id
stringlengths 8
90
| text
stringlengths 528
58.1k
| page_name
stringlengths 2
99
| topic
stringclasses 15
values | subtopic
stringclasses 45
values | subjects_top_term
stringclasses 279
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20647_Cyathusstercoreus | commonly known loving bird nest species fungus genus family like species fruiting bodies resemble tiny bird nests filled eggs fruiting bodies referred splash cups designed use force falling drops water disperse spores species worldwide distribution prefers growing soil containing specific epithet derived latin word meaning description fruiting bodies barrel shaped tall wide mouth short golden brown brown age outside wall covered fungal hyphae resembles hair older specimens outer layer hair technically completely worn internal wall cup smooth grey bluish black eggs bird nest diameter typically cup attached fruiting body structure hyphae differentiated regions basal piece inner wall middle piece upper called purse connected lower surface purse middle piece thread interwoven hyphae called cord attached end end mass hyphae called reports found led authors species genus spores roughly spherical relatively large typical dimensions great spore size noted spores growing directly surface attachment separated basidia collapses accompanied inner walls examination fruiting bodies scanning electron transmission electron revealed details microscopic architecture arrangement example hyphae form dense network hyphae cord arranged twisted form like rope cord known highly elastic high strength thicker hyphae rest thick walled hyphae known skeletal hyphae proposed skeletal hyphae form structural network helps fruiting body maintain vital proper functioning spore dispersal mechanism life cycle life cycle contains stages typical taxa reproduce spores sexually produced contain single nucleus dispersal spores grow hyphae single nucleus compartment hyphae different mating compatibility groups fuse form containing process called period time approximately days grown pure culture laboratory appropriate environmental conditions fruiting bodies formed fruiting bodies produce containing basidia new young basidia contain pair sexually compatible fuse resulting fusion nucleus undergoes produce development extreme fruiting body form color noted reported discovering slender stemmed form fruiting bodies originating stalk shown laboratory grown specimens development form fruiting bodies partially dependent intensity light receives development example exposure light required fruiting occur furthermore light needs suggests certain growing conditions shortage available nutrients shifts fungus produce hypothetical precursor enables growth fruiting bodies stimulated affected light fungi positively orient fruiting bodies direction light source habitat distribution grows soil sites recorded growing sand dunes fungus known worldwide distribution curtis gates lloyd monograph wrote probably occurs country occurs spore dispersal drop water hits interior cup appropriate angle velocity ejected air force drop force tears open purse results expansion cord pressure lower purse followed highly cord basal hit nearby plant stem stick sticks cord stem stick powered force moving drying remains attached vegetation eaten grazing animal later deposited animal continue life cycle compounds number type compounds isolated identified liquid culture furthermore known isolated liquid culture activity dna protection activity uses traditional medicine traditional chinese medicine fungus help relieve symptoms stomach agricultural industrial investigated ability break agricultural like wheat straw grasses breaks leaving intact increases mammals value food source responsible industrial applications degradation removal pulp paper industry liquid cultures shown explosive compound tnt | Cyathus stercoreus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20898_Sutoriuseximius | commonly known brown species fungus family produces fruit bodies dark purple chocolate brown color smooth cap finely stipe reddish brown spore print tiny pores cap underside chocolate violet brown widely distributed having recorded north_america south_america asia grows mycorrhizal relationship coniferous deciduous trees originally described species fungus classified genus stipe color spore print molecular genetic analysis revealed brown separate genera placement new genus created contain closely related australian species brown considered edible caution typically recommended modern field guides considering table reported northeastern north_america symptoms include severe distress generally lasts hours taxonomy species originally described american mycologist specimens collected vermont noted cap chocolate color difficult dry preserve assigned frost illegitimate previously different species published new species transferred species genus longer recognized having largely authorities treated taxon depending morphological characteristics deemed significant initially considered species appropriately placed account reddish brown spore print taxonomic opinion shared wrote concerning species placed color stipe ornamentation merely reflection color stipe generally change color characteristic pattern ages reason exclude agree singer later singer thought somewhat ornamentation stipe justified placement previously placed species transfer invalid specified designated specimen frost original collections early molecular evidence suggested brown genetically distinct genera placed colleagues published molecular evidence indicating species belong share recent common ancestor genera recognizing genetic morphological created genus type species species found australia generic derived latin word referring profession epithet means distinguished excellent size beauty frost reason known certainty speculate violet brown colors attractive formal nineteenth century manner commonly known brown description fruit bodies caps initially convex later broadly convex flat diameter cap surface dry slightly sticky texture ranging smooth somewhat felt like color purple brown grayish brown reddish brown young specimens covered fine whitish bloom delicate coating flesh whitish slowly gray brown cut injured distinctive odor mild slightly bitter taste cap underside surface dark chocolate brown purple brown dark brown bruised nearly circular pores number millimeter tubes deep solid stipe measures long thick color similar cap surface dense coating purple brown brown produces pinkish reddish brown amber brown spore print smooth translucent spores narrowly shaped measure collections costa_rica shorter spores smaller eastern north american material material smaller spores measuring differences attributed variation basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure cystidia edges cheilocystidia narrowly shaped measuring cystidia surface pleurocystidia thin walled swollen dimensions clamp connections hyphae similar species australian produces somewhat smaller darker violet grey found eastern north_america korea species somewhat similar appearance distinguished stipe brownish colors bitter taste asian north american black velvet black grayish brown cap grows deciduous woods found eastern north_america whitish pores smooth stipe somewhat paler cap habitat distribution fruit bodies grow soil singly scattered leaf litter mycorrhizal species recorded growing association plants genera including species recorded north_america costa_rica indonesia costa_rica usually associates endemic oaks brown locally abundant central additional locations collections confirmed dna analysis include japan china reported thailand molecular analysis thai collections suggests represent distinct unnamed species edibility relatively recently typically considered edible mushroom listed north american field guides continued trend initiated earlier authors wrote favorably properties series reported new_england region eastern canada cast doubt edibility fungus according author include warning book despite revised status north_america brown remains common fungi food locals region southwestern china chemistry novel pigment compounds isolated fruit bodies identified reported year later compounds reported occur fruit bodies include acid | Sutorius eximius | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20976_Cryptotheciarubrocincta | species family fungi species distributed subtropical tropical locations southeastern united_states collected africa body forms continuous circular crust like patches dead wood readily recognizable prominent red pigment older central region covered red spherical cylindrical moving center zones color distinguished gray green second white finally bright red rim red green colors woodland appearance christmas suggestive common north american christmas red pigment called acid chemicals produces help tolerate growing conditions taxonomy naming classification genus unclear historically placed different genera like association fungus organism case algae initially unknown component vast majority german believed interpreted unusual microscopic structures clamp connections structures associated fungi publication later year specified described genus old presence clamp connections species studied species researchers find clamp connections specimens collected different countries doubt cast possibility discovery acid concentric bodies bodies characteristics restricted international code botanical nomenclature states names fungi adopted sanctioned earlier competing synonyms means priority type material examined berlin destroyed probably second world war drawing publication serves species transferred genus swedish basis similarity ridges presence acid acid red green christmas look common north american christmas specific epithet derived latin words red encircled banded epithet form latin bloody description grows form surface crust body spread flat tightly loosely attached growing surface thick smooth low ridges older central region surface reproductive structures called resemble species relies entirely means reproduce known sexual structures center color zones differentiated mature specimens grayish green second white finally bright red rim distinct fibers whitish fungal hyphae edge lack project growing surface red whitish inner red outer surface defined outer layer packed hyphae loosely arranged layer hyphae zone whitish lower red calcium crystals diameter hyphae crystals walls diameter technically green partner genus normally algae long state divided shorter large contains beta meaning components defined layers distinct zone upper cells single cells dimensions member family discovered growing distribution habitat widely distributed southeastern united_states north border distribution given line passing southern louisiana mississippi alabama georgia northern limit extended southern delaware author later revised opinion northern limit thought north_carolina north_carolina found notable location represents northern limit distribution presence meter tree interspersed dominant tree species island subtropical appearance consistent preferred climate widespread tropical subtropical areas west_indies south_america found north chile argentina africa having collected geographically widely separated mountain regions found altitudes ranging sea level metres colombia typically grows rough bark sheltered shaded habitats moist dense subtropical forests rarely found rocks leaves usa occurs hardwood forests swamps standing water year common oak oak pine vegetation species associated usa chemistry easily recognized bright red pigment pigment isolated species called acid contains compound acid study employed technique determine chemical composition differently colored zones white zone contains calcium chemical substance found growing calcium rich surfaces suggested calcium serves organism survival strategy storage water essential periods drought environments calcium identified grows calcium poor surfaces calcium thought acquired rain bird airborne particles chemicals red colored zone include beta deep red colored pigment acid thought function radiation combination beta established role cellular dna repair following exposure organism damage radiation found situations essential survival lighter colored pink zone located inside red zone contains mixture acid beta calcium red white mixture acid calcium giving rise lighter color elliptical brown colored observed red pink zones acid calcium thought stable calcium function acid brown unclear | Cryptothecia rubrocincta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21059_Ascocorynesarcoides | species fungus family known history complicated fact adopt sexual forms colloquially known drops purple common fungus appears gelatinous mass pinkish purple colored discs distributed widely north_america europe asia saprobic fungus grows clusters branches variety dead woods field studies suggest colonization black spruce resistance infection causing fungi contains compound shown laboratory growth positive bacteria taxonomy history fungus complicated fact life cycle allows imperfect making spores perfect making sexual spores form times authors assigned names form names odds accepted rules fungal nomenclature originally described dutch scientist christian called publication described imperfect state fungus genus proposed imperfect state brothers charles refer perfect imperfect forms designated type species genus publication shear decades later apparent violated naming conventions imposed fungal specifically species named imperfect state wilson proposed new genus accommodate perfect state state fungus gray synonymous specific epithet derived greek means flesh like compounds flesh common ending similar description fungus characterized fruiting body technically pinkish purple color gelatinous consistency typically centimetres diameter start roughly spherical shape eventually cup shaped edge smooth upper surface lower surface covered small particles attached directly growing surface rudimentary stem accompanied form non sexual spores generated form consists like fruiting body mass consisting short specialized bear similar color consistency variable shape typically tongue shaped bearing minute cylindrical straight curved fungus matures press form gelatinous irregular mass flesh similar appearance fungus pinkish purple gelatinous odor taste distinctive considered edible microscopic features spores translucent hyaline smooth ellipsoid shape dimensions spores contain oil imperfect form fungus produces smooth hyaline spores sexual spore bearing cells cylindrical shape dimensions sterile cells interspersed cylindrical slightly swollen tips branches similar species small gelatinous violet colored species cup shaped larger spores resemblance fungi mistaken species larger brown appearance larger typically brown ear shaped easily distinguished presence basidia habitat distribution species broad distribution forested areas north_america europe saprobic fungus derives nutrients decaying organic matter usually found growing stumps logs fallen deciduous trees found variety living trees example europe found stems living spruce finland france great_britain norway germany collections sites include australia chile china cuba iceland korea taiwan hawaii grows fallen trees occurs frequently late summer autumn role tree decay number field studies conducted forest region canada showed found frequently associated deciduous coniferous tree hosts affected fungal disease known heart discovery noted unusual fungal tree known caused case commercially valuable tree species black spruce determined prior colonization reduces subsequent infection common fungal furthermore exist wood noticeable harmful effects host similar relationship shown later exist jack pine trees species little effect subsequent growth study showed isolated frequently wood age tree increases trees examined study years old previously decayed wood case usually fungi compounds chemical compounds widely distributed division fungi shown contain named chemical derivative compound pigment solution turns dark violet similar color fruit bodies fungus moderate activity shown laboratory tests growth positive bacteria including widely distributed food organism effect growth negative bacteria anti fungal activity observed produce series including carbon mixture called similarity existing fuel originally identified taxonomy later revised effort determine genetic basis production | Ascocoryne sarcoides | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21246_Inocybegodeyi | species fungus found europe species produces mushrooms cone shaped caps diameter caps cream red stem long base white flesh strong smell taste mushrooms found forest floors autumn months species forms relationship surrounding trees favouring beech known poisonous containing compounds consumption mushrooms lead syndrome species mistaken deadly described species retains given number taxonomic synonyms specific honours genus classified number ways appears form clade group sharing common ancestor species including taxonomy phylogeny described given current french botanist mycologist work description les fungi france specific honours french mycologist british mycologist described variety species var issue transactions british society considered synonymous number names recognised synonymous described issue longer seen separate taxon true description variety var synonyms include genus classified number ways mycologist placed species subgenus species including considers section subgenus placed section subgenus species including phylogenetic study found singer probably taxa come common recent ancestor suggested forms clade species including species clade smooth spored cystidia species fit description shown clade description produces mushrooms features cap cap initially cone shaped expands outward somewhat younger mushrooms cream colour fruit bodies mature changes tan colour cap entirely red colour turns bruised cap surface younger specimens smooth silky surface older caps increasingly cracks develop beginning cap margin moving centre usually small stem center cap measures base stem surface covered fine grains base obviously defined colour stem white mushroom ages flesh white gradually turns red exposed gills begin white gradually colour means depth gills stem crowded microscopic features leaves brown spore print individual spores smooth shaped spores measure spores cheilocystidia cystidia found edges gills pleurocystidia cystidia found faces gills bottle shaped kind tip thick cell walls similar species mistaken deadly like red lighter colour begin distinguishing feature lacks base edibility flesh strong smell variously described unpleasant distinctive flesh taste mushrooms known poisonous containing toxic compounds consumption mushroom lead number effects including problems array symptoms known acronym potential effects include drop blood pressure death respiratory failure distribution habitat found europe found deciduous woodland ground particularly soil species favouring beech mushrooms encountered autumn months august november groups mushrooms locally common species typically uncommon | Inocybe godeyi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21323_Russulabrevipes | species mushroom commonly known short stemmed widespread north_america reported pakistan fungus grows mycorrhizal association trees genera including fir spruce fruit bodies white large convex funnel shaped caps measuring wide set atop thick stipe long gills cap underside closely spaced faint bluish spores roughly spherical network like surface mushrooms develop masses leaves trees fruit summer autumn forms mushroom develop bluish band stipe referred variety edible mushrooms bland bitter flavor fungus bright orange mold covers fruit body transforms mushrooms taxonomy initially described american mycologist specimens collected new_york classified grouping similar species characterized having whitish pale yellow fruit bodies compact hard flesh abundant short gills absence clamp connections related species similar range spore ornamentation heights include considerable confusion literature naming early 20th century american referred fungus described europe description accurately matching north american counterparts concept included white fruit body change color smooth shiny cap thin widely spaced gills add confusion later described species named summarized taxonomic species everybody knows speak evidence indicates singer turn best use north american collections authors attached type collection reasonably explicit original description provides stable point species concept formed defined varieties specimens characterized greenish blue band forms stipe variety large spores database index consider varieties independent significance publication mycologist colleagues suggest western north american comprise complex distinct species according european species synonymous index sources consider distinct species specific epithet derived latin words short foot short common names refer mushroom include short stemmed short white description fully grown cap range diameter whitish dull yellow funnel shaped central depression gills narrow thin attachment nearly white young pale yellow buff age near stipe stipe long thick initially white develops yellowish brownish age mushroom develops pale green band stipe spore print white light cream spores egg shaped spherical measure partially network like surface measuring high cap cuticle arranged form characterized hyphae run parallel cap surface comprising interwoven hyphae rounded tips cystidia cap variant var subtle green stipe apex gills var spores measuring similar species cap somewhat similar appearance lacks flesh sticky cap pacific_northwest species resembles taste smaller fruit bodies gills fork near stipe attachment similar narrower spores measuring pale greenish band develops species european look alike widely distributed northern regions continent similar overall morphology somewhat larger spores surface ornamentation featuring prominent like patterns ridges milk cap mushroom distinguished production latex mushroom tissue cut injured distribution habitat common fungus associated hosts temperate forest ecosystems typical hosts include trees genera fungus reported pakistan moist temperate forests associated fruit bodies grow singly groups fruiting season occurs summer autumn western north_america mushroom common encountered frequently late autumn mushrooms usually found low partially emerged forest floor partially consumed mammals deer studies demonstrated geographically separated populations globally develop significant genetic suggesting gene flow populations small contrast little genetic observed populations sampled smaller area approximately meters species associates edibility non edible species tends assume cooked species harvested wild mexico sold local markets nearby mushrooms suitable crisp texture fruit bodies commonly transforming edible known mushroom form surface fruit body develops hard thin crust minute gills reduced blunt ridges flesh mushroom normally compounds diverse group active compounds investigated activities compounds isolated characterized | Russula brevipes | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21469_Tylopilusplumbeoviolaceus | commonly known violet grey fungus family described mushroom distribution distributed eastern north_america korea fruit bodies fungus violet young fade chocolate brown color mature solid relatively large cap diameter white surface later turns pink white base stem like genus mushroom bitter taste number natural products identified fruit bodies including unique chemical derivatives fungal taxonomy species named american mycologist graduate students based specimens found near cornwall new_york decision use taxonomic rank wrote writer number forms varieties distinctive names ease develops habit interpreting slight variations definite taxonomic units word form instead variety making commitment actual status variable consideration information available collections mushroom young immature specimens authors unable obtain spores examination years found mature fruit bodies revealed color surface took time develop concluded differences physical characteristics differences spore size justify species distinct raised taxon species status later transferred taxon genus characterized spore print pink wine red brown specific coined latin lead colored purple mushroom commonly known violet grey description cap fruit body diameter initially convex shape centrally depressed broadly arched rounded margin young specimens hard firm cap finely velvet surface soon wears smooth color fruit body violet young ages dull violet gray eventually chocolate brown maturity flesh solid white change color cut bruised taste bitter odor distinctive mycologist calls mushroom beautiful bitter tubes underside cap deep millimeter depressed stem resulting attachment color surface initially white remains turning color maturity stem long thick enlarged base surface slightly smooth lower stem color buff light brown darker brown whitish base flesh stem white change color cut bruised microscopic characteristics collected deposit like spore print spores appear light pink flesh color viewed light microscope elliptical smooth walls dimensions basidia cellular structures produce spores club shaped measure cuticle cap smooth walled narrow brownish hyphae stained potassium contents tend form melzer reagent causes pigment form cystidia common tissue swollen base narrow apex measuring long thick clamp connections absent hyphae edibility like species fruit bodies recommended consumption bitter taste presence bitter meal bitter taste disappear cooking similar species species confused according source remarkable easily identified usa found conifers known new_york mississippi appearance similar distinguished paler colored cap older specimens purple edge cap spores described older literature confuse similar species young specimens cap unlike stems purple species known china characterized pale violet violet cap paler purple brown stem flesh color pale red pores addition different distribution distinguished smaller spores similar asian species known southwestern japan differs having cap fade color grayish brownish mature shorter spores microscopic characteristics habitat distribution ecology mycorrhizal species bulk fungus lives underground relationship roots tree species fruit bodies found growing singly scattered mid summer autumn deciduous forests beech oak trees occurs mixed hardwood forests preference sandy soil noted source north_america mushroom found east rocky_mountains ranging canada mexico species collected north_korea fruit bodies serve food source fungus feeding flies compounds derivatives isolated fruit bodies unique species additionally compounds identified mushrooms | Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21493_Mycenapolygramma | commonly known species mushroom family fruit bodies small pale gray brown mushrooms broadly conical caps pinkish gills found small troops stumps branches deciduous occasionally coniferous trees mushroom found asia europe north_america typically found twigs buried wood carrying role forest ecosystem organic matter recycling nutrients forming soil contains uncommon fungus intensity light follows pattern taxonomy called french mycologist species later sanctioned soon transferred genus raised sub generic divisions genus level described known taxonomic synonym specific epithet derived greek meaning foot commonly known description cap fruit body diameter initially cone shaped expands bell shaped nearly convex abrupt small times plane young fruit bodies cap margin slightly curved inward frequently edges maturity margin surface cap initially covered short fine whitish grayish hairs persist near maturity age cap surface smooth color dark brownish gray black beneath bloom fading slowly pale gray nearly pinkish buff times cap margin frequently narrow deep furrows grooves surface uneven appearing lines flesh hard grayish white thin distinctive odor mild taste gills narrowly attached stem short tooth packed close gills reaching stem broad white whitish age pink brownish edges stem long thick equal tubular developed resembles white cotton base covered stiff white hairs reddish brown surface fine straight twisted longitudinal surface gray paler grayish brown beneath covering times nearly smooth apex mushroom extent vary considerably mushroom mild slightly taste pleasant odor microscopic features collected deposit spore print spores appear white viewed light microscope spores broadly ellipsoid shape smooth dimensions occasionally spores contain oil basidia bearing cells spored cheilocystidia scattered abundant somewhat enlarged apex branched rise finger like projections pleurocystidia differentiated similar species tall slender forms somewhat resemble species distinguished color relationship habitat ecology habitat distribution fruit bodies grow groups sub clusters particularly deciduous trees oak maple north_america collected north_carolina massachusetts new_york michigan fruits june october fruit bodies susceptible attack parasitic fungi typically found twigs buried wood fungus known vigorous leaf litter saprobic fungus fungi contribute plant litter forest ecosystems nutrient recycling formation soil litter break preference experiment testing ability litter fungi remove leaves perennial grass pure culture conditions showed limited ability cause mass loss rare north_america fungus common europe including great_britain collected japan chemistry contains unusual acid total acid fungus dozen species unlike organisms rhythm intensity rises falls light intensity high percent light typically noticed detected visually dark adapted eye sensitive long exposure times required measure phenomenon emissions fungus grown pure culture range cited books smith north american species michigan | Mycena polygramma | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21559_Crinipelliszonata | commonly known cap species mushroom family considered little brown mushroom unknown edibility distinctive thick covering coarse hairs differentiated members slightly larger cap size reaches diameter white gills underside cap crowded closely free attachment stem saprobic grows dead wood deciduous trees late summer autumn fungus found commonly eastern north_america collected portugal korea variety var found eastern north_america distinguished longer spores taxonomy classification species named american mycologist based specimens found near albany new_york later transferred genus given current italian botanist classified section genus according arrangement species elongated spores typically lack cystidia sides gills phylogenetic analysis species fungi parasitic previously included demonstrated formed clade conclusions analysis based dna sequences dna internal inconsistent morphology based classification given singer mushroom commonly known cap description little brown mushroom cap diameter convex approaching flat shape typically small distinctive depression centre cap densely dry concentric zones color texture cap cream hairs set lines white gills close narrow free nearly free stem gills stem height thick like cap densely covered hairs stem hollow cap layer white flesh spore print white smooth elliptical spores size basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped measure like cells hymenium lack slender projections known attach spores range shape club shaped cylindrical fuse like cheilocystidia cystidia found edges gills cylindrical club shaped irregular branched coral like pleurocystidia cystidia found gill face absent hairs cap surface roughly cylindrical irregular base hairs stem similar cap hairs cap stem hairs meaning stained yellowish brown reddish brown melzer reagent clamp connections present tissues variety reduced species originally described based specimens found near variety variety found eastern north_america longer spores nominate variety measuring according differs typical variety having buff colored cap stem pale pinkish gills edibility fruit bodies distinct odor mild slightly taste edibility known certainty author lists species poisonous suspect similar species similar appearance members slightly larger cap species similar distinguished lighter colored cap appearance distribution distribution ecology saprobic living debris roots contains wood decaying break mushrooms grow individually small clusters found august september north_america distributed east rocky_mountains recorded far west indiana texas europe collected portugal collected south_korea | Crinipellis zonata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21689_Typhulaquisquiliaris | commonly known club species club fungus family produces small white fruit bodies millimetres height single distinct head stem head fertile stem embedded substrate fruit bodies grow dead wood strongly species feeds described different specific sanctioned species moved genus resulted currently accepted species recorded europe north africa taxonomy described found illegitimate given different species species given sanctioned years later named species having previously named specific latin meaning pertaining refuse year reclassified naming taken valid transferred species giving species known today 20th century instance publication species commonly known club description produces fruit bodies form clubs fruit body consists single distinct stem head measures height surface head smooth white measures rounded stem similar colour head fine covering somewhat translucent stem measures width stem buried branch fruit body grows microscopic characteristics spores narrowly ellipsoid measure spores white contain small spores borne basidia measure spores covering stem thick walled hairs measuring swollen base measures pale yellow colour clamp connections present hyphae habitat distribution fruit bodies typically found rows growing plant species especially dead matter plants unknown feeds breaking dead organic matter order sustain species recorded europe northern africa europe fruit bodies encountered april december | Typhula quisquiliaris | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21691_Cyathusolla | species saprobic fungus genus family fruit bodies resemble tiny bird nests filled eggs spore containing structures called like bird nest fungi relies force falling water fruiting bodies disperse spores life cycle fungus allows reproduce sexually spores relatively common fungus worldwide distribution subject agricultural research determine potential means accelerate breakdown crop reduce population plant specific epithet derived latin word meaning pot description bears resemblance miniature bird nest containing eggs common bird nest fungi fruiting body roughly funnel shaped tall wide yellow brown colored covered fine hairs outside surface inner surface silver grey smooth faint transverse ridges thick walled rim rim typically outline eggs typically number cup white grey color diameter larger species covered thin membrane called attached fruiting body structure hyphae differentiated regions basal piece inner wall middle piece upper called purse connected lower surface inside purse middle piece thread interwoven hyphae called cord attached end end mass hyphae called wide purse upper portion easily distinguishable lower different form species originally reported england mycologist curtis found oregon colorado usa alberta canada argentina form large cup openings diameter spores dimensions related species lloyd closely resembles mating analysis shown distinct species microscopic features shaped spores dimensions examined microscopic features members family including noted species basidia spore bearing cells club shaped cylindrical long stems clamp connection basal end structure basidia typically hold spores directly attached revealed spore separated temporary marks point attachment spores generally separated basidia collapse breakdown typically occurs simultaneously cells lining inside wall separating basidia outer wall spores generally increase size habitat distribution saprobic fungus nutrients breakdown dead organic matter usually found growing woody debris specimens found growing soil usually attached bits wood stems present soil notes species usually grows moist shaded locations discovery arid regions peru suggest tolerant low moisture conditions abundant species found europe common north_america range extends north sweden far south south_america reported australia south_africa iran india life cycle life cycle contains stages typical taxa reproduce spores sexually produced contain single nucleus dispersal spores grow hyphae single nucleus compartment hyphae different mating compatibility groups fuse form process called period time appropriate environmental conditions fruiting bodies formed fruiting bodies produce containing basidia new young basidia contain pair sexually compatible fuse resulting fusion nucleus undergoes produce found similar higher organisms spore dispersal hits interior cup proper angle velocity produce considerable force create splash drives water sides cup known splash cups tearing followed cord basal hit nearby plant stem stick sticks cord stem stick powered force moving similar attached plant eaten mammals subsequent passage digestive tract hard shell facilitate later experiments investigating splash dispersal shown maximum horizontal distance centimetres observed species reduced distance factors greater size construction increased seen upper lip splash cup agricultural applications fungal disease results major yield loss affected crops infected crop left farm fields continue produce spores future crops buried broken completely observation grows fruits led research potential fungus reduce borne diseases like study abilities shown wheat appeared preference woody compared | Cyathus olla | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21697_Amanitaregalis | commonly known royal fly king sweden species fungus family common scandinavian countries found eastern northern europe north_america distribution restricted alaska fruit bodies fungus somewhat resemble fly regarded variety species differs larger liver brown cap bearing numerous having stem yellow base patches rings patches chemical analysis shown species contains compound found taxonomy naming described published treated variety consider distinct species suggested complete reorganization genus world monograph genus moved var original version considered subspecies noted regarded separate species fourth edition listed distinct species classified section genus grouping related ring stem remnants thereof base recently japanese group studied related species molecular phylogenetic analysis concluded taxon considered grouping distinct species index list taxon species called vernacular names including brown fly king sweden king fly france known germany specific epithet derived latin word meaning royal selected mushroom year description like species bulk organism lies beneath ground partner certain species trees fruit body fungus reproductive structure appears appropriate environmental conditions moisture temperature nutrient availability met cap broad depending stage development range shape spherical convex somewhat flattened color yellowish brown densely covered yellowish light arranged regular concentric rings rings remnant left expansion young fruit body cap mature grooves margin extend cap cuticle separated cap center gills crowded close free attachment stem white yellow edges gills meaning soft hairs remnant stem mature individual typically long wide spreads base rings small lemon yellow entire stem ring pure white faint yellowish flesh whitish yellowish stem golden yellow cuticle cap change color air insignificant taste smell microscopic features spores broadly ellipsoid roughly spherical hyaline translucent smooth dimensions non meaning absorb stained melzer reagent spore producing cells basidia club shaped measure bases similar species easily distinguished absence red color cap yellow patches stem form pale colored yellowish brown cap confused edible species identified flesh colored cut bruised color flesh underneath cuticle yellowish white similar color white flesh cap cuticle cup shaped distinct margins edge habitat distribution rare species typically found growing ground mountainous forests deciduous coniferous mycorrhizal fungus exists relationship certain tree species system fine ground threads roots trees supplies needed minerals trace elements water soil tree turn supplies fungus food supply produces shown form birch scots pine mountain pine norway spruce fruit bodies reported grow fairy rings europe common northern south europe reported south west europe addition common scandinavian countries collected germany hungary russia slovakia korea north_america distribution restricted alaska usually found tree line poisonous case poisoning reported finland individuals believed consumed edible mushroom symptoms poisoning began hours mushrooms heavy central nervous system symptoms including confusion loss consciousness individuals recovered hours damage liver central nervous system incident demonstrates cooking mushrooms completely toxic components chemical analysis shown species contains acid toxic constituents ability heavy metal phenomenon reported field study scandinavian specimens found contents ranging dry mushroom average comparison concentration mushrooms typically | Amanita regalis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
21862_Boletellusananas | commonly known mushroom family type species genus distributed southeastern north_america northeastern south_america asia new_zealand grows scattered groups ground base oak pine trees fruit body characterized reddish pink pinkish tan yellowish older specimen scales cap found hanging edge surface underside cap irregular angular pores wide blue color yellow young ages deep olive brown color distinguished large spores cross ridges hyphae marginal flesh stem previously known synonyms species given current varieties described mushroom considered edible recommended consumption taxonomy species named moses based specimens found near south_carolina described new genus type species according taxon described specimens collected mississippi synonym described species undeveloped specimens later doubted conclusion publication considered differences spore structure great consider species admitted impossible come definitive conclusions mature fruit bodies spore prints available study colleagues suggested singer created mistaken belief earliest available taxon proposed illegitimate later compare named combination actually based named earliest available species type species genus section singer based dry cap red pink tones marginal veil stem immature spores greater long genus means small specific epithet alludes referring like pattern scales cap surface mushroom commonly known description cap wide convex flat rounded covered small scales pressed cap curved range color reddish brown red tan pink pinkish gray concentrated center cap extending cream light orange pink light pink red ground margin stem young maturity separates triangular veil remnants measure color range buff white faint pink flesh thick edge cap tubes centrally buff white light yellow quickly turns bluish exposure air tubes long margin center stem broadly deeply depressed stem irregular lengths bright yellow olive yellow yellow rapidly turn blue exposure pores color tubes rapidly turn blue green pressure angular pores stem wide gradually larger base stem cream pink middle finely handling red brown red lighter age immediately basal stem surface cream colored basal stiff coarse white hairs lower flesh stem solid hollow white buff tan light yellow turns slightly blue exposure odor distinctive described taste mild microscopic characteristics spores brown medium heavy deposit shaped contain oil measure spore wall thick longitudinal ridges ridges tall occasionally poles minute cross cross visible observed light evident viewed scanning electron region spore long basidia spored club shaped numerous measure pleurocystidia cystidia face gill swollen slightly abundant arising projecting thin walled hyaline devoid contents cheilocystidia cystidia edge gill swollen cylindrical narrowly shaped thin walled flesh hymenium strongly composed different tissue layers middle tissue layer wide parallel slightly interwoven hyphae lateral hyphae wide hyaline solution potassium regularly cap cuticle densely interwoven erect roughly parallel chains closely packed cells cylindrical elements inflated terminal cells terminal cells cylindrical club shaped interwoven concentrated marginal composed interwoven inflated hyphae faint golden arranged evident mounted water melzer reagent flesh cap composed highly interwoven hyphae measuring wide hyaline water hyaline regularly stem cuticle cylindrical elements inflated terminal cells terminal cells project cylindrical club shaped occasionally abrupt tapering point flesh stem densely interwoven hyphae wide arranged faint golden seen melzer reagent water clamp connections absent species varieties typical variety consistently larger fruit bodies var minor singer brazil nicaragua lacks thick walled cheilocystidia var singer nicaragua panama edibility mushroom food mexico field guides list recommended similar species roughly similar appearance rough cap margin distinguished smooth stem ring different spores flesh tough australian species spores narrow longitudinal ribs cross colors red pores reddish maturity cap flesh turns blue exposure air ecology habitat distribution fruit bodies typically grow scattered groups oak pine trees bases mushroom typically fruits singly pairs ground level tropical tree subfamily associated rarely found fruiting ground heavily decayed root penetrated wood suggested fungus mycorrhizal noting occurring bases pine oaks occurred debris accumulated rock walls singer concluded species prefers grow hard surfaces study flora texas wrote rare species following extended period rain high humidity varieties southeastern north_america costa_rica brazil panama nicaragua noted fruit tree terrestrial fruiting reported malaysia central_america typically elevated fruiting habit occurrence dead wood status debated noted occurs wound parasite pine base living pine trees collections association host trees including species southeastern north_america central_america colombia species malaysia species new_zealand deposits bearing consistently abundant fungus reported forming mycorrhizal associations australia based fruit body association trees north american distribution encompasses range extending north north_carolina florida west texas south mexico central_america reported time upper river basins collected new_zealand asia including china korea malaysia taiwan possibly australia | Boletellus ananas | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22071_Caloscypha | fungal genus family order genus contains single species commonly known spring orange fungus golden cup dazzling cup cup fungus typically centimetres diameter bright pale orange interior orange specimens old bruised olive green especially edges north_america usually found ground forest litter near conifers fruiting occurs early spring following snow melt imperfect stage plant species known dormant seeds spruce taxonomy species described grouped different genera original description phylogenetic analysis dna sequence data shows order belongs evolutionary lineage families placed family small grouping fungi distinguished relatively undeveloped new family described contain genus distinctive orange yellow color fungus earned common names spring orange fungus golden cup dazzling cup specific epithet means bright colored genus means beautiful cup description fruiting body roughly cup shaped cup somewhat flattened split size centimetres diameter inner surface cup orange yellow external surface pale yellow margin rim entire outer surface stained olive green green bluish occurs injury age unique order stem present short spore deposit white single specimen form centimetres diameter discovered found lacking pigment responsible outer surface olive green spores translucent hyaline roughly spherical thin walled smooth dimensions diameter spore bearing cells cylindrical thin contain orange edibility recorded fungus habitat distribution species usually found spring conifers shortly snow north_america noted occur march july widespread rocky_mountains pacific_northwest collected britain possibly arrived imported infected seeds collected japan sweden netherlands turkey listed protected species slovakia imperfect state life cycle fungus allows imperfect making spores perfect making sexual spores form happened fungal taxonomy imperfect form given different relationship perfect imperfect forms species known imperfect stage fungus plant reported known dormant seeds spruce study showed spruce seed lots stored canada contained seeds seeds failed local fungus grow low temperatures contributing ability kill seeds chance infected seeds tend dry demonstrated seed lots seed increased infection tend repeatedly location cool moist conditions favorable fungus growth found imported seeds germany report continental europe similar species bears resemblance orange fungus characteristic reaction age fruits later season usually autumn | Caloscypha | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22193_Cortinariusiodes | commonly known spotted violet species fungus family fruit bodies small purple caps diameter develop yellowish spots streaks maturity gill color changes violet grayish brown mushroom matures species range includes eastern north_america central_america northern south_america northern asia grows ground mycorrhizal association deciduous trees edible mushroom recommended consumption potential species distinguished bitter cap cuticle taxonomy species described scientifically moses type collection american botanist south_carolina considered described species examining specimens according synonyms species priority classified subgenus species cap stem specific epithet means violet like commonly known spotted violet description cap initially bell shaped broadly convex flat maturity retaining broad diameter cap surface wet weather smooth color flesh white firm thin color fades maturity cap develops irregular yellowish spots yellowish center gills attached stem packed closely violet young brown grayish spores mature stem measures long thick nearly equal width somewhat base solid hollow smooth violet colors usually lighter cap stem base white like pale violet partial veil leaves zone thin purple fibers upper stem mushroom distinctive taste odor edible recommended consumption produces brown spore print spores elliptical finely surface measuring basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped measure pleurocystidia absent hymenium gill edge populated basidia undeveloped cap cuticle comprises distinctive layer wide hyphae form layer usually thick layer distinct thinner old poorly preserved specimens clamp connections present hyphae fruit body similar species fairly distinctive species combination characteristics readily identifiable species evolved coating probably help protects fruit bodies predation insects invertebrates field techniques help identify dry fruit bodies lost coat checking leaf debris surface kissing cap stem exploit lips enhanced sensitivity virtually identical appearance distinguished bitter cap cuticle smaller narrower spores measuring violet dry dark purple cap stem dry light purple cap stem bad odor widespread species violet coloring cap distinguished absence yellowish spotting north american species paler cap central region yellowish brownish smaller spores measure non dry silky cap features prominent habitat distribution forms mycorrhizal associations deciduous trees particularly oaks fruit bodies grow singly scattered groups hardwood trees typical habitats include edges areas fruiting usually occurs july november north_america common eastern regions rare pacific_northwest distribution extends eastern canada south central_america northern regions south_america occurs northern asia | Cortinarius iodes | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22258_Handkeautriformis | synonymous species family large mushroom reach dimensions broad tall commonly known mosaic reference shaped segments outer surface fruiting body develops matures widespread northern temperate zones found frequently sandy edible young activity number bacteria trace metals copper relatively high concentrations taxonomy originally described french botanist variously placed genera german mycologist described genus include species distinct microscopic features species unique type coarse thick walled hyphae slits instead usual pores accepted authors genus concept rejected past species known separated varieties var var var based differences ornamentation outer tissue layer wall spores study characters revealed varieties clearly study suggest variations environmental conditions specimens grown affect development characteristics phylogenetic analyses published shows grouped clade species genera including published year dna analysis structure confirmed closely related description like meaning spores produced internally released mature fruiting body ages broken young typically centimetres white pale grey brown maturity attain dimensions centimetres broad centimetres tall covered layer fine hairs species derives common mosaic pattern sides develops fruiting body matures outer wall breaks patches underside attached ground root like hyphae called appearance roughly pear shaped usually taller wide flesh spore bearing mass white young brown maturity upper skin eventually weeks months appearance brown spores released air process rain cattle eventually remains sterile cup shaped base hold water feature source specific epithet latin water carrier microscopic features spores roughly spherical smooth thick walled single oil dimensions similar species number species resemble including purple colored smooth resembles felt soft hairs like stem rounded pits thicker distribution habitat widespread frequent northern temperate zones found europe continental asia japan eastern atlantic north_america mexico south_africa collected chile new_zealand growing small groups favors sandy open found coastal regions typically fruits summer late autumn july november edibility fairly large edible spore bearing flesh young white said lack texture taste odor young fruiting bodies described distinctive study acid composition edible species determined content low approximately wet weight acid content largely acid acid acid acid chain lengths degrees contributed total acid composition activity study activity revealed significantly active number bacteria including pneumonia hand low activity species study copper concentrations different species edible mushroom showed copper copper kilogram mushroom mushroom higher levels mushrooms tested authors note trace elements important requirements humans considered good source elements known absorption elements mushrooms low limited absorption small | Handkea utriformis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22259_Agaricushondensis | commonly known felt species fungus family species officially described mycologist species placed found pacific_northwest region north_america fruits fall conifers mixed forests fungus produces fruit bodies mushrooms white gray brown caps diameter covered pale pinkish brown scales age tightly packed gills cap underside initially white pinkish gray finally brownish spores mature stout stipe thick white felt like ring mushroom poisonous causes severe upset consumed unpleasant odor similar develops metallic taste cooked distinguished similar species differences geographic range habitat reaction odor species described new science american mycologist based collections november publication described species pacific_northwest region north_america named honor original collectors respectively named resemblance examined type material species concluded characters separate determined published new species database considers names synonymous epithet refers type location california mushroom commonly known felt traditionally classified section grouping species related characterized fruit bodies temporary parts fruit body negative reaction molecular analysis shown related species comprise basal lineage clade related species weak reactions tendencies reddish reactions lineage closely related group species typically placed section phylogenetic evidence suggests species belong clade diverged shortly presumed split sections description cap initially convex reaches diameter dry smooth cap surface whitish pale pinkish brown pinkish gray colored flattened fine scales center maturity usually brown reddish brown reddish gray northern form darker brown beginning flesh thick white bruised injured flesh change color stain pale yellowish slowly pinkish odor crushed flesh mild usually distinctly base stipe gills initially pale pinkish pinkish gray brown chocolate brown darker spores mature maturity gills free attachment stipe packed close little intervening spaced stipe long thick thicker base firm smooth lacking scales found cap stipe white pinkish brownish age handling flesh extreme base usually pale yellowish bruised partial veil white forms thick felt like ring upper portion stipe ring outward instead collapsing stipe drop potassium placed cap turns yellow spore prints brown chocolate brown smooth thick walled spores broadly typically measure basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped hyaline translucent measure cystidia gill edge cheilocystidia sac shaped club shaped hyaline pale yellowish brown color dimensions cystidia gill face pleurocystidia similar species distinctive field characteristics include woodland habitat yellow reaction odor closely resembles based similarities dna sequences close relative found coastal regions spain confused foul flesh negative reaction found united_states eastward edible similar overall coloration distinguished mild odor stipe substantial ring habitat distribution saprobic species fruit bodies grow scattered groups conifers mixed forests reported grow fairy rings fungus found british_columbia canada south california common california mushroom fruits fall september october range california fruiting season tends november february mushrooms toxic consuming fruit bodies causes fruit bodies smell odor prevalent mushrooms cooked cooking introduces unpleasant metallic flavor fruit bodies food american mole relatively high levels chemical present fruit bodies | Agaricus hondensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22261_Lactariusalnicola | commonly known golden species fungus family fruit bodies produced fungus characterized sticky colored cap wide mixture yellow tones arranged faint concentric bands stem long yellow brown spots cut injured mushroom white latex intensely taste taste fruit bodies renders fungus found western united_states mexico grows mycorrhizal associations coniferous trees species spruce pine fir deciduous species oak collected india varieties named var known colorado var michigan taxonomy species originally described american mycologist collection near idaho years prior species originally collected conifers nearby specific epithet reflects presumed association species means living researchers subsequently discovered species relationship conifers implies mushroom commonly known golden classified section genus species characterized having milk white like latex soon turns yellow exposure air stain cut surfaces fruit body yellow cap margin covered sharp straight stiff hairs young species include type species description cap wide initially convex depressed funnel shaped maturity cap margin initially rolled inward cap expands cap surface sticky near margin hairs beneath sticky layer color cap surface yellow concentric bands lighter darker shades color paler near margin gills attached stem attached running length stem narrow crowded closely near stem gills initially whitish pale buff small gills extend completely stem stem long thick nearly equal width tapered downward dry hard pitted whitish cream yellowish initially solid hollow age flesh thick hard whitish slowly pale yellow mushroom cut open distinctive odor taste immediately latex sparse white exposure air slowly changing color yellow cut flesh yellow tastes according mycologist oak loving central southern population species taste spore print range slightly color thin deposits white thick deposits yellow mushroom considered intensely taste microscopic characters spores ellipsoid narrow bands form partial surface high range spores hyaline translucent meaning stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells spored measure cap cuticle tissue layer surface mushroom layer gelatinous hyphae hyphae wide varieties monograph north american species smith named varieties var reported mixed conifers colorado similar nominate variety white cream colored cap white latex slightly smaller fruit bodies caps wide stems long spores slightly larger measuring var reported mixed forests michigan similar surface soon dull tan cap center whitish flesh odor described distinct peculiar similar species mushroom hunters mistake edible species choice edible species shaped fruit body strongly gills similar species include associates conifers pale yellow frequently cap distinguished stem usually covered spots smooth cap margin cap extremely flesh gills change color pale light pinkish brown maturity pinkish buff spore print mature fruit bodies var confused fruit bodies feature smooth cap margin taste white latex slowly minutes turns yellow exposure flesh yellow turn clay color bruised ecology habitat distribution species engages association certain plant species association hyphae fungus large volumes soil obtain scarce elements especially limiting plant growth pass plant exchange products plant fungus forms association shown contain latex producing cells similar fruit body fruit bodies fungus grow groups ground conifers usually appearing july october fairly common species western united_states baja california additional collection locations mexico include veracruz population central southern california known associate oak trees rocky_mountains associated tree species lower elevations commonly found white spruce known associate genus mushroom collected state india cited books harris north_america field guide syracuse isbn michigan isbn | Lactarius alnicola | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22266_Mycenagalopus | commonly known milk drop species fungus family order produces small mushrooms grayish brown bell shaped caps wide gills whitish gray widely spaced attached stem slender stems long pale gray black base stem whitish latex injured broken variety dark gray cap variety white varieties mushroom occur summer autumn leaf litter coniferous deciduous woodland found north_america europe saprobic fungus important leaf litter able utilize major constituents plant litter especially adept attacking second abundant organic compound mushroom latex contains chemicals called thought play role wound activated chemical defense mechanism parasitic fungi taxonomy mushroom described later transferred genus australian taxon considered variety var raised species level renamed variety described based specimens found denmark variety named variant spelling specific epithet derived greek milk foot mushroom commonly known milk drop varieties white black respectively description cap egg shaped young later somewhat bell shaped eventually reaching diameter age margin curved inward prominent cap surface remnants universal veil covered immature fruit body soon leaving naked smooth cap margin initially pressed stem translucent moist outline gills underneath cap seen deep narrow grooves dry color largely black whitish margin fades pale gray remains dark gray pale gray moist gray drying flesh thin soft fragile distinctive odor taste gills spaced narrow ascending whitish gray usually darker age edges grayish stem rarely long thick equal length smooth fragile lower portion stem dark brown dark color apex stem whitish base covered coarse stiff hairs broken white milk like liquid variety similar appearance main variety fruit body completely white variety dark gray cap gills initially whitish turning gray poisonous varieties microscopic characteristics spores smooth ellipsoid occasionally somewhat pear shaped weakly basidia spored pleurocystidia cheilocystidia similar abundant measure narrowly usually abruptly pointed tips branched near apex hyaline smooth flesh gill dark brown flesh cap thin clearly differentiated developed tissue layer immediately underneath remainder stain brown similar species red edge grayish brown gill edges red latex broken shaped roughly spherical spores measure ecology habitat distribution saprobic fungus plays important role forest ecosystems leaf litter estimated account large portion autumn leaf litter british woodlands able break components leaf litter grown culture laboratory fungus shown addition protein particularly adept breaking second abundant organic compound research suggests fungus soil minerals making available mycorrhizal plants important influencing plant growth typically occurs primary minerals like organic complexes low results low availability soil biological activity increase availability nutrients result soil release agents low molecular mass organic studies shown fungus sensitive low concentrations dioxide pollution suggesting pollution toxic growth fungus subsequent leaf litter environmentally relevant concentrations fruit bodies grow groups scattered conifers united_states abundant pacific_coast washington california tennessee north_carolina northern distribution extends canada nova scotia europe collected britain germany norway chemistry colleagues reported presence structurally related compounds called latex compounds derivative potent isolated submerged cultures species activity based selective electron transport chain publication reported acid serve wound activated chemical defense fruit body injured latex exposed splits acid alcohol chemical reaction water called presumably inactive active forms help defend mushroom parasitic fungi nature mushroom rarely attacked parasitic fungi prone infection mold english field study fungi fruit bodies site spruce preferred selective grazing influences vertical distribution fungi field | Mycena galopus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22370_Mycenamustea | species mushroom family described new species fungus known japan grows dead fallen twigs lowland forests mushroom dull violet grayish violet cap initially covered fine whitish powder smooth matures eventually reaches diameter stem slender long covered stiff white hairs base underneath cap spaced pale brownish gills narrowly attached stem microscopic characteristics mushroom include weakly spores turning bluish black stained melzer reagent club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge featuring short like absence pleurocystidia cystidia gill face cap cuticle hyphae absence clamp connections taxonomy naming classification species collected japan reported new species publication specific epithet latin word meaning fresh japanese classification fungus unclear depends taxonomic characters deemed important according mushroom violet pigment treated melzer reagent tissue hymenium bearing tissue smooth hyphae outer layer stem suggest placement section defined dutch specialist greater taxonomic emphasis placed weakly appropriate section description cap conical convex bell shaped occasionally low broad reaches diameter moist partly translucent grooves corresponding position gills cap seen surface somewhat changes color loses moisture surface initially covered appears fine white powder remnants universal veil covered immature fruit body soon leaving smooth cap surface dull violet color young somewhat paler near margin flesh thick white lacks distinctive odor taste slender stem long thick cylindrical centrally attached cap hollow surface dry dull violet grayish violet entire length like cap surface initially entirely smooth maturity base stem covered sharp straight stiff white hairs gills narrowly attached stem spaced gills reaching stem gills broad thin pale brownish gill edges color gill faces microscopic characteristics spores roughly ellipsoid measure smooth weakly thin walled basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge club shaped abundant measure form sterile gill edge near tips short like thin walled cystidia gill face pleurocystidia tissue hyphae wide cylindrical somewhat inflated thin walls smooth cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical covered scattered finger like hyaline translucent thin walled layer hyphae cap cuticle parallel hyaline pale violet turning reddish reddish brown melzer reagent contain short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical smooth hyaline pale violet stem tissue running cylindrical hyphae wide smooth clamp connections absent tissues similar species similar north american species distinguished having brown black cap irregularly shaped cheilocystidia covered tips long clamp connections similar european species differs violet cap broadly club shaped cheilocystidia covered numerous evenly spaced clamp connections resembles japanese species described concurrently unlike cap typically pale grayish purple mature cheilocystidia short finger like tips stem cuticle smooth hyphae contrast cap dark violet brown mature cheilocystidia hyphae stem cuticle sparsely covered resemble fingers habitat distribution known japan mushroom found growing solitary scattered dead fallen twigs lowland forests dominated chinese oak | Mycena mustea | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22395_Lepiotababruzalka | mushroom genus order described new science found india grows ground bamboo stems fruit bodies caps measure diameter covered reddish brown scales cap supported long slender stem long millimetres thick distinguishing microscopic features species shaped cystidia found edges gills taxonomy species described journal survey genus southern india collection located kept specific epithet derives sanskrit word brown scaled description fruit bodies caps start roughly spherical expand broadly convex eventually flat blunt cap diameter whitish surface covered small reddish brown pressed scales numerous center margin initially curved inward age retains hanging remnants partial veil gills white free attachment stem crowded tiers interspersed short gills extend fully cap edge stem viewed hand lens edges gills appear fringed stem cylindrical base initially solid hollow measures long thick stem surface whitish stain light brown color handled young fruit bodies stems whitish ring upper half ring long flesh thin whitish lacks odor produces white spore print spores roughly elliptical somewhat cylindrical hyaline translucent measure thick walled contain oil basidia spore bearing cells club shaped hyaline spored long dimensions basidia cheilocystidia cystidia edge gill plentiful assume number shapes including cylindrical club shaped like bottle basal middle portions swollen apex extends like cheilocystidia thin walled measure cystidia gill faces pleurocystidia gill tissue thin walled hyphae containing hyaline pale yellow measure wide cap tissue comprises interwoven inflated hyphae gill tissue cap tissue color reaction stained melzer reagent clamp connections rare hyphae similar species according authors bearing close resemblance edible mushroom described found africa iran lacks reddish brown scales cap radial grooves cap margin stem slender habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly scattered ground decaying leaf litter base bamboo stands species documented taxa species variety known recognized biodiversity | Lepiota babruzalka | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22494_Wynneaamericana | commonly known rabbit ears species fungus family uncommon species recognizable shaped rabbit ear shaped fruit bodies reach tall dark brown outer surfaces fertile spore bearing inner surface orange pinkish reddish brown fruit bodies grow large underground masses known eastern north_america typically found growing soil underneath hardwood trees found new_york michigan south mexico species collected costa_rica india japan distinguished species genus small outer surface large spores sharply pointed tip spores structures called rings end capped structure known lid opened spores released history taxonomy described american mycologist found clusters fruit bodies burbank tennessee believed fungus identified species genus visit location yielded specimens time noticed fruit bodies attached expected large irregularly brown firm like body buried inches deep microscopic examination structure tissue fruit body convinced material sufficiently different known species justify creation new species tennessee north_carolina specimens describe taxon tennessee specimen designated bearing type specimen french mycologist determined similar structure species placed series common names rabbit ears description fruit bodies technically called erect ear shaped reach tall wide edges usually rolled inward outside surface dark brown inner surface spore bearing hymenium pinkish orange dull red brown maturity outer surface develop maturity occur singly groups arise short stalk stalk variable length solid dark outside white originate compact mass hardened gelatinous consistency irregularly shaped internal chambers reach diameter function thought supply moisture nutrients serve resistant structure capable sustaining fungus times stress species genus bear odor taste unknown described microscopic characteristics cup fungi microscopic analysis anatomy structure necessary accurate identification species help distinguish related species similar external appearance outer layer tissue comprising thick composed dark angular roughly spherical cells diameter angular cells form outer surface inner layer tissue underneath gelatinous composed interwoven hyphae diameter structural components involved spore discharge spore bearing cells long wide ring capped lid opened spores released presence ring beneath opening results condition known shared family spores boat shaped dimensions marked prominent longitudinal grooves mature ending abruptly short point spores typically contain oil sterile cells interspersed long internal called structure investigated transmission electron revealed single fan shaped matrix electron dense region shaped ring translucent tissue wrapped plug resembles found species similar species closely related known vernacular fungus fruit body resembling yellow brown atop long brown stem comparison smaller rounded tips numerous single specimen paler color monograph genus suggests appearance outer surface clearly distinguishes species genus habitat distribution fruit bodies grow clusters ground deciduous forests prefer moist organic soils asia north_america fruit bodies produced august september single central american collection costa_rica early november north_america collected locations including tennessee new_york west_virginia north_carolina ohio pennsylvania collected costa_rica india mexico japan | Wynnea americana | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22537_Kalapuyabrunnea | species fungal genus occurs pacific_northwest region united_states western oregon northern california known locally oregon brown thought species molecular analysis demonstrated distinct genus reddish brown rough outer skin interior spore producing initially whitish developing brown matures mature odor resembling cheese similar mature species harvested purposes oregon taxonomy species described scientifically based specimens collected february oregon known locally years oregon brown assumed species based overall resemblance similar habitat oregon black given provisional molecular analysis dna sequences revealed species related genera family including close affinity soil surface genera including genetic morphological characters sufficiently distinct warrant designation distinct genus genera produce huge spores sizes ranging spore bearing cells thick cell walls young thin mature trait shared authors explain genera share trait large spore size striking differences spore structure morphological difference microscopic characters ruled placing family convincing molecular evidence proving generic refers people native american ethnic group traditional encompassed range fungus people known eaten regard mushrooms taboo food specific epithet latin brown color mature description like fruit bodies roughly spherical furrows dimensions typically outer skin thick ranges color light yellowish brown orange brown reddish brown usually darker patches maturity surface texture rough covered flat rounded wide larger smaller older specimens develop narrow cracks surface branching basal attachment roughly similar texture breaks readily extracted soil internal spore bearing tissue initially whitish firm develops grayish brown matures edible harvested purposes frequency pacific_northwest flavor odor edible fruit body resemble mature cheese source described taste follows served melted butter reminded spores ellipsoid shape smooth surface contain large central oil drop surrounded smaller spore dimensions walls measuring thick melzer reagent spores stain readily blue contain spores shaped dimensions stem base initially thick walls thin roughly mature comprises loosely interwoven thin walled hyaline hyphae measuring diameter similar species oregon black roughly similar appearance habitat growing season distinguished darker black spores larger single large oil edible prized taste habitat distribution species known pacific_northwest region united_states grows douglas fir forests years old authors suggest tree usually appearing october march fruit bodies grow soil beneath soil litter elevations ranging roughly sea level occurs west oregon coastal ranges oregon northern california | Kalapuya brunnea | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22562_Amanitaatkinsoniana | species fungus family found northeastern southeastern southern united_states southern canada grows small groups ground mixed woods fruit body white brownish caps measure diameter stems long thick surface cap covered reddish brown grayish brown conical stem base covered grayish brown scales fruit bodies smell like powder known poisonous mushroom recommended consumption taxonomy species described american botanist monograph eastern united_states description based specimens collected locations north_carolina september october specific honors mycologist collected described mushrooms southern late 19th century chose place genus change adopted later authors classified section genus species distinguished characteristics composed cellular structures varying shape rows large cylindrical slender club shaped cells dominant stem typically base remnants surface concentrated base nearly forming limb base stem forming patches surface cap outer layer consists hyphae pressed surface description cap wide depending age ranges shape convex flattened shallow central depression color vary whitish yellowish white brownish gray brownish orange grayish brown lighter margin cap surface covered remnants universal veil small reddish brown grayish brown easily conical approaching edge cap gradually small patches cap margin smooth faint grooves underlying gills partial veil remnants hanging edge gills free attachment stem close crowded moderately broad yellowish white occasionally slight reddish stain short gills extend completely cap margin stem cut sharply stem long wide equal tapering slightly apex whitish smooth basal club shaped shaped rounded pointed usually covered rings reddish brown scales universal veil remains extending stem short distance universal veil stem base unusual forms extend nearly stem roots soil beneath elongated cord known partial veil forms ring somewhat fragile moderately persistent yellowish white pale yellow eventually mushroom matures collapses stem thin membrane flesh white weak odor powder microscopic characteristics spore print white spores ellipsoid elongated hyaline translucent thin walled dimensions meaning absorb stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored bases cheilocystidia cystidia found edge gill ellipsoid club shaped abundant cap cuticle thick interwoven radial hyphae diameter slightly strongly universal veil cap consists mainly roughly spherical ellipsoid club shaped elongated cells arranged short terminal chains relatively sparse hyphae measuring diameter base stem universal veil tissue similar cap clamp connections present hyphae edibility considers mushroom edible field guide north american mushrooms list possibly poisonous indicate specific reports reported species recommend general species subgenus consumed similar species colored resembles differs small medium sized fruit bodies grayish veil dark gray brownish gray basal usually somewhat fruit bodies confused distinguished presence reddish brown grayish brown remnants distribution habitat fruit bodies grow ground mixed coniferous deciduous forests collected alabama georgia massachusetts maryland michigan north_carolina new_jersey new_york pennsylvania tennessee texas virginia vermont west_virginia field guide notes preference association oak ground cover bushes mushroom collected quebec canada southern extent range extends mexican state mushroom fruits commonly late summer fall heavy rains | Amanita atkinsoniana | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22701_Mycenaoverholtsii | commonly known fairy helmet foot species fungus family mushrooms produced fungus relatively large genus convex grayish caps diameter stems long gills underside cap whitish pale gray initially closely spaced spaced maturity cap mushrooms characterized dense covering white hairs base stem example fungus growing decayed logs near known high elevation areas western north_america particularly cascade regions reported time japan edibility mushroom unknown distinguished comparable species differences location spore size history naming species described basis specimens collected wyoming specific epithet honors early 20th century american mycologist commonly known fairy helmet foot shares given japanese description produces largest mushrooms genus caps diameter convex shape developing central resembling maturity cap surface smooth moist marked radial caps somewhat depending age state range color brown grayish brown dark bluish gray mushroom flesh thin light gray color gills attachment stem initially closely spaced spaced maturity whitish pale gray color stain gray bruised tiers short gills extend fully cap margin stem interspersed gills stem long thick upward stem apex slightly thinner base straight curved like flesh hollow maturity growing soft decayed wood stem deeply substrate stem pinkish brown color lower half densely covered white hairs mushroom like odor mild taste edibility unknown considered poisonous microscopic characteristics viewed deposit spore print spores appear white spores roughly elliptical appearing shaped dimensions thin walled smooth bear indistinct spores meaning absorb turn black blue black stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells spored cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge scattered interspersed basidia roughly shaped smooth hyaline translucent measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill face uncommon similar appearance cheilocystidia cap cuticle fungal tissue type hyphae gelatinous lie flat smooth hyphae diameter cap flesh meaning turn reddish brown melzer reagent clamp connections present hyphae similar species similar grow clusters wood include fruit bodies develop red mature characteristic inconsistent reliably identification spores larger measuring similar appearance undergo reddish spores similar species distinguished like odor eastern north american distribution fruiting season summer autumn small spores measuring habitat distribution species found singly clusters logs stumps near melting moist snow chambers formed snow cool nighttime temperatures reduce rate help ensure spores released mushroom dispersed soil mushroom common western north_america particularly pacific_northwest rocky_mountains cascade mountains reported states california washington wyoming known oregon found western canada mushroom restricted areas minimum elevations reported growing coniferous forests japan plantations fir natural forests dominated fir spruce north_america mushroom usually appears march july japanese collections fruiting period prolonged especially areas heavy snowfall high elevations delayed | Mycena overholtsii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22739_Lactariusrepraesentaneus | commonly known northern northern purple species fungus family northerly distribution found temperate regions north_america europe associated spruce trees distinguishing features fruit body include large orange yellow cap wide cream pale yellow gills yellow pitted stem long thick cut fruit bodies white latex stain mushroom tissue purple chemicals isolated identified fruit bodies modify growth plants mushroom activity poisonous consumption causes stomach taxonomy described german mycologist based material collected bavaria variety var proposed considered synonym defined subspecies include fruit bodies fibers felt arranged concentric rings cap comparison nominate subspecies young specimens felt evenly distributed cap surface cap margins maturity according classification proposed monograph north american species belongs section subgenus genus species include cap edge singer classification divide instead grouping mushroom commonly known northern northern purple specific epithet latin represented description cap wide convex broadly funnel shaped margin edge cap young specimens cap surface thin layer fibers age dry somewhat sticky light yellow orange yellow older attachment gills stem slightly running slightly length stem gills moderately broad close crowded near stem normally cream pale color stain dull purple bruised stem long thick nearly equal width enlarged downward hollow maturity sticky dry pitted pale yellow orange yellow dull purple flesh firm white stain dull purple cut odor distinctive mushroom dry intensely soap taste mild slightly somewhat bitter flavor compared sweet flag abundant latex produced mushroom white cream tissues dull purple tastes mild slightly somewhat bitter spore print yellowish fruit bodies poisonous consumption cause stomach nature toxic agents identified new form described department southeastern france differs reaction injured flesh spores broadly ellipsoid ellipsoid ridges form high hyaline cap cuticle hyphae embedded layer similar species similar appearance latex turns yellow exposed air different smell flesh different reaction milk milk turns reddish orange change color violet reaction different color margin cap yellowish cap margin habitat distribution like species thought form mycorrhizal relationships trees mutually beneficial relationship hyphae fungus grow roots trees forming tissue enables fungus receive moisture protection tree tree greater access soil nutrients fruit bodies found scattered groups ground spruce august september fungus distributed higher elevations northern usa southern canada spruce present reported alaska california rocky_mountains frequency appearance described occasional fairly common europe fairly rare found mainly underneath forests foot mountains non soil collected czechoslovakia sweden switzerland french alps england overall widely distributed temperate zone northern hemisphere fungus collected birch greenland compounds reported activity substance responsible activity determined heat sensitive identified number chemicals isolated identified regulate growth plants chemicals class called named related compounds shown promote respectively compounds reported showed strongest growth promotion activity compounds | Lactarius repraesentaneus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22747_Morchellasnyderi | species fungus family described new science occurs non burned forests western north_america including california idaho montana oregon washington produces fruit bodies tall pitted conical caps pitted maturity color yellow tan young cap ridges brown black maturity dried taxonomy described new science united_states canada study published journal resulted aimed help clarify taxonomy biology distribution species north_america specific epithet honors described similar washington state 1930s according species description named previously described collections washington molecular analysis determined type collection contained distinct species rendering validity taxon dubious previously identified phylogenetic species defined dna sequence study despite light coloration young fruit bodies groups clade named european black black morphological characteristics clade include pits cap usually elongated vertically mature fruit bodies presence space cap stipe description fruit bodies high conical cap high wide widest point cap surface features pits ridges formed intersection primary vertical ridges frequent shorter secondary vertical ridges occasional sunken horizontal ridges cap attached stipe deep wide ridges smooth finely covered densely initially pale yellowish pale tan grayish brown maturity eventually nearly black dried flattened young eroded maturity pits somewhat elongated vertically particularly mature finely yellowish young pale tan pale grayish brown fruit bodies found transitional stage upper cap turned dark lower remains light whitish pale brownish stipe long wide roughly equal width length slightly thicker near base surface initially covered whitish mushroom ages typically develops prominent ridges pits maturity flesh whitish measuring thick hollow cap layered particularly base stipe sterile inner surface cap whitish covered short soft hair elliptical smooth measuring spore bearing cells spored cylindrical measure cylindrical measure tips shaped rounded club shaped fuse shaped contents hyaline translucent brownish potassium hyphae sterile cap ridges measure terminal cells shaped similar hyaline brownish contents north american generally considered choice edibility mentioned original description similar species distinguished similar north american differences ecological morphological features resembles young specimens ridges caps species maturity smaller measuring potential fruit body color young specimens stipe habitat distribution ecology suspected saprobic mycorrhizal different stages life cycle fruit bodies grow singly scattered groups ground conifers particularly douglas fir pine white fir fruiting occurs april june fungus collected california idaho montana oregon washington identified phylogenetic species shown non native species contributing factor success invasive species western north_america | Morchella snyderi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
22820_Parasolaauricoma | species fungus family described scientifically species found europe japan north_america small umbrella shaped fruit bodies mushrooms fungus grow grass short lived usually collapsing age hours caps wide initially elliptical colored reddish brown depending age radial grooves extending center edge cap slender whitish stems long millimeters thick characterized presence thick walled cap cuticle characteristic addition relatively large ellipsoid spores distinguish similar species taxonomy species described french mycologist transferred molecular sort genera genera natural groups according database described named honor danish mycologist synonym based different type accepted authorities disagree suggesting forgotten species requires study type material taxa colleagues assigned plate containing original description believed sufficiently clear cut definition taxon determined species described publication placement somewhat controversial classified section grouping species characterized absence veil occasional presence cystidia stem cystidia cap surface dark like elements molecular studies confirmed inclusion clade relationship members group fully resolved limited sampling recent analysis suggests phylogenetic tree form crown species description fungus produces fruit bodies caps initially egg shaped margins inward cap expands conical eventually flat slightly depressed center ultimately reaching diameter fruit bodies change color depending state fruit bodies young fresh caps reddish brown especially wet mushroom matures outer edge cap turn color center remains reddish brown radial grooves extend center cap margins caps minute hairs visible hand lens gills free attachment stem width initially whitish turning brown eventually dark margin spores mature unlike mushrooms gills process gills dissolve black mass release spores whitish stem long thick hollow fragile young fruit bodies abundant thick walled hairs base stem typically disappear mushroom matures flesh thin fragile yellowish brownish lacks odor taste spore print brownish black edibility known certainty fruit bodies small spores ellipsoid central measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored pleurocystidia cystidia gill face measure roughly elliptical shaped similarly shaped cheilocystidia found gill edge measure clamp connections present hyphae tissues cap cuticle comprises layer club shaped thin walled cells measuring interspersed long dark thick walled yellowish brown plentiful cap surface consist elongated hair like segment long attached surface base wide similar species characters serve help distinguish similar mushrooms grow including lack lack veil characterized long gold thick walled cap ellipsoid spores distinctly cap margin indicates allied species genus similar species include common widespread definitively separate cap habitat distribution saprobic species nutrients breaking organic matter simpler molecules fruit bodies grow singly groups large numbers road sides deciduous forests grassy areas mushrooms short lived usually lasting hours collapsing common europe north_america including hawaii recorded japan europe fruit bodies appear commonly spring summer months north_america fruiting common late summer autumn rains | Parasola auricoma | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23170_Tricholomavaccinum | commonly known knight fungus genus produces medium sized fruit bodies mushrooms distinctive reddish brown cap margin young cap reach diameter wide breaks flattened scales maturity cream buff pinkish gills brown spots hollow stipe white reddish brown measures long young fruit bodies partial veil leave ring stipe widely distributed found northern asia europe north_america fungus grows mycorrhizal association spruce pine trees mushrooms found ground growing groups clusters late summer autumn consider mushroom edible poor quality recommended consumption subject considerable research taxonomy naming species described german mycologist according synonyms include august var described variety var minute scales arranged concentric fashion cap published taxon form according classification proposed placed section subgenus genus includes species dry cap cuticle texture ranges resembling smooth specific epithet derives latin word means cow colored mushroom common names include knight description cap initially broadly conical convex finally flattened diameter usually cap margin initially curved hanging remnants partial veil partial veil cotton like leave ring stipe cap surface ranges color reddish brownish orange tan gills attachment stipe crowded closely tiers short gills extend completely cap edge stipe gills white frequently stain reddish brown stipe long thick hollow age roughly equal width length ranges color whitish color cap lighter reddish brown lighter color near apex like cap stipe surface odor fruit bodies unpleasant mushrooms produce white spore print spores broadly elliptical smooth hyaline translucent measuring basidia spore bearing cells spored measure hymenium lacks cystidia arrangement hyphae cap cuticle ranges hyphae run parallel cap surface hyphae perpendicular cap surface hyphae roughly cylindrical measure wide roughly cylindrical club shaped ends wide clamp connections hyphae fruit bodies considered edible low quality generally recommended consumption resemblance potential confusion toxic brown considers bitter edible fruit bodies create yellow color wool fibers similar species reddish brown cap white gills hollow stipe fairly distinct mushroom unlikely confused somewhat resembles brown colors robust stature solid hollow stalk cap texture flesh turns bright pinkish red injured associates solely pine species prefers soil brownish species include cap surface confused species genus distinguished brown spore prints habitat distribution mycorrhizal species grows association coniferous trees especially pine spruce forms called medium distance fringe exploration type indicative ecological role space occupation soil possible reach nutrient acquisition demand invested trees fungal partners fruit bodies usually appear groups clusters ground moss fungus fruits late summer autumn found northern asia europe north_america widely distributed united_states canada recorded mexico common species found large groups spruce forests rare united_kingdom records scotland fungus extinct netherlands subject considerable research species vary considerably species genus differences structure hyphae resembling root key species formed norway spruce numerous hyphae hyphae partly densely pigment outer membrane hyphae lack contact fully developed simple contact hyphae vary markedly diameter net network hyphae extend root formed grows deeply composed rows hyphae cells close proximity consequently fewer cells position closest contact mantle meaning constituent hyphae loosely organized spaces combination techniques including freeze scanning electron probe including inner mantle thickness nature interface net host cells fungal genes specifically expressed interaction identified including involved plant response nutrient exchange growth plant signal stress response characterized fungal helps stress critical function mycorrhizal habitats | Tricholoma vaccinum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23382_Calvatiacraniiformis | commonly known brain skull shaped species fungus family found asia australia north_america grows ground open woods derived latin root alludes resemblance animal brain skull shaped fruit body broad tall white tan initially smooth skin develops matures cracking age eventually away exposing yellow brown greenish yellow spore mass edible white firm matures yellow brown mature specimens traditional folk china japan wound dressing agent compounds isolated identified brain taxonomy species described transferred newly genus setting type species colleagues suggest synonymous published moses published berkeley published form published originally elevated distinct species monograph set type species grouping related species containing species large sterile base persistent species included transferred authorities commonly known brain shaped skull shaped specific epithet derives ancient greek words meaning brain form description fruit bodies grow dimensions tall wide form ranging pear shaped flattened spherical roughly egg shaped like inverted cone thick base attached cord like surrounding soil developed cut longitudinal section reveal distinct tissues outer layer central core thin fragile outer layer skin whitish gray gray initially smooth divided cracks areas base extends half way tapering point initially whitish yellow green finally brownish green older specimens mature spores spores spherical hyaline translucent measure diameter thick walled short extension tiny spines roughly threads long hyaline branched measuring thick occasionally pits walls comprises thick walled inflated hyphae mixed spherical cells tightly interwoven thick walled hyphae hyphae central core times thick surrounding light spores generally indistinguishable electron reveals distinctive spore ornamentation features small separated projections tall rounded tips comparison larger tall irregularly arranged development fruit bodies arise tips lateral branches new fruit bodies exterior thick hyphae similar found core contrast hyphae interior originate core unlike species differentiate distinct outer layer develops features tightly organised tissue tightly packed cells resemble plant radial hyphae time falls expose underlying similar species brain like surface mature olive brown characteristic younger developed characteristics difficult identify species edible grows similar dimensions purple brown mature smaller pink purple mature smaller confused younger specimens species spores lacks distinct roughly similar appearance unlike develops opening reveal olive brown distinct slits threads uses edible species young firm white mild odor pleasant taste early 20th century mycologist noted century ago change yellow makes bitter versatile cooking united_states agent staunch flow spore powder nostrils known practice lead disease causes symptoms similar pneumonia agent chinese japanese folk habitat distribution generally considered saprobic species controlled laboratory conditions fungus american reported publication chinese study showed readily form soil later research unable establish similar association brain grow singly groups fields open woods hardwood forests wet areas asia recorded china india indonesia japan malaysia south_korea brain recorded australia north_america range includes eastern southern united_states mexico michigan found regularly black plantations fruit bodies serve food source species flies research extracts strong activity mouse models protein bound compounds thought act immune response killing cells originally reported compound compounds identified fungus compounds isolated identified tested ability growth plants compound significantly suggesting presence required growth cited literature arizona fungi | Calvatia craniiformis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23403_Hygrophorusbakerensis | commonly known baker cap brown cap cap species fungus family characterized medium large relatively slender fruit bodies odor growth near rotting wood cap brown center cream white near curved edges gills stem white moist environments covered translucent liquid mushroom known united_states common coniferous forests pacific_northwest initially collected volcano edible mushroom considered high quality taxonomy naming species described scientifically american publication specific epithet refers mount baker volcano united_states mushroom collected commonly known names including baker cap brown cap cap description young fruit bodies rounded caps margins rolled inward mushrooms mature caps margins lift upward diameter cap reaches center cap colored yellow brown amber reducing nearly white margin cap surface wet sticky gets older beneath layer hairs tightly surface time form little streaks firm white flesh cap thick inches near stem attachment evenly margin change color cut bruised mild taste characteristic odor resembles crushed peach pits gills attached stem gill close individual gills reach stem tiers short shorter gills extend fully cap margin stem gills edges narrow broad large caps ranging color white pinkish buff bruised young specimens drops clear liquid gills gills dried specimens considerably stem long thick apex solid hollow equal width narrowed downward color white pale pinkish buff dry surface portion young specimens fine whitish powder near matures like gills stem drops translucent liquid moist weather spores ellipsoid smooth measure yellowish stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells hymenium spored measure cystidia gill faces edges cap cuticle layer tissue portion hyphae different lengths hyphae arranged perpendicular surface layer gelatinous hyphae thick clamp connections present hyphae cuticle gill tissue edibility mushroom edible considered low quality smith recommend mushroom consumption noting informed number collectors species edible thought similar species similar overall appearance differing having stem gelatinous partial veil species odor like raw potatoes bitter taste european species found oaks clay cap european species north american equivalent var found high elevations sierra nevada north american species odor include gray cap larger spores larger spores unpleasant taste similar coloration odor non gills habitat distribution species forms relationship compatible host plant forming root tips way fungus gains carbon essential organic substances tree return helps trees water mineral fight parasites predators soil associated tree species include fruit bodies grow scattered groups forest floor conifers common elevations pacific_northwest region united_states northern rocky_mountains collected california idaho washington oregon found far north british_columbia east quebec canada fruit bodies typically appear september december common | Hygrophorus bakerensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23545_Macrolepiotaclelandii | commonly known slender graceful species mushroom forming fungus family species found australia new_zealand fruits singly small groups ground woodlands parks tall mushroom roughly broad cap covered distinctive rings dark brown scales whitish gills cap underside closely spaced free attachment slender stipe loose ring upper half base edibility mushroom known certainty closely related mushrooms edible sought fungus documented naturalist early 20th century initially assumed close relative european species known absent australia australian mycologist recognized collections distinct species officially describing fungus referred names showed molecular phylogenetic analysis names refer european species australian authors taxonomy officially described mycologist work larger australian naturalist referred fungus widespread common species known occur australia identified taxon characterised having spored basidia distinct species type collection near new_south_wales specific epithet honours early work documenting species times early 20th century mushroom commonly called slender graceful fungus bush proposed common use new_zealand molecular analysis dna sequences australian collections labeled shown species similarly new_zealand collections historically names given originally european species erroneously applied australian collections subsequently species concept include specimens spored basidia pale clade closely related species clade sister group containing species presence clamp connections hyphae place section genus description cap initially egg shaped later convex flattened maturity reaching dark brown small dark brown scales whitish flesh underneath scales arranged concentric rings increasingly crowded completely covered scales small fragments partial veil left hanging cap margin white gills free attachment stipe closely spaced slender hollow stipe measures long somewhat base pale brown colour features ring upper half freely stipe mushrooms distinctive tall stature means gills usually clean having avoided rain splash forest floor according species close relatives including edible notes similarity edible european species warns australian species unknown produces white spore print individual spores ellipsoid small smooth thick walled measure reaction reddish brown melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells club shaped measuring spored long collections predominantly spored basidia generally smaller spores spored basidia spored basidia produce spores cheilocystidia plentiful edge gill dimensions cylindrical club shape cystidia gill face pleurocystidia clamp connections present hyphae similar species european species similar appearance smaller range spore dimensions typically described china genetically close unlike species yellow gills larger broad caps diameter stipe surface covered brownish bands whitish background spores smaller measuring average known occur europe false toxic species mistaken occurs australia new_zealand distinguished green spore print gills turn light green age deadly poisonous species similar pattern scales cap smaller habitat distribution fruits singly small groups ground grass leaf litter typically found forest subtropical recorded queensland new south wales victoria south australia western_australia southwest australia found forests fruiting usually occurs late autumn early winter fungus appears prefer disturbed ground found forests grassy areas parks slash forests common river red woodlands occurs new_zealand found mixed forest plantations smallest slender species occur | Macrolepiota clelandii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23644_Tricholomavernaticum | fungus genus native pacific_northwest region united_states fungus originally described species genus inclusive received current years later stout fruit bodies mushrooms moist white grayish caps later grayish brown age ring stipe odor resembling mycorrhizal conifers fungus fruits spring early summer mushrooms appearing ground singly groups high elevations edge melting edibility mushroom unknown strong unpleasant odor taste taxonomy species originally described california type specimen collected classified section genus spores noted relationship species unclear noted similarity form color cap species section genus broad species concept including species white spore print gills attached stipe ring formed partial veil regardless ecological preferences today restricted wood rotting species form black mycorrhizal transferred unavailable species previously proposed new specific epithet refers growth spring previous epithet derives latin meaning classified subgenus genus account clamp connections interwoven hyphae cap cuticle description cap convex broadly convex age reaches wide surface dry moist smooth maturity appears flattened fibers arranged mushroom ages cap color changes white brownish grey brown usually olive grayish pale tan regions cap margin initially curved downward lifts irregular age flesh thick white strongly odor similar gills initially attachment stipe pull away mushroom matures free attachment thick closely spaced whitish color developing pale pink solid stipe measures long thick equal width length slightly club shaped dry surface texture smooth silky ring ring ring located middle upper half stem edibility mushroom unknown certainty noted strongly taste unpleasant odor strongly reminiscent rotting white potatoes spore print white spores narrowly measure clamp connections present hyphae basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped measure hymenium lacks cystidia cap flesh comprises interwoven hyphae diameter cap cuticle thick layer interwoven gelatinous hyphae diameter similar species collected typical habitat appropriate season mushrooms readily identified prominent characteristics white color fruit body odor ring stipe geographic region grow lower elevations typically autumn gray cap stipe yellow lacks ring violet tones cap lacks ring include species broad gills lack characteristic odor habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly groups conifers late spring early summer fairly common species range found high elevations california north oregon washington fungus meaning commonly found edge melting fruit bodies buried forming hardly visible apparent cracked ground | Tricholoma vernaticum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23718_Psilocybehoogshagenii | species mushroom family mushroom brownish conical bell shaped cap wide extended long stem slender thick long variety var lacks long species found mexico grows singly small groups soils subtropical coffee plantations colombia brazil south_america mushroom contains psychedelic compounds parts stain blue bluish black handled injured purposes indigenous groups mexico taxonomy species described scientifically french mycologist species described illustrated popular american weekly magazine life seeking magic mushroom recounted psychedelic visions experienced rituals people introducing mushrooms western popular culture similarly specialist suggests described agrees type species var described singer synonym species named honor american helped search mushrooms mexico mushroom known locally common names spanish called los los little boys little birds woods divine mushroom describes judge mushrooms earth variety var described account mushrooms acute roughly type variety described later determined synonymous var epithet refers convex shape cap description cap ranges shape conical bell shaped convex reaching range usual long sharp cap surface smooth somewhat sticky wet ridges extending halfway center cap color reddish brown brown yellowish fading dry straw color brownish gills attachment stem mature gills black spores hollow stem measures long thick roughly equal width length slightly thicker base twisted thin rudimentary like partial veil covers gills immature fruit bodies fragile disappears soon cap expands flesh cap whitish yellow stem odor taste mushroom similar ground flour characteristic mushrooms parts fruit body blue handled injured var lacks acute occasionally small rounded cap ranges width convex roughly bell shaped microscopic features identical type variety spore print dark brown spores nearly face view ellipsoid viewed thick walled dimensions feature broad basidia spore bearing cells usually spored hyaline translucent roughly cylindrical central measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill face relatively abundant swollen club shaped irregularly shaped measuring cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge abundant shaped long neck width acute somewhat ending roughly tip clamp connections present hyphae habitat distribution fruit bodies grow small groups muddy clay soils subtropical coffee plantations according natives san region mexico fungus tends fruit simultaneously large mexico fruiting occurs june july argentina fruiting february mushroom reported mexico states grows elevations south_america species known brazil colombia var found common fruits june august uses mushrooms spiritual purposes speaking mushrooms primarily illness lesser extent divine location objects animals lost stolen indicates contemporary ceremonial usage people mushrooms world rates mushroom moderately active reports levels dried mushroom comparison indicates commonly cultivated species contains widespread chemical analysis specimens brazil yielded | Psilocybe hoogshagenii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
23966_Leucopholiotadecorosa | species fungus family mushrooms commonly known decorated distinguished fruit body covered pointed brown curved scales cap stem white gills found eastern united_states france pakistan saprobic growing decaying wood hardwood trees described american mycologist species transferred genera history including american considered species unique warrant genus transferred new genus publication species similar colors fruit bodies include considered edible mushroom taxonomy naming species known described based specimen found placed considered subgenus transferred species genus based apparent close relationship presence clamp connections hyphae spores structure veil remnants genus understood time later referred taxonomic white spored species attached gills smith later transferred species genus neglected spores scales cap cuticle lack cells known pleurocystidia features ruled taxonomic transfer genus species transferred time genus appearance specimen mushroom foray north_carolina resulted collaboration renamed species publication originally subgenus authors raised generic level accommodate type species considered species known considered names synonymous finnish mycologist rejected interpretation originally believed sufficiently distinct similar taxa deserve genus described publication changed mind writing differences type species genera small best considered differences species level transferred taxon known second species genus genus means white referring gills spores proposed originally described subgenus specific epithet intended elegant handsome actually means decent respectable modest commonly known decorated phylogenetic analysis based evidence large sequence data confirmed belongs family analysis related species unclear status confirms belong family according species authors fit best tribe described comprehensive monograph tribe contains genera description caps initially shape later expand convex flattened maturity caps typically diameter surfaces covered small curved brown scales edge cap typically curved coarse brown fibers attached cap brown darker center gills spaced closely narrow attachment stem edges finely stem tall thick like cap covered scales level zone point stipe smooth partial veil brown fibers upward roughly thickness length stem slightly thinner near flesh white thick firm texture odor indistinct taste mild bitter spore deposit white spores hyaline translucent roughly elliptical shape thin walls meaning absorb stain melzer reagent additionally stain appear having dimensions rarely spore bearing cells basidia club shaped translucent spored cystidia gill edge club shaped cap cuticle type tissue composed erect long hyphae different lengths originating interwoven layer hyphae gradually terminal cells somewhat parallel hyphae thin walled measuring stain yellowish melzer reagent hyphae comprising cap tissue thin walled diameter gill tissue thin walled interspersed cells characterized strongly contents clamp connections present hyphae tissues edibility according field guide published edible based following comment written good consistency flavor having decided mushroom taste older sources report edibility unknown similar species species similar outward appearance distinguished brown spores sticky cap surface underneath scales overall size smaller cap diameter spores brown species genus appear similar distinguished microscopic features like presence spherical club shaped cells cuticle cap habitat usually grows soil wood species distinguished following characteristics free gills compared gills tends grow wood birch old growth forests restricted forest compared grows temperate regions wide distribution northern coniferous forests habitat distribution saprobic species nutrients decaying organic matter particularly rotting branches stumps deciduous trees field guide notes preference sugar maple grows singly base stem ohio typically fruits late september mid november addition known distribution eastern north_america collected france reported district pakistan altitude | Leucopholiota decorosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
24344_Mycenanidificata | species fungus family collected reported new species known japan grows floor oak forests dark brown irregularly cap measures diameter cap supported thin stem long covered base whitish growth attached white cord like resemble plant roots underside cap features thin spaced grayish gills distinct veins running microscopic level distinguishing characteristics include spores turning dark blue black stained melzer reagent club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edges finger like cells outer layer cap stem presence clamp connections taxonomy naming classification collected japanese mycologist reported new seven publication specific epithet derived latin word meaning nest japanese according spores cap cuticle hyphae dark pigment gill hyphae suggest fungus best classified section genus medium sized partly fruit bodies small medium sized white spore prints convex caps similar species placed genus white cord like distinctly gills isolated position section description cap initially conical convex bell shaped flattened age ultimately reaching diameter center cap irregularly pitted margin changing color loses water dry initially covered appears fine white powder soon smooth color brown center dark brown reddish brown farther outward paler margin cap evenly dark brown flesh thick white distinctive taste odor stem long wide cylindrical slightly enlarged base central slender hollow stem surface dry entire length smooth age pale brownish gradually dark brown base base covered white growth attached white cord like gills fused stem spaced gills reaching stem gills broad thin grayish distinct veins running gill edges color gill faces microscopic characteristics spores roughly ellipsoid measure smooth thin walled basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored abundant cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge club shaped measure form sterile gill edge irregularly cylindrical like measuring thin walled pleurocystidia cystidia gill face absent hymenium bearing tissue smooth thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical inflated contain brownish pigment hyphae meaning turn reddish reddish brown presence melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical hyphae smooth covered scattered finger like cap cuticle layer parallel hyphae containing brownish pigment hyphae contain short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide similar appearance hyphae cap cuticle cystidia stem relatively sporadic cylindrical thin walled measure stem tissue composed arranged cylindrical hyphae wide smooth brownish pigment clamp connections present stem tissues bases basidia similar species species originally described brazil comparable having spores club shaped cheilocystidia finger like cap cuticle hyphae differs forming whitish cap club shaped roughly shaped pleurocystidia bears resemblance european species distinguished having cylindrical spores gills veins absence cord like habitat distribution known japan mushroom found growing solitary scattered dead fallen twigs forests dominated oak species fruiting occurs september | Mycena nidificata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
24376_Lactariusblennius | commonly known medium sized mushroom genus found commonly beech forests europe mycorrhizal favouring associations trees known described colour size vary distinctive wet amounts milk subject chemical research produce shown potential medical application derived chemical named association edibility uncertain different suggesting edible recommended poisonous taxonomy naming described swedish mycologist given current author genus closely related species beech suggested species forming group beech specific epithet derived latin meaning mushrooms commonly known known beech synonymous described species given earlier proposed proposed proposed recognised synonyms originally described form classified separate species described recognised invalid species included originally described german suggested actually variety naming var situation similar described separate species proposed fact variety naming var description flattened convex cap later depressed centre colour pale olive greenish grey dull green pale grey darker concentric bands colour vary greatly heavily spotted specimens known brown specimen similar recorded scotland cap moist margin curved stem paler colour cap measures tall thick tapering little flesh whitish similar colour gills later pale buff colour gills turn brownish grey colour wounded crowded shape slightly meaning run small way stem attachment attached stem depth gills milk white grey plentiful spores leave print low joined ridges small number cross connections measuring distribution habitat ecology common found broad woodland favouring beech associated observed growing association species oak forms association trees grow wide variety types typical acidic soil found late summer late autumn native europe distribution mushroom distribution beech british isles species common mushrooms areas recorded include sweden france italy poland uses mycologist claims edible cooked recommended describe poisonous milk tastes hot subject research chemistry derivatives known acquired mushroom including isolated species chemicals named occurrence species shown potentially instance type shown anti having strong affect refined create green pigment known | Lactarius blennius | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
24413_Mycenacaliforniensis | species fungus family common abundant species coastal oak woodlands california grows feeding fallen leaves oak species described berkeley curtis species collected years earlier exploring surveying expedition subsequently considered doubtful species later researchers publication taxon considered synonym making appearance late autumn early winter small fragile fruit bodies characterized reddish brown tones cap stem edges gills cut mushroom tissue bleed deep reddish latex typical genus caps conical bell shaped convex eventually old measure diameter attached thin hollow stems long history taxonomy species originally collected science purposes american botanist single collection found growing fallen oak leaves mare island naval shipyard california january specimen sent american mycologist british colleague published brief description species calling subgenus berkeley curtis noted differed known today nature gills called graceful species raised subgenus generic status species known monograph north american included excluded doubtful species saying species recognized microscopic characters type known researching monograph examined material particular specimen designated berkeley curtis represent type species deteriorated condition unable distinguishing features proposed berkeley curtis agreed smith assessment species late 1990s studies california noted common species california usually referred presented characteristics particular previously reported contain latex compared material material collected time place specimens type found represent species publishing results article resurrected confusion noted apparently smith concept agreeing species type noticed earlier published priority later according rules botanical nomenclature description cap initially bell shaped maturity typically reaches dimensions cap margins edges curved young age rounded develop radial grooves split surface cap dull smooth color ranges reddish brown brownish orange young specimens color fading mushroom matures center cap usually darker margins flesh thin color cap stain dark red color bruised gills attachment stem broadly attached slightly gill gill fused stem closely spaced gills extend distance edge cap stem short gills called form groups roughly equal length gills white pinkish buff color gill edges ranging reddish orange reddish brown brownish orange hollow stem long thick roughly thickness stem appearing covered fine whitish powder surface smooth stem base covered hairs large coarse like soft stem shade brown mushroom tissue bleed brownish range reddish brown latex cut edibility unknown microscopic characteristics deposit spore print spores appear white details revealed light microscope spores ellipsoid shaped smooth thin walled measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored typically dimensions cheilocystidia cystidia gill edges measure cells irregular projections range size variously shaped like cylindrical cells contain brownish contents stain melzer reagent common chemical reagent mushroom identification exception hyphae stem arranged hyphae making stem surface hyphae contain clamp connections similar species distinguished closely related smaller size edge gills differently shaped longer spores commonly confused species reddish latex distinguished tapering end cheilocystidia additional difference associated wood debris habitat distribution fruit bodies grow clusters scattered leaves oak trees black oak common coastal oak woodlands california appears late autumn early winter | Mycena californiensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25054_Crucibulum | genus family fungi fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg filled bird nests called splash cups fruiting bodies adapted spore dispersal energy falling drops rain eggs inside bird nests technically known hard shells containing spores tend stick nearby land increasing odds consumed dispersed animals members genus saprobic obtaining nutrients dead organic matter typically found growing decayed wood wood debris known species distinguished genera relatively simple cord hyphae connects eggs exterior bird nest history bird nest fungi mentioned flemish botanist couple centuries fungi subject controversy seeds mechanism dispersed nature example french botanist work des erroneously suggested ejected fruiting bodies sort spring mechanism structure biology genus better known mid-19th century brothers published monograph bird nest fungi subsequently written american species curtis gates lloyd new_zealand species type species genus described brothers older synonym species known today naming choice later deemed invalid rules fungal nomenclature applied species use based species appeared paris lee published valid description genus monograph brothers species known taxonomy fungi changed starting point date naming fungi deemed invalid etymology specific epithet derived latin meaning smooth description species light tan colored fruiting bodies known shaped depending species size range tall wide mouth tall wide viewed wall single layer tissue contrast layered wall species outer surface hyphae form texture visible condition known outer layers hairs typically wears age leave relatively smooth surface young specimens thin layer tissue called covers wears maturity expose usually noted disc shaped whitish color attached strand called cord cord tends away disappear fruiting body ages spores species typically elliptical roughly spherical shape thick walled hyaline light yellow brown color dimensions spores notably slightly strongly curved basic fruiting body structure genera family essentially similar readily confused species especially older specimens worn distinguished presence cord hyphae differs genus having distinct layered wall intricate structure derived greek word meaning small leather egg bird nest mass tissue enclosed hard outer shell disc shaped light buff white persistent layer tissue surrounding called inside spore bearing tissue hymenium spore bearing cells basidia sterile non reproductive structures spores attached fruiting body structure hyphae differentiated regions basal piece inner wall middle piece upper called purse connected lower surface purse middle piece thread interwoven hyphae called cord attached end end mass hyphae called species covered whitish species markedly different species purse rounded wide attached underside purse directly wall stout yellow grey cord wide long spore dispersal spores dispersed water hanging leaf smooth inner walls fruiting body consistently form angle horizontal demonstrated combined effect shape internal wall angle produce good splash action force falling water snapping cord connects fruiting body continues flight extends length sticky end adhere leaf distance away end wrapped hanging object stuck spores thick outer wall wears away eaten animal ultimately passed digestive system method spore dispersal suggested late 17th century tested martin thoroughly 1940s life cycle life cycle contains stages typical species reproduce spores sexually like wood decay fungi life cycle considered different phases stage spread reproductive stage establishment spore producing structures fruiting bodies stage encompasses phases life cycle involved spread survival spores suitable conditions moisture temperature grow branching called hyphae pushing like roots rotting wood hyphae containing single nucleus compartment increase length adding cell wall material growing tip tips expand spread produce new growing points network called develops growth occurs synthesis hyphae different mating compatibility groups fuse form process called survival colonization substrate like rotting wood include suitable humidity nutrient availability saprobic growth rotting wood possible break complex simple nutrients period time appropriate environmental conditions enter reproductive stage life cycle fruiting body formation influenced external factors season affects temperature air humidity nutrients light fruiting bodies develop produce containing basidia new young basidia contain pair sexually compatible fuse resulting fusion nucleus undergoes produce containing single nucleus fruiting bodies produced long lasting continue produce successive generations fruiting bodies long environmental conditions favorable development initial studies development fruiting bodies performed brothers walker collectively early researchers determined produced club shaped basidia line internal cavity basidia typically spores attached short projection detached basidia spores migrate center concurrently collapse underlying tissues compounds grown liquid culture produces chemicals called structurally related molecules contain ring structures compounds unique species identified later research confirmed presence additional type compounds implicated formation advanced stages diabetes compounds use treatment disorder habitat distribution like bird nest fungi species saprobic derive nutrients organic matter typically found growing wood woody debris stems twigs wood chips old shells old found dried notes found soil large logs found roots stems old dead dry land plants species known species temperate zone species distribution collected european countries north_america found alaska mexico south american locations include chile del found australia iceland japan new_zealand primarily north american distribution having found alaska southern alberta canadian rocky mountains semi idaho collected china known colombia discovered growing elevation nearly feet metres armenia edibility species family including considered sufficiently large interest humans food reports poisonous substances considered toxic humans species 1970s thought containing single species stance curtis gates lloyd taken early 20th century believing designation new species existence intermediate forms similar habitats close proximity discovered reported variants differed sufficiently justify naming new species specific epithet species refers like like form differs shape pink color slightly strongly curved spores typically found growing rotten wood soil colombia mycologist diameter tall cup shaped short cylindrical roughly parallel walls exterior surface tan yellow young age young specimens cover soon disappears broad tan white color disc shaped dry species grows material like twigs rich vegetable debris wood chips old immature fruiting body technically roughly spherical shape maturity base narrowed slightly relative appears like cup fruiting bodies usually tall wide mouth young mouth enclosed thin membrane called covered surface hairs fruiting body matures fruiting body expands exposing internal contents wall fruiting body single uniform layer closely interwoven hyphae form roughly thick wall structure contrast species bird nest fungus genus distinctly layered wall young species yellowish cover fine hairs external surface smooth fruiting body matures color changes brown old specimens grey dirty white inner surface fruiting body smooth shiny cups contain tiny pale white eggs technically termed usually diameter spore producing layer tissue hymenium layer largely composed basidia spore producing cells mixed non spore producing elements interspersed basidia covered thin membrane loosely woven hyphae known separated light colored black attached inner wall thin elastic cord extended length moist spores elliptical hyaline translucent smooth dimensions species characterized small dimensions wide mouth tall color range white grey pale buff yellow helping distinguish thin walled lip approximately thick edge lip outer smooth inner narrow base range width broad dimensions | Crucibulum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25055_Sarcoscyphadudleyi | commonly known crimson cup scarlet cup species fungus family order addition main distribution central fungus recorded bulgaria frequently confused distinguished related species differences microscopic characteristics presence number oil spores species imperfect form fungus lacks sexually reproductive stage life cycle taxonomy phylogeny species collected botanist october new_york american mycologist described annual report named noted physical resemblance known said distinguished species yellow hymenium larger spores considered species synonymous later pointed importance fresh material species diagnosis especially noting examined material dried specimens western north_america prepared recognize group species distinct large eastern north american species saw fresh living material case fungi microscopic differences similar species accurately determined examining fresh material analyzed specimens fresh material north american specimens found commonly results echoed similar analysis european specimens performed phylogenetic relationships genus analyzed late 1990s analysis combined comparison sequences internal non functional traditional morphological characters spore features fruit body shape degree hair based analysis clade related taxa includes species species contain large oil spores contrast major clade containing type species characterized having smaller numerous commonly known crimson cup scarlet cup shares description fruit body broad deeply cup shaped exterior surface fruit body covered whitish hairs interior fertile surface cup hymenium orange red edge cup margin curved young fruit bodies stem present short cylindrical elliptical cylindrical rounded ends hyaline measure contain large oil drops end oil drops useful taxonomic characters help distinguish species spores covered typically causes spores ejected sterile end cells hymenium slender slightly enlarged contain numerous red contain beta fruit body color form imperfect fungi lack sexual stage life cycle typically reproduce process structures called cases sexual stage stage later identified relationship established species international code botanical nomenclature permits recognition names organisms based restricted state habitat distribution saprobic species derives nutrients breaking complex found woody material fruit bodies found growing singly small groups attached buried partially buried sticks forests noted preferred wood type species fruit bodies typically appear early spring occasionally late fall distribution appears largely restricted eastern united_states reported bulgaria representing european collection | Sarcoscypha dudleyi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25299_Pholiotasquarrosa | commonly known species mushroom family common north_america europe parasite wide range hosts deciduous trees conifers live nutrients wood mushroom typically found growing clusters base trees stumps cap stem covered small pointed scales pointed downward backward crowded gills yellowish later brown mushroom odor depending author described resembling lemon strong taste resembling thought edible considered known poisonous especially consumed combination alcohol mushroom contains unique chemicals thought help plants defensive responses employed similar differs having paler cap sticky scales smaller spores taxonomy species described scientifically later sanctioned transferred genus german type species genus specific epithet derived latin means mushroom commonly known description like mushrooms cap stem cap ranges diameter depending age range shape bell shaped rounded somewhat flattened cap color yellowish brown older specimens scales cap yellowish stem long thick roughly equal width partial veil covers young gills forms thick ring upper stem level ring stem bare like cap gills covered partial veil young greenish brown color mature gills brown crowded closely attached stem usually spore print brown spores smooth walled absorbing stained melzer reagent measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored dimensions edibility fruit bodies odor described variously resembling lemon taste like older sources report edible mushroom caused cases poisoning afflicted individuals consumed alcohol mushroom experienced hours later toxic effect combination eating mushrooms taking alcohol extended time delay consumption symptoms suggests mechanism different effect experienced alcohol correct identification hours boiling water min subsequent mushrooms render bland dish ill effects minus alcohol course similar species similar appearance species genus produces white spore prints similar mushroom distinguished smaller spores cap scales lacks odor flesh white yellow white gills finely edges distinguished reliably white spores ecology habitat distribution thought white fungus use carbon source ability present wood carbon dioxide access fungus attack wide variety deciduous host trees including sugar maple red maple yellow birch paper birch american beech white ash attack conifers like spruce fungus secondary parasite attacks trees weakened prior injury infection bacteria fungi functions obtain nutrients breaking organic matter dead wood found north_america europe north american distribution extends north canada south mexico appearance restricted coniferous forests netherlands mushrooms regularly found fruiting ancient timber fruit bodies primary food source red higher protein content mushrooms typically consumed species decaying fruit bodies food source fruit flies belonging genus chemistry fruit bodies contain unique chemical compounds derived compounds named acid joints main cause reduce effect natural function compounds oxygen species produced plants defensive response fungal infection | Pholiota squarrosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25408_Chroogomphusvinicolor | commonly known wine cap pine spike species mushroom family found north_america dominican_republic mushrooms grow ground pine trees fruit bodies reddish brown shiny caps wide atop tapered stems long gills thick initially pale orange turning extend short way length stem mushroom edible sold local markets mexico highly rated distinguishing species similar species difficult morphology similar cap coloration variable reliable characteristic differentiated thickness walls taxonomy species described american mycologist based specimens collected near lake new_york noted resemblance thought closely related transferred newly created genus molecular analysis internal dna sequences shows groups clade closely related species feature flesh thick walled cystidia based analysis miller considered distinct genetically warrant designation separate species index list valid species specific epithet means wine colored commonly known wine cap pine spike description fruit body caps initially conical convex later developing small central depression caps measure wide color highly variable ranging wine red reddish brown orange brown yellow brown wine red develop surface dried rotten smooth cap surface shiny somewhat sticky wet flesh thick color taste odor variously described distinctive pleasant thick gills attached extending short ways stem spaced buff pale orange young turning spores mature original description noted gills viewed hand lens appear abundant spores fruit bodies initially covered thin web like partial veil soon disappears cap expands cylindrical stem measures long thick base wine red reddish brown dry smooth surface partial veil leaves indistinct thin ring upper stem spore print black spores narrowly elliptical shaped smooth measure cystidia somewhat shaped narrowly club shaped measure thick walls wide middle portion mushroom edible free insect damage highly recommended include species flavor improve drying mushrooms sold local markets del state mexico report species causing contact sensitivity individual handled mushroom developed burning sensation eyes eyes similar species species morphology coloration similar include reliably distinguished basis having thick walled cystidia widest species separated basis color having brighter colors yellowish orange molecular analyses european north american collections suggest restricted europe occurs north_america cap coloration reliably species determination nearly identical species found dominican_republic jamaica distinguished slightly smaller spores measuring cystidia uniformly walls thick hyphae measure wide fruit bodies robust reddish stems thick species tends produce spore prints habitat distribution mycorrhizal fungus fruits singly scattered groups ground conifers fruiting usually occurs cooler weather later summer autumn coastal california fruiting occurs winter found near known like species widespread range north_america extending south mexico recorded dominican_republic | Chroogomphus vinicolor | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25609_Phallusravenelii | commonly known fungus found eastern north_america mushrooms commonly grow large clusters noted foul odor shape mature saprobic encountered wide variety habitats rich wood debris forests gardens piles urban areas appears august october fruit body emerges pink colored egg form tall cylindrical hollow white stalk bell shaped cap remains egg persist white pink base stalk cap covered foul olive green spore attracts insects help spread spores cap veil attached thin membrane hangs underneath lack roughly pitted cap closely related fungus named botanist discovered remained considered edible mushroom egg form taxonomy species described officially scientific literature english mycologist publication berkeley obtained specimens moses turn sent collections south_carolina specimen sent extensive collection notes berkeley description brief neglected mention veil gates lloyd later quality berkeley description noted busy time consider details description tells leading characters species encountering fungus north_america identify berkeley description instead contact obtain original collection notes confirm identity later wrote description species placed taxon genus based presence veil transferred taxon genus equivalent resulting synonym mushroom commonly known eastern description mushroom begins development form purple tinged eggs resemble egg expands rapidly form shaped structure yellowish white stalk like cap cap ranges width height entire fruit body reach heights cap texture finely attached white open meets stalk specimens opening relatively large broad margin gives mushroom truncated appearance cap surfaces comprises minute cells structure similar stem smaller stem lower margin cap free attachment stalk veil suspended like collar stem cap veil varying lengths veil seen eggs present distinct thin tissue stalk cap expansion form veil continuous attachment tissue base stalk tip stem point joins cap veil produced distinct net like produced species like covers head olive green dark brown color texture foul spores measure elliptical shape smooth texture thin walled covered thin hyaline transparent sticky coating stalk hollow measures tall thick range color slightly yellowish white stalk base usually white pink sac like cup immature fruit body present skin like tissue layer mushroom emerges substrate whitish pinkish thick cord like strands exposed air eventually turn whitish color exposed substrate usually quickly turn bluish purple fungus produces range thickness length irregularly convoluted hard drying color reaction similar noted long exposure air gradually turn uniform dark reddish brown considered edible egg form mild taste foul odor mature mushrooms dissuade collecting table similar species confused highly net like pattern grooves ridges cap pitted cap occurs frequently widespread species roughly spherical cap overlapping tissue layers tall thin pale orange smooth cap cap olive color oval white found eastern southern united_states china rare brazilian species superficial resemblance apart distribution distinguished smaller fruit bodies tall cap margin somewhat larger spores measure distribution habitat widespread eastern north_america quebec north south florida west iowa ohio west mississippi common dominant early 1900s common united_states fungus found costa_rica saprobic mushroom organic material found habitat includes decaying wood found growing groups occasionally singly wood chips rotten tree stumps common urban parks meadows cultivated areas woods foul odor attracts insects walk feed spore bearing surface later sticky spores | Phallus ravenelii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25723_Lactariusvietus | commonly known grey species fungus family described produces moderately sized mushrooms grow forest floor rotting wood flattened convex cap vary shape forming shape wide funnel typically grey colour varies species crowded light coloured gills produce white milk spore print typically whitish varies considerably mushrooms typically strong taste described authors described boiling feeds forming relationship surrounding trees birch grows autumn months fairly common europe north_america eastern asia taxonomy described work reclassified species giving current subsequent attempts species unsuccessful work die reclassified species member species placed genus considered synonyms different names species based type specific epithet latin meaning commonly known grey description typically cap centimetres flattened convex shape times cap widely funnel shaped features broad pointed centre cap typically depressed cap coloured grey violet flesh coloured pale yellowish brown red paler cap margin young mushrooms pale specimens recorded united_states true cap margin curved younger specimens cap surface smooth sticky wet stem measures centimetres centimetres generally cylindrical shape stem narrows downwards club shaped colour stem whitish paler weak easily broken flesh whitish buff colour absent stem leaving hollow crowded gills gill running stem entire depth gill connecting stem colour whitish dirty buff thin tiers short gills reach stem cap margin gills produce white milk brownish greenish grey minutes mushroom flesh slowly stain colour drop solution applied chemical colour test microscopic features spore print typically white slight salmon observed vary white yellow depending density meaning useful means identification individual spores buff white blue melzer reagent hyaline shape spores moderately developed network ridges measuring pleurocystidia cystidia face gills shaped like narrow typically measuring long reaching length wide widest point cheilocystidia cystidia edge gills leaf shaped measuring long wide basidia spored club shaped measuring length wide similar species similar appearance colour pale pink buff flesh turns violet colour cut white milk mild taste species described mentioned community time death similar examining identity concluded certainly closely related differs habit colour spores slightly longer sculptures pronounced edibility milk hot taste mushroom lacks distinctive smell described claims taste removed boiling allowing consumed strong taste defining feature species weaker absent older mushrooms unusual species occasionally mushrooms species collected mild taste observed species typically tastes distribution habitat ecology fairly common found growing moist areas trees autumn moss strongly beech found oak forms relationship trees grows found growing rotting wood hard surfaces specimens observed hardwood logs typically smaller specimens possible represent dwarf variety despite growing rotting wood species instead species linking tree roots growing near wood particularly useful adaptation soil wet nutrient poor mushrooms grow large numbers found growing tight growing season species found europe collections scandinavia british isles bulgaria germany northern turkey north_america recorded common canada northern southern united_states northern asia found regions near central siberia eastern asia collected china | Lactarius vietus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
25906_Lactariusvinaceorufescens | commonly known yellow yellow latex poisonous species fungus family produces mushrooms pinkish caps wide held pinkish white stems long closely spaced whitish pinkish buff gills develop wine red spots age cut injured mushroom white latex rapidly turns bright yellow species common widely distributed north_america grows ground association trees species bear resemblance distinguished differences reactions characteristics habitat taxonomy classification species described american based specimens collected michigan publication named variety var account individuals prominently projecting pleurocystidia measuring broad reduced main species monograph north american species fungus classified subgenus genus species latex fruit body tissue yellow latex slowly yellow exposure air specific epithet derived latin word meaning wine reddish mushroom commonly known yellow latex yellow description cap initially convex broadly convex nearly flat reaches wide cap margin rolled later expands somewhat uneven age cap surface smooth pale pinkish pinkish buff margin young darker pinkish older bands water spots nearly color gills attached slightly narrow close near stem tiers short gills fully extend stem cap margin gills initially whitish pinkish buff later spotting wine red pinkish brown dark reddish brown latex mushroom cut injured initially white rapidly turns yellow stem long thick nearly equal width enlarged slightly downward hollow stem surface nearly smooth white brownish stiff hairs base pinkish white overall age flesh moderately thick white pinkish bright yellow taste spore print white yellowish mushrooms poisonous general rule guide books recommend avoid consumption species latex turns yellow spores roughly spherical broadly ellipsoid hyaline translucent measure ridges form partial basidia spore bearing cells spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia found gill faces roughly cylindrical narrowly club shaped young soon mid portion abrupt point reach dimensions cheilocystidia cystidia gill edges roughly club shaped acute measure clamp connections absent hyphae cap cuticle thin composed gelatinous hyphae typically wide projecting cuticle surface ends numerous hyphae long similar species nearly identical microscopic features reddish develop cap gills stem grows ground oak distinguished features smaller fruit body whitish cap brownish red age spot brown bitter latex slightly smaller spores similar whitish pale yellowish cap slightly darker spots grows especially oak drained sandy soil gills spot brown similar species include species yellow reaction characteristic edible species orange brown light grayish brown cap thin bands dark grayish brown latex whitish tan flesh odor resembling maple sugar burnt sugar milk cap white latex slowly changes yellow exposure air typically found mixed woods habitat distribution fruit bodies grow scattered groups ground pine august october species known develop mycorrhizal associations douglas fir fairly common widely distributed species north_america mushroom found forests high elevation forests associated tree genera california noted commonly occur | Lactarius vinaceorufescens | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26063_Lactariusfallax | commonly known milk cap species fungus family found spruce mixed forests fairly common species pacific_northwest region north_america northerly range extending alaska fruit bodies medium sized brown caps diameter bearing distinct pointed caps supported stems long thick mushroom whitish latex cut injured tissue eventually turns dull reddish color eastern north american european species closely similar appearance distinguished differing range taxonomy classification species originally described american publication smith initial collection late october oregon publication described variety var based specimens collected according smith variety point generally identified pacific_northwest described variety var account differences spore ornamentation distant gills maturity typically slightly taste monograph north american species considered var equivalent synonymous var specific epithet derived latin word mushroom commonly known milk cap classified section subgenus genus species section brown caps cap cuticle contains dissolved brown pigment cuticle species type hyphae emerge roughly parallel like hairs perpendicular cap surface description cap wide ranging shape convex nearly flat small expanding plane depressed margin cap edge cap surface dry finely center concentric lines dark brown gills attached running shortly length stem narrow crowded white buff age edges gills brown like cap slowly stain colored bruised tiers short gills reach stem interspersed length gills stem long thick nearly equal width dry solid paler brown cap flesh thin pale odor distinctive taste mild latex white exposure slowly flesh gills spore print yellowish edibility mushroom officially documented species brown nearly black according notable beauty likely attract attention casual collector variety var nearly identical main species appearance distribution gill edges colored like gill face microscopic characteristics spores spherical ridges form partial net like pattern lines high hyaline translucent meaning absorb stained melzer reagent measure cap cuticle basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored hyaline mounted solution potassium abundant cheilocystidia cystidia found edge gills contents ranging color yellow hyaline measure shaped somewhat like tapered end cylinder winding pleurocystidia cystidia found gill face diameter rare scattered similar species similar associated examination microscopic features distinguish restricted distribution eastern north_america europe milk cap dark brown cap smooth cap stem brown capped eastern north american species spaced white gills run stem prefers grow near close gills habitat distribution fruit bodies grow scattered grouped ground rotten logs alpine areas standing conifers fairly common typically found august october distributed western united_states canada northern range extending alaska eastern range bounded east great plains field observations suggest fungus form associations smith noted variety prevalent species fir | Lactarius fallax | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26103_Bisporellacitrina | commonly known yellow fairy cups lemon species fungus family fungus produces tiny yellow cups diameter fruit groups dense clusters decaying deciduous wood lost bark widely distributed species found north_africa asia europe north_america found late summer autumn fungus fairly common easily overlooked owing small size similar species cases distinguished differences color morphology substrate distinguished elliptical spores central partition oil drop end taxonomy species originally described europe german naturalist august sanctioned second volume transferred species historical fungus derived referred decades fungus known depending generic concept author accepted publication noted generic competes genus rules botanical nomenclature version abandoned version sanctioned priority pointed generic synonym older contains species bear taxonomic relationship accordingly formally transferred produce new combination noted published priority folded specific epithet derived latin meaning lemon yellow common names fungus include yellow fairy cups british society approved lemon disco disco short older term species cup shaped fruit bodies called lemon funnel work description fruit bodies begin spherical closed expanding smooth bright yellow fruit bodies small typically diameter high disc shaped inner surface smooth bright yellow outer surface paler yellow mass spore color white stalk broad pale yellow color short nearly absent present rarely fruit bodies numerous shapes distorted fruit bodies dried dull brown color fruit bodies distinctive taste odor edible smooth spores roughly elliptical measuring maturity cross wall oil drops end spore bearing cells measure shaped liked narrow cylinders tips rounded somewhat club shaped predominant pigment responsible yellow color fruit body similar species small yellow confused include cup grows fallen nuts green stain fungus forms blue green cups wood substrate bluish green diameter hairs edge cup outer surface covered short brown hairs fruit bodies coloration similar smaller grow clusters old fungal wood include species including distinguished distinct growth smaller woody debris like sticks twigs logs stumps small yellow fringed margins discs like species grows near moss wood small cup fungus resembling bright yellow outer surface hymenium develops greenish age common fungus usually smaller approach dimensions similar color fruit bodies usually like cup shaped cup fungus grows dead beech wood fruit bodies larger ranging ecology distribution saprobic nutrients breaking complex organic molecules simpler ones fruit bodies typically encountered growing dense clusters surface rotten wood especially deciduous trees particularly beech found growing fruit bodies fungus study succession fungi associated decay year old healthy beech tree uprooted strong winds found wood years fall appeared early form bulgaria followed widespread fungus known north_africa asia europe north_america australia new_zealand common small | Bisporella citrina | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26112_Mythicomyces | fungal genus family genus contains single species described fungus produces fruit bodies shiny yellowish orange caps diameter supported stems measuring long thick rare uncommon species found northern temperate regions north_america europe typically fruits groups wet areas coniferous forests species confused comparable appearance similar range habitat microscopic characteristics reliably distinguish taxonomy genus contain species originally named described species collections fir forest near sweden subsequently recorded north_america northwestern usa times smith listing synonyms species smith cited publication year work instead correct rendered new combination invalid according rules international code botanical nomenclature generic valid subsequently published taxonomic history species placed specialist excluded taxon genus monograph based spores lacked pale spore print stem texture basal examined smith collections suggested material appropriately considered smith noted features inconsistent placement including spore print color presence stem texture basal smith placed genus biology fruit bodies spore print color fit broad concept family envisaged noted genus fit restricted concept family lack spore walls recently taxonomic authorities placed genus family molecular analysis shows closely allied group form clade sister rest family description cap initially somewhat conical margins rolled inward expands bell shaped broadly convex maturity reaching diameter cap rounded conical color cap ranges dull bright orange young yellowish brown maturity color fades yellowish buff cap surface smooth polished somewhat translucent radial gill lines seen margin gills closely spaced tiers interspersed short gills gills attachment stem gills tend separate stem maturity initially whitish color turning brownish spores mature smooth stem measures long thick yellowish pale orange near dark reddish brown base maturity stem turns black base upward morgan noted stipe remarkably similar mushroom flesh odor ranges indistinct somewhat taste indistinct bitter edibility mushroom unknown spore print pale brown spores egg shaped somewhat visible stained solution contain single oil measure spore walls small points ridges small basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure cystidia gill face pleurocystidia abundant shaped swollen thick tips occasionally translucent crystals dimensions walls pale brown translucent thick cystidia gill edge cheilocystidia roughly shorter cap cuticle comprises layer arranged hyphae measuring diameter clamp connections present hyphae similar species similar appearance shares habitats geographical range comparable generally faded coloration produces brownish spore prints lacking tones species reliably distinguished microscopic characteristics smooth spores cheilocystidia thin walls owing similarly colored cap habitat confused readily differentiated field long extending substrate heavily spores absence pleurocystidia similar species include unlike smooth spores yellow lack found washington michigan sweden fruits groups rotten logs distinct microscopic characteristics wider range lack pleurocystidia habitat distribution saprobic fungus uses plant debris usually bits wood substrate fruit bodies appear autumn grow groups moist habitats near edges conifers birch soil wet spring flooding recorded north_america common pacific_northwest region europe rare widespread northern continent smith called species extremely rare | Mythicomyces | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26152_Banksiamyces | genus fungi order tentative placement family genus contains species grow seed dead species genus plant family endemic australia fruit bodies fungus appear small typically diameter shallow dark cups fruit edges dry fruit bodies fold appearing like narrow slits specimens known described specimens continued collected occasionally years examined critically early 1980s leading creation new genus contain determined distinct species fourth species added taxonomy english described species fungus named collected dead growing banks southern new_south_wales australia generic placement result resemblance genus family additional collections believed south_australia dead unspecified dead species consultation canadian mycologist earlier completed monograph genus transferred taxon genus family species small tough brownish typically grow clusters hardwood woody original collections incomplete certain microscopic features described collections australia presumed variations original collection 1980s availability fresh specimens fungus collected australian mycologist prompted previous collections apparent microscopic differences found suggested distinct species represented collections species differed species warrant creation new genus named species described original initially named fourth species added genus authors study identified additional taxa meet description previously published species called existing species found species evidence strengthened individual fungi exclusively species suggestion proposed classified widespread poorly known family fungi species saprobic woody tissues placement tentative molecular analysis performed clarify phylogenetic relationships taxa order based physical similarity included study subfamily conceded examined specimens description fruit bodies species cup shaped borne stipe stalk colored dark brown black dark grey center dry covered whitish powder edges cup rolled especially dry twisted somewhat flattened tissue layer tissue stalk fungal cells brown variously thin walled covered small particles spherical ellipsoid middle tissue layer cup internal tissue layer stalk contain layer tissue hyphae similar second layer tissue hyphae translucent gelatinous layer present elongated reproductive structures bear groups species cylindrical club shaped contain plug extreme tips absorb color stained arranged rows respectively rarely irregular ellipsoid translucent slight curve tapered contain oil drops covered translucent highly light cells present fertile spore bearing tissue distributed free ends fork branch combining tips form translucent brown layer tissue species named wife senior author discovered growing seed dead northwestern victoria described found dead specific epithet chosen honor discovery type collection years ecological educational conservation work victorian fungus distinguished species larger larger spores tapering tips type collection found fruiting december january compared winter autumn grows dead collected near victoria type species species originally described illustrated berkeley type collection found cone banks new south wales recovered cone near western_australia east cultivated synonyms include range shape elliptical cylindrical dimensions | Banksiamyces | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26164_Collybiacirrhata | species fungus family order mushrooms species described scientific literature named found europe north_america known temperate alpine arctic habitats saprobic species grows clusters decaying remains mushrooms fruit bodies small whitish convex flattened caps diameter narrow white gills slender whitish stems long thick distinguished members absence base stem mushroom poisonous considered size taxonomy phylogeny species appeared scientific literature august proposed christian considered synonymous later combination based published noted combination indicating believe published according article rules botanical nomenclature states published accepted author original publication correct published called species french mycologist transferred resulting currently known species transferred transfer considered invalid according rules genus wrapped molecular shown forms clade remaining species species lacking suggested character trait unique single terminal species clade specific epithet derived latin meaning called fringed rooted united_kingdom commonly known description cap initially convex young later convex flattened slightly depressed center reaching diameter cap margin starts rolled curved inward matures cap surface ranges dry moist smooth covered fine whitish hairs translucent radial grooves margin changing color somewhat depending grayish orange old usually white faint pinkish flush fresh flesh whitish thin distinctive taste odor gills slightly curved shape bow tooth meaning gills curve join stem close stem gill edge curves gills extend completely cap edge stem tiers shorter gills extend completely cap edge stem gills thin narrow moderately broad white pinkish buff gill edges color gill faces stem long thick equal width slightly enlarged downward flexible fragile stem surface dry whitish grayish orange tiny hairs upper portion near base stem base like strands whitish stem unlike species originate stem hollow matures considered poisonous small considered edible microscopic characteristics deposit spores appear white individual spores ellipsoid tear shaped profile ellipsoid roughly face view dimensions smooth melzer reagent blue respectively basidia spore bearing cells hymenium roughly club shaped spored measure gills cystidia gill tissue hyphae interwoven roughly parallel hyphae diameter smooth cap tissue interwoven hyphae beneath center cap oriented gills hyphae diameter smooth irregularly walls cap cuticle layer hyphae lying parallel cap surface hyphae comprising layer diameter smooth thin walled covered scattered short like cuticle stem layer parallel vertically oriented hyphae hyphae measure smooth slightly thick walled pale yellowish brown solution rise covering branched cystidia stem multiple diameter smooth thin walled shaped like cylinders clamp connections present hyphae tissues similar species likely confused remaining members similar external appearance distinguished dark reddish brown resemble apple seeds irregularly shaped pale yellow orange similar mushrooms include species species grow pine habitat distribution like species remaining genus saprobic typically found growing decaying remains mushrooms occasionally fruit bodies found growing moss soil apparent connection decaying mushrooms observations represent instances remnant host tissue possibly previous season decayed extent remains buried fragments substrate known hosts include known temperate alpine arctic habitats fungus widespread europe including bulgaria denmark germany greece scandinavia slovakia switzerland turkey united_kingdom mushroom common northern regions north_america asia fungus reported korea northern japan known greenland publication suggested based known evidence species distribution | Collybia cirrhata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26203_Suilluscollinitus | mushroom genus family edible mushroom found european pine forests mushroom reddish chestnut brown cap reaches diameter yellow stem measuring tall thick underside cap small angular pores initially bright yellow turning greenish brown age characteristic feature helps distinguish similar species pinkish base stem molecular analysis shown species related typical mediterranean species mycorrhizal species forms associations species pine notably pine tree species commonly schemes soil conservation erosion mediterranean region beneficial help young trees better survive typically harsh soil conditions taxonomy phylogeny naming species described transferred genus dutch mycologist described variety var var synonym based collection switzerland variety described colleagues italian collections molecular analysis different species sequences internal phylogenetic relationships clarify taxonomy genus results indicated closely related specimen collected according authors probably represents species distinct north american european based morphology host tree association phylogenetic analysis collected spain showed closely related species typical mediterranean area specific epithet derived latin means british botanist called mushroom yellow publication description fruit body medium large cap initially rounded convex finally flat reaching diameter cap covered brown cuticle variable shade decorated radial obvious fully expanded specimens especially dry weather cap shaped irregularly sticky damp tubes short stem attachment usually slightly small angular pores yellow age young fresh specimens bear clear fluid collect surface cylindrical stem short typically tall thick coloured yellowish sparse reddish brown ring base stem bears pink overtones attached pink threads visible fruit body uprooted flesh yellowish thick soft colour reaction test solution flesh turns reddish spores seen brown mass pale yellow viewed light microscope tapered end sized basidia spore bearing cells hymenium spored especially characteristic cap pink fungus aspects resembles common species european pine forests brown cap white varieties varieties described var golden yellow cap var originally found italy growing poor acidic soil association pine distinguished brown veil base stem slender white cap margin similar species found habitat species including especially mediterranean basin common species occur europe associate include edibility authors regard edible sour odor taste species pick young specimens cuticle preparation mushroom contains class chemical compounds collectively known activity contain organic predominantly pairs acid respectively total organic composition concentration organic mushrooms major factors influencing flavour organic contribute activity distribution habitat ecology found europe fungus forming mutually beneficial relationships species pine include european species pine pine european black pine stone pine scots pine fungus limestone soils commonly occurring southern europe rarely seen northern regions british isles poland red listed denmark near threatened estonia endangered collected iran frequent fungus pine hardy tree utilised schemes soil conservation erosion mediterranean region study performed south france discovered multi stage fungi young mature stands pine species play key role survival adaptation species pine disturbed sites roots mycorrhizal found capable surviving successive disturbances fire fungus retained viability network helped effort newly introduced trees fungus shown improve growth mediterranean grown unlike species grow wet climates typically produce fruit bodies young plantations fruiting behaviour attributed typically nutrient poor mediterranean environment combination lack tree canopy absence ground fungal presence makes analysis underground populations difficult molecular markers developed assist monitoring fungal growth formation persistence young plantations formed species pine studied conditions laboratory tree shoots tended grow better showed superior mycorrhizal development tested species suggesting tree publication reported fungal hyphae covered crystals acid addition reducing soil reduces grazing soil | Suillus collinitus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26238_Calbovista | fungal genus containing single species commonly known giant giant common rocky_mountains pacific_coast ranges western north_america round diameter white brownish age covered shallow pyramid shaped plates scales fruits singly groups roads open woods high elevations summer autumn originally described new science published years later species named resemblance usually distinguished field prominent like branches thread like material spores good edible species interior flesh firm white matures dark brown mature spores taxonomy article american mycologist noted existence abundant widely distributed western united_states commonly differed species having extensively branched threads characteristics aligned taxa similar known base similar structure threads reminiscent new species unique combination characteristics fit described genera result new genus contain type collection california elevation publication genus invalid lacked description latin requirement international code botanical nomenclature implemented effective january genus species published latin description described variety var based collection northeastern washington variety known type locality differs nominate variety grayish outer minute scales based invalid genus invalid later published correctly authority var usually classified family status group unclear authorities contrast placed family erected contain genera united similarities morphology currently considered independent taxonomic significance folded genus combines parts referring genus ally genus similarity specific epithet refers resemblance species frequently confused common names refer fungus include giant giant description fruit bodies irregularly shaped roughly spherical measuring wide high layered outer layer thick base measuring thick divided irregular sided low usually blunt pointed thick parallel markings feature attributed differences growth rate caused variations daytime nighttime temperatures pyramid centers short brownish hairs cover entire near base smooth surface young fruit bodies thick inner thin shiny tissue depressed areas plates base occupies quarter fruit body consists moderately sized chambers persist matured spores dispersed base assume base rooted soil initially white turns color yellow golden brown dark brown spores mature inner cracks exposing spore mass cracks scales supported yellowish brown light brown spherical spores measure including outer covering surface texture ranges smooth oil translucent small stalk long basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure long wide comprises short highly branched resembling threads measuring wide walls thick threads edible interior firm white flesh odor mild taste similar species field difficult reliably distinguish species prominent specimens especially young ones share feature distinction blurred microscopic differences tell species apart highly branched smooth reduced absent base tends split open maturity irregularly shaped sections threads found high elevations conifers western north_america smaller fruit bodies measuring high wide small pointed gray tips large diameter found open grassy areas western united_states flat scales outer addition larger size differs lacks sterile base branched habitat distribution saprobic species dead plant material fruit bodies grow singly groups occasionally clusters fruiting occurs april august areas broken rocks mixed soil open coniferous forest elevations ranging usual habitat road sides common mountain distribution covers rocky_mountains pacific_coast ranges western united_states eastern cascade range found growing pine collected california colorado idaho washington wyoming oregon range extends north british_columbia alaska found hunters spring grows similar habitats | Calbovista | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26323_Suillusamericanus | species fungus family mushrooms commonly known chicken fat mushroom american slippery jack american grows mycorrhizal association eastern white pine found tree occurs eastern north_america china mushroom recognized bright yellow cap red reddish brown scales embedded large yellow angular pores underside cap narrow yellow stem marked dark reddish dots molecular analysis suggests species found western north_america western central asia edible opinions vary susceptible individuals suffer contact touching fruit bodies fruit bodies contain beta shown laboratory tests anti properties taxonomy classification described scientifically american mycologist based specimens originally collected far new_york state near albany publication indicated originally listed collections known report published pointed nearly century later report actually mention species field notes year served basis report reference collection original description likely based failed designate type specimen sand lake specimens french mycologist transferred species genus defunct taxon collaborating transferred species version authoritative monograph modern taxonomy singer included species genus grouping taxonomic level genus characterized colored spore print olive wide pores typically greater mature common names species include american american chicken fat mushroom reference yellow color specific epithet means america description cap typically diameter broadly convex small central elevation flat age cap margin curved young specimens remnants yellowish veil hanging cap surface colored bright yellow red brownish streaks patches fruit body young moist surface cap matures sticky tubes comprise layer underside cap deep attached broadly stem running length stem attachment stem yellow stain reddish brown bruised yellow pores large diameter angular tend darker age pores slightly wider long pores centimeter measured centimeter measured halfway edge case spores form inner surfaces tubes openings borne away air currents outside stem roughly equal width hollow age color stem surface lemon yellow covered dots handled partial veil attached stem usually leave ring stem whitish present base stem helps anchor fruit body substrate flesh yellow pinkish brown cut bruised microscopic characteristics deposit spores colored viewed microscope pale yellow smooth roughly elliptical shape measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored dimensions pleurocystidia cystidia found sides gill range shape cylindrical club shaped arranged bases surface cystidia covered brown pigment particles cheilocystidia cystidia located gill faces club shaped expanded apex like pleurocystidia arranged brown pigment particles base cystidia near tube openings visible hand lens like species cystidia turn orange brown presence solution potassium layer cap surface results interwoven layer gelatinous hyphae typically thick edibility species edible opinions mixed author says fruit bodies coarse taste good mentions thin flesh hardly species worthwhile says yellow cap remind chicken fat wonderfully mushroom flavor texture mushroom compared author suggests mushroom ideal spreads use bread dip fruit bodies oven dry future use concentrate flavor odor taste mild field guide suggests distinctive caps layer typically removed consumption similar species similar appearance distributed western north_america western central asia species associates field guide suggests thicker stem brown spots cap darker yellow molecular analysis shown specimens collected china western north_america eastern north_america likely single taxon species distinguished slightly smaller hyaline translucent spores typically association habitat distribution common species found growing clusters ground northeastern north_america north canada typically fruits late summer autumn found china example distribution fruit bodies found drier weather species abundant mycorrhizal species relationship fungus forms surface root hyphae extend outward soil cells interface form net main benefit fungus constant access supply produced plant plant benefits enhanced supply mineral nutrients soil taken hyphae fungus grows association particularly eastern white pine susceptible individuals experienced reaction touching symptoms contact generally develop days initial contact persist roughly week disappear treatment cooking fruit bodies responsible compounds contains known beta laboratory tests suggest anti activity known specifically natural function component fungal cell wall forms wall strength anti activity results ability production activated cell immune system | Suillus americanus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26404_Hydnellum | genus tooth fungi family order widely distributed genus contains species members grow slowly nearby bits grass vegetation great form greatly influenced environmental conditions rainfall humidity drying winds temperature tough woody eat comfortably species focus increasing conservation concern following widespread declines abundance species produce chemical compounds unique biological activity isolated identified genus better known species unusual pinkish white known cream bleeding tooth fungus red appear pinkish whitish species strong odor taxonomy finnish mycologist adolf known type species fungi spines fungi grouped work defined having tough cap centrally attached stipe include classified family genus original family concept included genera species hyaline translucent spores left tribe family concept adding genera produced brown spores comes greek meaning plant fungus recommended list common names fungi united_kingdom fungi form word plus tooth gold tooth tooth velvet tooth description caps growth forms grow decay weeks neighboring forming caps partially fused flesh appearance fresh hard woody dry zones flesh reflect differences growth periods low daytime high nighttime humidity fairly accurate record daily growth spines crowded closely typically extending length stipe variety colors white yellow olive green shades orange light brown dark brown age spores spherical brown mass basidia spore bearing cells narrowly club shaped usually spored cystidia types hyphae found flesh hyphae thin walled inflated skeletal hyphae thick walled narrow thin walled like hyphae stain blue conditions high humidity species form striking colored drops actively growing caps red drops yellow drops coffee colored drops common names reflect appearance cream bleeding tooth fungus species odor similar ground flour like sweet odor resembling tough woody edible taste differences species tend distinguishable younger specimens development greatly influenced environmental factors levels rainfall drying winds temperature blue tooth example develops deeper blue color grows cooler autumn weather optimal growth occurs periods frequent light rains high humidity habitat growth stop resume precipitation intermittent growth affects different species variable leading large variations form surface texture color morphological dependence appearance environmental conditions difficult group study canadian mycologist described new species north_america noted remarkable longevity individual species changes appearance occur long period development confused workers studying group example initially white turn shades orange brown brownish black initially like shape surface later flattened funnel shaped smooth surface texture caps form short stipe growth expansion blunt margin later upper surface spines start form cap hangs stipe slightly white species brown maturity brown colored spores accumulate surface habitat distribution fungi mycorrhizal usually found coniferous mixed woods favored tree hosts include members genus widely distributed particularly europe north_america species found tropical asia harrison identified dozen new species north_america 1960s recognized european species treatment genus species including form tough mat upper soil pine forests mat grows larger old trees cover area square meters areas generally lack dwarf shrubs promote vigorous growth occur center large presence fungus changes nature soil resulting thinner layer decreased penetration decreased soil increases level root quantity roots fungus decreases organic carbon nitrogen concentrations soil surrounding soil conservation species shown decline europe including czech_republic netherlands norway scotland united_kingdom listed biodiversity action plan fungi classified critically endangered listed endangered considered vulnerable sensitive increased nitrogen deposition resulting clear cutting forestry practice areas europe conservation efforts hindered fact species difficult field making hard determine appropriate conservation status techniques based species specific dna extraction soil developed detect species having rely presence help conservation efforts improve understanding ground ecology similar techniques case fungus persist ground years producing compounds chemical compounds unique biological activity isolated identified species example contains pigment properties similar possesses activity carrier protein essential bacteria species north_america scandinavia silk wool produces range colors including tan blue forest green depending produces gray brown olive colors responsible coloration yellow pigment found acid present species compound derived acid involved deteriorating certain believed contribute memory learning derivatives named alpha compounds found chemicals responsible like identified species original contained species included species monograph tenth edition dictionary fungi indicated species genus january index lists species asia europe europe asia europe banker banker asia europe banker europe nova scotia europe banker north_africa asia europe banker nova scotia banker europe europe nova scotia banker europe banker asia europe europe asia europe nova scotia europe cited works nova scotia publications report ottawa canada fungi species studies | Hydnellum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26680_Lactariusrupestris | species mushroom family described new species known semi arid region brazil mushroom characterized stout fruit body smooth sticky orange cap diameter gills underside cap closely spaced frequently stem long thick mushrooms sparse cream colored latex cut injured discovery classification species found brazilian semi arid region july described new science publication federal species known brazil epithet refers type species collected authors note fungus readily fit level genus classification schemes outlined previous authorities example characteristics section proposed somewhat close match taxon included surface cap sufficiently cracked dry spores excessively comparison description cap concave somewhat funnel shaped central depression color orange center brownish orange margin cap surface somewhat sticky texture smooth slightly cracked indistinct layer hairs margin lacks grooves inward slightly gills slightly running slightly length stem cream salmon color crowded closely broad frequently branched gill edges smooth color gill face tiers short gills extend fully cap margin stem interspersed gills stem long thick centrally attached stem cylindrical slightly near base pale salmon slight longitudinal ribs seen glass flesh pale yellow cap cream yellow stem latex cream colored roughly color gills abundant microscopic characteristics spores roughly ellipsoid roughly spherical typically measure ornamentation spore surface blue blue black melzer reagent finely like ranging high thin ridges ridges form complete spore attached ranges shape narrowly somewhat conical distinct spot basidia spore bearing cells hymenium club shaped bear mainly long scarce gill faces present thin walled long wide brownish contents arise deep tissue edge gill sterile lacking basidia marginal cells cylindrical somewhat thin walled hyaline translucent tissue cap abundant spherical swollen cells common measure addition hyphae wide latex containing hyphae common cap tissue wide longitudinal orientation somewhat spreading center gill form projecting layer cells directly hymenium club shaped nearly spherical cells tissue comprises parts contains abundant nearly cells hyphae measure hyphae frequent wide straight occasionally branching cap cuticle meaning hyphae emerge roughly parallel like hairs perpendicular cap surface thick comprises layers upper layer plentiful hyphae thin walled range shape somewhat acute like pear shaped lower layer cap cuticle plentiful hyphae wide somewhat inflated cells wide clamp connections hyphae habitat distribution mushroom found buried thirds stem sandy soil near shrubs subfamily semi arid region heavy precipitation species known type locality national park brazil state fruits elevation area known fungus suspected mycorrhizal like wide diversity plant species growing open dry forest mushroom found including members tree families known form mycorrhizal associations authors speculate specific interactions | Lactarius rupestris | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26793_Spongiforma | genus like fungi family newly described genus contains species type species known central thailand grows soil old growth forests dominated trees fruit bodies strong coal tar similar consists numerous internal lined spore producing tissue described new science found malaysia produces like orange fruit bodies fruit bodies like resume original shape water origin specific derives perceived resemblance cartoon character apart differences distribution differs colour spore structure description fruit bodies species brain like like form grow surface ground stalk lack layer outer skin small fruit body irregular outline measure diameter lined smooth orange brown reddish brown hymenium spore bearing tissue sterile ridges range colour white cream column like structure extending fruit body poorly developed pear shaped cream coloured attached base white brown brown mass shaped symmetrical finely spores bear central region attached end small spores reddish brown water violet grey potassium turning red stain basidia spored discharge spores forcibly cystidia common sterile edges hyaline translucent range shape cylindrical swollen middle hyphae flesh gelatinous clamp connections absent hyphae taxonomy naming type species described scientifically based specimens collected july central thailand roughly years later location reported illustrated thai publication unidentified species described scientifically journal authored team headed description based specimens collected malaysia species mentioned scientific literature study mushrooms tropical formally described publication genus refers like nature fruit body specific epithet denotes country type species found epithet honors known cartoon character unusual epithet garnered species attention popular press phylogeny classification molecular analysis dna sequences internal region showed species recognized level similarity confirmed molecular analysis showed match large dna sequences value typical species genus sister sharing common ancestor genus form clade sister genera members family phylogenetic relationships determined molecular techniques consistent classification scheme based similarities spore morphology taxa proposed accommodate species reddish brown brown finely spores include subgenus subgenus species southeast_asia share spore characteristics species spores surfaces minute spores turn purple potassium additionally pores species share similar surface ornamentation visible scanning electron contrast spores genetic analysis shows closely allied smooth spored spored relatively end dark reddish brown smooth spores thin walled depression species spores pores molecular analyses demonstrate related resembles species cellular structure cap cuticle arrangement known features hyphae emerging roughly parallel like hairs perpendicular surface fruit body comprises chains short cylindrical somewhat cells resembling string terminal end cells cylindrical club shaped cellular arrangement similar present sterile edges tissues according colleagues represent cap cuticle tissue ancestor genus forms ground fruit bodies lack exposed lined basidia forcibly discharge spores ecology habitat distribution species known original collection locations found growing ground old growth forest province thailand elevation metres fungus thought grow mycorrhizal association species considered endangered critically endangered respectively collected ground growing trees malaysia northern borneo tropical receives rain yearly average temperatures ranging species lost ability spores distinctive suggesting fungus relies activity animals help disperse spores island habitat genus gene flow known species separated considerable distance geographically authors suggest isolated tracts forests thailand malaysia contain additional species | Spongiforma | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26796_Entolomamurrayi | commonly known yellow species fungus family described species found eastern north_america southeast asia grows ground wet coniferous deciduous forests fungus produces yellow mushrooms characteristic sharp conical cap mushroom poisonous similar species distinguished differences color morphology microscopic characteristics taxonomy species originally described moses based collections new_england berkeley curtis called extremely pretty species transferred species synonyms include combinations resulting generic transfers depending authority genera considered independent genera large scale molecular phylogenetic analysis species published grouped clade traditionally classified dictionary fungi 10th edition specific epithet honors original collector massachusetts common names yellow refer characteristic sharp cap description cap bell shaped conical measures diameter features sharp center cap color bright yellow orange yellow tends fade maturity gills narrowly attachment stem spaced initially yellow acquire pinkish tone spores mature slender hollow stem long roughly equal width length pale yellow surface twisted longitudinal surface smooth whitish base flesh thin pale yellow taste odor fruit bodies described pleasant indistinct mushroom edible poisonous spore print salmon pink spores smooth angular sided hyaline translucent measure arrangement hyphae tissue parallel interwoven cap cuticle hyphae interwoven alternatively somewhat erect hyphae rarely clamp connections cap gill tissue contain hyphae storage units containing release yellow colored liquid injured distinctive hyphae seen light fresh dried specimens similar species characteristic features include bright yellow coloring conical cap cube shaped spores club shaped cheilocystidia similar size morphology colored salmon orange habit form similarly colored mushrooms genus var readily distinguished salmon pink spore print non gills angular shape spores yellow color distinctly pointed south american species originally distinguished conical cap considerably smaller spores measure habitat distribution saprobic species derives nutrients breaking organic matter fruit bodies found wet coniferous deciduous forests grow singly small groups ground moss fruiting occurs summer autumn north_america species found eastern canada atlantic maritime eastern united_states maine south alabama west great lakes mexico distribution includes southeast_asia recorded jamaica dominican_republic | Entoloma murrayi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26828_Lactariusdeterrimus | known false orange species fungus family fungus produces medium sized fruit bodies mushrooms caps wide develop green spots old age injured orange coloured latex minutes mycorrhizal fungus associates norway spruce species distributed europe found parts asia visually similar species united_states mexico closely related european species fruit bodies appear late june november usually spruce forests fungus edible like mushrooms section taste bitter highly valued fruit bodies source food larvae insect species distinguished similar species difference mycorrhizal host latex colour taxonomy classification fungus common species described german mycologist regarded variety var described described fungus referred separated classified separate species epithet latin chosen highlight poor properties mushroom bitter heavy meaning good means worst mushroom commonly known false molecular phylogenetic analyses form group related species include north american species var synonym families characterized north_america var closely related european types form group belongs section genus according molecular studies section forms definite phylogenetic group milk cap relatives species mainly orange reddish coloured latex taste mild slightly bitter strict mycorrhizal associates conifers closest relative characteristics characteristics cap centimetres rarely centimetres wide shaped round early stage convex slightly edge depressed centre later flat funnel shaped depressed cap skin bare moist weather slightly shiny dry cap orange brown darker edges mainly yellow brown old age cold frost changes colour dirty greenish green spotted dense bow like pale orange pale stipe slightly shorter short gills extend fully cap margin stem partly near stem old age cases injury receive initially dark red later grey green spots spore print pale mainly long cylindrical stipe reddish orange centimetres rarely centimetres long centimetres wide barely basis slightly hollow inside circular zones found disposition milk red colour minutes pale yellowish flesh infested cut injured milk red hours dirty green fruit body harsh fruit like tastes mild slightly bitter nearly somewhat microscopic characteristics ellipsoid spores long wide surface ornamentation extends high mainly short wide ridges linked fine lines form incomplete net area distinctly limited zone weakly basidia spore bearing cells spored measure roughly cylindrical somewhat club shaped oil body long thin walled pleurocystidia sparse somewhat common near gill edge long wide smaller near gill edge nearly shaped straightened like string apex body fine largely present wide shorter basidia early developmental stage spiral coloured substance similar near hyaline transparent gill edge usually sterile cheilocystidia thin walled long wide club shaped irregularly shaped transparent contain material thin walled measure long wide slightly shaped tip resembling string interior hyaline abundant striking body coloured cuticle cap hyphae linked matrix swell moisture heavily similar species likewise common similar appearance differs basically flesh reddish minutes minutes dark caused milk milk stays orange reddish minutes milk tastes mild milk distinctly bitter cap changes colour old age injured distinctly greenish common native similar rare milk minutes cap older fruit bodies nearly completely greenish common similar closely related fungus species cap distinctly brown orange cap purple grey tones stem pale blunt orange distribution mainly distributed europe fungus found areas asia turkey india pakistan according recent molecular research similar north american species united_states mexico closely related european species europe fungus especially common northern found july november south west common mountainous areas east range extends russia ecology traditionally considered strict mycorrhizal host norway spruce reported fungus form mycorrhizal associations variants found certain plants characterised cells formed norway spruce typical features mantle net distinguishing characteristic mycorrhizal different hosts hyphae penetrate cells differences form net branching pattern colour shown form wide range fungi field laboratory experiments previously known form fungi thought strictly host specific function nurse plant help establish norway spruce areas species common spruce fir spruce forests spruce forests plantations fungus common different european beech oak european forests forest edges meadows scarcely habitats spruce common fungus found fungus common young spruce forests years old occurs forest path edges occasionally masses fungus probably soil found nearly soil type appears sand limestone soils acidic low nutrient relatively high nutrient soils heavily soils inappropriate habitat fruit bodies appear late june november usually august october specimens found freezing days early february fungus prefers downs uncommon fruit body fungi serve source food insect larvae insects eat fungi occasionally range insect species fungi animals mainly beetle larvae especially fungus beetles beetles true flies milk caps especially attractive true flies beetle larvae comparatively common insects found fungus larvae youngest fruit bodies relatively common mature fruit bodies species section infested larvae following species isolated fruit bodies common isolated different fungus species belong completely different genera families larvae spend unusually long portion life cycle fruit body usually weeks usually milk caps section rare species described closely related common milk caps found fungi including common biting found fungi found different fungus species species belongs family date found species different fruit flies recorded isolated fruit bodies fungus larvae known develop wide range fungus species genera developed milk caps infested parasitic sac fungus occasionally found summer autumn infested fruit bodies usually heavily harder solid flesh typical fruit bodies resistant survive winter create gills instead cap covered initially soft white fungus known early takes white grey colour created days fruit bodies sac fungi shaped produced infested rarely milk caps species live different milk caps fruit bodies species genera importance edibility edible mushroom appreciated similar tastes slightly bitter infested like fungus mainly stir fried butter oil cooked water flesh soft young fruit bodies dried later use fungus heavily infested skilled mushroom prefer young fruit bodies red large milk caps eaten entirely harmless evidence health red coloured compounds mushroom food contents milk cap fruit bodies characteristic orange milk juice latex responsible orange colour composed units carbon widely distributed nature found plants animals example juvenile insects plants use defense compound insects according studies effects young fruit bodies form acid yellow coloured acid acid fruit body injured free alcohol released products produced yellow coloured purple coloured blue coloured alcohol milk mixing different colours green alcohol unstable compounds react form products particularly slight | Lactarius deterrimus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26893_Suillussibiricus | fungus genus family found mountains europe north_america siberia strictly associated species pine tree specific habitat rarity europe selected inclusion regional fruit bodies characterised having caps wet weather reach underside cap yellow angular pores pinkish colour stem tall wide typically ring remnant partial veil covers fruit body early development north_america commonly called slippery jack phylogenetic analysis shown closely related fact species taxonomy naming phylogeny species described scientifically american mycologist based material collected var central asia transferred called species today considered synonym singer named subspecies based material collected switzerland later considered published adequate description failing qualify formal scientific according singer arrangement classified section genus section includes species dots stem partial veil cap edge characteristics species include coloured spore prints olive wide pores underside cap wider mature species include phylogenetic analysis eastern asian eastern north american species revealed forms supported clade relationships previous analysis larger sampling species determine taxonomic relationships genus clade separated rest group phylogenetic relationships tested determined different methods analysis consistent established confidence general little phylogenetic divergence detected clade description fruit body medium sized cap straw yellow expands maturity finally darker reddish brown spots cap diameter cap cuticle especially moist partial veil extends stem cap periphery immature specimens mature specimens leaving ring stem fragments hanging cap periphery tubes initially yellow brown slightly pores angular wider diameter colour tubes stain dirty pink bruised tubes pores long present leave dark brown spots drying stem cylindrical tall wide yellow pink red base covered darker fruit body matures partial veil later ring white attached stem ring short lived present thought fruit bodies develop dry conditions likely ring flesh pale yellow red brown bruised firm maturity increasingly soft spore deposit coloured brown spores ellipsoid sized thin walled smooth seen microscope basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure flesh potassium solution applied iron solution flesh slowly grey reportedly edible commercial value species mushrooms frequently collected consumption taste described variously authors sour europe distinctive slightly bitter north_america distinctive similar species north_america similar appearance easterly distribution associated eastern white pine authors tried distinguish width stem differences fruit body acknowledged characteristics variable depend environmental factors phylogenetic analysis colleagues suggests taxa samples different geographical areas needed verify distribution habitat recorded parts europe north_america siberia fungus forms strict associations subgenus include swiss pine alps central europe pine balkans western white pine pine pacific_northwest north_america quebec canada pine dwarf pine siberia russian far east range fungus limited distribution host tree shown able form species pure culture conditions laboratory fungus rare europe distribution typically corresponds high elevations near alpine tree line found countries included countries considered critically endangered czech_republic suggested listed convention factors threaten habitat include construction skiing infrastructure winter sports fungus fruits summer autumn europe western north_america occurs north american distribution extends south mexico | Suillus sibiricus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
26906_Boletusabruptibulbus | species mushroom family described new science found gulf_coast florida panhandle grows ground coastal sand dunes north american known favor habitat fruit bodies convex brownish caps diameter supported solid yellowish reddish stems measuring long thick pores underside cap measure diameter initially pale yellow developing greenish age mushroom spores long unusually long member stem base feature species named taxonomy species described new science journal material collected joseph peninsula state park florida january published short description color photograph species field guide valid lacked latin description specific epithet refers abruptly swollen shape base stem description convex cap measures diameter slightly sticky wet cap surface shiny smooth surface flattened formed hyphae develop cracks thin easily detached cap cuticle initially reddish brown dark brown later brown cap margin curved inward young bent downward mature white pale yellow cap flesh change color exposed air pleasant odor mild taste tubes comprising underside cap measure long pale yellow initially developing greenish age surface stain bruised pores roughly spherical angular age gill like near attachment stem pores diameter stem solid hollow long thick upper expanding base cord like structures resembling plant root long stem surface dry smooth region near apex stem yellow gradually reddish approaching base stem tissue pale yellow tunnels dug insect larvae reddish brown drop solution placed cap surface immediately turns dark red placed stem base dried specimen turn dark roughly seconds starting fade spores smooth shaped measure large member grayish yellow greenish yellow mounted potassium reddish brown stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells hymenium club shaped hyaline translucent spored measure hymenium contains immature aborted basidia club shaped measure pleurocystidia cystidia surface tubes range shape somewhat shaped cylindrical hyaline smooth thin walled dimensions cystidia edges pores cheilocystidia shaped centrally swollen hyaline smooth thin walled clamp connections absent hyphae base large spores distinctive habitat characteristic features species readily distinguishable coloration cap texture similar spores species shorter respectively habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly groups sand species known gulf_coast florida panhandle fruiting occurs older sand dunes particularly areas habit changes coastal oak pine woods habitat characterized presence tree species sand live oak sand pine fruiting occurs december march north american species occur coastal sand dunes found new_brunswick canada described oregon | Boletus abruptibulbus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27086_Amanitaravenelii | commonly known species fungus family fruit bodies medium large caps wide stem long thick whitish cap surface large wide high stem large base covered whitish brownish scales root centimeters soil ring stem thick felt like widely distributed mixed deciduous forests southeastern united_states grows groups ground late summer autumn mushrooms odor resembling powder recommended consumption taxonomy species described scientifically moses transferred genus section genus north american species section include specific epithet honors american mycologist fungus commonly known description cap wide initially round later convex flattened white yellowish white usually dry occasionally slightly sticky age universal veil remains pale yellow brownish orange layer breaks crowded coarse conical conical wide high scale like cap margin age margin non grooves partial veil remnants hanging cap margin gills free attachment stem crowded moderately broad yellowish white pale yellow interspersed gills short gills extend completely stem somewhat truncated abruptly terminated tapering gradually stem long wide decreases slightly thickness near apex solid hollow white pale yellow covered soft hairs large basal swollen middle roots ground partial veil yellowish white pale yellow forming ring thick delicate soon falls away universal veil remains stem base thick scales curved downward forming irregular rings flesh firm white pale yellow mushroom tissue odor lime powder old tennis shoes edibility mushrooms described variously unknown recommended poisonous microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid occasionally thin walled hyaline measure spore deposit white basidia spore bearing cells spored bases cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge occasionally seen small club shaped cells measuring thin walled hyphae diameter cap cuticle clearly differentiated cap tissue consists thin walled interwoven hyphae diameter tissue universal veil cap consists parallel erect rows roughly spherical ellipsoid broadly ellipsoid cells club shaped cells cells terminal short terminal chains borne moderately abundant thin walled branched interwoven nearly hyphae diameter scattered oil containing hyphae diameter distribution hyphae stem base similar cap hyphae clamp connections present similar species fruit bodies distinguished presence pale yellow brownish orange large conical conical cap surface large basal mushroom pure white lacks pale yellow brownish orange large conical typical north american species similar cap surface unlike distinct basal found semi arid areas associated old growth douglas fir north_america pink tones cap stem turn pink flesh cut habitat distribution mycorrhizal fungus meaning forms associations shrubs trees mushrooms grow ground scattered groups mixed coniferous deciduous forests specific tree associations preferred unknown general section tend associate pine subgenus oak widely distributed southeastern united_states occurrence occasional frequent late summer autumn months august november mushrooms collected states maryland north_carolina south_carolina indiana tennessee virginia reported growing northern baja california mexico cited books california mad river press isbn | Amanita ravenelii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27089_Gyroporuscyanescens | commonly known species fungus family described france species found asia australia europe eastern north_america grows ground coniferous mixed forests yellowish buff cap surface reaches diameter thick stem roughly color cap lighter chambers parts mushroom turn intense blue color moments cutting mushroom edible despite hard stem common variety occurs color change deep violet blue reaction results chemical called taxonomy species described scientifically french botanist france later synonyms include christian und variety described collections michigan usa specific green water commonly described dense bloom free floating single cell algae derived ancient greek meaning dark blue epithet means having violet commonly known description cap initially convex maturity depressed reaches diameter cap dry ranges color buff yellowish pale olive occasionally darker streaks color surface uneven pits cap margin initially curved inward splits maturity flesh whitish pale yellow texture underside cap surface white yellowish olive tan roughly circular pores millimeter tubes comprise pores deep depressed stem injury pores cause stain greenish yellow greenish blue blue stem long thick roughly equal width length basal middle swelling stem tissue hard initially stuffed soft develops entirely hollow maturity roughly color cap lighter stem surface dry lacks initially covered coarse hairs tend disappear maturity leave relatively smooth surface parts fruit body stain blue cut injured variety var nearly identical appearance dark bruised odor taste fruit bodies indistinct color spore print pale yellow spores ellipsoid smooth hyaline translucent dimensions basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia inner walls tubes light yellow brown color club shaped measure cheilocystidia found tube edge numerous measure clamp connections present hyphae similar species species similar overall appearance field typically readily recognized characteristic straw yellow color nearly dark blue smaller dull brownish yellow cap flesh reaction injury yellow surface larger spores measuring found gulf_coast united_states similar appearance lacks reaction newly described china closely resembles frequently confused species smaller fruit body brownish cap diameter reaction involves change light dark dark blue spores brownish pores undergo slower blue reaction fruit bodies uprooted cap examined confused young mushrooms uses edible considered choice sources fruit bodies mature typically free insect larvae specimens collected sandy soil difficult clean cleaning facilitated washing fruit bodies bowl water sand blue color largely disappears minutes cooked mushrooms texture mild flavor enhanced fried drying mushrooms taste variety mushroom produces light yellow gold brownish orange color depending ecology distribution species broad host range fruit bodies grow singly scattered ground deciduous mixed forests found association birch fungus tends prefer sandy soil road banks woodland edges fruiting occurs summer early autumn fruit bodies mold infection results mushroom tissue yellow color caused formation large amounts single produced found asia australia north_america europe china known fungus appears woodland australia north_america widespread east rocky_mountains geographical distribution ranges eastern canada florida west minnesota occasionally reported pacific_northwest var reported japan chemistry identity chemical causing tissue injury reported highly substituted develops blue color contrast attributed acid supplied route fungi synthesis | Gyroporus cyanescens | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27220_Coprinopsisatramentaria | commonly known common ink cap cap edible poisonous mushroom found europe north_america previously known second best known ink cap previous member genus widespread common fungus found northern hemisphere mushrooms arise rain spring autumn commonly urban disturbed habitats vacant lots grassy areas grey brown cap initially bell shaped opening flesh thin taste mild eaten poisonous consumed alcohol common taxonomy common ink cap described french naturalist placed large genus specific epithet derived latin word ink genus considered large species molecular analysis dna sequences showed species belonged family distinct type species belonged given current result species moved new genus term derived ability create acute sensitivity alcohol similar common names include common ink cap cap black liquid mushroom releases picked ink description measuring diameter brownish grey cap initially bell shaped later splits colour brownish centre cap later melting crowded gills free whitish rapidly turn black easily short stipe measures high diameter grey colour lacks ring spore print dark brown shaped spores measure flesh thin pale grey colour distribution habitat occurs including europe north_america asia found australia recorded urban locations sydney lake south_africa like ink caps grows commonly associated buried wood found grassland meadows disturbed ground open terrain late spring autumn fruiting bodies known push way asphalt tennis courts common urban areas appears vacant lots fungi large fruit times year dug found originating buried dead wood consuming hours alcohol results syndrome interaction known early twentieth century symptoms include facial limbs arise minutes consumption alcohol alcohol consumed generally hours severity proportional alcohol consumed evident blood alcohol concentration reaches prominent concentrations known cause heart attack symptoms occur small alcohol consumed days eating mushrooms time passes rarely cardiac develop fungus contains compound called active blocks action breaks body intermediate responsible symptoms effect responsible symptoms treatment involves patient frightening symptoms pass fluid replacement fluid loss monitoring cardiac large prolonged found effects rats dogs testing | Coprinopsis atramentaria | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27434_Archaeomarasmius | extinct genus fungus family containing single species known fruit bodies recovered amber consisting complete cap broken stem consisting fragment cap cap diameter ranging stem thick spores recovered amber broadly ellipsoid egg shaped measuring roughly species resembles extant genera saprobic plant litter forest debris genus solely known new_jersey amber deposits atlantic coastal plain new_jersey united_states date stage upper cretaceous known fungus species known fossil record described new_jersey amber history classification genus known fossils fruit body mushroom fragment mushroom currently residing specimens collected november area new_jersey found single clear yellow amber diameter specimen found formation suggesting age million years ago amber specimen fractured number chips flow lines chips specimens studied group researchers consisting harvard_university colleagues published type description generic epithet combination greek meaning ancient modern genus resembles specific epithet coined authors honor company discovered amber donated reported second extinct species fungus described species known new_jersey amber species described dominican amber found dominican_republic extinct species found marine canada dating probably reported found early cretaceous amber description consist mushrooms associated nearly complete mushroom broken near base stipe stem cap diameter convex shape sporting broad raised central region mushroom medium dark brown color thin flesh margin gills spaced gills extending fully cap edge stipe lack short gills reach stipe edge centered stipe long broken base stipe lacks veil smooth cylindrical exposed fracture plain prevent area coated fine layer synthetic resulted slightly improved visibility mushroom small wedge shaped fragment accidentally fractured preparation study splitting half researchers intended perform destructive analysis sample sacrifice parts specimen structural molecular study small pieces specimen mounted directly scanning electron coated gold resulting images showed little intact tissue remained fragmented crushed seen sample specimen mounted medium electron diamond knife resulting sections examined transmission electron lack biological material mushroom seen study confirmed analysis final section fossil selected attempt dna small sample fossil extracted sent dna selected extracts showed results attempted possible split initial preparation penetrated fossil destroyed seal needed preserving organic matter mushroom recovered fruiting body examined study spores showed considerable damage process subsequent specimen collection displayed distinct amber possibly gas liquid reaction spores prevented turning amber remained observations spore morphology broadly oval measuring approximately shows distinct combined characters indicate relation modern family close similarity genera genera noted drying property increase chances mushroom amber number species possible close relatives species family authors suggest appropriate classify uncertain placement associated amber specimen preserved preserved number indications ecology approximately insect present flies families order suggest mushroom growing near fresh water beetles family addition mushroom rotting wood probably tree family modern members saprobic obtaining nutrients breaking organic matter specimens included indicate similar habit mushroom | Archaeomarasmius | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27800_Sarcoscyphaoccidentalis | commonly known scarlet cup western scarlet cup species fungus family order fruit bodies small bright red cups wide atop slender whitish stem long saprobic species found growing hardwood twigs particularly partially buried moist shaded rich soil fungus distributed continental united_states east rocky_mountains central_america caribbean asia distinguished related species differences geographical distribution fruiting season fruit body structure phylogenetic analysis shown closely related species contain large oil spores species imperfect form fungus lacks sexually reproductive stage life cycle taxonomy naming fungus originally collected ohio named assigned current renamed species perceived similarity change adopted subsequent authors overturned naming applied red cup fungi later taxonomic revisions reinstated genus specific epithet derived latin word western refer distribution species western hemisphere commonly known scarlet cup western scarlet cup phylogeny phylogenetic relationships genus analyzed late 1990s analysis combined comparison sequences internal non functional traditional morphological characters spore features fruit body shape degree hair based analysis clade related taxa includes species species contain large oil spores contrast major clade containing type species characterized having smaller numerous species closely related known hawaii description depending age fruit bodies range shape deep cups discs maturity reach young specimens edges cup small rounded cup edges older specimens edges cut irregular segments cups rest atop stem small medium sized long thick attached centrally underside cup base stem covered translucent hairs fertile spore bearing inner surface cups hymenium bright red fades yellow orange dry smooth time fruit bodies fresh dry flesh thin distinctive odor taste value jamaican variety named var hymenium term refer tissue tissues containing hymenium fruit body outer tissue layer thin thickness tissue type known consisting parallel hyphae direction wide non walls middle tissue layer thick tissue layer irregularly interwoven hyphae distinct spaces hyphae structures develop cylindrical gradually tapering bases spored measure roughly cylindrical shapes usually blunt ends measure smooth surfaces usually contain large oil drops sterile hyphae present hymenium cylindrical thick barely enlarged straight form conspicuous network contain numerous red form imperfect fungi lack sexual stage life cycle typically reproduce process structures called cases sexual stage stage later identified relationship established species international code botanical nomenclature permits recognition names organisms based restricted state described form produces smooth specialized bear measuring roughly spherical smooth translucent hyaline similar species frequently confused distinguished species smaller fruit bodies smaller spores exterior differ seasonal geographic distribution fruits earlier year distributed eastern north_america midwest valleys pacific_coast europe africa australia india eastern north american species scarlet fruit bodies wide fruits early spring mistaken occurs habitat taller cups covered stiff white hairs cup fungus disc shaped stem fringed black hairs rim ecology habitat distribution saprobic fungus community fungi play important role forest ecosystem breaking complex molecules wood leaf litter smaller variety fruit bodies grow scattered grouped sticks twigs fragments dead wood usually somewhat partially buried soil forest litter prefers soil moist shaded high content like species prefers wood oak maple field guide notes preference united_states fruits late spring early autumn contrasts found usually spring fungus found north_america east rocky_mountains higher elevations central_america caribbean collected japan taiwan | Sarcoscypha occidentalis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
27856_Tylopilusalboater | commonly known black velvet fungus family species found north_america east rocky_mountains eastern asia including china japan taiwan thailand mycorrhizal species grows scattered groups ground usually deciduous trees particularly oak recorded deciduous coniferous mixed forests fruit bodies black grayish brown cap measures diameter caps young specimens texture covered whitish gray coating texture coating gradually lost mushroom matures cap develops cracks pores underside cap small pinkish stem bluish purple black measures long thick surface whitish cap flesh stain pink reddish gray eventually turn black cut injured mushroom edible generally considered best edible species taxonomy naming species described specimens collected north_carolina sanctioned species species transferred american mycologist transferred genus french mycologist transferred species newly created genus described specimens collected new_york reduced noted description young material obtained white tubes colored mature spores later authorities treated species synonym indicated taxonomic authorities index specific epithet means white black commonly known black velvet called description shape cap initially convex later broadly convex eventually flattened maturity diameter cap typically cap surface dry velvet like texture age developing network cracks small cap color initially black dark grayish brown young specimens whitish bloom resembling fine powder surface fruit bodies especially young specimens tend free insect larvae mushroom matures bloom disappears color fades grayish grayish brown cap flesh whitish cut injured stain pink reddish gray eventually turn black spores produced basidia arranged vertically arranged layer minute tubes underside cap create surface pores surface whitish young turning dull pink flesh colored maturity bruised surface initially reddish slowly turns black shape pores angular irregular small roughly pores millimeter tubes deep usually sunken area attachment stem stem long thick equal width length slightly thicker base somewhat thicker middle color cap paler surface texture stem usually smooth specimens slightly near spore print range pinkish deep flesh color spores oval ellipsoid shape smooth hyaline translucent measure basidia club shaped spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia found tube faces irregularly club shaped dimensions cheilocystidia found tube edge club shaped rare occur singly measure rare occurring stem arranged groups measure individually clamp connections absent hyphae edible mushroom pleasant odor mild taste considered best edible genus usually associated bitter species mushroom brings delicate flavor longer times cap crisp mushrooms mushroom dying similar species species superficial resemblance confused including produces smaller fruit bodies caps diameter whitish flesh directly black intermediate reddish phase injured known western new_york state false black velvet brownish cap lacks texture stems black near base found atlantic gulf coastal plains north_america readily distinguished strong orange red results cutting damaging flesh fresh specimen furthermore lacks whitish bloom present young caps typically prominently stem specimens paler usual confused yellow cystidia mounted cystidia brownish yellow similar conditions distribution habitat mycorrhizal species fruit bodies grow ground scattered groups deciduous trees particularly oak fruiting occurs deciduous coniferous mixed forests dark color makes difficult notice field north_america mushroom widely distributed east rocky_mountains distribution ranges quebec canada south new_england states florida extending west missouri michigan texas found mexico asia recorded china japan taiwan thailand | Tylopilus alboater | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
28369_Strobilurustenacellus | commonly known cap species fungus family found asia europe grows fallen pine spruce trees fruit bodies mushrooms small convex flat reddish brownish caps diameter set atop thin cylindrical stems long base characteristic microscopic feature mushroom sharp thin walled cystidia found stipe gills cap mushrooms described edible small interest fungus releases compounds called suppress growth development fungi derivatives compounds important class agricultural taxonomy species described christian taxonomic history moved genera transferred newly genus giving currently known specific epithet form latin word meaning tough british society recommended common cap english botanist called dark fir cone work english flora description cap initially convex retaining small central developing central depression cap diameter reaches smooth cap changes colour loses moisture shallow radial grooves extending halfway cap colour reddish brownish paler center margin dry colour fades white gills free deeply attachment cap somewhat crowded numbering gills tiers interspersed short gills extend fully cap margin stipe cylindrical stipe measures long thick base root like extends substrate upper stipe yellowish brown lower dark orange brown reddish brown flesh usually bitter taste fruit bodies described edible small interest spore print white spores roughly elliptical tear shaped dimensions basidia spore bearing cells spored measure cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge thin walled plentiful shaped somewhat shaped sharp tip measure pleurocystidia gill face similar shape size cheilocystidia usually numerous cap cuticle club shaped somewhat spherical cells measuring mixed shaped cystidia cap hyphae lack clamp connections similar species similar appearance mushrooms thin sharp cap margins fruit fallen spruce yellow brown reddish yellow cap small grows pine spruce fruits autumn habitat distribution saprobic wood rotting fungus fruits singly small groups fallen partially buried scots pine european black pine spruce coniferous mixed forests found europe asia recorded japan jordan europe fungus usually fruits march june occurrence occasional compounds like isolated identified liquid culture fungus compounds growth certain cells grown standard laboratory method determine based extracts fruit bodies shown study low activity low moderate activity fungi fungus produces natural reported novel compound species found wood rotting fungi like example thought derived acid nature fungus chemical prevent invasion fungi challenge nutrient source works blocking electron transfer stopping binding center complex prevents competing fungus creating energy growth earliest stages life cycle spore stage fungus resistant chemical acid prevent binding sensitivity light high pressures causes rapidly disappear applied surface leaf generally useful agricultural use derived compound commercially available designed overcome limitations world biggest selling commercial developed include | Strobilurus tenacellus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
28449_Mycenacinerella | commonly known species mushroom family found europe united_states grows groups fallen leaves pine douglas fir small grayish mushrooms caps wide atop long thick gills grayish white tooth runs slightly stipe fungus spored basidia common suggests taxonomy called finnish mycologist transferred genus year flora denmark referred genus synonym named described new species distinct thought unique narrowly acute cap lacked brownish yellowish tones gills spored basidia intermediate forms found authorities like dutch specialist believe treated synonym mushroom commonly known specific epithet means somewhat color description cap white small diameter typically ranging initially convex expands maturity developing visible grooves surface correspond gills underneath cap cap broad flattened cap surface smooth moist margin initially pressed stipe age margin turning translucent cap color dark gray pale gray somewhat fading white brown dry flesh thin gray tough strongly similar raw potatoes odor taste crushed whitish grayish gills moderately broad close reach stipe interspersed tiers short gills extend fully cap margin stipe stipe attachment later develops pronounced tooth tooth occasionally separates stipe forms collar stipe long thick equal width hollow stipe surface smooth polished apex initially covered fine whitish powder base stipe sparsely covered sharp straight stiff hairs color cap paler mushroom microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid smooth reaction weak collections basidia spore bearing cells spored occasionally combination spored spored forms clamp connections absent spored forms pleurocystidia cystidia found face gills differentiated cheilocystidia cystidia found edges gills embedded hymenium measuring roughly like thin numerous branches club shaped finger like flesh gills turns brown stained flesh cap differentiated differentiated developed hyphae wide habitat distribution saprobic fungus derives nutrients leaf litter similar converting organic matter soil fruit bodies grow groups pine douglas fir typically late summer autumn united_states collected michigan washington oregon california europe collected great_britain norway poland sweden | Mycena cinerella | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20_TreatyofCiudadJuárez | treaty treaty peace treaty signed president revolutionary treaty end fighting forces supporting concluded initial phase mexican revolution treaty stipulated vice president step end replaced interim president hold presidential elections suffered losses revolution general amnesty resigned interim president new incumbent family vice president plus left mexico exile significantly treaty mention institute social reforms promised previous occasions left state essentially intact additionally supported unpopular idea land disputes settled courts staffed old judges decision led sporadic violence particularly rural areas june entered mexico_city october elected president banner new running mate vice president pushed aside vice presidential candidate moderate military developments leading treaty rebellion government broke late rival imprisoned announced victory election earlier vague promises reforms attracted supporters escaped prison fled texas issued famous plan san manifesto called armed uprising establishment free democratic elections response proclamation violent clashes began mexico november guerrero district attacked federal troops sent dead soldiers clothing message van las send began operations threatened additionally political support rebellion came accepted plan san roughly time unrest state turned blown rebellion leadership brothers villa encouraged news uprisings crossed border mexico february joined april army began approaching villa led way men followed riders city besieged end month army encountered resistance countryside asked commander city garrison surrender refused hoping fortifications constructed allow defend city reinforcements arrived concerned possibility direct attack town cause artillery shells cross border united_states provoke outside intervention faced series peace proposals attacking city fact ordered commanders lift siege disregarded order joined villa attacked days fighting city fell intervened personally spare life city commander villa wanted executed previous killing rebel coupled fact leaders ignored political appointments outraged estranged south central mexico time villa marching revolt gathered strength spread states mexico guerrero april officially designated representative region worried fully control major towns time concluded negotiations demands movement issue autonomy ignored sidelined military action town obtained essential supplies political strategic reasons decided attack city order opponents initially attacked captured towns subsequently federal forces wide circle captured gathered supplies munitions soldiers major urban centers region capital remained outside control began attack troops elite soldiers called golden fifth battle took week described terrible days battle revolution consisted house house fighting hand hand combat quarter given general arrived nearby reinforcements decided come relief afraid capital revolt absence remains golden fifth pulled town occupied soldiers successful capture hero ordinary people mexico new written taking federal government controlled states urban areas later stated felt defend villa fall event persuaded agree peace compromise early march representatives met new_york finance minister mexican ambassador order discuss possibility peace sides proposed end hostilities offered amnesty revolutionaries resignation vice president replacement cabinet ministers state governors ones chosen establishment principle reelection prevent seeking term president ninth responded positively stated kind peace deal include immediate resignation faced siege outbreak rebellion members cabinet willing negotiate launched peace offensive aimed largely result panic large landowners associated regime financial elite represented moderate wing government fact expected soon march mexico_city peace concluded moderate view government represented memo minister foreign affairs wrote revolutions taking place mexico political revolution based north aim establish free elections remove power social revolution aim anarchy spreading mexican countryside recommended coming terms group revolutionaries agreeing principle election general amnesty order prevent second group succeeding addition fear anarchy worried social revolution lead military intervention united_states views represented portion upper class willing come terms portion middle class order crush peasant uprisings exemplified mexico broadly agreed support mexican feared mexican international credit general economic crisis result ongoing social unrest large landowners willing come terms end uprisings social group turn opposed elements government concentrated federal army rebels dealt force faction represented general later carry attempted coup état likewise general potential successor stated letter repression carried energy pity participating armed struggle end dismissed advice generals like chose seek peace moderate wing revolution finally managed persuade resign time disagreement rebels left wing revolutionary movement represented villa time tended support warned possible end suspicions proved correct treaty eventually signed neglected issues social land reform central struggle treaty terms significant point treaty vice president resign acting interim president organize free elections soon possible additionally treaty stipulated amnesty revolutionaries declared option apply membership revolutionary forces soon possible federal forces army mexico order army opposed compromise supporters right fourteen provisional state governors approve cabinet established relatives soldiers died fighting rebels policemen judges state legislators appointed elected retain offices implementation results treaty signed resigned accordingly interim president entered mexico_city june refused recognize interim government time fighting continued met occasions june initially trusted time increasingly concerned goals revolution fulfilled particularly angry plan carrying kind reform breakup large additionally press mexico_city controlled landowners began referring federal generals continued attacking troops pretext failed violation treaty sporadic fighting southern mexico continued november shortly inauguration issued famous plan denounced instead recognized rightful president leader revolution earned great displeasure revolutionaries including act treaty signed gesture reconciliation regime result treaty given right appoint members cabinet chose upper class including wife post treasury maintained existing federal system keeping sitting judges supreme_court legislators federal state assemblies federal agencies going major revolutionary right future president mexico stated treaty deliver dead revolution fought leaving exile france observed tiger let control saw instrumental victory merely appointed commander increased resentment tried run governor state supported opponent eventually pressured drop race aftermath plan ordered lead federal troops suppress refused march issued plan formally declared rebellion | Treaty of Ciudad Juárez | History | World history | North American history |
151_FrankSlide | buried mining town frank alberta canada province alberta created september years slide community incident occurred april million tonnes million tons limestone rock slid seconds eastern edge frank canadian pacific railway line coal largest landslides canadian history remains deadliest town residents killed remain buried rubble multiple factors led slide formation left constant state instability coal mining operations weakened mountain internal structure wet winter cold snap night disaster railway repaired weeks quickly reopened section town closest mountain relocated amid fears slide possible town population nearly doubled pre slide population closed permanently community municipality pass population site disaster remains nearly unchanged slide popular tourist destination designated provincial historic site alberta home centre receives visitors annually background town frank founded southwestern corner subdivision location chosen near base pass coal discovered year earlier named owned canadian american coal operated town created support pair celebrated founding town september gala opening featured speeches territorial leaders sporting events dinner tours planned layout community ran special trains brought people neighbouring communities celebrate event april permanent population reached town featured storey school hotels stands immediately south frank consists older limestone layer folded softer materials sandstone erosion left mountain steep limestone layer long unstable peoples called mountain moves refused camp vicinity weeks leading disaster miners occasionally felt mountain pressure created shifting rock caused supporting shafts crack splinter early morning hours april freight train pulled slowly making way crew heard rumble engineer set throttle speed ahead sped train safety bridge million cubic metres million tonnes limestone rock broke peak section broke metres wide metres high metres deep witnesses disaster claimed took seconds slide reach opposing hills indicating mass rock traveled speed kilometres hour mph sound heard far away kilometres north frank initial reports disaster indicated frank nearly wiped mountain collapse thought triggered earthquake volcanic eruption explosion majority town survived slide buried buildings eastern outskirts frank seven cottages destroyed businesses cemetery kilometre stretch road railroad tracks buildings approximately people lived path destruction located tracks river death toll uncertain estimates range deadliest landslide canadian history largest hope slide possible toll higher camped base mountain looking work residents believed left frank shortly slide way certain victims remain beneath rocks bodies recovered immediate aftermath skeletons additional victims unearthed crews building new road slide initial news reports stated men mountain buried hope survival reality miners working night shift time disaster outside killed slide remaining underground discovered entrance blocked water river slide coming secondary tunnel unsuccessfully tried dig way blocked entrance suggested knew coal reached surface working narrow tunnel pairs dug coal hours air increasingly toxic men energy continue digging broke surface late afternoon opening dangerous escape falling rocks encouraged success miners cut new shaft broke rock protected falling debris thirteen hours buried men emerged mountain miners found row cottages served homes devastated families killed seemingly random found family alive safe makeshift hospital emerged discover wife children died year old working late shift night town boarding house given permission stay overnight time member family survive father working outside slide hit mother siblings buried home men living work camp killed scheduled camp day slide arrived train supposed british_columbia failed pick passenger train heading west saved men rushed rock ground warn train track buried slide falling rocks dust cloud impaired visibility ran kilometres warn oncoming locomotive danger gave letter recognition heroism aftermath early april special train arrived police officers doctors premier arrived disaster site met engineers investigated new formed peak felt limited risk town chief engineer convinced frank imminent danger slide siding ordered town evacuated sent investigate reported slide created new peaks mountain north peak overlooking town imminent danger collapse result evacuation order lifted frank citizens returned reinforced officers arrived calgary kept tight control town ensured cases looting occurred evacuation clearing canadian pacific railway line paramount importance approximately kilometres main line buried slide auxiliary line line cleared rebuilt weeks intent reopening workers opened old works discovered charlie horse worked survived month underground horse eating bark timber supports drinking pools water horse died town population recovered grew census listed population new study commissioned dominion government determined cracks mountain continued grow risk slide remained consequently parts frank closest mountain dismantled relocated safer areas causes factors led study conducted immediately following slide concluded primary cause mountain unstable formation layer limestone rested softer materials years erosion resulted heavy steep cliff cracks laced eastern face mountain underground allowed water flow mountain core local indigenous peoples area oral traditions referring peak mountain moves miners noticed mountain increasingly unstable months preceding slide felt small superintendent reported general squeeze mountain depths metres metres found coal broke said practically mined unusually warm winter warm days cold nights factor water mountain repeatedly weakening mountain supports heavy snowfall region march followed warm april causing mountain melt concluded weather conditions night likely triggered slide crew freight train arrived frank shortly disaster said night winter overnight temperatures falling speculated cold snap rapid freezing resulted expansion causing limestone break mountain concluded mining activities contributed slide facility owners disagreed engineers claimed bore responsibility later studies suggested mountain point small caused existence helped trigger slide quickly opened rock continued mountain coal production frank peaked permanently closed slide created new peaks mountain south peak stands metres high north peak metres believe slide inevitable imminent south peak considered likely fall likely create slide sixth size slide mountain continuously monitored changes stability studied numerous occasions operates state art monitoring system researchers world monitoring stations placed face mountain provide early warning system area residents case slide debated caused slide debris travel distance air theory early hypothesis layer air trapped mass rock mountain caused rock greater distance expected acoustic theory suggests large masses material create seismic energy reduces friction causes debris flow mountain fluid created term debris describe legends numerous legends spawned aftermath slide entire town frank claimed buried town unscathed belief branch buried persisted years bank untouched slide remained location demolished buried treasure legend arose crews building new road pass operated police guard believed supposedly buried bank people telling amazing stories listen passed sole survivor years following slide common tale infant girl said survivor slide real unknown girl called slide stories told escape found hay lying rocks collapsed roof house arms dead mother legend based primarily story thrown home pile hay slide home sisters survived found unharmed collapsed ceiling parents brothers died influencing story survival year old found outside home mud survivor slide died total people path slide survived addition miners escaped tunnels ballad featuring story popular parts canada 1950s slide formed basis songs including mountain came recently frank subject books historical fictional legacy curious site slide day disaster remained popular tourist destination proximity province built turnout accommodate traffic town unsuccessfully sought site designated later designated provincial historic site alberta provincial government designated slide area restricted development zone prevents alteration site memorial plaque erected sight mountain opened museum tourist stop document frank slide region coal mining history site receives tourist visits annually frank recovered slide achieved peak population shortly closure resulted longstanding decline population frank ceased independent community amalgamated municipality pass neighbouring communities frank home residents | Frank Slide | History | World history | North American history |
459_TerritorialeraofMinnesota | territorial era minnesota territorial era minnesota covers history land modern state minnesota achieving formed area rich history long history european presence area 19th century 19th century united_states began establish firm presence minnesota minnesota culture perceived area early history fact originated period notably heavy scandinavian immigration state known pioneering days chronicled author occurred later 19th century unlike later years half 19th century characterized sparsely populated communities harsh living conditions degree era period economic transition dominant enterprise area 17th century fur trade later tribes hunted gathered trading french british later american traders sites trade gradually declined early 19th century demand europe diminished lumber industry grew rapidly replacing key economic resource grain production began develop late time emerging economic basis saw mills later grain mills east central minnesota development end era east central minnesota replaced northern minnesota economic center area era period cultural transition time took possession region native americans far largest ethnic groups role fur trade gave steady stream income significant political influence french british americans asserted territorial claims area french british traders mixed native society area decades peacefully contributing society creating new ethnic groups consisting mixed race peoples americans established outposts area fur trade declined dynamics changed dramatically economic influence native americans diminished american territorial ideology increasingly sought limit influence large waves immigration 1850s suddenly changed demographics years population shifted predominantly native predominantly people european descent native mixed race populations continued influence territory culture politics end territorial era time achieved influence steep decline heavy immigration new_england new_york led minnesota labeled new england west background 17th century native american tribe known reached minnesota westward migration having come region maine experienced dealing european traders tensions rose dominant area ensuing years french exploration minnesota known begun 17th century explorers like france signed treaty number tribes allow trade area french settlements began appear explored western area helping advance trade leading establishment modern named roman catholic priest captured exploring north_america famed explorer discovered named account expedition minnesota interior captain connecticut reached later 18th century trader explored valley noting significant european settlement region addition natives explorers searching large inland seas north_america continued pass region built french lake facilitate exploration 17th century lucrative trade developed native americans trapped animals near traders shipped animal europe centuries trade network prime economic driver area notable result trade network people mixed race community descended native americans french traders mixed race peoples particular 18th century numerous french english traders minnesota region purchased wives order establish relationships secure supply tribes formed capitalize native american fur trade near company came dominate north american trade 18th century montreal formed compete establishing western headquarters key exchange point minnesota numerous warehouses britain main fur trading posts detroit british ships crossed regularly transporting supplies region bringing valuable property british operations continued operate area time parts minnesota claimed different times spain france britain nations significant efforts establish major settlements area instead french british established trading posts utilized natives area suppliers land east mississippi_river granted united_states second treaty paris end american revolution included modern day minneapolis including northeast north central east central portions state wording treaty minnesota area depended landmarks reported fur traders erroneously reported isle long lake west island belief mississippi_river ran modern canada region claimed states subsequently ceded federal government remaining areas state purchased france area west mississippi having recently acquired france spain parts northern minnesota considered land large territory owned exact definition boundary minnesota british north_america addressed entire today southeastern northwestern minnesota considered british subject colonization schemes particularly colony known established valley fact occupied middle 17th century established supply british fur trade problems beginning important minnesota area early fur trade supplying early settlers region pioneers exploration beginning 19th century parts minnesota area traveled british french explorers region population native american important british trading posts area european mixed race settlers particularly north particular long established major trading center british fur trader montreal completed numerous surveys maps north american frontier completed known map minnesota area obliged british settlers withdraw settlements mixed race peoples remained lieutenant sent general governor enforce sovereignty british traders area establish diplomatic trading relationships native tribes met leadership central minnesota secure rights area near saint later city treaty signed leaders tribes legitimacy including understood dubious ultimately efforts little establish authority area major led expedition prairie reach documented terrain today occupied minneapolis native american villages existed time 49th parallel established boundary united_states british north_america point crossed line marked conducted survey expedition expedition determined things fur trading post lay inside border efforts determine source mississippi_river italian explorer split long expedition found believed source mississippi_river actual source found guided group headed lake northern minnesota named combining latin words truth head conducted geological survey valley wrote account entitled canoe voyage scouted area late 1830s accompanied exploring mapping basin saint river land mississippi forts important british american frontier system forts built military forts provided safe shelter soldiers explorers frontier base operations expeditions military commercial forts area french particularly built 18th century later abandoned french indian war british british fort charlotte grand essential fur trade protecting supplying british traders area natives british fort operated area illegally area recognized united_states french british fortifications fort charles existed region abandoned earlier government built fort later rebuilt near modern minnesota prairie wisconsin play significant role involvement minnesota particularly site treaty prairie major military presence inside boundaries modern minnesota fort saint anthony later renamed fort commander land fort confluence minnesota mississippi rivers acquired legendary explorer concerns mounted fur trade area construction fort began completed missions fort disputes tribes agent important figure spent years fort finally resigning built central minnesota near modern built provide military presence frontier near new reservation created tribe moved iowa addition helped serve built near reservation southwestern minnesota near modern new named secretary honor army officers named died mexican american war fort created watch addition larger frontier replaced iowa decommissioned period fort operated military post fort built border minnesota near modern fort moved soon afterward flooding problems created spur settlement protect traffic river protect wagon trains travelling montana addition military bases private companies operated numerous trading posts region referred forts typically little way defensive fortifications native americans main native american tribal groups dominated minnesota time lands acquired united_states established migrated area recently groups fought bitter territorial wars 18th century century battle defeated permanently established northeastern minnesota particularly territory southern western minnesota skirmishes groups continued 19th century including battle near traverse battle near site known war sided british times aided americans took opportunity attack enemy tribes notable american loyalist chief rising admirer pike joined army minnesota saw significant conflict war natives region recruited fight east areas particular half british captain heavily recruited branch including chiefs employees engaged territorial conflicts known fur trade wars including famous result conflicts numerous migrated area central eastern minnesota particularly vicinity red river exodus major source immigration minnesota territorial era mixed race groups regarded french canadian whites indians 1820s animal resources decline area leading increased competition tribes game sell fur trading companies led dramatic drop fur prices late 1820s causing hunters government strongly encouraged tribes turn hunting farming trading woodlands plains increasing territorial conflict western frontier particularly mississippi river led government attempt conflicts president policy tribes ultimately sufficiently allow westward expansion american settlers remove tribes areas prevented settlement treaty prairie provisions established southern minnesota modern homeland given northern minnesota wisconsin government failed enforce treaty agreements leading indian agent peace badly blame causing lands enemies following treaty tribes iowa relocated long prairie reservation central minnesota late 1840s establishing important presence territory poor land new reservation tribe subsequently negotiated treaty allowing relocate south substantial land process native tribes experienced gradual government inability honor treaty commitments major leaders tribes hole day success treaty negotiations tribes great facilitated mixed race families treaty traverse des gave upper lands west mississippi_river government treaty year ceded lower lands southern minnesota requiring relocation area near modern treaties amended ratification process eliminate explicit guarantees lands retained tribes additionally promised payments delivered ostensibly debts owed fur traders despite american hunger land leadership actually want remove territory federal subsidies tribes heavily settlements removal tribes territory meant loss income increasing continued treaty violations united_states soon lead band led war chief attacked community spirit lake iowa near minnesota border killing white settlers event referred spirit lake massacre went attack springfield minnesota modern jackson killing seven turned bands launched war defeated apart killed war killed mass execution largest mass execution history hundreds european americans killed government subsequent nation minnesota new commercial enterprises important commercial enterprise early territorial era lucrative fur trade beginning 19th century british companies competed dominance north american trade north west company western headquarters smaller companies operated area principal british trading shipping points north_america following treaty paris british operations grand technically illegal trade continued beginning began establishing headquarters north border newly constructed ontario grand reduced minor trading center traders eventually abandoned area absorbed shipped final band employed company majority fur trading posts minnesota area owned founded new_york taken significant fur shipping point minnesota region near modern far north state location significant key multiple waterways shipping atlantic posts location originally significant trading post claimed time key interests fur trade dominated trade united_states exclusion british companies government beginning 1820s fur trading route developed colony modern trading posts minnesota primarily later system cart trails came known principally way avoid fur trade monopoly absorbed cross border trade entirely illegal violated policies enforcement trade american british authorities virtually non existent trail system reach peak usage mid-19th century continued expand presence north border establishing new posts fur trade decline late 1830s went bankrupt operations kept trade collapsing entirely trade declined lumber industry began grow substantially areas saint valley valuable white pine plentiful new saw mills appeared marine lumber typically cut winter sent downstream spring businessman built private saint anthony falls later town opening commercial mississippi_river quickly followed soon minnesota major lumber headed destinations flour mill minnesota built fort lumber mill private grain mill built minneapolis gained grain mill 1850s grain production began develop rapidly minnesota significant grain known virginia arrived fort carrying indian agent 1830s steady large stream traffic river including ships listed pleasure parties railroad reach mississippi illinois completed event celebrated mississippi minnesota touched wave interest minnesota tourists visited began publication newspaper paper later renamed time area achieved newspapers established information minnesota published periodicals spread united_states europe advertising campaigns launched northeastern europe lure european settlers efforts met limited success successful scenic rapidly developed destination tourists traveling mississippi luxury hotel overlooking falls constructed late 1860s popular summer resort wealthy major sources income territory 1850s government payments tribes required earlier treaties payments amounted year average million present day terms compared approximately year million present day terms given territory development corruption payments tribes great deal money directly settlers commercial community development questionable benefit tribes beginning minnesota territory fact payments territory important source income fur trade longer lucrative exports settlements era native americans outnumbered european settlers minnesota significant settlements minnesota area included located moved treaty significant settlements included community developed commerce established native american settlements territory american settlements size according scholars village like population largest settlement numerous settlements territory gave total native american population easily outnumbered white settlers outset 19th century european settlements related fur trade largest settlements trading posts established particularly sandy lake historian documented fur trading posts varying sizes minnesota area posts eventually taken settlers abandoned 1820s entered united_states way instead moving eastern canada returning europe adding minnesota region population construction began finished fort settlement east central minnesota nearby established period regional headquarters drew settlement area soon minnesota commercial center stone buildings territory constructed employees bought animal location logging industry spurred development settlements railroads relied river transportation bring logs market minnesota timber resources attractive towns like marine founded significant lumber centers fed saint river supplied lumber areas southern minnesota 1830s group ill fated established camp near fort complaints residents fort new restrictions placed forcing mississippi_river site known eye popular group established saloon new site named settlement pig eye later changing finally local chapel location convenient site landing line established town regular stop attractive advantage commerce caused settlement develop significantly soon prominence general store operator fort established interests area claim lands adjacent following land treaty built falls establishing basis town grew employee pointed land west falls good site future mills land west military reservation stevens deal commander stevens provide free ferry service river exchange tract acres km2 head falls stevens received claim built house house minneapolis later stevens city minneapolis west bank bridge main channel mississippi nation built minneapolis treaties native american tribes government opened minnesota settlement longer frontier outpost efforts establish minnesota prominent future state union swift territorial legislature petitioned land build railroad milwaukee wisconsin year legislature incorporated established university admit students years later formed major white settlements modern minneapolis new settlements began appear rapidly established jackson johnson williams established captain new established german immigrants rochester established new settlements established immigrants eastern europe town example established minnesota native mixed french canadian ancestry influx settlers 1850s transformed minnesota sparsely populated territory white settlers significantly larger native population substantial population center predominantly european settlers city expanded people result heavy immigration new_england new_york regions major towns originated trading centers political manufacturing centers new settlements minnesota laid heavily favor business districts city halls plan philosophy spurred growth economic links communities parts minnesota territory established commissioner emigration advertisements speeches new immigrants new_york expanded immigration trend later created large german community society 1850s native american population vastly outnumbered population european ancestry area division indian white era somewhat vague general persons mixed descent considered white dressed european clothing adopted european customs indians lived traditional native lifestyles began establish authority region settlers began arrive native american population continued hold significant political social influence result fur trade experienced hunters important north_america major business enterprises decline trade later era marked decline native american influence following treaty opened settlement later establishment triangle remained island white culture settlement vast majority minnesota area indian country contemporary accounts larger towns 1840s indicate majority population predominantly french ancestry communities european culture strictly dominant commenting minnesota culture 1840s governor described streets saying common blankets painted faces indians red french half breeds greatly picturesque costume anglo american race fact likely large percentage white population reported census partially native american ancestry men mixed racial ancestry respected members white society example son american entrepreneur hailed new_york began working john mixed blood mother father old french british fur trade educated east early 1850s lived working independent translator contractor warren good writer newspaper articles eventually published 19th century history elected territorial legislature death consumption establishment treaty waves immigrants europe came territory rapidly changing demographics changes occurred areas racial divisions indians whites persisted late common practice jurisdictions men allowed vote based wearing european clothing according observers natives given polling location share single pair trousers wearing long cast ballot logging trading communities territory known centers vice commonly social centers towns bath houses adding character society gathering places attracted traders numerous traveling countryside late 1840s 1850s witnessed large scale immigration eastern europe approximately percent minnesota population came new_york new_england state fact time known new england west maine particular contributed large number immigrants probably large number maine growing lumber industry minnesota 1850s racist ideology prevalent began affect minnesota significantly past ruling class composed primarily settlers increasingly discussed white inhabitants key minnesota future eye role inferior races future author described minnesota 1850s waste woodland prairie save different savage tribes time territory complicated late commonly treated equals community children races attending schools late 1840s blacks completely addition prevented running office children segregated schools contrast irish catholics native americans adopted european lifestyles allowed vote children segregated classrooms anglo americans generally accepted business development african americans largely opposed business development irish immigrants minnesota multi area era earlier parts era french english widely language widespread late 1850s english grown spoken language new immigrants brought additional languages territory newspapers published german die minnesota swedish minnesota norwegian czech languages communities population region earlier decades followed traditional tribal religious practices known area long acquisition french traders lived catholic missionary activity expanded greatly early 19th century catholic_church particularly established newer phenomenon protestant missionaries entered region early 19th century protestant church appeared waves immigration 1850s rapidly largest religious group african americans slavery theory outlawed slavery including minnesota area ordinance specifically stated shall slavery said territory punishment crime party shall duly convicted ordinance seen ambiguous specifically address slaves territories discussed free population territories seemingly implying slave population exist french traders territories later american army officers including commanded namesake fort continued hold slaves congress number african americans territory period small insignificant newcomers continued bring slaves free blacks working servants completely independent pioneers information black immigrants earlier periods sparse records fort slaves records indicate population free blacks total population citizens territory excluded native american tribes 1840s free persons expect treated equal racial groups time minnesota achieved blacks schools segregated despite start minnesota territory leadership predominantly ending practice era famous early african americans territory born minnesota father son freed slave mother member tribe montreal eventually fur trader northwest territories went serve interpreter negotiations particularly representative michigan governor brother stephen served interpreter fort treaty 1850s played key role infamous scott court case slaves scott wife taken fort master lived fort territories slavery prohibited death argued lived free territory longer slaves ultimately sided decision helped fuel slavery leading bleeding kansas conflicts eventually american_civil_war government politics earlier 19th century area today minnesota recognized single entity mississippi_river divided eastern british french lands north_america western spanish lands time seen separation territories division territories region british territories remained ambiguous set border british north_america 49th parallel west small land dubbed border disputes east continued half 19th century northeastern portion state formed ohio area new illinois territory illinois area incorporated later western southern areas state formally organized following admission wisconsin state minnesota area temporarily government secretary claimed governorship remained territory short term measure time minnesota residents largely democrats time controlled democrats hoped congress sympathetic concerns year meeting held nominally led later known discuss establishing new territory participants elected representative congress chair united states drafted bill authorizing envisioned future upper mississippi valley motivated area carved neighboring territories prevented iowa including northern border kept organizers wisconsin including established lands remaining iowa territory march extended far dispute shape state carved alternate proposal narrowly defeated 46th parallel state northern border western border giving northern half state exchange eastern half later governor territorial delegate united_states congress replaced territorial delegate worked congress promote minnesota interests lobbied construction railroad connecting link organization minimal discussion minnesota discussion potential railroad leaders minnesota recognized territory weak position lobby economic opportunity december rice brought forward bills congress enabling act allow minnesota form state constitution railroad land grant bill enabling act defined state containing prairie forest lands boundaries drawn today bid came time tensions rising tensions later lead american_civil_war debate admitting minnesota free state heated enabling act finally passed february constitutional convention assembled territory july divisions republicans democrats led drafting separate larger cities domain democrats southern minnesota domain republicans single constitution finally worked factions powerful democrats ultimately prevailed issues resentment parties remained separate copies constitution members party sign copy signed members party copies signed august election called october approve document voters approved constitution rejected state constitution sent united_states congress ratification december approval process drawn months congress debated issues stemmed kansas nebraska act questions surrounding kansas settled bill minnesota passed eastern half minnesota territory boundaries defined country 32nd state western remained incorporation march popular culture explored minnesota published song containing references regions minnesota story based legends carried east explorers traders particularly collected known joe fur trader territorial legislator partially mixed french native american ancestry iconic figure known minnesota history famous following passage bill moved territorial capital saint peter bill preventing law stories passed generations making legend historical figure state moniker state today widely known selected mid-19th century means create identity state believed beaver state selected instead political cartoon featuring soon solidified state known identity | Territorial era of Minnesota | History | World history | North American history |
1142_CivilWartoken | civil war token civil war token coins privately distributed united_states mainly northeast midwest widespread use result government issued cents civil war civil war illegal united_states congress passed law april prohibiting issue cent coins devices use currency june additional law passed forbade private civil war divided types store cards patriotic types utilized currency differentiated designs value determined chiefly rarity history second year civil war government issued began circulation american citizens coins gold silver eventually began copper cents extremely difficult businesses conduct transactions response merchants turned private fill void left coins privately appeared autumn cincinnati ohio new_york issues followed spring currency store card issued new_york currency patriotic issued estimated civil war nearly cent circulation consisting approximately varieties currency best known commonly struck types store cards million cent struck placed circulation common uses token fare company new_york willingly accepted large quantity lieu actual currency asked refused railroad legal incidents eventually forced government intervene april congress enacted act act remembered introduction phrase god trust newly created cent piece effectively ended usage civil war addition authorizing cent piece act changed composition cent piece copper weighing grams lighter thick piece composed copper weighing grams new cent piece closer weight civil war found greater acceptance public act civil war impractical issue legality decided june congress enacted usage non government issued coins fine prison term years chapter title deals specifically illegal civil war evidence exists viewed early known listings civil war published types patriotic patriotic civil war typically displayed patriotic slogan image sides majority union states images decidedly common examples found patriotic union shall preserved union old glory images found patriotic flag united_states 19th century cannon uss monitor best known varieties patriotic called named served secretary treasury letter revenue cutter captain orders relieve cutter captain command refusing order transfer new_orleans new_york letter ends following sentence attempts haul american flag shoot spot quote found way number patriotic albeit slightly modified wording haul usually replaced tear store cards civil war store cards differ patriotic sides displays location privately owned business businesses afford custom dies advertising business displayed business information similar store cards listing private business bore particular army unit usually regiment conducted transactions regiment types civil war far value factors determine value civil war main factor rarity measured scale common type scale developed noted dealer writer material mint civil war affect civil war variety materials copper common choice actually bronze materials tin german silver white metal silver examples rubber known exist rarity scale greater unique known example | Civil War token | History | World history | North American history |
1219_BostonPoliceStrike | boston police strike boston police officers went strike september sought recognition trade union improvements wages working conditions police commissioner denied police officers right form union affiliated larger organization like attempts reconciliation commissioner police officers particularly boston mayor failed strike boston experienced nights property damage extensive thousand members supported volunteers restored order press reaction locally nationally described strike inspired directed destruction civil society called agents recognized strike damaging cause labor public mind advised return work commissioner curtis refused hire striking policemen supported massachusetts governor earned national reputation strike proved setback labor unions discontinued attempts organize police officers decades won republican nomination vice president presidential election background massachusetts legislature transferred control boston police department boston mayor governor massachusetts authorized appoint person board commissioners manage department legislature abolished board gave governor authority single commissioner term years subject removal governor mayor city continued responsibility department expenses physical working conditions employees commissioner controlled department operations hiring training discipline police officers salary set year police officers buy uniforms equipment cost new recruits received year increased annually years years following world war inflation dramatically eroded value police officer salary cost living rose police wages rose discontent boston police force grew compared wages found earning half carpenter mechanic cents day conductor boston city laborers earning hourly basis police officers extensive list grievances worked hour shifts typically recorded weekly totals hours paid time spent court appearances objected required perform tasks delivering unpaid tax bills surveying houses taking census watching polls election checking backgrounds prospective serving boys officers complained having share beds lack toilets station houses required live dated civil war court street station toilets men boston police officers acting sponsorship police department formed association known committee police officers representing met commissioner ask raise sympathetic advised wait better time pressed issue summer near end year mayor offered salary increases affect fourth officers died december governor appointed mayor boston commissioner meeting representatives repeated salary demands said word strike mentioned situation far realized clear rank file entitled form union curtis share predecessor mayor sympathy police february offered wage compromise police rejected governor announced raises rejected representatives tried raise grievances curtis set committee handle management employee disputes based election representatives house secret ballot met months later june responding repeated requests local police organizations began accepting police organizations membership september granted charters police unions cities including washington los_angeles miami protests city officials opposed police firefighters teachers events leading strike boston police decided organize charter order gain support unions negotiations strike august requested charter august curtis issued forbidding police officers join organization club body outside department making exception patriotic organizations administration argued rule based conflict interest police officers duties union membership apparent thinking person police department city fulfill duty entire public members subject direction organization existing outside department troubles disturbances arise interests organization interests elements classes community conflict situation immediately arises arises man attempts serve masters fail duty policeman obligation organization controls august police received charter august welcomed police union denounced curtis police right curtis refused meet members police union committee suspended held union offices scheduled trials determine violated point curtis hero business interests late august called east events anticipated boston earlier seattle general strike mayor sought play role appointing review dispute union representation chose known local reformer chair group recommended curtis police agree police union ties right strike curtis turn recognize police union union agree remain independent group recommended action taken men curtis suspended boston newspapers backed compromise boston holding consistent anti union position backed curtis backing massachusetts governor rejected proposal proceeded department trials september found guilty union activity dismiss police force extended later explained giving opportunity reconsider actions avoid police union members responded day voting favor strike scheduled start evening roll day stated grounds omitted wages working conditions said strike rationale protest commissioner denial right ally anticipation strike boston newspapers called pleaded police reconsider predicted dire consequences warned police eventual defeat guaranteed lose boston skirmish stands massachusetts massachusetts stands america strike september officers went strike force officers men failed report work assigned members state replace striking officers refused participate suspended jobs despite assurances commissioner curtis mayor governor boston little police protection night september volunteer replacements organized report morning night september city witnessed outbreak looting behavior scared respectable citizens youths throwing rocks street vendors overtly criminal activity included smashing store windows looting displays setting false fire activity restricted certain parts city according new_york_times greater city usual peace quiet prevailed morning mayor asked governor force state guards promptly agreed eventually provided men commissioner curtis later praised performance annual report community aware effectiveness worked came city add universal chorus greeted work morning papers following night violence loud complaints terms police agents violence peaked evening night september businesses better prepared boarded stayed open night armed guards visible discourage thieves taking advantage strike played open view women guard inexperience handling crowds resulted dangerous attempts assert control gunfire left dead wounded person died riot square center amusement halls theaters crowds threatening property making trouble sympathy unknown death total ultimately reached city life continued relatively normally especially daytime hours schools remained open later claims city losses incurred nights disorder ran city paid figures represent non partisan calculation costs strike boston business community governor called mass meeting responded discharged united_states army hailed heroes country returned duties police force boston months passed denounced city oath office men raise cry opposed giving labor living wage taken newspapers cared little real facts finally added word condemnation men gone machine guns single handed captured job men ridden dispatches shell fire dense men fell fifth got man flag service bitter come home called men french fought spanish war won tell people massachusetts war served evening september met consider calling general strike support striking police earlier expressed enthusiasm general strike likely expression solidarity declaration intent collected votes constituent unions september announced delaying decision statement explained reasoning act manner press employers chance criticize september vice president said organization discouraged strikes government employees defended right organize wage right associate collectively improve condition blamed strike government managers failed recognize right boston situation context broader union movement question industrial democracy find group employers character believe democracy means ruin rule conceive works right management industry time past man ruler people employment president returned europe quickly assessed situation strength public sentiment september urged return work asking city agree suspend judgment recognize police union telegram mayor cited model washington suggestion president wilson suspended regulation forbidding police officers join union affiliated conference scheduled october police accepted recommendation immediately replied statement support curtis hard line time blaming curtis crisis dismissed commissioner behavior irrelevant justify police created reputation national scene right strike public safety said continue defend sovereignty massachusetts weekend presence curiosity larger usual crowds center city thousands attended band concert days interference said new_york_times marked effect said originally hoped officers stating telegram labor convention hope circumstances arise cause police officers reinstated objections mayor commissioner curtis announced september planned recruit new force fired roughly hired replacement police officers pool unemployed world war veterans members refused uniforms new hires report work civilian clothing new officers hired wake strike received higher salaries vacation days enjoyed starting salary pension plan department covered cost uniforms equipment population boston raised help pay new police officers recruited national reaction editorial morning strike new_york_times supported police commissioner said anti social ideals acting suggestion london liverpool recently seen similar strikes said policeman right belong union soldier sailor ready obey orders orders superiors outside body duties maintenance order case strike violence case faithful union public pays protect situation false impossible privilege boston policemen resign satisfied conditions employment city deserted men position function policemen orders outside imported revolutionary idea spread cities plain stern law practically military ought punished suitably later called strike boston essay lamented attempt mayor submit compromise issue compromised newspaper accounts exaggerated level crime violence accompanied strike resulting national shaped political response philadelphia paper viewed boston violence light labor unrest numerous race riots united_states longer boston chaos reveals sinister substance president speaking montana branded crime civilization left city mercy army said obligation policeman sacred direct obligation soldier public servant private employee honor community hands right prefer private advantage public safety secretary war winner nobel peace prize told hall audience september strike attack constitutional government represented passing power enforce laws power punish crime power maintain order people united_states population represented report washington included headline senators think effort government started senator saw strike dangers national labor movement succeeds getting hold police boston country shall distance soviet government labor unions opposed sympathetic treatment policeman strikes resuming office citizenship committed sin rights aftermath police commissioner annual report curtis presented view strike argued requested state guards strike night city remained quiet reports policemen join strike end year formed new organization called strike gave momentum political career narrowly elected governor won votes running opponent favored failed carry boston votes impressive showing republican strongly democratic city reported massachusetts hailed today maine california winner shining triumph straight voting old nation ancient faith fire law order formed line governor commander chief people commonwealth invincible army issue america triumph issue america later said doubt police strike boston brought national prominence post election telegram president wilson wrote election victory law order issue americans stand role strike limited prominent feature resume sought higher office according obituary boston police strike brought national prominence nomination vice presidency succeeded presidency death new_york_times headlined biography won recognition suppression boston police strike national figure political rivals interpreted role differently senator wisconsin said failure intervene year coal strike mirrored actions refused act requests mayor boston assistance riot aroused entire state order restored efforts mayor committee sent militia claimed credit restoring law order strike heightened public fear labor unrest possible lay contributed public anxiety period known failure strikes years following world war contributed declining union membership subsequent years responded political pressure experienced strike revoked charters granted police unions ended police decades police try organize world war history anti union boston newspapers original account urban chaos strike nights described large crowds including number sailors docked naval ships took streets smashing windows committing robbery cars said northern southern western areas city taken armed gangs massachusetts legislature voted allow officers struck massachusetts governor meeting backed decision police commissioner formed following enactment state statute allowing state municipal workers organize sake collective police officers went strike july baltimore police estimated force refused report work days demonstration support striking municipal unions popular culture album volume includes song got power boston police strike novel given day partly set boston police strike issue number comic book series providence set backdrop boston police strike | Boston Police Strike | History | World history | North American history |
1519_Expo67 | expo international universal exposition expo commonly known general exhibition category world fair held montreal quebec canada april october considered successful world fair 20th century attendees date nations participating set single day attendance record world fair visitors day expo canada main celebration centennial year fair intended held moscow help soviet_union celebrate russian revolution 50th anniversary reasons soviets decided cancel canada awarded late project supported canada took determination montreal mayor new team managers guide past political physical temporal computer analysis said fair opened time expo ended october site continued exhibition called man world open summer months time buildings designed original exhibition deteriorated dismantled today islands hosted world exhibition mainly recreational use remaining structures expo event held history background idea hosting world exhibition dates conservative senator suggested speech canada host world exhibition celebrate centennial exposition offered toronto politicians rejected idea montreal mayor backed proposal allowing canada bid meeting paris moscow awarded fair rounds voting eliminated austria canada bids april soviets scrapped plans host fair financial constraints security concerns montreal new mayor lobbied canadian government try fair november changed location world exhibition canada expo went fourth best attended sanctioned world shanghai osaka paris sites proposed main expo grounds location considered north downtown core idea create new islands river existing island choice overcame opposition montreal surrounding municipalities prevented land speculation key people expo smooth start organizing committee officials resigned main reason mayor choice site new islands created existing island computer program predicted event possibly constructed time likely reason mass april federal liberal government prime minister took power meant prime minister government board directors world exhibition likely forced resign canadian diplomat named commissioner general resigned post main responsibilities commissioner general attract nations build expo spend countries spending time abroad canada right hand man deputy commissioner general vice president corporation replaced deputy commissioner general professional engineer builder widely credited total building exhibition hired general manager management group known les tough guys charge creating building managing expo les consisted secretary corporation director finances colonel director installations director operations dubbed mayor expo director director information advertising public relations group chief architect added honoured canadian government recipients wrote book french expo month experience expo created available web site commemorate event future generations historian cooperation canada english speaking communities secret expo success flair english canadian points national stereotypes arguably expo short period bridge conference produces theme group prominent canadian including director town met days quebec theme man world based book entitled des translated wind sand stars roy introduction expo corporation book entitled theme des haunting book filled dreams hopes future writes deeply moved flying time night argentina happened notice lights scattered plain like stars truth aware insight cause distress inevitable fusion human beings moved heightened awareness creation human need solidarity found phrase express hope simple rich meaning phrase chosen years later governing idea expo group people walks life invited corporation reflect given form organizers created seventeen theme elements man world auditorium canada philosophy scientific content theme exhibits presented emphasized seat hall habitat health man community man explorer man planet space man life man oceans man polar regions man creator gallery fine arts photography man producer resources man man control progress man provider construction begins construction started august elaborate ceremony hosted mayor barges anchored construction began prime minister pulled signalled end dump batch fill island quebec premier spread fill million tons fill needed construct islands coming montreal metro excavations public works project construction expo awarded montreal expo initial construction period mainly centred island creating artificial island notre dame island pier construction continued land rising montreal harbour owned final earth completed islands grounds hold fair officially transferred corporation june gave colonel churchill days built functioning opening day expo built time churchill new project management tool known critical path method april opening day ready exception habitat displayed work progress building islands new bridge built connect site specific mass transit system known plus boat pier cost project years earlier buildings infrastructure constructed initial phase construction completed easy budget exhibition going larger expected fall expo general manager presented master plan preliminary budget million construction balloon million plan budget narrowly passed vote pearson federal cabinet passing vote officially submitted december logo logo designed montreal artist basic unit logo ancient symbol man symbols man linked represent friendship icon repeated circular arrangement represent friendship world lower case font enjoy unanimous support federal politicians tried kill motion theme songs official expo theme song composed titled hey friend friend complaints song lyrics mentioned montreal expo song selected international competition entries countries song canadians associate expo written veteran commercial writer composed popular centennial tune earned canada theme song sing canadian pavilion written television special ontario pavilion theme song place stand place grow evolved unofficial theme song province expo opens official opening ceremonies held thursday afternoon april ceremonies invitation event held canada governor general proclaimed exhibition open expo flame ignited prime minister pearson hand media invited guests including heads state reporters covered event broadcast live satellite worldwide audience million viewers listeners expo opened public morning friday april space age style countdown capacity crowd place participated atomic clock controlled countdown ended exhibition opened precisely est estimated crowd visitors showed opening day opposed expected crowd person expo gates place year old jazz drummer chicago recognized accomplishment expo director operations presented carter gold watch feat opening day considerable comment uniform pavilion dresses designed new style popularized year earlier conjunction opening expo issued stamp commemorating fair designed entertainment world festival art entertainment expo featured art galleries opera ballet theatre companies jazz groups famous canadian pop musicians cultural attractions music performance stages visitors find free concerts shows featured entertainment took place following venues amusement park intended lasting legacy fair rides permanent expo closed nightly visitors visit closed addition sullivan broadcast live expo stars shows included america britain australia attraction montreal fair visited notable people day including canada monarch queen elizabeth_ii princess grace emperor musicians like monk grateful dead entertained crowds problems despite successes problems threatened disrupt exhibition inactive period vietnam war protesters opening day april american president visit focus war protesters threats cuba pavilion destroyed forces carried june arab israeli conflict middle_east day war resulted kuwait pulling fair protest way western nations dealt war president france caused international incident july addressed thousands montreal city hall famous words september problem turned day transit strike end july estimates predicted expo exceed million visitors strike cut deeply attendance revenue figures fair cruising conclusion major problem control expo management guest accommodation lodging created direct visitors accommodations montreal area usually meant visitors stay homes people unfamiliar traditional hotels montreal populace opened homes thousands guests unfortunately visitors sent respectable establishments operators took advantage tourist trade management refused expo managed quebec provincial authority expo blame directing visitors establishments overall visit expo outside montreal seen bargain expo ends expo closed sunday afternoon october fair scheduled close days earlier day extension granted allowed continue weekend final day visitors added million attended expo time canada population million setting capita record attendance stands starting expo commissioner general medal ceremony participating nations organizations received gold silver ceremony national flags lowered reverse order raised canada flag lowered nigeria lowered prime minister pearson expo flame governor general closed spontaneous farewell great regret declare come official end rides shut expo grounds closed train leaving place time fireworks display went hour expo concluding event expo performed better financially expected expo intended deficit shared federal provincial municipal levels government significantly better expected attendance revenue reduced debt original estimates final financial statistics canadian dollars revenues costs deficit expo featured representing man world themes nations corporations industries including pavilion dome designed expo featured habitat housing complex designed architect later purchased private individuals occupied popular pavilion soviet_union exhibit attracted million visitors rounding terms attendance million visitors united_states million france million czechoslovakia million participating countries countries absent spain south_africa south american countries legacy man world exposition struggled summer seasons standing collection international known man world attendance declined physical condition site deteriorated open public season entire notre dame island site closed years later completely rebuilt new rowing canoe sprint basin montreal summer olympics space basin changing rooms buildings obtained cutting half area taken artificial lake canals fire destroyed outer skin dome previous year ontario pavilion major fire site falling disrepair left abandoned began resemble ruins futuristic city notre dame island site reopened primarily making islands simultaneously accessible albeit brief time minor thematic exhibitions held atlantic pavilion quebec pavilion continued years season island site permanently closed shutting majority attractions man world able continue limited fashion small number left standing notre dame island remaining original exhibits closed permanently park surviving relics man world summer exhibitions discontinued remnants demolished site expo island notre dame island incorporated municipal park run city montreal park renamed jean mayor brought exhibition montreal corporation runs park changed des prominent buildings remain use expo grounds american pavilion metal skeleton dome environmental sciences museum called montreal habitat residence french quebec form montreal casino surviving structural remains canadian pavilion special events hall dining facilities available pavilion serves administration building jean distinctive inverted pyramid rest canadian pavilion dismantled 1970s place des nations opening closing ceremonies held remains abandoned deteriorating state jamaican korean pavilion roof banking centre survive cite expo theatre administration buildings remain remaining structures include sculptures landscaping montreal metro subway station man world logo welcome sign pedestrian tunnel entrance yellow line survives leased new_york amusement park company flags built expo remained operation number decades closure expo parking lot converted experimental short airport brief time 1970s attraction today notre dame island site circuit race track olympic basin local rowing clubs beach built shores remaining artificial lake acres cycle paths island western tip notre dame island site number events sponsored international botanical festival les young trees shrubs planted expo mature plants introduced botanical events flourished expo lasting effects political cultural context expo seen landmark moment canadian history salute cultural impact exhibition city montreal major_league baseball team named event year invited expo guest july addressed thousands montreal city hall famous words speech ottawa prime minister canadians need liberated canada remain united reject effort destroy unity years followed tensions french speaking communities continue early 21st century homage fair blue wrote length musical set expo called ran sold weeks montreal april expo successful regarded canadians montreal referred good year economic decline quebec seen negative viewpoint deteriorating infrastructure political common way common fair new group expo looking bring smaller scale sanctioned exposition montreal expo 50th anniversary canada expo hoped new world fair spirit canada landmark centennial project popular culture episode 1970s television series earth filmed expo site expo structures represent city alien world people killed long ago war film shot entirely site expo winter months abandoned ruins portray post apocalyptic landscape look transit labour strike audio montreal world expo virtual experience website websites expo montreal extensive photo collection fair photos expo architecture expo want know expo films expo time magazine canadian film encyclopedia films expo expo australia expo montreal expo montreal photo collection links expo collection library includes variety publications associated expo records held | Expo 67 | History | World history | North American history |
1665_HistoryofIndiana | history indiana history human activity indiana state midwest began migratory tribes native americans inhabited indiana early tribes succeeded dominance thousand years reached peak development period culture region entered recorded history europeans came indiana claimed territory france ruled years little settlement area defeated great_britain french indian war seven years war ceded territory east mississippi britain held land years defeat american revolutionary war time britain ceded entire region including indiana new united_states united_states government divided trans region new territories largest progressively divided smaller territories united_states congress new territory established portion territory grew population development admitted union nineteenth state indiana following newly established state government laid ambitious plan transform indiana segment frontier developed populated thriving state state founders initiated program led construction roads canals railroads state funded public schools despite noble aims project spending ruined state credit state near bankruptcy forced public works new constitution restricted rights free blacks excluded suffrage 1850s state population grew exceed million ambitious program founders realized indiana fourth largest state terms population measured census indiana politically influential played important role union american_civil_war indiana western state war soldiers participated engagement war following civil war indiana remained politically important critical swing state presidential elections helped decide control presidency decades late 19th century industry began develop rapidly state state golden age literature began time period increasing cultural influence early 20th century indiana developed strong manufacturing state attracted numerous immigrants internal migrants industries experienced setbacks great depression 1930s construction expansion auto industry urban development wars contributed state industrial growth second half 20th century indiana leader industry innovations companies early following end glacial period indiana topography dominated spruce pine forests home toothed cats covered glaciers remained ice advance leaving plants animals sustain human communities indiana earliest known inhabitants indians evidence exists humans indiana early archaic stage hunting camps nomadic culture found indiana carbon dating artifacts found caves shows humans mined flint early ate quantities freshwater local streams shown shell found southern indiana early woodland period indiana came produced culture wild pottery large cultural advances culture natives built burial type dated oldest anderson natives period developed culture indiana early culture create permanent settlements indiana mastered agriculture grew crops began construct ceremonies indiana connected trade native tribes far away central_america unknown reasons culture went decline completely disappeared late woodland era generally considered begun lasted arrival europeans indiana period rapid cultural change new developments explained introduction masonry shown construction large stone forts romantic legend attribute forts welsh indians supposedly arrived centuries reached caribbean archaeologists scholars found evidence theory believe cultural development culture evidence suggests collapse indiana low population rise culture densely populated settlements like known ceremonial remain visible locations near constructed scale built culture grow region people developed bow arrow copper working time period society complex dense highly developed largest city illinois contained inhabitants class society certain groups specializing elite held related political religious positions cities typically sited near rivers representing central developments dominated large central mound smaller large open plaza wooden built later complex apparently defensive purposes remains major settlement known angel lie east present day houses generally square shaped walls roofs reasons remain unclear disappeared middle 15th century years europeans entered modern indiana culture marked high point native development indiana period began periodic east west trek indiana crossing falls ohio near modern day important southern indiana created established later european american pioneers moving west major war broke eastern north_america native americans later called beaver wars american indian tribes battle neighbors opposed confederation primarily tribes including miami illinois tribes significantly advanced culture preceded tribes semi nomadic stone tools copper create large scale construction farming works predecessors war continued sporadic fighting century sought dominate expanding fur trade europeans achieved goal decades war drove tribes south west kept control area hunting grounds result war tribes including migrated indiana attempted land belonging miami gained military advantage supplied firearms europeans superior weapons thirty tribes nearly destroyed northern indiana european contact europeans entered indiana region final years beaver wars french attempted trade tribes indiana selling firearms exchange incurred wrath destroyed french outpost indiana retaliation appalled french continued supply western tribes firearms openly allied tribes major battle turning point conflict occurred near modern miami allies repulsed large force ambush firearms received french odds war finally ended great peace montreal indian left exhausted having suffered heavy casualties ohio michigan indiana left tribes fled west escape fighting miami nations returned indiana following war tribes pushed westward midwest east_coast european colonists miami invited settle arrived present day indiana nations nations later participants years war struggle native nations european settlers control region hostilities tribes began early killed french fur traders near tribes traded successfully french decades colonial period french fur traders canada europeans enter indiana beginning quickest route connecting new france districts canada louisiana ran indiana river highlands considered border french districts indiana vital french lines communication trade routes french established permanent settlement indiana european rule population area remained primarily native american french influence grew region great_britain competing france control north_america came believe control indiana important halt french expansion continent france european outpost modern indiana french trading post established near french explorer came area claiming king louis france came explore joseph rivers father traveled marked trees way marks survived photographed 19th century negotiated common defense treaty illinois miami nations exploration indiana led french establishing important trade route canada louisiana rivers french built series forts outposts indiana westward expansion british colonies east coast north_america encourage trade native tribes tribes able metal tools cooking manufactured items exchange animal french built fort miami town modern indiana france assigned agent miami established post modern indiana discourage coming british influence established similar post near town bears forts garrisoned men new france outpost maintain permanent european presence modern day jesuit priests accompanied french soldiers indiana attempt convert natives christianity conducted missionary activities lived natives learned languages accompanied hunts missionaries indiana taught early missionaries came great influence natives played important role keeping native tribes allied french french indian war north american seven years war europe british directly challenged france control region pitched battles occurred indiana native tribes region supported french beginning war tribes sent large groups warriors support french resisting british advance raid british colonies fort forward base british commander overcame native resistance drove deep frontier capture fort detroit rangers moved south detroit captured key french outposts indiana including war progressed french lost control canada fall montreal longer able effectively fight british interior north_america lost indiana british forces french entirely forced indiana following french expulsion native tribes led attempt rebel british french assistance besieging british held fort detroit tribes indiana rose british forced surrender fighting british french signed treaty paris ceded control indiana british great_britain british gained control indiana entire region middle rebellion year british officials negotiated tribes splitting alliance eventually lost allies forcing peace british july concession great_britain issued proclamation territory west reserved native americans despite treaty considered threat british interests murdered april region saw years peace britain established peace natives french trading posts forts region abandoned maintained years considered great importance eventually abandoned jesuit priests expelled provisional government established british hoped french area leave leave british gradually french remained continued fur trade native american nations treaty negotiated british colonies sold territorial claims colonies treaty company created hold claim named recorded use word indiana claim disputed colony virginia participate treaty laid claim land royal charter territory indiana brought administration province quebec french population quebec act listed acts thirteen colonies cited reason outbreak american revolutionary war thirteen colonies thought entitled territory support great_britain french indian war given enemy colonies fighting united_states gained official possession region following conclusion american revolution british influence native american allies region remained strong especially near fort detroit influence caused began british influenced native tribes refused recognize american authority backed resistance british merchants area american military victories region ratification jay treaty called british withdrawal region forts caused formal evacuation british fully expelled area conclusion war united_states outbreak american revolution sent virginia enforce claim land region july clark men crossed took control villages british indiana occupation accomplished firing shot clark carried letters french ambassador stating france supported americans letters french native american inhabitants area unwilling support british fort renamed fort british abandoned years earlier garrison present americans occupied captain american commandant counter clark advance british lieutenant governor small force february clark arrived surprise winter expedition retook town capturing hamilton process expedition secured southern indiana united_states clark success french officer organized militia force french residents capture fort detroit marching detroit force stopped sack delay proved fatal expedition met warriors miami tribe miami chief little turtle entire force killed captured clark organized assault fort detroit aborted chief captured significant clark army battle known near present day aurora indiana minor skirmishes occurred indiana including battle fort war came end britain ceded entire region united_states including indiana peace treaty negotiated paris clark militia authority state virginia continental flag flown fort area governed virginia territory state gave united_states federal government clark awarded large tracts land southern indiana service war modern named honor began attempt end native rebellion miami town attacked unsuccessfully general governor defeat worst defeat native americans history leaving entire army dead captured defeat led appointment general mad anthony wayne organized defeated native american force battle fallen treaty signed small eastern indiana opened settlement occupied united_states rebuilt treaty powerful miami nation considered allies united_states war ended hostilities native americans leaving victorious recorded incidents involving white settlers 18th century formed included land mississippi_river great lakes single territory states ohio michigan indiana illinois wisconsin eastern minnesota act established administration oversee territory land surveyed accordance time territory created american settlements indiana population northwest included fewer europeans native american population estimated near high july established preparation ohio held claim indiana dissolved decision indiana meant land indians referred fact area north inhabited native americans kentucky south traditional hunting ground tribes resided north river early american settlers kentucky referred north bank land indians company claim extinguished congress new territory contained present day indiana illinois michigan wisconsin minnesota areas separated governor territory served named honor harrison later ninth president united_states succeeded served capital established remained thirteen years territory reorganized legislature plans capital centralized population established land donated new capitol building finished government quickly relocated following outbreak war frontier population territory grew people exercising freedoms territory granted permission fully elect legislature time governor harrison appointed legislature article northwest ordinance prohibited slavery existed region french rule addition settlers occupied areas bringing slaves wanted legal territory northern states opposed expansion slavery region anti slavery party won strong majority election governor harrison odds new legislature proceeded pro slavery laws enacted slavery remained defining issue state decades follow early decades legislature encourage free blacks settle extended suffrage war major event territory resumption hostilities indians unhappy treatment peace native tribes led chief brother formed coalition americans war started general led army aggressive movements confederation war continued battle firmly ended native american uprising allowed americans control indiana battle earned harrison national fame nickname old war harrison merged war remnants indian confederation allied british canada siege fort harrison considered land victory war battles occurred modern state indiana include siege fort wayne battle treaty signed ended war relieved american settlers fears nearby british indian allies marked end hostilities native americans indiana recorded incidents native americans united_states indiana 19th century indian victories defeated harrison chosen candidate territory representative congress immediately introduced legislation grant indiana population entire territory action taken legislation outbreak war created rift politics territory supporting slavery opponents like dominated sought use bid permanently end slavery territory founding early territory approved census named census population territory found required constitutional convention met june heat season delegation moved outdoors days wrote constitution beneath shade giant tree state constitution completed june elections held august fill offices new state government november congress approved supporters control convention elected president notable delegates convention included forefront effort prevent slavery entering indiana sought create constitutional ban quoted saying let guard convention men chosen men opposed slavery succeeded goal ban placed new constitution persons held stayed status time year indiana approved congress settlers want slavery wanted exclude free blacks established barriers immigration state motto slavery indiana elected governor state defeating votes served terms governor went represent state congress years election declared indiana free state won key victory case slavery finally extinct northern tribal lands gradually opened white settlement indiana population rapidly increased center population shifted continually northward indianapolis selected site new state capital central position state city founders assumed serve major transportation sandy navigation indianapolis replaced seat government government established second state capital building early development national road reached indianapolis connecting indiana time citizens indiana known state took motto crossroads america construction began project connecting waterways great lakes railroads soon canal system obsolete developments transportation served economically connect indiana relying solely natural waterways connected indiana mississippi_river gulf_coast states construction state capitol building began building designed firm design inspired opened built exclusively state government state suffered financial difficulties decades attempted begin period internal improvements projects build canal falls ohio caused state banks fold hurt indiana credit halted projects hampered start new projects 1830s repair state finances terms beginning large scale plans statewide improvements set motion internal improvements led large deficit funded state bonds newly created sale million acres public land debt having borrowed million equivalent state years tax revenue government pay interest debt state narrowly avoided bankruptcy negotiating public works transferring state creditors exchange reduction state debt internal improvements began paid state began experience rapid population growth slowly state funding problems improvements led increase land value larger increase farm produce 1840s indiana completed removal native american tribes majority voluntarily relocated kansas leave forced travel kansas came called leaving band indians indiana area majority miami tribe left members tribe permitted remain state lands held privately terms treaty mary tribes convinced leave state voluntarily payment subsidies land grants west migrated westward settle missouri migrated canada minor tribes state including moved westward kansas 1850s indiana undergone major changes frontier sparse population developing state cities indiana population years increased inhabitants rapidly changing state constitution began criticized opponents claimed constitution appointed positions terms established inadequate clauses easily manipulated political parties exist constitution written constitution vote general public following great population growth state seen inadequate constitutional convention called january create new new constitution approved convention february submitted vote electorate year approved official constitution religion prime ground missionary second great awakening ending parade camp meetings baptist church records intense interest private moral behavior weekly meetings including drinking proper child practices contentious issue controversy traditional elements denounced missionary societies denominations funded aggressive missionary program sought bring christ society promoted middle class values mutual trust members tried minimize violence drinking displayed annoyance new morality imposed society political crisis came campaign enact dry prohibition liquor sales strongly opposed especially non catholics elements german recent arrivals prohibition failed switched new equally cause anti slavery crusade led new republican_party education list institutions category universities colleges indiana earliest institutions education indiana missions established french jesuit priests convert local native american nations founded public university state constitution required indiana state legislature create general system education ascending regular township schools state university tuition shall equally open took years legislature fulfill promise partly debate new public university founded replace territorial university 1820s saw start free public township schools administration plot ground set aside township construction state government chartered construction began professor hired classes offered state colleges established specialized needs included established state normal school training teachers founded state land grant university school science agriculture founded normal school early 20th century given state public colleges private religious colleges size educational standards 1890s methodist presbyterian led protestant schools founded prominent catholic college indiana rest midwest lowest literacy education rates early 20th century transportation early 19th century transportation goods indiana river state drained ultimately meeting mississippi_river goods transported sold new_orleans road region old trail ran falls ohio capitol relocated local roads created connect new capitol major road state national road project funded federal government road entered indiana connecting richmond indianapolis eastern states eventually illinois missouri west state adopted advanced methods build national road statewide basis began build new road network usable year round north south michigan road built 1830s connecting michigan kentucky passing indianapolis middle new roads roughly perpendicular state served foundation road system encompass indiana state began construction canal started passed connected new canal water transport possible new_orleans internal route sailing entering canada canal projects started abandoned completion state credit bonds railroad indiana built late 1830s major line completed connecting madison indianapolis 1850s railroad began popular indiana railroad brought major changes indiana enhanced state economic growth indiana natural waterways connected south cities new_orleans new rail lines ran east west connected indiana economies northern states late rail line ohio mississippi rivers increased demand state resources confederacy rail system completed end american civil war suffrage racial discrimination indiana restrictions blacks prohibiting court case white man new constitution expanded suffrage white males excluded blacks suffrage state legal segregation excluded black children public schools matter custom movement evangelical protestant initiative indiana pioneer era early freely drinking locally whiskey daily basis election days holidays community celebrations announced devil work state society formed local societies soon organized indianapolis 1830s evangelical community leaders joined forces curb consumption alcohol passed local option bill allowed vote prohibit alcohol sales township liquor issue pitted stable formed main theme politics 1930s 1850s indiana republican party adherents tended favor movement began challenging state democrats supported personal freedom limited federal government political power early legislation indiana earned limited temporary success republicans persuaded state legislature pass local option law allow township voters declare township dry later deemed unconstitutional statewide prohibition law passed met fate local option decades come protestant churches especially disciples christ women groups continue support efforts gave strong support catholics stood opposed gave strong support wet democratic_party civil war indiana free state home abraham_lincoln remained member union american_civil_war indiana regiments involved major engagements war engagements western theater present battles war war indiana provided infantry regiments batteries artillery regiments cavalry cause union initial arms issued indiana assigned men tenth called join union_army putting rebellion volunteered thousands turned away war ended indiana contributed men fight serve war casualties men lost lives conflict wounded outbreak war indiana run democratic southern sympathetic majority state legislature actions governor illegally borrowed millions dollars finance army indiana contribute greatly war effort suppressed state legislature help republican minority prevent assembling prevented chance democrats interfere war effort attempt union raids raids indiana soil war caused brief panic indianapolis southern indiana july occurred confederate officer briefly captured convincing union troops town cannon surrounding hills fact merely raid convinced federal government necessary supply indiana permanent force regular union_army soldiers counter future raids significant civil war battle fought indiana small skirmish morgan raid morning july morgan attempted cross indiana force confederate cavalry crossing briefly contested marched north fought short battle morgan took command heights south shot shells batteries town promptly surrendered battle left dead wounded morgan main body briefly raided salem fear capitol militia began form contest morgan advance salem morgan turned east raiding path leaving indiana july ohio captured aftermath civil war major effect development indiana war population generally south state entered provided cheap convenient means export products agriculture new_orleans sold war closed mississippi_river traffic nearly years forcing indiana find means export produce led population shift north state came rely great lakes railroad exports war largest city state mainly river contacts extensive trade south half lived war trade south came halt residents considered friendly south city regained stature city early victorian mansion row buildings remaining boom period era economic growth ohio river ports fully recovered economic prominence leading south economic decline contrast northern indiana experienced economic boom natural gas discovered 1880s directly contributed rapid growth cities glass industry developed utilize cheap fuel indiana gas field largest known world boom lasted early 20th century gas supplies ran low began northern indiana development heavy industry attracted thousands european immigrants late 19th early 20th centuries internal migrants black white rural small town south developments dramatically altered demographics state indiana industrial cities destinations great migration world war industrial restructuring shifts heavy industry resulted indiana chemist union colonel civil war founded company initial innovation coating pills led rapid growth company eventually developed indiana largest corporation largest corporations world years corporation developed widely drugs including company mass produce company advances indiana leading state production development returned civil war established manufacturer musical instruments company innovation band instruments important center music world base economy decades nearby south bend experienced continued growth following civil war large manufacturing city centered nation leading producer founded home new plant administration governor proposed construction fourth state capitol building state capitol building razed new constructed site million dollars appropriated construction new building completed building use severely negative effect economy factories closed railroads declared bankruptcy strike hurt chicago area coal miners southern indiana participated national strike hard times limited industry farmers felt financial pinch falling prices economy began recover world war broke europe creating higher demand american goods despite economic setbacks advances industrial technology continued years 19th 20th century july successfully road tested automobile opened auto company invented process casting aluminum political postwar era indiana critical swing state helped decide party controlled presidency elections close center attention speeches rallies election day approached voter turnout ranging near elections remote areas sides paid supporters vote occasionally paid supporters opposition vote despite allegations historians found little fraud national elections win electoral vote national parties looked indiana candidates national tickets included presidential election indiana senator grandson territorial governor elected president intense battle attracted partisans indianapolis hear speak famous porch fort named honor elected vice president recent elected high culture decades 19th century began known golden age indiana literature period lasted 1920s wrote best seller originate state followed including indiana developed reputation american following widely read novels beginning booth gentleman indiana thompson second famous novel known poet popular poet age wrote hundreds poems celebrating themes including unique art culture began developing late 19th century beginning landscape painting painters painters known use vivid colors artists including work influenced colorful hills southern indiana prominent musicians composers indiana reached national acclaim time including popular song banks far away later adopted official state song prohibition woman suffrage late nineteenth early twentieth century prohibition woman suffrage major reform issues state supporters opponents closely linked movements received broader hearing efforts equal suffrage congregations protestant churches indiana supported provided forum discussions women voting rights drive woman suffrage began 1870s sponsored leaders prohibition movement especially woman indiana chapter formed president indiana branch established founded fought world peace nation world war indiana women leaders took active role movement major effort women right vote non federal elections attempted amend state constitution passed houses state legislature bill failed pass legislative session state law required efforts fared little better indiana chapter organizations participating successfully lobbied pass amendment state constitution prohibit manufacture sale alcoholic state democratic majority state legislature killed bill legislative session following legislative defeats woman suffrage prohibition sensitive issues local politics democrats rallied opposition german strongholds opposition prohibition woman suffrage strong world war historian notes german family traditions women particular sharply defined terms family responsibilities suffrage women rights ran counter deep social religious traditions placed women relationship men renewed interest woman suffrage occur end century prohibition continued press legislative action gain political power favor prohibition legislation state formed able effectively significant force voters state advocates continued work established political parties legislative success occurred state legislature passed law local option law authored minister served state legislature leader national league political powerhouse protestant voters members major denominations support dry legislation law allowed voters city township file prevent individual saloon owner acquiring liquor license additional legislative efforts extend law achieve statewide prohibition indiana occur early twentieth century meeting called try revive defunct indiana movement indiana auxiliary formed officers elected officers included president vice president second vice president secretary treasurer judge high profile crime fascinated crime criminals historians argued popularity exploits banks getting away murder derived working class resentment group brothers served civil war formed outlaw gang united_states named brothers indiana region years responsible train robbery united_states occurred near actions inspired host outlaw gangs copied work beginning decades high profile train pursued detectives gang captured notorious flourished post war years including infamous black widow serial killer killed people men murder response criminals white cap groups began operating state primarily southern counties began carrying suspected criminals leading state attempt crack practices turn 20th century notorious anti laws passed incident governor called militia protect prisoner white caps showed lynch militia opened fire killing wounding activity decreased following incident remained low rise 1920s crime stories grabbed headlines 1920s 1930s prohibition took effect demise opened financial criminal activity especially underground smuggling liquor chicago south bend indianapolis cities enforcement anti saloon league lobbying agency rallied community support enforcement called punishment set extra legal raids gambling joints seldom law enforcement state federal courts instead gave enforcement bad republican elected state attorney general opposition tolerate extra legal operations instead stressed dangers citizens constitutional rights personal freedoms emphasized importance representative government levels states rights concept separation church state proposed personal liberty sacrificed order save people replied surrendering power individual freedoms slippery slope centralized government native indianapolis began streak bank indiana midwest 1920s prison return crime returned prison year escaped help gang gang responsible multiple murders theft killed fbi shootout chicago twentieth century economic modernization industry rapidly expanding northern state indiana remained largely rural turn 20th century growing population million like rest american midwest indiana exports job providers remained largely agricultural world war indiana developing industry backed inexpensive natural gas large educated population low taxes easy access transportation business friendly government led indiana grow leading manufacturing states state central location gave dense network railroads line identified state provided passenger service students route numerous small colleges painted cars school colors especially popular football weekends merged larger lines closed passenger service lost identity built elaborate network light rails connect rural areas shopping opportunities cities began operation miles track counties automobile lines chicago south shore operating chicago indiana state adopt legislation allowed dangerous male criminals mentally effect indiana state rule legislation unconstitutional supreme_court indiana acted revised law passed remained effect complex built new era history indiana cities miles detroit giant automobile industry indianapolis venue auto companies products indianapolis quickly standard auto racing european american companies competed build fastest automobile win track industrial technological industries era developed early received patent steel statewide prohibition decades twentieth century indiana anti saloon league formed state auxiliary national woman successfully organized pressure indiana politicians especially members republican_party support dry cause organization dry crusade indiana key force efforts attaining passage statewide prohibition early rallied state support ratification eighteenth amendment success leadership ordained methodist minister model league state organizations clear politicians care drank insisted vote dry laws face defeated election dry voters passage moore amendment expanded state local option law apply liquor license applicants local township city ward step seek prohibition appealed general public holding large rallies indianapolis support county option law provide restrictive ban alcohol september indiana governor methodist republican called special legislative session establish county option allow county voters prohibit alcohol sales county state legislature passed bill narrow margin november seventy indiana ninety counties dry democratic legislative majority replaced county option law geographically restrictive local option number dry counties reduced despite setback prohibition advocates continued lobby legislators support december organizations formed fight politically powerful liquor interests joining group short time later vigorously campaigned statewide prohibition adopted february subsequent legal challenges delayed implementation statewide prohibition court ruled june indiana prohibition law valid january indiana fifth state eighteenth amendment mandated nationwide prohibition days later nebraska thirty sixth state amendment providing thirds majority states required amend constitution beginning nationwide prohibition january formal ratification eighteenth amendment previous day efforts turned enforcement new law protestant support prohibition remained intense indiana 1920s lead statewide campaign successfully passed new prohibition law state sponsored indiana representative known wright bone dry law enacted wright law national trend prohibition legislation imposed severe penalties alcohol possession great depression election democratic party candidates ended widespread national support prohibition included repeal eighteenth amendment major issue presidential campaign good promise american voters december amendment repealed eighteenth amendment ended nationwide prohibition indiana legislature continued regulate alcohol state allocation state liquor licenses prohibition sales sunday women activism middle class indiana women learned organizational skills suffrage movements 1890s applying new skills needs home communities organizing women clubs combined literary activity social activism focused needs public health good schools women increasingly learn focus energies objectives specialized local organizations example concentrated oriented social concerns worked free middle class black women activists organized baptist methodist churches leadership formed statewide umbrella group sponsored clubs cities state members budget members public school teachers women active local business black community government positions affiliated headed husband powerful network black activists prominent member indiana madame walker indianapolis owned nationally successful business selling beauty hair products black women club meetings focused home making classes research statistics status blacks indiana nationwide suffrage anti activism local clubs operated rescue missions nursery schools educational programs floods march march indiana dozen states experienced major flooding great flood indiana worst flood disaster time weather system created unprecedented flooding arrived indiana sunday march major tornado days rainfall topped inches southern indiana half falling hour period march heavy rains runoff rising rivers resulted extensive flooding northeast central southern indiana indiana flood related deaths estimated flood damage estimated million dollars state local communities handled disaster response relief small organization time established temporary headquarters indianapolis served hardest hit indiana counties indiana governor appealed indiana cities states relief assistance appointed trustee receive relief funds arrange distribution supplies independent organizations indianapolis helped local relief efforts world war divided entering world war germany resumed submarine warfare tried enlist mexico military ally wanted neutral war support britain came businessmen opposition came women farmers irish catholics german american elements called neutrality strongly opposed going war rescue british_empire influential opposed involvement war included democratic senator vice president supporters military included opposition dissipated united_states officially declared war germany april teachers lost jobs suspicion public schools longer teach german socialist leader went federal prison encouraging young men evade draft units sent europe separate organization formed primarily social purposes members marched patriotic events governor november growing workers strike indianapolis state decided group renaming supplying equipment training unit named effectively state militia world war members called federal government indiana provided troops war majority drafted men died pneumonia honor veterans war state began construction indiana world war memorial twenties great depression war time economy provided boom indiana industry agriculture led 1920s workers employed industry agriculture indiana indiana greatest industries steel production iron automobiles railroad cars scandal erupted state discovered half seats general_assembly controlled including members political parties pushed anti catholic legislative agenda including ban education general_assembly session grand dragon boasted law indiana convicted murder year sentenced life prison governor helped elect refused pardon began conspirators led state making string arrests political leaders including governor mayor indianapolis attorney general crackdown effectively rendered powerless 1930s indiana like rest nation affected great depression economic wide ranging negative impact indiana declined governor administration struggled build scratch state funded welfare system help overwhelmed private charities administration spending taxes cut drastically response depression state government completely reorganized enacted state income tax occasions declared martial law end worker strikes great depression unemployment exceeded statewide hard hit unemployment topped worst years federal began operations indiana july october year agency work people working agency majority workers employed improve state infrastructure roads bridges flood control projects water treatment plants helped index collections libraries artists employed create murals post offices libraries nearly community project work 1930s local businesses collapsed railroads went bankrupt numerous small rural banks folded manufacturing came abrupt halt severely cut demand products depression continued negatively affect indiana buildup world war effects continued felt years world war economy began recover unemployment remained high youth older workers federal government built supplies armaments going world war indiana participated nation economy resources domestically state produced munitions army plant near fighter plane manufactured republic aviation steel produced northern indiana tanks battleships submarines war related materials produced state indiana military bases activated areas camp reaching historical peaks activity population highly supportive war efforts political left supported war unlike world war opposed churches showed based anderson strong element reaching high point late 1930s war america attacked anti communist sentiment kept strong developing likewise strong base near richmond generally regarded world war war served continued federal government hostile churches helped young men provide valuable service nation set training program unpaid jobs young women liable draft volunteered unpaid jobs demonstrate patriotism worked mental hospitals state sent nearly enlisted drafted died conflict wounded served major theaters war sacrifice honored additions world war memorial indianapolis finished tens thousands women volunteered war service agencies red_cross representative served coffee combat soldiers england france red_cross died plane crash france 21st century struck major flood leading widespread damage evacuations hundreds thousands residents disaster history state early damage estimates topping billion indiana exports totaled billion record high state rate export growth faster indiana nation | History of Indiana | History | World history | North American history |
1715_Haymarketaffair | affair affair known massacre riot aftermath bombing took place labor demonstration tuesday square chicago began peaceful rally support workers striking hour day reaction killing workers previous day police unknown person threw dynamite bomb police acted disperse public meeting bomb blast ensuing gunfire resulted deaths seven police officers civilians scores wounded internationally publicized legal proceedings followed convicted conspiracy evidence defendants built bomb trial thrown seven sentenced death term years prison death sentences defendants illinois governor terms life prison committed suicide jail face hanged november illinois new governor pardoned remaining defendants criticized trial affair generally considered significant origin international day workers site incident designated chicago landmark public sculpture dedicated addition defendants burial site nearby designated single event influenced history labor illinois united_states world began rally consequences felt today rally included american history textbooks present event accurately point significance according labor studies professor background following civil war particularly following depression rapid expansion industrial production united_states chicago major industrial center tens thousands german bohemian immigrants employed day american workers worked average slightly hours day work week city center attempts organize labor demands better working conditions employers responded anti union measures firing union members locking workers recruiting employing spies private security forces ethnic tensions order divide workers mainstream newspapers supported business interests opposed labor immigrant press economic socialist organizations active membership rejected socialism supported hour work day grew chicago movement thousand immigrant workers centered german language newspaper workers times edited operated militant revolutionary force armed section equipped guns explosives revolutionary strategy centered belief successful operations police seizure major industrial centers result massive public support workers revolution destroy capitalism establish socialist economy day parade strikes october convention held unanimously set date hour work day standard chosen date approached labor unions prepared general strike support hour day saturday thousands workers went strike rallies held united_states cry hour day cut pay estimates number striking workers range half million new_york_city number estimated detroit milwaukee wisconsin workers turned chicago movement center estimated workers gone strike twice people streets participating demonstrations marches example march men employed chicago lumber yards participants events added disputed march number michigan avenue led founder wife children striking workers chicago met near plant union plant locked early february predominantly irish american workers come attack earlier strike action event hour workers gained respect notoriety city time general strike entering plant protection garrison police officers half replacement workers defected general strike workers continued harass crossed picket lines speaking rally outside plant august spies advised striking workers hold stand union succeed planned coordinated general strike point remained largely end bell sounded group workers gates confront despite calls calm spies police fired crowd workers killed newspaper accounts said fatalities spies later testify knew experience past people express purpose defeating hour movement outraged act police violence local quickly printed distributed calling rally following day square called commercial center near corner street street printed german english claimed police murdered behalf business interests urged workers seek justice batch contain words spies saw line said speak rally words removed destroyed new printed words copies revised distributed rally began peacefully light rain evening spoke crowd estimated variously standing open wagon adjacent square large number duty police officers watched nearby historian specializing study quotes spies saying prevail opinion quarters meeting called purpose riot preparations called law order let tell beginning meeting called purpose object meeting explain general situation hour movement throw light incidents connection following spies speech crowd addressed parsons alabama born editor radical english language weekly alarm crowd calm mayor stopped watch walked home early parsons spoke hour standing favor speaker evening british socialist delivered brief minute address crowd left weather deteriorating new_york_times article headlined rioting streets chicago policemen dead dying reported spoke minutes alleging words grew violent proceeded new_york_times article headlined anarchy red hand dated opens villainous teachings bore bloody fruit chicago tonight daylight dozen men laid lives tribute doctrine refers mob uses quotation marks term bombing gunfire finishing speech police arrived marching formation speakers wagon ordered rally disperse insisted meeting peaceful police inspector proclaimed command addressing speaker law addressing crowd disperse home bomb metal filled dynamite ignited fuse thrown path advancing police fuse briefly bomb exploded killing policeman flying metal fragments mortally wounding officers witnesses maintained immediately bomb blast exchange police accounts vary widely fired crowd fired police maintains police fired fleeing fired killing wounding people disputed minutes square casualties according new_york_times began firing police returned fire report incident wrote gave order cease firing fearing men darkness fire anonymous police official told chicago_tribune large number police wounded man got squares away rest emptied mainly seven policemen workers killed policeman died years incident complications related injuries received day policemen wounded incident carried wounded people nearby police station police captain later wrote number wounded workers largely excess police chicago herald described scene wild estimated dead wounded civilians lay streets unclear civilians wounded afraid seek medical attention fearing arrest found aid aftermath red scare harsh anti union followed incident massive community business support police thousands dollars donated funds medical care assist efforts entire labor immigrant community particularly germans came suspicion police raids carried homes offices suspected scores suspects remotely related affair arrested casting legal requirements search aside chicago police squads subjected labor activists chicago week meeting halls places business emphasis speakers rally newspaper small group discovered engaged making bombs day incident including round ones like square newspaper reports declared blame riot view adopted alarmed public time passed press reports illustrations incident elaborate coverage national international property owners press elements society consensus developed suppression necessary union organizations craft unions quick movement violent tactics self defeating workers hand believed men responsible agency tactic secretly labor groups violent methods strike breaking legal proceedings investigation police assumed thrown bomb planned conspiracy problem prove morning raided offices arresting editor brother charged arrested editorial assistant search premises resulted discovery evidence considered prosecution police searched premises found number bombs bomb making materials landlord arrested police identified bomb maker charged associate spies suspected bomber traced brought chicago interrogation offered cooperate police alleged defendants experimented dynamite bombs accused having published said code word peace arms square defendants police lead suspect bomb arrested twice early released apparent played significant role event fled country turned state evidence testified prosecution charged june seven suspects indicted grand jury stood trial accessories murder present bomb exploded newspaper editor spoken peaceful rally stepping speaker wagon compliance police orders disperse bomb went present beginning rally left hall rendezvous time explosion known activist spoken hour rally going parsons believed evidence weak subsequently voluntarily turned solidarity accused man spies assistant editor brother law arrested speaking rally time bombing later pardoned directly tied rally arrested notorious militant home playing cards day hot headed bomb maker denounced associate defendant present day american born citizen german descent associated attempted revive aftermath riot defendants spies fischer german born immigrants sixth citizen german descent remaining parsons born england respectively british heritage trial trial illinois began june went august trial conducted atmosphere extreme prejudice public media defendants presided judge judge displayed open hostility defendants consistently ruled prosecution failed maintain motion try defendants separately denied defense counsel included moses selection jury difficult lasting weeks nearly thousand people called union members expressed sympathy socialism dismissed end jury seated confessed prejudice defendants despite prejudice judge seated declared despite evidence supported refusing dismiss prejudice eventually challenges defense exhausted frustrated hundreds dismissed appointed selected calling random proved selected likely convict based social position attitudes defendants prosecution led argued defendants actively discouraged person thrown bomb equally responsible conspirators jury heard testimony people including members defendants spies parsons brother claimed evidence linking bomb reflected widespread belief police investigators captain lead fragment removed policeman wounds analyzed reported lead matched bombs found home metal fragments taken wound roughly matched bombs concluded basis interviews experimenting years dynamite explosives design bombs coming effective minute discovered instructions included submitted instructions jury called instructions given verdict contemporary reactions jury returned guilty defendants sentenced told court officers city worst gangs houses stealing money watches laughed need laugh captain understand sense word judge sentenced seven defendants death hanging years prison sentencing provoked outrage labor workers movements supporters resulting protests world defendants status especially abroad portrayals foreign press publication captain sensational account hand inspired widespread public fear general anti immigrant feeling public opinion article entitled anarchy red hand new_york_times described incident bloody fruit villainous teachings described defendants arch riot murder reporters described bloody red bloody monsters thieves assassins journalist wrote piece identified fears middle class americans concerning labor asserted workers blame troubles remarked men ultimately hanged chicago_tribune led investigation dismissed police force allegedly having fabricated evidence case reinstated appeals case appealed defendants represented general petition denied suicide appeals exhausted illinois governor sentences life prison november eve scheduled execution committed suicide cell smuggled blasting cap reportedly held mouth like cigar blast blew half face survived hours executions day november defendants fischer parsons spies taken white robes sang anthem international revolutionary movement family members including attempted time arrested searched bombs found according witnesses moments men hanged spies shouted time come silence powerful voices today words fischer called parsons requested speak cut signal given open trap door witnesses reported condemned men die immediately dropped death slowly sight left spectators visibly shaken identity bomber notwithstanding convictions conspiracy actual bomber brought trial explanation conspiracy trial main conspiracy completely legitimate historians evidence points brother law likely people history united states pointed suggesting posing threw bomb police pretext arrest leaders chicago movement disputes claim sheer speculation utterly foundation argues appearance match description bomber behavior inconsistent culprit mole documents extensive collection documents relating affair legal proceedings related created pardon historical characterization supporters labor movement united_states abroad trial widely believed unfair justice prominent people novelist celebrated attorney poet playwright playwright strongly condemned june illinois governor progressive governor illinois german immigrant signed calling victims packed biased judge noting state discovered threw bomb killed policeman evidence connection whatsoever defendants man threw city chicago failing hold responsible repeated use lethal violence striking workers actions concerning labor defeat reelection soon trial wrote history trial critical prosecution police captain wrote accounts opposite perspective awaiting sentencing defendants wrote edited published later activist published biography condemned husband years event wrote history superseded scholarly treatment social history era labor historian wrote popular history writes lacking credible evidence bombing prosecution focused writings speeches defendants notes conspiracy charge legally unprecedented judge partisan admitted prejudice defendants writes feelings fear anger surrounding trial ruled justice right outset smith notes scholars long considered trial notorious justice review somewhat critical defendants historian concludes tragedy american justice system protect damn needed protection damn talk wildly need protection state labor historian published history based examination trial archival material concludes abundant evidence connecting defendants advocacy violence preparations argues chicago international terrorist network hatch conspiracy attack police bombs guns day weekend calls evidence establishing guilt defendants overwhelming trial fair standards age jury representative according tragic end story product hang largely combination incompetence defendant lawyers willingness use trial save clients late 20th century scholars research affair surprised learn primary source documentation relating incident materials concerning trial chicago transferred communist effects labor movement day affair setback american labor movement fight hour day seen strengthening resistance especially chicago historian points trade union activities continued signs growth culminating later establishment fine observes fact despite police repression newspaper organization possessing classes followed throwing bomb chicago wage united forces resistance conservative radical central bodies trade unions single native born foreign born germans got time political field summer following affair doubled membership reaching fall labor day number chicago workers parade led country anniversary event published interview senator addressed consensus conflict capital labor intensifying articulated vision advocated industrial system worker owned strategies pursued advance conditions laborers interview republished pamphlet include bill stanford introduced senate foster popular pressure continued establishment hour day convention union decided campaign shorter agreed date workers strike hour work day president wrote congress second international meeting paris informed world plans proposed international fight universal hour work day response letter adopted resolution calling great international demonstration single date workers demand hour work day light americans plan international adopted date demonstration secondary purpose adoption resolution honor memory workers killed association strikes writes little doubt associated resolution passed knew demonstrations strikes hour day united_states events associated tragedy international day spectacular success page devoted coverage event headlines parade trade centers world join demands normal day times london listed dozen european cities demonstrations taken place noting rallies cuba peru chile commemoration day annual event following year association day remained strong mexico mother jones mexico wrote day marked killing workers chicago demanding hour day new_york_times referred day parade mexico_city annual demonstration memory killed chicago new_york_times described demonstration commemoration death chicago grandson attended day parade mexico_city shown host told world shows respect grandfather influence affair limited celebration day activist political theorist attracted reading incident executions later described events inspired spiritual birth growth considered decisive influence existence associate described potent vital inspiration commitment result affair included big bill founding member wrote historian affair awakened social consciousness hundreds thousands people suspected bombers admitting defendants involved bombing prosecution argument built bomb prosecution witnesses tried imply bomb helped spies fischer defendants claimed knowledge bomber activists including close associate defendants wrote account case later hinted knew bomber writers commentators speculated possible suspects activist brother law bomb exploded indicted defendants fled city later country brought trial detectives lead suspect state witness testified saw throw bomb identifying photograph court later sent letters london responsibility writing thrown bomb surely ashamed truth thought generally accepted widely known suspect figured bomb bomb tragedy written point view story opens deathbed harris description fictional knew criticized book german died german claimed learned bomber correspondence activists proof emerged suspected noted chicago arrived days contradicted statements bomber known figure chicago german owned small farm outside chicago settled bavaria like parsons spies delegate member granddaughter wrote letter said mother time bombing told father bomber died saloon fire based correspondence concluded strong possibility little known bomber agent suggested members movement believed bomber member police trying undermine labor movement statements activists said bomber rejected notion said bomb worker widely suspected asked knew threw bomb answered suppose excited said governor speculated bomb worker associated defendants movement personal police statement said record police brutality workers invited revenge adding man responsible deaths police officers identified bomber new_york claimed admitted throwing bomb august attorney sent telegram new_york defense attorney captain day executions claiming knowledge bomber identity black tried delay execution telegram governor refused later learned primary witness trial insurance fraud regarded credible historians carpenter pennsylvania severely injured accident week executions owen reportedly confessed bombing deathbed saying riot threw bomb riot apparently chicago time accounts note long accident said saw bomb owen trying save condemned men big killed police melee bombing separate disturbance day named suspect supporting evidence mysterious outsider reported saloon keeper indianapolis claimed encountered stranger saloon day bombing man carrying way new_york chicago according stranger interested labor situation chicago repeatedly pointed said hear trouble soon parsons testimony suggest bomb sent eastern learned claim burial monument parsons buried german later merged illinois suburb chicago buried died reuniting sculptor raised century later designated interior 20th century activists chose buried near graves memorials commemorative foot meter bronze statue chicago policeman sculptor erected middle private funds raised statue unveiled son officer 41st anniversary affair jumped tracks crashed monument said sick seeing policeman arm raised city restored statue moved 1950s construction kennedy expressway erased half old run market square statue moved special platform built overlooking freeway near original location statue black paint anniversary affair following confrontation police protest vietnam war october shortly days rage protests statue destroyed bomb placed legs took credit blast broke nearly windows neighborhood scattered pieces statue kennedy expressway statue rebuilt unveiled blown october statue rebuilt mayor posted hour police guard statue guard cost year moved lobby enclosed courtyard chicago police academy decades statue graffiti marked pedestal stood platform run remains square known landmark june statue new pedestal unveiled officer great granddaughter site speakers wagon marked bronze plaque set reading decade strife labor industry culminated confrontation resulted tragic death workers policemen spectators labor rally gathered mouth crane alley contingent police approaching met bomb thrown south alley resultant trial activists gained worldwide attention labor movement initiated tradition day labor rallies cities designated march mayor september union leaders including president chicago police union unveiled monument chicago artist foot speakers wagon sculpture echoing wagon labor leaders stood square champion hour day bronze sculpture intended centerpiece proposed labor park meant symbolize rally free speech planned site include international commemoration wall plaques cultural seating area banners construction begun feature motion picture produced affair events leading aftermath encyclopedia chicago day riot monument monument cemetery memorial | Haymarket affair | History | World history | North American history |
1793_September11attacks | september attacks september attacks referred series coordinated terrorist attacks islamic terrorist group united_states morning september attacks killed people injured caused billion property infrastructure damage total costs passenger operated major passenger air carriers departed airports northeastern united_states bound california terrorists planes flight flight crashed north south towers respectively complex new_york_city hour minutes story towers collapsed debris resulting fires causing partial complete collapse buildings complex including story world trade center tower significant damage large surrounding structures plane flight crashed pentagon headquarters virginia leading partial collapse building western fourth plane flight initially steered washington crashed field near pennsylvania passengers tried overcome total people including killed injured deadliest incident firefighters law enforcement officers history united_states killed respectively suspicion attack quickly fell united_states responded attacks launching war terror invading afghanistan countries strengthened anti terrorism legislation expanded powers law enforcement intelligence agencies prevent terrorist attacks leader initially denied involvement claimed responsibility attacks cited support israel presence troops saudi_arabia sanctions iraq motives having evaded capture decade located killed seal team military destruction nearby infrastructure caused damage economy significant effect global markets closing wall street september civilian canada september evacuations followed respect fear attacks cleanup site completed pentagon repaired year november construction began site building officially opened november numerous memorials constructed including national september memorial museum new_york_city pentagon memorial virginia flight national memorial field near pennsylvania background origins traced soviet_union invaded afghanistan traveled afghanistan helped organize arab resist soviets guidance radical issued calling american soldiers leave saudi_arabia second outlined objections american foreign policy respect israel continued presence american troops saudi_arabia gulf war islamic texts muslims attack americans stated grievances reversed muslim legal scholars islamic history unanimously agreed individual duty enemy destroys muslim countries according orchestrated attacks initially denied later admitted involvement broadcast statement september stating stress carried act appears carried individuals motivation november forces recovered destroyed house afghanistan video seen talking admits attacks december second video released video said clear west general america particular hatred islam hatred terrorism america deserves praised response injustice aimed forcing america stop support israel kills people end united_states imminent followers alive dead awakening muslim nation occurred stopped short admitting responsibility attacks refers times united_states specifically targeting muslims shortly presidential election taped statement publicly acknowledged involvement attacks admitted direct link attacks said attacks carried free want regain freedom nation undermine security undermine said personally directed followers attack pentagon video obtained september shows preparations attacks formally indicted attacks fbi wanted list bombings kenya year killed american special forces compound pakistan journalist arabic television channel reported april admitted involvement determined animosity united_states felt principal architect attacks stemmed violent disagreement foreign policy favoring israel adviser world trade center bombing uncle lead bomber attack arrested march pakistan pakistani security officials working cia transported interrogated methods including hearings march confessed responsibility attacks stating responsible operation statement members testimony trial people identified having completely aware operation details date peripheral figures tried convicted attacks september spanish high court sentenced years prison conspiracy attacks member terrorist organization time members sentenced penalties years february reduced penalty years considered participation conspiracy proven originally suspected assigned 20th convicted lesser role conspiracy commit acts terrorism air piracy serving life sentence parole united_states associate hamburg based serving years germany role helping prepare attacks hamburg cell germany included radical eventually came key attacks members hamburg cell motives declaration holy war united_states signed calling killing americans seen investigators evidence motivation november letter america explicitly stated motives attacks include support israel support attacks muslims support russian atrocities muslims pro american governments middle_east act agents muslim interests support indian oppression muslims presence troops saudi_arabia sanctions iraq attacks released additional video tapes audio tapes repeated reasons attacks particularly important publications letter america video tape interpreted muhammad having banned permanent presence issued calling american troops leave saudi_arabia wrote seven years united_states occupying lands islam places rulers people neighbors turning bases peninsula fight neighboring muslim peoples december interview said felt americans near considered entire muslim world analysis suicide terrorism suggested troops saudi_arabia likely able people commit suicide missions identified iraq sanctions reason kill americans condemning protracted blockade actions constitute declaration war messenger muslims declared ruling kill americans allies civilians military individual duty muslim country possible order liberate mosque holy mosque grip order americans armies lands islam defeated unable threaten muslim claimed idea destroying towers occurred witnessed israel bombardment high rise apartment buildings lebanon war analysts including claim motivation attacks support israel connected september attacks support israel letter expressed disdain president bush hope destroy bankrupt motives suggested addition stated including western support islamic non islamic authoritarian regimes saudi_arabia iran egypt iraq pakistan northern africa presence western troops countries authors suggest humiliation resulting islamic world falling western world rendered especially visible trend desire provoke broader war islamic world hope allies support similarly argued strategic objective provoking america war pan islamic revolution planning attacks idea attacks came presented time period transition having relocated afghanistan bombings marked turning point intent attacking united_states late early gave approval forward organizing plot series meetings occurred early involving deputy provided operational support plot including target selections helping arrange travel overruled rejecting potential targets los_angeles time prepare operation provided leadership financial support plot involved selecting participants initially selected experienced fought bosnia arrived united_states mid january spring took flying lessons san_diego california spoke little english performed poorly flying lessons eventually served secondary muscle late group men hamburg germany arrived afghanistan including selected men educated speak english experience living west new recruits routinely screened special skills leaders consequently discovered commercial pilot license later said helped blend teaching order food restaurants dress western clothing arrived san_diego december joining soon left arizona took training arrived end arrived june arrived june applied times united_states rejected concerns remain illegal immigrant stayed hamburg providing coordination hamburg cell members took pilot training south florida spring secondary began arriving united_states july met spain coordinated details plot including final target selection passed wish attacks carried soon possible received corrupt officials family members fraudulent gain entry intelligence attacks late associate contacted telling meet malaysia attendance intercepted telephone mentioning meeting agency feared took action cia alerted intelligence status members cia team broke hotel room discovered alerted intelligence agencies worldwide fact share information fbi malaysian special branch observed january meeting members informed cia flying cia notified agencies ask fbi liaison asked permission inform fbi meeting told matter fbi late june senior counter terrorism official cia director convinced major series attacks come cia believed attacks likely occur saudi_arabia israel early july clarke domestic agencies alert telling spectacular going happen soon asked fbi alert police departments threat condition delta clarke later write cia information known terrorists come united_states fbi information strange things going flight schools united_states specific information individual terrorists information got white_house july cia agent assigned fbi international terrorism division superiors cia requesting permission inform fbi country cia responded day july fbi analyst working told review material malaysia meeting told participants presence cia surveillance photos meeting fbi tell significance database informed share intelligence material meeting criminal investigators shown photos fbi refused details significance receive date birth passport number late august told ins fbi fbi prohibited criminal agents search duo hindered efforts july phoenix based fbi agent sent message fbi headquarters fbi agents new_york possibility coordinated effort send students united_states attend civil aviation universities colleges agent suggested need interview flight school managers identify arab students seeking flight training july jordan alerted planning attack months later jordan notified attack big wedding involved august cia designated president entitled determined strike memo noted fbi information indicates patterns suspicious activity country consistent preparations types attacks mid august minnesota flight school alerted fbi asked suspicious questions fbi found radical traveled pakistan ins arrested french request search denied fbi headquarters lack probable cause failures intelligence sharing attributed policies limiting intelligence sharing combined cia reluctance revealing sensitive sources methods tapped phones commission april attorney general recalled single greatest structural cause september 11th problem wall segregated separated criminal investigators intelligence agents clarke wrote failures organizations failures information right place right time attacks early morning september took control commercial boeing boeing route california headed los_angeles san_francisco logan international airport boston massachusetts newark new_jersey counties virginia large planes long flights selected heavily fueled flights flight boeing aircraft departed logan airport route los_angeles crew passengers including flew plane new_york_city flight boeing aircraft departed logan airport route los_angeles crew passengers including flew plane new_york_city flight boeing aircraft departed route los_angeles crew passengers including flew plane pentagon virginia flight boeing aircraft departed newark international airport route san_francisco crew seven passengers including passengers attempted subdue aircraft crashed field near pennsylvania media coverage extensive attacks aftermath beginning moments crash events crashed flight northern façade crashed flight southern façade flew flight pentagon fourth flight flight control crashed near pennsylvania southeast pittsburgh passengers fought flight target believed capitol white_house flight cockpit voice recorder revealed crew passengers tried seize control plane learning phone calls flights crashed buildings morning evident passengers regain control plane rolled plane intentionally crashed passengers crew members called aircraft cabin service mobile phones provided details aboard plane tear gas pepper spray overcome people aboard stabbed reports indicated stabbed killed pilots flight passengers according final report recently purchased multi function hand tools type utility knives locking blades forbidden passengers time found possessions left flight attendant flight passenger flight passengers flight said bombs passengers said thought bombs fake fbi found traces explosives crash sites commission concluded bombs probably fake buildings collapsed fire induced structural failure collapsed burning minutes fire caused impact flight explosion fuel collapsed burning minutes collapsed debris fell nearby world trade center building damaging starting fires fires burned hours building structural integrity collapsed west pentagon sustained significant damage grounded civilian aircraft continental civilian aircraft flight told land immediately international civilian aircraft turned airports canada mexico banned landing united_states territory days attacks created widespread confusion news organizations air traffic controllers unconfirmed contradictory news reports aired day prevalent said car bomb detonated headquarters washington jet flight suspected having aircraft responded controllers landed safely cleveland ohio april interview believed organized attacks said flight intended target united_states capitol white_house planning stage attacks pilot flight thought white_house tough target sought assessment piloted flight said initially planned target nuclear installations pentagon decided fearing things control final decisions targets according left hands pilots casualties attacks resulted deaths people injuries death toll included planes survivors surrounding area pentagon nearly perished civilians exceptions firefighters law enforcement officers military personnel terrorists died attacks new_york new_jersey lost state citizens city having citizens died attacks countries lost citizens september attacks attacks september marked worst terrorist attack world history deadliest foreign attack american soil japanese surprise attack pearl harbor december virginia pentagon workers lost lives flight crashed western building civilians military personnel worked united_states_army united_states_navy army lost civilian employees civilian contractors soldiers navy lost civilian employees civilian contractors sailors seven defense intelligence agency civilian employees dead attack office secretary defense contractor lieutenant general army deputy chief staff highest ranking military official killed pentagon new_york_city workers visitors died towers points impact people point impact trapped died smoke fell jumped tower escape smoke flames killed building eventual collapse destruction tower flight hit impossible impact zone escape people point impact died left intact flight hit allowing people located floors impact including man saw plane coming floors escape new_york_city operators received calls individuals inside tower informed situation rapidly result told descend tower total people died tower fewer half number killed casualties significantly reduced occupants deciding start evacuating soon struck people fell jumped deaths burning towers exemplified photograph falling man landing streets adjacent buildings hundreds feet occupants tower point impact way roof hope helicopter rescue roof access doors locked plan existed helicopter rescues combination roof equipment thick smoke intense heat prevented helicopters approaching total emergency workers died tried rescue people fight fires lost firefighters including chaplain lost officers lost officers emergency medical technicians private emergency medical services units killed investment bank floors lost employees considerably employer located immediately floors lost employees employees killed estimated civilians complex time attacks counts suggest people typically twin towers people impact zone safely evacuated buildings weeks attack death toll estimated twice number deaths eventually confirmed city able identify remains victims medical office collected unidentified bone tissue fragments matched list dead bone fragments found workers preparing demolish damaged team archaeologists searched human remains personal items fresh kills seventy human remains recovered bringing total found dna continues attempt identify additional victims remains held storage outside facilities expected remains moved wall museum july team scientists trying identify remains hope improved technology allow identify victims march victim identified victims identified damage floor numerous buildings site destroyed badly damaged including buildings completely destroyed world trade center pedestrian bridges connecting buildings severely damaged liberty street partially damaged demolished years later starting buildings suffered damage liberty street complex later condemned toxic conditions inside office tower borough condemned extensive damage attacks rebuilt neighboring buildings including building suffered major damage restored buildings liberty plaza church street moderate damage restored communications equipment destroyed media stations quickly able signals resume broadcasts pentagon severely damaged impact flight ensuing fires causing section building collapse airplane approached pentagon wings knocked light poles right engine hit power generator crashing western building plane hit pentagon floor level fuselage impact mid tail sections kept moving fraction second debris tail section penetrated building breaking feet building rings rescue efforts deployed units half department efforts supplemented numerous duty firefighters emergency medical technicians sent emergency service units police personnel deployed aviation unit scene coordinate efforts performed redundant searches civilians conditions deteriorated aviation unit relayed information police commanders issued orders personnel evacuate towers officers able safely evacuate buildings collapsed separate command posts set incompatible radio communications agencies warnings passed commanders tower collapsed commanders issued evacuation warnings technical difficulties radio systems firefighters heard evacuation orders received information passed commanders scene hours attack substantial search rescue operation launched months clock operations site cleared end aftermath immediate response officials notified flight turn notified massachusetts airborne slow confused communication officials minutes notice flight notice flights crashed twin towers hit fighters virginia vice president issued orders shoot commercial aircraft positively identified instructions relayed time fighters action fighters took air live ammunition knowing prevent striking intended targets pilots intercept crash fighters planes possibly moment time history invoked tens thousands passengers world closed american international flights causing flights turned countries canada received diverted flights launched operation yellow ribbon deal large numbers grounded planes stranded passengers attacks immediate effects american people police rescue workers country took leaves absence traveling new_york_city help recover bodies twisted remnants twin towers blood donations weeks deaths adults attacks resulted children losing parent subsequent studies documented children reactions actual losses feared losses life protective environment aftermath attacks effects surviving domestic reactions following attacks president bush approval rating september addressed nation joint session united_states congress events september subsequent days rescue recovery efforts described intended response attacks new_york_city mayor highly visible role won high praise new_york nationally relief funds immediately set assist victims attacks task providing financial assistance survivors attacks families victims deadline victim compensation september applications received families killed plans continuity government evacuation leaders implemented soon attacks congress told united_states continuity government status february largest restructuring government contemporary history united_states enacted homeland security act creating congress passed usa patriot act saying help detect prosecute terrorism crimes civil liberties groups criticized patriot act saying allows law enforcement invade privacy citizens judicial oversight law enforcement domestic intelligence effort effectively combat future acts terrorism given broad powers commenced surveillance telecommunications criticized permitted agency telephone mail communications united_states people overseas warrant response requests intelligence agencies permitted expansion powers government seeking obtaining sharing information citizens non people world hate crimes shortly attacks president bush public appearance washington largest acknowledged incredibly valuable contribution millions country called treated respect numerous incidents harassment hate crimes muslims south reported days following attacks targeted males usually wear associated muslims reports attacks religious buildings including hindu temple assaults people including murder mistaken muslim fatally shot september arizona according academic study people perceived middle eastern likely victims hate crimes followers islam time study found similar increase hate crimes people perceived muslims arabs thought middle eastern origin report american advocacy group known south asian americans leading documented media coverage bias incidents americans south asian middle eastern descent september crimes vandalism arson assault harassment threats numerous places documented muslim american response muslim organizations united_states swift condemn attacks called muslim americans come forward skills resources help alleviate affected people families organizations included council monetary donations islamic organizations launched blood drives provided medical assistance food shelter victims international reactions attacks denounced mass media governments worldwide globe nations offered pro american support solidarity leaders middle eastern countries afghanistan condemned attacks iraq notable exception immediate official statement american fruit crimes humanity government saudi_arabia officially condemned attacks privately favored cause united_states aftermath attacks saw tensions increase countries muslims non muslims condemned attacks expressed readiness necessary steps respond combat forms terrorism accordance charter numerous countries introduced anti terrorism legislation bank accounts suspected ties law enforcement intelligence agencies number countries arrested alleged terrorists british prime minister said britain stood shoulder shoulder united_states days later blair flew washington british solidarity united_states speech congress days attacks blair attended guest president bush declared america friend great_britain subsequently prime minister blair embarked months diplomacy rally international support military action held meetings world leaders travelled miles tens thousands people attempted flee afghanistan following attacks fearing response united_states pakistan home refugees previous conflicts closed border afghanistan september approximately month attacks united_states led broad coalition international forces overthrow regime afghanistan pakistani authorities initially reluctant align united_states permitted coalition access military bases arrested handed suspected members set detention camp hold inmates defined illegal enemy combatants legitimacy questioned european_union human rights organizations september iran fifth president meeting british foreign secretary said iran fully understands feelings americans terrorist attacks new_york washington september said american best indifferent terrorist operations iran instead felt differently expressed sympathetic feelings americans tragic incidents cities stated nations punished place terrorists according website attacks news released iranian citizens gathered serves protecting power united_states iran interests protecting office iran express sympathy lit candles symbol mourning piece news website states anniversary attacks published post blog department thanked iranian people sympathy stated forget iranian people kindness harsh days attacks president supreme leader iran condemned attacks bbc time magazine published reports holding victims iranian citizens websites according magazine following attacks supreme leader iran suspended usual chants friday prayers temporarily military operations afternoon september secretary defense issuing rapid orders aides look evidence iraqi involvement according notes taken senior policy official asked best fast judge good hit time notes quoted saying need swiftly near term target needs massive sweep things related meeting camp david september bush administration rejected idea attacking iraq response nato council declared attacks united_states attack nato nations satisfied article nato charter marked invocation article written cold war attack soviet_union mind australian prime minister attacks invoked article treaty bush administration announced war terror stated goals bringing justice preventing emergence terrorist networks goals accomplished imposing economic military sanctions states terrorists increasing global surveillance intelligence sharing september passed authorization use military force terrorists effect grants president authority use necessary appropriate force determined planned authorized committed aided september 11th attacks said persons groups october war afghanistan began british forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting camps later invaded afghanistan ground troops eventually led overthrow rule afghanistan december led coalition forces conflict afghanistan forces backed ongoing philippines indonesia nations internal conflicts islamic terrorism increased military readiness military forces united_states_of_america overthrow regime conflicts government iran iran force helped forces rebels uprising effects health issues hundreds thousands tons toxic debris containing including known spread collapse exposure debris alleged contributed fatal illnesses people ground zero bush administration ordered issue statements air quality aftermath attacks citing national security determine air quality returned pre september levels june health effects extended residents students office workers nearby deaths linked toxic dust victims names included memorial approximately people estimated developed illnesses result toxic dust scientific speculation exposure toxic products air negative effects development notable children environmental health center currently analyzing children mothers pregnant collapse living working nearby study rescue workers released april found studied impaired lung functions reporting little improvement persistent symptoms started year attack years attacks legal disputes costs illnesses related attacks court system october federal judge rejected new_york_city refusal pay health costs rescue workers allowing possibility numerous suits city government officials urging public return lower manhattan weeks shortly attacks administrator aftermath attacks heavily criticized district judge incorrectly saying area environmentally safe mayor criticized urging financial industry personnel return quickly greater wall street area united_states congress passed december president barack_obama signed act law january allocated billion create provides testing treatment people suffering long term health problems related attacks replaced related health programs program according new study pregnant women living near terror attacks experienced higher normal negative birth outcomes study princeton_university found mothers likely birth prematurely deliver babies low birth weights babies likely admitted intensive care units birth especially baby boys according study led economic attacks significant economic impact united_states world markets stock exchanges open september remained closed september reopening jones industrial average fell points record setting day point decline end week fallen points time largest week point drop history dollars stocks lost week new_york_city job months billion dollars wages lost months attacks economic effects mainly economy export sectors city estimated declined billion months government provided billion immediate assistance government new_york_city september billion early economic development infrastructure needs hurt small businesses near destroyed displaced resulting lost jobs consequent wages assistance provided loans federal government square feet office space damaged destroyed wondered jobs return damaged tax base recover studies economic effects manhattan office real estate market office employment affected feared financial services industry need face face interaction north american air space closed days attacks air travel decreased reopening leading nearly air travel capacity financial problems struggling airline industry september attacks led wars afghanistan iraq additional homeland security spending totaling cultural impact extends society culture general immediate responses included greater focus home life time spent family higher church attendance increased expressions patriotism flying flags radio industry responded removing certain songs attacks subsequently background narrative thematic elements film television music literature running television shows programs developed reflected cultural concerns conspiracy theories social phenomena despite lack support expert scientists engineers historians major impact religious faith individuals strengthened find cope loss loved ones overcome grief started question faith lost entirely reconcile view religion culture america succeeding attacks noted heightened security increased demand thereof paranoia anxiety future terrorist attacks includes nation confirmed increased national anxiety commercial air travel government policies terrorism result attacks governments world passed legislation combat terrorism germany terrorists resided taken advantage country liberal asylum policies major anti terrorism packages enacted removed legal permitted terrorists live raise money germany second addressed effectiveness communication intelligence law enforcement canada passed canadian anti terrorism act nation anti terrorism law united_kingdom passed anti terrorism crime security act new_zealand enacted terrorism suppression act united_states created homeland security act coordinate domestic anti terrorism efforts usa patriot act gave federal government greater powers including authority foreign terror suspects week charge monitor telephone communications mail internet use terror suspects prosecute suspected terrorists time restrictions ordered airplane reinforced prevent terrorists gaining control planes assigned sky flights federal government airports responsible airport security law created inspect passengers causing long delays concern passenger privacy investigations fbi immediately attacks started largest criminal inquiry history united_states height half fbi agents worked investigation followed half million leads fbi concluded clear evidence linking attacks fbi quickly able identify including leader discovered boston logan airport forced check bags space limitations seat commuter flight took boston new policy instituted prevent flight delays failed aboard flight planned contained names assignments connections arab language sic papers amounted stone investigation said fbi agent hours attacks fbi released names cases personal details suspected pilots september released photos information possible men saudi_arabia egypt lebanon midday german intelligence agencies intercepted communications pointing known travelled associate malaysia previously gone afghanistan terrorist cell hamburg members hamburg cell discovered communication identified member authorities united_states britain obtained electronic including telephone conversations electronic bank transfers indicate deputy key figure planning attacks obtained revealed conversations took place days september associate pakistan conversations referred incident place america september discussed potential repercussions conversation associate afghanistan discussed scale effects forthcoming operation conversations specifically mention pentagon cia inspector general cia conducted internal review agency performance harshly critical senior cia officials possible confront terrorism criticized failure stop entered united_states failure share information men fbi senators major political parties drafted legislation review public senator said american people right know critical months congressional inquiry february formed joint inquiry performance page report released december detailed fbi cia use available information including terrorists cia knew united_states order disrupt plots joint inquiry developed information possible involvement arabian government officials non classified sources bush administration demanded related pages remain classified december inquiry chair revealed interview evidence foreign governments involved activities terrorists united_states september 11th victim families frustrated unanswered questions material congressional inquiry demanded independent commission september 11th victim families members congress arabian government seeking release documents june cia chief says believes pages congressional inquiry soon public prove government saudi_arabia involvement september attacks united_states chaired formed late prepare thorough account circumstances surrounding attacks including immediate response attacks july commission issued commission report report detailed events found attacks carried members examined security intelligence agencies coordinated prevent attacks formed independent group senators representatives governors commissioners explained believe attacks revealed kinds failures imagination policy capabilities management commission numerous recommendations prevent future attacks dismayed recommendations implemented investigated collapses twin towers investigations examined buildings collapsed fire protection measures place evaluated fire protection systems improved future construction investigation collapse concluded october completed august found twin towers steel blown initial impact planes occurred towers likely remained standing study north tower collapse published researchers determined plane impact stripped structure thermal heat typical office fire weakened exposed columns initiate collapse regardless number columns cut damaged impact director original investigation stated towers terrorist aircraft didn bring buildings fire followed proven thirds columns tower building stand fires weakened supporting floors making floors floors pulled exterior steel columns causing exterior columns bow inward damage core columns exterior columns longer support buildings causing collapse additionally report found towers adequately reinforced provide adequate emergency escape people impact zones concluded fires caused floor beams heat subsequently caused critical support column fail initiating fire induced progressive collapse brought building rebuilding day attacks new_york_city mayor stated rebuild going come stronger politically stronger economically stronger skyline damaged section pentagon rebuilt occupied year attacks temporary station opened late construction new completed work rebuilding main site delayed late new_jersey agreed financing construction began april reached height installed atop building date putting height feet claiming title tallest building finished construction opened november site office towers expected built block east original towers stood construction begun towers memorials days immediately following attacks memorials held world photographs dead missing posted ground zero witness described unable away faces innocent victims killed pictures phone street lights walls subway stations reminded huge funeral people quiet sad nice new_york gave cold feeling people reaching help memorials tribute light installation towers new_york held design appropriate memorial site winning design selected august consists pair reflecting pools towers surrounded list victims names underground memorial space completed opened public seventh anniversary attacks consists park benches facing pentagon pentagon repaired private chapel indoor memorial included located spot flight crashed building permanent flight planned include sculpted grove trees forming circle crash site plane path wind bear names victims temporary memorial located yards crash site new_york_city firefighters donated cross steel mounted platform shaped like pentagon installed outside august permanent memorials scholarships charities established victims families organizations private figures anniversary new_york_city names victims died read background somber music president united_states attends memorial service pentagon asks americans observe patriot day moment silence smaller services held pennsylvania usually attended president | September 11 attacks | History | World history | North American history |
1898_IndianaTerritory | territory indiana organized incorporated territory united_states existed july december remaining southern portion territory admitted union state indiana created act congress signed law president effective july new territory created lands organized territory originally contained approximately square miles km2 land twice decreased size subdivided new territories territory governed oversaw negotiation native inhabitants open large parts territory settlement popularly elected government established territory continued grow population develop basic road network government education system outbreak territory line battle harrison led military force opening hostilities battle subsequent invasion canada war appointed vacant governorship opposition party led congressman dominance territorial affairs remaining years began pressing june constitutional convention held state government formed territory dissolved december act congress granting indiana original boundaries original boundaries included area west line running bank opposite mouth northeast fort recovery northward line approximately min territory initially included present day indiana present day illinois wisconsin fragments states minnesota east mississippi_river present day michigan western half lower_peninsula finally narrow strip present day ohio lying north west fort recovery parcel state ohio admitted union time southeast boundary shifted mouth great miami river location point opposite mouth eastern michigan added time area reduced creation creation government governors legislature created provision allowed creation popularly elected government congress granted president power appoint serve legislative judicial branch territorial government court consisted members president delegated task choosing members governor territory remained form government congress granted territory right slavery choose removed court legislative powers leaving judicial authority appointed president governor formation new legislative council approved county territory granted right elect representative council authority pass laws approved governor enacted makeup legislature altered congress body house_of_representatives created representation population house choose candidates president governor choose form council served upper house legislature structure legislature remained unchanged remainder territory existence congressional delegation delegate elected large territory wide election delegate attended congress right debate submit legislation serve committees permitted vote legislation high officials federal government paid salaries governor legislature judicial council provide funds additional governmental offices territory limited revenue afford fund large government population increased revenues grew size scope government new offices created different times territory primary source revenue sale federal lands territory collected proceeds sale property tax trading ventures native american tribes provided lesser revenues secretary treasurer attorney general history background formed included land mississippi_river great lakes single territory states ohio michigan indiana illinois wisconsin eastern minnesota act newly acquired territory surveyed according future development united_states act provided administration oversee territory time territory created american settlements later entire population thousand europeans native american population estimated near thousand possibly high seventy thousand began attempt end native rebellion miami town unsuccessfully attacked general governor defeat worst defeat army native americans history defeat led appointment general mad anthony wayne organized defeated native american force battle fallen treaty signed taking slice eastern indiana united_states occupied united_states rebuilt powerful miami nation consider allies united_states treaty formation july established preparation ohio capital new territory french trading post white settlements vast territory indiana meant land indians referred fact area north inhabited native americans south river kentucky traditional hunting ground northwestern tribes early american settlers kentucky referred north bank land indians colonies purchased claim northwest established hold claim recorded use word indiana claim land disputed virginia company claim extinguished case years later congress company applied new territory began counties present day illinois river south present day illinois south county present day indiana parts illinois michigan wisconsin area corresponding roughly northern illinois wisconsin northeastern corner minnesota western michigan upper peninsula governor territory named honor gained national fame term hero battle later ninth president united_states harrison served governor december harrison arrive territory begin governing january territorial secretary served acting governor creation territory arrival governor assisted governing territory member panel judges court served highest legislative judicial authority territory members appointed governor governor territory stage outlined harrison wide ranging powers new territory including authority appoint territorial officials territorial general_assembly authority divide territory districts harrison eager expand territory political fortunes tied indiana rise president granted harrison authority negotiate conclude treaties native american tribes territory harrison oversaw creation thirteen treaties purchasing acres km2 land native american leaders including present day southern indiana treaty treaty harrison negotiated new power invited leaders local tribes signed treaty recognizing american possession tract area captured american revolutionary war french treaty secured possession south western indiana tensions grew frontier neared breaking point contentious disputed treaty harrison purchased acres km2 american indian land central indiana eastern illinois availability new cheap land led rapid increase population territory thousands new settlers entering region year large settlements began spring periphery territory great lakes mississippi_river interior remained inhabited native american tribes left unsettled district louisiana october july administrative powers louisiana extended governor judges temporary measure govern newly purchased lands terms act establishing temporary government governor judges supposed meet twice year place convenient inhabitants thereof general residents new district objected provisions new united_states government including common law residents previously lived continental civil law district louisiana encompassed lands north 33rd parallel present day border states arkansas louisiana south parallel densely populated territory separately administered largely civil law louisiana governed source kansas history states kansas district louisiana administered annexed temporary act effect annexation depend actual duration sources declined administration annexation use annexed language maps generally fail reflect common governance louisiana way common color scheme border event louisiana soon separately administered louisiana effective july notable events period treaty sac fox tribes ceded northeastern missouri northern illinois southern wisconsin united_states treaty cause tribes british war raids missouri ohio spur politics harrison began lobby congress repeal article northwest ordinance prohibited slavery original order permit slavery claimed slavery necessary region appealing settlers ultimately territory economically viable year harrison territory granted representation united_states congress pro slavery territory representative position congress support harrison appeal able pass legislation article suspended years territories covered ordinance granted ability slavery act congress removed legislative power created legislative council elected popular vote harrison attempts caused significant stir settled eastern territory responded forming anti slavery party election anti slavery representative elected council harrison measures slavery blocked representatives county refused authorize slavery harrison supported request separate territory harrison opposed settlers petitioned congress formation separate territory despite harrison disapproval created year congress granted right elect house_of_representatives harrison found odds legislature anti slavery party came power year election promptly rebuffed plans slavery repealed laws enacted capital territory remained thirteen years territory reorganized illinois territory split far west edge legislature plans capital centralized population madison competed new capital harrison favored town founded named owned estate new capitol building finished government quickly relocated outbreak war fear attack war indian resistance movement expansion growing brothers prophet known convinced native tribes protected great spirit harm rise whites encouraged resistance telling tribes pay white traders half owed white man ways including clothing whiskey guns armed warriors traveled confronted harrison demanded treaty fort wayne rescinded harrison refused war party left peacefully angry threatened retaliation meeting meet tribes region hoping create confederation battle americans away harrison authorized secretary war march nascent confederation force harrison moved north army thousand men attempt making peace ploy failed tribes launched surprise attack harrison army early morning november ensuing battle known battle harrison ultimately won famous victory harrison publicly hailed national hero despite fact troops greatly outnumbered indian forces suffered casualties battle earned harrison national fame nickname old victory opened central indiana settlement allowed settlers safely venture southern periphery state war war harrison merged war indian confederation allied british canada meeting tribal leaders region held miami village hosted chief little turtle tribes decided remain neutral conflict rejected plans continued rebellion despite rejection continued lead army americans moved farther north supported british army followers remained continued raiding countryside engaged siege fort harrison land victory war served acting governor war harrison leading army harrison replaced june gibson continued acting governor incoming governor arrived numerous battles occurred modern state indiana include siege fort wayne battle native americans remained passive war incidents settlers tribes leading deaths hundreds territory treaty signed ended war relieved american settlers fears nearby british indian allies defeated harrison chosen candidate territory representative congress position attempt speed indiana path immediately introducing legislation grant indiana population entire territory wishes incoming governor noted disagreement men subject action taken legislation time outbreak war appointed territorial governor march served state governor sworn office november age poor health created rift politics territory refusing reside capital instead living closer doctor complicated matters supporter slavery opponents like dominated sought use bid permanently end possibility slavery state february united_states house_of_representatives began debate granting early territory approved census named census population territory found threshold required stated enabling act passed state granted permission form government subject approval congress constitutional convention met state constitution drawn june elections held august fill offices new state government november year constitution approved congress territorial government dissolved ending existence replacing state indiana commemoration celebrated annual event centered territorial capitol building festival includes actors period dress events pretend important settlers early indiana commemorative festivals occur madison history period noted historic markers monuments territory | Indiana Territory | History | World history | North American history |
2538_HistoryofDallas(1874–1929) | history dallas history dallas texas united_states documents city rapid growth emergence major center transportation trade finance originally small community built agriculture convergence railroads city strategic location expanding industries time dallas prospered grew populous city texas lavish steel masonry structures replaced timber constructions airport established conversely city suffered multiple setbacks recession series failing markets disastrous flooding spring shift industry shift manufacturing heavy industry dallas formed partially problems hurting dallas area cotton farmers purchasing supplies credit year farmers owed merchants crop price lowered high shipping costs port galveston worldwide cotton prices low created hoped help farmers setting dallas warehouse ship cotton refused finance warehouse venture failed months little manufacturing dallas city began light streets gas lamps began brick dirt lanes telephone came dallas linking water company fire station lit electricity opened zoo state dallas annexed geographically larger city making populous city texas panic following national financial panic numerous business failed including local banks cotton prices cents pound lumber flour markets weakened city began recover grow restored growth skilled workers joined trade unions granted charter dallas coordinate local activity prevent disputes opened west city annexed year wilson building patterned paris opened main street downtown turn century dallas leading wholesale market entire products important world center cotton trade led world manufacturing cotton machinery entered 20th century dallas built major presence banking insurance progressive reform sought improve municipal government changes commission system city planning controls interests white business residential districts protected expense blacks lived segregated neighborhoods explores changing assumptions city planning government city leaders dissatisfied development endorsed centralized planning wrote secured adoption new charter set board commissioners commission structure caused government officials view city separate parts 1920s supporters comprehensive planning calling program included adoption council manager government policy public funds improvements parks schools city streets voters approved bond proposals charter amendments dallas achieved coordinated government theoretically aware city needs able treat needs equally benefit city self image city fathers originally depicted dallas southern order slavery opposition reconstruction discouraged northern investment political support wealthy northern migrants city 1870s dallas leaders portrayed city southwestern later order incorporate wealthy non southern whites including jews society example seven brothers built successful businesses developing railroad lines including department store occupied numerous city state government posts white blue collar workers mexican americans blacks gender women establish fundamental elements social structure city focusing energies families schools churches city pioneer days organizations created modern urban scene founded led middle class women voluntary organizations club work connected city national cultural social trends 1880s women suffrage movements shifted boundaries private public life dallas pushing way politics social issues advocates woman suffrage drew educational advertising techniques national parties lobbying tactics women club movement tapped popular culture successfully popular symbolism traditional ideals adapt community festivals social gatherings task political developed suffrage campaign based social values community standards community social occasions served recruiting opportunities suffrage cause radical implications familiarity customary events dressing values traditional female behavior especially women color usually operated separately leader civil rights movement dallas focused working black youths organizing vanguard protests segregation practices texas flood relationship dallas healthy hoped dallas establishment banks trinity hopes navigation south trinity ultimately gulf_of_mexico realized attempts river proved futile plans transform river canal came fruition trinity suffered chronic flooding floods occurred severe flood reached depth feet width miles people died left homeless property damages estimated million dallas power days telephone telegraph service rail service canceled way reach boat hit harder city said suffering plagued area horror residents thousands livestock drowned flood lodged tops trees decay hung city water subsided flood control disastrous flood city wanted find way control reckless trinity build bridge linking dallas immediate reaction citizens city build weather crossing trinity attempted following flood result long wooden bridge connected oak cliff dallas unstable wooden structure washed swiftly away flood publisher proposed miles concrete bridge similar crossing kansas_city ultimately bond election approved houston street opened festivities drawing spectators bridge time longest concrete structure world efforts begun city created plan trinity city plans included divert river removing railroad lines pacific avenue consolidating train depots central station new parks widening streets plans lay later years began importance brought update plan 1930s plans realized financial center efforts began georgetown relocate dallas school refused action brought dallas attention voted establish university dallas city offered acres km2 land campus opened operational today dallas location eleventh regional branch city campaigned located dallas years bank arrival assured dallas place major financial center constructed downtown dallas style building stories feet tallest building texas time officially opened october august story petroleum building opened door took title tallest texas aviation popular topic world war love field established aviation training ground home camp dick training facility city purchased love field use municipal airport | History of Dallas (1874–1929) | History | World history | North American history |
3046_CrippleCreekminers'strikeof1894 | miners strike creek miners strike month strike colorado usa resulted victory union followed wars notable time united_states history state militia called june support striking workers strike characterized use dynamite ended colorado state militia private force working owners mines years strike popularity power increased significantly region causes strike end 19th century largest town gold mining district included towns miles southwest surface gold discovered area years mines operating caused price silver crash gold price remained fixed united_states gold standard influx silver miners gold mines caused lowering wages owners demanded longer hours pay assigned miners work january owners employed area miners announced work day hours change daily wage day workers protested owners agreed employ miners hours day wage long dispute miners creek formed new changes went effect affiliated local union based chapters victor february owners began implementing hour day union president issued notice week later demanding owners hour day wage owners respond nascent union struck february portland peak smaller mines immediately agreed hour day remained open larger mines held events strike strike immediate effect end february colorado closed running time beginning march granite mines gave resumed hour day owners holding hour day soon attempted open mines march obtained court injunction ordering miners interfere operation mines brought number initially attempted persuade men join union strike unsuccessful union resorted threats violence tactics succeeded keeping non union miners away march armed group miners ambushed captured sheriff deputies route victor shots fired miners deputies engaged deputies received minor injuries judge member charged deputies carrying concealed weapons disturbing peace released involvement state militia assault deputies wired governor requested intervention state militia predecessor governor year old populist dispatched troops area march command found area tense quiet union president assured union members cooperate operations surrendering arrest requested convinced exaggerated extent chaos region recommended withdrawal troops concurred state militia left creek march response recall state militia owners closed mines arrested miners mayor town marshal supported miners taken quickly tried different charges found guilty violence stone throwing fights union miners increased frequency stores warehouses broken guns ammunition stolen early owners met representatives attempt end strike owners offered return hour day daily wage union rejected offer talks broke owners raise private army shortly negotiations union ended owners met secretly told intended bring hundreds workers asked able protect large force men said county lacked financial resources pay arm deputies owners offered initial force men agreed immediately began recruiting police firefighters denver news owners meeting soon leaked miners organized armed response leaving tour locals colorado raise funds strike appointed officer strike operations johnson immediately established camp atop bull hill overlooked town ordered fortifications built stocked miners maneuvers seized strong overlooked town victor day deputies arrived set camp base bull hill started march camp miners strong blew structure feet air moments later steam boiler deputies timber iron cable deputies fled rail station left town celebration broke miners broke liquor warehouses night miners loaded dynamite attempted roll deputies camp overturned short goal killed cow miners wanted blow region johnson quickly discouraged frustrated drunken miners stole work train steamed victor caught group fleeing deputies gun battle broke deputy died man wounded captured deputies miners subsequently captured officials strong present blown formal prisoner exchange later freed prisoners sides returned night restored calm asked close imprisoned miners instigated violence owners met owners agreed provide funding allow sheriff raise additional deputies quickly recruited men state established camp town divide miles away creek warned size force raising strike issued proclamation called miners bull hill development american labor history declared force deputies illegal ordered group disbanded ordered state militia alert possible creek governor visited miners authorized negotiate behalf initial meeting nearly ended disaster local civic leaders called union president owners conference meeting hall campus talks way proceeding mob local citizens attempted storm building violence intended lynch men local judge distracted mob escaped rear door governor waiting train negotiations resumed denver june parties reached agreement june agreement provided resumption day wage hour day owners agreed prosecute taken strike miners agreed harass worker remained employed mines state militia returns deputies unable control private army created june deputies moved prelude bull hill deputies cut telegraph telephone wires leading town imprisoned number reporters concerned paramilitary force hand dispatched state militia time command general colorado state troops arrived early morning june violence broken deputies exchanging gunfire miners bull hill brooks quickly moved troops train station foot bull hill brooks began argue course action deputies took advantage attempted charge miners miners sounded whistle victor brooks soldiers state militia quickly intercepted deputies stopped advance brooks ordered men occupy miners offered resistance deputies turned attention creek arrested imprisoned hundreds citizens cause inhabitants town seized street pulled homes kicked beaten deputies formed forced townspeople pass kicking possession brooks began deputies nightfall brooks seized town men threatened declare martial law owners refused deputy force brooks threatened troops region days faced prospect paying paramilitary force sit hands owners agreed deputies brooks dispatched rail began june agreement operative day miners returned work union president miners arrested charged variety crimes miners convicted charges quickly pardoned sympathetic populist governor impact strike strike major victory miners union success strike organize worker region including laundry workers local unions flourished area decade helping elect county officials including new sheriff strike transformed enormously political entity year old union weak strike widely admired miners west thousands workers joined union years politicians labor officials country steady allies union political force success creek created significant backlash forever dangerous violent organization eyes employers local strike level public support enjoyed creek union struck mines public support ended violence broke strike violent significance earned colorado labor wars union went power employers state combined union success altered course colorado politics colorado citizens blamed protecting miners union encouraging violence anarchy backlash led defeat polls november election republican populist movement colorado recovered strike hardened attitudes owners government colorado formed political alliance owners owners increasingly turned spies increased use implemented means controlling union members tools proved ineffective state government stepped support owners struck mines called state militia union broke power colorado backlash indirectly influenced direction american labor history collapse strike caused relationship turn strongly left politically wars instrumental launching short lived union symbolically important ideals embodied continue deeply influence american labor movement day | Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 | History | World history | North American history |
3241_HistoryofPittsburgh | history pittsburgh history pittsburgh began centuries native american civilization modern pittsburgh region eventually french british explorers encountered strategic confluence meet form ohio leads mississippi_river area france britain fought control british victorious french ceded control territories east mississippi following american independence village fort continued grow region saw short lived farmers rebelled federal taxes whiskey war cut supply british goods american manufacture pittsburgh producing large quantities iron brass tin glass products 1840s pittsburgh grown largest cities west production steel began railway riots site violence damage city affected workers protested cuts wages burning buildings including train engines cars men killed pittsburgh producing half nation steel pittsburgh republican party stronghold soaring unemployment great depression new deal relief programs rise powerful labor unions 1930s turned city liberal stronghold powerful democratic world war center producing munitions allied war effort prosperity returned following world war pittsburgh launched clean air civic project known renaissance industrial base continued expand 1960s foreign competition led collapse steel industry massive mill corporate headquarters moved 1980s city lost status major transportation hub population pittsburgh metropolitan area holding steady million white minority native american era thousands years native americans inhabited region join form ohio indians conducted hunter lifestyle region early years ago archaeological site west pittsburgh provides evidence americans lived region date culture followed erected large future site miles head ohio burial site augmented later years members culture nations based south great lakes present day new_york held dominion upper ohio valley hunting grounds tribes included known english delaware displaced eastern pennsylvania european settlement migrated south arrival european explorers tribes devastated european infectious diseases smallpox malaria immunity visited miles pittsburgh counted warriors gathered included tribes town tribe village east bank home village deserted mouth delaware settlement principal residence chief theirs town town established village estimated residents early colonization europeans arrived traders describe ohio manuscript later year european traders established posts settlements area europeans began settle region english land speculation company won grant acres upper ohio valley post present day cumberland maryland company began construct mile wagon road employing delaware indian chief named party settlers headed begin widening track road followed route ancient trail known trail river crossing flats creek earliest point shortest distance descent wagon road later war site fortified possible destinations alternative route years later present day new event colonists succeed improving path wagon road cumberland narrows pass confronted hostile native americans colonists later mounted series expeditions order accomplish improvements track french built nearby trade council center native americans increase influence june november expedition headed french officer traveled ohio bolster french claim region warned away english traders posted markers claiming territory governor new france sent larger expedition present day pennsylvania advance party built isle cut road woods built fort possible high water float summer expedition french native american men descended confluence following year built fort site alarmed french incursions governor virginia sent major george_washington warn french withdraw accompanied washington arrived ohio november proceeding washington presented letter french commanders fort french officers received washington wine courtesy withdraw governor sent captain build fort ohio february trent began construction fort european site present day pittsburgh fort named fort prince george half built april french forces arrived ordered virginia french tore british fortification built fort governor launched expedition colonel commanded regiment second command george_washington leading advance column washington unit clashed french french soldiers killed taken prisoner battle washington ally chief unexpectedly executed french commanding officer ensign french pursued washington july george_washington surrendered following frontier actions contributed start french indian war seven years war imperial confrontation england france fought george_washington accompanied british general expedition regiments marched western pennsylvania following path washington surveyed men built wagon road feet wide complete road cross known way future national road expedition crossed july french troops ambushed expedition miles french inflicted heavy losses british mortally wounded surviving british colonial forces retreated left french native american allies dominion upper ohio valley september expedition destroyed village summer british general began campaign capture fort head regular colonial troops forbes built fort cut wagon road later known forbes road night september advance column major high hill east point named memory defeat forbes decided wait spring heard french lost fort largely evacuated planned immediate attack outnumbered french abandoned razed forbes occupied burned fort november ordered construction fort named british secretary state named settlement rivers etymology pittsburgh british garrison fort substantial improvements fortification french attacked fort war soon ended treaty paris french defeat ceded territories east mississippi_river gateway west considerable european settlement fort began grow traders settlers built groups houses lower town near fort upper town far present day market street april census ordered colonel counted people houses final native american attempt drive british west rebellion began assault british forts ohio valley tribes overran forts important targets fort receiving warning coming attack captain swiss officer command garrison prepared siege leveled houses outside ordered settlers fort men women children sought refuge inside captain gathered stores included hundreds barrels pork beef forces attacked fort june siege fort lasted months warriors kept continuous ineffective fire july august drew confront relieving party colonel defeated battle run victory sealed british dominion ohio entire ohio valley colonel added fort stands sole remaining structure fort oldest building west signed fort treaty lands south ohio british european expansion upper ohio valley increased estimated families settled western pennsylvania settlers english rest welsh german groups tended settle small farming communities households distance life family relentless hard work clearing forest fields building planting harvesting addition manufactured hand including furniture tools candles buttons settlers deal harsh winters snakes black bears mountain lions timber wolves fear raids native americans settlers built near springs ensure access water built neighbors rally conflicts increasing violence especially miami tribes led war conflict native americans continued american revolution hoped war end expulsion settlers territory fort united_states fort brigadier general took command colonel led men fort destroy villages upper war ongoing virginia pennsylvania came agreement mutual borders creating state lines known today determining finally jurisdiction pittsburgh region revolutionary war ended brought temporary cessation border warfare treaty fort ceded land north pennsylvania revolution village pittsburgh continued grow earliest industries boat building carry large numbers pioneers goods capable traveling village began develop vital institutions pittsburgh resident state legislator introduced bill resulted gift deed land charter february academy later developed known farmers corn harvest whiskey increasing value lowering transportation costs time whiskey form currency frontier federal government imposed tax whiskey farmers felt leading farmers region rallied marched pittsburgh short lived rebellion president george_washington sent militias states town continued grow manufacturing capability pittsburgh built sloop western experiment decades yards produced large boats 19th century building ocean going vessels shipped goods far europe town courthouse built wooden structure market square manufacture glass began commerce continued essential economy early pittsburgh increasingly manufacture began grow importance pittsburgh located middle productive country region rich petroleum natural gas lumber farm goods forged iron horse shoes nails town population persons shops including general stores hat shoe shops critical decade pittsburgh growth built pittsburgh increasingly commerce flow war growth war britain manufacturing center world cut supply british goods american manufacture british blockade american coast increased inland trade goods flowed pittsburgh directions pittsburgh producing iron brass tin glass products march pittsburgh incorporated city taken defining characteristics commerce manufacture constant cloud coal dust emerging towns challenged pittsburgh segment completed baltimore bypassing pittsburgh threatened render town essential east west commerce coming decade improvements transportation infrastructure region river bridge street bridge opened step developing city bridges rivers october original completed connecting pittsburgh eastern port city philadelphia completed making pittsburgh transportation system included rivers roads canals manufacture continued grow built locomotive west pittsburgh capable manufacturing essential machines age 1840s pittsburgh largest cities west mountains completed polished gray sandstone court house feet diameter feet high like burgeoning cities day pittsburgh growth necessary infrastructure water supply pressure april great fire burned control destroying thousand buildings causing damages city rebuilt age rails arrived ohio pennsylvania railroad began service cleveland present day north began service pittsburgh philadelphia despite challenges pittsburgh grown industrial powerhouse article provided factories pittsburgh employing workers producing goods steam engines total coal consumed total iron consumed tons steam busiest port nation surpassed new_york_city new_orleans iron steel industry developed rapidly dominant factors industrial america 1860s irish leadership examined leadership industry important center pittsburgh smaller cities concludes leadership iron steel industry nationwide largely irish finds irish held 19th century developed sense new immigrants pittsburgh major stronghold example left ireland founder famous family played central role banking industries aluminum oil finds like jones comprised scots irish presbyterian ruling pittsburgh society technology clinton iron introduced fire region american_civil_war boosted city economy increased production iron armaments especially arsenal fort arms manufacture included iron clad warships world gun war end half steel glass produced pittsburgh milestone steel production achieved began steel rail new process built fortunes pittsburgh based pittsburgh credited air brake founder companies including banks played key role pittsburgh development sought massive loans upgrade plants integrate industries fund technological advances example founded helped finance aluminum reduction company shows small independent iron steel manufacturers survived prospered 1870s 1950s despite competition larger standardized production firms smaller firms built culture valued local markets beneficial role business local community small firms concentrated specialized products particularly structural steel economies scale larger firms advantage embraced technological change larger firms antagonistic relations workers employed higher percentage highly skilled workers mass production counterparts geography beginning 1870s transformed economy small craft organized factories located inside city limits large integrated industrial region stretching miles new industrial pittsburgh based integrated mills mass production modern management organization steel industries manufacturers searched large sites railroad river accessibility purchased land designed modern plants built towns workers firms bought new communities began speculative industrial real estate ventures owners removed plants central city labor unions exert greater control workers region rugged topography dispersed natural resources coal gas dispersal rapid growth steel glass railroad equipment industries resulted large mass production plants numerous smaller firms capital deepened grew participants multiplied economies division labor increased localized production systems formed industries transportation capital labor markets division labor production bound scattered industrial plants communities metropolitan district pittsburgh district complex urban landscape dominant central city surrounded residential communities mill towns satellite cities hundreds mining towns representative new industrial suburbs model town according caught dramatic round industrial restructuring labor tension pittsburgh hired landscape architectural firm design model town believed later known welfare capitalism company going provide social needs workers believed physical environment productive workers strike apollo pennsylvania prompted build new town wanting loyal workforce developed town agenda drew popular attitudes capital treatment labor firm translated agenda urban design included unique combination social reform comprehensive infrastructure planning private principles rates relationships steel company residents fostered loyalty skilled workers led greatest success worker residents break major strike germans mid-19th century pittsburgh witnessed dramatic influx german immigrants including brick mason son founded forefront reform efforts improve food purity working conditions hours wages company opposed formation independent labor union labor unions manufacturing center pittsburgh arena intense labor strife great railroad strike pittsburgh workers protested massive demonstrations erupted widespread violence known pittsburgh railway riots militia federal troops called city suppress strike men died workers buildings burned including burned destroyed rolling stock train engines destroyed city violence affected strikes confrontation steel industry resulted deaths detectives workers manager sent break homestead strike labor strife continued years great depression workers sought protect jobs improve working conditions unions organized workers assistance immigrant scotland executive turned steel magnate founded proceeded play key role development steel industry philanthropist established library program establish libraries numerous cities towns incentive matching funds founded formed sold mills million making world richest men wrote man dies rich dies devoted rest life public service establishing libraries foundations pittsburgh founded present jail completed began operations pittsburgh annexed known early 20th century pittsburgh grown industrial commercial powerhouse vast railway system freight yards capable handling cars miles harbor yearly river traffic excess tons value factory products produced percentage national output pig iron steel open steel steel steel rails structural shapes prohibition prohibition era pittsburgh illicit alcohol consumption factors fed resistance prohibition including large immigrant population anti establishment animosity dating fragmented local government corruption pittsburgh crime family controlled significant portions illegal alcohol trade time prohibition administrator federal agents engaged raids arrested people closed regular term meaning illegal drinking establishment said coined blind pig nearby pennsylvania pittsburgh located streets closed 1920s opened closure produced large web feature period city history environment late 19th century city leaders debated responsibility expense creating system disposal sewage downstream users complained pittsburgh dumping sewage cities stop raw sewage rivers pittsburgh smoke pollution seen 1890s sign prosperity recognized problem cleared 1930s 1940s little regard beauty steel plants deposited mountains especially november people killed hundreds wounded explosion gas tank escape city wealthy lived east end neighborhoods miles east downtown fifth avenue dubbed millionaire row lining street march pittsburgh witnessed worst flood history flood levels peaking feet killed victims destroyed thousands buildings caused dollars damages work high culture oakland city predominant cultural educational center including universities multiple museums library music hall botanical oakland erected today world second tallest educational building story pittsburgh pirates played new immigrants population pittsburgh grew new residents immigrants sought employment factories mills introduced new traditions languages cultures city ethnic neighborhoods emerged densely populated valleys south home city jewish households city produce distribution center boasts restaurants clubs showcase traditions years marked largest migration african americans pittsburgh known cultural nucleus important jazz jazz pittsburgh natives played greatest rivals competed teams dominated 1930s 1940s 1930s pittsburgh republican stronghold starting 1880s republican governments provided jobs assistance new immigrants return votes great depression starting ruined city democratic victory meant end republican patronage jobs assistance depression worsened pittsburgh voted heavily democrats especially making city stronghold democratic programs relief jobs especially popular large majority voted democrats statewide leader democrats local lieutenant gained control federal patronage pittsburgh roosevelt landslide election democratic mayor lawrence new deal programs increase political power build democratic machine superseded decaying republican machine acknowledged high rate people relief challenge opportunity regarded relief job democratic patronage 1940s pittsburgh center provided steel aluminum munitions machinery allies world war pittsburgh mills contributed million tons steel war effort postwar democrat served mayor pittsburgh pennsylvania governor lawrence political power transform pittsburgh political machine modern governmental unit run city honestly lawrence decided enforce believed smoke crucial city future economic development enforcement placed substantial burden city working class coal expensive round protests came italian american organizations called delay enforcing enforcement raised cost living threatened jobs relatives nearby coal mines despite dislike smoke program italian americans strongly supported reelection lawrence city payroll renaissance rich productive pittsburgh city thick burned day rivers resembled open civic leaders notably mayor elected chairman began smoke control urban known projects transformed city ways renaissance began title housing act provided means begin vast buildings land near point demolished saw opening demolished greater pittsburgh municipal airport terminal late 1950s early 1960s lower area inhabited predominantly people african descent completely destroyed ninety acres lower cleared eminent domain forcibly displacing hundreds small businesses people black families white room cultural center included civic arena opened apartment building buildings planned cultural center built early 1960s neighborhood included plans acres km2 neighborhood demolished replaced garden apartments story public housing apartments convoluted road way system shopping district span years mid-1960s east liberty neighborhood businesses preservation efforts community neighborhood groups resisted demolition plans neighborhoods containing rich architectural heritage including mexican war streets manchester spared center culturally socially important buildings lucky buildings exception destroyed replaced center mall apartments city industrial base continued grow post war era partly assisted area agency entirely devoted industrial development jones expanded plant new division companies continued robust operations 1960s marked completion final building projects renaissance rivers stadium addition fountain tip golden triangle completed air quality dramatically improved pittsburgh manufacturing base solid questions negative effects continues social fabric pittsburgh pittsburgh undergo dramatic like major cities pittsburgh experienced days rioting following assassination april major riots tension remained high inner city black neighborhoods present 1970s 1980s steel industry came increasing pressure foreign competition american mini mills lower overhead salvaged steel manufacture germany japan foreign mills factories built latest technology benefited lower labor costs powerful government corporate partnerships allowing capture increasing market shares steel steel products separately demand steel oil crisis increasing use materials era began building basics report collapse steel free market pressures exposed steel industry internal problems included outdated manufacturing base expanded 1950s 1960s hostile management labor relationships wage cuts work rule reforms management styles poor strategic planning unions management particular pittsburgh faced challenges local iron ore deposits depleted raising material costs large mills pittsburgh region faced competition newer profitable mini mills non union mills lower labor costs beginning late 1970s early 1980s steel industry pittsburgh began recession example mills laid workers steel mills began shut caused effect railroads mines factories region lost business closed local economy suffered depression marked high unemployment laid workers took lower paying non union jobs pittsburgh suffered declining population like cities saw white flight suburbs demolished replaced waterfront shopping mall direct result loss mill employment number people living homestead time census borough population borough began financially recovering retail tax base corporations corporate headquarters bought larger firms loss high paying white collar headquarters research personnel brain drain massive charitable contributions home based companies local cultural educational institutions time merger largest world history involving company fortune years earlier high paying white collar corporate phd research jobs lost day today steel mills city limits pittsburgh manufacture continues regional mills nearby higher education pittsburgh home universities included graduate graduate school national rankings evolved mid-20th century lines followed needs heavy industries financed directed development collapse steel pressure universities research centers science technology acted pull regional economy high technology fields regional collegiate institutions include pittsburgh theological seminary beginning 1980s pittsburgh economy shifted heavy industry services medicine higher education tourism banking corporate headquarters high technology today private employers city employees employees civic improvements despite economic turmoil civic improvements continued mid-1970s landmarks wanted demonstrate historic preservation drive economic development use eminent domain public subsidies landmarks acquired terminal buildings yards pittsburgh mile long property base washington facing landmarks developed site mixed use historic reuse development gave foundation opportunity urban planning principles practice aided initial generous gift landmarks adapted historic pittsburgh buildings new uses added hotel dock gateway fleet parking areas shops offices restaurants entertainment anchor historic site south shore opposite golden triangle pittsburgh station square pittsburgh premiere attraction generating visitors year reflects million investment sources lowest public cost highest return major renewal project pittsburgh region 1950s sold station square created help support restoration efforts educational programs year staff introduce people teachers students adults visitors architectural heritage pittsburgh region value historic preservation period pittsburgh national model community development work activists founded organization model nationwide activists richardson shared aim landmarks pittsburgh existing built landscape demolish site north river cleared publicly built home major technology companies planning major expansion area soon 1980s renaissance urban created numerous new structures place 1990s sites homestead mills cleared new terminal pittsburgh international airport opened aging rivers stadium replaced despite rejected voter referendum revealed national audience pittsburgh transformed industrial belt city pittsburgh today present day pittsburgh economy low cost living rich infrastructure education culture ranked world cities tourism recently pittsburgh nearly new hotel rooms opening holding consistently higher occupancy comparable cities apple google joined technology firms choosing operate pittsburgh region leader green environmental design movement exemplified city convention center years region seen small influential group asian immigrants including indian sub continent jurisdiction timeline claimed king charles claims pennsylvania degrees west delaware dutch trader explores area settled english traders primarily dispute virginia pennsylvania visits small french force visits king virginia sails ohio burying lead plates claiming area france cumberland county pennsylvania founded jurisdiction george_washington visits route occupy area construct fort jesuit father founded beaver regain area establish fort dispute claims colonies pennsylvania virginia pennsylvania grants quebec rights lands west north ohio river pennsylvania george_washington visits virginia march pennsylvania april township founded february pennsylvania december pennsylvania june petition pittsburgh township september pennsylvania april pittsburgh borough pennsylvania march city pittsburgh pennsylvania | History of Pittsburgh | History | World history | North American history |
3444_MarylandTolerationAct | maryland act maryland act known act concerning religion law religious tolerance christians passed april assembly maryland colony second law requiring religious tolerance british north american colonies created pioneer statutes passed legislative body organized colonial government guarantee degree religious liberty specifically bill usually referred act granted freedom conscience christians colony rhode_island passed series laws prohibited religious persecution including non rhode_island government separate church state historians argue helped inspire later legal freedom religion united_states family founded maryland partly refuge english catholics sought enactment law protect catholic settlers religions conform dominant britain colonies act allowed freedom worship christians maryland sentenced death denied jesus revoked appointed commissioner staunch advocate regained control maryland act reinstated repealed permanently following events glorious revolution protestant revolution maryland law religious tolerance british north_america influenced related laws colonies portions echoed writing amendment united_states_constitution religious freedom american law origin law maryland colony founded like father originated efforts led colony charter catholic time england dominated intended colony haven catholics fleeing england source income descendants maryland settlers catholic including catholic priests earliest chronicler colony history intentions maryland colony anglican nation charter granted anglican king assumed church_of_england official church anglican later newcomers quickly came early catholic settlers law passed colonial assembly dominated law effect act protestant tolerance catholics reverse maryland earliest days colonists leave religious rivalries giving instructions establishment defense colony asked men appointed lead ensure peace catholics asked catholics practice faith privately possible peace ordinance maryland earliest comprehensive law expressed general commitment rights man specifically detail religious minorities kind peace prevailed english civil war opened religious threatened control maryland death governor seized control colony 2nd baron baltimore quickly regained power recognized religious tolerance specifically law vulnerable recognition combined arrival group induced establish providence freedom worship partially confirm promises wrote maryland act encouraged colonial assembly pass april description maryland act act tolerance allowing specific religious groups practice religion punished retaining ability right time granted tolerance christians believed trinity law explicit limiting effects christians person persons believe jesus christ shall henceforth troubled respect religion free exercise thereof province settlers denying trinity jesus christ punished execution seizure lands meant jews christianity practicing religions risk lives person insulted virgin mary jailed fined christians right worship protected law outlawed use religious insults attempt limit use religious insults described attempt world limit use hate speech law attempt prosecute non christian jew named accused saying jesus son god described tricks deny having said things argued responding questions asked held trial case later dismissed given citizenship condition restoration rule following english civil war law detractors groups protected concerned act government general royalist concerned swearing allegiance catholic required submit pope considered opposed law believing church_of_england colony sole established church repeal legacy years passage act repealed years earlier colony seized following execution king charles england outbreak english civil war early stages conflict colonial assembly maryland neighbors virginia publicly declared support king parliament appointed protestant commissioners loyal cause subdue colonies leader took control colonial government addition maryland act assistance protestant bennett passed new law barring catholics openly practicing religion regained control making deal colony act passed colonial assembly time thirty years following glorious revolution england england deposed protestant ascended throne rebellion maryland rule quickly rescinded act banned public practice catholicism reinstated colonial rule fact colony established church_of_england official church explicitly barred catholics voting family regained control colony converted political control remained risk attempt catholics took era american revolution religious tolerance freedom practice maryland law secure religious freedom included severe limitations nonetheless significant milestone enlightenment generally considered idea religious freedom took root stands legal guarantee religious tolerance american british history later laws ensuring religious tolerance freedom including british act holy experiment pennsylvania laws concerning religion colonies south_carolina influenced example according historian measure marked notable departure oppression passage amendment constitution century later religious freedom fundamental guarantee document echoes act use phrase free exercise thereof despite lack guarantee religious freedom broad based tolerance law significant step forward struggle religious liberty | Maryland Toleration Act | History | World history | North American history |
4831_IdaSilverman | october november jewish philanthropist husband helped found approximately israel woman served vice president american jewish congress russian immigrant arrived united_states year old family settled providence rhode_island completed schooling married children relief work world war aware depth social problems effects war refugees joining movement 1900s decade speaker advocating establishment permanent jewish home palestine late 1940s logged air miles traveling world speaking fund raising creation jewish state world war received special permission travel war torn areas evaluate conditions war end turned efforts building infrastructure new nation israel involved philanthropy home state rhode_island raising funds hospitals mental health organizations received honors awards philanthropy including silver medal building israel honorary jointly husband inducted biography born october russia mary née noted surviving child family birthday parents immigrated new_york years old moved providence rhode_island attended public grammar school high school sixteen years old went work immigrant begun career designer costume jewelry brother charles established jewelry company providence years working jewelry business agreed marry boss continued work way eventually president bank philanthropist jewish causes spokesperson presence causes couple involved fully supported participation gave time moral support monetary contributions philanthropy understood accepted work precedence household duties career age children soon involved community providence social programs founded served president involved rose national position vice president relief work world war awakened broad variety social needs advocate health care poverty relief finding permanent solution jewish refugees founded second chapter new_england providence skilled developing wide following known vigorous leader talented national level appointment honorary vice president traditionally leadership focused european jews worldwide outreach aristocratic wealthy reform tradition organization diverse necessarily embracing radical aspects leaders allowed views expressed honorary official use status advantage officially speaking organization endorsement able support masses causes monetary contributions 1920s trip palestine able use experiences gain speaking engagements variety venues remainder 1920s served vice president vice chair hospital building fund addition national organizational work vice president honorary president providence woman served vice president american jewish congress outspoken proponent israeli traveling americas europe advocating jewish homeland depicted jews palestine simple farmers seeking life alleviate hunger experienced stressed settlers intent international powerhouse nations simply provide basic needs included speaking engagement savannah georgia sir prior chief secretary palestine tour hospitals public health programs holy land determine improve health entire region regard race creed attendance switzerland resigned policy dispute high salaries paid administrators funds charitable works 1930s despite great depression travels expanded 1930s began spending months year outside early land purchase programs buy settle refugees permanent homes palestine pursued jewish organizations supported plans raised funds planted tree colony hitler rise power pleas safe haven jews urgent hand reports germany austria hungary czechoslovakia lithuania poland contained explicit accounts conditions working conjunction relocate refugee children palestine fund goal raise quarter million dollars youth training agricultural pursuits ended polish tour studying conditions desperation shortly polish invasion effort successful relocating young people poland germany czechoslovakia romania palestine end 1940s riots broken late 1930s british proposals partition palestine diplomats including proposed american alternatives embarked tours south_america caribbean early 1940s determine alternative palestinian european jews established dominican_republic peru reported findings inter american conference baltimore describing alternatives unfavorable attempt dominican_republic failure wrote articles urging emigration jews palestine places jewish colony dominican_republic promoted american jewish joint distribution committee early 1940s plan settle jews region australia proposal jewish colony articles filled perceived schemes jewish organizers opposed article titled nightmare described plans abandon jewish guinea pigs terrifying tropical diseases eventually alternative emigration plans scrapped wake declaration independence inter american conference baltimore continued travels south_america obtained special permission travel england scotland ireland raise money collections success attributed acute understanding experienced british citizens displaced bombing raids anticipating war end increased efforts buy land palestine believing jewish organizations owned land occurred favor war ending road traveling countries central_america south_america new_zealand australia south_africa fund raising missions europe visiting refugee camps sweden returning palestine end war traveled air miles having visited state united_states province canada mexico countries west_indies western_europe parts eastern_europe australia new_zealand iran palestine morocco south_africa 1950s 1960s established recognized diverse needs build nation funds planting building built effort build infrastructure develop tourism sites stimulate growth founded served board company created hotel chaired water development company established mixed fruit orchard acres trees involved projects rhode_island founded served president attempt reopen health center shut successful proving benefit community hospital reopened served chair fundraising israel built fund years lived israel helped erect additional time death number israel 1970s age immigrated israel died november israel buried mount jewish cemetery near jerusalem honors awards honored jewish mother year established forest israel bearing village israel named honor recognize years financial moral support honored year received honorary doctorate awarded silver medal having build israel husband died jointly inducted | Ida Silverman | History | World history | North American history |
5141_BattleofBeaufort | battle known fought february near south_carolina american revolutionary war battle took place long british forces consolidated control savannah georgia captured december brigadier general sent british regulars seize mouth south_carolina late january major general american commander south sent south_carolina brigadier general south_carolina mixed force composed mainly militia continental_army men meet british advance battle inconclusive british withdrew suffered heavier casualties americans background british began southern strategy sending expeditions new_york_city east florida capture savannah georgia late new_york expedition command lieutenant colonel arrived successfully captured town december remnants savannah defenders combined south_carolina militia major general south_carolina oppose british brigadier general arrived mid january assumed command garrison 22nd sent force campbell control raise loyalist militia companies decided send force occupy coast south_carolina led believe loyalist sentiment strong january hms ship line converted floating battery towed royal_navy crews channel separating mainland accompanied flotilla smaller ships carried infantry 16th 60th regiments major orders control island main settlement major defense establishment port royal island garrisoned company continental_army troops captain learned comparatively large british force moving direction fort cannons blew main order deny use superior force general lincoln learned communications port royal island cut british advance sent south_carolina brigadier general distinguished battle sullivan island men counter force composed south_carolina militia area accompanied continental_army regulars companies artillery charleston headed force arrived main port royal ferry 31st long finished destroying fort crossed island february occupied battle men landed port royal island plantation present day laurel bay loyalist guided february sent detachment secure island ferry men retreated encountered patriot troops began main force face americans early february general alerted british presence moved forces town forces met near highest ground rise called miles south ferry middle island lined men edge woods near hill advanced fixed americans approached lined open field outside musket range general positioned pound field cannons center line smaller pounder right americans advanced british observing action reversed usual way fighting british americans taking bushes taking open ground americans opened fire artillery musket battle continued minutes point americans running low ammunition begun withdrawal british observed retreat leaving field americans company light horse militia chased british nearly cutting boats successfully captured men unable hold small numbers aftermath addition prisoners taken sources cite seven retained british reportedly suffered killed wounded reported nearly half men hit american fire americans contrast suffered killed wounded criticized detachment received far boats fault loyalist support victory largely militia force british regulars boost americans morale severe losses incurred early march delayed american plans forces georgia lincoln began moving troops april moved force charleston able little briefly blockade city retreating savannah port royal island occupied british campaign battle commemorated highway marker near battle site remains listed national_register_of_historic_places | Battle of Beaufort | History | World history | North American history |
6049_RobertDenistonHume | october november owner pioneer operator politician author self described controlled salmon fishing years lower state oregon born maine foster parents farm moved age san_francisco join salmon canning business started brothers later located prospered death wife young children moved started mouth rogue bought rights fishery built salmon structures acquired bordering lower miles river remarried invested small fleet ships salmon expanded business interests include store hotel newspaper enterprises nearby community founded canning shipping selling hundreds tons salmon years known salmon king oregon wrote editorials engaged litigation appealed legislators waged political campaigns protect business interests running republican twice elected represent counties according biographer voted self interest conservative positions second resisting populist ideas vogue time publications series articles fish management collected reprinted salmon pacific_coast despite efforts maintain steady fish supply egg collecting fish salmon catches rogue rising years falling generally declined time seventeen years death state closed river commercial fishing early life youngest surviving boy family children born maine october parents william little money adopted years old growing farm went san_francisco age work operated brothers brothers moved north oregon opened near married children girl died baby second boy died age died shortly children buried portland prospered buying wife children died sold holdings returned san_francisco bought steamer searching new purpose life traveled north oregon coast visiting later renamed decided buy salmon fishery near mouth late took career isolated sections pacific_coast empire building warehouse mess hall buildings hiring fishermen opened salmon business acquired ownership sides miles river gave virtual control fish populations migrating ocean spawning beds upstream years company caught processed shipped hundreds tons salmon rogue remarried expanded business interests include store hotel saloon enterprises involving shipping newspaper gold beach gazette real estate fire destroyed buildings moved holdings opposite river founded city naming honor ancestral castle floating buildings added new offices new home buildings horse racing track started newspaper applied successfully post office opened run employee general store businesses grew added fleet ships big ones ship salmon san_francisco smaller ones shallow waters larger ships rogue mouth bought steamer started shipyard added steam schooner schooner steamer replacement craft subsequent years returning ships brought goods general store career store central components business center supplies news people rogue awaited arrival fall provision ship anticipation anxiety vessel source winter provisions provided employer great majority citizens means wages employees exchange known salmon king oregon referred autobiography published politician according biographer entered politics protect realm assaults anti oregon populist progressive led governor democrat battled business oriented republican factions based portland populist candidate state legislature counties campaigned mainly opposition monopoly rogue political threats like posed threats begun fishing rogue led write political editorials file lawsuits endorse candidates petition legislature eventually run office hoping seat state legislature campaigned support populist demands unlimited silver regulation large corporations like large scale government spending internal improvements says approach illustrates view purpose political campaign program advocated win necessarily program party candidate believed losing election went salem state capital lobby bills favor business interests switching republican_party newspaper support republican presidency running republican narrowly won election represent counties state legislature shortly taking office helped bill repeal law passed gave owner exclusive right fish waters owned rogue law gave monopoly fishing lower reaches issues unrelated business interests generally voted conservative won election garnering votes half total cast democrat socialist second term fought law intact continued support government low taxes attempted failed win nomination seat state senate seat state house_of_representatives seat state senate sums political career saying accomplishments legislator slight bills passed hand spoke voted measures defeated legislative decision interests second support conservative position midst progressive era remained populist regime yielded time free silver shown early interest salmon conservation columbia rogue tried protect fish supply disappointed company catch built years river operated rogue newspapers lawsuits lobbying speeches member tried influence public opinion artificial fish propagation published series articles later reprinted salmon pacific_coast summarized ideas persuaded run egg collecting station creek miles mouth rogue built station government paid salaries workers collected eggs shipped observations salmon received quarters conflicted opinions pioneers field attempts control fishing dams met resistance arguments river mouth despite attempts preserve fishery fish runs year year variety reasons downward time total reported salmon catch year rogue pounds peak catch pounds catch year death pounds fish runs continued diminish state legislature closed river commercial fishing family life death legacy december year married year old daughter lost fortune stock market hoped canning salmon according mary led relatively life working flower garden writing letters talking friends occasionally selecting clothing store acting secretary sick business occupied time value wife help says events indicated mutual affection october traveling schooner ship enterprise storm arose enterprise wrecked rescued crew arrived safely exposed wet cold grew ill rallied briefly died november according dying wish buried overlooking empire rogue sold holdings body moved san_francisco opinions vary fish theories practices influenced state federal salmon management decades death ahead time says belief practice retaining immature fish feeding ponds belief home stream theory writer says efforts rogue fish early new era river nation large motives suspect practice perfect solution environmental historian says regarded salmon expert reputation exceeded results late 20th century fisheries scientist sees keen observer salmon natural history interpret observations correctly | Robert Deniston Hume | History | World history | North American history |
6164_FuerzasArmadasdeLiberaciónNacionalPuertorriqueña | english armed forces national liberation puerto rican clandestine paramilitary organization direct action advocated complete independence puerto_rico time dissolution responsible bomb attacks united_states targets led fbi wanted criminals group served predecessor organization members arrested convicted conspiracy commit robbery firearms explosives violations august united_states president bill_clinton offered sixteen convicted condition renounce kind violent manifestation decision drew criticism clinton administration figures include attorney fbi united_states congress philosophy group 1970s militant group fought transform puerto_rico communist state organization ideological basis consisted reforms expected implement directing armed political struggle accordance principle broad including popular sectors willing join armed struggle right away forces based principle coordination political work military work leadership party composed combatants assigned different tasks application principle internal ideological debate study ideology use criticism self criticism ideological position concept nation regard american reality application principle priority struggle independence puerto_rico question internal solidarity demanding concrete support armed struggle priority matter international struggle history founded 1960s leadership organizations established decade promoted clandestine armed struggles united_states government movement described colonial forces united_states group founded following decades alleged harassment attacks illegal assassination members puerto rican independence movement group movement included clandestine organizations including served predecessor organization intention draw attention described colonial condition puerto_rico armed action united_states government military perform bombing actions admit responsibility press releases news releases announced group intention document admitted responsibility attacks locations new_york weaken capitalist monopoly demanded release political prisoners organization warns opened fronts puerto_rico united_states respectively goal organize expected rid puerto_rico fronts supported maintained allies puerto_rico north_america group openly expressed opposition government guided system principles rejected kind support solidarity puerto rican independence coming government countries countries accused governments mexico venezuela directly expressing actions taken governments origin citing government supported independence puerto_rico supported regime led el_salvador group went claimed government protector yankee plans expand grip caribbean central_america claimed receiving modern weapons exchange fifth expressed dislike agencies united_states government mentioned claimed trying blame use failing economic system population responsible massive action mexican workers organization expresses confidence ability group mobile guerrilla units attack location continental united_states regardless activism american government extended friendship solidarity united_states working class described allies struggle said reason american working class pushed work forced unemployment nation corporations gaining dollars profits advertise causes felt fair including support government panama country wanted control panama canal august president bill_clinton offered sixteen members convicted conspiracy commit robbery conspiracy bomb making firearms explosives violations sixteen convicted bombings crime injured person sixteen served nineteen years longer prison longer sentence crimes typically received according white_house clinton offered condition prisoners renounce violence appeal nobel peace prize president archbishop new_york opposed attorney office fbi criticised including victims terrorist activities members congress hillary_clinton campaign senator criticised earlier supportive new_york_city police officer blinded lost fingers right hand bombing publicly opposed members claiming voice ideology american public bomb gun incidents known group members founder leader oscar rivera rodriguez rodriguez | Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña | History | World history | North American history |
6841_HistoryofNorthwestTerritoriescapitalcities | history capital cities history capital cities begins purchase territories canada hudson bay company includes varied difficult evolution unique provinces territories canada seven capital cities history territory changed seat government numerous reasons including civil conflict development infrastructure history significant revisions territorial boundaries result changes long complex road responsible government effectively providing services representation population particular challenge territories government task complicated region vast changing geographic area small number communities unsuccessfully tried capital years territory seat government outside territorial boundaries twice history political division canada seat government inside boundaries defunct district existed term capital refers cities served home legislative branch government canada customary provincial territorial level government administrative centre civil service city legislative branch separate administrative legislative capitals officially exist province territory canadian history arrangement government canada purchased land hudson bay company terms land act british pounds purchased territories largely consisting wilderness purchase government decided merge properties single jurisdiction appoint single territorial government run purchase territories added sizable portion current canadian ontario member parliament appointed lieutenant governor sent establish formal governance canada party arrived settlement small group led intercepted near ontario border forced turn opposed transfer canadian government inhabitants began delaying formal governance demands provincial status met rebellion resulted creation inclusive delay establishing governance territories formally entered canadian confederation jurisdictions remained partially temporary government act temporary north west council appointed mainly members new lieutenant governor serving leader territorial government mandated govern territories outside served seat government jurisdictions temporary government sat time renewed federal legislation year permanent solution governance decided federal government renewed time chose new location boundaries form new government new seat power new council greatly reduced size appointed new lieutenant governor specifically lead territories governing 1870s consisted distinct settlements site named secondary site named lower fort kilometres downstream territorial government moved continued seat government defunct district territory evolved modern day capital lower fort declared national historical site dissolved appointed permanent government effect october new council governed outpost constructed west border modern day served small frontier outpost capital city location chosen federal government temporary site establish new territorial government route railway determined fort founded newly created predecessor canada national police force swan river inside temporary assembly building legislative council sessions office lieutenant governor bulk police forces moved crack trade year later lieutenant governor moved seat government decision based original plans constructing continued serve small outpost totally destroyed prairie grass fire nearest modern settlement original site kilometres south fort referred fort swan river fort site marked plaque declared provincial heritage site contains resident population government moved order lieutenant governor supposed permanent capital territories town chosen expected linked government significant attaining responsible government time territory elected members join appointed members assembly elections territory reality passage election ordinance election took place electoral districts created royal issued order lieutenant governor hosted official royal visit western canada princess alberta toured territories legislature building residence lieutenant governor named government house completed territorial government government moved building stood historical site destroyed fire consultation officials lieutenant governor decision capital regina present day june decision capital controversial public owned real estate regina accused having conflicted interests private affairs needs government regina ordered government moved south meet railway regina confirmed new territorial capital march construction new legislature began regina government continued grow size settlement increased rapidly legislature sitting members history fifth general election government regina struggled deliver services vast territory influx settlers responsibility constant fighting federal government limited legislative powers minimal revenue collection hampered effectiveness government government period slowly released powers elected members control executive council ceded elected members short lived period party politics evolved challenged consensus model government territorial government leadership premier struck deal federal early bring provincial powers territories led creation provinces alberta southernmost populous areas territory reduced northern lightly populated continued exist 1870s constitutional status control federal government new council convened ottawa ontario deal region declared historical site government restored building remains standing day territorial government permanent legislature design regina continued serve capital province ottawa ontario legislative capital direction seat government moved ottawa ontario capital canada change constitutional status alberta territory september populated regions territory jurisdictions settlements left territory significant population infrastructure non population estimated total counted time status canadian law settled towns villages period sitting council government territories small active small civil service force sent set town new administrative capital budget provide minimal services given federal government commissioner white administered territories day day operations period year lapse legislative government new laws created territories population severely neglected services provided time session new council called order years government dissolved regina new government contained serving member resident territories council period primarily composed high level civil servants lived worked ottawa person sit council actually resided territories appointed ottawa based council eventually grew sensitive needs territory residents democracy returned territories sixth general election election council body alternating ottawa communities council held meetings school community halls board rooms suitable infrastructure council transported ceremonial conduct meetings speakers chair traditional artifacts common westminster style legislative sessions held ottawa conducted office building sparks street government continues hold office ottawa sparks street day federal government commission set determine new home government future territory seat government moved inside territories selected capital administrative capital fort smith official administration transportation hub marked services provided territorial government years services included agent medical doctor station chosen house civil service geographical location state development community service alberta access vast waterways territory community easiest government access developed community closest ottawa housed civil service working territories officially town continued host civil service years picked capital infrastructure place new capital city time examines self government north commonly called chair struck marked significant turning point modern history tasked evaluate recommend changes deal array outstanding issues self government north visible lasting effects choose new capital city territorial government time gave voice residents extensive territorial population prior years decision change seat government consulting residents example decision change capital regina faced controversy owned property regina territorial government moved ottawa government resented far away spent years visiting nearly community territory consulting residents community leaders business people territorial politicians investigated considered communities capital people believed fort smith win housed territories civil service current capital present officially capital september commission chose central location transportation links industrial base residents preferences ready serve home government years took capital infrastructure slowly develop civil service remained years governing council continued practice holding legislative sessions territory number years marked new era legislative council moved newly constructed legislature building november new legislature building built specifically government government sat regina years earlier legislature building constructed feature themes derived culture signaled government sensitive ethnicity resident population modern day territorial government matured effective responsible government largely gained powers par government dissolved creation alberta civil service effectively consolidated city gained control elections education jurisdiction territorial government territory powers afforded rest provinces talk federal government territories gaining provincial status future lessons learned capital vote chronicled seven capitals history chosen form external government decision consult territorial population guide decision selection capital residents eastern arctic continued feel territorial government movements groups formed remedy situation lessons learned historical changes seat power resulting number territorial democratic processes leading creation new territory formed eastern half land claims negotiations population parties discussed division provide separate territory division held majority residents voted favour division land claims agreement completed september ratified majority voters july act passed december capital held voters future territory chose capital city defeating official capital april separated | History of Northwest Territories capital cities | History | World history | North American history |
6864_AfricanAmericansinOmaha,Nebraska | african americans nebraska african americans nebraska central development growth 43rd largest city united_states free black city arrived year city incorporated black residents organized fair united_states african american attendees census recorded african americans living city population 19th century growing city attracted ambitious people making new lives african american graduate nebraska college university african american admitted bar nebraska african american elected nebraska state legislature african american barber longest serving state senator nebraska history serving years industrial jobs railroads industries city plains attracted african american migrants south great migration early 20th century largest black population western cities los_angeles denver african american population doubled new migrants attracted jobs expanding industry percent south western cities los_angeles greater population blacks nearly reflecting concentration people vital community founded film company owned african americans like major industrial cities suffered race riot marked brown black worker deaths white men violence erupted job competition postwar social tensions working class groups aggravated sensational journalism city aftermath riot city residential patterns segregated 1920s vibrant african american musical entertainment culture developed city african americans concentrated 1930s race restrictive reinforced staying options years newer housing 1930s 1940s african americans successful organizing teams industry succeeded creating integrated union gained end segregated jobs industry union helped support integration public facilities 1950s civil rights movement 1960s period activists worked local national changes contributed improving conditions african americans mid century massive restructuring railroads industry cost city jobs african americans particularly affected loss industrial jobs migrated work areas problems increased remaining population fifth highest african american poverty rate nation largest cities black residents living poverty line percentage black children live poverty rank ranks number united_states nearly black kids living poverty line metropolitan area minneapolis wider economic blacks whites population history recorded instance black person area occurred york slave belonging lewis clark expedition presence black people probably slaves recorded area comprising today expedition arrived fort lisa september reportedly lived post neighboring 19th century short history slavery nebraska free black person live moved clause original proposed limited voting rights state free white males kept nebraska entering union year 1860s showed nebraska accounted slaves time majority population lived earliest african american residents city arrived small log cabin outside built honored today report says born maryland living working trade maker escaped slave entered nebraska blacks gathered community found near north neighborhood church african americans nebraska recorded birth african american occurred born african american residents gathered lived dispersed city nearly black residents recruited black churches founded black residents total city population black men women quickly formed social community organizations devoted education reform addition community began create newspapers progress american sentinel enterprise 1880s 1890s blacks quickly distinguished public life black person elected serve nebraska legislature black lawyer admitted 20th century turn 20th century african american physicians doctors madison opened hospital african americans citizens afford facility failed financially black architect design home nebraska student noted designed churches gained national reputation moving minnesota soon senior architectural designer city legacy includes surviving buildings listed national_register_of_historic_places leading colored republican western states meet conference appointment mayor held post years death encouraged sponsored black settlers went wagon nebraska homestead homestead act chapter founded chapter west mississippi founder world instrumental recruiting african americans 1910s railroads industry recruited african american workers south african american population doubled making percent population western cities new destinations blacks great migration second largest black population los_angeles rapid pace growth alarmed people city absorbing thousands new eastern southern european immigrants people concerned social problems labor unrest following strikes return veterans looking work world war week august newspaper reported negro workers chicago arrived seek employment bee tended sensational journalism adding tensions city highlighted alleged crimes committed blacks migration african americans hiring black workers created source friction local labor market blacks hired major strike white workers immigrant workers industry resented economic pressure exacerbated hostilities 1950s destination african americans african american cultural expansion flourished beginning 1920s larger boom time prohibition era late 20th century documentary reported 1940s surface black community appeared stable center block district north downtown black owned businesses number black physicians attorneys organizations clubs flourished church life diverse denominations neighborhoods early african american neighborhoods included community housing african american families men worked railroad nearby steady jobs railroads considered good work men greater ambitions 1880s original negro district located twentieth located immediately north downtown majority african americans lived years originally community european immigrants germans italians jews gradually drew african americans city cemetery integrated community racially segregated soon event african american worker named brown white mob outside douglas county courthouse mob finished brown turned entire population african americans efforts thwarted soldiers following years city began enforcing race restrictive properties rent sale restricted basis race primary intent keeping black rest city white agreements held place system segregated lending reinforced federal government restrictions ruled illegal 1930s federal government built housing projects working families similar project intended improve housing large working class community majority immigrants eastern descendants job losses demographic changes accelerating late 1950s 1960s project residents nearly poor low income african americans early decade 21st century facilities torn replaced public housing schemes featuring mixed income supporting uses african american neighborhoods studied extensively notable reports include ready education white family documentary film time burning movie featured opinions young barber chambers went law school repeatedly elected represent nebraska state legislature years introduced large numbers african american strike black organized labor union went strike deemed work white competitors arriving african american physician start substantial professional class african american medical student graduate settled set practice african american elected seat nebraska state legislature according african american fair held united_states took place july study reports negro owned horses entered races exhibits restricted articles owned african americans built colored old folks home 1910s sustained long period time renowned african american architect designed city built career minnesota miss later known african american teacher teaching years film company controlled black filmmakers founded summer george noble johnson founded produce films african american audiences noble small time actor george worked post office noble johnson president company secretary treasurer assistant secretary quickly built reputation making films showcased african american talent sphere cinema year company relocated los_angeles major film industry located today african americans percent minority owned businesses politics slow start late 19th century mid-20th century african americans began win seats appointments politics participation steadily growing people obtained higher education entered professional middle classes african american elected acknowledged leader african american community left proprietor notorious bar downtown leader community criticized having allowed community fall apart influence african americans served district elections law mail carrier ran populist city_council finished 18th field candidates running large council seats ran large format time finished 18th overall years earlier large elections won candidates represented majority population city white city_council elections changed based district representation african american elected served african american elected served african americans represented attorney elected facto school segregation persisted long date school boundaries tailored match residential areas facto segregation member city_council narrowly lost mayoral election losing votes mayor brother appointed mayor city african american chief police appointed governor serve judge african american nebraska assigned serve city second african american elected state legislature chambers won election longest serving nebraska senator history nebraska state legislature approved term limit law limiting legislators terms forcing chambers office african american firefighters later hired african american firefighters city stations located 20th lake streets african american firefighters member captain department years horse drawn wagons use assigned old station streets later served station sixteenth retired senior captain son known dick served volunteer 1950s step integration came african american assigned city 1950s city companies african american firefighters integrated step integration came african american assigned city 1950s city companies african american firefighters integrated african american culture religious institutions earliest african american churches organized organized organized second building current building notable designed future master architect current building lauded notable example architectural style demanded races closed indefinitely unknown objectives influential churches included opened integrated congregation interesting examples integration churches including featured documentary film time burning began integration efforts 1970s operated late 19th century evolved numerous times different ethnic groups succeeded neighborhood founded church god christ congregation nebraska 1920s particularly important city african american community hosting major speaking event historical social clubs african american community anchored numerous important social clubs according report 1930s today clubs societies total membership thousand groups included estimated years old late 1930s important locations included north influential organization starting located house 22nd street african american community supported organized received funds city community chest fund purchased building premier african american social organization held annual young african american women early 1960s introduced adult society formed local following year formed promoted community business local troops troop troop founded african american youth community boasted halls members members community elusive organization knights daughters known knights liberty secret african american organization goal destruction slavery historic entertainment venues 1920s early 1960s boasted vibrant african american entertainment district featuring local nationally known musicians important venue area ballroom opened building 24th hosted greatest jazz blues swing performers including original king cole trio whitney young spoke venues included harlem opened lake street west 24th blue room located 24th lake located 24th lake opened mid-1930s north 24th street near patrick avenue specifically designated african american theater seating people closed 1950s demolished period main heart city african american cultural business community thriving jazz rhythm blues scene attracted flight swing blues jazz bands country racial segregation musicians stayed 22nd stayed charlie 22nd early bands included lewis brass band night original band record concert poster seen display community center nearby iowa intersection 24th lake setting big song blues born founders rock roll got start clubs time lived demolished african american churches social civic clubs formal dances young people cultural activities accounts attribute decline african american cultural scene riots 1960s 70s television took away local entertainment turn 21st century resurgence interest vibrant period cultural historical institutions created honor historic musicians preston love left tour nationally said history african americans music long varied black music community organized early 20th century teaching play number brass instruments pulled african american band brought women band famous students ran popular student leading smaller outfits led rhythm fame world war integrated women band united_states led important territory band swing era bands represented based nationally regarded company acted agent dozens bands international jazz legend preston love important figure african american community playing hunter bands love joined traveling world love came founded band joined staff newspaper love toured europe late 1990s died musical culture gave rise influential african american musicians singer influential drummer played guitarist friends grew played collaborated lives playing greatest names funk big funk band leader historic newspapers numerous african american newspapers progress established slave established american sentinel started publishing enterprise later published edited wife longest lived early african american newspapers published best known widely read african american newspapers city monitor established edited published reverend stopped publishing founder world founded established guide circulation list including business firms coast coast largest african american newspaper west 1930s today african american culture regarded anchored large founded late brown husband brown believed female certainly african american woman founded newspaper nation history managed paper rest life paper representing black community black paper printed state today paper circulation distribution continental states managed niece cultural institutions fair deal cafe located called black city hall existence today african american community celebrates heritage numerous ways native days week long celebration including family large parade held calendar induction ceremony include african american contributors rock roll swing jazz cultural contributions formed 1960s opened located lake street museum home african american history collection annual jazz blues festival promotes african american culture city race relations contentious history whites african americans racism african american douglas county courthouse accused suspect allegedly attacking young girl little known smith reports incident described mob dragging smith cell court trial hanging nearby street post july racial tension african american community tremendous upset victory african american boxer nevada whites rioting cities wounded black men city killing caused newspaper run page declaration women reported assaulted early june late september example yellow journalism victims white identified black victims black separate newspaper warned committees formed respectable colored population purge negro community assaulting white girls ensuing september white ethnic mob took douglas county courthouse white accused worker tried attack blacks street community soldiers riot control stationed prevent forming 24th lake streets prevent murders black citizens orders issued citizen gun faced immediate arrest blacks ordered remain indoors segregation legacy terrible summer facto racial segregation neighborhoods introduced 1930s practices banks racially restrictive housing effectively ended decades ability african americans buy rent outside originally built 1930s housing projects intended occupancy reference race report reported residents included black white occupants units distinct segregation whites blacks individual buildings confined negro white logan housing project built depression addition completed improve working class housing closed african americans 1950s 1940s housing area families stayed projects income exceeded limits couldn find housing civil rights challenges segregation policy kept african americans public housing changed 1960s massive loss industrial jobs changed nature families issues public housing logan projects built working families came dominated unemployed public housing projects reflected later facto segregation concentration problems cities led radically public housing 1990s torn today public housing scattered combined market rate housing community amenities credited african american community 1920s chapter founded baptist minister father born mother reported incident family warned leave told husband stirring trouble involvement family moved shortly radical leader communist spokesman time leader american forces spanish civil war harry born hall parents slaves father beaten white gang plant worked forcing family city started contributed joined group chicago family moved starting organized help blacks secure employment encourage business enterprises african americans chapters chapter american west founded city led chapter membership years left taking national leadership organized african american workers 1920s rest working class suffered setbacks great depression 1930s committee succeeded organizing unions worked end segregation job positions 1940s community leader attacked gender restrictions organized expand opportunities industry black women helped african americans extended political power gain end segregation retail places 1950s progress loss jobs structural changes railroad industries 1960s sharply reduced opportunities working class communities major western city visited helped civil rights movement local leaders continued struggle racism marred race related violence facto segregation 20th century implicated police killing trial highlighted political tensions rice continues highlight contentious legacy racism majority african american population lives integration studies shown starting 1950s white middle class moved suburbs phenomenon called white flight inability government money solve problems african american community white flight city schools greatly affected racial unrest ruling enforcing united_states reputed adapted integrated analysis white flight found public schools enhanced racial discrimination despite integration attempts optional attendance zones location new schools patterns found enhance segregation study found mandatory required attain racial balance school enrollment white students 1970s enrollment black students period rose primarily loss white students 1990s adopted scattered site housing plan eventually destroying housing projects city including race riots civil rights movement brought calls black power racism youth city drafted fight vietnam war funding education youth programs cut tactics targeting african american youth led series protests riots repercussions felt today communities july temperature degrees crowd african americans gathered intersection lake streets evening police requested dispersal responded violently police cars mob north 24th street business corridor hours throwing days rioting millions dollars damage reported affected businesses riots erupted august year old shot white duty policeman local television stations blamed african americans conditions faced deteriorating neighborhoods period buildings riot police required quell crowds march crowd high school university students gathered civic auditorium protest presidential campaign governor alabama counter protesters began acting violently youth activists police brutality led injury dozens protesters african american youth shot killed police officer melee fleeing students caused thousands dollars damage businesses cars following day local barber named helped calm disturbance prevent riot students chambers recognized community leader finishing law degree chambers elected served total years longer predecessors african american teenager shot killed police officers incident logan housing projects june young african americans area response teenager death looting north 24th street business corridor initial surge businesses destroyed looting rioting went days noted riot effects riots evident street district high numbers vacant lots general economic depression prevalent different organizations formed commemorate history african americans 1960s founded nebraska negro historical society society opened includes material related history black plains numerous based chiefly major city state community began devised series activities celebrate black history city addition labor organizer 1940s led effort recognize site 1970s monument placed late 1990s founded celebrate city musical history economics director statewide poverty advocacy group quoted saying start talking low income issues people assume talking minority issues october city 42nd largest country fifth highest percentage low income african americans country census data families live poverty line percent families percentage black children live poverty rank ranks number united_states nearly black kids living poverty line metropolitan area minneapolis wider economic blacks whites african americans additional reading angus black catholic case double jeopardy years parish inc black experience selected dennis world war nebraska history fall midwest review johnson predominantly black schools segregation emancipation paper presented annual meeting charlotte | African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska | History | World history | North American history |
7132_HistoryofFairbanks,Alaska | history alaska history second largest city alaska traced founding trading post south bank august area seen human occupation ice age permanent settlement established site 20th century discovery gold near trading post caused turn temporary stop permanent gold caused miners area buildings sprang trading post november area residents voted incorporate city city mayor city flourished thousands people came search gold gold rush time world war easy reach gold exhausted population miners moved promising finds construction alaska railroad caused surge economic activity allowed heavy equipment brought exploitation gold deposits enormous gold built north city grew 1930s price gold rose great depression boom came 1940s 1950s city staging area construction military depots world war decade cold war vast discovered alaska supply point exploitation oil field construction caused boom unseen years founding helped town recover devastating flood government center late 1960s establishment took borough seat drop oil prices 1980s caused recession area city gradually recovered oil prices climbed 1990s tourism important factor economy growth tourism industry city continues oil production declines permanent settlement site indians area thousands years archaeological site excavated grounds uncovered native camp years old evidence gathered site archaeologists native activities area limited seasonal hunting fishing addition sites grounds nearby fort date years sites alaska away date time years ago excavated site matched similar items found asia providing evidence humans arrived north_america land bridge recorded exploration place historians believe russian traders traders ventured lower reaches possibly middle 19th century led recorded expedition length charting mouth way july news gold strike reached seattle washington triggering thousands people boarded heading north gold fields travelers sailed western tip alaska site gold fields overland trip intended establish trading post alaska eagle trail crossed hired steamer transport supplies began trip august turning ran low water upstream miles boat reached impassable point suggested river called way low water miles mouth young ran impassable stretch river captain young want travel downstream heavy load danger posed extra mass cargo august assisting began building cabin site named sold supplies area traded traveled dog team wife men mountain pass traveled later named pass honor wife returned built began sailing august intended supplies arrived trading post changed mind discovered gold origins traveled met judge judge federal judicial district stretched impressed plan establish trading post suggested settlement senior senator indiana liked idea later said want aid national capital friendship help heard gold strike transferred planned store settlement convinced people accept crew heard discovery immediately fled boat settlement stake claims creeks likely gold bearing spots miles north near mountain creek named marking claim simple man pick set space marked posts corner claim claim listed federal recorder crew claims proclaimed interim recorder official brought area recorded claims men reported claims official office circle maximize gain power attorney relatives ohio claims names giving authority large portion believed gold bearing terrain word discovery spread months followed arrival september december wrote friend seattle message came yesterday people left days look half spring january cook arrived word gold find january newspaper ran headline rich strike page miners big rush settlement history boom miners places arrived disappointed found hundreds claims close discovery claims taken crew early adding pressure claiming land men like power attorney rights multiple claims reported man claimed portions acres apiece trading post town lots claimed apiece fierce competition spots mouth competing settlement named sprang traders moved store junction rivers land speculation fierce claims frequently stolen enforced firearms accounts vary historians estimate spring men arrived enormous strain stock food rapidly rose price demand miners objected charging bag flour requiring buy cases food gathered outside store demanded lower prices burn responded inside building groups reached compromise shortly afterward headed south wife dog team intending gather investors purchase supplies april judge arrived trip looking location courthouse jail government offices district courts later described view settlement half dozen new log structures tents small clearing primitive forest saw april examined potential site government offices settled partially partner brother law gave choice piece land valued asked main streets town washington iowa estimated people town count estimated houses construction churches spring arrived published newspaper settlement sold seven copies copy walls courthouse going dissatisfied miners leaving area hundreds left going going june city lots selling little sold thirds store arranged establishment post office settlement fall flood miners leaving ended major gold strikes north gold deeper taken time dig creek discovered richest vein gold alaska gold extraction slow heavy machinery available remove layers gold gold discoveries reversed trend people away christmas miners valley food shortage arose winter food brought trip lower despite food shortage buildings constructed built store replace cabin recorded wide range businesses including houses people manage growing population settlement held vote november decide incorporate town vote passed sworn city mayor day city action mayor write letter washington asking federal government sell military food stores posts near town food shortage followed licensing telephone company providing garbage collection fire protection room school shut later winter lack funds position grant long term contracts city utilities members family brothers law given year contract provide electricity drinking water steam heat city arranged regular shipments supplies town continued expand addition local telephone system connected outside world expanded passed gold production increased million expansion accompanying rise population drove productivity opened town bank september month earlier catholic priests built town church construction railroad began downstream neighbor low water river prevented reaching railroad line built mines north town construction later finished july new banks opened city greenhouse new bridge june bridge caused biggest flood young city history bridge upstream collapsed resulting wreckage caught bridge blocked river flow river rose flooding town bridge halt flood year fire destroyed damage estimated million town quickly rebuilt town hospital built north bank hospital run catholic religious order later transported placed hospital bank forced temporarily close legal troubles new school built housed students schools built north separate town built radio telegraph tower town replacing cable telegraph system seattle feet tower tallest structure town decades gold production peaked million town saw library open year city longest lived newspaper began publishing poor investments caused bank founded fail january time held million deposits residents common belief money bank found guilty charges poor reputation years afterward newspapers referred robbery subject accusations big news town little crime gambling drinking common town prostitution restricted district separated rest town wooden fence line known operated 1950s approval city authorities fights common recalled man carried gun common backed experience drivers carried million overland year period single incident decline group businesses created slogan alaska golden heart slogan remains city motto today year boasted population people making largest city alaska thousands people lived mining camps outside city marked beginning decline fortunes year million gold produced thirds total previous year production half percent years decline production caused businesses business stores sold miners closed supported mines directly world war caused decline town young men drafted sent overseas economic effects felt local judge later stated war set years dried construction sent men overseas war flu particularly alaska killed people territory estimated fewer people city mining camps town slowing decline decline major projects worst effects post gold rush slump construction creation predicted railroad link ocean allow gold miners bring heavy equipment process large amounts low grade ore cost living cheaper able heavy machinery price low enable work vast quantity low grade ground touched present conditions years remark appropriated million construction alaska railroad system news appropriation set celebrations residents hoped construction prove local economy purchased suffered wartime economic problems railroad line extended westward reached town construction party working north later renamed anchorage railroad finished coal available burned wood heating source provide electricity town burned wood owners power plant burning president visited trip hammer ceremonial final spike railroad rail yards valley railroad converted use northern end line second largest depot year visit today known opened doors students school thought risen alaska delegate congress gained approval bill funding college 63rd united states congress bill approved traveled selected site hill miles west today college alaska referred separate entity july acting authority law laid cornerstone school site school directly north valley experimental farm created farm project explore agricultural potential interior alaska year founding experimental farm employed people mining declined area miners turned homestead act miners applied grants land federal government established farms city survey identified miles listed mills gold mills agriculture area spurred food fodder shortages winters businessmen encouraged growth farming provided funding experimental farm provided free grain seed acquired experimental farm sweden editor wrote frequent editorials favor farming prominent businessmen formed group encouraged farming farmers created demonstrate agricultural success alaska oldest state fair operates today despite moves agriculture movement limited success farmers bank established provide loans equipment purchases went business years later allowed cheaper shipment agricultural equipment permitted steady supply food shipments alaska farms met percent state food demand grown point experimental farm annexed school era completion economically feasible bring heavy equipment build gold work large low grade ore remained best example construction mile built provide water gold exploration company division mining company built water process ore large scale began town biggest employer built biggest power plant alaska provide electricity built pumping stations provide water rivers president fixed price gold price increase encouraged mining great depression roosevelt called bank holiday alleviate worst effects depression banks declined saying didn need large scale peaked gold produced area outbreak world war united_states federal government closed gold mining operations deeming war effort story school built burned ground new story concrete art building proposed replacement heated debate bond measure approved january new school opened space students town growth required renovation expansion lacked paved streets town dirt roads turned dust summer thick mud spring fall causing problems population grew 1930s mayor proposed federal grant city bonds roads turned voters year tried successful miles paved road complete aviation time completion beginning era alaska aviation industry began airplane flight alaska took place july flew field south town aircraft sent seattle pilot subsequently tried sell aircraft alaska commercial aircraft didn arrive june began flying mail routes isolated communities person fly anchorage cross airplane given alaska limited road rail infrastructure territorial government saw advantages aerial transport territorial legislature authorized spending year airfield construction year airfields built alaska flew field doubled baseball diamond city bought field installed infrastructure named late 1930s dozen town people giving reputation having capita world location halfway new_york_city tokyo crucial stop world flights solo stopped effort military flights base flight continental united_states alaska base flight bombers flew washington ostensibly demonstrate feasibility long range bomber deployments reality bombers flew photographic missions intended scout locations military airfields built territory military era final public appearance general said believe future holds alaska hold world think important strategic place world year congress passed provided new alaska cold weather testing training survey team visited president issued executive order set aside square miles km2 public land east new named army airfield army pilot preliminary construction began summer days germany invaded poland start world war runway finished september base dedicated buildings complete winter dedication soldiers practiced flying aircraft weather conditions workers hired outside alaska worked project despite outside workers construction effort caused unemployment causing large demand labor economy grew city second articles radio station began broadcasting october base buildings completed summer second winter cold weather testing interrupted japanese attack pearl harbor world war received word attack pearl harbor civilian radio operators passed news base civil defense volunteers immediately signed work included town blocking town airfields making emergency plans evacuate town event attack june invasion bombing intensified war effect field cold weather testing detachment disbanded soldiers bolster alaska defenses locations summer soldiers arrived replace moved away town residents drafted work field believed best experienced cold weather work gold mining suspended war army leased offices supplies businesses wartime demand draft caused severe labor shortage supplies food commercial products interrupted wartime rest country crime increased placed wartime control alaska territory newspapers letters censored alleviate shortages supply war effort canadian government began construction alaska highway connected canadian road network alaska richardson highway highway completed fall regular traffic began work highway took place war supplies reaching air chain airfields ended starting february supply aircraft began landing supply war effort alaska summer negotiations united_states soviet_union resulted extension lend lease effort russia aircraft flown montana field field aircraft turned soviet pilots flew soviet_union chosen transfer location protected potential japanese attack starting fall large numbers soviet soldiers arrived work soldiers town massive effort required additional facilities built near expanded size grounds post expanded met city limits saw students taken draft provided office dormitory space soviet soldiers professors contributed war effort specially created russian language classes russian airmen regular customers stores bought large amounts consumer goods unavailable home meet demand fog airfield known built southeast conflicts soviet soldiers civilians operations continued end war ended september aircraft tons cargo transferred soviet officials cold war fall grown encompass military personnel acres buildings brief activity world war activity remained high cold war began population area grew percent doubled growth strained city infrastructure schools water power sewer telephone systems new arrivals expansion suburbs sprang began turn city boundaries grew square miles km2 square miles km2 square mile km2 soon dozen subdivisions housing developments filled area city limits college city border advanced westward met college city limit burgeoning town stopped commemorate roots golden days festival celebration history started mark 50th anniversary discovery gold annual festival continues today grew period congress appropriated money construction study arctic phenomena aurora institute established spurred university growth bill simultaneously boosted student population elementary education developed precursor today north star borough school district established collect school taxes areas outside city limits sending students school electrical cooperative founded 1940s provide electricity areas outside limits bought power plant served provided electricity customers varied second radio station town largest farm new airport opened replace town growth including town new school 1930s new international airport began serving cut travel time seattle hours new airport attracted pole test flight airline eventually chose anchorage point flights stockholm tokyo ground transportation improved major program downtown roads began goal coating blocks new military facilities sprang away mile long petroleum products pipeline constructed period city staging area construction missile early warning system clear air station air defense missile batteries built period story foot hill later building built half 1950s traffic lights installed period television station began broadcasting february city dedicated high school high originally began operating years followed new elementary schools opened taking burden 1950s grew alaska territory state vote presidential elections territorial legislature limited powers efforts lobby federal legislators alaska bill met limited success prominent territorial officials decided draft state constitution prove alaska readiness state november elected delegates gathered begin drafting state constitution resulting debates lasted months caused sensation debates constitutional convention broadcast radio dedicated daily reports progress convention february delegates signed constitution people crowded gymnasium building took place subsequently named constitution hall june senate voted accept alaska state news set massive celebrations residents set fireworks impromptu parade took place street city main road attempt gold celebration instead turned green celebration capped residents weather balloons lift foot wide wooden star painted gold air balloons lifted drifted power lines causing minute power city president officially signed new state united_states january putting alaska constitution effect new state constitution called creation borough governments help manage new state areas reluctant impose additional layer government passed mandatory borough act required populous areas state form organized students schools chose north star borough came existence january years saw military boom continue boost economy growth city international airport runway lengthened feet accommodate jet aircraft built anchorage encouraging tourism homes built hills north time roads replaced dirt paths growth price structures built founding torn urban renewal home built demolished final homes remaining line prostitution district plans close transfer functions nearby near anchorage decision publicly announced met unanimous opposition residents businesses area air_force held firm decision transfer base took post january renamed fort arts scene grew time founded created baseball team founded city professional sports team year hosted annual midnight sun baseball game tradition conducted continues auspices today 1960s like small towns lower communications transportation utilities improved great flood alaska celebrated years purchase united_states russia celebrate event built later today pioneer park theme park celebrating history alaska site away downtown features pioneer historic exhibits steamer traveled interior alaska rivers gold rush era summer exposition opened park july attended vice president plagued rain financial problems low attendance month celebration alaska centennial worst disaster history took place july received inches rain double july average inches august august valley received heaviest rainfall recorded history hours prior noon august inches rain fell average rainfall entire month august inches august inches fell unprecedented rainfall turned river august passed flood stage continued rise equipment installed upstream residents unaware flood scale day night august water rose inundated site volunteers allowed water fill hold floating rising waters damaging buildings downtown hundreds volunteers built avail water emergency doctors nurses patients evacuated university built high ground served evacuation point emergency shelter thousands flood refugees civil defense director university expected people shelter university showed water rose august facilities designed house students set parking lot helicopters ferried supplies refugees power plant flooded university depended physical plant provide electricity refugees rising water threatened flood plant hundreds refugees build pump plant basement flood massive effect people killed damage ran hundreds millions dollars helped push city remaining farm bankruptcy forced closure joseph hospital residents responded problems annual postponed canceled seven thousand dollars raised buy turn bird sanctuary town businesses flood insurance rebuilt studio station broadcast color months flood bond measures build government run hospital turned voters residents raised million private contributions million state federal government build flood wake passed provided funding construction upstream project built river rises certain level chain built prevent high water river flooding south businesses benefited low interest federal loans rebuild quickly cities honored america city look magazine honor success recovering flood oil boom march drilling crew struck oil near miles north resulting discovery sparked massive boom nearest city field abortive attempts transport oil field oil companies developing field decided build pipeline plans set motion forward legal challenges halted project set challenges levied groups path pipeline settled passage thirteen major corporations dozens smaller ones created manage cash payment land grants distributed federal government act headquarters largest corporations economy briefly period discovery oil legal challenge legal challenges dragged challenges ended approval late pipeline work began early sparked boom unlike years immediately city founding spent estimated day housed construction headquarters fort tens thousands workers poured city economy infrastructure public works population increased percent number businesses area doubled period increase population caused adverse effects operated telephone service ran phone numbers waiting list phone connections stretched entries electric demand high power company advised buy generators cope frequent home prices home sold purchased home apartment upward rising prices demand pipeline workers room log rented month bedroom home housed pipeline workers shared beds rotating schedule week prices driven high salaries paid pipeline workers eager spend money high salaries caused corresponding demand higher wages non pipeline workers alaska non pipeline businesses demand higher wages job turnover high turnover rate percent nearby restaurant turnover rate percent positions filled high school students promoted experience level meet demand ran shifts morning afternoon teach students worked hours day wages people meant higher demand goods services waiting line fact life world sales recently opened stockholm store contractors bought bulk local stores causing shortages cars tractor parts water salt batteries large sums money spent caused crime illicit activity exacerbated police officers state resigned large groups pipeline security guards wages far excess available public sector jobs second avenue notorious prostitutes dozens bars operated town estimated prostitutes working city people temperatures winter months 1970s common street walking prostitutes downtown clad fully head toe fur coats leaving imagination prostitutes brought engaged turf fights police responded shootout automatic firearms large biggest police issues drunken fighting resulting situation akin associated american old west american frontier popular lore city residents endured spike crime public infrastructure influx people unfamiliar alaska customs percent said pipeline changed worse downtown traffic problems drunken caused pipeline workers pushed businesses built away downtown new commercial centers like mall away city center drove construction freeways bypassed downtown post boom pipeline construction ended beginning gradual decline economy loss construction spending offset state spending taxes oil flowing pipeline spent low interest loans grants business assistance poured money city businesses return downtown city demolished bars favored pipeline workers attempted attract hotel major business location effort unsuccessful land remained vacant late 1990s redevelopment airport successful new terminal built functioned bolstered grants subsidies cultural events institutions grew created groups ballet created time largest arts event began continues today sports facilities benefited influx state funding converted airplane hangar moved went million renovation allowed host arctic winter games year built center indoor ice arena interior alaska year school started hockey team headquarters state largest private employer declared bankruptcy resulting cost hundreds jobs problems come saudi_arabia boosted oil production oil prices alaska banks failed construction came halt common common practice workers drop house keys local banks catching flight alaska better speed process expansion fort helped construction industry time lost jobs stationed fort late reduced single brigade renamed period city history bright spots celebrate 25th anniversary alaska city commissioned foot sculpture alaska native family signifying alaska family statue centerpiece golden heart plaza dedicated south bank middle downtown president ronald_reagan pope briefly met realized separate visits asia cross alaska time approximately people attended meeting largest gathering people history oil prices rose 1990s economy improved city boosted gold mining area fort gold north opened years development gold prospect likely developed decade year fort opened moved jobs anchorage making city base operations time decades military remains large presence 1st 25th based fort remains training logistics hub announced considering basing additional soldiers fort ample space utilities services significantly changed renovated expanded hospital opened new heart care center latest expansion fort went million renovation meet demand convention center large sporting arena city paid construction center seat arena opened city utilities sold private company million sale deposited savings account called invested managed fashion similar residents receive income additional reading books periodicals | History of Fairbanks, Alaska | History | World history | North American history |
7267_PonyExpress | pony express mail service delivering messages newspapers mail small packages missouri rocky_mountains sierra nevada sacramento california horseback series relay stations officially operating pike firm founded notable business months operation reduced time messages travel atlantic pacific coasts days april october west direct means east west communication telegraph established vital tying new state california rest united_states inception founding idea fast mail route pacific_coast prompted largely california newfound prominence rapidly growing population gold discovered thousands investors businessmen way california time new territory california entered union free state population grown demand faster way mail communications westernmost state greater american_civil_war approached late 1850s founders business peak operations employed men owned thousands wagons warehouses plus plant bank insurance company russell prominent businessman respected peers community owner firm bought retired merged company russell changing took new partner founded company held government contracts delivering army supplies western frontier russell similar idea contracts fast mail delivery utilizing short route mounted riders traditional proposed establish fast mail service missouri sacramento california letters delivered days duration said impossible initial price set july founders hoped win exclusive government mail contract come organized pony express months winter undertaking assembled riders stations horses personnel january february religious man resolved help god overcome difficulties presented rider special edition bible required oath required sign swear great living god engagement employee circumstances use language drink quarrel fight employee firm respect conduct honestly faithful duties direct acts win confidence employers help god demonstrated unified system communications established operated year round replaced telegraph quickly lore american west reliance ability endurance individual young hardy riders fast horses seen evidence rugged american frontier times logo freight company provided secure mail service trademark postal services freight link international services based russia adopted trademark logo similar operation stations miles apart route roughly distance horse travel station stop express rider change fresh horse taking mail called spanish employers stressed importance said came horse rider thrown saddle held place weight rider sitting corner pocket mail placed safety hold pounds mail pounds material carried horse included pounds water sack bible horn relay station master prepare horse revolver eventually revolver water sack removed allowing total pounds horse riders weigh pounds changed miles rode day night given rider ride stages hours quickly moving horse unknown riders tried crossing sierra nevada winter certainly crossed central nevada telegraph station nevada riders received month pay comparable wage labor time day founders acquired horses project selected horses west paying average averaged hands feet inches meters high averaged pounds pony appropriate strictly correct cases route approximately mile long route roughly followed oregon california trails wyoming known salt_lake_city utah followed nevada passing sierra sacramento california route started missouri followed modern day highway kansas turned northwest following nebraska nebraska followed great river road cutting nebraska edge colorado colorado passing arriving fort wyoming followed passing south pass salt_lake_city salt_lake_city generally followed central nevada route captain route roughly follows today nevada utah crossed near lake arriving sacramento mail sent steamer san_francisco instances steamer missed riders took mail horseback oakland california stations stations long route stations station keepers essential successful timely smooth operation mail system stations fashioned existing structures located military forts built remote areas living conditions basic route divided divisions maintain rigid schedule relay stations located miles apart terrain allow swing station riders exchange tired mounts fresh ones home stations provided room board riders runs technique allowed mail continent record time rider rode miles day journeys westbound trip left april arrived days later san_francisco california april letters sent cover east joseph directly entered mail system today single letter known exist inaugural westbound trip missouri san_francisco california depicted pre stamped envelope issued years later messenger delivering new_york missed connection detroit arrived missouri hours late railroad cleared track dispatched special locomotive called missouri car train mile trek state record hours minutes average miles hour arrived olive 8th street blocks company new headquarters hotel 12th company nearby stables penn street contained letters private papers san_francisco intermediate points joseph mayor gave speeches handed ride began joseph gazette newspaper included bag identity rider long dispute april reported rider credited sources rider nonetheless westbound rider carried ferry kansas horse ridden leg express mile express stables railroad area missouri river ferry foot street reports indicated horse rider crossed river later rides crossed river horse picked mount stable westbound reached destination san_francisco april eastbound eastbound trip left san_francisco california april arrived destination days later missouri letters placed delivery eastern destinations letters known exist inaugural eastbound trip san_francisco mail service existed briefly consequently surviving examples mail contributing surviving mail cost send letter beginning today standards end period price dropped considered expensive equivalent mail letter mail service frontier enterprise removed general population east largely rates consequently pieces surviving mail hands collectors museums known examples mail added mail carried point departure fastest mail service senior partner russell majors biggest investors presidential election way promote fast deliver prior election russell hired extra riders ensure fresh riders relay horses available route november rider departed fort end eastern telegraph line election results riders sped route snow covered trails end western telegraph line california newspapers received word lincoln election seven days hours east_coast papers feat time attacks war minor series raids initiated tribe nevada resulted disruption mail services pony express took place june sporadic violence continued period afterward brief history operated mail completing weekly trips sacramento forced suspend mail services outbreak approximately nevada suffered winter fierce year spring tribe ready embark war chief named days argued peace raiding party attacked williams station station located near present day lake account says raid deliberate attempt provoke war says raiders heard men station kidnapped women fighting broke went investigate free women way war party killed men station burned following weeks isolated incidents occurred whites country ambushed killed special target seven express stations attacked employees killed approximately express horses stolen driven war cost company livestock station equipment mention loss life june year uprising ended intervention government troops delayed mail shipments east finally brought san_francisco june brief war left san_francisco july immediately reach destination mail reach subsequently new_york years later famous riders riding difficult work riders tough lightweight famous advertisement allegedly read wanted young eighteen expert riders willing risk death daily preferred estimated riders traveling east west points route given time addition employees including station keepers stock route young men applied jobs eager face dangers challenges lay delivery route majors easily hired lesser rate instead paid handsome sum time dollars month famous american author saw action hand described riders travel memoir usually little bit man riders small lightweight generally teenage boys record proved heroes american west needed dangerous service provided nation establishing complete list riders virtually impossible official list riders kept express company newspapers route contributed absence information american_civil_war broke forgotten entirely consequently interest pursuing searching information years following time simply vanished course everyday affairs partial list riders compiled book riders identity westbound rider depart disputed currently historians narrowed hired joseph lewis division ran kansas distance miles covered average speed miles hour including stops mail delivered rider april time taken ceremonies speeches mayor gave brief speech significance event addressed gala crowd precursor construction railroad conclusion speeches approximately russell turned mail rider cannon fired large assembled crowd rider landing foot street ferry boat denver head steam alerted signal cannon waited carry horse rider missouri river april rider east reached salt_lake_city utah april mail reached nevada riders raced california sacramento midnight april mail delivered san_francisco bringing letter president california governor official government communications newspapers new_york chicago important mail banks commercial houses san_francisco pieces mail delivered trip credited eastbound rider telegraph office steamship sacramento mail left san_francisco carried horse rider waterfront sacramento picked rider william sam hamilton rider begin journey sacramento rode way hall station gave filled mail california registered historical landmark plaque site reads site hall known mile house hotel operated late john stopping place stages teams relay station central overland april sam hamilton riding handed express mail minutes later sped way eastward probably rider better known legend folklore fact fiction numerous stories told young adventures rider age way west california met agents way signed company helped construction way stations employed rider given short mile delivery run township lay west months transferred division wyoming longest non stop ride rocky ridge station found relief rider killed distance miles dangerous sections entire trail completed hours minutes horses required complete section present significant chapters early western history including gold rush building railroads cattle great plains career scout army general following civil war earned nickname established notoriety brave best known riders born january london england came united_states teenager hired helped build stations given mail run friday station near miles east greatest ride miles hours minutes wounded important contribution fastest trip mail carried lincoln inaugural address indian problems led record breaking ride received eastbound mail probably mail san_francisco friday station reached station relief rider badly frightened indian threat refused mail agreed mail way total distance miles rest rest hours route westbound mail found indians raided place killing station keeper running stock ride shot jaw indian arrow losing teeth finally reached station making mile round trip longest record continued work rider civil war scouted fifties later accompanied good friend diplomatic mission negotiate surrender chief sitting bull december drifted public mention eventually died chicago winter age deep poverty suffering stroke paid friend street sacramento chicago far south hired division age nineteen run big sandy rode entire nineteen months existence longest ride doubled rider ended taken saddle sound asleep ridden miles thirty hours stopping rest eat disbanded went salt_lake_city engaged mining died october buried wrote following letter excerpt man ride nephew superintendent stage line denver called pike superintendent stand hardships retired months trial died months retiring second rider fourth longest ride stop change horses said miles minutes inside hours distance correct division superintendent said distance given taken english attached wheel travel division year old rider rode express trail nevada near uprising chased band horseback forced retreat hills rocks killed seven shoot killed body found arrows sign honored enemy horses estimated horses total deliver mail horses selected endurance east end route horses usually selected units west end route california purchased head short coupled stock called california horses purchased native great salt lake valley horses ridden quickly stations average distance miles relieved fresh horse exchanged arrived run route miles rider change horses times horses ridden fast miles hour times driven speeds miles hour horses purchased missouri iowa california western territories types horse ridden riders included eastern end trail western rugged end mail route saddle years came opened small saddle harness shop business expanded town grew pony express came town ideal candidate produce newly founded riders rode horses quick pace distance miles stations consideration reduce overall weight horse carry help reduce load special lightweight designed crafted leather fewer metallic wood components fashioned saddle similar design regular stock saddle generally use west time mail separate component saddle unique standard mail horses employed size shape time consuming saddle causing delay changing mounts stops delayed time station accumulate proportions difficulty covering leather thrown saddle saddle horn projected holes specially cut size attached broad leather skirt box shaped hard leather compartments letters carried journey closing brief time operation delivered approximately letters missouri sacramento california proved central northern mail route viable contract deliver mail route contract instead awarded march taken southern favored called king acquired russell majors stations shortly contract awarded start american civil war caused stage line cease operation march ran mail salt_lake_city sacramento announced closure october days telegraph reached salt_lake_city connected nebraska sacramento california telegraph lines connected points line cities east west coasts grossed lost civil war sold assets remnants million issued stamp depict actual historic event subject chosen faces george_washington found face mistaken actual stamp pony express stamp issue released years service ended honor men rode long dangerous journeys commemorate service provided nation commemorative stamps issued 100th respectively non profit volunteer led historical organization purpose preserve original trail continue memory importance american history partnership national_park_service oregon california trails association april anniversary located missouri headquarters hosted events celebrating anniversary historical research foundation history rests areas records papers letters yielded historical evidence 1950s known short lived product accounts folklore generally true overall aspects lacking areas wanted explore history surrounding founders riders station keepers interested stations forts route complete books story pony express settle account unique writer historical researcher use founder papers collection library california settle wrote mid-1950s writer settle work published generally notes writer background unique settle excellent settle prepared publish researched account good volume prepared editors chose use instead opted expensive approach print publish released accurate simplified account settle pleased new sudden development time effort account settle wrote definitive considered best account history historians legacy logo guard armored car service logo continued companies took security business 1990s logo longer security businesses business sold air mail route designated national approximately historic sites trail eventually open public including stations station ruins popular culture continued remembrance popularity pony express linked wild west book dedicated solely published autobiography published claims express rider claim recently come dispute primary keeper pony legend premiered scene film pony express frontier lady pony riders pony express rider days pony express spirit pony express television range rider season episode pony express season episode ride wind young riders west gallery | Pony Express | History | World history | North American history |
7338_HistoryofslaveryinIndiana | history slavery indiana slavery indiana occurred time french rule late seventeenth century traces slavery afterward united_states forcibly removed native americans region slavery accepted necessity peace indians french established appointed governor slavery continued tolerated series laws enacted appointed legislature opposition slavery began organize indiana took control territorial legislature overturned laws permitting retaining slaves time indiana granted firm control slavery banned constitution supreme_court indiana ruling freed remaining slaves state additional supreme_court ruling freed servant helping bring end end slavery state indiana border state southern slave states like coffin came play important role underground railroad helped slaves escape south indiana remained anti slavery american civil war remained union contributed men war early existence end american revolution territory indiana annexed united_states slavery present institution french controlled area years earlier allies native american population practicing slavery region years americans took control began indiana late accompanied slave expeditions congress organized territory prohibited slavery stating shall slavery said territory later decided purchased slave outside territory enter reside slaves ordinance allowed french indian slave arrangements natives living territory interpreted ordinance allowing slaves ordinance stated shall possessions titles confirmed protected enjoyment rights liberties decided slaves fear french rebellion kept courts acting slavery violent actions kidnap escaped slaves court ruling stated slavery exist opinions southern influence territory early settlers came south southern immigrants anti slavery settled ohio strong anti slavery movement underway immigrants favor slavery generally moved indiana government friendly relocated brought slaves owned census recorded free blacks slaves territorial capital indiana located center indiana slavery young army officer named serving governor army summed populace chiefly kentucky virginia slavery tolerated initial immigration attributed revolutionary war war revolutionary war soldiers given land grants southern indiana settled indiana bringing southern ideals war veterans western theater granted land central indiana soldiers kentucky south moved indiana bringing southern influence state classes migrated indiana longtime governor future united_states president long established aristocracy class lowland coastal south class supported slavery non class migrants abraham_lincoln family representative migration indiana kentucky tennessee social class owning slaves typically institution lincoln father worked slave catcher family lincoln wife owned slaves immigrated indiana coffin outspoken abolitionist treatment slaves recorded slaves indiana owned french traders entered region introduced practice native tribes jesuit priests encouraged tribes lived adopt slavery alternative executing prisoners war according classical historians decline tribes direct result rise slavery early slaves native americans sold pay debts early slaves typically performed manual labor helping traders transport goods build forts trading posts new france laws enacted slaves protection masters torture slaves forbidden families prevented forcibly broken laws allowed slaves seized creditors payment laws required master children slave slave children freed status french laws similar minors territory developed tasks changed slaves served household servants farm workers case slaves slaves assisted running pro slavery faction power laws passed permitting seize return slaves miles home dollar fine placed helped slave escape slaves like aunt belonged refused set free freed slaves left virginia want left continued free household servant rest life buried family cemetery indiana fortunate case black woman lived tried escape masters run street beaten carried home men threatened death town strongly anti slavery interfered slaves large impact indiana economy large percentage population large scale plantation style farms common southern states developed indiana year state slaves freed census counted population slaves freed time free blacks state census slavery indiana territory supported governors successor sought territory men appointed president united_states office held southern slavery legal article northwest ordinance harrison recognized existing customs slavery territory men slavery positions resisted territory population gesture residents lived territory harrison organized public meeting called year slavery ban harrison strongly opposed prominent men eventually territorial legislature indiana courts ruled ordinance slavery issue territorial period issue slavery courts treated existing institution legality went early including wanted slavery new territory harrison motivated need existing need labor developing territory desire attract immigrants southern colonies sought passage new law ban slavery harrison succeeded getting permission congress territory decide slavery harrison party sought gradually slavery times efforts ultimately failed harrison succeeded passing laws established forms harrison particularly interested having slavery maintained plantation style home called harrison process constructing plantation style farm called near year pushing slavery harrison asked congress suspend anti slavery clause years harrison claimed necessary increase territory population quickly attract new settlers congress wanted territory economically viable federal government longer financially support entire territory population numbered year legislature appointed harrison passed legislation territory granted representation congress pro slavery elected supported harrison request congress suspend ban slavery territory submitted legislation outright slavery action taken year congress suspended article northwest ordinance years granted territories covered right choose slavery act congress removed legislative power territory created popularly elected election complete anti slavery member elected slavery major issue state year harrison persuaded legislature begin debate slavery bill narrowly defeated council wanted concession harrison recommend creating illinois territory concession refused fight end slavery harrison slavery taken lightly president jefferson opposed spread slavery jefferson working agent northwest organize anti slavery movement succeeded helping establish anti slavery baptist church drew members jefferson sent indiana territory mission seek organize anti slavery men state encourage action prominent men stirred harrison moves slavery slave holder freed slaves moved indiana chief anti slavery men attended meeting quickly grow party leader prominent anti slavery men included general veterans revolution later urging mass meeting held attended anti slavery men state meeting held largely response harrison attempt slavery fact succeeded likely soon large anti slavery faction came power meeting chaired acting secretary forth speeches resolved stop attempt slavery declared intentions end despised institution resolution stated great number citizens parts united_states preparing actually emigrated territory free government tolerate slavery contended day great majority favor slavery whilst opposite opinion held fact certainly doubtful consideration vast emigration territory citizens decidedly opposed measure feel satisfied events congress suspend legislative act subject shall constitution admitted union right adopt constitution respect wishes majority citizens slavery right wrong congress think wrong inconsistent principles future constitution formed rest satisfied subject taken constitutional number citizens territory shall assume right petition signed circulated gained signatures petition circulated request slavery year won victory harrison faction election territorial delegate anti slavery factions candidate defeated harrison candidate territory population climbed congress passed legislation allowed elect legislature upper house ordered harrison dissolve existing created effect actions cut pro slavery faction remaining half election resulted sweeping victory anti slavery party new assembly quickly passed legislation laws introduced legislation prevent passed laws aimed preventing slave hunters removing escaped slaves state repeal laws met resentment violence burnt street popular abolitionist murdered abolitionist victory outspoken anti slavery men friend elected legislature representative speaker assembly prominence allowed dominate legislature constitutional convention quoted saying let guard convention men chosen men opposed slavery constitutional convention anti slavery party able control president convention actions slavery banned constitution indiana sought talk entering slave state group slavery supporters illustrated march edition western sun citizen gibson stated best interests humanity required admission slavery state eastern half state saw debate slavery issue state constitution outlaw slavery population immigrated south landed men wrote constitution born lived south constitution near copy kentucky constitution save anti slavery clause gubernatorial election campaign motto slavery indiana easily defeated pro slavery candidate victory declared indiana free state asked legislature pass laws stop unlawful attempts seize carry persons color legally entitled freedom time far practical prevent owe service citizen state territory seeking limits state indiana refuge possession masters stated laws help secure freedom request resulted creation man stealing act aimed prevent slave hunters operating state state senator indicted violating man stealing act forcibly took black woman home removed kentucky governor requested kentucky governor send men indiana trials years correspondence kentucky governor refused constitutional grounds events led eventually reverse position request legislature pass laws discourage runaway slaves seeking refuge indiana said needed maintain harmony states number free blacks indiana increased case ordered slaves held freed new ruling led sharp decline state slave population census recorded slaves census ohio passed resolutions asking federal government national ban slavery urging governor issued resolution federal government stating resolved system principle evil slavery national people states union ought mutually participate duties removing resolved general assembly state indiana approve resolutions state ohio governor requested communicate executives states union senators representatives congress requesting cooperation national measures effect grand object embraced indiana state remnants slavery slavery indiana despite slavery illegal state constitution federal census listed slaves indiana felt constitution cover slavery care illegal eastern indiana nearly immediately freed slaves majority western counties especially decided slaves newspaper numerous times advertised slaves sign approval slavery area virtually slave suits denied black woman known held slave french trader sued freedom denied appealed ruled favor free decision slavery indiana federal census showed slaves indiana separate local census showed presence slaves slaves listed federal census indiana girl man girl views slavery traveler new_york described having blacks making observation generally poorly clad poor miserable race indiana governor spoke pride december indiana helped recapture escaped slaves kentucky expressed displeasure helped indiana legislature passed resolution stated acts interfere capture stability union indiana adopted new constitution new clauses prohibited blacks indiana prohibition intended punishment slavery states like northern states indiana believed majority free blacks ill equipped care believed south condition responsible burden caring view south clean mess remained dominant civil war clause indiana constitution repealed 20th century abraham_lincoln abraham_lincoln lived indiana age years lincoln encountered slavery began form opinions growing climate state politics run men like influence development lincoln views american_civil_war broke indiana remain union contribute men suppress rebellion act helped outlaw slavery united_states forever underground railroad indiana residents participated underground railroad major underground railroad traveled indiana underground railroad important food hiding places provided slaves trying reach canada safe houses indiana including pictured escaping slaves entered indiana ferried safe house safe house northward usually michigan cross safely windsor ontario canada famous events underground railroad slave kentucky crossed ohio river winter night aided escape eventually escaped ontario guided safe house safe house indiana story inspiration book uncle tom cabin coffin wife help thousand slaves escape south | History of slavery in Indiana | History | World history | North American history |
8177_Calakmul | frequent variants maya archaeological site mexican state deep greater region kilometres border largest powerful ancient cities uncovered maya major maya power northern region yucatán_peninsula southern mexico administered large domain marked extensive distribution emblem snake head sign read seat dubbed snake kingdom reigned classic period estimated population people governance times places far away kilometers ancient structures identified largest great pyramid site structure metres high making tallest maya tombs located pyramid like temples pyramid increased size building existing temple reach current size size central monumental architecture approximately square kilometres site covered dense residential structures square kilometres classic period maintained intense rivalry major city south political cities likened struggle maya rediscovered air biologist december find reported march etymology modern according named site maya means means adjacent signifies artificial mound pyramid city adjacent ancient times city core known meaning stones associated site larger area lords identified snake connection title actual site ambiguous location located state southeastern mexico kilometres north border guatemala kilometres north ruins ruins kilometres southwest linked causeway kilometres south contemporary city approximately kilometres southwest city located rise metres large seasonal swamp lying west known spanish word region denote low lying area seasonal swamp measures approximately kilometres important source water rainy season linked sophisticated water control system including natural artificial features canals encircled square kilometre area site core area considered location edge provided additional advantages fertile soils edge swamp access abundant flint city situated formed natural metre high limestone dome rising surrounding dome artificially maya classic periods settlement concentrated edge classic period structures built high ground small islands swamp flint worked beginning 21st century area remained covered dense forest 1st millennium area received moderate regular rainfall surface water available south guatemala located acre km2 population extent height late classic period city estimated population inhabitants covered area square kilometres city capital large regional state area square kilometres city population declined dramatically rural population level late classic population density calculated square mile site core square mile periphery area square kilometres true urban city elite centre surrounded residences site core known ancient times stones pyramid structure kingdom included secondary centres large cities total population secondary centres estimated kingdom included large number sites fairly small consisting number groups arranged larger rural sites situated ridges edges include temples palaces total rural population kingdom calculated million people entire population kingdom including city rural population square kilometres area regional state calculated million people late classic period greater distribution emblem maya city found texts including administered large domain marked extensive distribution emblem snake head sign read seat dubbed snake kingdom times city governance places far away kilometers known rulers kings known divine lords snake kingdom list continuous archaeological record incomplete dates peak 7th century known interesting know title place regional powerhouse political state title idea collapse state refugees migrated north founded new studies monuments prior 7th century emblem snake bat different ruled emblem associated found site east late 6th early 7th century moved order establish strategically placed capital power 8th century rule appears bat emblem resurgence remain new studies fill gaps history long history excavations revealed evidence right causeway network linked cities suggest strong political links cities begun important cities continued classic period powerful city region largest powerful ancient cities uncovered maya history maya classic period dominated rivalry likened struggle maya earlier times tended dominated single larger city early classic moving position dominance late middle rival city equivalent resources challenged supremacy engaged strategy surrounding network allies second half 6th century late 7th century gained upper hand failed power completely able turn tables great rival decisive battle took place half century later able gain major victories important allies eventually cities succumbed spreading classic maya collapse great rivalry cities based competition resources histories reveal different origins intense competition powers ideological grounding dynasty ultimately derived great city dynasty profoundly affected intervention distant central mexican metropolis exceptions monuments allies place great emphasis single male rulers monuments allies gave greater prominence female line joint rule king queen large city period early history obscure list extends ancestral past dynasty reconstructed late classic region great cities mean ultimately inherited political authority cities dynasty originating late relocating classic period collapse cities early classic cities survived classic period early texts found structure record probable king records non royal site ruler gap records lasts century dynasty experienced major expansion power time lack inscriptions recording events period fact dynasty located time monuments later destroyed earliest texts referring kings dynasty come excavations large city far north depicts bound captives names dates captured king exact context king unclear captives captured enemy rulers captured king dates uncertain fall 5th century nearby site text including date indicates city control dynasty middle 6th century assembling far reaching political alliance activity brought city conflict great city influence extended deep king oversaw vassal taken captive banks king known sky witness installed ruler site played major political events maya region overlord city south previously vassal according damaged text sky witness defeated sacrificed king ending branch royal dynasty catastrophic defeat began year hiatus reflecting extended period dominance event marker divide early classic late classic mentioned site north reference sky witness occurs dated text damaged probably records death powerful king late classic war quickly succeeded mentioned text celebrating ending ruled years king engaged aggressive campaign western maya region attacked april ally lord small city kilometres east defeating queen city defeat recorded series steps event initiated long lasting survived battle ruled years paid tribute maintained alliances cities east depicted supervising event involving king city occurred sacked april personal direction ruled king gained sort independence provoking new invasion immediate aftermath second victory involved deaths important nobles city high ranking member royal family possibly ruler died march months later deaths soon city suggests demise directly linked triumph suffered lengthy decline fortunes date able recover disastrous war wars undertaken order seize control wealthy trade routes passed western maya region rebellion king supervised event records accession throne erected texts badly damaged reveal names royal couple involved approximately time vassal broke away king died relatively soon death independent twice defeated attempting bring control attempts brought end death new king finally regained control texts relate king captive day city overrun punishment day described word meaning tortured eaten conquered city march exact site unknown dynasty originally established located 7th century city experienced highest achievements reign king called great scholars years old came throne significant increase production city began reign commissioned king probably responsible construction palace complexes form major site core founded region kilometres southwest military outpost order control trade course installed throne new outpost age years served loyal vassal fighting brother king attacked gained overwhelming victory included death lord captured instead sacrificed throne vassal king went attack forcing king temporarily abandon city rulers continued use emblem probably felt legitimate claim throne reason installed new ruler instead stayed driving exile lasted years tried area dominated allies driving throne probably aided gained important victory description battle describing pools blood piles heads troubles continued east renewed conflict completely defeated dynasty disappeared years daughter founded new dynasty indicating probably intervened decisively place loyal vassal throne patronage overlord recorded range important cities including oversaw installation king strengthened tie marriage princess king power extended far north shore lake recorded vassal 7th century traditionally aligned commanded loyalty generations kings kilometres south supervised king involved directly indirectly king moral west nobles supervised ritual bank died probably beginning died powerful city central maya succeeded april recorded monuments born likely son predecessor held high office named king responsible major successes reign retained loyalty gained installed throne age texts sculpted monuments reveal complexity diplomatic activity revealed painted depicts ambassador king kneeling king delivering tribute years later august states war led warriors catastrophic battle saw defeat capture image deity named unknown happened sculpture shows captive king mentioned accompanying certain captive king person event marked end diplomatic activity dropping away fewer cities recognising king overlord remain standing site core recording broken buried structure later kings ruler mentioned pair carved bones tomb king ruling november known legitimate member dynasty placed throne known king number variants referred different segments outside partial reading erected seven celebrate event named year presumably demonstrating vassal continued vassal installed new king unknown date received queen remained loyal commissioned seven mark ending new defeat hands evidenced sculpted altar city probably dating depicting bound lord possibly names historical record vague poor state heavily eroded monuments city reduced political presence wider maya stage named southern periphery traditionally vassal southern neighbour king installed throne vassal shown longer subordinate started refer holy lord instead lesser term subordinate lord time began use emblem local act rebellion appears larger political struggle years later received visit oldest allies timing visit king highly significant falling accession throne vassal outright rebellion follow strongly suggests sponsored rebellion order weaken gain access rich trade route likely contact initiated soon throne captured powerful elderly king inscription difficult interpret suggests capture took place april seized burned wooden images patron deities captured lord taken public ritual late classic alliance frequently associated promise military support fact powerful city failed vassal implies feared military intervention far away afraid falling directly power vassal state likely sent warriors help defeat alliance instead mutual advantage managed weaken powerful ally gained independence collapse large raised king responsible labelled presence wider maya area continued city major allies suffering defeats hands defeated year later resulted final collapse powerful alliance network underwent resurgence power erected finished paired portrait queen mentions called time king raised mentioned sites north showed reduction influence time new architectural styles influenced sites north yucatán_peninsula monument raised ruler responsible preserved raised monument erected commemorate important ending probable political authority collapsed time important cities time erected monuments raised continued producing new monuments late process paralleled events strong evidence elite presence city continuing possibly later mentioned ruler named attended ending ceremony recorded broken unlikely existed state meaningful way late date final activity took place end 9th century beginning 10th new erected date records day date recorded day fall date likely monuments appear later style crude representing efforts remnant population maintain classic maya tradition inscriptions late monuments meaningless writing dating period uncommon outside site core suggesting population city concentrated city centre final phase occupation majority surviving population probably consisted occupied elite architecture site core continued erection early 10th century presence high status imported goods metal jade shell indicate continued occupation royalty final abandonment city speaking lived region time spanish contact early 16th century descendants inhabitants modern history reported year later informed site existence presence visited ruins behalf 1930s surveys mapped site core recorded investigations stopped archaeologists return site directed project behalf working subject large scale project history direction site description site core covers area approximately square kilometres area contains remains roughly structures periphery occupied smaller residential structures site core covers area square kilometres archaeologists mapped approximately structures matches great city size estimated population density city appears greater city stone construction site soft limestone resulted severe erosion site sculpture city built strongly concentric fashion divided zones moves centre site zone covers area approximately square kilometres contains monumental architecture mapped structures built vaulted stone masonry structures built large laid city core bordered north metre high wall controlled access north defensive function residences built edge swamp west site core high status residences public buildings interspersed area residences water control site surrounded extensive network canals major including largest example measuring metres reservoir filled small seasonal river rainy season continues hold water archaeologists modern times thirteen identified combined capacity estimated litres imp gal quantity water supported people evidence crops largest surface area hectares located mapped identified visually ground identified remote sensing numbered causeway network linked local satellite sites distant allies rivals great cities cross land elevated surrounding wetland tend support vegetation surrounding forest metres long lined filled stone located mapped urban area site core mapped 1930s metres long mapped urban area site core built packed earth discovered archaeological excavation nearby quarry causeway built transport stone quarry order build structures extends kilometres northeast site core visible summit structure discovered runs kilometres southeast site core visible summit structure discovered runs westwards main hole seasonal swamp carries total distance kilometres runs southwest links kilometres southwest additional kilometres located south kilometres long runs swamp west swamp appear cross site core structures structure structure metre high pyramid east site core number erected base built low hill structure appears higher structure case structure structure massive north facing pyramid temple largest base measures metres square stands metres high common temple cultural region pyramid increased size building pre existing temple order increase bulk core building structure pyramid dating late period ancient building forming highest point structure early classic massive extension added pyramid covering earlier covered building north new built extension structures access structure central shrine east west facade possessed large masks set arranged vertically central structure similar date size design pyramid associated similar later time buildings erected base facade contained 8th century structure large pyramid stepped facade covered giant masks later facade built 8th century stepped frontage finished late classic room palace built pyramid supporting roof painted relief decoration rooms arranged groups room positioned entire late classic palace measured metres rows rooms rooms food preparation found room southwest room structure structure iii known palace southeast structure east building multiple rooms structure structure group temples east divided sections labelled structures central structure built dating period structure opposite plaza buildings form group determine structure structure large building located plaza north structure surrounded dated 7th century building erected period structure structure west structures forms astronomical complex observations verified march sun rose structure seen structure structure structure vii temple pyramid north faces south stands metres high plain erected south pyramid underwent construction phases late pyramid topped room temple possessed tall covered roof game board carved floor room temple structure structure viii small building located north east structure associated altar murals structure rich sites maya region site contains largest total region paired sets representing rulers wives carved produced soft limestone eroded interpretation elaborate murals discovered murals represent activities elite class depict elaborate market scenes people preparing consuming products tobacco items sold murals describing actions occurring prominent figure murals identified appears scenes brings world maya marketplace vibrant life archaeologists highly beneficial resource maya archaeological understanding remains composition materials identifies region specifically produced snake emblem found sites evidence identify ties control site associated altar located structure records celebration event erected death thin slate monument dated text describes birth king gives royal title erected earliest monuments survive late classic depict royal couple texts poorly preserved reveal names erected records event reign father event celebrated stands base structure located base structure dates set vaulted chamber near base structure text damaged carries early spelling non royal noble title monuments erected final decline city bears crude executed portrait best preserved monument depicts dates dates depicts wife tall erected paired stands east structure second pair erected erected east structure late monument bearing took badly eroded portrait shortened date form equivalent date probably unfinished carved mark ending ceremony bears damaged pair monuments dated badly eroded date reign king monuments erected bears inscription imitation writing probably dates early 10th century paired monument image queen unknown appears mentioned dates stands structure late monument probably dating early 10th century like bears inscription meaningless imitation writing dates early classic moved antiquity reset base structure long text resisted translation probably commemorates royal date reign broken buried structure associated royal burial tomb royal burial tomb set floor structure 8th century richest burial known tomb contained male skeleton wrapped jaguar partially preserved tomb contained rich offerings included jade ear ornaments handed early classic jade mosaic mask shell bone shells eccentric blades fine remains wooden objects plate text specifically named king owner remains offering placed arched wooden carved elaborate decoration painted variety colours completely decayed left impression mud packed plate possible association burial tomb believed late 7th century king | Calakmul | History | World history | North American history |
8475_STRAT-X | strategic experimental government sponsored study conducted analyzed potential future nuclear force time soviet_union making significant nuclear weapons delivery constructing anti missile defenses protect strategic facilities address potential technological gap secretary defense entrusted classified study compiled volume report months report looked different weapons systems ultimately resulting intercontinental missiles ohio class submarines submarine launched missiles journalists regarded major influence course nuclear policy background mid-1960s reports received intelligence agencies indicated soviets planning deploy large numbers highly accurate powerful intercontinental missiles later entered service possessing greatest throw weight tonnes larger modern arsenal time size able carry high yield capable destroying hardened considered significant risk american result nuclear defense strategy reducing ability nuclear weapons attacked time soviets designing constructing increasingly sophisticated anti missile defense systems protect strategically important facilities moscow reducing threat posed american developments compelled secretary defense commission study look ways improving nuclear arsenal according book response deputy director service demanding large called suggests allowed proceed terminate study missile funding released secretary plans missile canceled study study named order reveal intentions eliminate land based systems conducted independent non profit conducted study early titled pen based chaired president general institution presided working panel panel included executives major independent corporations defense contractors boeing members military officers including november signed order authorizing officially initiating study working panel encouraged examine system concepts considerations potential management problems political influences secretary wanted new ideas path breaking weapons systems offensive defensive nature defense bureaucracy potential innovation air based missile systems investigated manned bombers systems group asked consider cost effectiveness systems predict possible soviet responses meet requirement series documents written perspective soviet minister defense general complete anti statements prediction eventual triumph socialism end volume report covered fewer different ideas missile systems reviewed great detail findings consequences prospective weapons systems land based rock system missiles stored hardened granite bedrock western similar system easily constructed system missiles transported deep underground networks emerging launch points soft tunnel similar tunnel built easily land mobile truck based system road traveled speeds miles hour constantly dedicated winding road system square miles km2 public land remaining sea based canal based systems missiles sailed canals confuse soviet military planners ship based system ships carrying missile travel world hiding traffic submarine based system missile submarines oceans carrying missile outside pressure hulls single air based based consideration air launched required large aircraft carrying missiles launch soviet_union despite numerous options investigated study fully implemented option resulted missiles fall communism late 1980s early 1990s resulted canceled prototype original missiles fielded study inspire number developments nuclear weapons delivery systems october successfully conducted air launch missile galaxy demonstrating credibility air launched option classes missile submarines submarine launched missile service study placed significant emphasis resulted enormous ohio class submarine ohio class carried study originally called dedicated slow moving missile carrying submarines instead converted attack submarines embark missiles outside hulls rely primarily stealth admiral director office wanted boat capable burst high speed order affect safe launching boat result ohio class designed accommodate enormous nuclear produce required speed ohio class submarines carry missiles inside hulls despite recommendation ohio class submarines missiles service weapons systems inspired legacy far reaching effects development deployment nuclear forces time strategic requirements addressed detailed manner report described influential analyses conducted journalist air_force magazine article described study wide ranging look future weapons shaped nuclear decades remains model efforts today noted introduction ideas concepts resulted ohio class submarines small mobile attributed use air launched cruise missiles particularly carried despite lack references study | STRAT-X | History | World history | North American history |
9203_RanchoSanFrancisco | san_francisco land grant present day northwestern eastern california grant acres governor mexican army officer recognition service state related city san_francisco location popularly known finding gold southern_california area present day city lies boundary headquarters site gold find known today oak golden dream designated included portions ranges early history mission san established administrators realized need land agriculture livestock looked north establish mission subsequently living relocated mission baptized work built confluence santa river following mexican war independence missions land taken mexican government lieutenant assigned inventory property supposed returned governor friend instead january family moved buildings near died deathbed attempted reconcile estranged son writing letter offering entire inheritance died son received letter took possession land los_angeles area gold find march uncle second wife took rest oak tree dream floating pool gold pulled wild ground finding gold roots contrary portraits farmer discovery dumb luck studied actively searching gold evidence suggests gold previously found area thirty years prior gold find popularly documented incident area sparked gold rush smaller scale california gold rush people mexican state came gold knowledge gold find remained largely mexican territory sided governor power struggle imprisoned won battle release headed north saw mining operation determined search gold near later established mexican territory mexican american war destroyed prevent united_states gaining control tree took known oak golden dream registered later history treaty endorsed legitimate land titles held ceded land owners sued control prevailed judgment issued favor received westernmost portion acres took acres children received acres unfortunately time southern_california experienced great deal flooding forced mortgage properties order sustain needs producing food needs damages land buildings portion land returned portion exchange settling debts floods followed exacerbated problems finally forced sell land oil philadelphia headed keeping unable find oil san_francisco eventually landed hands closely associated area granted right way build rail line los_angeles sold portion land sprang new town company named town grew train station named hometown death heirs formed managed lands grandson law found oil property changed historic designations oak golden dream found gold | Rancho San Francisco | History | World history | North American history |
9548_SiegeofVicksburg | siege siege july final major military action american civil war series maneuvers crossed mississippi_river drove led defensive lines surrounding fortress city mississippi major confederate stronghold mississippi_river capturing completed second northern strategy major assaults confederate fortifications repulsed heavy casualties grant decided city beginning reinforcement supplies nearly gone holding days garrison finally surrendered july successful ending significantly degraded ability confederacy maintain war effort described aftermath section campaign article historians suggest decisive battle campaign actually won grant victory subsequent siege conclusion action combined surrender port hudson july yielded command mississippi_river union forces hold rest conflict confederate surrender july following siege considered combined defeat retreat beginning day turning point war cut states arkansas louisiana texas rest confederacy communication confederate forces remainder war background military situation crossing mississippi_river south driving northeast grant won battles port gibson captured jackson mississippi state capital forcing withdraw westward attempts stop union advance champion hill unsuccessful knew corps preparing flank north choice withdraw burned bridges took edible path animal plant retreated fortified city evacuated occupied cavalry union longer run guns able dock dozens grant receive supplies directly previous route ran louisiana river crossing grand gulf north quarters army lost preceding battles expected general command relieve city large masses union troops march invest city repairing burnt bridges grant forces crossed sent note general asking sacrifice city save troops birth probably influenced fear public condemnation abandoned trying insisted port hudson held thought places worthless militarily caught middle victim convoluted command system think clearly chose army evacuate city head north escaped campaign chose army sealed fate troops city determined defend opposing forces union army tennessee brought corps siege detachment confederate inside line consisted divisions defenses confederate forces approached troops lines grant way advantage terrain fortifications defense nearly defensive line ran approximately miles based terrain varying elevations included hills steep angles attacker ascend fire perimeter included gun pits forts trenches major fortifications line included high bluff north city dominating approach city graveyard road northeast 3rd louisiana great protecting gap railroad line entering city square fort hall ferry road assaults grant wanted fully organize defenses ordered immediate assault troops corps difficult time approaching position rifle artillery fire brig brigade negotiate steep protected cross foot deep foot wide ditch attacking foot high walls attempt easily repulsed grant ordered artillery bombardment defenses division tried small number men able advance far ditch assault collapsed melee rifle fire hand grenades forth failed federal assaults damaged union morale confidence soldiers felt string victories mississippi costly casualties killed wounded missing versus confederate casualties killed wounded assumed regained fighting edge grant planned assault time greater care thoroughly defenses artillery naval gunfire lead units supplied ascend fortification walls grant want long siege attack entire army wide despite bloody union troops high spirits fed provisions seeing grant pass soldier commented soon union troops vicinity union served beans coffee night expected fall day union forces bombarded city night artillery pieces naval gunfire fleet river causing little property damage damaged confederate civilian morale morning defenders bombarded hours union attacked mile attacked graveyard road volunteers nicknamed hope detachment leading way followed divisions blair brig arranged long column regiments hoping achieve breakthrough concentrating mass narrow driven face heavy rifle fire blair brigades far ridge yards green southern edge poured heavy fire confederate position avail division waiting turn advance opportunity forward far right division brig spent morning attempting position mint spring corps assigned attack center jackson road right flank brigade brig advanced yards confederate line halted avoid dangerous flanking fire green left flank division assigned assault 3rd louisiana great brigade brig far slope grenades dark recalled brig brigade advanced columns attack failed found short scale fortification brig division advanced yards halted hours generals engaged confused discussions union left corps moved baldwin ferry road division brig assigned capture railroad 2nd texas division brig assigned square fort men achieved small breakthrough 2nd texas requested reinforcements clear breakthrough forthcoming advances failures grant received message stated heavily engaged reinforced requested diversion right corps grant initially refused request telling use reserve forces assistance grant mistakenly impression lightly engaged heavily reverse true followed message partially misleading implying captured forts stars stripes flying push line achieve victory union_army grant showed dispatch ordered corps advance grant ordered send division aid ordered assaults ransom moved repulsed immediately division suffered casualties aborted advance told murder order troops time division finally position right gave order charge 26th louisiana success assaults sector logan division thrust jackson road met heavy losses attack called attacked reinforced division success union casualties killed wounded missing evenly divided corps confederate casualties reported directly estimated grant blamed misleading dispatches poor results day storing political general caused campaign siege wrote grant regret having assaults regretted failed grant reluctantly settled siege col issued special orders grant corps commanders immediately commence work reducing enemy regular approaches desirable loss life shall sustained reduction capture garrison advantage taken natural ground gain positions start mines trenches advance batteries grant wrote memoirs determined regular siege camp enemy losses federal troops began dig constructing elaborate soldiers time referred ditches surrounded city moved closer closer confederate fortifications backs mississippi union firing river confederate soldiers citizens alike trapped determined hold miles mississippi long possible hoping relief new problem confronted dead wounded grant army lay heat mississippi summer odor deceased men horses air wounded crying medical help water grant refused request truce thinking weakness finally relented held fire union recovered wounded dead soldiers sides trading hostilities existed moment truce grant army began fill mile ring short time clear union soldiers able effect complete confederate defenses outlook escape roads leading south federal troops grant found help union general chief quickly began shift union troops west meet grant needs reinforcements arrive siege lines man division june troops remnants attached corps took position far south came division detachment led brig june assembled troops nearby posts memphis final significant group reinforcements join man strong led arriving june arrival grant men effort cut grant supply line louisiana major general attacked bend mississippi june mainly defended colored troops fought inferior weaponry finally fought rebels help horrible cost defenders lost confederate loss bend left hope relief cautious boxed lots munitions little food poor diet showing confederate soldiers end june half sick hospitalized malaria diseases cut ranks city resident stay night soldiers vegetable garden constant bother loss food siege wore fewer fewer horses dogs seen wandering shoe leather resort adults siege union shells town army artillery fire heavier continued suitable housing reduced minimum ridge located main town rebel defense line provided diverse lodging duration caves known locally dug yellow clay hills houses structurally sound deemed safer occupy people best comfortable furniture pictures tried time movements foraging rhythm unsuccessfully citizens union soldiers gave town nickname prairie dog village despite union fire town fewer dozen civilians known killed entire siege command changes grant actions siege settle lingering rivalry general wrote self note troops claiming credit soon victory grant waiting months slip clashed early campaign received permission relieve january waited grant finally relieved june prepared action left turned recovered wound sustained restored command remote texas command change occurred june addition grant concerned confederate forces rear command stationed division vicinity far north act covering force june transferred grant command corps nucleus special task force mission prevent gathering forces interfering siege given command task force brig replaced began moving relieve reached july delayed potentially difficult encounter late garrison fell jackson eventually pursue capture jackson july louisiana operations siege union confederate forces kept busy supporting role louisiana mississippi_river commander received telegraph requesting movement grant communication lines mississippi_river grant established important supply depots bend young point smith jurisdiction smith failed recognize importance situation june smith finally decided action request directing favor garrison taylor commanded developed campaign grant supply depots taylor assaults defeated bend battle young point response growing confederate activity area grant decided dispatch troops trenches river presence confederate division louisiana particular concern presence possibly aid confederate escape brig brigade corps ordered vicinity bend cooperate walker division stationed vicinity richmond louisiana richmond happened important supply line providing food louisiana june defeated walker destroyed richmond louisiana men returned constructed artillery battery targeting iron spent union artillery shells construction begun june placed pounder rifle railroad iron targeted destroyed june day second gun added battery continued harass defenders garrison surrender additional confederate activity louisiana occurred june landing attacked plantation army training center run slaves destroyed plantations captured slaves face marines confederate raids caused damage minor setbacks showed cause disturbances area crater 3rd louisiana late siege union troops 3rd louisiana packed pounds gunpowder explosion blew apart confederate lines june infantry attack troops logan division followed blast known lead regiment col charged foot diameter foot deep crater ease stopped recovering confederate infantry union soldiers pinned defenders rolled artillery shells short pit deadly results union engineers worked set crater order infantry soon soldiers fell new defensive line crater left explosion june union miners worked dig new south july detonated infantry attack followed pioneers worked july widen initial crater large infantry column pass future anticipated assaults events following day need assaults surrender aftermath july sent note grant fort demanded surrender grant wanting feed hungry union prison camps offered parole prisoners considering state expected fight hoped carry home stigma defeat rest confederacy event occupied army taken months ship prisoners north men july exchanged received august mobile harbor alabama tennessee september fought battles november invasion georgia confederate government protested validity technical grounds issue referred grant april general chief army dispute effectively ended prisoner exchanges war cases surrender old oak tree historical event personal memoirs grant described fate tree short time body root limb disappeared fragments taken trophies tree furnished wood shape trophies surrender finalized july independence day day hoped bring sympathetic terms united_states continued minor actions fortress city fallen surrender port hudson july mississippi_river firmly union hands confederacy split president lincoln famously announced father waters goes sea union casualties battle siege confederate surrendered campaign march claimed union confederate killed wounded addition surrendered men turned grant cannons rifles legacy folk tradition holds fourth july independence day holiday celebrated world war claim false large independence day celebrations held early battlefield preservation works maintained national_park_service park located mississippi delta louisiana flanking mississippi_river commemorates greater led battle reconstructed forts trenches evoke memories day siege ended surrender city victory port hudson farther south louisiana gave union control mississippi_river park includes historic monuments markers miles historic trenches earthworks mile tour road mile walking trail homes cannons restored sunk december grant canal site union_army attempted build canal let ships bypass confederate artillery fire memoirs primary sources isbn war rebellion compilation official records union confederate armies washington resources | Siege of Vicksburg | History | World history | North American history |
9562_Explodingcigar | exploding cigar exploding cigar variety cigar explodes shortly lit normally packed minute chemical explosive charge near lighting end non chemical device cigar exposed heat customary intended purpose exploding form hostile practical joke cause lasting physical harm butt joke high risk injuries use caused decline manufacture sale far prank cousins exploding means kill attempt kill targets real life claimed represented fictional plot device famous case concerning intentionally deadly variety alleged plot cia 1960s assassinate notable real life incidents involving non lethal include exploding cigar given acquaintance dust turkish military officers exploding cigar manufacture decline mid-20th century exploding popular practical joke device frequently advertised mentioned newspapers era despite popularity history exploding cigar development apparently documented including appeared largest manufacturer exploding united_states middle 20th century according exploding gag novelty items competitors combined company founded dubbed king professional invented patented common gag powder powder glass joy largest new_york based manufacturer exploding german refugee opened gag novelty factory manhattan time exploding turned manufacturers adams chemical explosive variety fallen favor according adams large scale switch non chemical device occurred approximately aftermath death caused exploding cigar rigged dynamite exploding normally rigged dynamite explosive caps powerful following incident number states banned product altogether replacement chemical explosives metal spring mechanism bound cord victim away cord burned causing device spring open cigar end decline use advertisement exploding cigar complete permanent obtained worldwide united_states makers include availability usa limited states massachusetts banned sale entirely prank exploding caused injuries history example sued cigar shop exploding cigar burned hand badly fingers observed legal scholar utility exploding cigar low risk injury high warrant conclusion cigar marketed laws enacted banning sale exploding entirely chapter massachusetts acts resolves passed legislature fiction prank intentionally deadly exploding featured numerous works fiction spanning forms media including literature film comics books cartoons known use exploding cigar literature example appears novel gravity rainbow character symbolically death wish smoking cigar knows prank explosive variety book examples include novel public burning fictionalized richard_nixon hands exploding cigar hall 1890s murdered exploding cigar film examples include romance fool paradise main character blinded exploding cigar laurel hardy great guns features gag tobacco replaced gunpowder vehicle murder exploding cigar key plot element beatles animated feature film exploding cigar psychedelic boxing monster comedy secret british secret agent character exploding cigar film main antagonist cigar swapped exploding comedy appearance exploding cartoon franchises fairly common coupled explosion resulting character appearing examples include animated gets exploding cigar leaving character colonel shuffle likewise ends explosion rabbit offers exploding cigar true form turns tables placing cigar pete mouth lighting expected results devil hare successfully gets smoke exploding cigar media examples include television appearances solve industrial magnate death exploding cigar episode short fuse season episode united_states television cbs crime drama csi titled child play forensic team investigate death man killed exploding cigar episode entitled touch video games day player offer george_washington exploding cigar stock device batman comic books example entitled way revenge exploding cigar man reality cia plot assassinate late 1950s presidential administration early 1960s cia implementing plots assassinate going far enlisting help mafia leaders assist carrying plans assassination ideas floated cia covert operation dubbed operation infamous cia alleged plot capitalize known love slipping supply real lethal exploding cigar november saturday article reported visit united_nations cia agent approached new_york_city police chief inspector plan smoke exploding cigar numerous sources state exploding cigar plot fact source asserts simply myth mere supermarket tabloid fodder suggests story origins cia seriously proposed plot plot cia intentionally silly idea feed questioning plans order scrutiny areas inquiry true cia exploding cigar assassination plot inspired cover october issue cover pictured right bears headline bang issue features painting depicting act lighting cigar wrapped cigar band drawn fingers ears awaiting explosion exploding cigar featured poster channel british documentary ways shows cigar mouth fuse projecting end lit match approaching exploding cigar tested season episode deadliest warrior cia cigar completely destroyed upper lower jaw head determined unreliable timed fuse small explosive delayed gift according associated_press story president gave founder defunct college chicago exploding cigar soon introduced joke wasn revealed years later according story unaware nature gift saved cigar keeping display college museum years later school shutting doors good alumni thought fitting gesture smoke cigar college annual reunion honor given grandson sober speech presenting lit cigar exploded news report detail holding explosion ultimately occurred family reunion alumni affair noted tale grant cigar embellished time possibility exists tale hoax urban legend cigar grant purported presentation reportedly urged group journalists drinking palace hotel bar italy presented exploding cigar turkish general cigar went guards drew guns aimed apparently escaped injury | Exploding cigar | History | World history | North American history |
9717_HistoryoftheGalvestonBayArea | history period years humans inhabited united_states history communities region influenced competing sister cities houston galveston distinct history truly single unified community histories communities common threads prior european settlement area galveston bay settled tribes lived gulf_coast region spanish french explorers traveled area years gradually establishing trade local natives early 19th century pirate created small short lived empire bay ruled base ousted united_states_navy following mexico independence spain new nation established long term settlements including bay early rebellions settlers mexican rule occurred region later site victory texas army mexican army texas revolution following texas independence mexico annexation united_states economic growth centered initially agriculture cattle commerce grew galveston houston later 19th century created additional economic opportunities railroads built connect commercial centers early 20th century region gave birth state earliest oil fields took hold manufacturing grew rapidly area particularly opening port texas city gradually established region important shipping center wealth increased southeast texas resorts tourist draws developed 1960s area home headquarters nation manned space program helped regional economy began development industry later high tech industries early history present geography gulf_coast formed ice age approximately years ago dramatic lowering sea level occurred ice later melted formed flow trinity rivers carved wide valleys soft sediments resulting creation modern system bays lakes approximately years ago humans entered region early years ago following americas asia ice age research indicated settlements galveston bay constructed bce appeared arrow points europeans entered region significant numbers native americans living southern coast galveston bay lived tribe branch people northeast inhabited han tribe people migratory hunter diet included deer bears addition fish nuts available portable shelter travel internal waterways coast advantage initially gave tactical superiority europeans area similarly hunter utilized transport known europeans hide abilities especially bear hide 18th century population area estimated earlier surveys coastline known europeans land vicinity command spanish explorer crew unclear precisely landed subsequent explorers described local tribes mention practice survivors left area soon able traveling safety mexico expedition spanish maritime expeditions charting gulf_coast performed detailed scientific exploration probably exploration expedition charting gulf_coast gave bay island spanish early 18th century french traders began trade nearby tribes traders including established trading post north bay near modern spanish authorities quickly seized post transformed fort named site established catholic mission spanish successful maintaining trade natives post abandoned years spanish settlers continued end century native populations declined dramatically disease territorial pressures europeans claimed pirate base operations support mexico rebellion spain succeeded leader famed louisiana pirate american hero war time serving transformed bay pirate kingdom called established bases smuggling ship repair near bay modern gang created hide shores late treasure era discovered response piracy united_states_navy ousted island colony abandoned settlers region remained supplied produce game area mexican dominion early 19th century following texas particularly southeastern texas increasing point contention spain united_states failed attempts groups control parts texas resulting temporary settlements near bay including perry point near modern spanish authorities began efforts texas help protect claim territory hoping spur settlement spanish government granted land pioneers united_states including moses austin soon afterward mexico declared independence spain moved establish control texas fears indigenous tribes officials found difficult find settlers mexico willing territory coastal areas continued allow settlers united_states area promise allegiance mexico austin son established colony extended east central texas galveston bay gulf_coast austin original old settlers including established commercial enterprises bay port galveston permanent settlement established island spur trade communities including founded officers gradually established bay addition anglo american mexican settlers area settlement established mexican colonization law forbade creation settlements near coast intention protecting native tribes area law enforced settlers continued tribal lands native tribes remained area years afterward gradually driven european settlers moved region driven inland merged driven southward eventually established current northeastern mexico formed new_york promote additional settlement galveston bay parts southeast texas company gradually brought colonists united_states europe conflict mexican officials colonization laws initially efforts difficult mexican authorities created customs garrison post near bay commanded post later modern city major outpost mainland shores temporarily replaced galveston port entry new washington modern morgan point modern founded settlers company conflicts settlers region land rights slavery laws customs duties led prelude larger texas rebellion result mexican authorities driven eastern texas settlers began discuss independence following coup mexican government president revoked freedoms previously enjoyed deteriorating government relations region settlers texas declared independence revolted following number battles mexican army texas army leadership general finally defeated near modern new grew rapidly shores bay initially home farms cattle wild texas free resources producing hides beef shipped north_america famed established near southeast houston addition established bay range land came encompass terrain bay south modern modern small communities began develop period modern important shipping trading post slaves inland bay towns houston founded buffalo new_york competed commercial centers significant galveston 19th century cities developed increasing influence communities particularly railroads built region multiple hurricanes struck region time 19th century catastrophic caused substantial damage caused loss life annexation united_states texas succeeded bid join united_states key causes subsequent mexican american war texas annexation brought people texas interests expanded bay growth farming lumber enterprises region construction galveston houston henderson railroad begun spurred growth region american civil war texas united_states area served limited role conflict major battles fought mainland shoreline new fortifications like near constructed ward mainland invasion union forces protect supply routes galveston recapture galveston confederate forces makeshift hospitals home established communities aftermath war economy declined period interests major economic drivers spawning economic enterprises like hide processing plants shipping companies slaves able advantage economic influence successful african american communities established including settlement success enterprises area growth galveston prime commercial centers south southwest helped promote construction gulf colorado houston course 19th century railroads built lines near southwest shore bay led creation modern edward point north galveston modern eventually including end century declined communities turned increasingly agriculture farming community established time end 19th century land south came known fruits vegetables grown area park created summer houston amenities including boating piers hotel dance pavilion quickly popular tourist destination houston area massive hurricane devastated city galveston heavily damaged communities bay according estimates death toll coast outside galveston thousand bridges galveston mainland destroyed communities shoreline declined time economic growth moved inland houston dominant economic center region received population boost galveston refugees relocated mainland following wars oil boom sparsely populated communities bay transformed 20th century following devastating hurricane donations newly created red_cross including millions plants gulf_coast farmers helped revive area communities subsequent establishment major farm area founder important fruit producer years afterward newly established community opened port railroad junctions shipping cotton grain fact port opened hurricane able handle galveston diverted shipping traffic island damaged port repaired following hurricane texas city built protect ship channel sediment movement future storms helping build confidence safety port immediate effects increase salt levels galveston southwest coastline major tracts opening new development communities commercial fishing shrimp grew significant area industry lumber industry continued grow sugar opened texas city paper mill factories early 20th century following petroleum discovery roughly miles galveston bay texas entered era economic development known petroleum exploration galveston bay began shortly afterward discovery built significant production beginning state largest field offshore oil drilling site state opened gradually oil fields discovered bay including oil field bay built followed main built largest state wealth brought boom transformed region population increased rapidly significant immigration united_states mexico overseas fleeing mexican revolution added significantly population immigrants added greatly community japanese rice farmers settled fact rice industry born major manufacturing centers developed houston acting corporate financial center boom wealthy created waterfront morgan point amusement park known time texas summer homes communities onset prohibition galveston bay important entry point smuggling illegal liquor supplied texas midwest boats arrived locations ranging galveston crime syndicate operated galveston time created casino districts areas referred county line line pun referring mason line area clear lake developed recreational properties wealthy including large ranch estate owned houston businessman great depression closed businesses area petroleum related growth helped offset effects world wars factories bay pressed service mass producing variety products including aviation fuel synthetic rubber ships tin outside europe opened world main suppliers population grew faster houston processing plants factories built expanded built southeast houston adjacent modern clear major air field flight training center wars earlier 20th century led pollution bay 1970s bay described sources body water ship channel rated sources having worse water quality drilling oil underground water large wakes increasing shipping bay led land erosion shoreline especially area today approximately acres km2 historic submerged gone prominent neighborhood abandoned explosion ship port texas city caused fires destruction city industrial complex ships creating nation worst industrial accidents tragedy caused deaths thousand injuries million damage million today dollars city growth prosperity interrupted city business leaders able rebuild modern times war effort brought significant area industrial base diversity facilitated area transition peacetime economy petroleum industry major focus gulf freeway route completed providing fast automobile link houston galveston new freeway considered engineering marvel time greatly encouraged new development western region bay texas largest storm record struck coast causing substantial flooding damage communities loss life minimal thanks evacuation efforts expansion flood control construction occurred result project completed nasa established area explosive growth neighboring houston mid-20th century especially 1970s 1980s caused remainder communities southwestern shore clear community created venture support residential growth near new nasa facility communities rapidly related industries region economy urban development spread houston communities houston formally annexed rest communities bay incorporated incorporated soon afterward independent metropolis economic boom 1970s early 1980s took place texas oil prices benefited communities significantly industrial operations expanded including opening plant shipping terminal port texas city leading port texas ninth nation terminal operated port houston seventh leading port nation development controversy building port houston power eminent domain residents nearly homes morgan point texas economy declined later 1980s economic diversity area substantial annual federal investments related helped region fare better conservation efforts mid late 20th century area industries municipalities helped dramatically improve water quality bay nature houston helped encourage nature preservation efforts including creating texas city prairie preserve tourism area grew especially clear lake led large space center resort communities early 20th century like emerged lake today holds largest concentrations world later 20th century afterward communities businesses area began cooperative efforts including create distinct economic civic identity region plan regional development communities region incorporated municipalities unincorporated communities remain extra territorial jurisdiction neighboring towns include communities despite seaside location proximity relatively prosperous development summer resort communities early 20th century suffered economic decline mid-20th century affluent parts today hurricane struck coast causing substantial damage environmentally economically ecology region recovery damage caused natural pollution sea salt man pollution chemicals washed freshwater bay showing dramatic effects marine land dwelling wildlife commercial fishing farming expected decades fully recover major industry able return normal operations tourist areas taken longer recover discussions proposal build protect particularly nationally critical begun project conceptual stage | History of the Galveston Bay Area | History | World history | North American history |
10470_GreatDismalSwampmaroons | great dismal swamp great dismal swamp freed escaped slaves inhabited great dismal swamp virginia north_carolina conditions harsh research suggests thousands lived 1860s told people story novel tale great dismal swamp significant research settlements began project location great dismal swamp spans area southeastern virginia northeastern north_carolina near norfolk virginia near north_carolina swamp estimated originally million acres km2 human destroyed today thousand acres km2 history african slaves brought british colonies virginia came dutch ship time slaves treated similarly servants free passage certain period time gained freedom converting christianity english time typically christians slave labor efforts drain log great dismal swamp 18th 19th centuries escaped slaves living freedom came known origin term uncertain competing theories linking spanish root words runaway slaves isolated hidden settlements existed southern states swamp based communities existed alabama florida georgia louisiana south_carolina largely limited virginia great dismal swamp beginning 18th century came live great dismal swamp settled islands high dry parts swamp inhabitants included slaves purchased freedom escaped slaves escaped slaves swamp route underground railroad way north slaves lived semi free conditions independence slaves actually enjoyed topic debate nearby whites left enslaved long paid logs businesses ignored fugitive nature escaped slaves provided work exchange trade goods stated present limits united_states likely thousand descendants lived great dismal swamp trading white people outside swamp results study published political economy exile great dismal swamp thousands people lived swamp native americans enslaved laborers canal study speculated thousands lived swamp precise number lived swamp time unknown believed largest colonies united_states established thousand living 19th century fear slave unrest fugitive slaves living population caused concern local whites militia dogs went swamp attempt remove destroy community people escaped north_carolina passed law specifically aimed swamp unlike communities local militias captured residents destroyed homes great dismal swamp avoided capture discovery homes little known native american activity area prior presence hunting indicates area served hunting ground far years ago native american communities existence swamp began settle leaving area inevitably lead recapture inhabitants readily available swamp recycling tool remnants left native americans possessions small artifacts recovered given historians little insight day day lives date excavation find human remains according historical archaeologist led research swamp possible water bones left born escaped slaves lived swamp entire lives despite hardships swamp life dense insects poisonous snakes bears difficult conditions swamp ideal hiding place escaped slaves free blacks slaves worked swamp canals native americans whites criminals known interacted slaves poor whites obtain work food clothes money fugitive slaves plundered nearby farms plantations stole anchored boats robbed travelers nearby roads caught tried murder theft communities set near dismal swamp canal built operation interacted outside world lived swamp interior contact outsiders canal construction began took jobs canal increased contact outside world people living swamp eventually moved away american civil war entered swamp liberate people joined union_army remained swamp left civil war research great dismal swamp landscape study began led historical archaeologist conducted excavation swamp partnership manages great dismal swamp national wildlife refuge initiated annual research program titled effort continues work landscape study examines impact slavery development swamp especially self sustaining settlements swamp interior studies native lifestyles european contact prior efforts field research great dismal swamp today swamp places research group gave lost way times sites deep swamp interior remote guide needed find gave people award project fall permanent exhibit opened national_park_service commemorate lived swamp pre civil war times groups inspirational details increasingly able people ability individuals communities control lives oppressive conditions | Great Dismal Swamp maroons | History | World history | North American history |
10641_NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces | national_register_of_historic_places national_register_of_historic_places united_states federal government official list districts sites buildings structures objects deemed worthy preservation property listed located qualify tax incentives derived total value expenses incurred preserving property passage established process adding properties million properties listed individually remainder contributing resources historic districts year approximately properties added districts individual listings history administered national_park_service agency interior goals help property owners interest groups coordinate identify protect historic sites united_states listings symbolic recognition significance provides financial incentive owners listed properties protection property guaranteed nomination process property evaluated terms criteria inclusion national_register_of_historic_places application criteria subject criticism academics history preservation public politicians occasionally historic sites outside country proper associated united_states listed properties nominated variety forms including individual properties historic districts multiple property submissions mps register general listings types properties district site structure building object defined geographical areas consisting contributing non contributing properties properties added automatically administered national_park_service include national historic landmarks national monuments federal properties proclaimed act historical natural significance managed multiple agencies monuments historic character managed national_park_service listed history october historic preservation act created national_register_of_historic_places corresponding state historic preservation offices initially consisted national historic landmarks designated register creation historic sites national park system approval act amended represented time united_states broad based historic preservation policy act required agencies work conjunction independent federal agency confront adverse effects federal activities historic preservation administer newly created national_register_of_historic_places national_park_service interior director established administrative division named charged creating program mandated law office director new divisions created deal division administered existing programs including historic sites survey new official architectural historian register earliest years late 1960s early 1970s organization small funds supplied provide matching grants aid listed property owners house museums institutional buildings later commercial structures years later history programs affiliated national parks system categorized formally assistant established main agency interior february assistant merged promote efficiency recognize programs selected direct newly merged associate described skilled administrator sensitive need work local governments described detail act eventually integral process listing properties amendments law defined responsibilities concerning amendments added category known properties associated native american hawaiian groups national_register_of_historic_places grown considerably legislative origins citizens groups nominated separate properties sites districts inclusion total separate properties million properties listed individually listed contributing members historic districts property owner incentives properties protected strict sense federal listing states local bodies choose protect listed historic places indirect protection possible state local regulations development properties tax incentives federal tax incentives virtually non existent buildings federal tax code favored new construction reuse existing historical structures tax code altered provide tax incentives promote preservation income producing historic properties national_park_service given responsibility ensure preserved historic character building qualify federal tax incentives qualifying rehabilitation consistent secretary properties sites listed register located contributing period significance eligible federal tax benefits owners income producing properties listed individually national_register_of_historic_places properties contributing resources eligible investment tax credit rehabilitation historic structure rehabilitation commercial industrial residential property tax incentives program operated program managed jointly national_park_service individual aside tax credit tax incentive program offers tax credit rehabilitation owners non historic non residential buildings constructed property owners qualify grants instance treasures grants apply specifically properties entered register national significance designated national historic landmarks treasures office closed united_states congress renew funding program fiscal years plan establish funding distinguish properties listed national_register_of_historic_places designated national historic landmarks concerning qualification tax incentives grants deliberate authors act learned experience distinguishing categories significance incentives caused lowest category essentially landmarks kind honor roll significant properties national_register_of_historic_places nomination process individual prepare nomination historians historic preservation employed work nomination consists standard nomination form contains basic information property physical appearance type significance embodied building structure object site district receives nominations provides feedback individual group preliminary review sends nomination state historic review commission recommends send nomination non federally owned property officially nominate property inclusion nomination recommended listing nomination sent national_park_service denies nomination approved property entered officially national_register_of_historic_places property owners notified nomination review state historic review commission owner objects nomination private property case historic district majority owners property listed national_register_of_historic_places criteria property eligible meet main criteria information architectural styles association aspects social history commerce ownership integral parts nomination nomination contains narrative section provides detailed physical description property significant historically regard local state national history national_register_of_historic_places criteria following criterion event property contribution major pattern american history criterion person associated significant people american past criterion design construction concerns distinctive characteristics building architecture construction including having great artistic value work master criterion information potential satisfied property yielded likely yield information important history criteria applied differently different types properties instance maritime properties application guidelines different buildings specific instances properties usually merit listing general rule graves historical figures properties owned religious institutions religious purposes moved structures reconstructed historic buildings commemorative properties properties achieved significance years qualified listing register exceptions preceding circumstances allow properties classified groups included properties listed listing national_register_of_historic_places governmental historic district site building property register honorary status federal financial incentives national_register_of_historic_places automatically includes national historic areas administered national_park_service landmarks include national historic sites national monuments occasionally historic sites outside country borders associated united_states listed listing restrict private property owners use property states municipalities laws effective property listed federal money federal permitting process involved section invoked section requires federal agency involved assess effect actions historic resources significant role section section requires director federal agency direct indirect jurisdiction project affect property listed determined eligible listing national_register_of_historic_places report director said agency required account effect undertaking property afford reasonable opportunity comment section mandate explicitly federal agency director accept advice advice practical influence especially given statutory obligations require federal agencies account effect undertaking cases determines federal action adverse effect historic properties sought typically memorandum agreement created involved parties agree particular plan states laws similar section contrast conditions relating federally designated historic district municipal governing local historic districts restrict certain kinds changes properties protect property listing passed october day included provisions addressed historic preservation dot act general section refers properties listed register general language allowed properties enjoy status protected areas legislation policy developed early history ruled case citizens preserve protected status historic sites thematic group listing national_register_of_historic_places consists related properties share common theme submitted group multiple property submissions satisfy certain basic criteria group properties included process begins acts cover document nomination national_register_of_historic_places purpose documentation form establish basis eligibility related properties information nominate register related historic properties simultaneously establish criteria properties nominated future additions mps occur time nomination individual properties mps accomplished manner nominations thematic group denotes historical theme properties considered multiple property listing individual property group properties nominated listed combined individual constitute examples mps include warehouses term multiple property submission introduced listings known thematic resources types properties listed properties generally broad categories special considerations types properties specialized general categories properties building structure site district object addition historic districts consist contributing non contributing properties buildings defined distinguished traditional sense examples include house barn hotel church similar construction created primarily shelter human activity term building refer historically related units courthouse jail barn house structures differ buildings functional constructions meant purposes human activity examples include aircraft grain elevator bridge objects usually artistic nature small scale compared structures buildings objects generally associated specific setting environment examples objects include monuments sculptures sites locations significant events prehistoric historic nature represent activities buildings standing ruined vanished sites listed locations historical interest possesses cultural archaeological value regardless value structures currently exist locations examples types sites include natural features rock shelters historic districts possess concentration association continuity types properties objects structures buildings sites historic district united historically aesthetically choice nature development different types historic preservation associated properties national_register_of_historic_places classified simple buildings historic districts national_park_service national_register_of_historic_places publishes series designed aid evaluating applying criteria evaluation different types properties criteria manner applied differ slightly depending type property involved describe application criteria aids navigation historic archaeological sites aviation properties burial places historic designed landscapes mining sites post offices properties associated significant persons properties achieving significance years rural historic landscapes traditional cultural properties vessels recent past american historic preservation year rule generally held belief property listed national_register_of_historic_places years old actually rule hard rule exception criteria evaluation stated deputy director rule exception criteria shape listings national_register_of_historic_places exceptions criteria considerations properties achieved significance past years probably best known misunderstood preservation principle america passing year new group resources crosses year threshold considered recent listing national_register_of_historic_places exceptionally significant preservation resources gained increasing attention recent years limitations properties removed register destroyed similar designations outside united_states austria brazil national historic site national historic event national historic person akin national historic landmarks chile national monuments chile china major historical cultural sites protected germany hong_kong historic building historic buildings hong_kong historic buildings hong_kong historic buildings hong_kong italy mexico national monuments norway new_zealand philippines portugal romania national register historic monuments romania singapore national monuments singapore spain cultural united kingdom listed building scheduled monument | National Register of Historic Places | History | World history | North American history |
10747_DeathandstatefuneralofRonaldReagan | death state funeral ronald_reagan june ronald_reagan 40th president united_states died having suffered disease nearly decade seven day state funeral followed reagan death body taken los_angeles home gates gates funeral home california prepare body burial june reagan transported displayed reagan presidential library valley california flown washington june service public viewing tributes capitol lying state thirty hours capitol state funeral service conducted june day president declared national day mourning later day service reagan transported california reagan presidential library state funeral executed richard_nixon presided johnson funeral declined state funeral reagan president die 21st century death morning june reports reagan health significantly deteriorated following years disease died pneumonia home age president paris reagan died acknowledged death press conference president bush following statement june american flags white house united_states world official installations operating locations ordered flown half staff days presidential proclamation president bush announcement reagan death bush declared june national day mourning early international tributes reagan included queen elizabeth_ii british prime minister soviet_union leader british prime minister canadian prime minister canadian prime minister french president martin advised governor general order flags canada canadian diplomatic missions united_states flown half staff 11th sympathy national day mourning germany chancellor ordered flags flown half staff government buildings 11th people marked reagan death leaving tributes overseas country significant reagan life including presidential library birthplace illinois funeral home body taken died fraternity house illinois reagan death campaigning ongoing presidential election considered time mourning suspended canadian federal election held martin opposition leader conservative leader leader suspended campaigns citing respect reagan funeral events june reagan body removed funeral home driven mile hour ronald_reagan presidential library reagan masterpiece model carried military honor guard representing branches lobby library lie brief family service conducted reverend pastor reagan prayer service concluded family approached reagan laid head family left doors presidential library opened public began filing rate hour night people visited presidential library departure washington june reagan removed presidential library driven california airfield reagan flew presidency visiting california ranch sam boeing usually serves president air force arrived transport washington thousands people gathered witness plane departure boarded presidential aircraft crowd military escort plane lifted events washington washington members congress public paid tribute reagan immediately death funeral funeral procession events capital began reagan arrived air force base maryland removed plane driven procession maryland virginia suburbs nation capital memorial bridge constitution avenue plane arrived capitol evacuated brief period plane carrying kentucky governor course created scare entering restricted incident attributed radio problems board plane affect funeral events near sight white_house halted reagan body transferred horse drawn procession constitution avenue stepped witness body transfer met warm including applause began minute journey est reagan family following military units escorted way sounds drums horse named carrying reagan riding boots reversed 4th street constitution avenue air force johnson air force base north_carolina flew missing man formation stopped arrived military units removed hail chief played amidst gun salute carried west steps capitol mainly reagan inaugurated wanted face west california teams military carried steps capitol battle hymn republic reached steps military escort met passed reagan momentarily pulled away escort reached touched followed inside placed lay state abraham_lincoln evening memorial service took place dignitaries primarily composed congressional members members diplomatic corps reverend gave invocation delivered senate president pro house speaker vice president speakers laid reverend gave escorted reagan said dignitaries room paid respects half hour rare instance doors capitol opened public stood lines stretching blocks view public viewing general public stood long lines waiting turn pay respects president people passed rate hour minute second wait time exceeded seven hours paid respects reagan lay state washington metro subway set daily record result returning washington following summit president lady visited pay respects world leaders including interim iraqi president polish president reagan good friend associate reagan lay state family took temporary residence official residence guests president united_states greeted additional dignitaries public figures visit prime minister wrote book thou good faithful servant state funeral service thirty hours lying state doors capitol closed public escorted moment military honor guard entered carried west steps capitol gun salute reagan holding hand heart met placed departed mile trip state funeral service held crowds lined route way dignitaries people gathered cathedral service including president bush presidents jimmy bill hillary_clinton members congress past present governors present foreign dignitaries attended coming nations dignitaries included past present heads state government secretary general leading dignitaries representing queen elizabeth_ii world leaders included prime minister wife german chancellor japanese prime minister italian prime minister jordan king interim presidents afghanistan iraq irish president blair king summit georgia later decided extend stay attend funeral said attending funeral appropriate german chancellor says thank funeral week long visit beginning visit washington scrapped visit west_coast visit community attend funeral world leaders attended summit decided extend stay attend funeral paid tribute summit including canadian prime minister french president russian president irish prime minister president european_union japanese prime minister presence special significance paid tribute reagan irish roots recalling visit ireland addition taiwan president representative attended funeral funeral reagan largest united_states president kennedy daughter caroline husband attended cathedral events arrived cathedral reagan removed carrying cathedral steps opening prayer given dean carried aisle reagan family followed reagan escorted seat president bush supreme_court associate justice female supreme_court justice reagan appointed gave reading preceded choir sang hymns heaven bring lord saw new heaven delivered eulogy view failing mental following small strokes message pre recorded months earlier broadcast cathedral television screens speech said lost great president great american great man lost dear friend following eulogy delivered ending presence beloved nancy children family friends american people deeply revered today gifted leader historic president human president spoke voice breaking point describing reagan bush reagan vice president son president eulogy saying ronald_reagan belongs ages preferred belonged years saw glass sees face face look fine day gone clear mind strong sure smiling sorrow parting gone forever choir sang battle hymn republic cardinal archbishop washington delivered bible reading gospel matthew missouri senator reverend delivered irish tenor sang songs maria amazing grace request reverend delivered flanked reverend reverend reagan library return california service removed cathedral driven return california passing crowds route family close friends boarded presidential aircraft previously farewell crowds boarding plane hours aircraft departed touched naval base california public including sailors uss reagan witness plane arrival reagan body driven large final trip streets southern california burial service service drew invited guests including reagan administration officials noted dignitaries traveled plane washington sat california governor wife california governor attendance los_angeles mayor hollywood actors celebrities attended including reagan wife actress hope widow family surviving reagan children michael ron gave final ceremony finished service golden west played sang star banner played amazing grace moved grave site placed burial rites given followed gun salute members armed services fired played time navy fighter jets flew missing man formation flag flew capitol president reagan inauguration folded honor guard presented captain commanding officer uss reagan accepted flag approached spent minutes laid head breaking crying washington_post described reagan having nearly week somber rituals surrendered grief handed flag covered husband coffin cried kissed said love children surrounded attempted console reagan walked away military escort folded flag military band began play victorian hymn faith looks thee reagan children said funeral attendees opportunity file past coffin lowered vault closed approximately day exterior shaped monument inscribed quote ronald_reagan delivered music music played week long events included hail chief country thee battle hymn republic amazing grace eternal father strong save known navy hymn god fathers lord god america america beautiful going home philip bliss security measures state funeral marked time washington hosted major event september attacks result designated state funeral special precautions taken events open public multiple means assisting streets temporarily blocked law enforcement attorney general told senate hearing funeral sad commentary observation memorial service president united_states labeled fact modern life washington nature war chief agreed saying world concerned aware potential happen received information handling time georgia services news media note security measures evident era terrorism world experiencing roots reagan years worst act terrorism united_states prior bombing pan flight scotland killed americans happened reagan years public media comments majority commemorating reagan supporters held 40th president high regard noted example retired engineer thought reagan politics witnessed leave air force base commented history professor praise remarked reagan hurt environment double digit inflation don majority media coverage event major news organizations broadcast events live multiple times week cable channel broadcast coverage funeral ceremonies complained television coverage excessive coverage events anchor dan quoted saying everybody respectful wants pay homage president life news like reality iraq got short weekend week media experts reported national mourning televised nearly non stop television networks provided americans welcome respite unhappy reports american troops killed iraq afghanistan giving sense good news desperate september attacks reagan included criticisms village_voice criticized funeral careful orchestration writing networks long plan production precisely mounted news event modern times gesture choreographed tear strategically placed additionally media outlets criticized reagan paying equal attention controversial decisions administration dean journalism college wrote magazine coverage believe reagan cross rogers washington_post media columnist said reagan far controversial figure time largely television suggest nation ran series articles controversies presidency gallery | Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan | History | World history | North American history |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.