rate speech production active research area vocabulary items high interest user frequently applicable range meanings pragmatic functionality multiple methods messages devices directly indirectly specialized access devices specific access method depend skills abilities user output typically slower speech rate strategies increase user rate output resulting enhanced efficiency communication known mid-1970s rapid progress hardware software development meant capabilities integrated devices like notable users include roger_ebert founder ice bucket challenge speech generating systems dedicated devices developed solely non dedicated devices computers running additional software allow function devices speech generating device history roots early electronic communication aids aid controller named patient operated mechanism united_kingdom set symbols illuminated display researchers netherlands created operated lot use small movements head point small spot light matrix characters equipped cell commercially unsuccessful lot received users 1970s early 1980s companies began emerge prominent manufacturers founded losing speech following known grew student project created help young woman cerebral communicate beginning 1980s improvements technology led greatly increased number variety performance commercially available communication devices reduction size price alternative methods access known eye pointing movement user eyes direct produce desired speech phase scanning alternatives presented user available communication devices speech output possibilities included synthesized speech rapid progress hardware software development continued including projects funded commercially available dynamic screen speech generating devices developed 1990s software programs developed allowed computer based production communication boards high tech devices continued smaller lighter increasing accessibility capability communication devices accessed eye tracking systems perform computer word processing internet use environmental control device independent access equipment radio notable individuals devices include pete unable speak combination severe disabilities caused emergency come associated unique voice particular synthesis equipment past years gained popularity young children speech deficiencies syndrome predicted brain damage surgery starting early 2000s specialist saw benefit adults children found effective helping children risk temporary language undergoing brain surgery patients particular communication aids patients recovery process access methods methods messages devices directly indirectly specialized access devices direct access methods involve physical contact system keyboard touch screen users indirectly specialized devices manipulate object order access system maneuvering head mouse optical head light infrared switch access specific access method depend skills abilities user direct selection body adapted mouse eye tracking switch access scanning indirect selection unlike direct selection keyboard touching screen users target scanning selections scanning indicator electronic device desired choice unable point typically eyes use eye gaze way point blocking way select desired words phrases speed pattern scanning way items selected physical visual capabilities user message construction alternative communication typically slower speech users generally producing words minute rate strategies increase user rate output words minute result enhance efficiency communication given large number vocal expressions facilitate efficient effective communication including expressing desires asking questions multiple pages symbols accommodate large number vocal expressions portion symbols available visible time navigating pages speech generating devices generally display set selections changing screen fixed display main options increasing rate communication prediction permits user produce word sentence phrase iconic strategies combine sequences icons picture symbols produce words phrases alpha letter known words sentences coded sequences letters numbers example retrieve hello prediction rate strategy attempts reduce number predicting word phrase written user user select correct prediction needing write entire word word prediction software determine choices offered based frequency language association words past choices user users shown produce words minute scanning interface static keyboard layout grid layout suggesting overhead reviewing new arrangement benefits layout scanning interface systems interact voice device combine prediction system example help find prediction capabilities help user complete sentence help find glasses help find car keys approach rate uses language models present alternative letter targets screen size relative likelihood given history rate words produced depend greatly conceptual level system talk system allows users choose large numbers sentence level demonstrated output rates excess fixed dynamic display devices fixed display devices fixed display devices refer symbols items fixed particular format sources refer static displays display devices simpler learning curve devices fixed display devices replicate typical arrangement low tech devices low tech defined devices need batteries electricity electronics like communication boards share example typically restricted limited number symbols messages important note technological advances century fixed display commonly anymore dynamic display devices dynamic displays devices usually devices design words devices commonly typically generate produced visual symbols pressed change set selections displayed user change symbols available page links navigate appropriate pages vocabulary messages home page dynamic display device symbols related different contexts topics pressing symbols open different screen messages related topic example watching game user press sport symbol open page messages relating sport press symbol showing utter phrase score advantages dynamic display devices include availability larger vocabulary ability sentence construction advantage dynamic display devices underlying operating system capable providing options multiple communication channels including cell phone text mail work shown email writing practices allowed children users develop new social skills increase social participation output output synthesized systems play directly recorded words phrases synthesized speech uses text speech software carry emotional information permits user speak novel messages new words today individuals use combination recorded messages text speech techniques devices limited type output speech words phrases entire messages stored device activated user process formally known advantages recorded speech include provides natural speech listener person age gender user selected record messages provides additional sounds important user laughing provide degree patient families lose ability speak major disadvantage recorded speech users unable produce novel messages limited messages pre recorded device depending device limit length recordings synthesized speech use synthesized speech apply rules language translate user message voice output speech synthesis users freedom create novel words messages limited pre recorded device computers increased use synthesized speech devices creation allow user select list phrases messages spoken voice language user chosen iphone provide cheap way use speech generating device having visit doctor office learn use specialized machinery synthesized allow multiple methods message creation individually combination messages created letters words phrases sentences pictures symbols synthesized speech virtually unlimited storage capacity messages demands memory space synthesized speech engines available languages engine parameters speech rate pitch range gender stress patterns pronunciation exceptions manipulated user selection set vocabulary selection set set messages symbols codes available person device content organisation selection set areas active research influenced number factors including user ability interests age selection set system include words user know included user grow content installed given include large number pages provided manufacturer number additional pages produced user user care team depending user needs contexts device initial content selection researchers list number possible sources family members friends teachers care staff selection initial content range sources required general individual knowledge experience generate vocal expressions needed given environment example parents think add slang terms previous work analyzed vocabulary use typically developing speakers word use users generate content new devices processes work generating core set vocal expressions effective situations particular vocabulary needed example terms related directly user interest horse riding term fringe vocabulary refers vocabulary specific unique individual personal interests needs typical technique develop fringe vocabulary device conduct interviews multiple siblings parents teachers workers involved persons researchers suggest initial vocabulary items high interest user frequently applicable range meanings pragmatic functionality criteria widely field ecological check content automatic content maintenance emphasize vocabulary selection involves ongoing vocabulary maintenance difficulty users program new manually names new friends personal stories existing commercial solutions automatically adding content number research approaches attempted overcome difficulty range input generating content based log conversation user friends family data mined internet find language materials making use based approaches device content changed based events occur user day user data high quality messages generated risk exposing sensitive user data example making use global positioning systems device content changed based geographical location ethical concerns recently developed include performance measurement analysis tools help monitor content individual raises concerns privacy argue device user involved decision monitor use way similar concerns raised proposals devices automatic content generation privacy increasingly factor design devices designed areas user life sensitive legal social technical issues centred wide family personal data management problems found contexts use example designed support user right logs conversations content added automatically challenges devices usually communication specialists specialists required cater needs patients patients usually choose kinds words phrases want example patients use different phrases based age disability interests etc content organization extremely time consuming additionally rarely covered health insurance companies result resources limited regards funding boston children hospital driving force donations program running staffed hospital hospitals country producers relatively producers companies produce software existing devices functionality home built systems producers dedicated devices include technologies company corporation talk technologies design words companies produce software allow devices like iphone nintendo function | Speech-generating device | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
26263_Inverted-Fantenna | inverted antenna inverted antenna type antenna wireless communication consists antenna running parallel ground plane grounded end antenna fed intermediate point distance grounded end design advantages simple antenna shorter compact matching controlled designer need matching components inverted antenna conceived 1950s bent wire antenna widespread use inverted antenna mobile wireless devices space saving properties printed format widely technology allows printed components manufactured printed circuit board mount components variant patch antenna variants forms inverted exist implement multi band antennae techniques include coupled addition slots evolution history inverted antenna evolution basic quarter wave antenna wire type antenna invented 1940s antenna feed connected intermediate point length antenna instead base base connected ground advantage input antenna dependent distance feed point grounded end portion antenna ground plane essentially short circuit designer match antenna system setting position feed point systems commonly system inverted antenna antenna bent run parallel ground plane advantage shorter length disadvantage low typically inverted antenna combines advantages antennae inverted matching capability type inverted antenna proposed group harvard led king antenna wire form intended use missiles implementation inverted antenna wireless implemented format format choice modern electronics implement required distributed element components filters time economical mass production methods printed circuit boards printed inverted antenna implemented classic inverted shape usually circuit board ground plane removed underneath antenna approach modified patch antenna patch antenna approach edge patch intermediate point grounded grounding ground plane works principle inverted viewed sideways shape seen antenna element wide horizontal plane patch antenna wider thin line type greater radiation area like thin line type patch antenna printed printed circuit board rest commonly printed board fixed main board antenna suspended effectively air greater distance ground plane suitable material performance term reserved authors patch antenna antenna element wide ground plane underneath thin line type inverted antennae ground plane like called format author type printed inverted antenna reserve patch type hall common configuration patch antenna place pin close corner possible feed pin relatively close pin configuration frequency given approximately formula frequency width breadth patch speed light constant substrate formula holds antenna affected nearby device variation encountered inverted antenna insufficient board space extend antenna required length antenna reduce height retaining designed electrical length compared antenna found rubber antenna inverted antennae narrow wider achieved antenna increases radiation resistance solution place antennae close proximity works coupled wider techniques producing multi band antennae effective multi band antennae need multi band antennae arises mobile devices need countries networks frequency bands different simple design reported nest patch antennae inside technique insert spur lines patch effect coupled band techniques rely multiple modes generated makes compact design examples slot pattern similar pattern filter tightly pattern shown respectively applications inverted antennae widely compact hand held wireless devices space premium includes mobile phones tablet computers wireless inverted antenna frequently internal antenna mobile phone designs antennae use vehicle vehicle manufacturers like use antennae follow vehicle style aerodynamic reasons combine antennae feeds mobile phone satellite navigation car radio shaped dual band proposed use military vehicles bands covered frequencies ratio mobile phone bands design application dimensions scaled suit | Inverted-F antenna | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
26724_BirnbeckPier | pier situated super mare england approximately miles south west bristol pier country links mainland island linking hectares acres rocky island west grade listed pier designed opened gothic toll house buildings designed local architect pier closed public second half 19th early 20th centuries pier popular locals tourists town boarding point trade underwent extensions modifications years world war pier commissioned hms admiralty research new weapons pier reopened war number visitors steamer passengers declined final excursion visited pier today pier home super mare station closure ownership passed hands times subject series proposals redevelopment proved fruitless pier remains largely derelict state pier collapsed storms december history island originally called derived old english words burn means spring brook island pronounced locals corrupted current rock limestone giving rise geological term limestone formation prior construction pier accessed natural causeway low tide proposal connect mainland western end work commenced suspension bridge years later design architect victoria bridge bath patented principle based chains cables common suspension bridges bridge design considered significant relatively short lived phase suspension bridge development strike little built damaged storm bringing end suspension bridge scheme construction new proposal build pier island funded shares raised year old son lord manor laid foundation stone october public holiday declared town celebratory dinner held town hall main pier originally feet long feet wide construction low water damaged storm rebuilt finally dismantled meaning pier feet long architectural features end pier pier resembles bridge pleasure piers groups piles support continuous set comprising piles river bed angle adjacent pair fitting screw blades iron piles opposed accepted wooden pile created deeper far base support innovations brought birch enabled piers designed survive problems structure bands marched pier opening day result horizontal cross added piles law passed banning marching pier gothic toll house buildings designed local architect allow bring day super mare ports english welsh landing extended west island highest tidal ranges world second eastern canada estuary funnel shape tidal range underlying geology rock gravel sand produce strong tidal streams high giving water notably brown tidal range means legs pier largely exposed low tide hidden high tide operation pier opened june cecil hugh people super mare given holiday banquet held town hall toll walk pier old penny quickly raised maximum fee permitted general pier harbour act people paid toll months system installed carry passengers arriving pier new wooden northern added allowed removal original western landing place built south west corner reached deep water low tide allowing use pier states tide damaged gale rebuilt closed dismantled northern damaged storm replaced present steel structure second pier known grand pier opened centre super mare capacity accommodate seldom difficult currents structure electric ran pier approach road visitors arriving left pier housed cafe pavilion destroyed fire december replaced present buildings altered years attractions included shooting gallery merry round park swings theatre wonders licensed bar telephone installed months installed town amusement area expanded extension iron supports south island built proper specifications demolished larger concrete platform added place pier taken admiralty outpost commissioned hms secret weapons development storage testing bouncing bomb tested fort opposite bay war pier resumed role tourist attraction business declined competition grand pier opened amusement arcades sold pier campbell steamer operators withdrawal ships sold redeveloped victorian pleasure centre special permission issue currency visitors proposals pier commercial success including converting hotel casino residential use centre marina successful steamer company serving campbell white funnel fleet operations suspended second world war number passengers decreased availability cheap foreign holidays opening bridge 1960s regular ferries ceased serving final excursion october pleasure operate calls connecting tender million damage caused pier drifting equipment engineering work north pier damage quickly repaired despite fears like nearby pier time severed collapsed span pier badly damaged storms closed safety reasons daily trips summer months cardiff suspended indefinitely decline english_heritage placed heritage risk register station installed walkway pier allow safe access island cost pier sold new owners launched competition august inviting people submit ideas regeneration pier island time repair work required estimated million entries competition world winner design competition announced march winning design included dozen luxury apartments room hotel august announced campaign redesign buildings island designs submitted designs removed existing buildings piers replace walking paths added large concrete building island design called windows building create large surrounding september urban splash placed pier sale citing downfall business caused recession reason september reported bought undisclosed sum awarded planning permission new development nearby royal pier hotel site yards pier august reports suggests sale proceeded owners bought chairman director included pier list endangered buildings north pier collapsed storms december station extreme tidal range finding suitable launching site proved task installed pier enabling lowered water low tide new larger stationed built north east island feet pier facility replaced new built south east island feet enabled launched states tide longest england closed poor condition launched north east island crews continued use kept launch open air april new temporary erected cover structure cost designed dismantled permanent facilities built transported reused announced seek planning permission permanent station harbour deep water anchorage facilities pier closed super mare busiest station south called times historically largest number people rescued time september passengers taken got difficulties leaving pier | Birnbeck Pier | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27212_Skerryvore | meaning great remote reef lies west coast scotland miles kilometres south west island best known given lighthouse built difficulty height feet tallest lighthouse scotland shore station houses operations later transferred west location led keepers receiving additional payments kind light break fire shut operations years lighthouse automated geology pre historic times rocks form covered ice sheets spread scotland atlantic_ocean outer retreat ice years ago sea levels feet lower present rise land makes estimating post glacial coastlines complex task circa likely reef south western end large island consisting modern islands surrounding land steadily rising sea levels slowly isolated finally submerged barrier remnants stretch miles kilometres lying south westerly direction detailed survey undertaken listed main rocks including scottish scottish rocks worn smooth action waves constantly affected spray wrote effect jet times extremely beautiful water broken form snow white pillar surrounded fine sunshine beautiful observed isolated outpost archipelago composed formed rocks ancient rocks europe hazard shipping magnetic area planning construction lighthouse surveys thirty ships known wrecked area chief engineer landed reef reported need beacon kind returned company sir party commissioners scott wrote quiet great kicking bouncing yacht like idea little commissioners length come sight long ridge rocks chiefly water tide breaks tremendous style appear low broad rocks end reef mile length entirely water surf position lighthouse bell rock joke nearest land wild island miles distance later year act parliament passed enabling construction lighthouse despite pleas light arriving weekly events proceeded slowly returned company son survey clear little choice location single largest area rock measured low tide readings wave pressure indicated tower withstand forces pounds square foot suggestions tower cast iron bronze sufficient senior wrote consideration opinion justified adoption iron lighthouse occasion warn passing vessels danger ship newcastle charts showed main rock miles away boarded near master oblivious dangers found lying ease smoking pipe wife commissioners potential costs estimated set special members decided visit site steamer fire broke boiler room ship extinguished harm experience duly appointed engineer project aged designed tower feet high base feet feet gallery lowest sections solid feet feet high half height base later light nearby nonetheless structure weigh long tons volume base times larger entire structure light twice steps tallest heaviest lighthouse built modern world today tallest lighthouse united_kingdom shore station initial shore station construction site located south west corner proximity resulting abundance bounty led higher rest west coast island work new facilities began granite blocks brought village cut shaped shipped reef cottages keepers built stone massive pier tall granite tower enable signalling remarked activity contrasted misery imagined lot surrounding population foundation wages spent constructing ton steamer ferry workers materials reef difficulties dozen miles miles mainland work undertaken construction legged frame wooden house men placed building created dismantled built site initial work began rock august arrived board sailing vessel began massive legs set holes rock days site abandoned storm swept atlantic days resume schedule hours day work fearing sea sickness man preferred attempt sleep damp rocks rolling work season lasted september time legs secured main structure months later received letter began dear sir extremely sorry inform erected totally disappeared structure destroyed gale november months effort wasted hired boat inspect damage day received news firm self belief resolved build stronger identical replacement work began april early september completed stood feet rock entry attached legs led lowest level containing kitchen middle level contained master works whilst level provided sleeping quarters men work foundations lighthouse continued september total charges remove tons rock believed rock hard effort involved times required boring granite work went end second season blocks laid april june blocks fashioned stone donated duke roughly rock taken blocks shape largest weighed tons smallest tons precision required meant single block man hours complete tower new violence storms winter work commenced rock april arrival new steamer carefully fashioned blocks began arrive site laid 7th duke july son george later wrote sight fresh memory interval years seen yesterday natural surfaces rock irregular highest degree worn broken battered ages tremendous surf splitting rock lines natural square foot rock level midst torn surface suddenly came magnificent circular floor diameter level water smooth table soon blocks day arriving weather continued play summer steamer unable reach reef fourteen consecutive days occasion landings possible seven weeks supplies began run low work ceased autumn tons granite standing feet ins high stood continued labour blocks winter courses base hard remainder granite work continued crane huge blocks tower rose raised july aged visited site annual voyage inspection walls base feet thick feet thick sit apartments feet diameter total cost works undertaken including cost establishing shore station estimated credit captain landing master single life lost construction fitting final season work spent fitting interior chief engineer final work undertaken supervision brother thomas light lenses revolving lamp lenses reflecting constructed edinburgh machinery ready beginning seven weeks landing undertaken rock lamp finally lit february years greatest achievements engineering aesthetic perspective chose curve outline stylistic reasons nephew described extant deep sea lights according asserted world graceful lighthouse keepers hazards surrounding reefs lighthouse normally approached shipping completion construction work result end difficulties involved operations easiest landing intersects rock near tower landing described like climbing bottle system ropes attached installed assist dangerous operations statistics compiled decades showed having scotland total storms lasting hours period keeper lost hearing weeks lightning strike thrown entrance door keeper wrote bird visible tower hundreds birds flying directions crossing crossing flight coming collision seemingly opinion way escape confusion got windows fog bell installed operating scotland time adverse conditions faced keepers resulted receiving additional payments kind remote location suited veterans assistant keeper years principal involved dramatic rescue liner route halifax nova scotia liverpool ran aground nearby manned eighteen passengers reached lighthouse looked half days taken mainland lives lost assistants commended efforts served keeper years told posting helped complete new landing slender metal walkway called landings possible conditions previously considered hopeless baked bread table marble post construction events numerous dignitaries visited light ensuing years lord edinburgh came wrote interested knowing method intercourse signals morning clock ball hoisted lighthouse signal fail given ball raised wrong reply ball schooner wet dock sea lighthouse high waves washed tower severe storms told rose high window level rocks wind waves building shook danger entertained visual similarity miles kilometres south east led painting distinctive red band round middle section advantage proximity site construction period small harbour offered little shelter shipping keepers operated operations transferred adjacent signal tower land buildings sold 8th duke witnessed laying stone years previously steamer signal built based relief operations shore station moved 1950s mines laid vicinity rock german submarines july world war stick bombs dropped passing german plane explosion cracked shattered disastrous fire started seventh floor night march spread downwards keepers time raise alarm driven lighthouse rocks rescued day relief vessel arrived regular schedule heat fire caused damage interior structure series temporary lights installed reconstruction new generators placed lighthouse provide electric light source lit august constructed enable relief trips undertaken need sea landings lighthouse fully automated march monitored radio link lighthouse tower converted house run restored pier possible visit based | Skerryvore | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27366_DigitalradiointheUnitedKingdom | digital radio united_kingdom united_kingdom roll digital radio proceeding engineering test started bbc followed public launch september currently world biggest digital radio network national local regional broadcasting commercial bbc radio stations capital london different digital stations available addition radio stations broadcast digital television platform internet radio april april bbc frequencies digital radio ensemble operators stations need broadcasting licence media broadcast digital radio united_kingdom promoted radio stations broadcasting industry premise provides superior quality sound wider choice radio stations easier use resistant interference broadcast media susceptible notwithstanding basic flaw mentioned fact sets inferior ones fact price paid extra number stations audio quality lower areas country presently covered bbc says provide coverage final population use instead published consultation intent push coverage united_kingdom level enjoyed broadcasting united_kingdom intends migrate vast majority services digital subject targets met coverage listening figures digital radio agreements relation funding decisions related memorandum understanding media sport broadcasters ensemble operators radio listening hours second quarter digital platforms making majority digital radio listening million households claim access radio set experimental standard station bbc started permanent covering london september expansion single frequency network spring bbc national ensemble available population broadcasting act allowed introduction national regional local commercial united_kingdom national ensemble licence advertised applied licence licence awarded broadcast launch renamed companies formed digital ensemble began broadcasting november digital ensemble grown currently available population report puts robust household coverage growth benefits united_kingdom increased launch bbc national ensemble lower prices new radio stations marketing increased radio digital radios sold car radios priced costing released years later digital invested produce new processing chip allow cheaper portable radios produced pure digital award winning evoke series radios broke price barrier increased result increase electrical retailer announced selling radios continues stock sell radios given indication august bbc broadcasters encouraging promoting number features new improve technology sales literature benefit use technology technology broadcasters including bbc able launch exclusive digital radio stations alongside existing radio stations broadcasters state offers better reception problems interference noticeable radio radios come features station lists listeners need receivers scrolling text providing information breaking news travel information latest track information marketed having major advantages radio broadcasting audio compression technology parts audio spectrum heard humans discarded meaning data needs sent air technology allows number channels broadcast frequency opposed channel radio broadcasts national local regional use frequency area cover single frequency network ensemble broadcasting number stations cover area number frequencies required cover area station bbc carried successful tests single frequency network london launching national ensemble criticisms technically provides low audio quality stereo stations bit rate level audio provides poorer sound quality quality assuming good reception bit rate judged provide high quality stereo broadcast signal large growing number music stations bit rates radio stations digital platforms cable terrestrial satellite usually higher audio quality higher example bbc stations use higher bit rates digital platforms apart hand survey undertaken consultation responses citing poor quality found listeners thought good estimates extra spectrum allocated local radio stations unable transmit space local afford high transmission costs operators charging announced regarded option local stations unable secure carriage unable pay high transmission costs addressed simple terms frequency broadcast carrier frequency wave order carry information carrier frequency signal receiver radio information retrieved signals radios different areas areas hear broadcast continuously contrast digital signals finite time digital radio takes different time broadcast signal different radios apart likely hear broadcast twice miss parts depending time signal individual radios interference loss moving broadcast signal receive signal case hear january report daily_mail claimed radios sold support service future people favouring traditional radios reported sales started rise follow fate 1980s january announced fewer radio sets sold christmas previous year group states customer confidence remains high january allowed electrical retailers granted licence signals stores demonstrate radio sets stores united_kingdom consumer charity warned consumers adequate signal store sets replied report stating stores contain steel structure produce cage effect signals blocked recommended consumers check coverage online purchasing radio avoid disappointment november number commercial radio operators refused run advertisement promoting operator stating fundamentally immoral coverage matches commercial radio executives argued bbc pick majority cost expanding network united_kingdom company february chief executive presented new strategy fend takeover bid strategy included closure national stations march disposal digital said platform economically viable growth digital radio come internet radio announcing deal apple stream stations touch iphone day takeover led keeping digital looking stake channel_4 second national commercial defended stating showing signs growth attractive consumers broadcasters bbc issued joint statement february stating commitment october channel announced pull consortium launch services second national axe digital radio services pure channel chief executive admitted ending channel_4 foray digital radio cost corporation million frequency plan radio stations united_kingdom broadcast number frequency blocks original plan devised framework europe frequency blocks broadcasting expanded frequency advertised local national ensemble licence blocks outside original plan reserved launch local additional blocks opened small scale trials months plan band local terrestrial plans broadcast digital radio stations band auctioned spectrum band number uses including terrestrial digital radio declared won auction band frequencies bbc national ensemble broadcasts frequency block united_kingdom coverage currently owned operated bbc transmitted number sites country bbc national carries bbc national radio stations local bbc radio stations carried relevant local ensemble commercial operating commercial number commercial operators run local regional united_kingdom operators include national operators digital local operators including digital local regional cover ruled transition future decision backed radio industry media sport chief executive mirrored calls radio industry experts adopt interview website stated red herring introduced future growing number digital radio sets currently sold future access stations cited greater expense broadcasters overall satisfaction current audio quality stations benefit small number reasons independent radio analyst stated economic decision adopt industry consumers led channel_4 originally awarded licence operate new national planned launch service format despite opposition aired government introduction united_kingdom industry experts began testing ensemble january period month media sport published minimum specifications digital radio receivers february states receiver sold capable stream capacity units march bbc announced undertake trial later year september began month trial ensemble early new stations launched services portsmouth trial operators second national sound digital launched time broadcasting services february stations portsmouth trial manchester trial liverpool local plus sound digital network digital terrestrial television digital radio digital terrestrial platform started october launch bbc digital radio services bbc existing stations stations broadcast bbc day radio owned launched radio stations kiss commercial radio stations launched jazz bbc later launched bbc_radio_1 radio february channels later moved october currently digital terrestrial platform seven radio stations broadcasting broadcasters including bbc digital satellite radio unlike north_america commercial satellite radio service north american service provided company called radio stations broadcasting aimed home users satellites television broadcast usually use series satellites east satellite east radio stations broadcast free air sky platforms set box platform bbc national regional digital radio stations bbc london launch planning subscription based digital radio satellite service upper frequencies band beat securing band frequencies auction process digital cable television number digital radio stations broadcast digital cable platforms including internet radio united_kingdom radio stations stream stations online including radio stations hospital radio stations stations solely broadcast online figures taken april showed million people listened radio online million people listening week listening media player computer number british firms including pure digital brought internet radio devices use signal stream internet radio stations range apple deal february stations broadcast iphone touch devices recently dedicated tablet computer applications published radio stations party companies smart applications allow radio stations listened announced charge additional royalty fees internet radio stations broadcast outside radio stations stream online including implemented blocking prevent listeners outside listening radio stations avoided increased fees march article reported negotiating royalty fees paid internet radio stations result negotiations fees increase bbc commercial radio operators industry body launched unified end player radio station internet streams personal computers named player replaced listen windows radio station websites added listen capabilities individual shows station supported confused considered introduction britain present medium wave band tests radio european broadcasting united_kingdom performed premier classic rock asian sound started broadcasting radio hours day europe suffolk norway england wales bbc undertook trial digital radio technology allowed explore digital radio medium wave frequencies trial broadcast new technology plymouth area april closed october bbc released report trial devon report gave number conclusions trial sound quality trial better quality good average quality daytime coverage trial extended discontinued service night time service expected smaller daytime coverage characteristics medium wave broadcasting cause problems interference trial bbc stated interference avoided redesign transmission network single frequency network possible significantly robust carried technical trial ensemble trial assessed reception qualities technologies urban rural areas mobile television radio services delivered currently ongoing experimental broadcast london cambridge video audio data applications switch january government interim report digital communication future lord carter suggestion future direction digital radio united_kingdom report stated following conditions met migration begin digital radio listening figures hit coverage matches report stated achieved report mentioned government work bbc meet coverage target original published specified threshold listening figures based subsequently incorporate listening digital platform easier meet criteria main driver proposed switch transmission system intense lobbying commercial radio sector save costs carter suggested report manufacturers devices pick radio signals ensure ready forthcoming migration report indicates plans create major investors plan ensure smooth transition consumers advise digital radio migration september integrated organisation purpose digital radio june final report concluded national local services currently broadcast place chosen digital economy act requirement stating united_kingdom prepare digital aid transition digital radio started june people trade old radio new digital radio participating retailers sets sent southern africa november reported ministers considering delaying earliest publish official plans increasing reception places date july media sport created memorandum understanding bbc commercial radio broadcasters ensemble operators future direction digital radio phase plan decision government creates phases scenarios drawn suggest begin step staged regions united_kingdom application licensing united_kingdom media communications formation provides licenses digital radio services united_kingdom application licensing procedures awards licenses digital radio services differently depending type service platform new digital radio subject open competition highest ensemble licence awards awarded years digital television services individual stations apply digital cable satellite licence broadcast aforementioned platforms apply digital terrestrial licence broadcast digital terrestrial television broadcasters need contact ensemble operator local national ensemble digital terrestrial broadcast region subject fee ensemble operator radio stations need secure capacity operator satellite broadcast platform broadcaster secure slot allowing viewers navigate channel set boxes provided request slot months advance procedure applies secure slot platform stations need contact ltd instead broadcasters need contact cable supplier carriage stations broadcast legally hold music copyright licence music mechanical copyright protection society order royalties paid musicians main bodies represent national ensemble march advertised time planned national ensemble broadcast national commercial services included ensemble classic licence awarded sole broadcast form digital original licence application included following stations closure original licence amended allow launch new classic contemporary jazz service launched december december deadline set licence amendment april acquired owner digital sold stake ensemble making sole owner operator ensemble july digital extended broadcasts northern_ireland previously frequency allocated northern_ireland allocated local commercial ensemble block available digital television united_kingdom local subsequently continue award regional ensemble number radio groups advertising starting licence awards awarded birmingham ensemble local licence issued birmingham ensemble licence award followed awards manchester glasgow south yorkshire awarded october announced locations ensemble local ensemble currently offer coverage blocks available band iii replaced york proposed licence area licence covers merged cover surrey areas covered follows digital economy act gained law april reorganised merged result local waited act commence june report planning coverage frequencies final publication government going ahead announcements launch additional local regional regional licence cover greater area land compared local ensemble awarded october areas awarded classed regional include march recommendation government radio report regional expand nationwide service fill gap pulling second national ensemble cited regions second national ensemble mid southern lincolnshire london northern_ireland scotland wales west south west england yorkshire september announced close july september shareholders decided renew stated released frequencies closed regional reused local coverage roll second national ensemble licence advertisement announced advertising second national digital ensemble result threatened court told national ensemble court action dropped assured stations second ensemble compete existing stations digital ensemble december advertised licence second national digital ensemble launch new digital radio services frequency block applications needed submitted march march announced received applications second national digital ensemble radio channels applications follows july awarded licence second national ensemble required launch services year licence award october pulled plans digital radio including launch second held talks remaining shareholders willing continue launch march recommended government second national ensemble formed existing regional second licence advertisement july advertised second national ensemble licence frequency interested parties submit applications october deadline extended january january announced applied licence run second national ensemble run primarily run march announced winning list proposed radio stations submitted follows experimentation brighton experimental ensemble advertised small scale broadcast united_kingdom month trial period trials test viability free open source software low cost equipment broadcast single single frequency network channel allow smaller radio stations broadcast cost effectively currently possible local organisation represents interests digital radio industry including bbc commercial radio companies transmission network operator organisation promotes use united_kingdom ensure deadline digital migration met formed absorbed plans promote website consumers print radio advertising official sites digital radio channels satellites national regional sites operators website digital website website digital website website small scale sites operators digital website internet radio internet radio station database sites known main site list services currently including radio digital radio news information trial | Digital radio in the United Kingdom | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27551_Waffle-ironfilter | iron filter iron filter type filter microwave frequencies signal variation filter longitudinal slots cut resulting internal structure appearance iron iron filters particularly suitable wide wide free transmission modes required high power handling capability applications include suppressing output design wide band industrial microwave manufacturing processes prevent escape microwave radiation microwave chamber filters analogous design appearing higher frequency smaller scale small size allows incorporated integrated circuits design techniques iron filters include image methods network synthesis methods numerical analysis methods network synthesis advanced method image techniques simple repeated pattern design desired numerical methods design description iron filter invented basis filter filter consists series ridges width filter inside surfaces rising descending ridges aligned meet middle gap iron filter addition slots cut ridges length leaves matrix square islands teeth surfaces iron filters essence low pass filters like devices transmit frequency iron filters wide low loss wide wide needed particularly good suppression modes required iron filters built wide wider possible relaxed specification operation performance issues addressed iron filter filters dependent transmission modes incident signal filters bad suppressing modes contained signal instance filter iron filter based modes strongly dependent mode number case iron filter modes nearly equally certain frequency limit frequency distance metal teeth greater half free space signal reason iron design good performance respect distance teeth longitudinal transverse directions nearly directions makes iron nearly waves directions mode wave mode waves travelling different diagonal directions modes affected nearly equally incident signals containing modes certain frequency generate modes longitudinal slots slots acting point start happen frequency height slot greater half free space signal frequency required filter effect consequence steps outside filter needed suppress modes incorporated end matching sections design criteria usually result filter match connected input output structures matching useful stepped added advantage helping suppress unwanted slot modes applications common application iron filters remove high power radar applying antenna legislation jurisdictions requires strict limits band cause interference stations application usually requires wide characteristic iron filters instance remove fifth necessary low pass filter greater times wide band nature iron filters finds applications satellite communications satellite earth station multiple connected multi band antenna delivers wide band signal different band essential signal contain band components particularly seriously interfere stop entirely communication band wider reason advantages commonly iron design iron filters industrial microwave processes industrial applications microwave energy include drying food products industrial films heating foam production melting rendering high volume production process continuous necessitating openings microwave chamber product fed exit steps need taken prevent unsafe levels microwave radiation escaping large accommodate product usual line product feed microwave material purpose absorbed heating effect severe damage material iron filters useful alternative product passed filter teeth ideal filter reflect unwanted radiation absorbing suffer example filter choke application processes techniques simultaneously iron placed nearest microwave chamber reduce energy level cause lining lining removes small design number teeth size gap design parameters control design filter example filter teeth width number rows teeth length primarily affects rows teeth better row equivalent element circuit filter section filter rows teeth theoretical rejection seven rows earliest iron filters designed image method filter design original data filter applied iron small adjustment alternative approach data image design junction equivalent circuit represent method later extended main image design method filters match good usually requires matching sections provided input output usually form multi section stepped add considerably overall length filter small improvement matching starting ending filter half space instead tooth space circuit equivalent half sections terminating filter end starting ending half tooth instead half space equivalent half sections direct synthesis avoids problems image method better account terminal designer additional degrees freedom allowing improved matching size gaps teeth tapered method design teeth different sizes according position filter compared image design sections identical approach original specification kept simultaneously improving matching stepped significantly reduced size synthesis methods allow better control precise filter response common response function filter designers filter trades transition band response best choice iron filters low pass filters pass frequencies way zero effect better choice filter filter based include special case discovered response low frequency controlled designer detrimental filter advantage response results filter better match connecting compared filter image filters design approach particularly suitable numerical method filter number finite elements elements large number simple steps ridges number methods available individual elements mode matching technique expands field element series mode matches field interface elements method expands field functions methods mixed according convenient particular type element analysis method final output needed scattering parameters matrix element overall filter response found combined scattering matrix individual element method synthetic trial design exist order analysed unlike synthesis methods starting point prescribed transfer function design modes theory excited iron filter vertical symmetry centre line practice caused poorly mating teeth modes suppressed fitting thin wires width filter space teeth vertical centre line better solution engineering components high precision results robust design multiple unit filters wide achieved iron filter units unit designed different overlapping ranges filter highest frequency smallest greatest number teeth units connected sections order progressively higher frequency operation operating different frequencies ones connected units smallest teeth shorter connected units larger teeth gives example unit iron filter designed stop second tenth combined rejection network synthesis design techniques need multiple units reduced eliminated tapering teeth allowed unit design reduced single unit wide approach length complete filter high power high power occur corners filter teeth strong electric fields present sharp corners limits power handling capability filter effect rounding edges teeth completely circular teeth best power handling circular teeth handle times power capability square teeth instance describes filter rounded teeth wide power handling capability similar filter circular teeth hand handle power connect filters parallel combining provide greater power handling filter structures analogous iron filter operate higher frequency smaller electronics like iron structures good suppression unwanted transmission modes filter operating band built parallel plate technology rejection filter constructed plates highly polished aluminium spaced apart teeth consisted gold aluminium cylinders die design convenient provide gap centre teeth microwave version instead air gap provided teeth plates filters standard industry manufacturing techniques consequently suitable incorporating chip integrated circuits technology general | Waffle-iron filter | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27706_Diecasting | die casting die casting metal casting process characterized forcing metal high pressure mold cavity mold cavity created hardened tool steel dies shape work similarly injection mold process die non metals specifically copper aluminium lead tin based depending type metal cast cold chamber machine casting equipment metal dies represent large capital costs tends limit process high volume production manufacture parts die casting relatively simple involving main steps keeps cost item low especially suited large quantity medium sized die casting produces casting process die characterized good surface finish casting standards dimensional consistency variants free die casting eliminate gas defects direct injection die casting reduce scrap increase yield history die casting equipment invented purpose producing type printing industry die casting related patent granted small hand operated machine purpose printing type production invented machine automated type casting device prominent type equipment publishing industry die casting machine manufactured brooklyn machine sold open market north_america applications grew rapidly die casting growth consumer goods making affordable production intricate parts high volumes released process cast metals main die casting aluminium copper lead tin uncommon die casting possible specific die casting include aluminium aluminium standards following summary advantages easiest metal cast high high impact strength easily economical small parts promotes long die life aluminium lightweight high dimensional stability complex shapes thin walls good resistance good mechanical properties high thermal electrical retains strength high temperatures easiest metal machine excellent strength weight ratio commonly die cast copper high high resistance highest mechanical properties die cast excellent wear resistance excellent dimensional stability strength approaching steel parts high strength copper alternative investment steel parts lead tin high density extremely close dimensional accuracy special forms resistance applications public health reasons type metal lead tin traces copper casting hand set type printing hot foil blocking traditionally cast hand predominantly die cast type casting machines came market added dozens casting machines newspaper office maximum weight limits aluminium brass approximately pounds respectively material defines minimum section thickness minimum draft required casting outlined table section greater equipment basic types die casting machines hot chamber machines cold chamber machines rated force apply typical ratings hot chamber die casting hot chamber die casting known machines rely pool metal feed die beginning cycle machine retracted allows metal fill hydraulic powered forces metal die advantages system include fast cycle times approximately cycles minute convenience melting metal casting machine system limited use low melting point metals aluminium picks iron pool hot chamber machines primarily lead based cold chamber die casting casting hot chamber machines include aluminium large composition aluminium copper process machines start melting metal separate precise metal transported cold chamber machine fed shot chamber injection cylinder shot driven die hydraulic mechanical biggest disadvantage system slower cycle time need transfer metal cold chamber machine mold dies die casting called cover die half die half meet called parting line cover die contains hot chamber machines shot hole cold chamber machines allows metal flow dies feature matches hot chamber machines shot chamber cold chamber machines die contains usually runner path shot hole mold cavity cover die secured stationary casting machine die attached mold cavity cut cavity separate pieces replaced relatively easily bolt die halves dies designed finished casting slide cover half die stay half dies opened assures casting ejected cycle half contains push casting die half driven pin plate accurately drives time force casting damaged pin plate casting prepare shot overall force pin low casting hot damaged excessive force leave mark located places marks casting purpose die components include components usually produce holes opening create details types fixed loose fixed ones oriented parallel pull direction dies direction dies open fixed permanently attached die ones oriented way parallel pull direction removed die cavity shot dies open separate mechanism similar form surfaces use greatly increases cost dies loose called pick outs cast intricate features holes loose inserted die hand cycle ejected end cycle core removed hand loose expensive type core extra labor increased cycle time features dies include water cooling passages parting lines usually wide thin approximately metal starts filling metal quickly scrap high pressure ensures continuous feed metal gate important material properties dies thermal shock resistance elevated temperature important properties include heat checking resistance availability especially larger dies cost longevity die directly dependent temperature metal cycle time dies die casting usually hardened tool cast iron withstand high pressures involved dies expensive resulting high start costs metals cast higher temperatures require dies higher main failure mode die casting dies wear erosion failure modes heat checking thermal fatigue heat checking surface cracks occur die large temperature change cycle thermal fatigue surface cracks occur die large number cycles process following steps traditional die casting known high pressure die casting basis die casting variations die preparation filling dies prepared mold cavity helps control temperature die assists removal casting dies closed metal injected dies high pressure psi mold cavity filled pressure maintained casting dies opened shot shots different multiple die yielding multiple shot ejected finally involves separating scrap includes gate runners flash shot special trim die power press hydraulic press methods shaking include grinding labor intensive method shots gates thin easily broken separation gates finished parts follow scrap recycled yield approximately high pressure injection leads quick fill die required entire cavity fills casting way avoided shape requires difficult fill thin sections creates problem air mold filled quickly little time air escape problem including parting lines highly refined process center casting die perform secondary operations produce features readily tapping hole plating painting inspection casting inspected defects common defects cold defects caused cold dies low metal temperature dirty metal lack possible defects gas hot tears flow marks flow marks marks left surface casting poor sharp corners excessive water based called commonly type health environmental safety reasons unlike based water properly treated remove minerals leave product dies water properly treated minerals cause surface defects types water based oil water water oil semi synthetic synthetic oil water best applied water die surface oil helps release shot common mixture type thirty parts water oil extreme cases ratio include heavy oil animal vegetable synthetic gelatinous room temperature high temperatures found die casting form thin film substances added control thermal properties include aluminium chemical added water based oil based mixed water include soap alcohol historically based diesel fuel commonly good releasing dies small explosion occurred shot led build carbon mold cavity walls easier apply evenly water based advantages advantages die casting excellent dimensional accuracy dependent casting material typically inch inch additional centimeter inch additional inch smooth cast surfaces thou thinner walls cast compared sand permanent mold casting approximately cast heating elements high strength bearing surfaces reduces secondary operations rapid production rates casting strength high casting low metals main disadvantage die casting high capital cost casting equipment required dies related components costly compared casting processes die casting economic process large production volume needed process limited high metals casting weights grams standard die casting process final casting small prevents heat treating heat causes gas pores expand causes micro cracks inside surface related disadvantage die casting parts acceptable parts needing case cast dies variants die casting process developed late 1950s 1960s acronym accurate reliable dense developed combine stable fill directional fast cycle times traditional die casting process process pioneered breakthrough technologies die casting thermal analysis flow fill modeling heat high integrity die indirect squeeze casting explained thermal analysis casting process creating electrical analog thermal system cross section dies drawn paper thermal loads cooling patterns drawn paper water lines represented sizes thermal represented paper system employed fill system required stable flow logical thought processes trial error analysis exist modeling precursor flow fill modeling system die casting process successfully cast low iron aluminum traditional die casting process die similarly heat treated meet military specification finally system employed patented double shot design idea use second located primary apply pressure shot partially solidified perimeter casting cavity shot sleeve system effective lead manufacturer machines discover effective apply sufficient pressure right time later cycle primary indirect squeeze casting free allowed cast free casting process identical standard process oxygen injected die shot purge air mold cavity causes small dispersed form metal fills die virtually gas added advantage greater strength unlike standard die heat treated process performed aluminium lead heated direct injection heated direct injection die casting known direct injection die casting die casting die casting process forced heated heated mini lead cavity process advantages lower cost reduction scrap elimination gates runners energy conservation better surface quality slower cooling cycles semi solid semi solid die casting uses metal heated temperature region allows complex parts thinner walls | Die casting | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27730_IntelligentSystemsforMolecularBiology | molecular biology molecular biology annual academic conference subjects biology organised principal focus conference development application advanced methods biological problems conference held year grown largest prestigious meetings fields hosting delegates meeting held locations worldwide meetings located europe north_america alternating years european meetings held jointly main conference usually held days consists presentations poster sessions talks presentations given multiple parallel tracks talks presented single track chosen reflect outstanding research notable speakers included nobel recipients senior scientist award invited talks programme proceedings conference currently published journal history early meetings origins conference lie workshop artificial intelligence researchers interest molecular biology held november workshop organised american researcher director maryland subsequent workshop topic held hosted clear regular international conference field required conference dedicated molecular biology rapidly emerging application artificial intelligence having successfully applied grants conference held july conference chaired hunter research associate professor assistant professor computer science attracted attendees countries submitting scientific papers success conference prompted announcement second conference end meeting initially planned held seattle competing meeting forced change venues short notice conference held stanford_university august organised research scientist emphasise international aspect conference held cambridge marked shift focus conference member director stated conference changed computer science based conference point realized want progress focus biology formation expansion held greece marked foundation formed focus managing scientific organizational financial aspects conference provide forum scientists address emerging role computers biological sciences assisted organising conference series period following formation marked expansion number attendees held attended delegates submitting scientific papers meeting time held university size limitations partnership jointly held time conference located conference meeting held glasgow largest conference held attended delegates submitting scientific papers considers important milestone history balance europe states important conference established rules ways spirit collaboration americans europeans success joint conference paved way future european meetings held jointly recent meetings end financial difficulty conferences brisbane drastically reduced numbers participants location corresponding reduction income allow delegates attend decided limit conference locations north_america europe january agreed hold joint conferences europe year beginning held north_america years joint meetings pattern confirmed continue held vienna austria marked conference took responsibility organising vienna city host twice return visit experiment intended reduce increasing effort required find suitable conference venues return vienna deemed partially successful price increases boston hosted predicted safe site periodically return celebrated 20th meeting held california event attracted delegates submitting scientific papers presented special presentation looking previous meetings attempting predict field head future held berlin germany attended delegates submitting scientific papers format main conference main conference usually held days consists presentations poster sessions talks academic papers traditionally presented single track presentations split themed days focusing protein secondary structure prediction sequence analysis techniques applications respectively attendance increased single track approach increasingly parallel tracks introduced expansion meant talks presented parallel tracks including multiple proceedings tracks highlights track technology track introduction parallel tracks controversial head systems biology said lot people wanted strongly intelligent systems model meeting everybody grew big couldn number submitted proceedings papers increased acceptance rate decreased dramatically proceedings published proceedings published journal number posters presented increased dramatically posters presented recent meetings posters presented multiple poster sessions talks presented single track generally attract largest audience presentations chosen highlight outstanding research field notable speakers included nobel speaker runs budget excess terms proceeds brings times conferences latin_america rocky mountain conference combined standard registration fees academics members non members lower rates students higher rates corporate delegates respectively provided early registration satellite events pre conference played important role conference included introductions genetic networks molecular molecular biology computer scientists mass based data access presented attendance grew late 1990s satellite meetings special interest group meetings formed alongside main conference meetings held days main conference focus specific topic allowing detailed discussion time main conference notable meetings include held annually held annually satellite meetings usually days long held conjunction 12th conference 9th meeting held satellite meetings list conferences | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
27922_Airwell(condenser) | air air aerial structure device collects water promoting moisture air designs air wells varied simplest designs completely passive require external energy source moving parts principal designs air wells designated high mass active high mass air wells early 20th century approach failed low mass collectors developed late 20th century onwards proved successful active collectors collect water way designs work require energy source making special circumstances new innovative designs seek energy requirements active use energy resources background air designs incorporate substrate temperature sufficiently low forms form precipitation occurs naturally atmospheric water substrate distinct fog fog water particles air releases heat dissipated order water collection continue air requires moisture air earth surrounding atmosphere contains water according atmosphere contains cubic kilometres fresh water composed percent water percent condensed water clouds figure comparable liquid water resources inhabited lands quantity water contained air commonly reported relative humidity depends temperature warmer air contain water cooler air air cooled point saturated moisture suitable surface instance temperature air percent relative humidity temperature falls relative humidity percent related distinct technique obtaining atmospheric moisture fog fence air confused pond pond artificial pond intended livestock pond cloud pond mist pond derives widely held belief pond filled moisture air fact ponds primarily filled stone significantly increase crop yields arid areas notably case island millimetres rain year permanent rivers despite substantial crops grown volcanic stones trick discovered volcanic credit stone promoting idea inspired unlikely effect significant plants able absorb directly leaves main benefit stone reduce water loss soil eliminate competition history beginning early 20th century number experimented high mass collectors notable investigators russian engineer given french german australian researcher belgian inventor collector near site ancient byzantine city thirteen large piles stones discovered engineer charge area stone pile covered square metres metres tall finds associated remains millimetre diameter pipes apparently led wells city concluded stone supplied water calculated air produced litres imp gal gal day verify hypothesis constructed stone pile altitude metres mount near ancient site surrounded wall metre high metres wide bowl shaped collection area drainage sea stones centimetres diameter metres high truncated cone metres diameter shape stone pile allowed good air flow minimal thermal contact stones began operate maximum daily production later estimated litres imp gal gal public record results time base developed leaks forced experiment end site partially dismantled abandoned site rediscovered cleaned approximately size ancient stone piles found yield yield calculated original structures experiment inspiration later developers collector inspired work built small air near concrete structure metres square metres high filled cubic metres limestone pieces centimetres diameter small vent holes pyramid holes closed opened required control flow air structure allowed cool night warm moist air let day formed limestone pieces collected reservoir ground level water obtained varied imp gal gal litres imp gal gal day depending atmospheric conditions consider experiment success retired order possibly want leave improper installation later continue studies air wells collectors wolf successful chemist working berlin 1920s 1930s time tested forms air wells yugoslavia adriatic_sea work inspired works known jewish scholar wrote arabic years ago mentioned use water palestine experimented simple design area mountain slope cleared watertight surface shaded simple canopy supported pillars ridges sides structure closed edges left open night mountain slope cool day moisture collect run surface system apparently worked expensive finally adopted compact design based masonry structure design shaped building metres high walls metres thick holes outer wall concrete high thermal capacity inner surface material sandstone according traces tentatively identified wolf wife maria emigrated australia decision probably primarily result maria encounters nazi authorities decision settle australia britain influenced wolf desire develop dry continent australia likely need alternative sources fresh water premier south_australia met london expressed interest specific proposal small town cook supply water cook railway company previously installed large coal powered active expensive run cheaper simply transport water australian government turned proposal lost interest project aerial previously worked systems removing moisture buildings turn inspired work set building large aerial metres high hill france beginning tower took months build stands today albeit dilapidated condition time construction excited public interest tower metres high massive masonry walls metres thick number let air inside massive column concrete night structure allowed cool day warm moist air enters structure high descends leaves building lower intention water cool inner column keeping finding surface rough surface tension sufficiently low condensed water central column outer surface projecting plates slate placed nearly vertically encourage collecting basin structure unfortunately aerial achieved like hoped performance produced litres water day end twentieth century mechanics better understood key insight low mass collectors rapidly lose heat radiation perform best number researchers worked method early 1960s sheets supported simple frame resembling ridge tent israel plants supplied slight rainfall collectors survived better control group planted aids dried summer new_mexico special foil produced sufficient water supply young party french academics attended condensed matter conference ukraine physicist introduced story ancient supplied water sufficiently intrigued went concluded identified fact ancient burial pipes medieval origin associated found remains examined closely apparently performed reasonably fact exact results clear possible collector fog added significantly yield worked probably fact stones near surface mound able lose heat night isolated ground produced yield envisaged fired enthusiasm party returned france set specific objective making available alternative source water began study laboratory conditions developed special film experimented trial installations including square metres collector vital insights included idea mass surface low possible easily retain heat protected unwanted thermal radiation layer shed condensed moisture readily time ready practical installation heard members obtained grant construct india april incidentally noticed substantial roof cottage beach resort arid coastal region briefly staying following year investigated phenomenon closely interviewed local people financed team went develop passive use arid coastal region active began tested wide range materials got good results iron aluminium sheets found sheets special plastic developed thick generally worked better metal sheets expensive plastic film known foil mixed dioxide types principal approaches design heat collect moisture air wells high mass active early twentieth century interest high mass air wells despite experimentation including construction massive structures approach proved failure late twentieth century onwards investigation low mass collectors proved successful high mass high mass air design attempts cool large mass masonry cool nighttime air entering structure natural convection day warmth sun results increased atmospheric humidity moist daytime air enters air presumably cool masonry high mass collectors performed aerial particularly conspicuous example problem high mass collectors rid sufficient heat night despite design features intended ensure happen believed correct article discusses high mass designs type yield useful amounts water ancient air wells mentioned sources evidence persistent belief existence character modern myth air designed cool substrate heat night sky substrate low mass hold heat isolated mass including ground typical collector presents surface angle horizontal surface backed thick layer material foam supported metres ground level installed ridge roofs low buildings supported simple frame heights typically work expensive convenient mount collector near ground level storey building square metres illustrated near start article built near ground area north west india installed occurs months year installation collects millimetres water season nearly nights year provides total litres imp gal gal water school owns operates site flat designs benefit simplicity designs inverted significantly effective probably designs shield surfaces unwanted heat lower atmosphere symmetrical sensitive wind direction new materials better collectors material inspired beetle survives moisture extracts atmosphere found coated microscopic projections peaks researchers emulated capability creating surface combines alternating materials active active atmospheric water collectors use mechanical essentially required cool heat point water produced water production place product possibly unwanted air conditioning system example produces estimated million gallons water year tower landscape mechanical energy intensive active collectors typically restricted places supply water lower cost sufficiently far supply fresh water transport circumstances uncommon large installations tried 1930s cook south_australia failed cost running installation cheaper transport water large distances case small installations convenience cost wide range small machines designed offices produce litres drinking water atmosphere circumstances source water atmosphere example 1930s american designers added systems case air emitted exhaust engines contained additional water product moisture collected additional ballast compensate loss weight fuel consumed collecting ballast way kept relatively constant having release gas expensive limited supply recently international space station module includes humidity control system water collects usually supply system water hydrogen oxygen drinking emergency number designs energy requirements active method use ground heat sink drawing air underground pipes provide source cool air building means ground coupled heat known earth tubes typically regarded significant problem major problem designs underground tubes subject contamination difficult clean designs type require air drawn pipes fan power required provided supplemented wind turbine cold cool interior greenhouse like structure cooling effective plants inside benefit reduced collects outside structure easily collected type atmospheric water collector makes use atmospheric water ambient temperature makes possible extract moisture relative humidity low percent systems sort proved useful emergency supplies safe drinking water regeneration needs heated designs regeneration energy supplied sun air night bed water day premises closed greenhouse effect increases temperature solar pools water partially cold collected french company recently designed small wind turbine uses electric generator power onboard mechanical system water | Air well (condenser) | Engineering and technology | Computing and engineering | Engineering technology |
75_UtahStateRoute61 | utah state route state route nearly mile long state highway state utah connecting route near richmond extreme northern state highway existed vehicles travel highway average day route description intersection west north center departs east north east crossing single track belonging exiting highway crosses continues east rural shy western city limits highway intersects west connector road preston idaho western terminus shoulder feet wide suitable remainder route narrower shoulders equal tenths feet wide highway changes south center street passing cemetery crosses second single track belonging single track highway eastern terminus north richmond rail lines crosses originally belonged aside segment highway surrounded farmland entire journey northern utah year conducts series surveys highways state measure traffic volume expressed terms average annual daily traffic aadt measure traffic volume average day year calculated vehicles highway average day western terminus vehicles highway junction thirty percent truck traffic history roadway linking east existed roadway serves eastern terminus numbered highway officially designated foot long bridge carries today constructed foot long bridge built original river crossings slightly south current locations major intersections entire route | Utah State Route 61 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
183_CaliforniaStateRoute243 | state route mile kilometer lane highway runs banning california north california south california highway connector interstate route provides access road banning planned turn twentieth century open road added state highway system route description begins near road highway traverses north winding road community makes left turn intersection circle drive continues road continues forest past state park making descending route city banning highway continues city making left right 8th street terminating diamond interchange national_highway_system network highways essential country economy defense mobility eligible officially designated scenic highway meaning substantial section highway passing memorable landscape visual potential designation gained popular favor community named firefighters memorial highway honor firefighters died fighting fire october annual average daily traffic aadt banning northern terminus banning highest aadt highway history road banning construction miles road open august additional miles road planned miles commissioned road completed september provided view expected help transporting lumber stopping fires federal government provided construction road forest highway system new high gear road banning way years later los_angeles_times considered road high gear efforts road way road banning known county route plans place add banning mountain center road state highway earlier state senator proposed legislation require road added state highway system removed roughly length remained system added state highway system suggested highway plans improve route major intersections letter measured road route established based alignment existed time necessarily reflect current mileage reflects realignment route indicates second realignment refers overlap correction change indicates classified temporary list list definitions segments remain relinquished local control omitted entire route important information fact passes firearms including vehicles guidelines school zone defined feet according fined title imprisoned years | California State Route 243 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
194_HopeHighway | hope highway hope highway known hope road forest highway located state alaska highway connects city hope travels miles road passes ghost town smaller settlements remnants gold rush occurred area highway created circa designated forest highway route description hope highway begins intersection inside highway proceeds north traveling miles pine forest valley range highway passes alongside source settlement area road proceeds abandoned settlement old mining town roadway proceeds arm turns westward direction road continues arm miles entering city hope highway passes hope intersecting old hope highway smaller streets exiting town forest highway reaches northern terminus access road entire length located portion highway listed national_highway_system traffic traffic hope highway low highest traffic count vehicles daily intersection daily average vehicle count highway history hope highway established original highway connected city hope pass took people anchorage completed allowed travelers hope having transport vehicle train highway operated improved dirt road highway finally paved portion highway connected hope created 1970s time extension route rerouted city hope original path traveled city renamed old hope highway expansion hope highway added system location local importance major junctions entire highway old hope highway old hope highway short historic route located city hope road miles long connects hope highway central region hope road gravel surface passes small businesses homes located hope road original created remained highway circa highway rerouted hope | Hope Highway | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
224_ArizonaStateRoute67 | state route long north south state highway northern arizona called sole road links route grand canyon national park route road heads national park surrounded trees section inside national park maintained national_park_service section north entrance completely owned road built late 1920s improved 1930s road received number given designation parkway 1980s parkway received designations route description signage begins grand canyon national park officially section road signed road heads north small town surrounded trees parkway enters small clearing meeting park entrance ownership begins heading northward path roadway surrounded narrow meadow bordered trees passes nearby meets road landscape route routes makes turns turning north highway new grand canyon highway addition designation makes turns heads north woods takes northwesterly path runs near terminus road turns northeast terminus northern segment highway maintained responsible maintaining like highways state job periodically surveys traffic routes surveys presented form average annual daily traffic number vehicles use route average day year calculated vehicles route daily northern terminus lists highway designated highway listed national_highway_system system roads united_states important nation economy defense mobility closure park facilities north rim winter winter maintenance undertaken december 1st result usually closed traffic december 1st spring history existed route reach north rim grand canyon national park early dirt road road improved gravel road paved road designated state highway signed highway received designation designation included entirety extending south grand canyon national park years later obtained right way improvement highway northern terminus approximately miles south additional right way acquired southern terminus approximately miles north june year parkway received designation june received designation time establishment route realigned retains original routing junction list entire route | Arizona State Route 67 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
242_WashingtonStateRoute221 | state route mile long state highway located entirely washington united_states highway serves connect unincorporated community county seat highway existed designated renumbering washington state highways route description starts intersection unincorporated community leaving highway travels north rural farm land lane highway minor roads roadway turns west turning north highway resumes northerly course climbs gaining passing lane segments finally terminating south year conducts series surveys highways state measure traffic volume expressed terms average annual daily traffic aadt measure traffic volume average day year calculated cars traveled central highway cars interchange history roadway current alignment existed records road highway designated route number changed state highway renumbering high winds forced closure large amounts dust blown causing visibility drop zero major intersections entire highway unincorporated | Washington State Route 221 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
392_WashingtonStateRoute516 | state route mile long state highway state washington serving communities southern highway travels east concurrency kent intersection designated national_highway_system kent intersects major freeways area interstate western kent downtown kent roadway built 1890s codified secondary state highway kent highways combined highway renumbering form current route route description begins marine view drive turns north near concurrent highways travel east kent des road past community college intersection western kent turns south shortly intersects partial cloverleaf interchange continues east lane divided highway pedestrian bicycle trail downtown kent highway serves southern terminus intersecting diamond interchange western edge downtown kent shifts south street crosses trail rail line turning north east smith street near kent station highway travels southeast serves southern terminus leaving kent passes street intersects diamond interchange located highway continues east past pipe lake crossing cedar ending intersection year conducts series surveys highways state measure traffic volume expressed terms annual average daily traffic aadt measure traffic volume average day year calculated busiest section highway interchange serving vehicles busiest section western terminus serving vehicles western kent designated national_highway_system includes roadways important national economy defense mobility history kent road built wagon road late 1890s upgraded paved highway codified highways creation primary secondary state highways system traveled miles south route east midway traveled miles east midway kent intersecting ending branch highways combined highway renumbering form codified law highway traveled east midway kent aligned forming new completion new north south freeway major intersections entire highway | Washington State Route 516 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
606_U.S.Route80inCalifornia | route california route highway california continued east country georgia western terminus san_diego california continued east city different years highway went encountering descending passing sand dunes highway crossed arizona highway replaced road winding lane road factors led hour journey san_diego 1930s road realigned mountains curves remained 1950s work began constructing interstate replace old highway san_diego bypass cities san_diego started construction road san_diego area construction replacement old highway construction continued rest route decades gradually decommissioned san_diego imperial counties completed highway designated route description multiple downtown san_diego area route began broadway ran 4th avenue north university avenue district went east university avenue routing shifted use park boulevard south university avenue downtown end market street city council voted july use university avenue west park boulevard connect obtain federal funding improving road year highway referred western terminus district highway engineer state produced highway maps years reflect change choice western terminus early days world war maps showed western terminus running north boulevard north east street northeast street southeast street east avenue south pacific highway finally east market street continuing north park boulevard boulevard ran concurrently route downtown san_diego intersection concurrency removed completion freeway shifted park boulevard 11th avenue north new freeway continuing east boulevard final san_diego alignment signs placed moved western terminus intersection traveled east known continuing road according district engineer 1950s parts street street street pacific highway considered followed path boulevard main street near downtown heading grade route realigned passed alpine entering alignment cafe travelers existed building taken provide land interchange section old miles signed continues serve access communities pine valley east time provided rest area travelers later state recognized historic site exiting national forest continued southeasterly direction boulevard intersecting eastern terminus came close mexican border curved hot spring town east passed desert view tower descended rapidly gorge west entering city limits east continued cut southeasterly trajectory running parallel close mexican border traversing dunes finally reached crossing arizona entire length designated history construction route added state highway system san_diego route added highway constructed travelers pass north order reach route originally road pieces wood tied road completed october portions visible 2010s ocean ocean bridge open new road opened year state maintained foundation wooden rails bound steel opposed simple rails traffic congestion dusty conditions travel road difficult delay constructing road san_diego caused increased development los_angeles resulted city trade population center southern_california road existed 19th century passed mountains east san_diego construction discussed early daily bee saying best system freeway constructed automobile road mountains east san_diego narrow wound mountains officially dedicated trip known hours frequently resulted boiling flat tires broken fan belts recent weather result cars mud colonel declared road success indicated belief concrete road san_diego soon follow responding criticism road los_angeles built designated november rest asphalt road constructed valley main east west route open road constructed early 1930s remove curves widen lanes result lane road popularly known dead man curve planning new alignment underway work located grade segment west alpine paving continued west sand dunes businessmen hoped promote use road route phoenix los_angeles increase tourism eventually road southern_california east highway associated formed increase traffic road war advertising cities caused fall years later reported highway percent increase state cars traveled state inspection station months year reports traffic decreased road phoenix arizona new_mexico improved early freeway development starting county state officials proposed away boulevard city raised concerns proposal shift transportation design free access highways vehicles travel miles hour success los_angeles newspaper withdrew objections construction meantime parts boulevard downtown widened federal funds allocated boulevard designated carried designation san_diego criticized traffic signals businesses boulevard discussion resolve traffic issues world war stalled freeway projects san_diego area plans developed freeway connect freeway funding obtained miles portion street lake murray boulevard avenue portion freeway thorough opened early reports indicated decreased time travel san_diego factor trips route day year san_diego city manager expressed concerns meeting shifting away boulevard route potential loss commerce businesses located near current route highway president complained funds construction instead september county approved road limited access highway held processing results surveying month million allocated realignment grade increasing radius curves feet feet limiting grade percent project way prisoners contributing labor force projected include tunnel crossings longer miles tunnel proposed year longest world work grade stalled prison labor camp shut efforts start work funds allocated months later work bid complete project construction continued western freeway august final link new freeway dedicated year planning continued possibility freeway bypass connect existing freeway owners raised objections designation new freeway potentially harm business response proposed designating boulevard business route order obtain funding construction new route added state highway system designated later formed encourage public support construction bypass conversion roads freeway following city san_diego council county approval transportation committee heard complaints citizens claiming adequately notified plans given time provide input discussion south city began august year state director public works announced route rebuilt south miles freeway february declared roads new alignment alignment chosen highway passed contract given construct portion april contrary recommendation highways study constructing freeway replace new alignment officials decided pursue upgrading existing road freeway route considered alternative proposed adding grade separated interchanges routing san_diego interchange finishing work mountains year according interchange busiest county interstate highway system april official announced built freeway entire length california included meantime plans moved mayor san_diego asked project track construction hold lower traffic levels compared local highways state raised issue december stating construction freeway help economy port san diego state senator went blamed delay officials addition linking delay damaging program develop port bridge replaced cost million use bridge built finally bids opened connect new freeway groundbreaking took place june project cost million rebuilding interchange priority availability federal funding traffic problems encountered having ramps entering left right july decided formally raise issue incomplete highway survey meeting federal funds allocated construct taylor street avenue lane freeway street divided highway august state announced proposed routes mountains including tunnel contract later awarded construct freeway taylor street freeway cost million november announced route chosen allow route constructed stages expensive alternative end year plans construction freeway drive east portion freeway avenue lake murray boulevard contracted million january taylor street portions construction including interchange scheduled complete october freeway avenue portion bid month contract awarded million interchanges constructed ward road replace traffic signals july new designation road announced plans post signs contract portion near chase avenue avenue awarded million november district highway engineer stated lower traffic completion freeway mountains delayed construction section avenue street contracted million april year work continued freeway august traffic signal left highway west ward road august announced bids portion lake murray boulevard street opened following month completed entire freeway west complete eastbound lanes opened november portion summit avenue completed april august entirety freeway west complete exception portions near lake murray boulevard near boulevard million avenue eastern city limits million addition freeway near road imperial county constructed million miles freeway portion east avenue connected undivided opened september final section completed april construction started portion september year west interchange declared busiest road daily vehicles removed state highway system state highway renumbering designated assumed routing san_diego signs posted years afterward remaining portions original asphalt road bypassed freeway formally recognized california requested elimination gradually route removed arizona new_mexico texas freeway built population went businesses closed relocated population began increase years residents began jobs san_diego following campaign local old highway committee endorsement passed resolution allowing route designated signed state historic route major intersections table refers route | U.S. Route 80 in California | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
855_UtahStateRoute202 | state route mile long state highway state utah serves connector linking interstate rural road existed connected route serves eastbound ramp route description located entirely utah begins intersection west northwest utah road travels northwesterly bordered east large pond owned denver rail line owned parallel rail line intersects pair east west rail lines southern line main line northern line feather river route owned crossing rail lines intersects near great salt lake state park comes terminus frontage road provides access great salt lake state park resort owns land surrounding right way railroad highway serves eastbound ramp intersection southern terminus traffic option continue westbound eastbound traffic increased daily average cars day compared cars day half traffic consists buses trucks history roads designated past road formed eastern approach utah later south downtown salt_lake_city utah state route road currently carries designation existed connected designated road taking responsibility maintaining road county changes alterations legal definition road changed twice formed september acid spill occurred reported people vehicles traveling interstate major intersections entire route | Utah State Route 202 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
887_U.S.Route50inUtah | route utah route utah crosses center state highway serves major population centers utah largest city path delta route passes remote areas eastern half state route concurrent interstate enters exits utah concurrent routes separate center state completely different existed nevada route cities progressively shorter new roads paved largely region states earlier result dispute utah nevada auto trails paved converted highways route description highway enters utah nevada portion desert similar portions route nevada services point delta span roadway miles passing highway crosses mountain ranges confusion range kings canyon arriving shore lake lake intermittent lake fed snow melt mountain ranges eastern half water usually visible spring months highway follows lake delta scenery dramatically changes approaches delta route separate road approaches delta straight passage desert changes farming areas highway continues farms arriving mountainous terrain highway merges interstate cross range separates freeway meet interstate highways run concurrent point east colorado stretch highway miles long services routed crosses passes construction swell noted engineering specific feat excavation portion called required cubic yards rock bed miles roadway construction workers noted prior construction freeway man stand canyon touch sides canyon wall near routes run concurrent follow southern edge book cliffs grand junction colorado services present colorado span miles portion comes large number areas route visible dinosaur remains history modern route nevada utah iteration iteration system announced gap time states utah nevada feuding old auto trails paved new highway system nevada favored modern closely follows state utah refused consider west salt_lake_city officials perceived route carry california bound traffic directly nevada passing communities utah utah instead favored modern interstate west trail modern interstate favoring routes utah force travelers destined southern california use different route destined northern california traversing cities utah trail especially beneficial utah passed communities state las_vegas nevada utah prevailed continue follow salt_lake_city nevada wanted continuous route eastern nevada western utah arch shaped route proceeded north numbered route alternate highway merge route replaced highway returned numbered state route route second iteration second iteration origins formation extended west terminus colorado california eastern utah route existing alignment western utah route road delta route fully paved moved shorter alignment change ran concurrent colorado paved version exactly follow roads dirt route passed numerous mountain ranges great basin difficult route relocated follow north shore lake reduced number mountain ranges crossed moved alignment route remains today iteration modern route created iteration origins dispute route interstate utah planning stage colorado lobbied extension original proposal run colorado utah utah supported extension connect denver colorado salt_lake_city federal planners value route instead supported route connect denver los_angeles california built federally selected route changed routing concurrent portion modern delta previously numbered state route portion numbered state route portion transferred east green river closely follows original route minor major intersections | U.S. Route 50 in Utah | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1072_CaliforniaStateRoute266 | state route state highway state california route connector nevada state route intersecting providing connection rest portions route added state highway system state highway renumbering officially designated route description state route begins western terminus nevada state line route travels west northwest turns west miles approaching oasis unincorporated community route passes oasis intersects serves gateway nevada leaving oasis continues west briefly turns north northwest miles slowly curves northwest route approaches nevada state line route ends state line southern terminus route section western terminus junction designated eligible law officially designated entire route consisting lanes way traffic traverses flat land fish east serve transportation agricultural goods california nevada route junction state route event closed connects nevada state intersects route order provide alternate access california history segment present day oasis nevada state line route incorporated formed midland trail auto trails crossing entire country route remained unchanged year route designated definition modified segment extension state route order route connected nevada years later construction new segment traveling east oasis connecting extension complete segments extension newly completed assigned major intersections letter measured road based alignment existed time necessarily reflect current mileage reflects realignment route indicates second realignment refers overlap correction change indicates classified temporary list list definitions segments remain relinquished local control omitted entire route | California State Route 266 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1465_WashingtonStateRoute213 | state route shortest state highway state washington mile long unsigned highway serves community extending route bridge avenue roadway semi complete state law road extend southwest appearing map originated branch later spur spur spur recently established route description originates intersection south traveling northwest turning northeast unsigned roadway crosses cascade columbia river railroad near confluence creek crossing highway enters terminates avenue state law eventually road extended southwest estimated daily average motorists utilized history originated minor road connected route area south road appeared map passed law created branch extended near effect july realigned south branch extended river highway renumbering branch spur spur spur established beginning maintaining short mile long segment proposed state route highway eventually built state law major intersections entire highway | Washington State Route 213 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1512_ArizonaStateRoute85 | state route mile long state highway state arizona highway runs border near north ending interstate highway intersects bend serves connector travelers phoenix san_diego touted bypass phoenix area long distance travelers established route extended southward mexico border extended northward phoenix replaced route northern end highway realigned connecting highway remaining portion highway phoenix gradually turned cities county route 1990s final portion turned route description southern terminus located border near road continues border mexico town heads north border lane road passing highway leaves monument boundary heads junction heads east junction southeastern arizona heads northwest junction town highway heads north enters range highway enters highway passes range continues north junction bend passing highway intersects business loop turns east run concurrently business loop street bend highways split business loop heading southeast heading northeast providing access continues north bend phoenix metropolitan area stretch highway north national_highway_system highway passes near western edge desert national monument provides access continues northward crossing highway intersects road original routing later followed phoenix rerouted current alignment highway continues north crossing reaching northern terminus exit history numbered highway corridor established phoenix time paved phoenix paved bend improved road original routing exists old west alignment dirt road exist time state highway system entire route phoenix paved road south improved gravel road established extended far north far south paved portion eventually portion border mexico began showing maps time gravel road portion highway added state highway system extended west highway extended border overlap county road added connector road established redesignated spur route old indirect removed arizona extended north old alignment extended east phoenix portions route phoenix turned respective cities maintenance following year portion highway phoenix turned maintenance overlap eliminated western terminus changed junction route northern end moved spur connected remaining portions old alignment east redesignated temporary route portion old route turned city maintenance portion old route state capitol complex remaining section old route phoenix turned city phoenix future segment connector serves connector san_diego california phoenix segment upgraded divided highway planned freeway lane road upgrades completed environmental study building freeway freeway interchange bend completed study found significant impact local environment outlined finalized freeway standard design bypassing currently traverses diamond interchange exit planned road business second diamond interchange slightly northeast proposed exit major intersections north reflect mileage old proximity california state line | Arizona State Route 85 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1530_WashingtonStateRoute161 | state route mile long state highway serving pierce king counties state washington highway begins southwest travels north avenue concurrent continues northwest enchanted parkway end intersection west interstate highway serves communities graham reaching communities reaching established highway renumbering replacing secondary state highways established established served connector federal way served connector connected extended south moved bypass 1980s formed result projects expand highway adding new interchange progress route description begins southwest north rural intersection highway travels northeast pass charles pack experimental cross little river roadway crosses downtown turning north avenue later washington avenue turns west avenue north leaves city lane highway avenue continues north rural passing clear lake lake entering community graham crossing line near travels north passes entering highway turns northwest 31st avenue intersects freeway partial cloverleaf interchange beginning mile long concurrency travel north freeway intersecting street pioneer avenue partial cloverleaf interchange intersection pioneer avenue freeway travels rail line serves crosses trumpet interchange interchange ends northbound turns west mile long wrong way concurrency designated traveling southbound turns north avenue fort travels south downtown highway continues north crosses rail line avenue continues north form boundary highway intersects route turns northwest passing wild waves theme park crossing enchanted parkway turns north ends intersection located year conducts series surveys highways state measure traffic volume expressed terms average annual daily traffic aadt measure traffic volume average day year calculated vehicles day highway area history formed highway renumbering successor north route north federal way highway concurrent signed eastern end southern end established creation primary secondary state highways established extended south near created including concurrency signed law highway extending near replaced extension area east highway shortened moved east bypass creating late 1980s designated major revision highway freeway extension proposed 1990s create new interchange north freeway built eastbound ramps end concurrency realigned late reduce congestion started recent improvements highway widening enchanted parkway area lanes lanes wider shoulders completed interchange reconstructed new ramp westbound completed september ramp southbound construction major intersections | Washington State Route 161 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1731_BarlowRoad | road road inception mount hood road historic road state oregon built authorization served overland segment oregon trail construction allowed covered wagons cross cascade range reach valley previously nearly impossible far miles nearly mile oregon trail opening road pioneers traveling land east followed oregon trail mission floated expensive journey possible drive livestock north mount hood trail rugged vehicles unsuitable wagons road begins heads south consider beginning turns west roughly parallels north west crosses south shoulder mount hood pass follows camp creek way finally leads road rendered largely irrelevant early 1900s construction mount hood highway exists dirt road places parts paved new modern streets highways planning construction arrived late september families waiting river transport expected wait days transportation priced local inquiries turned little information traveling mountains water timber grazing plentiful set determine feasibility route seeking expensive way valley decided impractical miles returned forged train seven wagons intending return river transport mountain passage proved impractical october men scouted ahead company entered foothills east near miles mouth came miles thought valley learned indians trail leading returned creek days departure waiting wagon party followed better route returned exploring area combined company organized road clearing forest burning clearing party ridge known effectively lost man named lock south face west scout westward route mountain better physical condition companions climbed high likely took detailed notes surrounding ridges rivers returned group arranged guards wagons place named fort deposit families wagons ill suited travel wilderness remained fort deposit remainder returned group followed west foot noted intersection trail coming way north mount hood previously overland trail traversed pioneers near present day city sandy turned southwest reach farm near present day autumn considered route mountains petitioned permission build road december claiming estimated cost lower familiar route permission granted vote december approved speaker pro signed law governor road toll authorized years effective january specified toll rates dollars week wages wagon cents head horse ass cattle grant named route mount hood road immediately known road road built financial backing crew men toll gates eventually built route estimate number trees cut forgotten numerous challenging bridges built rivers sandy white salmon white river continues challenge bridges day season operation recorded passage wagons sheep horses cattle despite ongoing maintenance general condition road considered vary rough barely early use direction travel effectively way better road laurel hill despite expense difficulties passage road popular thousand immigrants wagons recorded year operation approximately quarters pioneers entering valley traveled road remainder choosing route concession expired foster terminated largely partnership november continued operate toll road weather mountain conditions financial struggle toll decreased wagon team military wagon train destined oregon forts passed road carried tons munitions wagons pulled beginning road camp soldiers known abandoned wagons dozens died starvation later use historic designations owners operated road ownership passed purchased company improvements road attorney owner death dispute contentious shaped race governor oregon joseph wife donated road people oregon designated path idaho pacific_ocean route approved signage prairie schooner modern travelers navigate entire oregon trail including road named road placed national_register_of_historic_places historic district incorporated mount hood scenic oregon trail road segment small segment alternate route near separately listed rock road road near separately listed today western route follows route south follows valley west road route route concurrent miles southern end oregon route mount hood highway intact dirt road roughly north south stretch portions feet deep easternmost original road traverses area follows small roads trails finally north areas east sparsely populated good viewing possible grave near bennett pass places buried overall percent road visible today marker trail laurel hill west provides history access portion percent grade present early road wagons lowered hill ropes wrapped trees | Barlow Road | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
1853_WashingtonStateRoute168 | state route constructed state highway located washington united_states highway meant serve alternate crossing cascade range seasonal pass proposals drawn 1930s highway codified law current designation construction occurred route description highway begin junction road continue east eastern terminus north highway pass near maximum altitude currently crossing similar highway covered variety including road road main reasons creating highway exist season route elevation feet closes annually dangers near pass elevation feet second allow commercial vehicles bypass mount national park prohibited current restriction commercial traffic south route white pass north interstate history plans tunnel highway date early 1930s designated pass link primary state highway state legislature appropriated thousand equivalent million study feasibility new highway early 1960s governor established committee study feasibility toll road route considered feasible committee estimated tolls vehicle equivalent need levied pay highway proponents new highway pushing routed pass away routing occurred ultimately highway built state considered highway highway codified washington law tunnel codified state law | Washington State Route 168 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
2084_NevadaStateRoute28 | nevada state route state route mile road runs northeastern shore lake starts ends california state line continuing border system september state scenic system june highway serves rural designated significantly changed paved route description begins route nevada heads north forming boundary lake park crossing highway enters highway enters turns northwest running western junctions direct link northeast short california state line turns south run parallel line finally crosses california road continues west california border route designated north piece lake drive scenic program designated state scenic national_highway_system cars use average day history road paved timber industry route appeared general alignment today highway gained fame years location filming location television series june designated scenic named later september designated lake drive major intersections note nevada reset county lines start end county given county column | Nevada State Route 28 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Western United States |
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