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7655_Psilocybeallenii | species fungus family described new science named provided type collection found northwestern north_america los_angeles california british_columbia canada commonly miles pacific_coast mushrooms grow rotting wood especially wood chips garden landscaping caps mushrooms brown buff broadly convex flattened diameter white long thick species genus contains compounds consumed properties closely related differs lack cap margin taxonomy described new science received material collected seattle washington noted similar lacked cap margins characteristic species previous publications noted microscopic characters certain species highly variable account differences observed seattle material dna revealed base pair change internal regions segment molecular identify distinguish fungal species seattle collections difference addition readily differences deemed sufficient warrant describing taxon new species additional molecular studies published colleagues identified closely related years official description taxon known suspected species authors suggest color photograph popular actually depict mycologist suggested probably new newly imported species commonly called online community incorrect latin published scientific literature specific epithet honors collected original material provided impetus study allen collected type material november collected fungus times later seattle collections sent specialist initially thought overlapping spore size ranges description variable size depending substrate grow caps diameter range broadly convex flattened slight depression center cap margin straight slightly curved inward rarely slightly radial grooves moist specimens surface smooth sticky moist gelatinous cap cuticle wet slippery difficult collect caps change color depending moist pale orange brown brown moist dry yellowish buff gills attachment stipe initially cream pale gray brown dark purple spores mature cylindrical hollow stipe typically measures long thick base slightly thicker stipe covered white base connected thick white stipe surface smooth silky silky slender fibers color initially white slightly age base stipe white stained blue parts stain blue bruised handled young specimens white partial veil later disappears remains zone stipe colored brown spores odor taste mushroom similar ground flour spore prints dark brown violet shades spores thick walled elongated ellipsoid face view somewhat view typically measuring basidia spore bearing cells cylindrical spored long dimensions clamp connections present hyphae cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge abundant hyaline translucent thin walled shaped range narrow clubs narrow neck longer dimensions typically pleurocystidia found gill face common broadly club shaped point rounded tip end measure found stipe present variable shapes similar pleurocystidia mushrooms consumed properties roughly similar colleagues commonly sought mushroom hunters according golden gate park december hundreds looking wood chip landscaping similar species species appearance roughly similar usually distinguished differences morphology distribution european species var similar cap stipe generally slender closely related indistinguishable microscopic characteristics features cap maturity longer fruiting season late september april lacks ring zone stipe seen broader cap broad acute longer stipe growing season similar authors note australian similar including taxa suggest research required better understand species complex habitat distribution found northwestern north_america range extending british_columbia south los_angeles california common areas miles pacific_coast collected miles inland grow scattered groups rarely clusters woody debris wood chips landscaping favored include hardwood oak douglas fir fruiting occurs cold weather generally late september january species readily cultivated grain spawn material including wood chips | Psilocybe allenii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
7746_Clathruscolumnatus | commonly known column saprobic species fungus family widespread distribution found africa americas introduced north_america exotic plants similar fungi fruiting body known starts subterranean egg form fungus develops expands protective ultimately developing mature structures characterized long vertical orange red columns joined apex fully grown reaches heights tall inside surfaces columns covered olive brown spore containing attracts flies insects help spores considered undesirable fungus listed edible found commonly taxonomy naming species named french botanist transferred genus intended accommodate like species arms arranged columns network current meaning includes species suspended arch columns extend central core genera species transferred include considered obsolete genera specific epithet latin meaning supported pillars mushroom commonly known column curtis gates lloyd wrote florida known natives dead men fingers description fruit body consists usually vertical columns separate arise joined arch columns joined pairs opposite pairs joined short broad arch similar structure columns columns narrower base reddish orange yellowish pink young specimens fruit body compressed small interior space egg consists surrounded gelatinous layer compressed fruiting body egg usually gray grayish brown typically reaches columns grow remains base fruit body thick loose whitish sack found base types tissues central bundle fine hyphae extend longitudinal direction outer layer hyphae form loose highly interwoven structure grown columns extend ground location spore dispersal spore bearing mass upper inner surface columns spores elliptical smooth dimensions thin walls covered transparent envelope edibility words published serve warning inclined consume odor fully grown specimens order question poisonous character eaten men subject experiment described cases poisoning involving young girl ate small piece fungus seized violent followed loss speech deep sleep lasting hours case involved ate fungus found patches oak woods died hours later despite early report poisoning notes taste egg mild lists species edible similar species similarities larger like squid arms attached bases free grows rotting logs chip soil contrast grows sandy soil smaller stature tall columns development american botanist published detailed description development found egg consists systems continued upward strand earliest stage layer gives rise outer layer plates thin walled usually angular randomly arranged cells tightly packed portion gives rise gelatinous masses gelatinous layer gelatinous tissue chambers begins base hangs suspended arch tissue chamber masses ecology habitat distribution like species saprobic uses acquire nutrients dead decaying organic matter like wood consequence dead wood fungus associated disturbed habitats found growing gardens residences areas cultivation landscaping resulted wood chips rich materials traced buried roots stumps woody material species grows sandy soil near woody debris gardens cultivated soil fruit bodies appear singly scattered arise summer autumn early winter especially wet weather like member family mature fungus attracts insects smell help disperse spores beetle beetle family recorded feeding mexican specimens summarized known geographical distribution fungus collected australia new_zealand oceania new_guinea africa according australian mycologist tom australian distribution presumably erroneous based single collection central_america collected costa_rica found china north american distribution extends south mexico north new_york hawaii fungus common southeastern southern united_states thought introduced north_america typically appear areas locations exotic plants established | Clathrus columnatus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
7780_Mycenalanuginosa | species mushroom family collected reported new species known lowland oak dominated forests central japan small mushroom characterized grayish brown violet brown cap diameter slender grayish brown reddish brown stem covered minute fine soft hairs mushroom produces spores spores stain treated melzer reagent microscopic distinguishing features include smooth shaped cheilocystidia pleurocystidia cystidia gill edge face respectively elements outer layer cap stem taxonomy naming classification collected published new species seven japanese species specific epithet derived latin word meaning referring stem japanese mushroom fungus classified section defined dutch specialist section largest genus description cap diameter conical convex bell shaped distinct radial grooves extend center dry somewhat changing color loses water surface initially covered appears fine white powder soon smooth cap dark brown center gradually changes reddish brown finally nearly white margin white flesh thick distinctive taste odor slender stem long thick cylindrical attached center cap hollow dry portion stem near base surface covered soft fine hairs stem color grayish brown reddish brown near changing reddish brown near stem base covered long fairly coarse whitish gills narrowly attached stem spaced gills reach stem broad thin whitish gill edges color gill faces microscopic characteristics spores roughly ellipsoid smooth thin walled measure meaning stain blue black treated melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored bases abundant cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge thin walled measure smooth thin walled shaped cells come abruptly tapering point form sterile gill edge like cheilocystidia pleurocystidia cystidia gill face shaped abundant smooth thin walled measure tissue tissue hymenium bearing structure smooth thin walled element hyphae wide roughly cylindrical inflated hyaline translucent turning reddish reddish brown melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical smooth covered scattered finger like thin walled brownish underlying hyphae parallel arrangement hyaline brownish short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae measuring wide hyphae terminal cells characteristics similar hyphae cap cuticle flesh stem composed arranged cylindrical hyphae wide smooth hyaline clamp connections present layer cap stem basal basidia similar species closely resembles species originally described netherlands european species section differs microscopic characteristics densely elements cap cuticle long cylindrical right angle pleurocystidia distinct forming whitish cap stem initially later smooth like odor ellipsoid cylindrical spores cheilocystidia branches near tip habitat distribution known japan fruit bodies found solitary scattered dead leaves twigs lowland forests dominated oak species fruiting occurs march november | Mycena lanuginosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
7783_Psilocybeyungensis | species psychedelic mushroom family north_america found northeast central southeastern mexico south_america recorded colombia ecuador known caribbean island martinique china mushroom grows clusters groups rotting wood fruit bodies conical bell shaped brown caps diameter set atop slender stems long mushrooms stain blue bruised indicative presence compound indians purposes taxonomy classification species described new science american based specimens collected road published short description latin publication followed detailed description english later year according specialist species described described singer synonyms microscopic features type material singer considered species distinct differences stem surface smith named variety var specimens found conical form inverted cone similarly main distinguishing feature ascribed cap somewhat resembling shape female human breast later studies showed morphological variations warrant individual recognition variable nature characteristics existence intermediate forms places section grouping species characterized primarily having spores long specific epithet refers type locality natives natives mushroom mushroom genius mushroom description fruit bodies caps conical bell shaped maturity reach diameter cap surface smooth sticky moist specimens faint radial grooves extend margin color fresh caps ranges dark reddish brown brown brown additionally cap meaning change color depending state dry cap fades dull yellowish brown color straw cap frequently prominent gill attachment ranges broadly attached stem narrowly attached narrow gills close crowded gill color initially dull gray spores cause color change brown stem long thick equal width length slightly larger near base hollow stem pale brown upper reddish brown near stem densely covered whitish pressed flat surface maturity leave smooth surface mushroom partial veil resembling produced species long occasionally leaves sparse remnants tissue hanging cap margin upper stem ring remains stem veil disappears parts mushroom stain blue injured mushroom spore print dark brown spores range shape roughly roughly elliptical typically dimensions thick walled large basidia spore bearing cells club shaped swollen hyaline usually spored rarely spored forms present measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill face swollen near base ending abruptly short sharp point apex measure cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge variable shape measure pleurocystidia relatively sparse cheilocystidia abundant clamp connections present hyphae application drop potassium solution turns cap stem brown similar species species known venezuela roughly similar form somewhat smaller cap width diameter stem lengths addition differences distribution clearly distinguished larger cystidia pleurocystidia measure cheilocystidia notes species resemble considers brown cap color unusual compares habitat distribution saprobic species contributes degradation organic matter deposited soils nutrient cycling forests grows typically grows clusters groups rotting wood rarely frequently found growing reported coffee plantations subtropical cloud forests especially occurring elevations species occurs northeast central southeastern mexico recorded locations states veracruz known colombia ecuador caribbean island martinique reported china mexico colombia fungus usually fruits june july recorded appearing january uses fruit bodies spiritual purposes indians authorities suggested tree fungus reported jesuit missionaries 17th 18th centuries reddish mushroom apparently source peru established record mushroom use area possible mushroom instead psychedelic species wood dwelling genus | Psilocybe yungensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8006_Boletussubluridellus | species fungus family described new science american found eastern united_states canada grows ground coniferous mixed forests mycorrhizal association deciduous trees especially oak fruit bodies mushrooms red broadly convex caps diameter small dark reddish pores underside pale yellow stipe measures long thick parts fruit body quickly stain blue injured touched taxonomy species described american monograph fungi michigan type collection smith golf course near michigan september kept university_of_michigan classified section genus characterized immediately turn blue cutting narrow pores usually red occasional presence fruit bodies according scheme proposed form cystidia cap cuticle important species section study found major consistent microscopic differences specific epithet refers similarity means yellow dirty brown description fruit bodies convex caps measure diameter cap surface dry slightly sticky somewhat texture color reddish reddish brown orange red flesh bright yellow blue cut odor slightly metallic taste cap underside tubes comprising surface long near cap stipe slightly depressed dark reddish pores small round numbering pores stipe measures long thick solid hollow stuffed roughly width length stipe color pale yellow grading reddish base pressed yellow hairs parts fruit body cap surface flesh pores stipe quickly stain blue injured touched spore print olive brown spores somewhat fuse shaped face view profile view smooth surface tiny dimensions walls thick basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure thick pleurocystidia tube walls neck cheilocystidia edges narrowly club shaped slightly smaller measuring pleurocystidia tend basidia cap cuticle comprises thick layer narrow hyphae measuring arranged hyphae emerge roughly parallel like hairs perpendicular cap surface hyphae stain red mounted melzer reagent yellow potassium clamp connections absent hyphae similar species known mississippi cap changes color according age initially dark reddish later reddish brown maturity fading brownish orange brownish pink dull yellow finally turning dull yellow age pale yellow stipe lacks reddish coloration hairs found base smaller spores measuring similar appearance distinguished yellow stipe orange brownish dots blue found southeastern united_states grows conifers reddish stipe fine upper half habitat distribution mycorrhizal fungus grows association deciduous trees especially oak genus fruit bodies grow scattered groups ground deciduous mixed forests appear july october eastern north american species mushroom found new_england west great lakes north quebec canada | Boletus subluridellus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8206_Mycenaintersecta | species mushroom family reported new species known central japan found growing scattered dead leaves lowland forests dominated oak mushrooms olive brown caps diameter atop slender stems long thick underside cap spaced whitish gills cross veins running microscopic characteristics mushroom include smooth irregularly cylindrical cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge absence pleurocystidia cystidia gill face elements cap cuticle broadly club shaped irregularly shaped cystidia stem weakly flesh reddish reddish brown melzer reagent absence clamp connections edibility mushroom unknown naming mushroom collected japanese mycologist published new species seven japanese publication specific epithet latin word refers gills japanese according fungus best classified section defined dutch specialist description cap initially conical convex bell shaped eventually reaching diameter moist partly translucent outlines gills underneath cap seen cap somewhat dry surface initially covered fine white powder effect soon leaving surface smooth cap color initially olive brown yellowish brown somewhat paler margin white flesh thick lacks distinctive taste odor slender stem long thick cylindrical hollow surface dry colored pale olive brown near olive brown downward like cap age base stem covered coarse white hairs gills running slightly length stem spaced gills reaching stem gills broad thin somewhat whitish edges color gill faces description include discussion mushroom edibility microscopic characteristics roughly ellipsoid measure thin walled smooth weakly indicating weak ability absorb melzer reagent spore bearing cells basidia club shaped spored cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge abundant form sterile gill edge irregularly cylindrical smooth thin walled pleurocystidia cystidia gill face absent tissue thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical smooth weakly cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical densely covered finger like thin walled layer hyphae underneath cap cuticle parallel olive brown weakly short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical smooth sparsely hyphae curve outward form club shaped irregularly shaped cystidia stem olive brown thin walled measure broadly club shaped irregularly shaped like stem tissue running cylindrical hyphae wide smooth weakly melzer reagent clamp connections absent tissues similar species european species somewhat similar appearance distinguished greenish edged gills cheilocystidia abruptly tapering points clamp connections habitat distribution known japan fruit bodies found solitary scattered dead leaves lowland forests dominated oak trees | Mycena intersecta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8271_Pseudoplectanianigrella | commonly known cup black false black cup species fungi family fruit bodies saprobic fungus small cups typically broad grow groups soil pine short grass near coniferous trees worldwide distribution found north_america caribbean britain europe india madagascar new_zealand japan fungus produces unique chemical compound attracted research interest ability growth common human taxonomy naming christian named species sanctioned german mycologist transferred newly described genus type species species placed friedrich august placement considered correct fungus commonly known cup black false black cup description fruit bodies technically called typically grow groups crowded closely small stems missing entirely initially fruit bodies closed roughly spherical develop expand cup shaped flat inner surface cups bear reproductive spore bearing layer hymenium brownish black edge curved slightly covered fine hairs cups reach diameter hairs long usually closely twisted gives exterior cup slightly appearance nearly uniform thickness entire length pale brown diameter roughly cylindrical long stem like base entire long diameter point spores round smooth translucent hyaline filled small oil sterile hyphae hymenium enlarged tips filled brown colored matter thick similar species resembles deeply cup shaped fruit body short distinct stem grows moss elliptical shaped spores measuring elliptical spores margin cups star shaped points edibility considered distinctive taste odor habitat distribution species saprobic found growing groups ground moss covered decaying wood especially fallen pine north_america fruit bodies appear spring summer fairly common britain fungus fruits winter spring rare small size dark color makes easy worldwide distribution found north_america caribbean europe india madagascar new_zealand israel japan compounds typically found animals higher plants found isolated fungus chemical structure resembling found spiders general molecular structure stabilized bonds particular invertebrates plants share named motif laboratory tests especially active growth common human including strains resistant conventional low mice cured pneumonia caused efficiently suggesting potential chinese scientists announced method high level production protein expression system | Pseudoplectania nigrella | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8413_Leotialubrica | commonly referred baby species fungus family species produces small fruit bodies centimetres height featuring head stalk olive green colour heads irregularly shaped stalk similar colour ground appearance somewhat variable similar number species including described later transferred relationship members genus type species complicated growing woodland moss plant habitats fruit bodies typically found large numbers grow tight individually species feeds youngest fruit bodies small conical fertile head quickly grows stalk described despite common reported edible good recorded europe north_america asia taxonomy naming species described scientifically work flora classes genera species named species specific meaning transferred species remains synonyms include des given fruit bodies mushrooms typically referred babies common names include club slippery cap green fungus fungus term yellow babies differentiate species green babies type species genus species close relationship mycologist suggested greenish color infection imperfect fungus proposed species results phylogenetic analysis suggested defined specimens split different groups contained specimens groups differentiated colour stalk dried basal shown description produces fruit bodies range centimetres height body single fertile head measuring olive greenish gelatinous touch surface head smooth shape convex head irregular edge rolled inward underside paler colour upper surface smooth head attached central stalk ranges wide thinner substrate stalk typically cylindrical flattened occasionally furrows colour similar head yellow surface covered small greenish colour flesh gelatinous head stalk hollow filled microscopic features spores borne measuring club shaped typically bears spores meaning lack lid split release spores elongated measure slightly end surface smooth curved spores typically contain small drops oil mature spores divided length typical hyaline measure similar species fruit bodies similar commonly known species differentiated fact fruit bodies paler colour species highly similar similar differentiated colour brown spores smaller thinner texture gelatinous fruit bodies mistaken differentiated darker differentiated species green head fruit bodies greenish species easy edibility fruit bodies little interest contrary suggested common typically described field guides reported little known species fact edible considering good comparison american describe species edible describe taste bland field flesh smell taste habitat distribution ecology damp deciduous woodland found particular favoured habitats include path sides underneath favoured include soil moss plant waste feeds fruit bodies typically encountered late summer late autumn europe late spring autumn north_america common species recorded eastern asia china new_zealand australia fruit bodies typically found growing large numbers solitary specimens occasionally encountered bodies connected bases younger bodies grow bases older ones youngest fruit bodies conical shape body reaches length tip cone begins expand forming head stage hymenium differentiated rest body bodies quickly reach mature form growth point fruit bodies infected mould | Leotia lubrica | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8470_Mycenamultiplicata | species mushroom family described new species mushroom known japan grows dead fallen twigs lowland forests dominated oak mushroom whitish cap reaches diameter atop slender stem long thick underside cap whitish spaced gills narrowly attached stem microscopic characteristics mushroom include spores turning bluish black black presence melzer reagent pear shaped broadly club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia found gill edge covered numerous spaced cylindrical lack pleurocystidia cystidia gill face hyphae outer layer cap stem edibility mushroom unknown taxonomy naming classification mushroom collected japanese mycologist reported new species seven specific epithet derived latin word meaning japanese suggests mushroom best classified section genus defined dutch specialist description cap conical convex bell shaped reaching diameter margin dry somewhat changing color loses water cap surface initially appearing covered fine white powder soon smooth cap color whitish pale brownish center white flesh thick distinctive taste odor slender stem long thick cylindrical centrally attached cap hollow surface dry near covered fine soft hairs base whitish grayish violet near gradually dark violet stem base covered long fairly coarse whitish gills narrowly attached stem spaced gills reach stem broad thin whitish gill edges color gill faces edibility mushroom determined microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid thin walled smooth measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored basal cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge abundant pear shaped broadly club shaped measure covered numerous thin walled spaced simple somewhat branched cylindrical straight curved pleurocystidia cystidia gill face species gill producing tissue thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical inflated smooth hyaline translucent reddish reddish brown melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical covered simple highly branched thin walls layer hyphae underneath cap cuticle parallel arrangement hyaline short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical pale violet thin walled cystidia stem wide similar appearance cheilocystidia stem tissue arranged cylindrical hyphae measuring wide smooth hyaline clamp connections present cap cuticle flesh base basidia similar species section similar malaysian species having grayish white cap cheilocystidia finger like habitat distinguished forming smaller fruit bodies caps wide gills hyaline white stem broadly ellipsoid spores habitat distribution known japan found growing solitary scattered dead fallen twigs lowland forests dominated oak species | Mycena multiplicata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8623_Suillusquiescens | mushroom genus family collected coast california association species scientifically described named addition distribution coastal california found forming roots pine eastern coastal oregon southern resembles distinguished species paler colored immature cap tiny colored stipe age discovery fruit bodies fungus collected named new species conference proceedings published species officially described named publication specific epithet refers organism ability wait dormant soil encounters pine roots phylogeny based phylogenetic analysis internal region non functional number species distinct similar species sequences obtained fruit bodies mycorrhizal root tips formed clade analysis showed sequences matches unidentified sequences found pine collected oregon california description cap ranges shape broadly convex diameter cap color deep brown mature specimens lighter shades brown younger mushrooms young specimens sticky layer cap maturity edge cap rolled young specimens flesh cap whitish change color bruised cut tubes underside cap light yellow bright orange yellow tube mouths usually wide stipe usually long frequently reaching width slightly larger base color upper portion stipe pale light yellow lower portion light brown covered streaks material like cap stipe surface covered fine initially slightly darker color stipe surface brown nearly black drying color spore print determined initial collections thought yellow brown brown based accumulated spore deposit seen surface caps neighboring fruit bodies spores face view dimensions spores single large drop oil spore bearing cells basidia club shaped spored measure similar species short stipe sticky cap similar distinguished species color young light brown cap dots mature specimens yellowish color stipe habitat distribution fruit bodies grow small groups ground association common species type locality collected point reyes california islands northern mediterranean climate cool wet winters warm dry summers species spores survive soil extended periods time spores tolerate dry conditions heat typical california study showed viable spores present steam soil planted oregon fields authors suggest early species fruits young forests spores remain dormant soil extended periods time roots suitable pine host encountered | Suillus quiescens | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8631_Mycenafonticola | species fungus family reported known central japan grows dead leaves twigs low elevation forests dominated oak trees fruit body fungus smooth violet brown cap diameter slender stem long distinguishing microscopic characteristics mushroom include relatively large distinctly spores turning blue black stained melzer reagent smooth shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge absence pleurocystidia cystidia gill face hyphae cap cuticle absence clamp connections taxonomy naming classification fungus collected japanese mycologist described new species seven publication mushroom japanese specific epithet derived latin means fountain according microscopic features suggest species best classified section defined dutch specialist description cap diameter ranges shape conical convex bell shaped surface arranged shallow grooves extending center cap cap surface somewhat changing color loses water dry smooth colored violet brown young somewhat paler margin white flesh thick lacks distinctive odor taste stem long slender compared size cap typically tall thick cylindrical slightly enlarged base hollow grayish brown violet brown gradually violet brown lower portion stem surface initially appearing covered fine whitish powder smooth age stem base bears large like coarse white hairs gills narrowly attached stem reaching stem gills broad thin whitish grayish gills edges color gill faces microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid smooth distinctly absorbing stain melzer reagent thin walled measure spore bearing cells basidia club shaped spored immature aborted basidia club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia found gills edges abundant shaped roughly club shaped broadly rounded smooth thin walled form sterile gill edge pleurocystidia cystidia gill faces absent species tissue tissue hymenium bearing structure thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical smooth reddish reddish brown melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical densely covered finger like thin walled contain brownish pigment layer hyphae underlying cap cuticle parallel brownish pigment short inflated cells measuring wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical hyphae covered scattered thin walled finger like contain brownish pigment flesh stem running cylindrical hyphae wide smooth clamp connections absent tissues species similar species similar discovered reported concurrently differs forming pale grayish purple cap low broad club shaped cheilocystidia short finger like hyphae stem cuticle habitat distribution known japan fruit bodies found solitary scattered dead leaves twigs low elevation forests dominated oak species | Mycena fonticola | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8797_Mycenaclariviolacea | mushroom family reported new species known japan fruits dead fallen twigs forests dominated oak trees distinctive features species found medium sized dark violet fruit bodies caps diameter slender stems long microscopic characteristics include spores treated melzer reagent club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge covered like absence pleurocystidia cystidia gill face cylindrical cystidia stem taxonomy naming classification mushroom collected japanese mycologist seven species reported new species publication specific epithet derived latin words meaning clear japanese according spores cheilocystidia covered like elements layer cap stem suggest species best classified section defined dutch specialist description depending age mushroom cap range shape convex bell shaped somewhat flattened age reaches diameter small depression like center somewhat changing color loses water cap surface dry covered appears fine white powder soon leaving surface smooth initially cap color dark violet later fades grayish violet edges whitish flesh thick lacks distinctive taste odor slender stem long thick cylindrical centrally attached stem hollow surface dry entire length grayish violet dark violet color base covered white covering short closely hairs gills fused stem spaced gills reaching stem gills broad thin color cap paler microscopic characteristics spores broadly ellipsoid smooth bluish blue black treated melzer reagent thin walled measure basidia club shaped spored cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge abundant club shaped measure tips covered like short thin walled pleurocystidia cystidia gill face absent tissue tissue hymenium bearing structure thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical somewhat inflated smooth contain brownish pigment hyphae meaning stain reddish reddish brown melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical hyphae smooth covered scattered finger like thin walled pale brownish layer hyphae underlying cap cuticle parallel cylindrical hyaline brownish short inflated cells wide stem cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide similar hyphae cap cuticle cystidia stem cylindrical brownish thin walled flesh stem composed running cylindrical hyphae wide smooth clamp connections present cap cuticle stem cuticle gill flesh basal basidia similar species similar brazilian species belongs section genus differs having grayish purple cap stem forming somewhat shaped shaped smooth cheilocystidia classified section distinguished smooth shaped cheilocystidia pleurocystidia hyphae layer cap stem habitat distribution known japan fruit bodies found growing solitary scattered dead fallen twigs forests dominated oak trees mushroom fruits june september | Mycena clariviolacea | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8820_Lactifluusdeceptivus | synonym commonly known common species fungus family found eastern north_america ground coniferous forests near deciduous forests near oak oak dominated forests costa_rica produces large mushrooms funnel shaped caps reaching diameter hard white stems reach long thick gills closely spaced yellowish cream color young cap white parts depressed center dull brownish age breaks scales edge cap roll tissue collapses cap expands surface stem especially near base texture mushroom white latex cut injured fruit bodies edible bitter taste removed cooking similar milk cap species confused include taxonomy species described scientific literature american mycologist specific epithet derived latin word contrasting appearance young old fruit bodies commonly known state mexico known kid ear following split distinct genus milk caps genus correct combination species genus classified subgenus section characteristics species section include white whitish immature cap later turn yellow brown color white cream colored latex typically taste velvet stem cuticle long narrow thick walled hairs species section include type species based morphological study published considered synonymous described smith monograph north american milk caps considered satellite species differing basis smaller spores smaller surface spores crowded narrow gills differences micro structure cap cuticle description cap diameter initially convex funnel shaped age margin cap edge rolled young immature gills cap surface dry smooth whitish young yellowish brownish dull brownish age gills attachment stem close white cream pale long deep stem long thick nearly equal width tapered downward dry nearly smooth white brown age initially stuffed filled cotton later hollow flesh thick white thick latex produced mushroom white change color exposure air mushroom flesh yellowish brown color odor flesh latex range indistinct like age taste strongly effect throat original description species reported experiment edible qualities evil consequences thorough cooking removes bitter taste mushroom highly regarded edible smith noted feature acquaintances found undesirable mushroom sold traditional markets mexico microscopic characteristics spore print white whitish drying spores mass pale yellowish spores broadly ellipsoid hyaline translucent measure prominent spores spines form system raised net like ridges surface high meaning absorb stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia found face gill abundant roughly club shaped swollen middle tapering dimensions cheilocystidia cystidia edge gills similar appearance pleurocystidia cap cuticle layer somewhat hyphae stem cuticle layer bent hyphae bearing thick walled cystidia stem lacks gelatinous layer similar species fungus similar external appearance spore ornamentation forms stem gelatinous layer hyphae lying parallel surface similar appearance white stem blue develops intense blue coloration handling lacks margin species include smaller cap smaller spores small cap somewhat similar appearance produce latex cut injured var widely spaced gills cap margin densely crowded gills firm soft cap margin latex habitat distribution like milk caps mycorrhizal meaning fungus forms association certain trees shrubs subterranean fungus forms intimate association tree roots tissue allows organisms exchange nutrients unable obtain fruit bodies fungus grow scattered groups ground hardwood forests oak smith noted preference edges woodland pools hardwood forests oak stands bushes species widely distributed eastern north_america reported southern western canada fairly common species fruits june october mushroom reported mexico veracruz oak pine forests altitudes slightly meters costa_rica abundant oak forests | Lactifluus deceptivus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8823_Battarreaphalloides | species mushroom family type species genus known vernacular sandy desert woody slender stem typically centimeters length general appearance resembles stem gills atop stem spore sac consisting internal maturity spore sac release spores found dry sandy locations world collected africa asia australia europe north_america primarily western regions south_america currently disagreement literature european species taxonomy species mentioned scientific literature described new species found named type locality suffolk england sanctioned transferred synopsis newly genus named italian mycologist synonyms include published based collections new combination based berkeley published specific epithet means like refers similarity genus commonly known sandy common given species desert cyprus known locally fungus derived fact spores natural agent applied backs morphological resemblance animal historically uncertainty european species known unique species merely variant taxon described variety var form mycologist opined differs having spores colored orange slightly larger opposed thought larger fruit body size stipe lack parts stem presence absence traditionally considered significant characteristic separating species proposed idea single species studying specimens southern california concluded represented single species analysis number european specimens microscopic characteristics addition molecular analysis regions suggested authors study considered differences spore ornamentation stipe hyphae insufficient species note inability locate type material species limited suggestion species supported later study traditional molecular methods compare field collected english specimens extensive range material collected world found material labeled generally greater range cap stem sizes labeled generally consistent smaller material studied generally similar habitats material originated wide variety habitats suggesting environmental factors influence fruit body morphology evidence pointing included spore sizes lack significant differences dna based study specimens collected china scientists considered independent species description mature specimens roughly resemble typical mushroom stature stem cap cap gills species spore sac atop stem young fruit body roughly spherical completely outer wall later splits fashion circular line lower wall forming upper forming scales cover inner wall upper rolls upward backward eventually falls away piece exposing spore sac lined narrow ring spores spores sticky carried away wind drying action cause edges roll exposing spores continued upper half blown away remains spores washed away rain fruit body develops rapidly mature colored somewhat conical head diameter stalk long thick study reported specimen found mexico length typically spore case broad tall hollow stalk pale brown brown woody surface mature eventually exposed cap shed brown color cap persist spore mass dispersed form disc like unit stalk like ring fragile sac shaped broad stalk formed distinct separated tissue layers inner layer resembles scales stem consisting hyphae diameter closely arranged nearly parallel sparsely branched yellowish outer layer fungal tissue thicker texture dry dirty white consists pale yellow hyphae difficult distinguish individually remains gelatinous matrix fruit bodies persist months dried thick walled spores roughly spherical brown finely densely ring like spiral consists densely interwoven hyphae diameter walls thick branched pale yellow clamp connections largely types threads hyphae diameter thin walled smooth sparsely branched hyaline pale yellow long pale yellow smooth walled tapered cylindrical spiral branched edibility typically described unknown edibility cyprus immature egg form fruit body eaten older specimens smell unpleasant spores product promotes healing formation tissue northern argentina similar species closely related species known united_states differs spore sac emerges smaller spores emerge number pores upper surface spore sac grow taller centimeters commonly known desert occurs dry similar distinguished elongated cap habitat distribution found growing solitary scattered dry sandy raised boundary feature topped growing relatively rare species locally abundant locations mexico known north central country usually collected arid areas coastal dunes found sea level high mushroom associated quick growing tree species coastal dunes largest fruit bodies found thriving high salt conditions vegetation belgium specimens found sandy soil dead bushes north_america collected western canada usa confined west southern_california new_mexico arizona mexico hawaii reported growing south_america brazil africa morocco europe belgium china australia decline sightings granted legal protection hungary making offense pick received similar protected status united_kingdom habitat range include arid regions western southwestern united_states australia south_africa european countries including russia | Battarrea phalloides | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
8880_Limnoperdon | fungal genus family genus contains single species aquatic fungus species described new science produces fruit bodies lack specialized structures stem cap gills common mushrooms fruit bodies described aquatic floating small balls diameter loosely interwoven hyphae balls float surface water submerged twigs experimental observations development fruit body based growth fungus pure culture suggest thin strand ball water matures fruit bodies start hyphae cup shaped eventually single chamber contains reddish spores initially discovered marsh state washington fungus collected japan south_africa canada taxonomy classification phylogeny family genus species described publication graduate students undergraduate fall found fungus class project find located duplicate specimen located originally thought associated artificial species united fact spores mature inside fruit bodies forcibly discharged basidia similar genera include family family excluded genera significant differences spore color structure presence clamp connections structure basidia reasons new family described contain new species classified defunct order recently molecular clarify relationship fungi established membership clade related group species traditionally forming order additional molecular studies placed clade grouping includes families studies comparisons dna sequences placed near genera family field study molecular techniques survey aquatic fungal taxa small canada discovered fungal taxa high genetic affinity suggests closely related species common streams description genus description similar family description fruit bodies float embedded loose net like growth hyphae spores reddish fungus described aquatic later review considered floating fruit bodies tiny oval roughly spherical measure floating balls enclosed loose whitish surface consisting fine threads outer protective tissue layer thick hyphae typically diameter irregularly branched cystidia diameter surface feature helps water growing hymenium development gives fruit body single chamber reddish color cavity shape initially maturity filled spores measure smooth inner surface chamber comprises fertile spore bearing tissue hymenium basidia spore bearing cells conspicuous viewed microscope hyaline translucent club shaped usually basal separated narrow strip variable length basidia spored inflated central basidia measure typically long thick reddish mass spores egg shaped broad located away base smooth thick walled measure typically basal habitat distribution species originally discovered floating dishes contained submerged hardwood twigs previously collected marsh playground south shore seattle washington initial publication reported following year recovered wood blocks submerged water japan scientists later reported collecting japanese rice fields later surveys uncovered fungus south_africa freshwater ponds canada development grew cultures fungus placing fresh fruit bodies containing growth medium extract horse tips hyphae obtain cultures fungus grow variety media commonly grow fungi laboratory depending composition growth media fruit bodies formed early days initiating grown dim light minute blocks containing submerged water strands grew water surface eventually gave rise floating fruit bodies connected parent block strands hyphae studied development fruit body specimens grown pure culture starting fungus grows cup shape eventually closing completely create spherical structure mature fruit body fungus cup stage exposed hymenium immature typically spores develop fruit body fully closed cases fruit body stops developing cup stage hymenium continues mature results cup shaped fungus exposed layer basidia bearing normal mature spores structurally simple fungus relatively easy grow culture suggesting potential model organism fruit body development general experimental conditions fruit bodies matured produce spores hours fungus started growing aborted cups resemble fungi distinguished spore attachment lack forceful spore discharge later suggested fungus evolved loss compensated cup shaped fruit body closing maturity small cup shaped fungus adapted marine environment contrast starts closed fruit body later opens cup shaped known certainty spores dispersed disperse water mature spore containing fruit body float water surface dispersal mode reproduction commonly employed marine fungi competitive advantage marine environments | Limnoperdon | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9035_Lactariusrufulus | commonly known candy cap species fungus family fruit bodies brownish red caps wide closely spaced pinkish yellow gills stem long thick colored similarly cap species known california arizona mexico grows ground leaf litter near oak trees fruit bodies resembles tends grow clusters common base groups distinguishing microscopic characteristic near absence large spherical cells called common species mushrooms edible odor resembling maple flavor taxonomy species described american mycologist based specimens collected stanford_university california type collections students stanford junior university number collections winter classified section subgenus genus surface characteristics species section defined smith called irregularly cracked cracks crossing based surface numerous inflated cells paired mushroom commonly known candy cap description cap wide broadly convex flattened eventually funnel shaped slight cap margin edge initially curved curved upward maturity surface usually uneven brownish red fades orange brown age attachment gills stem attached running slightly length stem packed close pinkish yellow age darker red reddish brown gills stain different color bruised stem long thick nearly equal slightly enlarged downward dry smooth reddish brown solid stuffed filled cotton like partially hollow age flesh firm white pinkish orange stain cut latex yellowish white exposure stain tissues taste spore print white yellow mushroom edible mild taste slight odor maple american author suggests fruit bodies manner similar candy cap mushrooms despite known use ice microscopic characteristics spores spherical nearly partial complete system raised net like ridges high basidia spore bearing cells spored measure cap cuticle poorly formed layer inflated cells scattered cystidia cap somewhat unusual lacks swollen cells cap stem similar species similar appearance like latex develops strong odor maple dried smaller cap stem mild flesh latex flesh latex strongly taste fruit bodies lack additionally typically grows manner fruit bodies common base colors intense odor latex ecology habitat distribution mycorrhizal species lives association oak species fungus forms characterized external surround oak fungus receives plant plant greater access soil nutrients needed growth fruit bodies grow scattered groups ground oak usually january march appearance uncommon thought california prevalent southern state reported mexico arizona | Lactarius rufulus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9127_Tuberoregonense | commonly known oregon white species edible genus described new science north american species found western coast united_states northern california southern british_columbia west cascade range mycorrhizal fungus grows association douglas fir overlaps distribution closely related different growing seasons typically appears october march grows january june fruit bodies fungus roughly spherical irregular shape resemble small potatoes diameter inside initially white tan color large thick walled strongly spores produced large spherical highly prized taste individuals claimed success christmas tree farms taxonomy phylogeny species officially described named article previously american field guides popular publications years type specimen collected oregon february oregon specific epithet derives oregon latin relating reference western oregon central region abundance fungus commonly known oregon white authority initially intended species variety var molecular analysis revealed genetic differences distinction species level clade genus contains species peculiar wall tips emerging surface maturity description fruit bodies growing ground typically broad specimens recorded smaller specimens spherical nearly random furrows larger specimens irregular shape deeply young fruit bodies white matures develops red reddish brown brown patches age orange brown reddish brown overall develops cracks surface thick surface texture ranges relatively smooth covered tiny hairs dense furrows scattered exposed solid youth fertile tissue whitish narrow white stuffed veins emerge surface maturity fertile tissue light brown brown color spores veins remain white odor flavor flesh mild youth soon strong complex spores ellipsoid somewhat shaped narrowed ends light brownish color size spores varies depending type develop spored measure spored spored spored spored sizes excluding surface ornamentation spore walls thick covered like network typically sides corners form spines tall thick appears spores light microscope objective focused optical cross section spore wall surface scanning electron surface young range shape spherical broadly ellipsoid egg shaped pear shaped base narrowed like stipe measures mature spherical broadly ellipsoid pressure crowded spores hyaline translucent thin walled occasionally stipe maturity cuticle thick plus minus tightly interwoven hyphae broad cells short nearly hyaline walls measure thick interior veins emerge cells form localized tissue rounded cells broad degree surface covered fine hairs variable hairs hyphae thin walled tips diameter smooth surfaces walls resembling string irregularly hyaline bands wide tissue layer immediately abruptly differentiated thick comprises interwoven nearly hyaline thin walled hyphae wide scattered cells wide hyaline thin walled interwoven hyphae broad scattered cells inflated similar species closely resembles grows habitats distinguished structure differences spores size shape grows january june edibility choice edible species odor described complex cheese fungus prized commercial consumers intense grow considered floral flavor profile related european individuals claimed success growing christmas tree farms oregon techniques reportedly involve ground young douglas fir trees comprising ground mixed water animals fed concrete evidence methods establish new patches improve productivity existing patches ecology habitat distribution like species mycorrhizal fungus grows west southern region washington south southwestern oregon elevations near sea level pure stands forests years old mixed species species commercially harvested pacific northwest 1980s found christmas tree plantations young years held eugene yearly coincide late january features activities cultivation hunting fruit bodies produced september middle march fungus important component diet northern flying comprises majority diet certain times year | Tuber oregonense | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9608_Boletuspinophilus | commonly known pine king fungus genus found europe years considered subspecies form mushroom western north_america reclassified new species edible preserved cooked fungus grows predominantly coniferous forests forming associations living trees tree underground roots fungal tissue fungus produces spore bearing fruit bodies ground summer autumn large edible fruiting bodies known mushrooms appear pine trees generally summer autumn brown coloured cap stem large swollen overall colour orange red size fruiting body variable taxonomy italian naturalist recognise pine distinct taxon raised species status years considered variety species longer treated variety classified section close relative gained current described czech specific epithet mix latin pine loving synonym subsequently found invalid common names include pine king taxonomic revision western north american populations species published formally establishing distinct species phylogenetic analysis shown member clade closely related group north american species despite diverse appearances taxa close genetically leading colleagues speculate combining taxa single species diverged lineage gave rise million years ago description fruiting body convex shaped cap small relation stipe expanding volume matures skin cap dry coloured chocolate brown reddish characteristics distinguish visually relatives young immature cap pale pink colour white flush measuring tall wide stipe large swollen imposing bearing network overall colour orange red obvious lowest parts common species size fruiting body variable cap diameter stem height like small pores underside cap gills coloured white yellow age brown maturity spores ellipsoid smooth oil drops dimensions produce olive brown spore print distribution habitat europe found britain common scotland france common south considered vulnerable czech_republic sold commercially finland forms relationships pine fir spruce located trees grow particularly scots pine britain preferring poor acidic sandy soils associated coniferous forests appears favour form mushroom occurring association labeled var confined coniferous trees found fruiting deciduous forests chestnut trees fruiting bodies occur singly small groups summer autumn months known appear early april italy edibility edible fresh preserved dried cooked manner similar edible highly regarded expensive central mexico sold dried flesh white soft mature specimens change colour taste smell pleasant people likened flavour pork pork easily similar habitat appearance known heavy metals mercury reduce exposure authorities recommend avoiding mushrooms areas near mines roadways disposal sites furthermore pores removed contain highest concentrations | Boletus pinophilus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9617_Spongiformasquarepantsii | species fungus family genus found malaysia described new science produces like orange fruit bodies fruit bodies reach dimensions wide tall like resume original shape water spores produced surfaces shaped rough surfaces measure fungus derived cartoon character species differs colour spore structure taxonomy classification species described scientifically online journal authored american description based specimens collected malaysia species appeared literature study mushrooms tropical formally described publication unusual form colleagues initially uncertain new species member analysis showed species aligned genus newly described forests thailand similarity species collected borneo confirmed molecular analysis showed match dna sequences genus refers like nature fruit body specific epithet known cartoon character shape shares resemblance fungus additionally authors note spore bearing surface hymenium viewed scanning electron somewhat resembles covered tube reminiscent fictitious home epithet originally rejected editors colleagues insisted liked description fruit body bright orange coloured roughly spherical oval measures wide tall lacks stipe rudimentary small cord sterile tissue extends center fruit body surface fruit body deep ridges somewhat resembling brain like water resume original shape surface irregular relatively large lined fertile spore producing tissue diameter ridges pale orange lighter having projections fruit bodies strong described strongly mushroom tissue turns purple drop potassium applied mass spores reddish brown deep colour edibility fruit body unknown shaped spores typically thick walls measuring small central depressed area spore attached mounted water surface appear brown colour mounted solution spores pale grey surface ornamentation forms swollen dissolve spores meaning turn reddish brown stained melzer reagent red basidia club shaped spored long ridges comprise erect cystidia mixed chains erect cylindrical hyphae measuring diameter cystidia roughly cylindrical dimensions clamp connections present hyphae fungus similar species related species newly described differs ways larger fruit bodies wide tall initially pale orange brownish grey reddish brown dark brown coal tar spores prominent surface habitat distribution found growing ground malaysia northern borneo tropical receives millimetres rain yearly average temperatures ranging structure fruit body allows quickly revive dry absorbing moisture air distinctive species indicate spore dispersal animals | Spongiforma squarepantsii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9681_Geastrumwelwitschii | species fungus family young fruit bodies resemble small spheres lying soil mushroom matures thick outer layer tissue splits star like form number arms curve downward reveal inner spore sac contains fertile tissue known spore sac narrow opening spores released fully expanded fruit bodies wide tall collected spain mid-19th century fungus distributed europe north_america bermuda taxonomy fungus collected spain austrian explorer botanist british mycologist obtained specimens thought sent specimen french mycologist named variant world monograph considered species variety described var synonym according ranks level genus concept genus classified section includes species outer layer incorporate sand debris classified opening spore sac description mature fruit body small medium sized spore sac meaning spore sac raised air rays press unlike fungi layer debris fruit body develops indistinct boundary young fruit bodies prior opening found near surface ground rounded attached substrate basal cord expanded fruit body small medium sized outer upper arched layers split half way point rays cup free attached base developed corresponding rays width fruit body height including high cup diameter layer layer thin walled usually angular randomly arranged cells tightly packed initially later brownish age dark brown cracked moist reddish brown layer colored outer free layer tips rays layer brown somewhat yellowish brown outer surface reddish brown moist debris debris sand adhere inner smooth dull somewhat glossy brown spore sac roughly spherical diameter stalk short distinct high light color developed inner smooth eye densely protruding light grayish brown tips present distinct boundaries mouth area developed broadly club shaped cross section whitish pale mature brown spores roughly spherical contain oil measure diameter scanning electron revealed spore surface covered column like processes high similar species similar having rays cup shaped layer distinguished cup outer surface similar morphological characters minimum having small fruit bodies whitish spore differentiated minimum rays layer easily layer form cup distinguished dark smaller spores according common coastal forests hawaii species closely allied differs main species surface sac shaped body smaller spores likened outer surface fruit habitat distribution fungus saprobic grows ground leaf litter wood collected spain south_carolina florida bermuda | Geastrum welwitschii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9804_Engleromycessinensis | species fungus family described new science based specimens collected incorrectly identified fungus known china grows bamboo forms fruit bodies shape roughly circular buff colored measuring diameter bamboo folk remedy cancer infection provinces isolated identified fungus discovery described new species authors studying members family housed beijing discovered specimens labeled collected jade dragon snow mountain match descriptions species published curtis gates lloyd dennis species descriptions based collections africa convinced authors chinese collections sufficiently different warrant describing new species prior discovery genus specific epithet means chinese description fruit bodies form roughly spherical partially bamboo substrate official description gives dimensions height specimens markets measuring diameter noted young surface buff colored pinkish slightly surface color changes grayish brown surface fungus matures internal flesh buff colored firm texture later woody minute openings spores released scattered surface fruit bodies somewhat like young later situated crust thickness arranged rows spherical shaped spored funnel shaped somewhat like golf measure apparatus region tip forms spore shooting mechanism blue melzer reagent smooth black lined single row feature drop like visible measuring broadly ends shortened lack contrast type species smaller spores apparatus shaped fruit bodies grow large size football weigh kilograms grow african alpine bamboo ball fungus produces fruit bodies similar smaller gelatinous texture found thailand grow bamboo branches elevations ranging habitat distribution known china including type location china fungus collected found growing coniferous forest collected elevations fruit bodies grow partially bamboo specifically recorded species bamboo variously known depending authority collections initially identified likely research china traditional medicine properties sold market stalls isolated identified fungus produces compound activity additional include novel compound previously known unusual chemical structure featuring rare substituted acid skeleton | Engleromyces sinensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
9898_Volvariellabombycina | commonly known silky silky silver silk straw mushroom tree mushroom species edible mushroom family uncommon widespread species having reported asia australia caribbean europe north_america fruit body mushroom begins developing thin egg like sac stem expands quickly leaving sac base stem cap attain diameter white slightly yellowish covered silky hairs underside cap closely spaced gills free attachment stem initially white turning pink spores mature mushroom grows singly clusters appearing old wounds contains compounds properties taxonomy species described german naturalist history genera including placed current genus names applied species include august published illegitimate names earlier priority described variety collections growing wood florida originally described new species considered variety variety described later named variety originally described distinct species belgian mycologist later variety author root generic genera species placed derives latin meaning covering specific epithet derives latin root silky common names mushroom include silky silky silver silk straw mushroom tree mushroom description fruit bodies initially egg shaped enclosed universal veil expand caps later bell shaped convex finally nearly flattened age attaining diameter dry cap surface covered silky threads color white yellowish pale approaching margin flesh thin soft white odor resembling raw potatoes gills crowded close free attachment stem initially white turning pinkish spores mature stem measures long thick typically tapered upward white smooth surface slightly curved universal veil cracked irregularly shaped blocks forms long base stem white yellowish brown divided variety var distinguished main form smaller bright yellow caps diameter dirty white noted developed peculiar odor drying var smaller spores yellow cap brown var yellow cap small spores distinguished previous varieties spaced gills mushrooms produce spore print color ranging pinkish salmon spores elliptical smooth measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia occur gill face usually shaped widely variable morphology abundant hymenium dimensions cheilocystidia gill edge similar morphology abundance feature held end slender projections long dimensions range long wide clamp connections absent hyphae fruit bodies readily grown laboratory culture similar species combination silky white cap white stem pink gills pink spore print growth wood characteristic species identification field relatively easy species general similar appearance produce pinkish pinkish brown spore prints lack species grow ground white spore prints small cap measuring diameter silky fibers short lines visible cap edge moist grows soil gardens medium size white cap diameter silky fibers lacks short lines cap edge moist grows ground woods bluish gray cap distinguished smooth cap sticky damp white edibility fruit bodies edible usually considered good quality called excellent modest pleasant flavor worth eating found large quantities related story unique circumstances led development local species members family poisoned fatally result eating caps species year maple tree home people story circulated spores poisonous fungus caused deaths year escaped house lodged tree grew producing fruiting bodies consequently held great awe neighbors soon came referred ghost mushroom course consider eating habitat distribution saprobic species fruit bodies grow singly small groups decayed stumps dead favored species include sugar maple red maple silver maple beech oak found dead living tree noted fruit location years despite preference reported growing rare instances coniferous wood uncommon species wide distribution reported asia china india korea pakistan caribbean cuba australia europe north_america south_america acquired protected status hungary making legal offense pick variety known venezuela var occurs compounds secondary isolated identified fruit bodies pure culture compounds found liquid culture novel compound identified culture compound human fungus produces compounds activity | Volvariella bombycina | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10039_Amanitagemmata | commonly known mushroom family genus fruit body cap dull golden shade yellow typically diameter cap surface sticky moist characterized white easily detached initially convex mature flesh white change colour cut gills white closely spaced stem pale yellow measures long thick partial veil covers young fruit body turns ring stem maturity spore print white spores roughly elliptical measure species mycorrhizal fungus widespread americas europe grow singly scattered groups prefers habitats like coniferous mixed forests alongside paths fruits summer fall toxic mushroom species genera confused european species resembles false death cap cap mushrooms cap brighter color yellow taxonomy phylogeny species described scientifically swedish mycologist botanist transferred genus french species transferred genera history resulting number synonyms including var authority considers published synonymous characteristics fall limits range expected genus classified subgenus section series places species informal ranking species level believe different molecular studies based sequences large gene mitochondrial small gene clade close relatives mushroom commonly known european description fruit bodies colored yellow overall fresh cap ranging color dull yellow golden yellow buff sticky moist white cap surface usually easily washed away rain placed randomly tend concentrated center cap typically diameter initially convex maturity flesh white shows change gills white close little intervening space pale yellowish stem long thick roughly equal width slightly thicker base young mushrooms partial veil extending upper stem cap margin mushroom grows partial veil tears leave skirt like easily lost ring stem base stem white remnant universal veil covered immature mushroom usually forms small free rim spore prints white distinctive microscopic characteristics ellipsoid broadly ellipsoid spores measuring average ratio fraction length width spores smooth thin walled contain small oil basidia spore bearing cells hymenium usually spored club shaped measure gill tissue meaning cells parallel near center gill bend near end gill hyphae tissue cylindrical inflated thin walled hyaline translucent yellowish measure wide hyphae central strand narrower typically cylindrical hyphae layer tissue directly hymenium interwoven hyphae branched cylindrical slightly inflated hyaline wide hyphae cap cuticle interwoven arranged cylindrical wide thin walled hyaline yellowish mounted potassium cap tissue interwoven hyphae cylindrical somewhat inflated wide thin walled branched hyaline yellowish abundant apex stem club shaped cylindrical thin walled hyaline measure wide tissue comprises interwoven cylindrical hyphae measuring wide inflated spherical cells present tissue club shaped dimensions cap surface remnants universal veil comprise loosely interwoven cylindrical inflated thin walled hyphae wide tissue hyaline tissue interwoven cylindrical hyaline hyphae wide roughly spherical hyaline measure abundant region cap cuticle cells scattered width clamp connections rare hyphae present gill tissue cap tissue similar species numerous forms north_america tend mycologist described species confused times past according mediterranean species synonymous similar appearance larger according measurements cap stem dimensions fell range expected reason taxa considered suggest mediterranean collections frequent historical native italian species described distinct species mushroom ranging japan china unlike differences species include slightly smaller spores differences cap suspected presence acid generally symptoms poisoning appear hours mushroom visual stomach pain irregular slow heart beat severe cases involving coma death extremely rare ecology habitat distribution mycorrhizal fungus meaning forms mutually beneficial relationship roots compatible host plants association plant provides fungus carbon source fungus provides plant benefits nutrients protection collaborators document mycorrhizal associations pine maritime pine spain fungus sandy slightly acidic soils found association mushroom grows singly scattered groups coniferous mixed forests especially paths roads species distributed areas asia americas europe fruits summer fall fall winter california widely distributed species cluster north_america found far south mexico species reported dominican_republic south_america known chile asia mushroom collected iran china | Amanita gemmata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10052_Lactariussanguifluus | commonly known bloody milk cap species fungus family described france species given current transferred found asia europe fruit bodies mushrooms grow scattered groups ground conifers especially douglas fir bruised cut fruit bodies blood red purple latex slowly turns greenish exposure air caps reddish brown funnel shaped age gills pinkish different forms described italy universally accepted distinct mushrooms edible sold rural markets europe asia fruit bodies grown soil including subject heavy traffic toxic heavy metals pigment isolated identified mushrooms taxonomy fungus described french mycologist given current transferred work called genus considered synonym type illustration species represent typical morphology fruit bodies designated described forms italy whitish cap clearly cap lacks green tones gills pinkish form originally described variety var invalid illegitimate synonym species named later authors agree forms distinct taxa suggesting appearance represent normal morphological variations brought differences age environmental factors levels sunlight humidity considered variety morphological especially characters spore ornamentation molecular evidence based internal confirmed separate species classified section genus section includes popular edible species popular characterized mushrooms orange red latex greenish stain flesh gills sticky cap association conifers specific epithet derived latin words blood flowing description fruit bodies convex caps central depression reaching diameter cap surface smooth sticky margins curved downward mushroom matures color pinkish buff patches grayish pale greenish gray especially surface bruised somewhat crowded gills slightly attachment stipe pale pale pinkish buff edge cylindrical stipe measures long thick smooth surface colored pale pinkish buff pale buff brownish irregular dots flesh ranges firm fragile stipe soft pale pinkish buff cap cuticle brick colored brownish red gills taste ranges mild slightly bitter lacks significant odor spores roughly spherical measuring feature surface high complete comprising broad rounded ridges basidia spore bearing cells somewhat cylindrical spored measure cap cuticle gelatinous hyphae run parallel cap surface thick hyphae wide usually branched interwoven similar species considered variety similar appearance general distinguished red color lacking orange tones cap stipe gills distinctly downwards tapered stipe intense latex cap tissue species distinguished differences ornamentation spore surfaces incomplete spore surface ridges wider degree variation thickness potential characteristic orange latex turns wine red minutes exposure air compared fruit bodies smaller violet cap develop greenish age habitat distribution species fruit bodies grow ground association pine trees soils widely distributed india noted grow mixed coniferous forests usually widespread fruits september november extending december southernmost regions continent netherlands found dunes growing warm sunny sheltered place edge woods dominated pine species europe recorded belgium estonia greece cyprus france germany italy netherlands poland russia spain slovakia sweden switzerland africa species collected morocco asia occurs vietnam china listed appeared draft red list spain endangered edible species considered vulnerable commercial picking illustrate september newspaper report cited reported mushrooms picked seized van edibility fruit bodies edible choice noted original description species wrote fungus highly prized use acquainted keeps kept year takes taste best way eat cook pan oil butter salt long cook mushrooms sold rural markets france spain turkey china collected locals upper valley central italy spain mushroom cuisine known cyprus known meaning bloody widely collected locals considered inferior milk cap india young specimens consumed consider better flavor known relative english common bloody fruit bodies heavy metals including toxic ones soil reason consuming mushrooms harvested potentially contaminated sites near subject heavy traffic recommended turkish study edible mushroom species collected near roads inner parts forests fruit bodies determined accumulated high levels lead compounds contains mixture predominant total lesser amounts derivatives including latex contains skeletons include compounds given common names chemicals thought undergo conversions fruit body injured fruit body extracts shown activity positive negative bacteria cited literature world minnesota isbn genus denmark isbn morphology taxonomy european species sect | Lactarius sanguifluus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10054_Gyromitrainfula | commonly known false saddle fungus family dark reddish brown caps fruit bodies develop characteristic saddle shape maturity ends saddle drawn sharp tips project level fruit body stipe white pale brown smooth outside hollow chambers inside found usually late summer autumn growing rotting wood hard packed ground considered contains toxic compound body converted component rocket removed thorough cooking fungi included informal category false taxonomy fungus described german mycologist original genus spelling established genus distinguishing based hymenium marked lines genus based type species later french mycologist transferred species decades witnessed lingering confusion correct placement fungi moved newly created genus called retained genus based entirely different character exclude genus species founded attempt reconcile confusion surrounding naming identity mushrooms proposed synonymous representing variable forms species suggestion adopted later identified differences species including fruiting time microscopic differences genus derived greek words round specific epithet latin heavy band twisted wool worn roman sacrifices known commonly saddle false additionally member group fungi collectively known false named resemblance highly regarded edible true genus group includes species genus brain mushroom mushroom snow description cap fruit body technically high wide reddish brown somewhat saddle shaped frequently develops brown spots surface development mushroom periphery cap grows stipe form hollow roughly bell shaped structure fertile spore bearing surface hymenium outside surface growth hymenium continues expand joining stipe hymenium longer follow arches pads stipe typically high thick colors reddish brown whitish bluish typically lighter colored cap stipe covered layer fine hairs context thin odor taste microscopic characteristics shape hyaline smooth thin walled dimensions containing large oil end spore producing cells roughly cylindrical spored opening lid discharge spores dimensions diameter club shaped apex edibility fungus contains toxic compound major component rocket fuel removed generous volumes water consumption possible long term health effects evidence small cumulative effect similar species surface similar like similar appearance usually possible species examining microscopic characteristics said pronounced purple stipe larger spores long saddle shaped cap lead confusion species fungi typically colors thinner habitat distribution fungus found growing singly scattered near coniferous woodland autumn rotten wood commonly found packed ground country roads associated conifers include deciduous tree species species widely distributed coastal forests north_america north american range extends north canada south mexico reported south_america europe asia | Gyromitra infula | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10201_Suillellusamygdalinus | fungus family found western north_america fruit bodies mushrooms characterized thick red brown caps red pores strong reaction observed mushroom tissue injured cut cap reach stipe long thick maturity mushroom found woodlands central california north southern oregon edibility mushroom known certainty poisonous recommended consumption similar red north_america including distinguished color cap degree network raised ridges stipe location taxonomy species named based specimens found california november changed discovered epithet different found china published fungus transferred molecular demonstrated lineage distinct latin means relating resembling description large solid mushroom convex somewhat flattened irregular cap reach maturity surface cap dry fibers cap color young specimens red mushrooms typically change brownish tones mature margin cap starts curved gradually curved downwards age pores underside cap wide angular red red orange tubes deep stipe lacks pattern yellow color covered red hairs especially near base stipe equal width thicker middle reaches dimensions long thick base stipe typically bent flesh thick yellow color like parts mushroom stain blue immediately cutting odor taste fruit bodies mild edibility known certainty authorities recommend avoid consuming blue red poisonous species implicated group california nature symptoms experienced probably type mushroom consumed microscopic characteristics produces dark olive brown spore print spores thick walled smooth ellipsoid somewhat shaped dimensions dark stained melzer reagent occasional presence large appear basidia spore bearing cells club shaped contain numerous measure cystidia present sides tubes measure clamp connections present hyphae chemical color tests help identify fruit bodies suspected drop potassium turn cap flesh orange turns cap cuticle red darker produces yellow flesh brown cap iron produces change pale grey color flesh cuticle acid causes flesh turn orange pink color reaction cuticle similar species red confused poisonous european species north american counterpart lighter colored caps pattern stipe highly variable species eastern north_america includes red range cap colors coating hairs near base stipe represent group species similar species found north_america trees conifers unlike dark brown nearly brown cap yellow stipe dense covering red dots distribution habitat mushrooms grow ground groups scattered fungus reported low elevation hardwood forests composed live oak california oregon fruiting occurs onset autumn rains usually october january mushroom difficult spot cap similar coloring leaves tree associated mushroom frequently buried leaves | Suillellus amygdalinus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10463_Plectanianannfeldtii | commonly known black felt cup black cup fungus species fungus family fruit bodies species resemble small black shaped shallow cups wide stems long attached black fruit bodies appear groups ground usually attached buried woody debris commonly associated melting snow found western north_america asia higher elevations similar black cup fungi confused include taxonomy species described british mycologist called monograph cup fungi north_america type specimens found colorado mycologist collections reported colorado california species referred transferred species current changing specific epithet process use synonym chosen honors swedish mycologist responsible early advances understanding fungus cup fungi classified section genus ellipsoid vernacular names species include black felt cup black cup fungus description fruit body shaped diameter edges cup somewhat remain inward old external surface covered delicate brown hairs color surface underneath brownish black surface fruit body dry internal convex surface cup contains spore producing tissue layer known hymenium black stem thin long diameter tapering base like fruit body covered delicate brownish black hairs similar color outer surface cup dense coarse base stem black flesh thin gray edibility determined species microscopic features mass spores white spores hyaline translucent ellipsoid dimensions opinions divided distribution oil spores miller says spores typically oil end field guide mushrooms pacific_northwest says spores lack large oil drops claims numerous tiny oil drops walls spores thin horizontal ridges visible light stained blue spore bearing cells long wide end opens discharge spores interspersed numerous sterile dark brown cells called slightly enlarged end long wide similar species based external appearance similar species difficult distinguish external fruit body surface microscopic characters identify definitively spores smaller typically black cup fungus appears spring smaller spores whitish margins cup edges shorter stems smaller outer surface darker inner cup surface rudimentary stem habitat distribution typically found higher elevations coniferous forests growing wet twigs rotting woody debris near snow begins development underneath snow reaching maturity expose source suggests heat help melt path snow grows grow singly scattered clusters noted preference wood conifers north_america found canada fruits late early august common sierra nevada higher elevations distribution includes china japan | Plectania nannfeldtii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10617_Mycenastylobates | commonly known species mushroom family found north_america europe produces small whitish gray fruit bodies bell shaped caps diameter distinguishing characteristic mushroom fragile stipe seated flat disk marked distinct grooves fringed row mushrooms grow small troops leaves debris deciduous coniferous trees mushroom spores white deposit smooth ellipsoid shaped dimensions development fruit body preliminary stipe cap structures appear time hyphae originating stipe form cover developing structures mushroom believed properties taxonomy species named christian sanctioned later transferred genus raised tribes rank genus species placed genera genera greek word means column foundation base mushroom commonly known british mycologist called handbook british fungi description cap diameter depending age range shape convex bell shaped flattened structure cap margin depends age mushroom progressing straight curved inward slightly margin curved backward cap surface smooth viewed glass minute spines seen ages surface smooth moist somewhat shows grooves corresponding position gills underneath cap cap color evenly pale gray flesh thin distinguishable odor taste gills appear closely spaced caps usually distant old individuals gills extend margin stipe additionally tiers small gills reach fully margin stipe gills narrow swelling middle broad age attached line narrowly gills split away stipe remaining attached way form collar stipe gills pale gray soon whitish edges stipe long thick level flat circular disc base equal width stipe covered fine white scattered covered fine white powder later smooth color bluish gray fresh soon fades gray basal disc gill impressions covered fine minute hairs soon smooth fruit bodies considered microscopic characteristics spores narrowly ellipsoid basidia spore bearing cells spored rarely spored pleurocystidia cystidia gill face differentiated cystidia gill edge abundant variable structure usually club shaped thick projections arise near apex covered numerous enlarged portion neck measure hyaline gill flesh greatly enlarged cells pale red wine color flesh cap usually potassium water mounts prepared surface hyphae covered short projections hyphae structures project surface cause appearance scattered coarse spines cap viewed lens tissue beneath entirely greatly enlarged cells appear pale stain grown pure culture phenomenon reported fruit bodies known similar species species basal disc similar usually smaller grows fallen decaying leaves oak different cheilocystidia slender margin basal disc like species grows woody wet habitats spores gill edges contain tough elastic gelatinous thread described new species thailand forms smaller fruit bodies differently shaped cheilocystidia cap hyphae fruit body development development fruit bodies investigated detail light scanning electron according colleagues development divided phases established contains structures mature fruit body second stage stipe rapidly newly exposed hymenium immediately begins spore production detected stage fruit body formation irregularly arranged structure substrate surface substrate establishing structure develops layer wrapping hyphae covers entire structures stipe cap develop simultaneously developing stipe cap basal disc form secondary ring like cavity gills develop gill development number small lower cap covered group tightly packed roughly parallel cells margins form primary gills spreads developing gill edge edge primary gills early stages development secondary gills formed ridges folding lower cap contrast primary gills covered beginning spore production begins immediately stipe habitat distribution fruit bodies grow scattered groups oak leaves coniferous spring summer early autumn common warm wet seasons specialist collected tennessee michigan idaho washington united_states nova scotia ontario canada found europe including britain denmark germany norway poland romania scotland serbia sweden turkey reported times australia mycologist concluded publication records best regarded erroneous | Mycena stylobates | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10749_Bovistapila | commonly known species fungus family temperate species widely distributed north_america grows ground road sides grassy areas open woods documented occurrences outside north_america closely resembles european reliably distinguished microscopic characteristics egg shaped spherical measures diameter white outer skin age reveal shiny bronze colored inner skin spore sac spores spherical short tube like extensions initially attached ground small cord readily breaks leaving mature blown young edible internal tissue white firm people north_america charm medicine livestock farming western canada taxonomy species described new science moses specimens collected wisconsin short description emphasize short tube like extensions spores indicate initially long spore wide soon break according authority taxonomic synonyms having different type specimens include montana called american representative europe referring close resemblance commonly known referring detached blown wind specific epithet latin ball description egg shaped roughly spherical fruit body measuring diameter thin millimeter outer tissue layer white slightly pink surface texture initially appearing covered minute marked irregular lines maturity reveal thin inner color shiny inner skin darker areas resembles metallic colors bronze copper attached ground small cord typically breaks mature interior flesh comprises spores surrounding tissue initially white firm tiny irregularly shaped chambers visible glass later greenish brown spores mature age upper surface cracks tears open texture inner enables maintain ball like shape detached ground old blown spores shaken tears spores spherical smooth viewed light microscope measure thick walls short basidia spore bearing cells club shaped measuring usually spored rarely spored unequal length sterile fibers interspersed spores tend form loose balls diameter main trunk like branches diameter walls typically thick similar species characteristics typically identify field include relatively small size metallic presence similar appearance distinguished typically smaller fruit body blue gray color inner coat unlike attached ground mass fibers known sterile base larger spores long european reliably distinguished microscopic characteristics spores oval spherical hyaline translucent equal length spore diameter named external resemblance found texas argentina larger spores measure habitat distribution found stables open woods fruit singly scattered groups ground known grow parks spore cases persistent fruiting occurs mushroom season widely distributed north_america including hawaii documented occurrences outside north_america recorded russia known tentatively identified collected brazil south american material grayish yellow coloration indicative fully matured specimens renders identification material tentative material different microscopic characteristics mature material reported european turkey morocco reports supporting microscopic information viewed skepticism uses edible interior firm white mild taste odor people north_america charm british_columbia canada livestock farmers allowed use conventional drugs certified organic programs spore mass applied bleeding wrapped aid tape similarly bleeding areas resulting wounds resulting | Bovista pila | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
10800_Mycenaacicula | commonly known orange coral spring species fungus family found asia caribbean north_america europe fruit bodies mushrooms fungus grow dead twigs woody debris forest floors especially streams wet places small orange red caps diameter held slender yellowish stems long gills pale yellow whitish edge species look similar distinguished differences size microscopic characteristics considered small size taxonomy named german scientist species referred german naturalist august given current transferred species genera resulting transfers considered synonyms fungus classified section genus specific epithet derived latin word meaning small needle mushroom commonly known orange coral spring description cap initially convex matures expands bell shape typically reaching diameter cap small abrupt central bump cap margin pressed closely stem young curving slightly inward cap expands narrow sterile reproductive cells typical hymenium band frequently irregularly forms extreme margin cap surface smooth translucent moist soon naked color red young soon yellowish margin slowly fading bright orange yellow flesh thin yellow distinctive odor taste gills gills broadly attached stem slightly gill gill fused stem slightly rounded stem individual gills close reaching stem tiers short gills reach stem gills moderately broad pale orange whitish yellowish base whitish edges stem long thick winding base covered sharp straight stiff white hairs surface densely white initially soon naked subsequent color shift orange yellow lemon yellow species described delight usually hands knees find fruit bodies considered small considered consumption microscopic characteristics spores roughly shaped tapering end dimensions meaning stained melzer reagent spore bearing cells basidia club shaped spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia found edge face respectively gill similar club shaped shaped egg shaped covered hyphae comprise cap cuticle wide covered cylindrical measure hyphae layer stem wide densely covered simple somewhat branched cylindrical inflated embedded gelatinous matter similar species larger species belonging section genus section differences hyphae layer outer layer tissue stem smooth similar appearance cap gills broadly short tooth gill edge orange bright yellow stem dry sticky hyphae layer stem smooth embedded gelatinous matter european collections basidia spored north american european species looks similar orange cap distinguished cheilocystidia densely covered larger cap distinguished reddish orange cap tends paler margin specialist noted readily mistaken habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly groups somewhat debris wet places especially streams borders swamps appearance fruit bodies significantly influenced effect rainfall minute fungi largely determined prevailing dense vegetation etc doubt affected recent rain exposed situations fungus widely distributed eastern united_states canada occurs washington oregon california pacific_coast reported trinidad britain norway spain korea northeast china | Mycena acicula | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11024_Mycenaatkinsoniana | species fungus family called bleeding yellow orange juice injured distinguishing features include upper stem surface decorated tiny brown fibers gills pale yellow edges reddish brown caps smooth margin wide known united_states canada grows scattered groups leaf litter forests summer autumn originally described collections associated beech frequently found eastern north american oaks taxonomy species described american mycologist based specimens collected previous year michigan naming illegitimate previously published smith changed specific epithet monograph north american species smith credited early collections fungus species description specialist agreed smith decision change epithet concluding written adequate description conceded possibility excluded day overlooked 19th century booklet turn containing description description cap broad initially convex later broadly eventually cap disc central region cap slightly depressed cap margin initially touches stem expands somewhat extreme margin marked small lines grooves ridges cap moist cap initially covered white later leave smooth surface disc brownish young soon develops reddish tones older specimens bay isabella lighter colored margins flesh buff colored orange yellow juice cut gills attachment stem close moderately crowded gills reaching stem gills narrow moderately broad young somewhat darker age edges finely stem long thick equal width stem base rooted leaves debris base covered short stiff hairs pressed flat surface surface covered sparsely minute brown stem dull reddish brown overall color fades near mushroom tissue cut injured dull reddish brown juice old specimens dull orange juice mushrooms distinctive taste odor spores narrowly broadly ellipsoid black blue black melzer reagent measure basidia spore bearing cells spored measure cheilocystidia plentiful arranged form sterile band edge gill measuring narrowly tapered end smooth dark reddish contents pleurocystidia cystidia gill face similar appearance cheilocystidia far abundant gill tissue yellowish brown stained tissue cap consists layers outer surface comprises thin cuticle narrow hyphae filled dark reddish material underlying layer region swollen like cells remainder cap tissue consists narrower hyphae layers tissue beneath cuticle stain brown stem tissue contrast dark brown similar species bleeding distinguish species commonly encountered common widely distributed smaller cap diameter ranging additionally spaced gills stem color cap dark red juice similar stature non bleeding species field characteristics distinguish including like odor taste colored cap purple gray gills dark purple edges habitat distribution fungus saprobic derives nutrients breaking dead plant material leaves bark twigs fallen ground fruit bodies usually found growing groups scattered leaf litter beech beech forests summer autumn recorded growing found eastern north american oaks distribution includes states connecticut new_york ohio michigan vermont collected quebec canada | Mycena atkinsoniana | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11076_Amanitaceciliae | commonly called fungus genus described given current characterized bearing large fruit body brown cap cap grey patches easily stipe long white colour ring slightly tapered irregular bands base universal veil grey spores white spherical shape non measure mushrooms considered edible field guides typically advise caution selecting consumption risks confusion similar toxic species found woods europe north_america fruits summer autumn taxonomy etymology described english clergyman british mycologist placed genus section consists mushrooms special characteristics absence ring clamp connections bases basidia given swiss mycologist species declared incorrect according rules international code botanical nomenclature synonyms present given dutch mycologist species commonly called common referring tightly called wife meant record services rendered excellent illustrations ways description characterized bearing large fruit body brown cap cap grey patches easily stipe long white colour ring slightly tapered irregular bands base universal veil grey spores white spherical shape non measure cap shape ranging convex flat deep coloured margin low grey brownish black colour center paler margin generally smooth cap surface slightly sticky moist cap surface characterized having loose grey patches remnants scattered patches easily removed margin strongly cap colour vary pale forms known exist example types var var described mycologist occurring france black capped variation gills free closely spaced white colour thick stem long thick lightly stuffed filled tissue hollow slight tapering white colour flat grey hairs pattern bear ring fragile brownish coloured oblique remnants stem base lower stem white grey delicate flesh white change colour cut lacks distinctive odor tastes sweet spores white colour spherical measure large sized spores commonly found mount gill tissue found bases basidia occurring north_america looks similar sack like unlike antilles islands somewhat ellipsoid spores unlike spherical ones largely occurs north_america provisional species published spores highly resemble mainly found singapore larger spores colombia states probably shows relationship mushroom species mistaken mushrooms weak structure gills notable difference strong yellow colour cap immature mushrooms published currently newly accepted chinese species similar yellow brown red brown green brown coloured cap different brown black cap remnants converge base form ring like zone unlike apart cellular sterile strip gills remnants darker colour compared edibility considered edible mushroom food field guides recommend avoid eating study edible mushrooms learn chemical compositions activities species mushrooms showed powerful radical activities ecology habitat europe europe widespread encountered inhabits deciduous forests oak beech birch rarely occur conifers pine fir spruce cedar preference neutral soils north_america north_america found mainly areas east mississippi_river similar mushrooms occur pacific_northwest southwest texas range stretches south mexico mycorrhizal habitats include hardwood forests coniferous forests mushroom grows scattered groups summer autumn primarily eastern distribution reported pacific_northwest southwest texas apparent association trees introduced species apart native area reported asia regions include japan iran speculation north american collections possibly species differing european | Amanita ceciliae | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11197_Leccinumrugosiceps | commonly known species fungus found asia north_america central_america south_america grows association oak convex yellowish caps caps diameter age cap surface revealing white cracks stipe long wide brown underlying yellowish surface firm flesh initially pinkish reddish grayish injured surface cap underside yellowish edible opinions vary taxonomy species described scientifically american mycologist type collection woods new_york transferred synonyms include published published obsolete genera classified section genus grouping species associated oak section include specific epithet derived latin roots rough head refers cap commonly known description convex cap measures wide color orange yellow aging yellow brown cap margin narrow sterile tissue surface cap dry pits maturity cracked age whitish flesh underneath shows cap tends undergo significant color changes development bright yellow dark brown finally pale tan difficult identify field flesh white pale yellow reddish cut bruised prominent junction cap stipe exposure course minutes results flesh grayish flesh distinctive door taste surface initially dull yellow ages olive brown unlike turn blue bruised natural blue green pores circular measuring tubes extend deep stipe measures long thick nearly equal length tapered base color pale yellow brownish underneath pale brown age spore print color ranges brown olive brown spores shaped measuring long smooth surface melzer reagent cap flesh cystidia pores present conspicuous cheilocystidia cap cuticle present layer clamp connections absent chemical tests help verify identification drop solution turns cap cuticle reddish color yellow flesh drop potassium turns cap surface red flesh yellowish application iron solution produces gray color cap surface greenish gray olive coloration flesh similar species rican closely allied species distinguished dark brown dark reddish brown color flesh stain injury found belize features similar cap stipe similar color changes response injury flesh cap apex stipe unlike stipe base cap sticky dry difficult distinguish generally darker cap paler somewhat wider spores characteristics variable similar darker brownish cap stipe flesh slowly injury reddish pinkish gray black usually found sandy soil species associates oak cap unlike flesh pink reddish original species description noted grew easily separated dry smaller tubes stem edibility edible species mushrooms described variously great poor quality flavor firm texture older specimens firm retain flavor drying mushrooms flavor stipe tends harbor insect larvae cleaned consumption sugar alcohol present habitat distribution fungus associates oak eastern north_america pin oak frequent host fruits singly groups forests shaded found areas disturbed human activity picnic areas fruiting typically occurs july september chinese study evaluating concentrations heavy metals found levels copper mercury exceeded national safety standards edible fungi found eastern canada south florida mississippi west michigan united_states distribution extends south mexico costa_rica colombia north south trend asia species reported india korea china taiwan specimens tend slightly smaller spores mainland china america | Leccinum rugosiceps | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11497_Guepinia | genus fungus order genus containing single species commonly known fungus produces salmon pink ear shaped gelatinous fruit bodies grow small groups soil usually associated buried rotting wood fruit bodies tall wide differentiated cap fungus edible eaten raw white spore deposit ellipsoid spores measure fungus widely distributed collected south_america taxonomy species described illustrated later called based names sanctioned names based unavailable use later erected separate genus species oscar placed small genus rejected proper fungus debated time pointed genus flowering plants family matters generic originally considered priority plant genus later determined published rendering illegitimate changes international code botanical nomenclature gave protected status names adopted established correct genus variously classified order uncertain position family genus named french mycologist mushroom commonly known red fungus description fruit bodies grow singly small appear growing soil lives buried wood tall wide tongue shaped twisted like horn look like slender funnel cut margin fruit bodies flexible thick smooth outer usually underside cylindrical depressed stem high thick stem normally covered white base upper inside fruit body usually sterile isolated basidia slightly result densely crowded protruding ends hyphae sterile fertile surfaces fruit body color transparent reddish orange flesh pink flesh orange times red fruit bodies usually develop slightly brownish old underside usually slightly colored upper flesh gelatinous upper fruit body like consistency stem odor insignificant taste hymenium developed outer fruit body basidia spore bearing cells consist inflated elongated attached egg shaped ellipsoid measuring attached like spore deposit white spores hyaline translucent cylindrical elongated ellipsoid shape large oil drop edibility edible bland fungus older specimens usually tough raw preserving sugar like fruit source reports prepare wine wine similar species unusual appearance likely mistaken fungi red species similar unlike gelatinous texture smooth habitat distribution saprobic nutrients breaking organic matter fruit bodies typically grow small soil usually association buried rotting wood fruit bodies appear spring commonly found summer autumn months north_america associated coniferous forests found temperate north_america canada mexico europe iran turkey known brazil puerto_rico fungus collected region china | Guepinia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11636_Coccomycesdentatus | species fungus family widespread species particularly temperate areas dead fallen leaves plants particularly oak chestnut fungus form layer leaf host resemble dark spots scattered multi colored mosaic pattern bounded thin black lines mature open triangular flaps release spores form species distinguished shape microscopic characteristics taxonomy species described scientifically italian botanist moved transferred giving current variety var described indonesia applied western collections large sided status unclear type longer collection destroyed world war described collection found growing species southern brazil according english botanist revised genus indistinguishable main type considered synonymous author regarded synonym later authors treated separately tentatively reported presence fallen leaves del southern south_america species later identified distinct species described aquatic growing submerged leaves found shoreline tentatively assigned state specific epithet latin whip shape refers whip like form description distributed spots bounded black lines inside outer cell layer leaf black lines referred zone lines result antagonistic interactions individuals different leaf surface usually accompanied fruit bodies measuring diameter black shiny sides star shaped pattern grooves formed lighter colored cells spores mature open triangular teeth expose dull yellow hymenium spore bearing surface layer covering thick cells measuring diameter base supportive tissue thick sterile cells gradually width tip contents thin walled cylindrical club shaped spore bearing cells short stalk measure contains measure thin distinct lack cross walls appear mature having shape double convex lens cross section diameter covered dark brown layer cells arranged basal layer borne short slender tapering point lack measure rod shaped lack dimensions form described grown standard conditions forms black centered colonies growth rate week produced thin curved whip like shape measure usually single branch typically long appears cells released species known function non cells function male species known non state similar species species frequently confused inflated longer regularly shaped rarely occurs leaves prefers grow leaves found predominantly northern europe eastern north_america somewhat similar appearance distinguished field round ellipsoid rolled tip center larger somewhat larger respectively species morphological similar found malaysian state distinguished following characters sided single longer wider measuring habitat distribution saprobic species grows dead leaves wide variety frequently encountered members heather family beech family oak red white live oak chestnut exotic chile common include leaves trees genera widely distributed common fungus occurs predominantly warm temperate areas found africa tunisia europe americas northern range occurs summer autumn subtropical areas found year round wide geographical distribution abundance collected species | Coccomyces dentatus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11722_Lysurusperiphragmoides | commonly known species fungus family originally described known different names transferred saprobic fungus distribution found africa asia americas grows fertile ground fruit body extend tall consists reddish head placed long stalk dark olive green spore mass fills interior extends arms like members family odor attracts flies insects help disperse spores immature egg form fungus considered edible taxonomy naming species described german mycologist based specimens collected mauritius designated type species genus differentiated similar genus having fruit body ending spherical head developing depressions chambers variable species result acquired extensive number synonyms authors decided different forms designated new species monograph family transferred taxon explaining distinction original restricted sense easily maintained examples states synonyms noted example author eager assign new described specimen found texas similar loose net head initiated new genus include new species species according mycologist curtis merely insect damaged specimen preserved alcohol lloyd criticized poor judgment self published journal notes later pen later transferred taxon genus claiming yellow arms longer spores sufficiently distinct consider distinct known according considered synonym despite renaming subsequent acceptance genus species occasionally referred specific epithet means refers structure cap fungus commonly known description immature fruiting bodies start round oval eggs diameter underside egg whitish anchor substrate white buff colored external surface gelatinous layer inside egg cut half reveals internal layers including tough white outer thick layer firm translucent gelatinous matter strands white tissue strands connecting externally bars gelatinous layer divided irregular longitudinal chambers egg eventually stalk expands breaks creating base stipe maturity fruit bodies tall spherical cap atop long yellow reddish stipe general specimens tend yellow specimens reddish exceptions noted literature typically diameter forms red orange typically small arms sharp ridges outer surface sides flat weakly inner surface internal surfaces covered olive green spore bearing holes like species foul odor comparable rotten meat offensive smell fresh newly exposed reported sweet similar foul odor forming exposed air time stipe thick hollow walls stipe inner layer large tubes outer layers small tubes specimens occasionally found fused heads separate arising single variety white fruit body known var originally described var long reported growing sandy soil semi arid regions new_mexico reported long collections spores elliptical shape smooth dimensions use scanning electron revealed addition species small surface spore previously connected like generally considered edible immature egg form similar species distinct unlikely confused species genus angular stipe arms like stipe alternating ribs furrows stipe arms maturity found south east asia india africa seven reddish brown fingers initially pressed separating habitat distribution species typically found growing solitary groups open woods north american field guide notes association apple distribution fungus reported africa mauritius asia china sri_lanka india pakistan thailand indonesia new_guinea north_america bahamas mexico south_america argentina brazil venezuela distribution extends north asia fairly common south_america usually appearance periods wet weather southern north_america | Lysurus periphragmoides | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11733_Morchellaimportuna | species fungus family described north_america occurs gardens beds urban settings northern california pacific northwest region united_states canada fungus reported turkey spain france switzerland canada china unknown result accidental introductions considered choice edible mushroom fruit bodies develop distinctive ladder like pattern pits ridges surface conical caps taxonomy officially described new north american species resulted type locality washington previously identified phylogenetic species publication erroneously classic north american black described specific epithet means refers habit causing distress territory invaded argued recent study richard probably later synonym old european taxon description fruit bodies high cap high measures wide widest point conical widely conical occasionally egg shaped surface pits ridges primary vertical ridges numerous horizontal ridges creating appearance cap attached stipe deep wide ridges smooth finely colored pale dark gray young dark grayish brown nearly black age rounded young later eroded pits vertically elongated stages development smooth finely texture pits open development progressing gray dark gray immature grayish brown grayish olive brownish yellow maturity stipe measures high wide somewhat thicker near base whitish pale brownish surface smooth finely whitish develops longitudinal ridges grooves particularly near base fruit body matures flesh whitish tan measuring thick hollow cap stipe tissue arranged chambers layers sterile inner surface cap whitish covered short soft hair elliptical smooth measure cylindrical hyaline translucent spored measuring measuring cylindrical shaped tips rounded roughly club shaped fuse shaped elements sterile ridges measure terminal cells cylindrical rounded tip shaped similar terminal cells hyaline brownish potassium member group black sought choice edible mushroom raw poisonous cooked similar species rare pacific_northwest known type collection similar appearance species distinguished finely surface habitat distribution ecology saprobic fungus fruit bodies grow wood chips gardens urban areas suggests mycorrhizal tendencies grown environment trees known primarily northern california pacific northwest region united_states reported british_columbia canada california washington nevada oregon isolated reports eastern north_america fruiting occurs spring march identified phylogenetic species found turkey china remains unclear dispersal distant locations occurred naturally accidental introduction humans | Morchella importuna | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11740_Volvariellasurrecta | commonly known fungus family rare species widely distributed having reported asia north_america europe new_zealand fungus grows parasite fruit bodies mushrooms usually mushrooms white silky caps diameter white gills turns pink maturity stipe white long sack like base taxonomy species mentioned scientific literature english botanist described species illustrated wrote root spring smooth summit uniform common occurrence plant arises decay found constitute soil termination chain efficiency hidden seven years later described fungus aware previous publication wrote elegant curious species appears hitherto noticed berkeley frequently literature refer fungus century north american flora proposed new combination species based berkeley discovered image description fungus realizing referred species berkeley new combination transferred genus giving known presently molecular analysis dna sequences suggests belongs group grouping related species produce small white fruit bodies analysis formed years earlier recognized species proposed considered subspecies specific epithet latin arise berkeley epithet honors british naturalist reverend mushroom commonly known description fruit bodies caps initially egg shaped later bell shaped convex reaching cap shallow presence character consistent cap surface dry covered long silky hairs color white light gray yellowish brownish center gills free attachment stipe packed close initially white later pink short gills extend fully cap margin stipe interspersed gills stipe long thick roughly equal width length somewhat thicker base color white light gray stipe surface coating near apex white measures high broad margin mushroom edible color spore print brownish pink spores egg shaped oval measuring basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill face distinctly enlarged middle tapered ends elongated neck cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge neck short measure hyphae clamp connections similar species occurrence fruit bodies unlikely confused mushrooms parasitic mushrooms include species thick gills compared thin gills species including saprobic grow decayed remains fruit bodies smaller cap species appearance similar grow grass leaf litter habitat distribution grows fruit bodies species usually reported growing species mushrooms grow clusters fruit summer autumn host mushroom assumes irregular appearance early publication commented berkeley figure misleading given parasitic robust condition specimen host collapsed practically known species expect rare species major host common conditions required parasite produce fruit bodies known authors suggested grow equally parasite found host different habitat types including birch woodlands pine plantations small trees shrubs roads definite preference soil type determined having found sands clay reported successfully cultivated species partially burying fruit bodies water soaked rotting fir leaves placed bell glass warm room according account white grew leaves eventually formed small white immature fruit bodies grew fully formed mushrooms weeks starting geographical distribution fungus includes north_america north mexico europe new_zealand asia region russia india korea | Volvariella surrecta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
11896_Morchellapopuliphila | species fungus family native northwestern north_america described new science specific epithet refers association black referred western north american field guides molecular analysis established strictly european species occurs california nevada oregon fruit bodies grow tall pitted conical cap halfway stipe cap ridges dark brown black maturity pits yellowish brownish fungus edible highly valued species fungi commonly referred half free eastern north_america europe taxonomy new species described colleagues result aimed biology taxonomy distribution species united_states canada type locality oregon fungus referred half free western north american field guides molecular analysis established strictly european species previously referred phylogenetic species identified based dna sequence publication specific epithet refers association tree species description fruit bodies high conical cap tall wide widest point cap surface pits ridges formed intersection primary vertical ridges shorter secondary vertical ridges horizontal ridges cap attached skirt like manner stipe roughly halfway deep ridges smooth colored yellowish brown honey brown young age brown dark brown black young ridges wide flat sharp edges usually rounded sharp eroded age pits smooth vertically elongated initially whitish pale brown immature brownish yellowish grayish brown maturity fragile stipe measures tall thick roughly width length tapered hidden cap young longer matures developing shallow longitudinal furrows warm wet conditions stipe inflated especially near base white whitish brownish color texture occasionally nearly smooth commonly covered whitish brown likened stipe texture cow tongue fragile whitish tan flesh thick hollow cap forms chambers layers near base whitish brownish sterile inner surface cap covered deposit spores bright yellowish orange smooth elliptical typically measure spore bearing cells spored cylindrical hyaline translucent measure cylindrical tips rounded club shaped measure cells sterile ridges measuring tightly packed layer terminal hyphae club shaped somewhat rectangular flattened broadly rounded tip edible species highly valued fragile nature inferior flavor similar species distinct cap attachment habitat unlikely mistaken species somewhat similar appearance cap hangs free attachment stipe north american half free similar appearance reliably distinguished morphology distribution extends eastward widespread european species indistinguishable microscopic characteristics habitat distribution like species ecological mode known certainty suspected saprobic obtaining decaying organic matter mycorrhizal trees different stages life cycle fruit bodies grow singly scattered groups found oregon nevada northern california grows dried fruiting occurs spring tends occur shortly emergence mushrooms appearance found europe suspected introduced trees north_america | Morchella populiphila | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12209_Boletopsisnothofagi | fungus family fungus forms grey fruit bodies grow clusters like species spore bearing surface underside cap differs species having characteristics elongated spores green stained potassium endemic new_zealand mycorrhizal association red beech unknown exactly fungus forms fruit body far found solely autumn description published dna studies fungus suggest somewhat basal member genus fungus likely native species new_zealand present arrival europeans rare possibly threatened listed endangered species taxonomy unknown species discovered valley near wellington new_zealand fungus found place discovered morphological comparisons molecular analysis species genus suggested fungus attributed known representative genus described new species species description appeared journal authors chose epithet based characteristic fungus mycorrhizal swollen hyphae smooth spores member subgenus genus genetically clearly differentiated representative genus according investigations cooper separated relatively early precursor known species north american species branches phylogenetic tree earlier relationships species fully resolved study future new species described description fruit bodies usually grow rarely individually centrally cap cap convex measuring wide high young specimens cap edge slightly bent cap older fruit bodies cap cuticle gray color texture ranges smooth slightly spots stained darker eventually club shaped cylindrical slightly tapering base cap height thickness stipe smooth dry surface firm texture inside similar color cap shows responses damage white hymenium thickness turns brown bruised millimeter square pores dried hymenium color pinkish brown hymenium extends slightly stipe sharply defined dried tissue similar morphology described types likely microscopic characteristics structure hyphae hyphae serve growth fungus cap viewed microscope clearly differentiated consists layer oriented hyphae lying thick brown covered small irregularly shaped green stained potassium characteristic genus consists swollen hyphae thick thin walled filled oil clamp connections layer structures measuring basidia arising sides hyphae cylindrical club shaped size base basidia light brown thin spores situated spores uneven flattened ends elongated shape average measure distribution known range limited narrowly defined areas new_zealand areas near wellington northern locations relatively far away isolated absence rest new_zealand makes unlikely species recent import likely species native new_zealand overlooked earlier surveys rarity southern member genus sole known member genus closest relatives found asia costa_rica ecology occurrence strongly connected occurrence southern beech species endemic new_zealand found exclusively forests spread new_zealand fungus forms mycorrhizal association trees hyphae fungal wrap roots tree penetrate cells subsequently takes function root hair directs water soil nutrients tree return fungus contact root tissue access products tree fruit bodies species far found end autumn little known habitat requirements humidity temperature soil composition water content species occur largely conform demands tree species prefers hills river valleys usually grows nutrient rich drained soil species likely found inland coastal regions status according cooper fact found years european settlement new_zealand illustrates rarity species possible late discovery caused rare authors assume species occurs sparsely attributed human activity data population trends historical distribution fungus exists cooper consider species accordance naturally uncommon cited literature cooper jerry associated | Boletopsis nothofagi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12603_Psilocybemakarorae | species mushroom family officially described new science known new_zealand grows rotting wood twigs southern fruit body mushroom brownish cap lighter coloured margins measuring wide cap shape conical bell shaped flat depending age mushroom features prominent whitish stem form true ring retains remnants partial veil covers protects gills young fruit bodies mushrooms distinguished similar north american species microscopic characteristics presence cystidia gill faces pleurocystidia cheilocystidia found gill edges elongated based reaction injury presumed contain psychedelic compounds taxonomy species mentioned literature described specimen collected near unnamed north american species officially described new science book mushrooms world noted authors known work law enforcement officials assist illegally collect mushrooms type material collected near pass crossing specific epithet refers type locality classified section owing spore shape reaction injury distinguished species section size caps presence pleurocystidia short cheilocystidia description cap initially conical bell shaped mushroom grows expands convex prominent diameter cap surface dry slightly colour yellow brown orange brown paler margin fine corresponding gills underside flesh white gills attachment stem pale brown whitish stem millimetres long wide cylindrical surface pressed silky base stem brownish white present veil young fruit bodies resembling like partial veil found species mushroom grows remnants remain visible stem forms complete ring cap stem stain greenish blue damaged spore print dark brown spores typically measure averaging shape face view egg shaped roughly viewed appears elliptical spore wall brown smooth thick basidia spore bearing cells spored somewhat club shaped tapering slightly base measure cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge dimensions shape ranging broad middle tapering neck ending abruptly short sharp point hyaline translucent thin walled long pleurocystidia cystidia gill face similar shape cheilocystidia narrower wide usually shorter neck measuring cap cuticle characterised hyphae run parallel cap surface long diameter hyphae tissue layer cap cuticle comprising diameter cells pale brown walls common tissue layer hymenium poorly developed containing diameter cells pale brown walls tissue comprising short diameter hyaline cells contains psychedelic compounds known definitely suggests based degree reaction probably moderately potent similar species closely resembles north american species distinguished presence pleurocystidia cheilocystidia longer species found new_zealand distinguished having chocolate brown pleurocystidia closely related poorly known considered species synonymous reported growing enriched woody debris open areas forests common loving species readily recognized larger size cap diameter golden color formed ring nearly identical differing microscopic characteristics known region fruits soil rich woody debris near plantations common mushrooms found high altitude habitat distribution known new_zealand reported collection locations north including central suggests widely distributed like species saprobic feeds organic matter fruit bodies grow scattered groups fallen rotting wood southern genus encountered near lakes picnic grounds | Psilocybe makarorae | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12693_Daedaleopsisconfragosa | commonly known thin walled maze species fungus family plant causes white injured especially fruit bodies tough brownish upper surface measure diameter whitish underside turns gray brown fruit body ages pink red found year common northern temperate woodlands eastern north_america europe asia species described europe form undergone changes genus taxonomic history acquired current transferred taxonomy described scientifically english naturalist work history growing halifax reported finding specimens old trees near hall having specimens sent species genera taxonomic history transferred current genus german mycologist type species genus varieties described published var var varieties published considered independent taxonomic significance variety folded main variety variety considered synonymous variety proposed independent species described form longer independent acquired vernacular names including thin maze flat thin walled maze blood stained refers characteristic reaction referred rugged description fruit body fan shaped typically measures diameter thick upper surface broadly convex flat dry smooth somewhat usually concentric zone lines color ranges reddish brown brown grayish maturity cap surface point attachment substrate fruit bodies moist hard rigid dry flesh white pinkish brownish tough underside fruit bodies features tiny pores measuring diameter white tan brown develop pinkish reddish tones bruised shape highly variable ranging circular elongated gill like tubes long fruit body lacks stalk shelf directly substrate fruit bodies distinctive odor slightly bitter taste spore print white spores cylindrical smooth measure basidia spore bearing cells shape ranging cylindrical club shaped dimensions hymenium features numerous modified terminal hyphae measure system meaning types hyphae fruit body skeletal hyphae provide structural support thick walled measuring diameter hyphae responsible new growth thick walled contain measure binding hyphae thick walled branched ornamental paper making fruit bodies pressed dried produce sheets unusual textures colors similar species common species surface resemble distinguished thinner fruit bodies black line flesh way tubes break irregular flattened teeth maturity common oak larger fruit body diameter thick surface maze like causes brown heart removed inner leaving brownish ecology distribution fungus produces decay causes white type wood decay degraded remains light colored fruit bodies grow singly groups tiers wounds living trees preferred host willow found birch fruiting usually occurs june december hard shelves persist year round north_america species common eastern rare western regions common europe common fungi united_kingdom european range extends east asia widely distributed having recorded china western india iran japan fruit bodies popular fungus loving beetles russian study species families complex recorded fungus common compounds acid acid isolated tested rabbit human determined anti analysis acid composition revealed contains total dry weight neutral analysis acid content showed contains percentage total acid acid | Daedaleopsis confragosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12857_Cantharelluslateritius | commonly known smooth species edible fungus family mushrooms species found asia africa north_america species complex taxonomic history undergone changes description american mycologist fruit bodies fungus brightly colored yellow orange usually highly conspicuous soil found maturity mushroom resembles filled funnel spore bearing surface sloping outer sides texture fertile hymenium caps distinguishing characteristic species unlike known golden hymenium chemical analysis revealed presence compounds fruit bodies taxonomy species described scientific literature american lewis based specimens collected ohio later transferred moses mentioned fungus analysis specimens changed epithet calling motivation change unclear publication suggests berkeley apparently reluctant surrender organism suggests berkeley necessity avoid giving species situation generic specific epithet identical indicates future publication renders explanation dubious berkeley referred species chosen indicated type location alabama different mentioned considers berkeley new new species berkeley clearly indicated thought synonymous normally circumstances specimen considered type unable locate original specimen according rules botanical nomenclature berkeley epithet precedence earliest published associated type specimen synonym american mycologist transferred genus mushroom commonly known smooth specific means refers smooth hymenium description caps fruit bodies typically range diameter flattened somewhat funnel shaped surface margin cap surface dry slightly covered layer fine hairs deep bright orange yellow color older specimens fading yellow age extreme margins cap paler yellow typically curve downward young specimens fruit bodies reach height spore bearing surface initially smooth gradually develops channels ridges appear shallow gills vein like wide color pale yellow continuous surface stem stem stout long thick cylindrical tapering downwards base internally stems stuffed filled cotton like solid rarely fruit bodies stems joined base cases usually fused stems flesh solid partly hollow insect larvae pale yellow color thick spores smooth roughly ellipsoid shape typical dimensions deposit spore print spores light yellow orange microscope pale yellowish spore bearing cells basidia spored slightly club shaped distinctly wall base clamp connections short branches connecting cell previous cell allow passage products nuclear division present hyphae parts fruit body similar species golden thicker flesh addition surface similar appearance distinguished thinner flesh hollow stem poisonous jack mushroom roughly similar stature color differentiated true gills sharply defined edges growth decaying wood wood buried soil usually large overlapping clusters author considers likely represent species complex including completely smooth sweet smell hyphae edibility like species genus edible considered choice odor resembles taste mild moderately opinion authors field guide edible fungi illinois compared known general somewhat disappointing compared delicious relatives distribution habitat distributed north_america africa malaysia specifically hills united_states range extends northward michigan new_england typically found growing solitary groups clusters hardwood trees fungus produces fruit bodies summer autumn new_england area united_states mycologist noted grow road shoulders grass near oaks growing sloping creek banks malaysia found growing soil forests species trees family reported india forming association endemic tree species like semi forests compounds study composition species compared species including var content species virtually identical comprising significant difference contained significant quantity unidentified thought breakdown product | Cantharellus lateritius | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12945_Boletusrubroflammeus | species fungus family described michigan found eastern united_states mexico grows mycorrhizal association hardwood trees fruit bodies mushrooms fungus caps deep red red dark red pores stem coarse dark red raised net like ridges narrow yellow area parts mushroom quickly stain blue injured cut include lighter colored species grows conifers similar species distinguished differences distribution morphology reaction microscopic characteristics mushrooms poisonous cause distress consumed taxonomy species described american monograph michigan type collection smith near stored specific epithet derives latin words red description shape cap convex broadly convex reaches diameter margin cap extends slightly tubes cap surface dry initially appears pressed flat surface grayish later hairs present cap margin maturity center caps develop slight cracks cap deep red color remains constant life fruit bodies flesh thick soft yellow taste mild distinct odor underside cap spore bearing surface comprises vertically arranged minute tubes like openings tubes yellow deep initially fused stem later free attachment nearly individual pores round small overall surface uneven pitted color initially deep red fades slightly maturity surface quickly turns blue injury stem long thick solid hollow equal width club shaped inside yellowish reddish streaks stem surface covered coarse dark red near color yellow beneath parts mushroom quickly stain blue cut bruised injured mushroom poisonous consumed cause distress typical symptoms include produces olive brown spore print spores smooth roughly slightly swollen face view profile view dimensions spores broad shallow depression depressed area dorsal spore attached yellowish hyaline translucent melzer reagent pale yellow orange mounted solution potassium basidia spore bearing cells club shaped long stalk spored measure pleurocystidia cystidia tube faces rare scattered somewhat shaped somewhat sharp tip cheilocystidia cystidia gill edges abundant roughly similar shape pleurocystidia mounted cheilocystidia orange yellow color walls smooth thin tissue tubes meaning central strand roughly parallel hyphae hyphae central strand comprises interwoven hyphae orange yellow hyphae continue hymenium form contain smooth hyphae measuring wide cap cuticle consisting tightly interwoven pressed hyphae usually wide hyphae zone layer surface cuticle fine seen melzer reagent clamp connections absent hyphae similar species distinctive field characteristics distinguish similar include deep purple red cap stem similar appearance variable cap color ranging dark red brick red reddish brown yellow stem base prominently stem grows conifers similar variable cap color brown olive tones cut flesh odor fruit dry european species paler overall color european species larger spores weakly pores associates oak trees addition geographic location species distinguished reddish brown cap fading brownish orange maturity brownish red deep red stem shallower tubes known japan grows deciduous forests differs primarily having brownish scales cap habitat distribution mycorrhizal species fruit bodies grow scattered groups ground hardwood trees fungus fruits summer autumn months tends appear hot weather heavy rains known north_america range extends new_england south tennessee west michigan recorded mexico | Boletus rubroflammeus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12979_Coprinopsisvariegata | commonly known ink cap cap species fungus family distributed eastern north_america medium sized bell shaped flattened cap diameter felt like scales gills initially white turn black maturity eventually dissolve black ink fruit bodies grow clusters groups leaf litter hardwood wood buried giving appearance growing soil fungus found united_states areas east great plains names assigned believed species distinct later shown represent species synonyms mushroom recommended consumption shown cause reactions susceptible individuals history taxonomy american mycologist described similar species course year time period followed later finally initially considered variety european species bull currently known years later published complete description var raised species rank having found differ consistently smaller stature lack stem base smaller spores species described distinguished basis physical features later found somewhat overlapping terms microscopic characters spore sizes sufficiently different taxonomic characters subsequent investigators north american mushroom flora difficulties interpreting concepts taxa confirming presence regional investigations example hard reported variety species smith mentioned graham described graham included key descriptions species published comparative analysis taxa material collected concluding sufficiently distinct considered separate species reduced earliest specific epithet derives latin passive meaning different colors synonym refers segments cap frequently split mature means mushroom commonly known ink cap cap description cap thin initially oval shaped bell shaped flattened margin turned upward reaches young surface cap covered whitish yellowish veil breaks short lived scales process reveals gray grayish brown cap surface gills broad thin crowded closely free attachment stem initially white turn dark brown spores mature stem thick hollow whitish roughly width length stem cotton like ring present near base clusters fruit bodies mass base called deposit spores dark brown light microscope reveal features spores including smooth surfaces dark brown color ellipsoid shape face view egg shape view dimensions apex spore appears truncated presence basidia spore bearing cells hyaline translucent dimensions hyaline collapse readily pleurocystidia cystidia present gill face abundant roughly cylindrical hyaline measure cheilocystidia cystidia edge gill present young specimens roughly ellipsoid measuring clamp connections abundant hyphae tissues fruit body edibility clearly established opinions differ field guide north american species warns consumption calling recommended conclusion shared field guide mid-atlantic mushrooms describing best caps richer flavor better texture famous bitter mushroom considered poisonous fruit bodies suspected contain like chemical causes poisoning reaction consumed alcohol additionally cases reactions extracts mushroom tissues reported skin tests similar species cosmopolitan species roughly similar size color stature cap like ecology habitat distribution species saprobic nutrients organic matter grows clusters groups decaying leaf litter decayed wood typically fruits narrow window june july spring early summer fruiting distinguishes common produce fruit bodies late autumn found united_states areas east great plains attack soil bacteria species use nutrient sources fungus growing specialized hyphae direction bacteria sensing mechanism fully understood fungus compounds digest bacteria growing hyphae absorb nutrients process relatively rapid colonies hours | Coprinopsis variegata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
12982_Tremellamesenterica | common names include yellow brain golden fungus yellow butter common fungus family frequently found dead attached recently fallen branches especially parasite wood decay fungi genus gelatinous orange yellow fruit body fungus grow diameter convoluted surface damp grows bark appearing rainy weather days rain thin film mass capable reviving subsequent rain fungus occurs widely deciduous mixed forests widely distributed temperate tropical regions include africa asia australia europe considered bland fungus edible produces attracting research interest biological activities taxonomy phylogeny species originally described sweden naturalist later sanctioned second volume type species genus distinctive appearance led species accumulate variety common names including yellow yellow brain golden fungus butter applied specific epithet latin formed ancient greek word middle middle center referring shape species recognized seen form washed colors considered synonym based molecular analysis sequences regions large gene internal regions closely related analysis included estimated species description fruit body irregular shape usually breaks bark dead branches broad high rounded variously brain like appearance fruit body like tough wet hard dry surface usually smooth translucent deep yellow bright yellow orange fading pale yellow rarely white fruit bodies dry dark reddish orange spores viewed mass whitish pale yellow microscopic characteristics basidia spore bearing cells ellipsoid roughly spherical shape rarely typically wide contain divide compartments frequently diagonal vertical reproduction carried formation spores called arise specialized cells distinct hyphae densely branched normally abundant hymenium young specimens entirely roughly spherical ellipsoid numerous young fruit bodies covered bright yellow spores broadly ellipsoid average tube like identical form produced edibility claimed fungus merely non poisonous sources agree edible gelatinous consistency texture china fungus prepare cooling soup lotus seed lily etc similar species frequently confused widespread species parasitic plant fungus recognized presence host typically grows logs stumps species similarly colored surface usually shiny thicker fruit bodies contain thick walled host hyphae consequently retain shape dried collapsing film smaller basidia smaller differently shaped spores measuring known areas japan north american species similar confused members family like superficial resemblance microscopic examination shows shaped basidia spores unlike split basidia characteristic additionally smaller whitish attachment point substrate grows wood life cycle phase life cycle arises result sexual propagation achieved mating form cells compatible mating types mating type mating sexual target cell having opposite mating type producing cell sexual characterized arrest growth phase cell division cycle subsequent formation elongated mating tube formation mating tube initiated similar process emergence chemical structure found fruit bodies arise located beneath wood bark fruit body originate separately habitat distribution cosmopolitan distribution having recorded europe north central south_america africa asia australia fruit bodies formed wet periods year british_columbia canada found maple pine abundant red prefers grow habitats ranging wet fungus grows wood rotting fungi genus occasionally host fungus found fruiting compounds species produce interest medical field biological activity patents filed china pertaining use compounds cancer prevention immune system reported discovering acidic cells closely resembled produced species structural similarity species suggested phylogenetic relationship subsequently researchers synthesized determined chemical identities component sugar units known produced fruit bodies pure culture conditions shown consist backbone chains regular repeating structure laboratory tests associated number biological activities including protecting radiation anti effects | Tremella mesenterica | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
13068_Lactariussubdulcis | commonly known mild beech milk cap edible mushroom genus brown colour large number gills particularly thin layer flesh cap mycorrhizal mushroom found late summer late autumn base beech trees small groups individually common species fungi alternatively found large groups fields individual mushrooms found europe despite previous research contrary absent north_america considered edible particularly useful food ivy like taste fact choice mushrooms easily found time known abundant sweet milk unlike latex relatives stain fabric yellow taxonomy described mycologist english mycologist placed current genus specific epithet derived latin words sub sweet milk delayed sweet taste mild milk cap beech milk cap alternate common description convex cap later develops depression small colour reddish brown dark later buff darker middle cap fairly rigid flexible smooth slightly margin slightly stem long thick generally cylindrical club shaped stem generally colour cap paler flesh pale thin layer cap crowded gills slightly white pink colour white plentiful milk stain yellow species faint scent spores cream spore print slight salmon spores oval joined developed network thin ridges spores measure ellipsoid shape distribution habitat found europe occur north_america number similar brownish orange species classified species found broad woodland especially floor base beech trees common fungi found beech trees mushrooms found late summer late autumn common found individually small groups found fields generally appearing large groups mushrooms uncommon edibility mild taste slightly bitter taste considered edible cooking recommended taste reminiscent ivy number mushrooms appear time areas including meaning particularly useful milk distinguishing features having sweet taste turns bitter mouth considered sweet milk mushroom | Lactarius subdulcis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
13504_Mycenaleptocephala | commonly known species fungus family mushrooms conical grayish caps reach diameter thin fragile stems long gills gray spaced spores elliptical typically measure white deposit viewed light microscope gills abundant shaped cystidia gill edges gill faces mushroom found north_america asia grows singly groups sticks forest floor distinctive odor edibility unknown similar species include taxonomy species called christian transferred genus french mycologist synonyms include var var singer reduced synonym publication dutch specialist classified section genus similar looking mushrooms smell similar specific epithet derived greek thin head refers delicate cap mushroom commonly known description cap diameter initially fat conical shape margin pressed close stem cap expands broadly convex broadly bell shaped convex margin cap surface whitish coating coating gradually leaving surface smooth moist cap shows radial grooves outline position gills underneath color initially brownish gray coating soon fading dark light gray finally gray flesh thin fragile grayish slightly sour taste weakly odor intensity flesh crushed gills narrow equal width ascending gills attach right angle appearing curve upward stem toothed spaced gills reaching stem tiers short gills extend fully cap edge stem interspersed color gills edges stem long thick equal width hollow fragile usually bluish black initially darker cap gradually turns brownish gray finally fades surface densely white overall soon polished translucent coating wears stem base nearly smooth densely white species distinctive like odor edibility currently unknown microscopic characteristics spores broadly ellipsoid meaning stained melzer reagent measure basidia spore bearing cells usually spored spored forms found spores measure respectively pleurocystidia cystidia face gill scattered rare absent variable shape club shaped having apex pleurocystidia club shaped occasionally finger like cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge numerous similar morphology pleurocystidia flesh gill composed enlarged hyphae stain brown flesh cap differentiated cells bear numerous layer tissue immediately formed remaining tissue brown stain similar species fairy helmet common species similar appearance odor grows wood rarely ground numerous cystidia gill edges usually weaker odor fragile stem strength odor variable differences odor sole distinguishing characteristic described southern norway differs lack odor differently shaped cheilocystidia terminal cells layer stem considers close mushroom short stem long typically grows singly lacks odor habitat distribution saprobic species meaning derives nutrients breakdown organic matter fruit bodies found growing scattered fallen sticks needle conifers common early summer autumn fruit bodies infected mold north_america fungus found canada british_columbia nova scotia washington south california north_carolina south_america mushroom collected venezuela grows archipelago southern coast western_australia europe known britain finland netherlands norway spain found locations asia range india alpine zone mountain nature reserve china fungus known arctic alpine regions iceland greenland region | Mycena leptocephala | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
13676_Mycenafuscoaurantiaca | species mushroom family reported new species mushroom found japan grows dead fallen twigs lowland forests dominated chinese oak trees mushroom brownish orange conical cap grooves extending center reaches diameter slender stem colored similarly cap long tall microscopic characteristics include weakly spores turning blue black stained melzer reagent smooth swollen cheilocystidia pleurocystidia cystidia gill edges faces respectively long rounded tips hyphae cap cuticle absence clamp connections taxonomy naming classification mushroom collected japanese mycologist seven species identified new species publication specific epithet derived latin words meaning dark orange yellow refers color fruit bodies japanese suggests species best classified section defined dutch specialist section north american species appears closely related distinguished broadly club shaped cheilocystidia narrow neck club shaped irregularly shaped lack pleurocystidia description cap reaches diameter initially conical convex bell shaped flattened age center somewhat changing color loses moisture cap surface dry initially appearing covered fine white powder soon smooth cap brown brownish orange young somewhat darker center fades paler margin age flesh white thick distinctive taste odor stem long thick cylindrical centrally attached cap slender hollow dry color orange brownish orange initially later smooth base stem covered coarse stiff white hairs gills narrowly attached stem spaced gills reaching stem gills broad thin pale brownish gill edges color gill face microscopic characteristics ellipsoid measure smooth thin walled weakly basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge thin walled smooth abundant shaped prolonged tip smooth pale pleurocystidia cystidia gill face scattered similar shape color cheilocystidia tissue tissue hymenium bearing structure thin walled hyphae wide cylindrical somewhat inflated smooth turning reddish reddish brown stained melzer reagent cap cuticle parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical hyphae smooth covered scattered finger like thin walled brownish layer hyphae beneath cap cuticle arranged parallel manner hyaline translucent containing short inflated cells measure wide cuticle stem parallel bent hyphae wide cylindrical smooth brownish thin walled flesh stem composed running cylindrical hyphae wide smooth stiff hairs base stem wide arise directly stem cuticle bent erect cylindrical rounded tips winding smooth thin walled clamp connections absent tissues species habitat distribution known japan found growing solitary scattered dead fallen twigs lowland forests dominated chinese oak fruit bodies appear november | Mycena fuscoaurantiaca | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
13822_Volvopluteusearlei | species mushroom family originally described american mycologist based collections cuban banana field fungus later genera molecular studies placed genus newly described cap typically diameter white markedly fresh gills start white soon turn pink stipe white measures long wide smooth white sac like base cap produces pinkish brown spore print individual elliptical spores measuring long fungus grows grassy fields reported africa europe north_america microscopic features dna sequence data great importance separating taxon related species distinguished differences size fruit bodies cap color spore size presence absence form cystidia taxonomy species originally described american mycologist based collections colleague las cuba years earlier originally described genus created publication time considerable confusion generic appropriate mushrooms traditionally classified genus time proposal species group classified genus erected realized taken coined genus year later transferred species genus citing practical concerns usage names non number species gill fungi described tropical america genera found benefit having arranged according work collectors acquainted taxonomic methods probably find convenient follow system comprehensive completed important groups ultimately correct group generic proposed mycologist adopted group proposal conserve rejected fungi established principles international code nomenclature algae fungi plants combination authored comprehensive revision north_america phylogenetic study colleagues showed closely related group species constitutes separate lineage majority species traditionally classified taxon transferred newly proposed genus specific epithet comes surname collector original samples dedicated species original specimens species preserved description cap diameter young expanding convex flat low broad center old specimens surface markedly fresh fruit bodies cap pure white develops pale brown age gills crowded free attachment stipe broad white young turn pink age spores mature cylindrical stipe long wide base surface white smooth slightly covered fine white powder sac like high white smooth surface context white stipe cap change color bruised exposed air smell taste flesh described indistinct spore print pinkish brown spores ellipsoid measure basidia usually spored spored rarely spored forms occur pleurocystidia cystidia gill face absent collections present scarce similar cheilocystidia cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge measure shaped usually long cheilocystidia completely cover gill edge form pleurocystidia cheilocystidia completely absent cap cuticle parallel hyphae embedded gelatinous matrix stipe cuticle parallel hyphae embedded gelatinous matrix cystidia cap present measure cylindrical habitat distribution ecology mushroom grows gardens grassy fields originally found banana fields cuba africa spain italy reported urban garden areas usually fruits groups mushrooms found growing solitary species reported cuba north_carolina mexico spain italy molecular data far european african collections correspond species similar species molecular analyses internal region clearly separate species currently recognized morphological identification difficult overlapping morphological variation species size fruit bodies color cap spore size presence absence cystidia morphology cystidia important characters morphological species genus larger fruit bodies cap diameter pleurocystidia cheilocystidia lack long pleurocystidia predominantly shaped cheilocystidia long pleurocystidia present species smaller spores typically long | Volvopluteus earlei | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
13855_Cortinariusvanduzerensis | species mushroom family described new science known pacific_northwest region north_america grows conifers spruce fruit bodies fungus mushrooms dark chestnut brown cap deeply maturity reaches gills underside cap initially pinkish buff pale brown spores mature stem measuring long thick mushroom produces brown spore print individual spores measuring edibility mushroom determined described slippery value taxonomy species described based specimens found oregon october november species called refers european species genus classified subgenus subgenus includes species cap stem sticky result universal veil based acid sequence similarity internal region closely related european north american rican species common species pointed specific epithet refers species originally collected description young fruit bodies covered universal veil layer cap young mushrooms moist weather shape cap oval conical margin initially expanding broadly somewhat flattened maturity eventually reaching cap color initially chestnut brown black paler brown matures surface especially near margin flesh soon pale buff odor taste distinctive drop solution reagent commonly mushroom identification applied surface cap turn olive green gills pinkish buff young caps dull brown maturity spores mature packed close stem long thick narrowed slightly base slowly buff near base stem surface thick veil light purple upper portion darker lower portion universal veil breaks concentric zones lower stem edibility mushroom known notes slippery value spore print brown color face view spores broadly egg shaped profile appear broadly dimensions spore surface lack spores contain basidia spore bearing cells hymenium spored broadly club shaped contents form yellow masses stained melzer reagent cystidia gill edge club shaped abruptly tapering point measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill face gill tissue hyphae arranged roughly parallel fashion brownish orange brown fat containing hyphae present outer layer tissue cap turf gelatinous hyphae measure wide clamp connections absent rare hyphae veil hyphae wide hyaline translucent yellow mounted solution hyphae stem present similar species smith noted similarity species violet gills lighter brown cap bands stem rarely tinged purple species group lighter colored cap gills pale purple young fringed edges related european species found coniferous mixed forests dark brown capped species confused species subterranean stem stem base gills free attachment stem habitat distribution mycorrhizal mushroom grows association trees fruit bodies grow scattered rings groups spruce mushroom known pacific_northwest region north_america including queen charlotte islands north coast british_columbia canada fruits autumn early winter late summer western canada frequency occurrence described variously common fairly common rare oregon | Cortinarius vanduzerensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14051_Pholiotaflammans | commonly known yellow flame mushroom genus fruit body golden yellow color cap stem covered sharp scales saprobic fungus fruit bodies typically appear clusters stumps dead coniferous trees distributed europe north_america asia temperate regions edibility clarified taxonomy species recognised german august later sanctioned swedish mycologist specific epithet latin meaning recognition independent genus type species german renamed fungus french mycologist proposed synonym american mycologist called species study pacific_coast mushrooms explain rationale transferring species organization species placed subgenus section grouping closely related species includes species characterised having conspicuous erect scales cap surface easily rain age lieu gelatinous nature underlying cap cuticle commonly known yellow flame description striking appearance cap initially round convex finally age surface bright yellow orange covered triangular scales arranged concentric rings cap surface dry matt felt like wet conditions lose scales cap margin remain curved slightly yellow gills crowded attached stem notch gill stem bright yellow partial veil extending cap edge edge present immature species cap expands age partial veil tears leaving faint ring stem cylindrical straight curved stem covered yellow ring base stem typically orange color upper portion firmly attached dead wood fungus arises section stem ring bears little flesh firm yellow change color bruised injured dimensions fruit body follows cap diameter stem tall thick fruit body matures gills brown following spore release spore mass colored brown microscopic features light microscope spores seen smooth elliptical shape dimensions basidia spore bearing cells spored narrow club shape dimension gill cystidia seen stain blue cotton blue applied cap cuticle approximately thick layer gelatinous hyphae thick gelatinous hyphae present cap surface surface stem local differences cell structure explain ease scales cap stems fruit bodies microscopic characteristics species grown culture described detail edibility fruit bodies bear distinctive smell taste mild slightly bitter opinions divided edibility authors regard mushroom consider edible unknown edibility similar species members genus mistaken especially commonly forms large base deciduous coniferous trees tends intense yellow color similar prefers grow dead unlike gelatinous scales stem cap north american species described closely related differs having distinctly cap smith later revise opinion existence unique species believed environmental variations humidity cause differences cap cuticle observed collected different north american considered synonymous habitat distribution saprobic found exclusively dead decaying stumps coniferous trees fruit bodies appearing singly summer autumn fungus wide geographical distribution temperate regions considered common rare depending region occurs found europe british isles russia north_america southern canada usa species collected asia including india china | Pholiota flammans | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14213_Myxogastria | class grouping contains orders families genera species colloquially known species pass different phases microscopic individual cells organisms visible naked eye shaped fruit bodies reach immense weights extreme cases metre weigh kilograms class distributed worldwide common temperate regions higher biodiversity polar regions tropics mainly found open forests extreme regions snow blankets underwater occur bark trees high canopy known species small taxonomy classification nomenclature latin comes ancient greek words means means fungus introduced describe family introduced swedish mycologist described numerous species class colloquially known consider separate kingdom unsettled phylogeny conflicting molecular developmental data relations orders unclear range continuous classification new taxa reveals class fully described class comprises species according inquiry officially accepted taxa including species level study stated number comprised biggest group species basis environmental samples estimated group species previously estimated taxa species common discovered single location species found areas times common locations discoveries encounter problems plastic susceptible environmental influences characteristics small number species past authors unsuccessfully tried describe new taxon based small number examples leads numerous genus level example actually species genus classification phylogeny following classification based classes divisions described sister taxon formed taxon differ species mainly development fruit bodies create separate fruit body single cell develop cell complexes called pseudo separate cells fruit bodies order family family family order family family order family order family family order family family family traditional classification based early 20th century molecular studies confirm classification basal group groups contain spore colour characteristics life cycle phase spores spores mainly round measure rarely diameter surface generally sharp rarely smooth typical colour spore mass visible structure spores species especially genus spores produce colour shape diameter spores important characteristics identifying species important factors spores mainly moisture temperature spores usually remain years spores preserved specimens years spores development receive nucleus takes place spore spore shells open alongside special pores rip irregularly release species reproduce sexually cells spores depending environmental conditions spore like crawling substrate produced dry conditions swim develop moist wet environments generally shorter help food particles closer humidity changes cells switch form cell wall developmental stage serves provider known phase phase phase consume bacteria fungus spores probably dissolved substances reproduce simple cell division environmental conditions change adversely phase example extreme temperature extreme food shortage switch long lived thin shelled states called happen assume round shape thin cell wall state easily survive year longer living conditions improve active cells type meet phase cross fusion conditions trigger known multiple nuclear divisions cell division resulting cells change shape fusion form production cells different mating types required second phase begins development organism nutrients possible bacteria dissolved substances higher fungi small particles organic material enables cell undergo enormous growth nucleus divides multiple times cell soon visible naked eye usually surface area depending species square metre artificially cultivated cell attained surface area species numerous phase small non large million remain single cell consistency transparent white brightly coloured orange yellow pink cell negative capabilities phase meaning able nutrients away dangerous substances light movements originate streams direction cell way cell reaches speed second speed plant cells second resting state called occur phase hardened resistant form composed numerous enable survive adverse conditions example winter dry periods phase fruit bodies mature produce fruit bodies appropriate circumstances exact process unknown according laboratory researchers changes humidity temperature value starvation periods thought species abandon nutrient intake crawl attracted light positive dry light area optimal spread spores begins stopped disturbances occur spore bearing fruit bodies produced parts fruit bodies smaller millimetre extreme cases square metre weigh kilograms shape non cellular stems appear shaped seemingly shaped pseudo fruit bodies edge produced spores stored structure called found nearly species species genus open fruit bodies dried spores dispersed wind small animals beetles pick spores contact fruit bodies dispersal running water possible plays minor role forms species produce continuously spores production proceeds cells distribution ecology distribution distributed worldwide species found early researchers continents parts world discovered explored exact distribution fully known europe north_america considered basic habitat species according recent research majority species widely distributed commonly found temperate latitudes rarely polar regions tropics physical features substrate climatic conditions major aspects species presence rare northern areas species found alaska iceland northern scandinavia greenland russia particular specialised species according overview study species found arctic regions iceland greenland northern russia alaska distinctly exceed tree line greenland habitat reach latitude line species reach largest biodiversity highest frequency forests temperate regions ideal habitats rich organic material suitable humidity high long lasting snow cover snow inhabiting species species found tropics mainly high humidity prevents necessary fruit bodies permit spore dispersal promotes factors low light levels forest canopy reduces light winds poor soils natural enemies heavy rainfall wash away destroy cells species living soil decrease humidity increases study costa_rica total findings relatively dry moist species found species regions specimens arctic regions lack access factor records individual finds according studies flora regions species discovered forests example species del high ground habitats majority species live open forests important bark living trees rotting plant material soil animal found numerous unusual locations comprehensive group closed snow blankets quickly exposure example release spores habitats species found desert example living leaves plants tropics species live aquatic environments genera found living underwater species water left relationship creatures relationships creatures thoroughly researched natural predators include including especially beetles beetles round fungus beetles bark beetles false click beetles minute brown beetles observed predators attach posterior portion live strands certain species evolved way representatives species especially frequently found especially true fungi species sac fungi common fungus mainly species album found found certain species associates mainly family discovered combination bacteria atmospheric nitrogen produce possible cases acquired salt tolerance tolerance heavy metals association fossil records fossil records extremely rare short lifespan fragile structures fruit body similar processes possible spores known examples living states preserved amber fruit bodies spores described older taxa considered dubious today disregarded described million year old find baltic amber extant species state fruit bodies remarkable enabling accurate determination period location material described species similar today discoveries imply fruit bodies changed slightly million years baltic amber described considered questionable fossil inconsistent typical characteristics genus valid publication latin identified important details fruit bodies visible contradicted identification today assumed fossil belongs similar genus known discovery preserved found amber dominican_republic grouped claim considered doubtful publication later classified insufficient lack evidence known fossils spore findings assumed period absorbing spores fossil recognised history research nature long time researched named mould fungus book und thought fungi different agreed theory documented stage years later observed spores discovered cell movement saw animal like creatures reclassified literally translates fungus animals theory dominated second half 20th century pupil published extensive group published groundbreaking works book thomas important works late 20th century monograph notable modern era taxonomy began notable researchers martin discovered classified species | Myxogastria | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14240_Mycenasanguinolenta | commonly known bleeding smaller bleeding terrestrial bleeding species mushroom family common widely distributed species found north_america europe australia asia fungus produces reddish brown reddish purple fruit bodies bell shaped caps wide held slender high fresh fruit bodies bleed dark reddish purple similar larger grows decaying wood usually contains unique species produce compound edibility mushroom determined taxonomy called species transferred genus german raised tribes rank genus specific epithet derived latin word means bloody commonly known bleeding smaller bleeding terrestrial bleeding fungus classified section latex producing species molecular phylogenetic analysis dozen european species suggests closely related related species include description cap convex young margin pressed stipe expands broadly convex bell shaped ultimately reaching diameter surface initially covered dense whitish grayish coating powder produced delicate microscopic cells cells soon collapse disappear leaving surface naked smooth surface moist margin soon developing furrows cap color variable shade bright dull reddish brown dull grayish brown margin flesh thin fragile reddish reddish latex cut odor taste distinctive gills slightly toothed spaced narrow moderately broad reddish grayish edges dark reddish brown stipe long thick equal width fragile base stipe covered coarse stiff white hairs remainder covered powder soon leave stipe polished color cap bright dull red juice cut broken edibility mushroom unknown considered interest spores roughly ellipsoid weakly basidia spore bearing cells spored occasionally spored pleurocystidia cystidia face gill rare scattered abundant narrowly broadly measuring filled reddish substance cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge similar pleurocystidia shorter abundant flesh gill broad hyphae cells covered age stain pale reddish brown flesh cap covered thin layer cells immediately underneath moderately differentiated remainder cap flesh stain pale brown latex producing hyphae abundant similar species bleeding readily distinguished larger size different color growth rotting wood presence sterile band tissue margin cap consistently red edged gills gill edges variable similarly named red orange juice slightly pleurocystidia similar cap tough stipe liquid injured specialist noted striking resemblance species different colors pale brown brown faded produces latex differently colored gill edges distribution habitat common widely distributed found maine washington south north_carolina california united_states nova scotia british_columbia canada jamaica collected elevation distribution includes europe britain germany netherlands norway romania sweden australia asia collected alpine zone china provinces japan fruit bodies grow groups leaf mold moss beds needle spring fall common forests fir beech prefers grow soil high chemistry fruit bodies contain blue unique species red colored structurally related series compounds produced marine function known suggested ecological role contribution color fruiting bodies predators rarely feed fruiting bodies grown pure culture laboratory fungus produces compound species | Mycena sanguinolenta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14450_Harryachromapes | commonly known species fungus family found eastern north_america costa_rica eastern asia grows ground mycorrhizal association deciduous coniferous trees fruit bodies smooth rose pink caps initially convex pores cap white aging pale pink spores mature thick stipe fine pink reddish dots white pinkish bright yellow base mushrooms edible popular insects infested taxonomic history different genera including known field guides member genera transferred newly created genus established morphological molecular evidence demonstrated genera placed taxonomy species described scientifically american mycologist fungi new_england frost published new species publication placed species dots stipe spore print color typical genus thought appropriate fit believed pinkish brown spore print characteristic genus greater taxonomic significance genera taxonomic history include respectively additional synonyms include described later combination based molecular analysis large dna translation factor showed species belonged unique lineage family genus contain type species newly described species referred sister lineage specific epithet latin yellow foot commonly known description fruit bodies caps initially convex maturity reaching cap surface dry slightly sticky initially pink rose colored fading tan pinkish tan maturity cap margin upward maturity flesh white stain blue bruised injured important feature species distinct odor taste surface initially white pinkish flesh colored age individual pores circular angular numbering millimeter tubes long tubes near stipe depressed free attachment stipe measures long thick equal width length slight direction stipe surface texture colored white pink reddish underlying surface color white pinkish yellow base mushrooms edible good popular insects infested spore print reported ranging color pinkish pinkish brown brown variation spore print color results differences moisture content recorded spores roughly oval smooth hyaline translucent pale brown measure covered gelatinous basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored thin walled measure pleurocystidia found tube walls roughly cylindrical fuse shaped rounded tips measure cheilocystidia tube edges fuse shaped central swelling thin walled measure stipe shapes dimensions stipe base club shaped roughly spherical tear shaped cap cuticle comprises single layer hyphae thick chemical tests confirm identify mushroom drop flesh turns greenish potassium turns brown cap cuticle turns yellow acid yellow similar species fruit bodies readily identified field color bright yellow stipe base reddish stipe similar species found australia cap lacks distinctive yellow stipe base closely related rare species costa_rica contrast common relative lacks reddish color stipe black cap similar yellow stipe base habitat distribution species fruit bodies grow singly scattered soil usually found forests containing conifers oak north_america north american distribution includes eastern canada south georgia alabama including mexico extends west michigan mississippi fruit season extends late spring late summer costa_rica species associates oak recorded guatemala asia known india taiwan japan china associates trees beech pine families fruit bodies white yellow mold covers surface fruit body mushrooms food source habitat insect species including fungus flies species genera rabbit species recorded feeding mushrooms costa_rica | Harrya chromapes | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14455_Urnulacraterium | species cup fungus family parasitic oak hardwood species saprobic fruit bodies develop dead wood fallen ground appearing early spring distinctive shaped dark colored fruit bodies earned common names devil gray distribution includes eastern north_america europe asia produces compounds growth fungi imperfect stage plant known causes disease oak hardwood tree species history taxonomy described american botanist based specimen found north_carolina species appeared scientific literature current described new genus set type species german mycologist removed species transferring genus replaced type species related species restructuring resulted situation genus consisted single species ambiguous resemblance original species described genus based according written clarify rationale decision placed related species established order retain genus placed restricted genus fungus explains justify believed allied considered microscopic analysis tissues related genera clearly showed choices represented entirely different genus related naming restored genus means little specific epithet derived latin referring type bowl antiquity mix wine water commonly known devil gray description fruit bodies begin dense black surface oak branches contact ground starting rolls cylindrical tissue centimeters long wide expand slowly winter grow rapidly spring weather warmer shaped fruit body technically diameter deep initially closed opens matures leaving ragged smooth margin round opening flesh walls tough initially gelatinous later exterior brownish black black surface interior spore bearing surface hymenium brownish black color usually somewhat paler outside outer surface partially covered small patches tissue viewed glass hairs fungal hyphae making outer surface variable length thick walled blunt appear wind connected stalk typically long thick black base microscopic features spores ellipsoid shaped smooth thin walled non taking stain hyaline translucent dimensions spore bearing cells spored cylindrical measure analogous having flip lid mechanism release spores interspersed thin branched extend tops viewed microscope wall tissue layers roughly equal thickness layer tissue black compact covered fine layer brownish black hairs second layer consists loosely brown hyphae suspended gelatinous matrix layer fertile spore bearing surface brownish black hymenium imperfect state life cycle allows imperfect making spores perfect making sexual spores form happened fungal taxonomy imperfect form given different relationship perfect imperfect forms species known imperfect stage plant species known cause disease oak edibility species listed field guides recommended consumption tough texture book edible mushrooms lists taste mediocre comments devil bad thought going good mind possible eat forced smile served similar species cup fungus black smaller cup deep spore development spores rapid high percentage requires hours relatively short time compared species family requires hours furthermore possible wide temperature range wide soil range quality quantity light affect prolonged exposure light reduce efficiency ecology habitat distribution grows singly usually attached sticks branches especially oak partially buried ground state saprobic hardwood state parasitic causes including oaks beech found deciduous forests dark color partially covered leaf litter fungi appear march dubbed spring encountered melting snow distribution includes eastern north_america europe including czech_republic finland spain japan china red listed critically endangered czech_republic compounds grown liquid culture produces chemicals growth fungi specifically chemical antagonistic blue stain fungi wood decay fungus chemicals produced include isolated compounds suggesting true nature mechanism devil resolved | Urnula craterium | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14500_Polytolypa | genus fungus containing single species classified family considered uncertainty phylogenetic relationships similar genera species known single specimen derived laboratory specimen north american collected ontario canada contains compounds activity taxonomy phylogeny naming genus described grew fungus moist chamber cultures collected canada generic greek word meaning meaning specific epithet comes greek genus classified fungal family characterized species capable human hair spores minute surface viewed scanning electron scott colleagues demonstrated traditional laboratory tests determine activity able digest hair uncertainty phylogenetic relationships similar genera thought closely related genera grouping represent sister clade clade based analysis partial nuclear sequence data unclear await study 10th edition dictionary fungi considers genus family uncertainty classification indicated entry contrast online database genus description containing reproductive structures minute spherical bodies typically diameter start white gradually brown maturity groups scattered grow shallow layer hairs actually fungal called composed numerous branched hyphae times produced yellow yellow orange color dimensions viewed light microscope surfaces appear smooth scanning electron revealed densely marked small hard sharp projections structures produce called numerous spherical measure contains released away maturity form fungus resembles genus habitat distribution known north american accumulate thick layers nutrient rich hair degraded succession fungi fungi insects compounds chemical analysis shown contains unique chemical named compounds known previously previously identified compounds moderate activity species growth | Polytolypa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14638_Marasmiussasicola | species fungus known japan collected described species produces small mushrooms white caps short thin black stems unlike similar species stems enter plant matter mushroom grows white gills spread cap reach stem flesh taste found june species grows dead leaves takes specific epithet taxonomy naming described article based specimens collected japan specific refers fact species grows leaves species japanese common species genus probably belongs section characters stem gills outer layer cap description produces mushrooms convex caps millimetres diameter featuring caps expand age dry dull cap surface covered tiny grains mushrooms age caps young mushrooms coloured light brown paler cap margin mature caps paler approaching white fully matured thin smooth stem measures length thick connects centre cap dark brown black colour seen base stem anchors substrate white gills stem depth depth crowded separate gills reach stem gill broad thinner edge mushrooms thin layer whitish flesh thick tough flexible flesh lacks taste microscopic characteristics produces ellipsoid spores ornamentation thin cell walls examinations observe basidia describe club shaped immature basidia measured tightly packed cheilocystidia cystidia edge gill form sterile edge gill pleurocystidia cystidia face gill layer cap forms cell structure reminiscent hymenium gills club shaped cells measuring reddish brown smooth cell walls thick layer stem cylindrical hyphae measuring width run parallel brown cell walls measuring thick walls separating individual cells clamp connections flesh cap irregularly arranged cylindrical hyphae wide stain dark reddish brown melzer reagent solution flesh stem hyphae run stem measure thickness smooth cell walls stain dark reddish brown melzer reagent solution clamp connections similar species known sri_lanka indonesia somewhat similar differentiated stem enter substrate gills differ gills orange sport cheilocystidia pale yellow habitat distribution known lowland forests japan found june mushrooms grow large numbers close grow dead leaves grass bamboo fallen | Marasmius sasicola | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14729_Cyptotramaasprata | alternatively spelled commonly known golden saprobic species mushroom family widely distributed tropical regions world characterized bright orange yellow cap young specimens covered resembling small spikes fungus varied history having placed fourteen genera finally settling species differentiated similar members genus variations cap color spore size shape history species described ceylon english naturalist soon specimens collected later fungus described variety names cuba new_york michigan connecticut canadian explain article species original description given names placed different genera description cap diameter convex shaped cap surface dry younger specimens covered characteristic spikes spikes break age tend look older specimens typically surface features worn cap margin tends rolled young gradually straight maturity color cap bright pale yellow increasing intensity center cap web like ring soon disappears gills pale yellow white color spaced attached short running length attachment stem feel dried crushed stem centimetres long centimetres thick stem apex stem slightly thicker base covered hyphae appear surface stem especially base covered small particles flesh mushroom white pale yellow distinctive taste odor spore print white edibility unknown fungus microscopic features spores thin walled smooth oval shape viewed microscope appear translucent hyaline stain red blue melzer reagent dimensions typically spores contain single large oil spore bearing cells basidia club shaped spored presence sterile cells called pleurocystidia large cells found gill face mushrooms uncommon specimens contain abundant cheilocystidia large sterile cells found gill edge club shaped thin walled size habitat distribution saprobic fungus grows decaying wood deciduous coniferous trees host species include white fir sugar maple maple species grey beech species spruce species pine pine species oak species temperate north_america specimens typically collected july september species distribution widely distributed tropical regions world collected australia southeastern canada china costa_rica india hawaii new_zealand japan russian far east absent europe similar species members genus similar appearance differ readily features example bright yellowish brown bright pale yellow colored cream colored brown scales copper brown cap olive colored species distinguished differences spore size shape considerable size range noted spores | Cyptotrama asprata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
14951_Boletuscurtisii | species fungus family produces medium sized fruit bodies mushrooms convex cap wide atop slender stem reach length young specimens cap stem bright golden yellow color brownish old stem cap sticky young underside cap small circular angular pores mushroom edible appealing found eastern southern north_america grows mycorrhizal association hardwood trees classified species yellow color result distinct responsible yellow coloring taxonomy species described scientifically english mycologist specific epithet honors moses collected type material south_carolina american mycologist called defined monograph florida transferred species genus type newly described section featured species sticky stem leather colored brownish species characterized presence based chemical structure acid yellow orange compound found species responsible color entirely different acid compounds found species rational generic placement placed species lacks partial veil dots associated genus considered described new_york species beer suggested recognized authorities considered species claimed species considered distinct virtue instead stem similar appearance spore size shape explained english latin text berkeley original description mentioned stem later description berkeley characterized stem thought error error species account specimens examined lacked feature changed mind couple years later found small material collected description cap wide initially convex shape broadly convex nearly flat mature cap margin narrow band sterile tissue young fruit bodies curved cap surface somewhat sticky fresh smooth bright yellow orange yellow brownish whitish areas age whitish flesh change color exposed air distinctive odor taste underside cap surface initially whitish buff pale yellow darker maturity depressed near stem age unlike turn blue bruised injured pores circular angular tubes deep young fruit bodies usually golden yellow liquid surface rarely observed older specimens stem long thick roughly equal width surface sticky fresh somewhat near apex covered loose scales smooth pale yellow yellow base white stem solid hollow mushroom lacks partial veil ring spore print olive brown mushroom edible appealing spores ellipsoid somewhat inflated smooth yellowish basidia spore bearing cells spored measuring cystidia lining inside tubes shaped like thick walled like dimensions hyphae lack clamp connections similar species somewhat similar appearance distinguished orange orange yellow color lack distinctly stalk habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly scattered small groups ground coniferous mixed woods fruit bodies generally appear august november geographical distribution fungus limited eastern southern north_america united_states occurs new_england south florida west texas species newly reported mexico fruit bodies contain unique series derivatives discovery known higher plants derivatives mushroom bright yellow color including active named fruit body causes dissolve makes color wash away phenomenon unknown mushrooms additionally fruit bodies results green yellow visible daylight | Boletus curtisii | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15098_Mycenanargan | commonly known species fungus family sole member section genus reported new species known predominantly saprobic fungus produces mushrooms grow decayed wood underside wood lying litter dark chestnut coloured caps covered white easily removed scales reach wide pale slender stems long white scales base underside cap cream coloured gills widely spaced attached stem edibility mushroom unknown taxonomy naming classification species discovered south_australia reported new science australian systematic publication species refers mythical originally tom called white dark like eyes incorporated specific epithet commonly known referred spotted cap respect classification taxonomic ranking level genus characteristics suggest mushroom fits best section spores spore bearing tissue smooth cheilocystidia gills edge colour face non distinctly coloured cap according classification proposed mushroom classified subgenus roughly equivalent section spores smooth elongated cheilocystidia dull coloured pigment stem latex erected new section accommodate scales lack coarse base stem lack coating meant good fit section description caps young mushrooms initially egg shaped conical expanding bell shaped diameter initially margin cap rolled typically assumes lighter colour centre cap surface dark brown colour mushroom distinguished presence white scales cap stem scales disappear washed away rain species hard recognise thick gills attachment stem broadly attached stem slightly gill gill fused stem white light grey colour paler edge gills extending completely cap margin stem tiers shorter gills extend fully margin stem thin stem high wide ring young specimens typically whitish scales base later felt like whitish apparent mushroom distinctive spore print white cream edibility mushroom reported microscopic characteristics spores roughly ellipsoid smooth hyaline measure small oblique lack oil terms reactions absorbing blue turning blue black melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells hymenium club shaped clamp connections bases measure spored spores attached basidia long slender long gill edge sterile basidia cystidia thin walled cheilocystidia range shape swollen middle like point shaped club shaped smooth hyaline dimensions clamp connection base pleurocystidia cystidia gill face present species gill tissue smooth thin walled cylindrical egg shaped cells diameter cells producing black blue black positive reaction melzer reagent reddish brown surface cap layer bent hyphae measuring loosely arranged hyphae slightly smooth thin walled hyaline clamp connections tissue layer directly cells containing brown pigment cap tissue consists smooth thin walled cylindrical broadly cylindrical cells diameter clamp connections cells reddish orange brown colour surface stem hyphae diameter smooth sparse moderately dense short rod like cylindrical projections cells thin walled slightly thick walled hyaline clamp connections cystidia cap surface present stem tissue consists short cylindrical cells diameter smooth thin walled brown pigment cells contain clamp connections reddish orange brown similar species distinct appearance unlikely mistaken noted occurred cover photograph book field guide labelled species white cap habitat distribution common mushroom found growing singly clusters underside rotting wood wet shaded areas especially partial fruit bodies usually appear april june species recorded tasmania victoria southeastern south_australia australian initiative reported isolated collections western_australia south_australia new_south_wales majority sightings tasmania victoria fungus saprobic meaning derives nutrients dead dying organic matter field study conducted tasmania showed likely found mature forest defined having grown years young forest experienced burning years previously | Mycena nargan | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15139_Amanitadaucipes | species fungus family order mushrooms found exclusively north_america mushroom recognized field medium large white caps pale orange dense covering pale orange reddish brown conical cap surface mushroom characteristic large base stem blunt short base shape suggestive common names foot foot mushroom strong odor described variously sweet compared old bone soap edibility unknown species consumption generally recommended position contains poisonous members taxonomy described named later renamed american mycologist transferred species genus section genus subgenus grouping related mushrooms characterized spores north american species subgenus include common names include foot foot specific epithet means foot description caps fruit bodies initially convex shape maturity measure diameter cap surface dry shiny white pale orange densely covered white pale orange reddish brown conical remnants universal veil randomly distributed cap surface cotton like near edge margin cap drier specimens cap surface completely cracked bases individual conical meaning easily removed cap surface leaving margin cap like members irregular veil remnants hanging gills free crowded closely moderately narrow white yellowish white color short gills extend distance stem cap edge known rounded gradually varying lengths stem long thick attached center cap slightly apex solid dry white pale orange covered soft hairs handled stem slowly approximately color cap basal large reaching broadly shaped circular ridge upper universal veil previously attached longitudinal splits covered pinkish reddish veil remains partial veil forms ring upper stem white pale yellow usually falls cap expands fragments ring found lying ground near base stem universal veil remnants present similar cap flesh firm white fruit bodies odor strong unpleasant described sweet odor compared old bone soap decaying protein especially older specimens microscopic characteristics viewed deposit spore print spores white cream yellowish color viewed microscope ellipsoid shape kidney shape dimensions translucent hyaline thin walls meaning absorb stained melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored bases cheilocystidia abundant small roughly spherical club shaped cells dimensions cap cuticle thick consists dense layer thin walled interwoven slightly hyphae diameter clamp connections present hyphae species edibility edibility unknown mushroom recommended consumption section contains poisonous species similar species similar related north american species distinguished color large basal tougher distinct scales tinged orange yellow orange brown light reddish brown habitat distribution mycorrhizal species fruit bodies found growing solitary scattered ground mixed coniferous deciduous forests especially dominated oak trees maryland north_carolina new_jersey ohio pennsylvania tennessee virginia west_virginia kentucky texas associated tree species include genus birch disturbed soil noted authority writing extensive monograph genus claimed rare species subsequent investigations shown common oak forests eastern united_states southern end distribution extends mexico | Amanita daucipes | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15220_Podoserpula | genus fungi family genus contains species type commonly known fungus officially published species produce fruit bodies consisting dozen caps arranged overlapping shelves attached central axis unique shape known exist fungi varieties known differ sizes spore morphology distribution genus known occur australia new_zealand venezuela madagascar taxonomy phylogeny described publication transferred genus 1960s known species described moved gates lloyd british mycologist collected species venezuela expedition financed attempting identify species rediscovered berkeley priority described new genus simultaneously describing varieties considered genus allied thought belong family monograph published year agreed placed close genera known represent early order white spore print small smooth hyaline spores characteristic species large scale phylogenetic analysis published far clade related group early members order taxa clade include entire clade later separated smaller orders member genera new species proposed group new species provisional published description french code nomenclature latin lacked required designation type specimen published description fruit bodies species unusual form unknown fungi fruit bodies grow height consist dozen cup shaped kidney shaped caps arranged multiple tiers attached central stem caps joined main axis short flattened stem like variety contrast caps circular appear pierced centrally surface caps smooth brightly colored hymenium spore bearing surface underside caps pink folded surface close area attachment cap stem like connection main axis resembling individual caps resemble somewhat european species structure meaning contains hyphae relatively develop reproductive structures hyphae thin walled hyaline translucent branched thick distinct swollen clamp connections spores small typically smooth hyaline vary shape roughly elliptical somewhat spherical basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped clamp connection base cystidia var nominate variety fruit bodies rarely greater tall variety austro largest varieties reaching heights size geographical distribution roughly similar var variety elongated elliptical spores typically measuring variety caps upper surfaces colored pale main axis fruit bodies cap grows height differs var having thinner flesh funnel shaped caps size approaching bright pink coloration hymenium habitat distribution fruit bodies grow ground stumps decaying grass presumed saprobic obtain nutrients breaking larger organic molecules found soil decaying wood contrast thought appears associate predominant canopy tree forests found nominate variety found reported protected area near madagascar variety occurs australia var new_zealand var austro known venezuela | Podoserpula | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15315_Mycenachlorophos | species fungus family described fungus found subtropical asia including japan taiwan indonesia sri_lanka australia brazil fruit bodies mushrooms pale brownish grey sticky caps diameter atop stems long millimeter thick mushrooms pale green light fruiting occurs forests fallen woody debris dead twigs branches logs fungus grow fruit laboratory conditions growth conditions affecting investigated taxonomy species described scientifically moses original specimens collected american botanist october transferred species genus publication colleagues species set specimen berkeley curtis described species material collected material found near location original specimens found couple weeks later japanese studied collections late 1930s concluded species despite differences cap shape gill attachment color emitted light colleagues agreed determination examining type material taxa classified section genus species section authors considered synonymous morphological similarity molecular analysis shown distinct species japan mushroom known night light mushroom called green description cap initially convex forming central depression measures diameter cap radial grooves extending nearly center develops cracks margin small rounded teeth color pale brownish gray fades expansion somewhat sticky white stem long thick hollow translucent tiny hairs surface base stem disc shaped somewhat measuring wide thin gills free attachment stem narrowly attached slight collar stem initially white grayish color somewhat crowded length gills tiers shorter gills extend fully cap margin stem gills wide edges flesh thin strong odor caps gills stems little spores white smooth roughly elliptical dimensions basidia spore bearing cells spored long wide shorter basidia abundant form somewhat gelatinous layer cheilocystidia cystidia cap edge hyaline conical inflated tips cheilocystidia drawn point short measuring branched thin slightly thick walled cystidia gill face pleurocystidia cystidia surface cap club shaped measuring somewhat thick walled exposed surface short simple extending long joined form continuous layer young cap break cap expands cystidia stem conical lance shaped hyaline smooth walls thin slightly measure shorter upper regions stem clamp connections present hyphae tissues similar species species section similar appearance fruit bodies paler caps larger spores measuring lack short found cheilocystidia smaller spores averaging smaller cheilocystidia loop like clamp connections habitat distribution fruit bodies found forests grow groups woody debris fallen twigs branches bark mushrooms occur predominantly decaying palm fungus requires proper range humidity form mushrooms example fruiting occurs rainy seasons june july september october relative humidity usually day rain falls experimental studies shown mushroom wet deformed conditions dry cause caps warp break delicate gelatinous membrane covering broken asia species found japan taiwan java sri_lanka japan fungus scarce natural habits decreasing australian field guides reported species country fungus recorded times brazil fungi featured set postage stamps issued studies mushroom small fruits limited season small area researchers investigated conditions needed artificially species laboratory conditions order material study mechanism help preserve species temperature growth growth temperatures consistent subtropical climate species typically found maximum occurs hours begin form cap fully expanded days naked eyes hours initiation | Mycena chlorophos | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15334_Pycnoporellusalboluteus | commonly known orange species fungus family distributed zone fungus found mountainous regions western north_america europe causes brown wood especially spruce fir soft orange fruit bodies grow spread surface fallen logs mature specimens tooth like edges mushroom found growing logs stumps protruding melting snow edibility fungus usage human purposes unknown species beetles use fungus food source taxonomy species originally described collected botanist type specimens found growing mountains colorado elevation feet taxonomic history transferred genera original authors moved considering allied noted pores developed teeth like like genus generic transfers include year given current czech placed generic countless pores specific epithet combination latin words white yellow curtis gates lloyd approve opining hardly given worse tried white yellow orange described young growth possibly white developed fungus commonly known orange description fruit bodies annual spread substrate surface fresh fruit bodies bright orange finely soft upper surface surface orange angular pores usually larger diameter features thin split form teeth like layer flesh soft pale orange thick felt like texture tubes color pores continuous flesh measuring thick bruised pores turn black tissues fungus turn bright red drop potassium applied fresh fruit bodies retain considerable moisture liquid like fruit body readily removed large sheets wood grows edibility fruit body unknown odor deposit spores white spores cylindrical smooth hyaline translucent measure system meaning hyphae thin walled branched narrow hyphae flesh layer thick walled frequently branched measure diameter pores roughly similar morphology measure forms thin walls gives rough appearance viewed light microscope hymenium spore bearing tissue layer thick abundant cystidia hyaline measure diameter cylindrical thin walled moderately thick walled hyaline base measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored dimensions similar species field characteristics identify include orange color edges soft texture flesh reddish colored confused include distinguished size pores pores measure shelf like fruit bodies distinct caps smaller pores measuring tendency pulled away substrate sheets fungus prefers downed logs distinguished whitish upper surface orange fungus tightly wood substrate soft gelatinous body texture ecology habitat distribution causes brown fallen logs coniferous trees fruit bodies usually grow underside log start developing immersed snow new fruit bodies usually begin growing spring persist year europe usually grows species north_america grows fungus distribution found zone particularly zone feet north_america fruit bodies begin growth snow spring continuing europe usually encountered autumn abundant region north_america rare eastern united_states canada fungus subject high altitudes fruit bodies subjected bright light high winds low relative humidity drying effect counteract extremes absorbing water quickly drying slowly europe threatened species proposed protection convention recorded czechoslovakia poland found old growth forests rare northern europe found finland growing sweden north_america fruit bodies fungus serve food source beetle species pleasing fungus beetle species minute tree fungus beetles including cited literature colorado annals red book | Pycnoporellus alboluteus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15425_Spathulariaflavida | commonly known yellow earth tongue yellow fan fairy fan fungus found coniferous forests asia europe north_america produces small shaped fruit body flat cream yellow colored head raised white cream stalk height usually approximately fungus fruits ground forest fruit bodies occur singly large groups fairy rings spores produced fungus needle like long varieties described differ largely microscopic characteristics described authorities variously unknown edibility edible tough taxonomy naming species described german botanist gave called der club shaped vernacular christian published new replacement published legitimate sanctioned edition according database additional synonyms include defined august published publication american mycologist considered species mushroom commonly known yellow earth tongue yellow fan fairy fan called yellowish natural arrangement british plants specific epithet latin blonde golden yellow description shaped fruit bodies high range typical occasionally fruit bodies produced head split separate color light strong yellow flattened fertile area times paler color tends age fruit body fertile area region produces spores irregularly apex wide length stem half total stem length division head stem sharply defined stem hollow smooth white yellowish base flesh fruit body whitish yellowish brown dry edibility variously described unknown edible tough small size likely discourage table use odor taste distinctive microscopic characteristics mass spores appear yellowish brown especially dry viewed microscope appear hyaline translucent spores variable size typically range non slender pointed outer wall gelatinous layer spore bearing structures club shaped dimensions covering lid known sterile cells found hymenium hyaline translucent ring shaped variants described number varieties based largely differences shapes sizes spores varieties described collections united_states var typical variety spores range size smaller range typical slightly branched curved var variety curved twisted form dense layer var spores smaller typical variety usually irregularly branched upper portion fruit bodies variety club shaped flattened compared typical tongue shape typical variety var variety common michigan spores var variety known pacific_northwest spores similar typical variety similar species distinguished velvet foot fairy fan differences stem brown smooth yellowish result thin layer hyphae cover stem project short hyphae outward surface closely related species color spores measure branched upper parts roughly similar appearance lacks sharply differentiated shaped head stem lighter color head smaller oval elliptical spores measure yellowish earth tongue fungus defined oval shaped head shaped spores ecology habitat distribution fruit bodies grow scattered groups forest conifers summer fall grow rings arcs thought saprobic species obtaining nutrients dead organic matter found rotten wood fungus able protect common mushroom releasing compounds injured cosmopolitan widespread species common temperate regions pacific_northwest region north_america extending north alaska unknown mexico europe collected britain germany spain austria belgium scandinavia italy asia reported india japan turkey considered protected species slovakia field guide says species ground looking | Spathularia flavida | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15575_Mycenaflavoalba | commonly known ivory species mushroom family cap initially conical shape convex reach dimensions cap color ivory white yellowish white yellowish center tubular stems long thick long coarse white hairs bases mushroom found europe middle_east north_america grows scattered dense groups conifers oak woods taxonomy classification naming described swedish mycologist assigned current american mycologist transferred species genera respectively singer later changed mind considered species resulting transfers considered synonyms synonym gray placed section genus alongside species specific epithet yellow white compound latin yellow white mushroom common ivory description cap diameter conical young somewhat bell shaped broadly times nearly convex develop like structure center cap margin initially pressed stem maturity curves inward slightly cap surface smooth moist partially translucent outline gills underneath cap seen mushroom changing color loses gains moisture cream buff yellowish initially paler white margin fading buff center yellowish white margin dry flesh yellowish white thick disc thin moderately fragile distinctive odor taste gills ascending somewhat hooked toothed narrow broad nearly equal width slightly age close gills reach stem tiers short gills extend fully cap margin stem develop veins running gills white white edges whitish appearance consistency stem long thick equal tubular somewhat elastic particularly fragile base stem covered sharp straight stiff white hairs surrounded white base stem smooth apex moist translucent slight running white pale yellow color considered microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid basidia spore bearing cells spored pleurocystidia cheilocystidia cystidia found face edge gill respectively similar structure abundant long narrow measure neck substance smooth hyaline flesh gill pale yellow flesh cap thin poorly differentiated thin membrane somewhat differentiated pronounced old caps remainder somewhat enlarged cells stain pale yellow similar species bears resemblance members genus distinguished species white yellowish cap differences shape spores cystidia stem spanish species newly described similar appearance differs distribution pigment cap differential response blue positive negative habitat distribution fruit bodies grow scattered densely needle beds conifers oak woods months generally rare species occurs large quantities certain united_states collected colorado idaho michigan north_carolina oregon washington wyoming florida kansas found europe israel species listed concern danish red data book | Mycena flavoalba | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15632_Entolomaaustroprunicolor | species fungus family described new science found tasmania fruits ground wet forests late spring early winter usually january march fruit bodies mushrooms reddish purple caps measuring diameter supported whitish measuring long thick cap underside crowded gills initially white turning pink spores mature taxonomy species formally described australian mycologist dutch mycologist collections tasmania australia specific epithet derived latin prefix meaning southern latin word meaning coloured type collection january near southern tasmania species discovered result intensive field research conducted gates began realizing species collaborators published series papers documenting new fungi genus fungus classified subgenus section overall habit hyphae abundant pigment gates place grouping related species genus characterized mushrooms pink blue cap contrasts whitish polished stipe description cap measures diameter convex having central rounded elevation resembling bluish purple young reddish purple eventually fading grey colour cap surface texture initially loose fibers short fine hairs form surface breaks small arranged small scales matures cap margin curves downward gills closely crowded broad attachment stipe white initially tinged pink developing spores thin cylindrical stipe measures long wide slightly thicker base dry hollow white nearly white flesh purple cap white stipe smell taste indistinct described like edibility unknown spore print pink spores measure different different directions possessing pronounced angles basidia spore bearing cells spored lack measure located gill edge thin walled cheilocystidia measure shapes ranging irregular cylinders narrow clubs cap cuticle arranged form bent hyphae run parallel cap surface hyphae emerge roughly parallel perpendicular cap surface comprising cylindrical inflated hyphae wide cap tissue narrow cylindrical hyphae diameter contain purple brown pigment stipe cuticle loosely arranged cylindrical hyphae measuring clamp connections absent hyphae similar species resembles european species cap species fades colour white stipe gill edges differentiated cheilocystidia habitat distribution commonly occurring mushroom wet forests tasmania fruiting occurs late spring early winter fruit bodies recorded months january march study distribution mushroom species area found occur mature uncut forests | Entoloma austroprunicolor | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
15849_Amanitarubrovolvata | commonly known red species fungus family described scientifically japanese mycologist widely distributed eastern asia fungus produces medium sized mushrooms reddish orange caps wide stems tall cream ring cream yellowish stem ends roughly spherical base covered bright orange patches edibility established fungus suspected associated molecular studies confirmed mushroom classification subgenus genus closely related species taxonomy phylogeny naming species described scientifically japanese mycologist based collections japan designated japanese mushroom according online database proposed french mycologist synonym generic classified subgenus genus according systems proposed species included molecular phylogenetic analysis intended help clarify natural groups phylogenetic relationships genus branch cluster species including var results comparable published later phylogenetic analyses included larger specific epithet derived latin words red closely authority suggested red appropriate common description cap wide convex flattened slight dark red reddish orange paler orange yellowish margin cap surface densely covered red orange yellow remnants cap margin grooves extending radius partial veil remnants hanging cap margin flesh mushroom white yellow reddish immediately beneath cap cuticle white gills free attachment stem broad short gills extend fully cap edge stem typically range length length gills stem thick roughly cylindrical slightly larger upwards surface cream ring cream yellowish base stem roughly spherical wide upper covered red orange yellow remnants remains mature specimens ring upper stem ring persistent upper surface white lower surface having yellowish edge red orange produces white cream colored spore print spores spherical nearly typically measure meaning absorb stain melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells hymenium club shaped spored rarely spored measure slender extensions tips attach spores long found bases basidia edibility mushroom known certainty reported cause symptoms mice increased levels blood decreased blood nitrogen changes reported mice injection fruit body extract include decreases activity reduced levels liver experiments values returned normal hours initial injection suggesting poisoning affect liver kidney performance similar species colleagues mention eastern north american species resembles slightly short grooves edge yellowish orange cap slightly larger spores yellow bases reported occurring thailand probably habitat distribution mushrooms grow groups ground species form mycorrhizal relationships trees mutually beneficial relationship hyphae fungus grow roots trees enabling fungus receive moisture protection tree tree greater access soil nutrients original japanese collections forests dominated japanese beech found growing near india forest plantations species occurs china northern india south_korea countries southeast_asia example thailand southern limit distribution extends southern | Amanita rubrovolvata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16092_Boletusauripes | commonly known butter foot species fungus family described new_york fungus found eastern asia central_america eastern north_america canada florida mycorrhizal species typically grows association oak beech trees fruit bodies mushrooms formed fungus convex nearly flat caps wide stems long thick feature net like ridges upper portion brownish upper cap entire surface mushroom yellow edible distinguished similar yellow differences color degree stem distribution taxonomy species originally described american mycologist collected type specimen new_york proposed variety var new combination described taxon regarded distinct species reported finding specimen species described mount pennsylvania suggested valid species distinguished deeper brown cap color yellow flesh fade white stem orange yellow color extensive conceded clear morphological characteristics overlap collections needed clarify differences couple years later convinced stance considered taxonomic authorities index recognize genus classified section species section characterized having dry cap surface texture ranging smooth somewhat yellow flesh stem mild taste north american section include specific epithet means golden yellow foot commonly known butter foot description cap convex shape somewhat maturity diameter cap surface dry texture ranging finely nearly smooth colored yellowish brown chestnut brown grayish brown cap color fades age similarly flesh initially yellow fades whitish maturity unlike species surfaces internal tissue turns blue injured exposed air odor taste mushroom distinctive initially pale yellow yellow surface develops olive matures depressed near stem pores circular angular minute typically wide tubes deep golden yellow stem long thick young stems typically club shaped somewhat mushroom grows mature stems club shaped nearly equal width stem dry solid hollow features yellow upper portion base stem buff color fruit body partial veil ring stem edible mushrooms produce spore prints yellow brown especially fresh prints olive brown smooth yellowish spores measure range shape roughly somewhat shaped basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure cellular arrangement cap cuticle hyphae emerge roughly parallel like hairs perpendicular surface cap consisting erect hyphae diameter similar species field characteristics distinguish potential species include yellowish brown chestnut brown cap surface paler age yellow flesh stain blue stem similar appearance honey yellow bright yellow yellow cap conspicuous stem limited range covering florida west texas var brown cap texture like velvet somewhat resembles species colored cap orange brownish orange yellowish variable degrees stem similar color scheme lacks stem bears superficial resemblance coloration rican species known limited area northern species distinguished lack upper half stem brown salmon pink reaction stem response handling sterile margin prominent set apart darker cap tubes lack olive stem prominent extending base contrast cap surface lacks olive tubes distribution habitat mycorrhizal fruits singly scattered groups ground trees especially oak beech recorded mountain laurel typically forms fruit bodies june november distribution fungi found eastern asia eastern north_america north_america relatively common range fungus extends alaska south mexico east new_york central_america recorded belize mushroom recorded taiwan china including japan reported time russian far east | Boletus auripes | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16240_Collybiatuberosa | commonly known species fungus family type species genus like members genus lives remains mushrooms fungus produces small whitish fruit bodies caps wide held thin stems long underside cap closely spaced white gills broadly attached stem base stem embedded substrate small reddish brown somewhat resembles apple seed appearance distinguishes species similar overall appearance found europe north_america japan growing dense clusters species taxonomy phylogeny naming species described french naturalist 6th volume called publication referred transferred species called publication genus folded additional taxonomic synonyms include molecular phylogenetic analysis reported sequences establish forms group finding later publication specific epithet derived latin word mushroom commonly known called naked foot natural arrangement british plants description cap ranges shape convex shaped margin curved inward young flattened age margin curved downward straight cap shallow depression center shallow diameter small reaching maximum cap surface dry moist smooth covered fine soft hairs somewhat changing color depending level cap margin center cap pinkish buff whitish margin whitish overall matures flesh thin colored whitish light buff mushroom distinctive taste odor considered gills fused stem age running slightly length stem gill close individual gills whitish pinkish buff thin narrow moderately broad straight edges stem long roughly equal width length slender thread like flexible dry surface stem covered scales fine whitish powder lower portion hairs ranging delicate coarse color stem generally whitish pinkish buff handled stem interior hollow age stems originate dark reddish brown variable shape typically measuring surface initially smooth later interior solid white compared apple seed appearance typically connected thin strands resting structure allows fungus host reported spore print white individual spores smooth ellipsoid tear shaped profile ellipsoid face view dimensions non melzer reagent blue respectively basidia spore bearing cells hymenium club shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge scattered long shape ranges cylinder roughly club shaped irregularly short approximately right angles main stem pleurocystidia cystidia gill face gill tissue interwoven hyphae non melzer reagent hyphae smooth thin walled measuring diameter cap tissue hyphae interwoven center cap oriented gills hyphae smooth thin walled diameter cap cuticle thin layer smooth thin walled hyphae oriented bent somewhat gelatinous measuring diameter occasionally cuticle stem layer parallel vertically oriented smooth thin walled hyphae diameter pale yellowish brown mounting solution stem moderately thin walled smooth cystidia resemble cylinders hyaline diameter clamp connections present hyphae tissues similar species similar size appearance grows spruce smaller grows remaining species closely resemble distinguished examining stem bases point attachment substrate roughly spherical light brown yellowish produce field distinguished dark reddish brown somewhat resembles microscope provides definitive way distinguishing hyphae rounded elongated character apparent fresh dried material species contrast produce habitat distribution known strictly parasitic needs host living saprobic way fruit bodies fungus found growing dense clusters remains mushrooms hosts include particularly pacific_northwest region united_states common abundant species definitively identified host fruit bodies slow decay available nearly year round substrate based field observations authors suggest produce fruit bodies decayed mushrooms produces heavily decayed mushrooms found europe north_america common summer autumn coinciding fruiting periods mushrooms reported japan | Collybia tuberosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16313_Pseudocolusfusiformis | mushroom family known remarkable range fruit body types widely distributed member genus found united_states australia japan java philippines commonly known squid odor upright arms connected smell comes dark greenish covering inside faces arms attracts insects help disperse spores taxonomy appearance species literature wrote description based painting found monograph australia new_zealand considered naming published adequate description valid rules international code botanical nomenclature described species based single specimen found java year later fischer amended original satisfied quality original description despite doubts validity description original naming legitimate priority curtis gates lloyd described new genus reduced species synonyms north american description species johnson later transferred revised genus include members considered genera distinct appearance extensive study published different literature species index lists following synonyms lloyd lloyd description immature fruiting bodies resemble pear shaped grayish brown pale gray color dimensions diameter surface broken small regions cracks fungus matures fruiting body cracks open forms stalk tapering arms spore mass known mature fruiting body typically height arms times length stipe stipe extend past hollow thin walled upper end color stipe white grayish white height thick widest diameter arms extending stipe average length ranging bearing arms joined shaped like lance pointed apex orange colored internal structure arms chambers large chamber outside typically smaller chambers inside arm commonly found upper thirds inside surface arms dark green odor described author comparable fresh pig attracts insects help disperse spores spores elliptical smooth translucent hyaline dimensions basidia spore bearing cells attached spores edibility considered poisonous recommended consumption related species considered edible immature egg stage foul smell maturity likely deter individuals eating similar species species somewhat resembles arms extend upwards join unlike arms share common stem immature egg form gray grayish brown white habitat distribution species grows scattered groups disturbed soil coniferous mixed forests found growing wood chips gardens landscaping reported growing garden solitary large collected variety locations worldwide including australia japan java philippines united_states turkey continental united_states collected pittsburgh found alabama connecticut georgia south_carolina louisiana florida massachusetts new_jersey new_york north_carolina rhode_island tennessee found hawaii thought introduced north_america southeast asia | Pseudocolus fusiformis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16350_Suilluslakei | commonly known jack lake western painted species fungus family characterized distinctive reddish brown fibers small scales cap presence veil stem caps reach stems long usually thick underside cap layer yellow yellow brown angular pores pores covered whitish partial veil young mycorrhizal fungus grows association douglas fir found tree occurs native northwestern north_america introduced europe south_america new_zealand mushroom edible opinions vary considerably quality taxonomy naming american mycologist originally named species mycologist college lake collected type specimen oregon late november later transferred species genera respectively monograph north american species transferred species simultaneously described variety said collectors called reddish cap singer considered species smith later examined type material concluded distinct species colleagues described variety var based described czech index consider synonymous mushroom commonly known western painted jack lake slippery cap description cap diameter initially convex somewhat maturity cap dry yellowish reddish brown fades age covered pressed hairs minute scales center yellowish flesh visible scales heavy rain wash cap surface leaving sticky layer older specimens nearly smooth age remnants partial veil hang edge cap cap margin initially curved rolled grows maturity upward tubes comprise surface underside cap deep angular pores wide arranged pores range color yellow brownish yellow stain brownish reddish brown bruised covered partial veil young specimens flesh thick yellow unchanged color bruised broken turns pinkish red stem long usually thick yellow reddish streaks solid yellow species usually lacks dots stem characteristic species stem equal width length tapered downwards tissue stem base weakly stain bluish green cut reaction usually apparent mature specimens ring delicate resembling soon disappears leaves thin whitish ring stem spore print brown color variety found italy light yellow cap purple red scales variety cap common form spores shaped elliptical smooth surface dimensions spored basidia spore bearing cells club shaped hyaline translucent dimensions cystidia plentiful found lined tube mouths cheilocystidia commonly singly sides tubes pleurocystidia structures thin walled cylindrical measure scales cap surface comprise erect hyphae tips clamp connections rare hyphae edibility edible opinions vary considerably quality called choice coarse mediocre laboratory tests indicate fruit bodies activity contain similar species mushrooms appearance similar distinguished associations trees example eastern north american species grows association cap red yellow background grow grows mixed coniferous forests gelatinous veil smith note difficult tell difference lost veil colors species reliably distinguish cap pink orange hairs scales similar species western north_america distinguished strong blue develops stem injured habitat distribution indigenous rocky_mountains western parts north_america range extends south mexico fruit bodies grow groups ground young stands grassy fruiting occurs late summer autumn forms douglas fir distribution tree common species found northwestern montana idaho study host pure culture laboratory failed form healthy roots hyphae covered like deposits appeared collapsed noted prefer poor exposed soil found road banks found mushroom species associates douglas fir douglas fir non native introduced species europe fungus found central south european countries following intentional introduction douglas fir include bulgaria czech_republic germany hungary italy slovakia considered endangered czech_republic reported new_zealand south_america argentina chile | Suillus lakei | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16412_Mycenaadscendens | commonly known species fungus family fungus produces small white fruit bodies mushrooms caps diameter appear sugar like caps supported thin hollow stems long set disc like base distributed united_states found washington california europe turkey fruit bodies grow fallen twigs woody debris forest floor including fallen nuts variety known japan small white species similar appearance reliably distinguished examining microscopic characteristics taxonomy species originally named collected province germany dutch mycologist assigned species current publication according species later synonyms based published index agrees authorities treat species independent additional synonym described variety var published originally proposed var type species section genus contains white species caps covered soft hairs members section include mushroom commonly known specific epithet derived latin means ascending curving base derives latin meaning tender delicate description cap white small diameter typically ranging initially convex hood shaped maturity developing visible surface grooves correspond gills underneath cap surface covered particles remnants partial veil cap gray whitish margin young soon white overall flesh fragile thin gills free attachment narrowly attached stem broad spaced usually numbering form slight collar stem translucent white development fringed white edge hollow stem long usually curved stem enlarged slight initially nearly spherical base stem small white disk like base substrate edibility mushroom unknown like small likely considered table variety characterized tiny white cap diameter narrowly conical cystidia found stem microscopic characteristics produces white spore print spores broadly ellipsoid dimensions basidia spore bearing cells spored club shaped measure pleurocystidia cystidia gill faces present absent present similar cheilocystidia cystidia gill edges cheilocystidia abundant measuring variable shape fuse shaped swollen center needle like projections arising apex projections swollen parts cheilocystidia covered short flesh gills brown stained flesh cap greatly enlarged cells surface covered club shaped cells measuring walls finely covered small cells brown clamp connections abundant hyphae similar species resemble include distinguished stem base swollen disc like larger fruit body lack cap poorly known japanese species similar non spores lacks reliably distinguished microscopic characteristics spored basidia clamp connections rare hyphae gill tissue spores broad typically finnish species grows decaying norway spruce scots pine differs gills form lacks hyphae cells hymenium terminal cells cap cuticle densely covered habitat distribution fruit bodies found scattered grouped fallen twigs bark woody debris spring autumn fruits frequently wood conifers common periods wet weather found growing nuts fallen ground known grow substrate include united_states known washington california found europe collected turkey variety originally described denmark reported japan | Mycena adscendens | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16657_Galiellarufa | commonly known rubber cup rubber cup rubber cup species fungus family fungus produces cup shaped fruit bodies typically grow clusters branches exposed portions buried wood eastern malaysia fruit bodies texture tough gelatinous rubber rough brown felt like outer surface smooth reddish brown inner surface generally considered north american mushroom field guides commonly consumed malaysia fungus produces chemicals variety properties taxonomy naming species originally named bulgaria based material collected pennsylvania transferred genus defined genus synonymous hyaline translucent spores type species newly created genus encompasses species morphology similar bulgaria spores feature surface substances stain blue described variety material collected new_york explained variety differed typical species ways var grew fallen leaves fir trees ground buried wood lacked stem instead broad rounded underneath hymenium yellow brown nominate variety spore slightly longer specific epithet means reddish brown refers color hymenium species commonly named rubber cup rubber cup rubber cup known deer eyes buffalo eyes description fruit bodies initially closed roughly spherical shaped resemble minute later open shape shallow cup reach wide cup margin curved irregularly toothed teeth lighter color hymenium interior surface cup bears spore bearing surface hymenium reddish brown orange brown exterior surface brown covered hairs measure long felt like texture flesh fruit body lacks distinctive taste odor grayish translucent gelatinous fungus short stem long wide missing specimens dried fruit bodies fruit bodies generally considered north american field guides unknown edibility parts malaysia commonly eaten prized edibility spores thin walled elliptical narrowed ends covered fine dimensions spores spore bearing cells narrow typically long sterile cells interspersed hymenium slender studies demonstrated development spore wall similar genus family especially species fine secondary wall spore ornaments similar species similar appearance found north temperate asia grows rotting wood spruce trees larger typically bulgaria similar shape size shiny black hymenium species found eastern north american black liquid interior larger shallower fruit body yellowish inner surface habitat distribution saprobic species grows usually groups clusters decaying hardwood branches logs fungus fruits late summer autumn fungus noted fruit readily logs cultivation mushroom fruit bodies readily overlooked blend surroundings found midwest eastern north_america collected areas new_york minnesota missouri north_carolina species found malaysia compounds produces structurally related compounds attracted attention biological properties compounds anti activity killing compounds shown laboratory tests early steps pathways induced plant known seeds plants additionally highly selective potent signaling cells produced large variety cells functions immune response acute phase reactions researchers interested potential small ones produced interfere signaling cascade leads expression genes involved disease | Galiella rufa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16724_Scutelliniascutellata | commonly known cup eye scarlet cap fungus cup small fungus genus type species common widespread fruiting bodies small red cups distinct long dark hairs distinctive feature easily visible glass species common north_america europe recorded continent found rotting wood damp habitats typically growing small groups forming clusters described small size means suitable use despite popular mushroom hunters unusual hairs making memorable easy identify taxonomy described book given current des sciences named specific latin like small shield common names include fungus cup scarlet cap eye cup genus currently placed family genera lack microscopic characteristics lack uniting characters led authors propose variety classification schemes study british specimens revealed species originally described french botanist synonymous description fruiting body shallow disc shape typically diameter youngest specimens entirely spherical cups open expand disc maturity inner surface cup fertile spore bearing surface known hymenium bright orange red outer surface sterile surface pale brown flesh red thin outer surface covered dark coloured stiff hairs measuring length base hairs thick pointed hairs form distinctive margin cup visible naked eye easily visible glass stalk microscopic features approximately size releases elliptical spores measuring translucent hyaline rough exterior small contain small oil white present large numbers like spore print cylindrical shape feature distinct cells electron revealed roughly like covering apex ring edibility list list having unknown edibility considers small interest lacks distinctive smell taste distribution habitat common europe found late spring late autumn north_america fruits winter spring collected colombia india iceland israel new_guinea russia turkey saprobic species grows generally regions fruiting rotten wood damp soil found ashes wet leaves fungi alaska found growing year study succession fungal flora appearing cut stumps trees showed appeared roughly middle fungal succession years tree cut species growing wood obscured surrounding moss found typically fruit groups forming dense clusters rotting wood plant small size overlooked mycologist observed discovery cup great pleasure beauty describes attractive little fungus claims easy notice bright molecules found naturally plants types fungi including study reported composition fungus found contain high proportion ring beta present minor amounts structurally related similar species dozen species common widespread microscope required differentiate type species genus differentiated larger size distinctive describes easily recognizable mistaken larger fruiting body larger spores having shorter obvious hairs slightly smaller orange yellow colour smooth spores smaller short pale hairs spores lacking oil bright orange small brown hairs pennsylvania cup smaller north american version smaller hairs spores similar reliably distinguished roughly spherical typically diameter species genus smaller similar fungi favour rotting wood include species cup fungi favour burned ground | Scutellinia scutellata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
16756_Amanitaonusta | commonly known loaded gunpowder species fungus family mushrooms characterized small medium sized fruit bodies white pale gray caps crowded roughly conical irregular gray stipe whitish gray like veil remnants base shaped base rooted somewhat deeply soil species distributed eastern north_america nova scotia mexico found growing ground deciduous forests particularly oak chestnut fruit bodies smell somewhat like powder edibility unknown possibly toxic taxonomy described american mycologist later transferred species genus authority writing extensive monograph genus placed species section grouping mushroom species includes named species authored described species latin epithet means charged load carrying regular derived burden word gave english commonly known loaded gunpowder description fruit bodies caps initially broadly convex mature reaching cap surface grayish white color conical raised flattened arranged gray brownish gray grayish brown grayish orange small scales densely arranged surface crowded near edge cap margin margin typically fringed remnants veil gills underside cap spaced closely free narrowly attached stipe white cream color interspersed short gills extend completely cap margin stipe gills look stipe long thick slightly upwards solid gray brownish gray near base paler appears base stipe roughly shaped root deeply soil especially soil loose short lived partial veil white attached stipe sticky maturity upper stipe remnants hanging cap margin universal veil remains arranged rows patches gray brownish gray small scales upper portion color dirty white flesh firm white fruit bodies range smell mild slightly unpleasant odor described resembling lime smell similar bathroom containing microscopic characteristics viewed deposit spore print spores white viewed microscope spores broadly ellipsoid thin walled dimensions basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored spored cheilocystidia cystidia found edge gill ellipsoid pear shaped cells partly short rows cap cuticle thick consists thin walled interwoven hyphae diameter clamp connections present hyphae species short branches connecting cell previous cell allow passage products nuclear division edibility edibility unknown mushroom described possibly poisonous general species best avoided consumption prevalence toxic species genus similar species confused similar gray veil remnants cap surface distinguished absence cap absence scales base stipe distinctly lime similar species found costa_rica north american species shorter spaced apart basal arranged parallel rows habitat distribution grows solitary scattered ground mixed oak chestnut forests southern new_england texas species preference sandy loose soils range extends north nova_scotia canada south mexico cited books california mad river press isbn | Amanita onusta | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17062_Cyathushelenae | species fungus genus family like members resembles tiny bird nest filled eggs spore containing structures known initially described mycologist found growing mountain alberta canada life cycle allows reproduce sexually smaller species produces number unique molecules known specific epithet species given tribute late wife helen description resemblance bears miniature bird nest eggs source common bird nest fungi fruit body shaped roughly like inverted cone upper sharply opening normally wide height fruit body outer surface pale brown grey color covered clusters fungal hyphae resemble hairs hairs appear clusters generally point downward inner surface smooth grey silver somewhat shiny surface inner surface faint distinct vertical ridges known like species cup attached growing surface called diameter typically wider incorporates bits organic trash eggs bird nest diameter covered covering layer attached fruit body structure hyphae differentiated regions basal piece inner wall middle piece upper called purse connected lower surface purse middle piece thread interwoven hyphae called cord attached end end mass hyphae called spores spherical shape dimensions long wide tend slightly narrower end commonly spore wall thickness distinguished common faint inner surface pronounced arrangement hairs outer surface spore shape ellipsoid habitat distribution species initially described mycologist collected alberta canada altitude feet found growing small flat stones attached dried remains alpine plants derived species tribute late wife helen species known live alpine habitats dry areas idaho reported mexico reported growing tropical forest mexico costa_rica recorded brazil report species south_america life cycle life cycle contains stages typical taxa reproduce spores sexually produced contain single nucleus dispersal spores grow hyphae single nucleus compartment hyphae different mating compatibility groups fuse form process called period time appropriate environmental conditions fruit bodies formed fruit bodies produce containing basidia new young basidia contain pair sexually compatible fuse resulting fusion nucleus undergoes produce spore dispersal drop falling water hits interior cup appropriate angle velocity ejected air force drop force tears open purse results expansion cord pressure lower purse followed highly cord basal hit nearby plant stem stick sticks cord stem stick powered force moving drying remains attached vegetation eaten grazing animal later deposited animal continue life cycle compounds produces series chemical compounds known properties bacteria capacity produce similar limited strains basic chemical structure known skeleton unique investigated nuclear magnetic resonance molecules structure created | Cyathus helenae | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17077_Strobilomycesfoveatus | little known species fungus family reported mycologist specimens collected malaysia found australia fruit bodies characterized small dark brown black conical scales covering cap net like pattern ridges upper stem roughly spherical spores measure densely covered slender conical spines edibility species unknown taxonomy classification described scientifically mycologist specimens collected malaysia new species described monograph malaysian fungus classified section genus species section characterized having spores smooth short spines ridges ornamentation reduced absent region depressed area near specific epithet derived latin referring surface pits depressions description caps fruit bodies wide convex shape cap surface covered dark brown black erect scales stem long thick thick surface upper stem strongly covered network like pattern individual wide deep pores underside cap wide dirty white gray brownish black color tubes pores long flesh thick initially white stain brownish black exposure air spores densely covered slender conical spines tall abundant pleurocystidia large sterile cells found gill faces thin walled measuring long wide swelling narrow hyphae cap surface branched loosely interwoven colored cells typically measure surface stem compact mat hyphae roughly thick reduces sterile hymenium upper stem corner notes species identical african species spores measure habitat distribution corner collected specimens growing forest floor national park malaysia northern borneo collected southern queensland australia known definitively species suspected mycorrhizal | Strobilomyces foveatus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17143_Bothia | fungal genus family genus contains single species mushroom described scientifically collections new_jersey found eastern united_states costa_rica china taiwan grows mycorrhizal association oak trees fruit body chestnut brown cap smooth dry underside cap elongated tubes spore deposit yellow brown edibility mushroom unknown historically unique combination morphological features resulted transfer different genera molecular phylogenetic analysis published demonstrated species genetically unique warrant placement genus taxonomy named american mycologist type collected new_jersey botanist transferred generic concept included ring stipe placed thought species appropriately placed transferred genus moved treatment north american species recent history moved dick later moved different authors synonym based different type original publication compared species noted differed reddish brown color yellow colors flesh tubes stipe having examined additional collections realized species represented morphological variations colleagues published molecular analysis showing species genetically distinct deserve placement new genus named original type lost designated collection reading pennsylvania named honor mycologist curator emeritus promoter student specific epithet means small chestnut refers color cap description cap convex age reaching diameter center cap shallow depression margin ranges irregular cap surface dry initially smooth maturity color ranges reddish brown brown dark yellowish brown flesh white unlike species change color bruised injured thick cap pores angular elongated measure wide color surface pinkish brown tan buff yellowish brown maturity bruised areas turn tubes somewhat attached stipe running slightly length extend deep mushroom lacks odor taste dry solid stipe measures long thick nearly equal thickness slightly tapered end surface smooth area apex edibility mushroom unknown fruit bodies produce yellow brown spore print spores egg shaped ellipsoid smooth thin walled measure basidia spore bearing cells club shaped spored measure cystidia present tube walls pleurocystidia edges cheilocystidia somewhat shaped central swelling measure clamp connections absent hyphae hyphae chemical tests help confirm identification mushroom cap cuticle turns grayish application drop dark brown amber solution potassium flesh turns pale brown pale yellow habitat distribution fruit bodies grow singly scattered groups oak trees birch beech eastern white pine present area typical habitats include woods asia recorded growing bamboo forests united_states fruiting season occurs july october range extends carolinas north new_york new_england west minnesota collected costa_rica china taiwan | Bothia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17153_Phalluscalongei | species mushroom found pakistan described new science starting egg fully expanded fruit body consists single thick stipe cap attached apex covered olive green spore containing distinguished similar species combination features including pinkish network like cap stipe tapered ends edibility mushroom unknown discovery taxonomy classification discovered june near stream known pakistan described new science publication specific epithet honors spanish mycologist written extensively published published species species known exist pakistan according classification scheme proposed german mycologist belongs subgenus section genus species section include number features distinguish including undeveloped white stipe tapered ends deeply pitted cap surface pinkish ridges skirt hanging cap present species description member genus shape mushrooms assume general form erect human single elongated hollow stipe topped cap like structure apex fruit bodies start appearing similar whitish eggs outer tissue layer gelatinous translucent inner tissue layer fully expanded fruit body consists single thick stalk pitted cap attached apex cap covered olive green fruit body reach tall thick whitish hollow slightly tapered ends wall consists layers chambers apex stalk cap high thick bell shaped conical pitted surface cap surface strongly forming network raised pinkish ridges tip cap truncated depressed surface olive green melting away gradually spores ellipsoid smooth hyaline translucent measuring egg remains base fruit body thin undeveloped white edibility mushroom determined similar species species known pinkish colored cap conical cap surface similar species include purple reddish pale pink stipe habitat distribution species known saprobic feeding dead decaying organic matter known type locality pakistan found growing ground metres sea level | Phallus calongei | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17211_Hydnellumferrugineum | commonly known tooth reddish brown spine fungus species tooth fungus family widely distributed species found north africa asia europe north_america fungus fruits ground singly clusters forest usually poor low nutrient sandy soil fruit bodies somewhat shaped measuring diameter surfaces initially white pink drops red liquid lower surface fruit body features white reddish brown spines long mature fruit bodies dark reddish brown color difficult distinguish similar species forms mat upper soil grows presence fungus changes characteristics soil making taxonomy species originally described scientifically named taxonomic history includes transfers genera assigned current transferred current genus canadian mycologist described fungus found michigan nova scotia fungus harrison named considered synonymous database index harrison noted attempts recognize european species north american collections increased confusion country worked critically field continents better recognizable grouping population guess grow europe taxa considered synonymous including later synonyms bull bull banker banker explained difficulty identifying old specimens considerable number collections set aside dried state notes fresh characters impossible decide degree satisfaction plants represented form common names given species include reddish brown spine fungus british society sanctioned fungus specific epithet latin colored description fruit bodies shaped caps diameter convex shaped later slightly depressed center cap surface young fruit bodies uneven texture whitish pink color blood red drops fluid depressions surface later flesh colored dark reddish brown margin remaining whitish lower surface fruit body bears hymenium fertile spore bearing tissue comprises dense arrangement white reddish brown spines long hanging vertically downwards stout stipe measures long thick color cap fruit bodies distinctly odor similar smell ground flour flesh reddish brown white initially soft tough fruit body matures stipe flesh age like species fruit body tissue hyphae expand growth fruit body enabling persist months fungus employs growth pattern fruit body formation begins vertical column hyphae eventually expand form cap solid objects encountered growth grass twigs expanding fruit body similarly closely neighboring caps fuse growth broadly ellipsoid roughly spherical spores surfaces covered small rounded basidia spore bearing cells narrowly club shaped spored measure hyphae flesh brownish thin walls measure hyphae spines thin walled branched measuring hyphae clamp connections similar species similar appearance taste clamp connections hyphae readily confused authors historically considered species molecular studies indicate fungi closely related distinct contrast darker cap young darker flesh occurs deciduous woods old fruit bodies confused habitat distribution found mainly coniferous woodland near occasionally spruce fruit bodies preference sandy soil low levels organic matter nutrients grow singly clusters likely found older growth forests fungus occurs north_america including mexico widespread generally uncommon europe local areas common britain classified endangered protected included species considered plan fungi fungi cap stipe fungus protected montenegro collected india north_africa fungus forms tough mat upper soil pine forests mat grows larger old trees cover area square meters areas generally lack dwarf shrubs promote vigorous growth occur center large presence fungus changes nature soil resulting thinner layer decreased penetration decreased soil increases level root quantity roots fungus decreases organic carbon nitrogen concentrations soil surrounding soil similar species sensitive increased nitrogen deposition resulting clear cutting forestry practice areas europe fungus forms unusual type scots pine appears normal leading edge mat leaves dead roots trailing edge showing tendencies compounds fruit bodies contain dark violet yellow small amounts compound chemical structure closely resembles acid pigment found species originate common precursor compound cited works british isbn | Hydnellum ferrugineum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17533_Antrodiaserialiformis | species fungus family fungus consisting fertile spore bearing surface lying flat underside decaying wood fan shaped overlapping caps formed common eastern united_states recognized distinct species owing resemblance closely related differences ecology spore size dna sequences distinguish taxonomy described new species journal publication resulted research conducted work ecology taxonomy phd conducted supervision material collected philadelphia species description based collections noted presence species similarity common european species publication degree dna sequences internal regions confirm species genetically distinct specific epithet refers resemblance latin derives meaning having form molecular analysis shows closely related species description perennial fruit bodies vertical surface partially lying flat substrate hymenium covering upper surface partially upper small caps elongated growing surface length tough texture individual caps reach dimensions roughly horizontal upper surfaces brownish narrow white margin underside cap surface initially white turns dirty brown matures individual pores round small numbering millimeter tubes color surface deep flesh white thick fruit bodies infested species causes surface system meaning predominantly types hyphae comprise fruit body hyphae relatively hyphae develop reproductive structures thin walled clamp connections wide skeletal hyphae thick walled long hyaline translucent straight width cystidia absent cells hymenium size basidia remaining sterile basidia club shaped spored clamp connection bases measure thin walled spores ellipsoid somewhat tapered ends hyaline non melzer reagent measure cultures compatibility tests grown plates identical chemical similar appearance authors note authors combinations north american collections compatibility tests confirmed presence different mating indicating north american collections represented single species similar performed north american european collections showed species incompatible distinct similar species similar appearance larger spores distinguished field substrate preferences usually fruits coniferous wood grows strictly old oak habitat distribution fungus grows lying oak logs pennsylvania maryland virginia north_carolina tennessee owing similarity likely confused past true limits distribution unclear authors suggests probably occurs southeastern states consider common species eastern usa found grayish strictly species | Antrodia serialiformis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17651_Calostoma | genus species fungi like fungi spore discharge mechanism associated typical fungi instead enclosed spore bearing structures resembling round orange red gelatinous thick species collected regions deciduous temperate tropical subtropical forests worldwide distribution including eastern north_america asia common given species alludes bright red fruit bodies openings somewhat resemble lips unusual fruit body structure historically led suggest classification schemes based presumed relationships stomach mushrooms phylogenetic analyses performed 2000s genus related mushrooms species forming associations trees families type species oak taxonomy original genus description based type species synonymous published french botanist advent modern genetic analysis considered grouping fungi enclosed spore bearing structures specifically classified order suggested genus merged hard authors placed family 2000s phylogenetic analyses nuclear mitochondrial gene sequences helped clarify phylogeny species representative examples research showed genus related clade separate containing mushrooms non belongs order comprise following genera thought diverged million years ago genus derived greek beauty mouth similarly species referred vernacular korea called red description fruit bodies technically known form spherical spore bearing heads outer tissue layer clearly defined layers tissue layer thick gelatinous shiny cuticle maturity away reveal brightly colored star shaped spores escape layer remains attached outer layers apex star shaped fruit bodies stalk atop stalk stalk thick fused hyphae expand absorbing moisture spore mass head pale initially thick walled skeletal hyphae called clamp connections present fungal hyphae spores spores spherical elliptical shape typically surfaces grooves resembling net pitted variations elaborate pitted spore inspired investigation techniques scanning electron atomic force technique distinguish subtle details scale differences fine structure spores species spore purpose interwoven nurse cells hyphae net effect prevent spores blown away simultaneously development grown humid conditions typically found temperate deciduous forest species develop thicker gelatinous layer stalk expands exposing raised ridge tissue opening suggestive common help protect late fruiting species harmful variations temperature humidity insect predation habitat distribution species collected regions deciduous temperate tropical subtropical forests containing tree species families type species shown form labeling molecular morphological analyses southeast asian described forms species forms species mode nutrition predominant historically assumed saprobic taxonomic presumed saprobic fungi like distribution genus limited australia new_zealand southeast_asia asia species described indonesia borneo java sumatra new_guinea ceylon taiwan china new_zealand north_america latin_america australian species include mentions preference humid forests eastern north_america particularly southern uses edibility general species considered edible typically begin development underground time fruit bodies appear tough consumption study reported community state mexico collected children consumed like tradition abandoned recent years locals called young fruit bodies compounds contains pigment named responsible red color chemical structure acid species list following species list compiled index species published literature missing specifically listed species authority author original description species followed year publication | Calostoma | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17666_Russuladensifolia | commonly known crowded species fungus family described given current widespread species found asia europe north_america fruits ground mixed deciduous forests fruit bodies mushrooms robust caps diameter stems long thick mushrooms characterized red black color changes occur flesh bruised relatively thick cap cuticle mushroom sold edible species areas asia mild moderately toxic cause upset consumed compounds isolated identified mushroom taxonomy species described var transferred genus classified section subgenus consists species robust fruit bodies brown black defined forms monograph section spore print color fruiting pattern odor gill intensity color change forms pacific_northwest region north_america form fruit bodies gray brownish gray form odor widely spaced gills form produces light yellow spore print layered cap cuticle form found eastern united_states grows jack pine pine forests database index forms published synonyms include variety variety variety specific epithet derives latin words meaning compact placed close meaning leaf refers closely spaced gills mushroom commonly known dense description cap initially convex young flattened depressed funnel shaped maturity reaches diameter smooth cap surface sticky moist young specimens develops polished look dry initially white turning brownish gray eventually age cap margin curved inward life fruit body cap cuticle half radius cap flesh white slowly reddish grayish black exposed air characteristic reaction slow develop develop especially old fruit bodies underlying tissue flesh distinctive odor hot bitter taste gills fused slightly extending short way length stem interspersed tiers short gills extend fully cap edge stem crowded gills centimeter initially white color stain reddish injured develop dirty reddish age stem measures long thick nearly equal width length solid hollow hard initially white aging brownish black smooth slightly dry surface produces white pale yellow spore print spores oval elliptical roughly spherical hyaline translucent measure rough surface marked ridges low isolated high cystidia hymenium thin walled hyaline shapes ranging club shaped broad tips somewhat fuse shaped short narrow tip cystidia dimensions hymenium differentiated abundant fragile spherical cells common present gill tissue cap tissue clusters cells cap cuticle typically thick embedded gelatinous layer differentiated layers consists interwoven hyphae underlying attempted differentiated forms mushroom differences cap cuticle thickness morphology forms considered taxonomic significance edibility mushroom mild moderately toxic cause upset consumed noted bitter taste removed cooking end product best poisonous worst despite mushroom sold edible species northern thailand traditional chinese medicine purported activity similar species similarly colored distinguished darker cap widely spaced gills dry cap surface mild taste directly black injured taste reminiscent confused gills change color bruised found conifers taste cut flesh changes light pink red ecology habitat distribution mycorrhizal species descriptions published morphology forms european beech norway spruce mushrooms grow ground singly scattered groups mixed deciduous forests tend appear summer autumn spain common pine forests fruit bodies fungus widely distributed known asia including china india japan thailand europe north_america study chronological sequence fungi communities forests eastern china shown reach peak abundance year old stands chinese study species found common species associated year old mexico found oak fungus adapted live cold climates relatively high tolerance low temperatures repeated freezing cycles tend slow growth lethal temperature required die research extracts fruit bodies contain shown laboratory tests highly efficient infection tobacco mosaic virus compounds isolated identified mushroom including acid acid acid acid acid | Russula densifolia | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17730_Hygrophorusolivaceoalbus | commonly known olive wax cap species fungus genus fruit bodies mushrooms appear late autumn conifers north american mountain forests mushrooms olive brown caps dark streaks dark caps measure diameter characteristic features include stem long spotted ragged scales ring like zone implies mushroom cap gills native north_america northern regions europe according publication fungus nearly extinct france edible opinions divided taste usage edible mushroom fungus possesses like compounds taxonomy classification species officially described earlier published august illegitimate renaming published received current scientific transferred genus moved species genus sunk varieties proposed form section genus fungi section caps stems caps brown grey olive orange stems somewhat distinctly common names mushroom include cap olive olive wax cap specific epithet derived latin words olive brown white characteristics fruit body cap wide young fungi wider age characteristic dark underneath grey brown surface cap cuticle fine dark grey arranged fibers young fruit bodies covered layers inner composed dark ring zone stem covered gelatinous outer layer fruit body long stem ranging diameter somewhat surface wet weather bent base stem near apex zone stem smooth whitish covered layers tissue exterior sticky layer comparatively thin interior layer consists similar cap layer initially linked stem grows increases length interior layer ripped breaks ragged dark concentric bands gills thick widely spaced broadly attached extending slightly stem white slightly base surface flesh mushroom smooth thin white taste odor mild distinct smell treated solution acid flesh turns reddish spore print white microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid surface smooth yellow melzer reagent basidia dimension short pleurocystidia cheilocystidia cap cuticle width consists dark hyphae width form horizontal layer hyphae embedded possess clamp connections fungus gill consists hyphae thick cap tissue comprises radial hyphae formed fungal partner white smooth surface layers hyphae layered tree roots shows hyphae covered mass outer walls hyphae reach lengths branches older cavity tip resembles hole similar species shows similarities closely related fungi genus minor differences physical features examples include field distinguished combination features including double dark streaks cap stem growth microscopic characteristics risk confusing toxic fungi produce different flesh react differently addition red versus olive green furthermore oaks mycorrhizal partner north american species produces smaller fruit body caps measuring wide dry stems measure long thick ecology distribution creates conifers west_coast united_states associations common giant rocky_mountains associates spruce blue spruce northeast north_america usually acidic ground higher altitudes forests occasionally mixed forests fruit bodies found singly grow clusters range stretches northern western north_america europe mediterranean region russia fungus typically fruits late summer early winter occasionally depending geographical location climate early june right december population currently endangered france extinct importance edibility finds use especially kitchen indistinct taste fruit bodies received mixed reception overall considers surface described taste bland authors suggest removing cap cuticle eating overall authors mushroom edible caution required eat popularity fungus varies region commonly consumed europe north_america differently europe example spain fungi highly appreciated mushroom dishes region common rest spain called obtained fruit body fungus produces secondary detected compounds effect especially connection positive bacteria important source especially effect cultures resistant contemporary fungus medicine known components tri | Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17770_Lepiotacastaneidisca | species fungus family formally described long time considered species similar molecular analysis reported demonstrated genetically distinct common coastal northern california recorded mexico saprobic species usually found fruit bodies mushrooms white caps orange red orange brown center measure wide cream colored light pink stems long thick ring distinguished similar species differences habitat microscopic characteristics species described new science mycologist collected type material growing near near california december decided species called morgan opinion later studied type collection concluded microscopic characteristics molecular analysis based comparing dna sequences internal region mycologist determined despite lack distinguishing micro morphological characteristics species distinct epithet refers chestnut colored center cap means description fruit bodies white bell shaped convex caps diameter orange reddish pale orange brown center mature specimens fade lose reddish shades cap surface develops small pale pink cream patches especially zone white background arranged gills somewhat crowded moderately distant typically length gills tiers interspersed short gills extend fully cap margin stem slightly measuring wide white fringed irregular edge whitish young cream colored age free gill attachment stem stem long thick cylindrical slightly widened base hollow color pinkish lower reddish damaged especially older specimens flesh whitish cream tones reddish brown mature specimens ring points upward young specimens maturity remnants left stem sharp odor similar rubber liver oil mushroom known poisonous consumption recommended risk possible confusion species contain deadly smooth spores view triangular spurred base frontal view typically measure blue shows somewhat cystidia gill edge cheilocystidia club shaped somewhat spherical stem dimensions basidia spored absent gill edge pleurocystidia cystidia gill face absent cap cuticle lengthened cells arranged elements different lengths measuring outer covering stem comprises layer hyphae measuring wide clamp connections present hyphae parts fungus similar species closely resembles commonly confused rounded cap lacks pinkish brown orange brown widely distributed prefers habitats natural cover disturbed humans beds rivers creeks contrast found natural habitats similar species similar habitats confused include contrast species ellipsoid spores fruit bodies appear november april grow scattered groups usually lacks reddish color center cap associated spores long dimensions rare species widely distributed united_states reported ohio michigan addition california fruits usually december april mushroom readily distinguished dark brown brown color cap center habitat distribution saprobic fungus fruit bodies appear late fall winter november february grow near mixed coast live oak forests fungus common coastal northern california found northern limit distribution southern british_columbia recorded far south mexico | Lepiota castaneidisca | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
17887_Lysurusmokusin | commonly known small saprobic species fungus family fruit body consists reddish cylindrical stipe capped arms arms approach close form olive green spore mass carried outer surface arms fruit body odor comparable fresh dog rotting flesh sewage mature edible immature egg stage fungus native asia found australia europe north_america probably introduced species china remedy history taxonomy phylogeny species described missionary publication new memoirs reported finding near beijing finding represents earliest published scientific record fungus china original sanctioned christian synopsis transferred genus type species genus reported form said differed main species having head angular conical form reported korea authors attempted define forms new species based degree separation arms example contrast concept arms free slightly fused genus created contain species tips arms fused result differing interpretations limits desire authors define new species based perceived differences fungus acquired lengthy list synonyms years commonly known small included large scale phylogenetic analysis fungi published shown form clade description immature fruit bodies white gelatinous eggs measuring diameter attached ground strands called fungus matures egg fruit body rapidly expands leaving remnants base stipe hollow mature fruiting body dimensions ranges color white pink red distinct deeply sides divided ribs basis distinction species angular form stipe sides branch arms fused tip form pointed apex resembling mushroom matures arms spread apart outer surface arms coated brownish foul spore mass called odor helps attract flies insects assist spore dispersal odor compared fresh dog rotting flesh sewage spores cylindrical shape smooth thin walled hyaline translucent dimensions scanning electron reveals end spores spore wall results separation basidia spore bearing cells usually spored composed chains roughly spherical ellipsoid broadly club shaped cells mixed cells wide hyphae clamp connections similar species similar appearance cylindrical stem tip similar stipe angles present edibility uses species considered edible immature egg stage thought china mature foul odor deter individuals attempting consumption fungus china remedy habitat distribution saprobic grows small groups forest litter wood chip landscaping documented sightings include korea japan china species unknown europe reported italy considered alien species continent united_states collected states california texas | Lysurus mokusin | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
18072_Galerinasulciceps | dangerously toxic species fungus family order distributed tropical indonesia india reportedly found fruiting european occasion considered deadly shown contain known series indonesia 1930s resulted deaths consumption species typical little brown mushroom appearance obvious external characteristics help distinguish similar brown species fruit bodies fungus deepening reddish brown base stem gills separated ring present stem history taxonomy species described literature english naturalist based specimen found years earlier growing old wood ceylon modern day sri_lanka transferred species genus brown colored spore print dutch mycologist transferred species genus species transferred current position comprehensive treatment placed section genus subdivision defined french mycologist section includes small brown spored fungi young cap margin curved inward thin walled acute ended pleurocystidia broadly rounded poisonous containing belong section description cap initially egg shaped young specimens changes shape matures convex later flat central depression center cap roughly spherical like cap meaning changes color depending state color moist specimens changing dark brown edges dried cap diameter typically surface smooth gelatinous consistency edge cap thin split open gills broadly broadly attached stalk slightly gill gill fused stem slightly running length stem interspersed gills shorter gills called start cap reach stem gills broad thick base mature develop veins run gills cap stem long thick usually attached centrally underside cap slightly center stems solid cylindrical fine layer powder berkeley original description noted resemblance small mushroom today known microscopic characteristics spores ellipsoid shaped dimensions basidia spore bearing cells cylindrical slightly club shaped spored measure projections basidia attach spores long pleurocystidia cystidia located gill face thin walled long somewhat cylindrical range color translucent hyaline pale brownish yellow typically occasionally larger cystidia gill edge cheilocystidia similar appearance pleurocystidia hyphae clamp connections short branches connecting cell previous cell allow passage products nuclear division chemistry deadly poisonous author toxic mushroom known man later studies concentrations containing mushrooms view symptoms poisoning attributed mushroom noted relatively unusual local effect sensation clinical symptoms inconsistent poisoning presence species verified analysis damage liver kidney binding separate instances poisoning indonesia involved people died based set occurrences death occurs hours patient survives depend quantity eaten individual death attributed mushroom reported germany early 1980s severe treated complete blood liver habitat distribution species grows dead wood tropical like indonesia java sumatra india sri_lanka prolific areas found north_america germany found growing known vernacular meaning greenhouse instance mushroom discovered fruiting dense groups standing moist | Galerina sulciceps | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
18097_Amanitaaestivalis | commonly known white american star species fungus family mushrooms fungus distributed eastern united_states south florida reaches north southeastern provinces canada cap fruit body medium sized diameter white sits atop stem long rounded base entire fruit body slowly stain reddish brown color response aging remains unknown distinct species similar comparable distribution white bodied confused including taxonomy classification naming american mycologist described species based specimens collected massachusetts michigan new_york virginia original report published latin description contrary naming conventions international code botanical nomenclature later amended description doubt distinct species brown american star described singer claimed species distinguished consistent absence brownish gray radial stripes cap mycologist described variant var said identical white pale cap monograph north american species preferred reserve judgment matter classified section genus grouping characterized having spherical spores developed rings weakly flesh narrow limbs protruding soft specific epithet derived latin meaning pertaining summer vernacular white american star description cap fruit body diameter depending age range egg shaped convex somewhat flattened older specimens edges curved upwards color white pale tan center cap older specimens areas tissue colored brownish red shades edge cap radial grooves long mirror position underlying gills moist cap sticky touch dry shiny usually remnants thin white gills crowded close free attachment stem slightly swollen middle tapering near ends stem long thick slightly thicker base stuffed whitish hyphae resemble cotton surface stem smooth delicate soft white hairs base stem reach diameter ring located upper portion stem white long lasting remains closely attached portion stretch like thin membrane adhere base stem collapsing flesh slowly turn pinkish brown chocolate brown injured bruised young specimens distinct odor fruit bodies smell slightly age edibility documented species sources noted suspected microscopic characteristics viewed deposit like spore print white examination microscope reveals details roughly spherical hyaline translucent thin walled dimensions spores meaning absorb stained melzer reagent appear blue blue spore bearing cells basidia spored thin walled measure long thick present bases basidia similar species according singer species mistaken eastern united_states ellipsoid spores white range include deadly toxic species loose stem cap usually olive green typically spored basidia considered white form species brownish gray radial stripes usually short section hyphae projecting surface produce fine appearance rapidly european star cream yellow color differs reaction chemical tests known europe habitat distribution ecology mycorrhizal species meaning forms relationship hyphae fungus grow tiny roots trees shrubs way plant better able absorb soil nutrients fungus receives moisture protection plant fruit bodies fungus grow ground deciduous coniferous mixed forests preference noted oak woods containing species beech wood fruit bodies typically appear late june autumn north_america found states new_england alabama new_york virginia distribution extends north southeastern provinces canada south florida | Amanita aestivalis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
18126_Volvopluteusmichiganensis | species mushroom family originally described molecular studies placed genus described cap mushroom diameter gray cracked margin sticky fresh gills start white soon turn pink stipe white base features dna sequence data great importance separating taxon related species fungus originally described growing reported michigan usa dominican_republic taxonomy species originally described american mycologist based collections october original description mention base stipe morphological characters separating smith mention large spores unusual genus species disappeared literature 20th century smith include species revised type collections north american morphological revision type dna sequence data based internal sequences obtained collection confirmed taxon belongs genus separate species members genus epithet refers state michigan fungus originally described original specimens species preserved description characters cap diameter conical young expands convex flat low broad center old specimens surface markedly fresh covered arranged cap ash gray similar color gills crowded free stipe broad white young turning pink age stipe long wide club shaped base surface white smooth sac like white smooth surface context white stipe cap change bruised exposed air smell recorded taste recorded spore print color recorded assumed pinkish brown microscopic characters ellipsoid shape basidia spore bearing cells spored pleurocystidia cystidia gill faces shaped shaped like leather bottle shaped cheilocystidia cystidia gill edge commonly cover completely gill edge cap cuticle parallel hyphae embedded gelatinous matrix parallel hyphae embedded gelatinous matrix cystidia stipe surface present cylindrical ecology distribution mushroom type collection collected collections dominican_republic collected piles vegetable matter species known type locality second locality dominican_republic dominican collection matches type collection molecular comparison performed similar species molecular analyses internal region clearly separate species currently recognized identification difficult overlapping morphological variation species size fruit bodies color cap spore size presence absence cystidia morphology cystidia important characters morphological species genus distinguished species relatively shorter spores measuring average long | Volvopluteus michiganensis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
18805_Mycenastrum | fungal genus family genus containing widely distributed species known common names giant pasture tough roughly spherical shaped like fruit bodies grow diameter initially covered thick whitish layer develop characteristic skin age internal spore mass firm white edible individuals suffer mild symptoms eating spores mature turns yellowish brown spores released eventually splits open irregularly shaped sections consists spherical dark brown spores rounded surfaces branched fibers form long like spines grows ground prairie desert habitats widely distributed commonly encountered threatened species europe taxonomy species originally described second volume attributed authorship french botanist discovered field town northern france synonyms include published published species given current genus contain generic synonyms von new family containing type genus molecular study supported inclusion traditionally placed recent analysis shown sister group authors agreed decision regard genus separate family despite taxonomic authorities prefer fold commonly known tough giant pasture published variety var south_america subspecies described colorado species historically named transferred genera usually including species reclassified poorly known authority index considers species currently valid description fruit body usually grows diameter extremes reported shape ranges roughly spherical egg shaped pear shaped somewhat persistent initially covered thick whitish layer continuous eventually cracks away thin exposing nearly smooth light brown dark pinkish brown surface tough layer tissue measures thick maturity opens irregular splits eventually extend base star shaped manner torn segments turn inside drying rigid exposing felt like internal surface white young cheesy appearance consistency matures undergoes process involving water loss subsequently olive brown finally dark olive dry develops characteristic smell fruit bodies grow underground different morphology smooth chocolate brown coloured surface lacks patches characteristic ground fruit bodies spines fungus edible white odor taste described taste spores spherical measuring surface irregular coarse refers late thick walled cells main axes branched cells thick covered numerous spines deep red reddish orange clearly distinguishing coloring main subspecies var extremely uses edible firm white reportedly consumed tribal people mexico large collection consumed people confused species genus containing popular edible members ate fungus symptoms including symptoms large european bird great recorded feeding thick outer withstand hard blows breaking children replacements balls mexico throat lung purported anti properties maturation manner splits open described 19th century american mycologist thick mature remains months splitting alternating cycles drying develop usually common center near fruit body finally produce irregular star like teeth time entire upper half open exposed dry weather condition spores blown wind widely distributed rainy spell promptly closes open dry weather returns alternate opening closing split finally expanded flat shape backward outer layer comprises cells arranged wet water expand closing drying outer cells lose water gradually shrink producing unequal tension outer inner cells tension causes irregular star like pieces gradually separate curve outward opening dry weather ecology distribution saprobic species consuming dead organic debris usually found fruiting ground singly scattered rings clusters grow underground fruiting occurs low elevations groups open habitats dominated grassy wet areas dry prairie reported habitats include old mature fruit bodies broken loose attachment substrate rolled wind similar species frequently encountered suggested grows locations seldom visited useful indicator species climate change widely distributed recorded africa asia china india iran south_america argentina chile north_america australia new_zealand europe found southern scandinavia widespread south continent reported scotland appearance british mainland grassland habitat found heavily eroded unsuitable future appearances species threatened species europe listed vulnerable regional red list poland north_america common western regions united_states canada recorded eastern canada poorly known mexico recorded baja california mexico_city variety var occurs tropical asia caribbean south_america | Mycenastrum | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
18947_Phallushadriani | commonly known species fungus family widely distributed species native asia europe north_america australia probably introduced species stalk fruit body reaches tall thick fragile hollow stem pitted like cap spread olive colored spore shortly emerging releases odor attracts insects help disperse spores said edible immature egg like stage typically grows public yards gardens usually sandy soils distinguished similar common presence pink violet colored base stem differences odor taxonomy species described scientifically french botanist sanctioned synopsis called species synonym according database index additional synonyms include named berkeley var var date unknown specific epithet named dutch botanist wrote pamphlet mushrooms description immature fruiting bodies egg stage dimensions colored pink violet typically resemble plant roots base eggs enclosed tough covering gelatinous layer breaks emerges mature fruiting bodies tall thick cream colored hollow stipe head pitted covered olive green mass typically retains pink color turn brownish age fruit bodies short lived typically lasting days odor described authors faint pleasant like describe smell known attract insects including flies bees beetles consume spore containing thought long distance spore dispersal facilitated insects deposit intact spores survive passage digestive tract spores cylindrical smooth hyaline translucent dimensions basidia spore bearing cells cylindrical dimensions slender extensions attach spores clamp base edibility like species thought edible egg form central europeans chinese consider eggs edibility mature specimens author commented genus general sense smell developed think eating members group similar species overall appearance distinguished white similar smooth head habitat distribution known australia thought introduced species imported landscaping north_america europe including denmark ireland netherlands norway poland slovakia sweden ukraine wales turkey japan china province saprobic species nutrients organic matter north_america commonly associated tree stumps roots stumps ground great_britain distribution restricted coastal dunes poland noted avoid humid forest soils live grasses black tree mushroom species protected | Phallus hadriani | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
19443_Morchellasextelata | species fungus family described new science found north_america washington idaho montana wyoming new_mexico found china known result accidental introduction natural fruit bodies roughly conical cap tall wide surface vertically arranged pits cap initially yellowish brownish black maturity stipe white hollow measuring high wide species adapted western north_america reliably distinguished use dna analysis taxonomy originally identified phylogenetic species species rich clade brown donnell colleagues publication specific epithet alludes preliminary distinguishable physical ecological characteristics clearly genetically distinct species differentiated comparing dna sequences restriction fragment length analysis thought driving evolutionary force caused ancestors roughly million years ago original specimens collected obtained research effort designed improve understanding north american description fruit bodies high conical cap high wide widest point cap surface features pits ridges formed intersection primary vertical ridges frequent shorter secondary vertical ridges occasional sunken horizontal ridges cap attached stipe deep wide ridges smooth finely covered densely initially pale tan dark grayish brown maturity eventually nearly black flattened young eroded maturity pits somewhat elongated vertically smooth brownish yellowish tan pinkish buff whitish pale brownish stipe long wide roughly equal width length slightly club shaped near base surface smooth covered whitish flesh whitish measuring thick hollow cap layered base stipe sterile inner surface cap whitish covered short soft hair elliptical smooth typically measuring spore bearing cells spored hyaline translucent cylindrical measure cylindrical measure tips shaped rounded club shaped fuse shaped contents hyaline translucent brownish potassium hyphae sterile cap ridges measure terminal cells shaped similar brownish contents north american generally considered choice edibility mentioned original description similar species indistinguishable species clade including distinguished habitat distribution found non burned forests western north_america found east rocky_mountains restricted northern distribution northward eastern north_america grows burn sites indistinguishable subtle differences structure sterile ridges species authors confident specimens examined establish differences consistent habitat distribution ecology saprobic mycorrhizal different times life cycle fruit bodies grow partially burned forests particularly dominated douglas fir pine tend appear great numbers year immediately following fire appear decreasing frequency successive years fruiting occurs april july elevations distribution includes washington idaho montana wyoming found china remains unclear dispersal distant locations occurred naturally accidental introduction humans identified phylogenetic species shown non native species increasing overall growth grass abundance seeds tolerance extreme heat contributing factor success invasive species western north_america | Morchella sextelata | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
19749_Marasmiusfunalis | species fungus known japan species produces small mushrooms reddish brown caps millimetres diameter dark brown stems millimetres length species number distinctive microscopic features including long cystidia stem visible described species grows dead wood closest relative known mexico similar appearance named taxonomy described named article based specimens collected specific latin rope like reference shape character stem genus species traits suggest belongs section section closely related japanese common species description produces fruit bodies form mushrooms mushroom convex completely cap diameter unlike caps mushrooms change shape convex age cap fairly smooth small parallel furrows edge arranged colour differs slightly depending age mushroom younger specimens sport reddish brown caps paler brown older mushrooms cap surface dry dull free hair stem centrally cap measures long thick cylindrical slightly covered short white hairs base stem enters substrate visible majority stem brown lighter brown white gills attached stem depth individual gills spaced reaching stem gill thick edges short gills reach cap thin layer thick whitish flesh cap tough bent breaking flesh smell taste microscopic characteristics mushrooms leave white spore print individual measure thin cell walls smooth spores meaning stain come contact melzer reagent solution spores borne club shaped basidia measuring spores club shaped developed basidia edge gill sterile mass cystidia cheilocystidia club shaped cheilocystidia measure sport multiple cylindrical tips measuring cheilocystidia cell walls variable thickness pleurocystidia cystidia face gills cystidia stem measure cylindrical erect forming visible tip pointed rounded cell walls smooth thick meaning stain reddish brown come contact melzer reagent solution layer hyphae cap cylindrical hyphae thick thin walled hyphae covered brown flesh cap cylindrical hyphae wide thin cell walls hyphae run parallel weakly flesh gills basically flesh cap fact completely hyphae layer stem form cylindrical hyphae making run parallel measure width walls thick brown pigment flesh stem hyphae running stem cells wide smooth cell walls thick hyphae lack clamp connections similar species differs closest relative presence cheilocystidia lack clamp connections fact form instead club shaped cylindrical species known mexico known europe similar appearance cap covered hairs differs instance hyphae feature clamp connections species named morphological similarities species differentiated fact slightly larger narrower measuring significantly longer distribution ecology known tokyo japan mushrooms grow groups dead plant matter recorded japanese cedar wood leaf litter woodland bamboo leaf oak mushrooms encountered july | Marasmius funalis | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
19871_Strophariacaerulea | commonly known blue species fungus family common species found europe north_america grows meadows gardens officially described science known distinct species centuries taxon defined later authors synonym fruit bodies mushrooms feature greenish blue cap sparsely covered white veil margin sticky surface texture gills cap underside attachment stipe initially pale brown darker brown age spores mature greenish stipe covered white scales thin ring similar appearance common relative species robust ring stipe scales cap darker gills white edges taxonomy finnish scientist observed known species characterized brown spore print indistinct temporary ring stipe lining gill edges called based taxon later researchers confirmed existence widespread european distribution taxon use incorrect type refers purple brown spored species despite persisted contemporary field guides mentioned scientific literature usage considered valid according rules christian refer species synopsis sanctioned work officially described mycologist collections near germany transferred species today genus reserved species contain compounds reported subsequent analyses revealed traces substance fruit bodies specific epithet latin blue mushroom commonly known blue french mycologist called mushroom numerous authors use refer instead description conical flattened caps measuring diameter usually low broad colour cap depends age ranging pale blue green yellowish bluish green whitish zone margin invariably bluish green moist cap sticky cuticle readily dry caps smooth shiny gills initially pale brown darker brown age spores mature attachment stipe stipe short lived ring zone zone stipe smooth flesh blue cap stipe lacks distinctive flavour fruit bodies edible spore print brown spores typically measure ellipsoid shape depending viewing angle basidia spore bearing cells narrowly club shaped spored dimensions found gill edge club shaped measuring neck wide gill face wide neck clamp connections abundant tissues fungus produces cells produced short branches similar species greenish confused uncommon species grows meadows slender form soft stipe flesh similar fresh pepper dense slender spherical tip non cheilocystidia gill edge gives gills young fresh fruit bodies whitish edge feature absent common distinguished developed ring zone stipe darker gills white edges numerous whitish scales cap margin additionally stable colours tends quickly wash collections characteristics intermediate species making difficult identify accurately habitat distribution ecology fungus fruits singly groups grows meadows gardens europe found beech woods soil common species found europe fruits july november found north_america generally fruiting august october extent distribution unknown form structures consisting dense mass hyphae create extensive underground networks nutrients allow fungus forage resources associated stems common systems development species interactions cord forming wood investigated form structure characterized dense relatively slowly extending formation associated finding relatively distributed nutrients equivalent short range foraging increase supply soil nitrogen increases branching allowing increased nutrients | Stropharia caerulea | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
19909_Coprinellusimpatiens | species fungus family described classified variously genera molecular reaffirmed species fungus found north_america europe mushrooms grow ground deciduous forests fruit bodies buff caps diameter held slender whitish stems tall species resemble distinguished differences appearance habit spore morphology taxonomy phylogeny species described swedish mycologist transferred species defunct genus synonymous couple years later segregated genus including species gills gills melt liquid included generic transfer later changed mind taxonomic separation transferred species published new combination despite taxonomic species popularly known large scale phylogenetic analysis resulted splitting genus smaller genera authors confirmed validity generic placement specific epithet derived latin word study proposed sister closely related phylogenetic tree large clade consequently genus later study suggested results artifact taxon sampling species analyzed adequately represent genetic variation genera study demonstrated including descended common ancestor analysis closely related description cap fruit bodies initially egg shaped conical convex reaching deep narrow grooves reaching far center cap surface color pale buff center color loses intensity mushroom dry flesh whitish thin fragile barely auto gills initially buff turn grayish brown free attachment stem meaning small portion gill attached stem whitish slender equal width length slightly thicker base dimensions thick stem surface young specimens appearing coated minute layer fine white particles eventually leaving smooth silky surface odor taste fruit bodies distinctive gills species age barely fruit bodies tend fragile age spore print dark brown spores smooth ellipsoid shaped measure spore bearing cells basidia spored spores lie different levels mature different times cheilocystidia cystidia found gill edge roughly spherical broad shaped apex acute wide pleurocystidia cystidia found gill face absent species similar species resembles distinguished slightly larger fruit body somewhat gills tendency fruit smaller groups ground rotting wood smaller spores typically similar usually grows groups fallen branches broader spores measure usually grows small dense narrower spores typically produces smaller fruit bodies habitat distribution found north_america europe including germany poland ukraine including northern turkey pacific_northwest region united_states found oregon idaho fruit bodies grow rarely small forest litter deciduous forests especially ones dominated beech | Coprinellus impatiens | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20225_Volvopluteusgloiocephalus | commonly known big mushroom rose species mushroom family 20th century known names recent molecular studies placed type species genus newly created cap mushroom diameter varies white grey grey brown markedly sticky fresh gills start white soon turn pink stipe white sack like base features dna sequence data great importance separating related species fungus grows grassy fields organic matter like piles reported continents antarctica taxonomy taxon long convoluted history originally described swiss botanist later sanctioned french mycologist transferred genus erected years earlier taken coined genus generic proposed mycologist eventually adopted group proposal conserve rejected fungi established principles international code botanical nomenclature despite generic adopted exist placement species genus formally proposed reason long interval 20th century working considered epithet represent variety dark species white use var refer taxon showed white dark arise proposed proposed considered represent species having priority designated serve representative example species phylogenetic study colleagues showed related taxa separate clade majority species traditionally classified change necessary type species newly proposed genus epithet comes greek terms substance head meaning sticky head making reference cap surface commonly known big mushroom rose description cap diameter conical young expands convex flat slight central depression old specimens surface markedly fresh color ranges pure white grey brown gills crowded free stipe swollen middle broad white young turn pink age stipe long wide cylindrical base surface white smooth slightly covered fine white high like white smooth surface flesh white stipe cap change bruised exposed air smell taste vary indistinct like similar raw potatoes spore print pinkish brown ellipsoid measure basidia usually spored spored basidia occur pleurocystidia variable morphology club shaped small cheilocystidia similar morphology pleurocystidia completely cover gill edge cap cuticle parallel hyphae wide embedded gelatinous matrix parallel hyphae embedded gelatinous matrix present measuring cylindrical clamp connections absent hyphae edibility edible cited mediocre poor quality sold markets perth australia mature fruit bodies collected sufficient quantity prepare soup added dishes wild mushrooms mushrooms best fresh preserve young specimens white gills possible mistake vice versa united_states cases asian immigrants collecting eating death caps mistaken assumption greek study determined composition fruit bodies protein fresh weight dry weight fat similar species molecular analyses internal region clearly separate species currently recognized morphological identification difficult overlapping morphological variation species size fruit bodies color cap spore size presence absence cystidia morphology cystidia important characters morphological species genus smaller fruit bodies cap diameter pleurocystidia usually cheilocystidia usually long majority pleurocystidia long cheilocystidia predominantly shaped smaller average long known central africa italy somewhat resembles distinguished smaller fruit bodies caps diameter complete absence pleurocystidia ecology habitat distribution mushroom grows ground gardens grassy fields outside forest areas vegetable matter like piles reported fruiting usually fruits groups found growing solitary china grows bamboo unusual season spectacular fruiting followed years appearance mushroom species reported continents antarctica usually names molecular data far occurrence europe north_america records continents remain confirmed | Volvopluteus gloiocephalus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20254_Hygrophoruseburneus | commonly known ivory cap cowboy species edible mushroom family fungi widespread europe north_america collected northern africa fruit bodies medium sized pure white wet covered layer thick mushroom difficult pick gills broadly attached stem running family suggests feel fingers like species fungus mycorrhizal association underground fungal penetrate exchange nutrients tree roots common variety forest types grow ground grassy areas type species genus number active chemicals fruit bodies fungus including activity taxonomy species named french botanist divided large genus number tribes equivalent modern sections classified tribe defined genus included fungus named raised tribes rank genus type species genus classified section includes species non smooth spores hyphae tissue hymenium species include mushroom commonly known ivory cap white cap cowboy specific epithet latin meaning ivory description cap broad shape ranging convex flattened raised area center cap age cap margin elevated center cap depressed cap pure white depending moisture environment sticky cap surface smooth margin young specimens rolled inward covered short flesh white thick center cap margin odor taste mild gills somewhat meaning shaped like bow curving upward running stem short distance terms distant space seen gills moderately broad near stem narrowed pure white slightly yellowish buff age dried stem long thick equal width length somewhat tapered downward greatly base surface silky beneath stem covered short pure white grayish dirty age initially stuffed cotton like later hollow caps dried fruit bodies typically remain white stems dry darker especially initially microscopic characteristics viewed mass spore print spores appear white observing light microscope reveals additional details spores ellipsoid smooth measure pale yellow melzer reagent basidia spore bearing cells spored pleurocystidia cheilocystidia gill tissue branching hyphae wide cap cuticle gelatinous narrow hyphae bent typically erect free ends clamp connections present hyphae edibility mushroom edible appealing china milk milk acid mixed starter similar species species differs having cap dry slightly stem frequent association spruce cream colored cap thicker stalk grows pine snow white cap similar appearance smaller cap diameter typically grows species differs pale pinkish buff cap gills distinct sour odor potassium reaction stem white mushroom non gills free attachment stalk habitat distribution fruit bodies grow soil coniferous woods grassy areas fungus prefers soil moist fungus widely distributed north_america found europe poland portugal israel north_africa compounds activity isolated identified fruit bodies built chemical structure called following gamma derivatives identified mushroom acid acid acid acid acid acid acid acid compound acid investigated potential use species agent potato late disease additional secondary discovered include compound named known report discovery compounds represents known occurrence fungal fruit bodies | Hygrophorus eburneus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
20255_Psilocybepelliculosa | species fungus family fruit bodies mushrooms conical brownish cap diameter atop slender stem long white partial veil leave ring stem american mycologist described species member genus known today transferred found pacific_northwest region united_states canada grows ground groups clusters trails forest roads coniferous woods single collection reported finland mushrooms contain psychedelic compounds relatively low concentrations mushroom species similar appearance distinguished subtle differences form fruit body microscopic characteristics taxonomy species described scientifically based specimens collected washington oregon type specimen collected near oregon november publication smith revised opinion considered species later thought slight differences taxonomic significance species addition closely related smith later taxon transferred authority classified species section grouping related species characterized having roughly ellipsoid usually thick walled spores lacking pleurocystidia specific epithet derived latin meaning film refers gelatinous cap mushroom commonly known description cap initially sharply cone shaped expands slightly time broadly bell shaped expands completely flat cap margin pressed stem initially short time partial veil fragments hanging margin caps mature specimens smooth sticky translucent radial reach dimensions diameter color ranges isabella dark yellow brown mushroom moist changes pinkish buff dry cap margin greenish gray cap cuticle thin gelatinous covering gills attachment cap narrow moderately broad closely spaced eventually separate stem young gills brown color lighter edges maturity covered dark spores stem long thick roughly equal width slightly enlarged base lower region stem brownish color silky hairs pressed stem upper region grayish lightly white flesh turns slightly bluish greenish injured application drop potassium solution cap flesh cause color change pale dark reddish brown drop stem produces intense color change spore print brown microscope spores appear dull purple brown ellipsoid somewhat egg shaped according singer original description measure later study specimens collected british_columbia canada instead reported larger spore size range spores basidia spore bearing cells spored hyaline translucent measure abundant cystidia form sterile band edges gills cheilocystidia cystidia smooth inflated enlarged middle tapered ends sharp tip measure cap cuticle layer roughly horizontal hyaline hyphae diameter similar species overall stature fruit bodies generally similar smith noted superficial resemblance based similarities nature cap cuticle coloring stem base covered silky fibers distinguished presence partial veil firm gills smaller fruit bodies frequently mistaken widespread distinguished larger spores conical cap similar species microscope needed reliably distinguish species found new_york michigan north canada longer spores general resemblance species found northern north_america europe habitat distribution fruit bodies grow groups clusters moss forest debris coniferous forests fungus prefers fruit disturbed areas trails abandoned forest roads commonly found known pacific_northwest region north_america collected california idaho oregon washington widely distributed british_columbia canada found northern europe single collection finland fungus fruits forest paths abandoned logging roads growing fruit bodies tend appear late summer early winter cool wet weather contains compounds recreational drug terms considers species relatively weak levels reported range dried mushroom measured according reports 1960s fungus produce fruit bodies cultivated laboratory | Psilocybe pelliculosa | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fungi |
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