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[
"Culture",
"Cinema"
]
| In 1972, one of Angola's first feature films, [[Sarah Maldoror]]'s [[Co-production (media)|internationally co-produced]] ''[[Sambizanga (film)|Sambizanga]]'', was released at the [[Carthage Film Festival]] to critical acclaim, winning the ''Tanit d'Or'', the festival's highest prize. | 701 | Angola | [
"Angola",
"1975 establishments in Angola",
"Central African countries",
"Countries in Africa",
"Former Portuguese colonies",
"Least developed countries",
"Member states of OPEC",
"Member states of the African Union",
"Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Portuguese-speaking countries and territories",
"Republics",
"Southern African countries",
"States and territories established in 1975"
]
| [
"Index of Angola-related articles",
"Outline of Angola"
]
|
[
"Culture",
"Sports"
]
| [[Basketball]] is the most popular sport in Angola. Its [[Angola national basketball team|national team]] has won the [[AfroBasket]] 11 times and holds the record of most titles. As a top team in Africa, it is a regular competitor at the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] and the [[FIBA World Cup]]. Angola is home to one of Africa's first competitive leagues. In football, Angola hosted the [[2010 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Angola national football team]] qualified for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], their first appearance in the World Cup finals. They were eliminated after one defeat and two draws in the group stage. They won three [[COSAFA Cup]] and finished runner-up in the [[2011 African Nations Championship]]. Angola has participated in the [[World Women's Handball Championship]] for several years. The country has also appeared in the [[Angola at the Olympics|Summer Olympics]] for seven years and both regularly competes in and once has hosted the [[FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup]], where the best finish is sixth. Angola is also often believed to have historic roots in the [[martial art]] "[[Capoeira Angola]]" and "[[Batuque (game)|Batuque]]" which were practised by [[Slavery in Angola|enslaved African Angolans]] transported as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. | 701 | Angola | [
"Angola",
"1975 establishments in Angola",
"Central African countries",
"Countries in Africa",
"Former Portuguese colonies",
"Least developed countries",
"Member states of OPEC",
"Member states of the African Union",
"Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Portuguese-speaking countries and territories",
"Republics",
"Southern African countries",
"States and territories established in 1975"
]
| [
"Index of Angola-related articles",
"Outline of Angola"
]
|
[]
| This article is about the [[demographics|demographic]] features of the [[population]] of [[Angola]], including [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. [[Image:Angola demography.png|thumb|300px|right|Demographics of [[Angola]], Data of [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands.]] According to 2014 census data, Angola had a population of 25,789,024 inhabitants in 2014. Ethnically, there are three main groups, each speaking a [[Bantu language]]: the [[Southern Mbundu people|Ovimbundu]] who represent 37% of the population, the [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]] with 25%, and the [[Kongo people|Bakongo]] 13%. Other numerically important groups include the closely interrelated [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] and [[Lunda people|Lunda]], the [[Ganguela]] and [[Nyaneka]]-[[Khumbi]] (in both cases classification terms that stand for a variety of small groups), the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], the [[Herero people|Herero]], the [[Xindonga]] and scattered residual groups of [[San people|San]]. In addition, mixed race (European and African) people amount to about 2%, with a small (1%) population of whites, mainly ethnically [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. As a [[Angola (Portugal)|former overseas territory of Portugal]] until 1975, Angola possesses a Portuguese population of over 200,000, a number that has been growing from 2000 onwards, because of Angola's growing demand for qualified human resources. Currently, over 300,000 Angolans are white, 1 million Angolans are mixed race (black and white) and 50,000 Angolans are from China, which accounts for 1.35 million people. In 1974, white Angolans made up a population of 330,000 to 350,000 people in an overall population of 6.3 million Angolans at that time. The only reliable source on these numbers is Gerald Bender & Stanley Yoder, ''Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers'', ''Africa Today'', 21 (4) 1974, pp. 23 – 37. Today, many Angolans who are not ethnic Portuguese can claim Portuguese nationality under Portuguese law. Estimates on the overall population are given in O País</ref> Besides the Portuguese, significant numbers of people from other European and from diverse Latin American countries (especially Brazil) can be found. From the 2000s, many Chinese have settled and started up small businesses, while at least as many have come as workers for large enterprises (construction or other). Observers claim that the Chinese community in Angola might include as many as 300,000 persons at the end of 2010, but reliable statistics are not at this stage available. In 1974/75, over 25,000 [[Cuba]] soldiers arrived in Angola to help the MPLA forces at the beginning of the [[Angolan Civil War]]. Once this was over, a massive development cooperation in the field of health and education brought in numerous civil personnel from Cuba. However, only a very small percentage of all these people has remained in Angola, either for personal reasons (intermarriage) or as professionals (e.g., medical doctors). | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| The largest religious denomination is [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], to which adheres about half the population. Roughly 26% are followers of traditional forms of [[Protestantism]] (Congregationals, Methodists, Baptista, Lutherans, Reformed), but over the last decades there has in addition been a growth of Pentecostal communities and [[African Initiated Church]]. In 2006, one out of 221 people were [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. Blacks from Mali, Nigeria and Senegal are mostly Sunnite Muslims, but do not make up more than 1 - 2% of the population. By now few Angolans retain [[African traditional religion]] following different ethnic faiths. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Population"
]
| According to the total population was in , compared to only 4 148 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 46.6%, 50.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.5% was 65 years or older [[Image:Angola Population Pyramid 2012.png|thumb|370px|[[Population pyramid]] for Angola]] Structure of the population (DHS 2011) (Males 19 707, Females 20 356 = 40 063) : | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Vital statistics"
]
| Registration of vital events is in Angola not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations and the [[CIA World Factbook]] prepared the following estimates. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Vital statistics",
"Fertility and Births"
]
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics"
]
| Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. (-) One birth every 25 seconds (-) One death every 2 minutes (-) One net migrant every Infinity minutes (-) Net gain of one person every 31 seconds The following demographic statistics are from the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| ''0-14 years:'' 48.07% (male 7,257,155 /female 7,336,084) ''15-24 years:'' 18.33% (male 2,701,123 /female 2,863,950) ''25-54 years:'' 27.95% (male 4,044,944 /female 4,441,028) ''55-64 years:'' 3.32% (male 466,085 /female 540,452) ''65 years and over:'' 2.32% (male 296,411 /female 408,648) (2018 est.) | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| total: 15.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 224th male: 15.4 years female: 16.3 years (2018 est.) | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Population growth"
]
| 3.49% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 2nd The population is growing by 3.52% annually. There are 44.2 births and 9.2 deaths per 1,000 citizens. The net migration rate is 0.2 migrants per 1,000 citizens. The fertility rate of Angola is 6.16 children born per woman as of 2017. The [[infant mortality]] rate is 67.6 deaths for every 1,000 live births with 73.3 deaths for males and 61.8 deaths for females for every 1,000 live births. Life expectancy at birth is 60.2 years; 58.2 years for males and 62.3 years for females. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| 6.09 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 2nd | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| 43.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 1st | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| 9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 60th | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| 0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 67th | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| 19.4 years (2015/16 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-29 | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| total population: 60.6 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th male: 58.5 years (2018 est.) female: 62.7 years (2018 est.) | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| total: 10 years (2011) male: 13 years (2011) female: 8 years (2011) | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Sex ratio"
]
| (-) At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female (-) Under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female (-) 15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female (-) 65 years and older: .79 male(s)/female (-) Total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2011 est.) | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Health"
]
| According to the CIA World Factbook, 2% of adults (aged 15–49) are living with HIV/AIDS (as of 2009). The risk of contracting disease is very high. There are food and waterborne diseases, bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever; vectorborne diseases, malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis, a water contact disease, as of 2005. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Ethnic groups"
]
| Roughly 37% of Angolans are [[Ovimbundu]], 25% are [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]], 13% are [[Bakongo]], 2% are [[mestiço]], 1-2% are [[White Africans of European ancestry|white Africans]], and people from other African ethnicities make up 22% of Angola's population. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Religions"
]
| Angola is a majority Christian country. Official statistics do not exist, however it is estimated that over 80% belong to a Christian church or community. More than half are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], the remaining ones comprising members of traditional [[Protestant]] churches as well as of [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] communities. Only 0.1% are [[Muslim]] - generally immigrants from other African countries. Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by a very small minority, generally in peripheral rural societies. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Education"
]
| Literacy is quite low, with 71.1% of the population over the age of 15 able to read and write in Portuguese. 82% of males and 60.7% of women are literate as of 2015. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[
"Other demographics statistics",
"Languages"
]
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the official language of Angola, but [[Bantu language|Bantu]] and other African languages are also widely spoken. In fact, [[Kikongo]], [[Kimbundu languages|Kimbundu]], [[Umbundu]], [[Chokwe language|Tuchokwe]], [[Ganguela|Nganguela]], and [[Kwanyama dialect|Ukanyama]] have the official status of "national languages". The mastery of Portuguese is widespread; in the cities the overwhelming majority are either fluent in Portuguese or have at least a reasonable working knowledge of this language; an increasing minority are native Portuguese speakers and have a poor, if any, knowledge of an African language. | 704 | Demographics of Angola | [
"Demographics of Angola",
"Angolan society"
]
| []
|
[]
| Since the adoption of a new [[Constitution of Angola#2010 constitution|constitution in 2010]], the '''politics of Angola''' takes place in a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]], whereby the [[President of Angola]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in the President, the [[Forms of government|government]] and parliament. [[Angola]] changed from a [[One-party state|one-party]] [[Marxist]]-[[Leninist]] system ruled by the [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (MPLA), in place since independence in 1975, to a multiparty democracy based on a new constitution adopted in 1992. That same year the first parliamentary and presidential elections were held. The MPLA won an absolute majority in the parliamentary elections. In the presidential elections, President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] won the first round election with more than 49% of the vote to [[Jonas Savimbi]]'s 40%. A runoff election would have been necessary, but never took place. The renewal of civil war immediately after the elections, which were considered as fraudulent by UNITA, and the collapse of the [[Lusaka Protocol]], created a split situation. To a certain degree the new democratic institutions worked, notably the [[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]], with the active participation of UNITA's and the FNLA's elected MPs - while José Eduardo dos Santos continued to exercise his functions without democratic legitimation. However the armed forces of the MPLA (now the official armed forces of the Angolan state) and of UNITA fought each other until the leader of UNITA, Jonas Savimbi, was killed in action in 2002. From 2002 to 2010, the system as defined by the [[Constitution of Angola#1992 constitution|constitution of 1992]] functioned in a relatively normal way. The executive branch of the government was composed of the President, the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers, composed of all ministers and vice ministers, met regularly to discuss policy issues. Governors of the 18 provinces were appointed by and served at the pleasure of the president. The Constitutional Law of 1992 established the broad outlines of government structure and the rights and duties of citizens. The legal system was based on Portuguese and customary law but was weak and fragmented. Courts operated in only 12 of more than 140 municipalities. A Supreme Court served as the appellate tribunal; a Constitutional Court with powers of judicial review was never constituted despite statutory authorization. In practice, power was more and more concentrated in the hands of the President who, supported by an ever-increasing staff, largely controlled parliament, government, and the judiciary. | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[]
| The 26-year-long civil war has ravaged the country's political and social institutions. The UN estimates of 1.8 million [[internally displaced person]] (IDPs), while generally the accepted figure for war-affected people is 4 million. Daily conditions of life throughout the country and specifically [[Luanda]] (population approximately 6 million) mirror the collapse of administrative infrastructure as well as many social institutions. The ongoing grave economic situation largely prevents any government support for social institutions. Hospitals are without medicines or basic equipment, schools are without books, and public employees often lack the basic supplies for their day-to-day work. | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Executive branch"
]
| The 2010 constitution grants the President almost absolute power. Elections for the National assembly are to take place every five years, and the President is automatically the leader of the winning party or coalition. It is for the President to appoint (and dismiss) all of the following: (-) The members of the government (state ministers, ministers, state secretaries and vice-ministers); (-) The members of the Constitutional Court; (-) The members of the Supreme Court; (-) The members of the Court of Auditors; (-) The members of the Military Supreme Court; (-) The Governor and Vice-Governors of the Nacional Angolan Bank; (-) The General-Attorney, the Vice-General-Attorneys and their deputies (as well as the military homologous); (-) The Governors of the provinces; (-) The members of the Republic Council; (-) The members of the National Security Council; (-) The members of the Superior Magistrates Councils; (-) The General Chief of the Armed Forces and his deputy; (-) All other command posts in the military; (-) The Police General Commander, and the 2nd in command; (-) All other command posts in the police; (-) The chiefs and directors of the intelligence and security organs. The President is also provided a variety of powers, like defining the policy of the country. Even though it's not up to him/her to make laws (only to promulgate them and make edicts), the President is the leader of the winning party. The only "relevant" post that is not directly appointed by the President is the Vice-President, which is the second in the winning party. José Eduardo dos Santos stepped down as President of Angola after 38 years in 2017, being peacefully succeeded by [[João Lourenço]], Santos' chosen successor. | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Legislative branch"
]
| The [[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]] (''Assembleia Nacional'') has 223 members, elected for a four-year term, 130 members by [[proportional representation]], 90 members in provincial districts, and 3 members to represent Angolans abroad. The general elections in 1997 were rescheduled for 5 September 2008. The ruling party MPLA won 82% (191 seats in the National Assembly) and the main opposition party won only 10% (16 seats). The elections however have been described as only partly free but certainly not fair. A White Book on the elections in 2008 lists up all irregularities surrounding the Parliamentary elections of 2008. | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Judicial branch"
]
| Supreme Court (or "Tribunal da Relacao") judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president. The Constitutional Court, with the power of judicial review, contains 11 justices. Four are appointed by the President, four by the National Assembly, two by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, and one elected by the public. | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Administrative divisions"
]
| Angola has eighteen provinces: Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Political pressure groups and leaders"
]
| [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda]] or FLEC ([[Henrique N'zita Tiago]]; [[António Bento Bembe]]) (-) ''note:'' FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"International organization participation"
]
| [[African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States]], [[AfDB]], [[CEEAC]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]], [[FAO]], [[Group of 77]], [[IAEA]], [[IBRD]], [[ICAO]], [[International Criminal Court]] (signatory), [[ICFTU]], [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]], [[International Development Association]], [[IFAD]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[IFRCS]], [[International Labour Organization]], [[International Monetary Fund]], [[International Maritime Organization]], [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[International Organization for Migration]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] (correspondent), [[ITU]], Non-Aligned Council (temporary), [[UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNIDO]], [[UPU]], [[World Customs Organization]], [[World Federation of Trade Unions]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[WIPO]], [[WMO]], [[WToO]], [[WTrO]] | 705 | Politics of Angola | [
"Politics of Angola"
]
| []
|
[]
| The '''economy of [[Angola]]''' remains heavily influenced by the effects of four decades of conflict in the last part of the 20th Century, the [[Angolan War of Independence|war for independence from Portugal (1961–75)]] and the subsequent [[Angolan Civil War|civil war (1975–2002)]]. Despite extensive [[Crude oil|oil and gas]] resources, diamonds, [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] potential, and rich agricultural land, Angola remains poor, and a third of the population relies on subsistence agriculture. Since 2002, when the 27-year civil war ended, government policy prioritized the repair and improvement of infrastructure and strengthening of political and social institutions. During the first decade of the 21st Century, Angola was one of the fastest-growing in the world, with reported annual average GDP growth of 11.1 percent from 2001 to 2010. High international oil prices and rising oil production contributed to strong economic growth, although with high inequality, at that time. [[Corruption in Angola|Corruption]] is rife throughout the economy and the country remains heavily dependent on the oil sector, which in 2017 accounted for over 90 percent of exports by value and 64 percent of government revenue. With the end of the oil boom, from 2015 Angola entered into a period of economic contraction. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"History"
]
| The [[Portuguese exploration of Africa|Portuguese explorer]] [[Diogo Cão]] reached the Angolan coast in 1484, after which [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] began to found trading posts and forts along the shore. [[Paulo Dias de Novais]] founded Sāo Paulo de Loanda ([[Luanda]]) in 1575. São Felipe de Benguella ([[Benguela]]) followed in 1587. The principal early trade was in [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]]. Portuguese merchants purchased the slaves from the local [[Imbangala]] and [[Northern Mbundu people|Mbundu]] peoples, [[Slavery in Africa|notable slave hunters]], and sold them to the [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|plantation]] in [[Captaincies of Brazil|Brazil]]. Brazilian ships were frequent visitors to Luanda and Benguela and Angola functioned as a kind of colony of Brazil, with Brazilian [[Jesuits]] active in its religious and educational centers. The [[Portuguese Empire]] was neglected during the period of the [[Iberian Union]], which lasted from 1580 to 1640. The Dutch, bitter enemies of their former masters in [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]], invaded many Portuguese overseas possessions. During Portugal's separatist war against Spain, the Dutch occupied Luanda from 1640 to 1648, calling it "Fort Aardenburgh". The Dutch used the territory to supply their own slaves to the sugarcane plantations of [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern Brazil]] ([[Pernambuco]], [[Olinda]], [[Recife]]), which they had also seized from Portugal. [[John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen]], conquered the Portuguese possessions of [[Elmina|Saint George del Mina]], Saint Thomas, and Luanda, Angola, on the west coast of Africa. Portugal recovered the territory between 1648 and 1650. In the high plains, the Planalto, the most important native states were [[Bié Province|Bié]] and [[Bailundo]], the latter being noted for its production of foodstuffs and rubber. Portugal expanded into their territory, but did not control much of the interior prior to the late 19th century. The Portuguese started to develop townships, trading posts, logging camps and small processing factories. From 1764 onwards, there was a gradual change from a slave-based society to one based on production for domestic consumption and export. Following the [[independence of Brazil]] in 1822, the slave trade was formally abolished in 1836. However it did continue locally into the 20th century. In 1844, Angola's ports were opened to foreign shipping. By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast [[Portuguese Empire]] outside of [[Mainland Portugal]], full of trading companies, exporting peanut oil, copal, timber, and cocoa. The principal exports of the post-slave economy in the 19th century were rubber, beeswax, and ivory. Maize, tobacco, dried meat and [[cassava]] flour also began to be locally produced. Prior to the [[First World War]], exportation of coffee, [[palm tree|palm]] kernels and [[palm oil|oil]], cattle, leather and [[Hide (skin)|hides]], and [[salt fish]] joined the principal exports, with small quantities of gold and cotton also being produced. Grains, sugar, and rum were also produced for local consumption. The principal imports were foodstuffs, cotton goods, hardware, and British coal. Legislation against foreign traders was implemented in the 1890s. The territory's prosperity, however, continued to depend on plantations worked by labor "indentured" from the interior. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"History"
]
| From the 1920s to the 1960s, strong economic growth, abundant natural resources and development of infrastructure, led to the arrival of even more Portuguese settlers. Petroleum was known to exist as early as the mid-19th century, but modern exploitation didn't begin until in 1955. Production began in the [[Cuanza basin]] in the 1950s, in the [[Congo basin]] in the 1960s, and in the [[exclave]] of [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]] in 1968. The [[Portuguese government]] granted operating rights for Block Zero to the Cabinda Gulf Oil Company, a subsidiary of [[ChevronTexaco]], in 1955. Oil production surpassed the exportation of coffee as Angola's largest export in 1973. A military-led coup d'état, started on April 25, 1974, in Lisbon, overthrew the [[Marcelo Caetano]] government in Portugal, and promised to hand over power to an independent Angolan government. [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], the [[President of Zaire]], met with [[António de Spínola]], the transitional [[President of Portugal]], on September 15, 1974, on [[Sal island]] in Cape Verde, crafting a plan to empower [[Holden Roberto]] of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola]], [[Jonas Savimbi]] of [[UNITA]], and [[Daniel Chipenda]] of the [[MPLA]]'s eastern faction at the expense of MPLA leader [[Agostinho Neto]] while retaining the façade of national unity. Mobutu and Spínola wanted to present Chipenda as the MPLA head, Mobutu particularly preferring Chipenda over Neto because Chipenda supported autonomy for [[Cabinda (province)|Cabinda]]. The Angolan [[exclave]] has immense petroleum reserves estimated at around 300 million tons (~300 kg) which Zaire, and thus the Mobutu government, depended on for economic survival. After independence thousands of white Portuguese left, most of them to [[Portugal]] and many travelling overland to South Africa. There was an immediate crisis because the indigenous African population lacked the skills and knowledge needed to run the country and maintain its well-developed infrastructure. The Angolan government created [[Sonangol]], a state-run oil company, in 1976. Two years later Sonangol received the rights to oil exploration and production in all of Angola. After independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola was ravaged by a horrific [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] between 1975 and 2002. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"History",
"1990s"
]
| [[United Nations Angola Verification Mission III]] and [[MONUA]] spent US$1.5 billion overseeing implementation of the [[Lusaka Protocol]], a 1994 peace accord that ultimately failed to end the civil war. The protocol prohibited [[UNITA]] from buying foreign arms, a provision the United Nations largely did not enforce, so both sides continued to build up their stockpile. UNITA purchased weapons in 1996 and 1997 from private sources in [[Albania]] and [[Bulgaria]], and from [[Zaire]], South Africa, [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Zambia]], [[Togo]], and [[Burkina Faso]]. In October 1997 the UN imposed travel sanctions on UNITA leaders, but the UN waited until July 1998 to limit UNITA's exportation of diamonds and freeze UNITA bank accounts. While the U.S. government gave US$250 million to UNITA between 1986 and 1991, UNITA made US$1.72 billion between 1994 and 1999 exporting diamonds, primarily through Zaire to Europe. At the same time the Angolan government received large amounts of weapons from the governments of [[Belarus]], Brazil, Bulgaria, China, and South Africa. While no arms shipment to the government violated the protocol, no country informed the U.N. Register on Conventional Weapons as required. Despite the increase in civil warfare in late 1998, the economy grew by an estimated 4% in 1999. The government introduced new currency denominations in 1999, including a 1 and 5 kwanza note. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"History",
"2000s"
]
| An economic reform effort was launched in 1998. Angola ranked 160 of 174 nations in the [[United Nations Human Development Index]] in 2000. In April 2000 Angola started an [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) Staff-Monitored Program (SMP). The program formally lapsed in June 2001, but the IMF remains engaged. In this context the Government of Angola has succeeded in unifying exchange rates and has raised fuel, electricity, and water rates. The Commercial Code, telecommunications law, and Foreign Investment Code are being modernized. A privatization effort, prepared with [[World Bank]] assistance, has begun with the [[Banco de Comércio e Indústria|BCI]] bank. Nevertheless, a legacy of fiscal mismanagement and corruption persists. The civil war [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]] 3.8 million people, 32% of the population, by 2001. The security brought about by the 2002 peace settlement has led to the resettlement of 4 million displaced persons, thus resulting in large-scale increases in agriculture production. Angola produced over of diamonds in 2003, and production was expected to grow to per year by 2007. In 2004 China's Eximbank approved a $2 billion line of credit to Angola to rebuild infrastructure. The economy grew 18% in 2005 and growth was expected to reach 26% in 2006 and stay above 10% for the rest of the decade. By 2020, Angola had a national debt of $76 billion, of which $20 billion is to China. The construction industry is taking advantage of the growing economy, with various housing projects stimulated by the government initiatives for example the ''Angola Investe'' program and the ''[[Grupo Opaia SA#Casa Feliz|Casa Feliz]]'' or ''[[Grupo Opaia SA#Opaia Águas (Water)|Meña]]'' projects. Not all public construction projects are functional. A case in point: [[Kilamba Kiaxi]], where a whole new satellite town of Luanda, consisting of housing facilities for several hundreds of thousands of people, was completely uninhabited for over four years because of skyrocketing prices, but completely sold out after the government decreased the original price and created mortgage plans at around the election time thus made it affordable for middle-class people. ChevronTexaco started pumping from Block 14 in January 2000, but production decreased to in 2007 due to poor-quality oil. Angola joined the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] on January 1, 2007. Cabinda Gulf Oil Company found Malange-1, an oil reservoir in Block 14, on August 9, 2007. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Overview"
]
| Despite its abundant natural resources, output per capita is among the world's lowest. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy, contributing about 45% to GDP and 90% of exports. Growth is almost entirely driven by rising oil production which surpassed in late-2005 and which is expected to grow to by 2007. Control of the oil industry is consolidated in [[Sonangol Group]], a conglomerate owned by the Angolan government. With revenues booming from oil exports, the government has started to implement ambitious development programs to build roads and other basic infrastructure for the nation. In the last decade of the colonial period, Angola was a major African food exporter but now imports almost all its food. Severe wartime conditions, including extensive planting of landmines throughout the countryside, have brought agricultural activities to a near-standstill. Some efforts to recover have gone forward, however, notably in fisheries. Coffee production, though a fraction of its pre-1975 level, is sufficient for domestic needs and some exports. Expanding oil production is now almost half of GDP and 90% of exports, at . Diamonds provided much of the revenue for [[Jonas Savimbi]]'s [[UNITA]] rebellion through illicit trade. Other rich resources await development: gold, forest products, fisheries, iron ore, coffee, and fruits. This is a chart of trend of [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|nominal]] gross domestic product of Angola at market prices using International Monetary Fund data; figures are in millions of units. The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017. Inflation below 5% is in green. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Agriculture"
]
| Angola produced, in 2018: (-) 8.6 million tons of [[cassava]] (8th largest producer in the world); (-) 3.5 million tons of [[banana]] (7th largest producer in the world, or the 10th largest, if we consider together with [[Cooking banana|plantain]]); (-) 2.2 million tons of [[maize]]; (-) 1.2 million tons of [[sweet potato]] (10th largest producer in the world); (-) 806 thousand tons of [[potato]]; (-) 597 thousand tons of [[pineapple]] (13th largest producer in the world); (-) 572 thousand tons of [[sugarcane]]; (-) 355 thousand tons of [[cabbage]]; (-) 314 thousand tons of [[beans]]; (-) 280 thousand tons of [[palm oil]]; (-) 154 thousand tons of [[peanut]]; In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like [[coffee]] (16 thousand tons). | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Foreign trade"
]
| Exports in 2004 reached US$10,530,764,911. The vast majority of Angola's exports, 92% in 2004, are petroleum products. US$785 million worth of diamonds, 7.5% of exports, were sold abroad that year. Nearly all of Angola's oil goes to the United States, in 2006, making it the eighth largest supplier of oil to the United States, and to China, in 2006. In the first quarter of 2008, Angola became the main exporter of oil to China. The rest of its petroleum exports go to Europe and Latin America. U.S. companies account for more than half the investment in Angola, with Chevron-Texaco leading the way. The U.S. exports industrial goods and services, primarily oilfield equipment, mining equipment, chemicals, aircraft, and food, to Angola, while principally importing petroleum. Trade between Angola and South Africa exceeded US$300 million in 2007. From the 2000s, many Chinese have settled and started up businesses. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Resources",
"Petroleum"
]
| Angola produces and exports more petroleum than any other nation in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], surpassing [[Nigeria]] in the [[2000s in Angola|2000s]]. In January 2007 Angola became a member of [[OPEC]]. By 2010 production is expected to double the 2006 output level with development of deep-water offshore oil fields. Oil sales generated US$1.71 billion in tax revenue in 2004 and now makes up 80% of the government's budget, a 5% increase from 2003, and 45% of GDP. [[Chevron Corporation]] produces and receives , 27% of Angolan oil. [[Total S.A.]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[Eni]], [[Petrobras]] and [[BP]] also operate in the country. Block Zero provides the majority of Angola's crude oil production with produced annually. The largest fields in Block Zero are Takula (Area A), Numbi (Area A), and Kokongo (Area B). Chevron operates in Block Zero with a 39.2% share. [[SONANGOL]], the state oil company, Total, and Eni own the rest of the block. Chevron also operates Angola's first producing deepwater section, Block 14, with . The United Nations has criticized the Angolan government for using torture, rape, [[summary execution]], arbitrary detention, and disappearances, actions which Angolan government has justified on the need to maintain oil output. Angola is the third-largest trading partner of the United States in Sub-Saharan Africa, largely because of its petroleum exports. The U.S. imports 7% of its oil from Angola, about three times as much as it imported from [[Kuwait]] just prior to the [[Gulf War]] in 1991. The U.S. Government has invested US$4 billion in Angola's petroleum sector. Oil makes up over 90% of Angola's exports. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Resources",
"Diamonds"
]
| Angola is the third largest producer of diamonds in Africa and has only explored 40% of the diamond-rich territory within the country, but has had difficulty in attracting foreign investment because of corruption, human rights violations, and diamond smuggling. Production rose by 30% in 2006 and [[Endiama]], the national diamond company of Angola, expects production to increase by 8% in 2007 to 10 million carats annually. The government is trying to attract foreign companies to the [[Provinces of Angola|provinces]] of [[Bié (province)|Bié]], [[Malanje (province)|Malanje]] and [[Uíge Province|Uíge]]. The Angolan government loses $375 million annually from diamond smuggling. In 2003 the government began Operation Brilliant, an anti-smuggling investigation that arrested and deported 250,000 smugglers between 2003 and 2006. [[Rafael Marques (journalist)|Rafael Marques]], a journalist and human rights activist, described the diamond industry in his 2006 ''Angola's Deadly Diamonds'' report as plagued by "murders, beatings, arbitrary detentions and other human rights violations." Marques called on foreign countries to boycott Angola's "[[conflict diamonds]]". In December 2014, the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]] issued a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' that classified Angola as one of the major diamond-producing African countries relying on both child labor and forced labor. The [[United States Department of Labor|U.S. Department of Labor]] reported that "there is little publicly available information on [Angola's] efforts to enforce child labor law". Diamonds accounted for 1.48% of Angolan exports in 2014. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Resources",
"Iron"
]
| Under Portuguese rule, [[Angola (Portugal)|Angola]] began mining iron in 1957, producing 1.2 million tons in 1967 and 6.2 million tons by 1971. In the early 1970s, 70% of Portuguese Angola's iron exports went to Western Europe and Japan. After independence in 1975, the [[Angolan Civil War]] (1975–2002) destroyed most of the territory's mining infrastructure. The redevelopment of the Angolan mining industry started in the late 2000s. | 706 | Economy of Angola | [
"Economy of Angola",
"African Union member economies",
"Blood diamonds",
"OPEC",
"World Trade Organization member economies"
]
| [
"Banco Espírito Santo Angola",
"United Nations Economic Commission for Africa"
]
|
[
"Railways"
]
| There are three separate railway lines in [[Angola]]: (-) [[Luanda Railway]] ([[Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda|CFL]]) (northern) (-) [[Benguela Railway]] ([[Caminho de Ferro de Benguela|CFB]]) (central) (-) [[Moçâmedes Railway]] ([[Moçâmedes Railway|CFM]]) (southern) Reconstruction of these three lines began in 2005 and they are now all operational. The [[Benguela Railway]] connects to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Waterways"
]
| (-) 1,300 km navigable (2008) ''country comparison to the world:'' 36 | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Pipelines"
]
| (-) gas, 2 km; crude oil 87 km (2008) In April 2012, the Zambian Development Agency (ZDA) and an Angolan company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a multi-product pipeline from [[Lobito]] to [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]], to deliver various refined products to Zambia. Angola plans to build an oil refinery in Lobito in the coming years. | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Ports and harbors"
]
| The government plans to build a deep-water port at [[Barra do Dande]], north of Luanda, in [[Bengo (province)|Bengo]] province near [[Caxito]]. | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Merchant marine"
]
| (-) ''total:'' 6 ''country comparison to the world:'' 128 (-) ''by type:'' cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1 (-) ''foreign owned:'' 1 (Spain) (-) ''registered in other countries:'' 6 (Bahamas) (2008) | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Airports",
"Airports – with paved runways"
]
| (-) ''total:'' 30 (-) ''over 3,047 m:'' 5 (-) ''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 8 (-) ''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 12 (-) ''914 to 1,523 m:'' 4 (-) ''under 914 m:'' 1 (2008) | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Airports",
"Airports – with unpaved runways"
]
| (-) ''total:'' 181 (2008) (-) ''over 3,047 m:'' 2 (-) ''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 5 (-) ''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 32 (-) ''914 to 1,523 m:'' 100 (-) ''under 914 m:'' 42 (2008) | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[
"Airports",
"History"
]
| Angola had an estimated total of 43 airports as of 2004, of which 31 had paved runways as of 2005. There is an [[Luanda International Airport|international airport at Luanda]]. International and domestic services are maintained by [[TAAG Angola Airlines]], [[Aeroflot]], [[British Airways]], [[Brussels Airlines]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Air France]], [[Cubana de Aviación|Cubana]], [[Ethiopian Airlines]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Delta Air Lines]], [[Royal Air Maroc]], [[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]], [[Hainan Airlines]], [[Kenya Airways]], [[South African Airways]], [[TAP Air Portugal]] and several regional carriers. In 2003, domestic and international carriers carried 198,000 passengers. There are airstrips for domestic transport at [[Benguela]], [[Cabinda (city)|Cabinda]], [[Huambo]], [[Moçâmedes]], and [[Catumbela]]. | 708 | Transport in Angola | [
"Transport in Angola"
]
| []
|
[]
| The '''Angolan Armed Forces''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Forças Armadas Angolanas'') or '''FAA''' are the [[military]] of [[Angola]]. The FAA include the General Staff of the Armed Forces and three components: the Army (''Exército''), the Navy (''Marinha de Guerra'') and the National Air Force (''Força Aérea Nacional''). Reported total manpower in 2013 was about 107,000. The FAA is headed by Chief of the General Staff [[Geraldo Sachipengo Nunda]] since 2010, who reports to the Minister of National Defense, currently Salviano de Jesus Sequeira. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"History"
]
| The FAA succeeded to the previous [[People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola]] (FAPLA) following the abortive [[Bicesse Accord]] with the [[Armed Forces of the Liberation of Angola]] (FALA), armed wing of the [[National Union for the Total Independence of Angola]] (UNITA). As part of the peace agreement, troops from both armies were to be [[demilitarized]] and then integrated. Integration was never completed as UNITA and FALA went back to war in 1992. Later, consequences for FALA personnel in Luanda were harsh with FAPLA veterans persecuting their erstwhile opponents in certain areas and reports of [[vigilantism]]. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"General description"
]
| The Army (''Exército'') is the land component of the FAA. It is organized in six military regions (Cabinda, Luanda, North, Center, East and South), with an infantry division being based in each one. Distributed by the six military regions / infantry divisions, there are 25 motorized infantry brigades, one tank brigade and one engineering brigade. The Army also includes an artillery regiment, the Military Artillery School, the Army Military Academy, an anti-aircraft defense group, a composite land artillery group, a military police regiment, a logistical transportation regiment and a field artillery brigade. The Army further includes the Special Forces Brigade (including Commandos and Special Operations units), but this unit is under the direct command of the General Staff of the FAA. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"History"
]
| On August 1, 1974, a few months after a military [[coup d'état]] had overthrown the [[Lisbon]] regime and proclaimed its intention of granting independence to Angola, the MPLA announced the formation of FAPLA, which replaced the EPLA. By 1976 FAPLA had been transformed from lightly armed guerrilla units into a national [[army]] capable of sustained field operations. In 1990–91, the Army had ten military regions and an estimated 73+ 'brigades', each with a mean strength of 1,000 and comprising inf, tank, APC, artillery, and AA units as required. The [[Library of Congress]] said in 1990 that '[t]he regular army's 91,500 troops were organized into more than seventy brigades ranging from 750 to 1,200 men each and deployed throughout the ten military regions. Most regions were commanded by lieutenant colonels, with majors as deputy commanders, but some regions were commanded by majors. Each region consisted of one to four provinces, with one or more infantry brigades assigned to it. The brigades were generally dispersed in battalion or smaller unit formations to protect strategic terrain, urban centers, settlements, and critical infrastructure such as bridges and factories. Counterintelligence agents were assigned to all field units to thwart UNITA infiltration. The army's diverse combat capabilities were indicated by its many regular and motorised infantry brigades with organic or attached armor, artillery, and air defense units; two militia infantry brigades; four antiaircraft artillery brigades; ten tank battalions; and six artillery battalions. These forces were concentrated most heavily in places of strategic importance and recurring conflict: the oil-producing [[Cabinda Province]], the area around the capital, and the southern provinces where UNITA and South African forces operated.' It was reported on May 3, 2007, that the Special Forces Brigade of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) located at Cabo Ledo region, northern [[Bengo Province]], would host a 29th anniversary celebration for the entire armed forces. The brigade was reportedly formed on May 5, 1978, and under the command at the time of Colonel Paulo Falcao. It was reported in 2011 that the army was by far the largest of the services with about 120,000 men and women. The Angolan Army has around 29,000 "ghost workers" who remain enrolled in the ranks of the FAA and therefore receive a salary. As of 2011, the IISS reported the ground forces had 42 armoured/infantry regiments ('detachments/groups - strength varies') and 16 infantry '[[brigade]]'. These probably comprised [[infantry]], [[tank]], [[Armoured personnel carriers|APC]], [[artillery]], and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA units]] as required. Major equipment included over 140 [[main battle tank]], 600 [[reconnaissance]] vehicles, over 920 [[armored fighting vehicles|AFVs]], [[infantry fighting vehicle]], 298 [[howitzers]]. In 2013, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] reported that the FAA had six divisions, the 1st, 5th, and 6th with two or three infantry brigades, and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th with five to six infantry brigades. The 4th Division included a tank regiment. A separate tank brigade and special forces brigade were also reported. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"History"
]
| In 2014 [[Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem]] became the first Angolan woman to be promoted to the post of General Officer of the Angolan Armed Forces; the promotion was decreed by President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]]. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment"
]
| The Army operates a large amount of Russian, Soviet and ex-Warsaw pact hardware. A large amount of its equipment was acquired in the 1980s and 1990s most likely because of hostilities with neighbouring countries and its [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] which lasted from November 1975 until 2002. There is an interest from the Angolan Army for the Brazilian [[Astros II MLRS|ASTROS II]] multiple rocket launcher. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment",
"Infantry weapons"
]
| Many of Angola's weapons are of [[Portuguese Angola|Portuguese colonial]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] origin. [[Jane's Information Group]] lists the following as in service: (-) Rifles in service with Army include the [[AK-47]], [[AKM]], [[FN FAL]], [[Heckler & Koch G3|G3 Assault Rifle]], [[SKS]] and [[IMI Tavor]]. (-) Pistols include the [[Makarov pistol]], [[Stechkin automatic pistol]] and the [[TT pistol|Tokarev TT pistol]]. (-) Submachine guns include the [[Škorpion vz. 61]], [[Star Model Z-45|Star Z-45]], [[Uzi]] and the [[FBP submachine gun]]. (-) Machine guns include the [[Degtyaryov machine gun|RP-46]], [[RPD machine gun]], [[Vz. 52 machine gun]] and the [[DShK]] [[Heavy machine gun]]. (-) Grenade launchers include the [[AGS-17]] [[automatic grenade launcher]]. (-) Mortars include the [[120-PM-43 mortar]] (500 in service) and the [[82-PM-41]] (250 in service). (-) Anti-Tank weapons include the [[RPG-7]], [[9K111 Fagot]] (650 ordered in 1987), [[9K11 Malyutka]], [[B-10 recoilless rifle]] and the [[B-11 recoilless rifle]]. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment",
"Main battle tanks"
]
| (-) Between 116 and 267 [[T-54/55|T-55AM-2]] [[Medium tank]]. 281 T-55's were ordered between 1975 and 1999. 267 T-55AM-2's were delivered from [[Bulgaria]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1999. (-) 50 [[T-72]] [[main battle tank]]. Delivered from [[Belarus]] in 1999. (-) 50 [[T-62]] [[Main battle tank]]. 364 were ordered in the 1980s and 1990s. (-) 12 [[PT-76]] [[Amphibious vehicle|Amphibious]] [[Light tank]]. 68 ordered in 1975 from the Soviet Union. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment",
"Armoured vehicles"
]
| (-) 150 [[BMP-1]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]]. (-) 100 [[BMP-2]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]]. (-) 10 [[BMD-3]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]]. (-) 195 [[BRDM-2]] and 120 [[BRDM-1]] [[Armored car (military)|Amphibious Armoured Scout Cars]]. (-) 62 [[BTR-60PB|BTR-60]] and 50 [[OT-62 TOPAS]] [[armored personnel carrier]] (-) 45 [[Casspir|Casspir NG 2000B]] [[Infantry mobility vehicle]] (-) 24 [[EE-11 Urutu]] [[armored personnel carrier]] | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment",
"Artillery"
]
| (-) 12 [[2S1 Gvozdika]] 122 mm [[Self-propelled gun]] (Acquired in 2000 from the Czech Republic). (-) 4 [[2S3 Akatsiya]] 152 mm [[Self-propelled gun]] (Acquired in 1999 from the Bulgaria). (-) 12 [[2S7 Pion]] 203 mm [[Self-propelled gun]] (Acquired in 2000 from the Czech Republic). (-) Unknown amounts of [[76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)|M1942 ZiS-3]] Anti-tank field guns (-) ~280 [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]] 122 mm [[Howitzer]] (28 from [[Kazakhstan]] in 1998, 12 from [[Belarus]], 240 from the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1980s) (-) 4 [[152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)|D-20]] Howitzers. (-) Unknown amounts of [[85 mm divisional gun D-44]] Field Guns. (-) 48 [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]] 130 mm field guns (-) 75 [[BM-21 Grad]] multiple rocket launchers (-) 40 [[RM-70 multiple rocket launcher]] | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Army",
"Equipment",
"Anti-aircraft weaponry"
]
| (-) 20 [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka]] Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns. (-) 40 [[ZSU-57-2]] Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (-) Unknown amounts of [[ZU-23-2]], [[57 mm AZP S-60]], [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|M-1939]], [[ZPU|ZPU-4]] and [[Zastava M55]] anti-aircraft guns. (-) 40 [[S-75 Dvina|SA-2 Guideline]] high-altitude air defense systems. (-) 12 [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|SA-3 Goa]] (-) 25 [[2K12 Kub|SA-6]] (-) Unknown amounts of [[Strela 2|SA-7 Grail]] (-) 15 [[9K33 Osa|SA-8]] (-) 20 [[9K31 Strela-1|SA-9 Gaskin]] (-) 10 [[9K35 Strela-10|SA-13]] (-) Unknown amounts of [[9K34 Strela-3|SA-14 Gremlin]] and [[9K38 Igla|SA-16 Gimlet]]. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Air Force"
]
| The [[National Air Force of Angola]] (FANA, ''Força Aérea Nacional de Angola'') is the air component of the FAA. It is organized in six aviation regiments, each including several squadrons. To each of the regiments correspond an air base. Besides the aviation regiments, there is also a Pilot Training School. The Air Force's personnel total about 8,000; its equipment includes transport aircraft and six [[Russia]]-manufactured [[Sukhoi Su-27]] [[fighter aircraft]]. In 2002 one was lost during the civil war with UNITA forces. In 1991, the Air Force/Air Defense Forces had 8,000 personnel and 90 combat-capable aircraft, including 22 fighters, 59 fighter ground attack aircraft and 16 attack helicopters. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
"Military of Angola",
"Military history of Angola",
"Angolan Civil War",
"1991 establishments in Angola",
"Military units and formations established in 1991"
]
| []
|
[
"Navy"
]
| The Angola Navy (MGA, ''Marinha de Guerra de Angola'') is the naval component of the FAA. It is organized in two naval zones (North and South), with naval bases in Luanda, Lobito and Moçâmedes. It includes a Marines Brigade and a Marines School, based in Ambriz. The Navy numbers about 1,000 personnel and operates only a handful of small patrol craft and barges. The Navy has been neglected and ignored as a military arm mainly due to the guerrilla struggle against the Portuguese and the nature of the civil war. From the early 1990s to the present the Angolan Navy has shrunk from around 4,200 personnel to around 1,000, resulting in the loss of skills and expertise needed to maintain equipment. In order to protect Angola's 1 600 km long coastline, the Angolan Navy is undergoing modernisation but is still lacking in many ways. Portugal has been providing training through its Technical Military Cooperation (CTM) programme. The Navy is requesting procurement of a frigate, three corvettes, three offshore patrol vessel and additional fast patrol boats. Most of the vessels in the navy's inventory dates back from the 1980s or earlier, and many of its ships are inoperable due to age and lack of maintenance. However the navy acquired new boats from Spain and France in the 1990s. Germany has delivered several [[Fast Attack Craft]] for border protection in 2011. In September 2014 it was reported that the Angolan Navy would acquire seven [[Macaé-class patrol vessel]] from Brazil as part of a Technical Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) covering the production of the vessels as part of Angola's Naval Power Development Programme (Pronaval). The military of Angola aims to modernize its naval capability, presumably due to a rise in maritime piracy within the Gulf of Guinea which may have an adverse effect on the country's economy. The navy's current known inventory includes the following: (-) [[Fast attack craft]] (-) 4 Mandume class craft (Bazan Cormoran type, refurbished in 2009) (-) [[Patrol boat|Patrol Boats]] (-) 3 18.3m long Patrulheiro patrol boats (refurbished in 2002) (-) 5 ARESA PVC-170 (-) 2 [[Namacurra-class harbour patrol boat]] (-) Fisheries Patrol Boats (-) Ngola Kiluange and Nzinga Mbandi (delivered in September and October 2012 from [[Damen Group|Damen Shipyards]])(Operated by Navy personnel under the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries) (-) 28 metre FRV 2810 (Pensador) (Operated by Navy personnel under the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries) (-) Landing craft (-) [[LDM-400]] - 1 or 3 (reportedly has serviceability issues) (-) Coastal defense equipment (CRTOC) (-) [[SS-C1]] Sepal radar system The navy also has several aircraft for maritime patrol: | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
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| []
|
[
"Special forces"
]
| The FAA include several types of special forces, namely the Commandos, the Special Operations and the Marines. The Angolan special forces follow the general model of the analogous Portuguese special forces, receiving a similar training. The Commandos and the Special forces are part of the Special Forces Brigade (BRIFE, ''Brigada de Forças Especiais''), based at Cabo Ledo, in the [[Bengo Province]]. The BRIFE includes two battalions of commandos, a battalion of special operations and sub-units of combat support and service support. The BRIFE also included the Special Actions Group (GAE, ''Grupo de Ações Especiais''), which is presently inactive and that was dedicated to long range reconnaissance, covert and sabotage operations. In the Cabo Ledo base is also installed the Special Forces Training School (EFFE, ''Escola de Formação de Forças Especiais''). Both the BRIFE and the EFFE are directly under the Directorate of Special Forces of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. The marines (''fuzileiros navais'') constitute the Marines Brigade of the Angolan Navy. The Marines Brigade is not permanently dependent of the Directorate of Special Forces, but can detach their units and elements to be put under the command of that body for the conduction of exercises or real operations. Since the disbandment of the Angolan Parachute Battalion in 2004, the FAA do not have a specialized paratrooper unit. However, elements of the commandos, special operations and marines are parachute qualified. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
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|
[
"Foreign deployments"
]
| The FAPLA's main counterinsurgency effort was directed against UNITA in the southeast, and its conventional capabilities were demonstrated principally in the undeclared [[South African Border War]]. The FAPLA first performed its external assistance mission with the dispatch of 1,000 to 1,500 troops to [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] in 1977 to bolster the socialist regime of President Manuel Pinto da Costa. During the next several years, Angolan forces conducted joint exercises with their counterparts and exchanged technical operational visits. The Angolan expeditionary force was reduced to about 500 in early 1985. The Angolan Armed Forces were controversially involved in training the armed forces of fellow [[Lusophone]] states [[Cape Verde]] and Guinea-Bissau. In the case of the latter, the [[2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état]] was cited by the coup leaders as due to Angola's involvement in trying to "reform" the military in connivance with the civilian leadership. A small number of FAA personnel are stationed in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (Kinshasa) and the [[Republic of the Congo]] (Brazzaville). A presence during the unrest in [[Ivory Coast]], 2010–2011, were not officially confirmed. However, the ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', citing ''[[Jeune Afrique]]'', said that among President [[Gbagbo]]'s guards were 92 personnel of President Dos Santos's [[Presidential Guard Unit]]. Angola is basically interested in the participation of the FAA operations of the [[African Union]] and has formed special units for this purpose. | 709 | Angolan Armed Forces | [
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|
[]
| The '''foreign relations of Angola''' are based on Angola's strong support of [[U.S. foreign policy]] as the [[Angolan economy]] is dependent on U.S. foreign aid. From 1975 to 1989, [[Angola]] was aligned with the [[Eastern bloc]], in particular the [[Soviet Union]], [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2012)|Libya]], and [[Cuba]]. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with [[Western world|Western countries]], cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in [[Central Africa]] through military and diplomatic intervention. In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the [[United States]]. It has entered the [[Southern African Development Community]] as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south. [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Namibia]] joined Angola in its military intervention in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], where Angolan troops remain in support of the [[Joseph Kabila]] government. It also has intervened in the [[Republic of the Congo]] (Brazzaville) to support the existing government in that country. Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with the [[United Nations Security Council]] to impose and carry out sanctions on [[UNITA]]. More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls on [[conflict diamonds]], the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002. At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries ([[CPLP]]) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with [[Portugal]] (its former ruler) and [[Brazil]] (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular. Angola is a member of the [[Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa]] (PMAESA). | 710 | Foreign relations of Angola | [
"Foreign relations of Angola"
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| [
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"List of diplomatic missions in Angola",
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|
[]
| '''Albert Sidney Johnston''' (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) served as a [[General officer|general]] in three different armies: the [[Texian Army]], the [[United States Army]], and the [[Confederate States Army]]. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the [[Black Hawk War]], the [[Texas War of Independence]], the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[Utah War]], and the [[American Civil War]]. Considered by Confederate States President [[Jefferson Davis]] to be the finest general officer in the Confederacy before the later emergence of [[Robert E. Lee]], he was killed early in the Civil War at the [[Battle of Shiloh]] on April 6, 1862. Johnston was the highest-ranking officer, Union or Confederate, killed during the entire war. Davis believed the loss of General Johnston "was the turning point of our fate." Johnston was unrelated to Confederate general [[Joseph E. Johnston]]. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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[
"Early life and education"
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| Johnston was born in [[Washington, Kentucky]], the youngest son of Dr. John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston. His father was a native of [[Salisbury, Connecticut]]. Although Albert Johnston was born in Kentucky, he lived much of his life in [[Texas]], which he considered his home. He was first educated at [[Transylvania University]] in [[Lexington, Kentucky]], where he met fellow student [[Jefferson Davis]]. Both were appointed to the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]], Davis two years behind Johnston. In 1826, Johnston graduated eighth of 41 cadets in his class from West Point with a commission as a [[brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Second Lieutenant#United States|second lieutenant]] in the [[2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|2nd U.S. Infantry]]. Johnston was assigned to posts in [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Missouri]] and served in the brief [[Black Hawk War]] in 1832 as chief of staff to Bvt. Brig. Gen. [[Henry Atkinson (soldier)|Henry Atkinson]]. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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"Marriage and family"
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| In 1829 he married Henrietta Preston, sister of Kentucky politician and future Civil War general [[William Preston (Kentucky soldier)|William Preston]]. They had one son, [[William Preston Johnston]], who became a colonel in the Confederate States Army. The senior Johnston resigned his commission in 1834 in order to care for his dying wife in Kentucky, who succumbed two years later to [[tuberculosis]]. After serving as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas from 1838 to 1840, Johnston resigned and returned to Kentucky. In 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, his late wife's first cousin. The couple moved to Texas, where they settled on a large [[Plantations in the American South|plantation]] in [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria County]]. Johnston named the property "China Grove". Here they raised Johnston's two children from his first marriage and the first three children born to Eliza and him. A sixth child was born later when the family lived in [[Los Angeles]], where they had permanently settled. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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"Texian Army"
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| In 1836 Johnston moved to Texas. He enlisted as a [[Private (rank)|private]] in the Texian Army during the [[Texas War of Independence]] from the Republic of Mexico. He was named [[Adjutant General of Texas|Adjutant General]] as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the Republic of Texas Army on August 5, 1836. On January 31, 1837, he became senior [[brigadier general]] in command of the Texas Army. On February 5, 1837, he fought in a duel with Texas Brig. Gen. [[Felix Huston]], who was angered and offended by Johnston's promotion. Johnston was shot through the hip and severely wounded, requiring him to relinquish his post during his recovery. On December 22, 1838, [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]], the second president of the [[Republic of Texas]], appointed Johnston as Secretary of War. He provided for the defense of the Texas border against Mexican invasion, and in 1839 conducted a campaign against [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] in northern Texas. In February 1840, he resigned and returned to Kentucky. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Johnston returned to Texas during the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848), under General [[Zachary Taylor]] as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the 1st Texas Rifle Volunteers. The enlistments of his volunteers ran out just before the [[Battle of Monterrey]]. Johnston convinced a few volunteers to stay and fight as he served as the inspector general of volunteers and fought at the battles of Monterrey and [[Battle of Buena Vista|Buena Vista]]. He remained on his plantation after the war until he was appointed by later 12th president [[Zachary Taylor]] to the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] as a [[Major (United States)|major]] and was made a paymaster in December 1849. He served in that role for more than five years, making six tours, and traveling more than annually on the Indian frontier of Texas. He served on the Texas frontier at [[Fort Mason (Texas)|Fort Mason]] and elsewhere in the West. In 1855, 14th president [[Franklin Pierce]] appointed him colonel of the new 2nd U.S. Cavalry (the unit that preceded the modern [[5th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|5th U.S.]]), a new regiment, which he organized, his lieut.-colonel being Robert E. Lee, and his majors were Hardee and Thomas. On August 19, 1856, Gen. [[Persifor Smith]], at the request of Kansas Territorial Governor Wilson Shannon, sent Col. Johnston with 1300 men composed of the 2d Cavalry Dragoons from [[Fort Riley]], a battalion of the 6th Infantry and [[Albion P. Howe|Capt. Howe's]] artillery company from [[Jefferson Barracks Military Post|Jefferson Barracks]], near [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]] to protect the [[Kansas Territory|territorial]] capital at [[Lecompton, Kansas|Lecompton]] from an imminent attack by [[James Henry Lane (Union general)|James Henry Lane]] and his abolitionist "Army of the North." | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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"Utah War"
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| As a key figure in the [[Utah War]], Johnston took command of the U.S forces in November 1857. This army was sent to install Alfred Cummings as governor of the Utah territory, in place of Brigham Young. After the army wintered at Fort Bridger, Wyoming, a peaceful resolution was reached and in late June 1858 Johnston led the army through Salt Lake city without incident to establish [[Camp Floyd]] some 50 miles distant. He received a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] in 1857 for his service in Utah. He spent 1860 in Kentucky until December 21, when he sailed for California to take command of the Department of the Pacific. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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[
"Slavery"
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| Johnston was a proponent of slavery and a slaveholder. In 1846 he owned a family of four slaves in Texas. In 1855, he sold a slave for $1,000 and called this slave's tenure "a lifetime of kind treatment." In 1856, he called [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]] "fanatical, idolotrous, negro worshipping" in a letter to his son. Upon moving to California, Johnston sold one slave to his son and freed another on the condition of a $12/month contract for five more years of servitude. Johnston's wife, Eliza, celebrated the lack of black people in California, writing "where the darky is in any numbers it should be as slaves." | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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[
"Civil War"
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| At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], Johnston was the commander of the U.S. Army [[Department of the Pacific]] in [[California and the Civil War|California]]. Like many regular army officers from the South, he was opposed to secession. But he resigned his commission soon after he heard of the secession of the Southern states. It was accepted by the War Department on May 6, 1861, effective May 3. On April 28 he moved to Los Angeles, the home of his wife's brother [[John Strother Griffin|John Griffin]]. Considering staying in California with his wife and five children, Johnston remained there until May. A sixth child was born in the family home at Los Angeles, where his eldest son, Capt. Albert S. Johnston, Jr. was later killed in an accidental explosion on a steamer ship while on liberty, in 1863. Soon, Johnston enlisted in the [[Los Angeles Mounted Rifles]] as a private, leaving [[Warner's Ranch]] May 27. He participated in their trek across the southwestern deserts to Texas, crossing the [[Colorado River]] into the [[Confederate Territory of Arizona]] on July 4, 1861. His escort was commanded by [[Alonzo Ridley]], Undersheriff of Los Angeles, who remained at Johnston's side until he was killed. Early in the Civil War, Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]] decided that the Confederacy would attempt to hold as much of its territory as possible, and therefore distributed military forces around its borders and coasts. In the summer of 1861, Davis appointed several generals to defend Confederate lines from the Mississippi River east to the Allegheny Mountains. The most sensitive, and in many ways the most crucial areas, along the Mississippi River and in western Tennessee along the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and the [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] rivers were placed under the command of [[Major General (CSA)|Maj. Gen.]] [[Leonidas Polk]] and [[Brigadier General (CSA)|Brig. Gen.]] [[Gideon J. Pillow]]. The latter had initially been in command in Tennessee as that State's top general. Their impolitic occupation of [[Columbus, Kentucky]], on September 3, 1861, two days before Johnston arrived in the Confederacy's capital of [[Richmond in the American Civil War|Richmond, Virginia]], after his cross-country journey, drove Kentucky from its stated neutrality. The majority of Kentuckians allied with the Union camp. Polk and Pillow's action gave Union [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brig. Gen.]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] an excuse to take control of the strategically located town of [[Paducah, Kentucky]], without raising the ire of most Kentuckians and the pro-Union majority in the State legislature. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| On September 10, 1861, Johnston was assigned to command the huge area of the Confederacy west of the Allegheny Mountains, except for coastal areas. He became commander of the Confederacy's western armies in the area often called the [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|Western Department]] or Western Military Department. Johnston's appointment as a [[General (CSA)|full general]] by his friend and admirer Jefferson Davis already had been confirmed by the Confederate Senate on August 31, 1861. The appointment had been backdated to rank from May 30, 1861, making him the second highest ranking general in the Confederate States Army. Only Adjutant General and Inspector General [[Samuel Cooper (general)|Samuel Cooper]] ranked ahead of him. After his appointment, Johnston immediately headed for his new territory. He was permitted to call on governors of Arkansas, Tennessee and Mississippi for new troops, although this authority was largely stifled by politics, especially with respect to Mississippi. On September 13, 1861, Johnston ordered Brig. Gen. [[Felix Zollicoffer]] with 4,000 men to occupy [[Cumberland Gap]] in Kentucky in order to block Union troops from coming into eastern Tennessee. The Kentucky legislature had voted to side with the Union after the occupation of Columbus by Polk. By September 18, Johnston had Brig. Gen. [[Simon Bolivar Buckner]] with another 4,000 men blocking the railroad route to Tennessee at [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]]. Johnston had fewer than 40,000 men spread throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri. Of these, 10,000 were in Missouri under [[Missouri State Guard]] Maj. Gen. [[Sterling Price]]. Johnston did not quickly gain many recruits when he first requested them from the governors, but his more serious problem was lacking sufficient arms and ammunition for the troops he already had. As the Confederate government concentrated efforts on the units in the East, they gave Johnston small numbers of reinforcements and minimal amounts of arms and material. Johnston maintained his defense by conducting raids and other measures to make it appear he had larger forces than he did, a strategy that worked for several months. Johnston's tactics had so annoyed and confused Union Brig. Gen. [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] in Kentucky that he became paranoid and mentally unstable. Sherman overestimated Johnston's forces, and had to be relieved by Brig. Gen. [[Don Carlos Buell]] on November 9, 1861. However, in his Memoirs Sherman strongly refutes this account. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| [[East Tennessee]] (a heavily [[Southern Unionist|pro-Union region of the South]] during the Civil War) was held for the Confederacy by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis: [[Felix Zollicoffer]], a brave but untrained and inexperienced officer, and soon-to-be Maj. Gen. [[George B. Crittenden]], a former U.S. Army officer with apparent alcohol problems. While Crittenden was away in Richmond, Zollicoffer moved his forces to the north bank of the upper Cumberland River near Mill Springs (now [[Nancy, Kentucky]]), putting the river to his back and his forces into a trap. Zollicoffer decided it was impossible to obey orders to return to the other side of the river because of scarcity of transport and proximity of Union troops. When Union Brig. Gen. [[George H. Thomas]] moved against the Confederates, Crittenden decided to attack one of the two parts of Thomas's command at Logan's Cross Roads near Mill Springs before the Union forces could unite. At the [[Battle of Mill Springs]] on January 19, 1862, the ill-prepared Confederates, after a night march in the rain, attacked the Union force with some initial success. As the battle progressed, Zollicoffer was killed, Crittenden was unable to lead the Confederate force (he may have been intoxicated), and the Confederates were turned back and routed by a Union bayonet charge, suffering 533 casualties from their force of 4,000. The Confederate troops who escaped were assigned to other units as General Crittenden faced an investigation of his conduct. After the Confederate defeat at the Mill Springs, Davis sent Johnston a brigade and a few other scattered reinforcements. He also assigned him Gen. [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], who was supposed to attract recruits because of his victories early in the war, and act as a competent subordinate for Johnston. The brigade was led by Brig. Gen. [[John B. Floyd]], considered incompetent. He took command at [[Fort Donelson]] as the senior general present just before Union Brig. Gen. [[Ulysses S. Grant]] attacked the fort. Historians believe the assignment of Beauregard to the west stimulated Union commanders to attack the forts before Beauregard could make a difference in the theater. Union officers heard that he was bringing 15 regiments with him, but this was an exaggeration of his forces. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Based on the assumption that Kentucky neutrality would act as a shield against a direct invasion from the north, circumstances that no longer applied in September 1861, Tennessee initially had sent men to Virginia and concentrated defenses in the Mississippi Valley. Even before Johnston arrived in Tennessee, construction of two forts had been started to defend the [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]] and the [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]] rivers, which provided avenues into the State from the north. Both forts were located in Tennessee in order to respect Kentucky neutrality, but these were not in ideal locations. [[Battle of Fort Henry|Fort Henry]] on the Tennessee River was in an unfavorable low-lying location, commanded by hills on the Kentucky side of the river. [[Fort Donelson]] on the Cumberland River, although in a better location, had a vulnerable land side and did not have enough heavy artillery to defend against gunboats. Maj. Gen. Polk ignored the problems of the forts when he took command. After Johnston took command, Polk at first refused to comply with Johnston's order to send an engineer, Lt. Joseph K. Dixon, to inspect the forts. After Johnston asserted his authority, Polk had to allow Dixon to proceed. Dixon recommended that the forts be maintained and strengthened, although they were not in ideal locations, because much work had been done on them and the Confederates might not have time to build new ones. Johnston accepted his recommendations. Johnston wanted Major [[Alexander P. Stewart]] to command the forts but President Davis appointed Brig. Gen. [[Lloyd Tilghman]] as commander. To prevent Polk from dissipating his forces by allowing some men to join a partisan group, Johnston ordered him to send Brig. Gen. Gideon Pillow and 5,000 men to Fort Donelson. Pillow took up a position at nearby [[Clarksville, Tennessee]] and did not move into the fort until February 7, 1862. Alerted by a Union reconnaissance on January 14, 1862, Johnston ordered Tilghman to fortify the high ground opposite Fort Henry, which Polk had failed to do despite Johnston's orders. Tilghman failed to act decisively on these orders, which in any event were too late to be adequately carried out. Gen. Beauregard arrived at Johnston's headquarters at Bowling Green on February 4, 1862, and was given overall command of Polk's force at the western end of Johnston's line at Columbus, Kentucky. On February 6, 1862, [[Union Navy]] gunboats quickly reduced the defenses of ill-sited Fort Henry, inflicting 21 casualties on the small remaining Confederate force. Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman surrendered the 94 remaining officers and men of his approximately 3,000-man force which had not been sent to Fort Donelson before U.S. Grant's force could even take up their positions. Johnston knew he could be trapped at Bowling Green if Fort Donelson fell, so he moved his force to [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], the capital of Tennessee and an increasingly important Confederate industrial center, beginning on February 11, 1862. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Johnston also reinforced Fort Donelson with 12,000 more men, including those under Floyd and Pillow, a curious decision in view of his thought that the Union gunboats alone might be able to take the fort. He did order the commanders of the fort to evacuate the troops if the fort could not be held. The senior generals sent to the fort to command the enlarged garrison, Gideon J. Pillow and John B. Floyd, squandered their chance to avoid having to surrender most of the garrison and on February 16, 1862, Brig. Gen. Simon Buckner, having been abandoned by Floyd and Pillow, surrendered Fort Donelson. Colonel [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]] escaped with his cavalry force of about 700 men before the surrender. The Confederates suffered about 1,500 casualties with an estimated 12,000 to 14,000 taken prisoner. Union casualties were 500 killed, 2,108 wounded, 224 missing. Johnston, who had little choice in allowing Floyd and Pillow to take charge at Fort Donelson on the basis of seniority after he ordered them to add their forces to the garrison, took the blame and suffered calls for his removal because a full explanation to the press and public would have exposed the weakness of the Confederate position. His passive defensive performance while positioning himself in a forward position at Bowling Green, spreading his forces too thinly, not concentrating his forces in the face of Union advances, and appointing or relying upon inadequate or incompetent subordinates subjected him to criticism at the time and by later historians. The fall of the forts exposed Nashville to imminent attack, and it fell without resistance to Union forces under Brig. Gen. Buell on February 25, 1862, two days after Johnston had to pull his forces out in order to avoid having them captured as well. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Johnston had various remaining military units scattered throughout his territory and retreating to the south to avoid being cut off. Johnston himself retreated with the force under his personal command, the [[Army of Central Kentucky]], from the vicinity of Nashville. With Beauregard's help, Johnston decided to concentrate forces with those formerly under Polk and now already under Beauregard's command at the strategically located railroad crossroads of [[Corinth, Mississippi]], which he reached by a circuitous route. Johnston kept the Union forces, now under the overall command of the ponderous Maj. Gen. [[Henry Halleck]], confused and hesitant to move, allowing Johnston to reach his objective undetected. This delay allowed Jefferson Davis finally to send reinforcements from the garrisons of coastal cities and another highly rated but prickly general, [[Braxton Bragg]], to help organize the western forces. Bragg at least calmed the nerves of Beauregard and Polk, who had become agitated by their apparent dire situation in the face of numerically superior forces, before Johnston's arrival on March 24, 1862. Johnston's army of 17,000 men gave the Confederates a combined force of about 40,000 to 44,669 men at Corinth. On March 29, 1862, Johnston officially took command of this combined force, which continued to use the Army of the Mississippi name under which it had been organized by Beauregard on March 5. Johnston now planned to defeat the Union forces piecemeal before the various Union units in Kentucky and Tennessee under Grant with 40,000 men at nearby [[Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee]], and the now Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell on his way from Nashville with 35,000 men, could unite against him. Johnston started his army in motion on April 3, 1862, intent on surprising Grant's force as soon as the next day, but they moved slowly due to their inexperience, bad roads, and lack of adequate staff planning. Due to the delays, as well as several contacts with the enemy, Johnston's second in command, [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], felt the element of surprise had been lost and recommended calling off the attack. Johnston decided to proceed as planned, stating "I would fight them if they were a million." His army was finally in position within a mile or two of Grant's force, and undetected, by the evening of April 5, 1862. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Johnston launched a massive surprise attack with his concentrated forces against Grant at the [[Battle of Shiloh]] on April 6, 1862. As the Confederate forces overran the Union camps, Johnston personally rallied troops up and down the line on his horse. One of his most famous moments in the battle occurred when he witnessed some of his soldiers breaking from the ranks to pillage and loot the Union camps, and was outraged to see a young lieutenant among them. "None of that, sir," Johnston roared at the officer, "we are not here for plunder." Then, realizing he had embarrassed the man, he picked up a tin cup off a table and announced, "Let this be my share of the spoils today," before directing his army onward. At about 2:30 pm, while leading one of those charges against a Union camp near the "Peach Orchard," he was wounded, taking a bullet behind his right knee. The bullet clipped a part of his [[popliteal artery]] and his boot filled up with blood. There were no medical personnel on scene at the time, since Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and Union prisoners earlier in the battle. Within a few minutes, Johnston was observed by his staff to be nearly fainting. Among his staff was [[Isham G. Harris]], the [[Governor of Tennessee]], who had ceased to make any real effort to function as governor after learning that [[Abraham Lincoln]] had appointed [[Andrew Johnson]] as military governor of Tennessee. Seeing Johnston slumping in his saddle and his face turning deathly pale, Harris asked: "General, are you wounded?" Johnston glanced down at his leg wound, then faced Harris and replied in a weak voice his last words: "Yes... and I fear seriously." Harris and other staff officers removed Johnston from his horse and carried him to a small ravine near the "Hornets Nest" and desperately tried to aid the general, who had lost consciousness by this point. Harris then sent an aide to fetch Johnston's surgeon but did not apply a [[tourniquet]] to Johnson's wounded leg. A few minutes later, before a doctor could be found, Johnston died from blood loss. It is believed that Johnston may have lived for as long as one hour after receiving his fatal wound. Ironically, it was later discovered that Johnston had a tourniquet in his pocket when he died. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Harris and the other officers wrapped General Johnston's body in a blanket so as not to damage the troops' morale with the sight of the dead general. Johnston and his wounded horse, Fire Eater, were taken to his field headquarters on the Corinth road, where his body remained in his tent for the remainder of the battle. P. G. T. Beauregard assumed command of the army and resumed leading the Confederate assault, which continued advancing and pushed the Union force back to a final defensive line near the Tennessee river. With his army exhausted and daylight almost gone, Beauregard called off the final Confederate attack around 1900 hours, figuring he could finish off the Union army the following morning. However, Grant was reinforced by 20,000 fresh troops from [[Don Carlos Buell]]'s [[Army of the Ohio]] during the night, and led a successful counter-attack the following day, driving the Confederates from the field and winning the battle. As the Confederate army retreated back to Corinth, Johnston's body was taken to the home of Colonel William Inge, which had been his headquarters in Corinth. It was covered in the Confederate flag and lay in state for several hours. It is possible that a Confederate soldier fired the fatal round, as many Confederates were firing at the Union lines while Johnston charged well in advance of his soldiers. [[Alonzo Ridley]] of [[Los Angeles]] commanded the bodyguard “the Guides” of Gen. A. S. Johnston, and was by his side when he fell. Johnston was the highest-ranking fatality of the war on either side, and his death was a strong blow to the morale of the Confederacy. At the time, Davis considered him the best general in the country. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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| Johnston was survived by his wife Eliza and six children. His wife and five younger children, including one born after he went to war, chose to live out their days at home in Los Angeles with Eliza's brother, Dr. [[John Strother Griffin]]. Johnston's eldest son, Albert Sidney Jr. (born in Texas), had already followed him into the Confederate States Army. In 1863, after taking home leave in Los Angeles, Albert Jr. was on his way out of [[San Pedro, California|San Pedro]] harbor on a ferry. While a steamer was taking on passengers from the ferry, a wave swamped the smaller boat, causing its boilers to explode. Albert Jr. was killed in the accident. Upon his passing General Johnston received the highest praise ever given by the Confederate government: accounts were published, on December 20, 1862, and thereafter, in the Los Angeles ''Star'' of his family's hometown. Johnston Street, Hancock Street, and Griffin Avenue, each in [[Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles|northeast Los Angeles]], are named after the general and his family, who lived in the neighborhood. Johnston was initially buried in [[New Orleans]]. In 1866, a joint resolution of the [[Texas Legislature]] was passed to have his body moved and reinterred at the [[Texas State Cemetery]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. The re-interment occurred in 1867. Forty years later, the state appointed [[Elisabet Ney]] to design [[Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (Texas State Cemetery)|a monument and sculpture]] of him to be erected at the grave site, installed in 1905. The [[Texas Historical Commission]] has erected a historical marker near the entrance of what was once Johnston's [[plantations in the American South|plantation]]. An adjacent marker was erected by the San Jacinto Chapter of the [[Daughters of The Republic of Texas]] and the Lee, Roberts, and Davis Chapter of the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy|United Daughters of the Confederate States of America]]. In 1916, the University of Texas at Austin recognized several confederate veterans (including Johnston) with statues on its South Mall. On August 21, 2017, as part of the wave of [[Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials|confederate monument removals in America]], [[Statue of Albert Sidney Johnston (University of Texas at Austin)|Johnston's statue]] was taken down. Plans were announced to add it to the [[Dolph Briscoe Center for American History|Briscoe Center for American History]] on the east side of the university campus. Johnston was inducted to the [[Hall of Honor (Texas Military)|Texas Military Hall of Honor]] in 1980. In the fall of 2018, A.S. Johnston Elementary School in Dallas, Texas, was renamed Cedar Crest Elementary. Johnston Middle School in Houston, Texas was also renamed to Meyerland Middle School. Three additional elementary schools named for confederate veterans were renamed at the same time. | 711 | Albert Sidney Johnston | [
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[]
| An '''android''' is a [[robot]] or other artificial being designed to resemble a [[human]], and often made from a flesh-like material. Historically, androids were completely within the domain of [[science fiction]] and frequently seen in film and television, but recent advances in [[robotics|robot technology]] now allow the design of functional and realistic [[humanoid robot]]. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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|
[
"Etymology"
]
| The word was coined from the [[Greek language|Greek]] root ἀνδρ- ''andr''- "man, male" (as opposed to ἀνθρωπ- ''anthrōp''- "human being") and the suffix ''[[Wiktionary:-oid|-oid]]'' "having the form or likeness of". In Greek, however, ανδροειδής is an adjective. While the term "android" is used in reference to human-looking robots in general, a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a ''[[gynoid]]''. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' traces the earliest use (as "Androides") to [[Ephraim Chambers]]' 1728 ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]],'' in reference to an [[automaton]] that St. [[Albertus Magnus]] allegedly created. By the late 1700s "androides", elaborate mechanical devices resembling humans performing human activities, were displayed in exhibit halls. The term "android" appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term ''android'' was used in a more modern sense by the French author [[Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam]] in his work ''[[The Future Eve|Tomorrow's Eve]]'' (1886). This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly. As said by the officer in the story, "In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls." The term made an impact into English [[pulp science fiction]] starting from [[Jack Williamson]]'s ''[[The Cometeers]]'' (1936) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s [[Captain Future]] (1940–1944). Although [[Karel Čapek]]'s robots in ''[[R.U.R.|R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]]'' (1921)—the play that introduced the word ''[[robot]]'' to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word "robot" has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term "android" can mean either one of these, while a [[cyborg]] ("cybernetic organism" or "bionic man") would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts. The term "[[droid (Star Wars)|droid]]", popularized by [[George Lucas]] in the original ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of "android", but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like [[R2-D2]]. The word "android" was used in ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episode "[[What Are Little Girls Made Of?]]" The abbreviation "andy", coined as a [[pejorative]] by writer [[Philip K. Dick]] in his novel ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'', has seen some further usage, such as within the TV series ''[[Total Recall 2070]]''. Authors have used the term ''android'' in more diverse ways than ''[[robot]]'' or ''[[cyborg]]''. In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only superficial, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot-like internal mechanics. In other stories, authors have used the word "android" to mean a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between. Eric G. Wilson, who defines an android as a "synthetic human being", distinguishes between three types of android, based on their body's composition: | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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| (-) the mummy type – made of "dead things" or "stiff, inanimate, natural material", such as mummies, puppets, dolls and statues (-) the golem type – made from flexible, possibly organic material, including golems and homunculi (-) the automaton type – made from a mix of dead and living parts, including automatons and robots Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts: ''[[Simulacrum|simulacra]]'' (devices that exhibit likeness) and ''[[Automata theory|automata]]'' (devices that have independence). | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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[
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| Several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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| [[Japanese robotics]] have been leading the field since the 1970s. [[Waseda University]] initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the first android, a full-scale humanoid intelligent robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using [[tactile sensor]]. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. In 1984, WABOT-2 was revealed, and made a number of improvements. It was capable of playing the organ. Wabot-2 had ten fingers and two feet, and was able to read a score of music. It was also able to accompany a person. In 1986, [[Honda]] began its humanoid research and development program, to create humanoid robots capable of interacting successfully with humans. The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by [[Hiroshi Ishiguro]] at [[Osaka University]], and the [[Kokoro (company)|Kokoro company]] demonstrated the [[Actroid]] at [[Expo 2005]] in [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan and released the [[Telenoid R1]] in 2010. In 2006, Kokoro developed a new ''DER 2'' android. The height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. There are 47 mobile points. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet and twist its body. The "air servosystem" which Kokoro developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, the movement is very fluid and there is very little noise. DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion. Compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice. The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the [[Tokyo University of Science]], has developed an android head called ''Saya'', which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in [[Yokohama]], Japan. There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time, which will hopefully introduce a broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future. Now Saya is ''working'' at the Science University of Tokyo as a guide. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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| The [[Waseda University]] (Japan) and [[NTT docomo|NTT Docomo's]] manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape-shifting robot ''WD-2''. It is capable of changing its face. At first, the creators decided the positions of the necessary points to express the outline, eyes, nose, and so on of a certain person. The robot expresses its face by moving all points to the decided positions, they say. The first version of the robot was first developed back in 2003. After that, a year later, they made a couple of major improvements to the design. The robot features an elastic mask made from the average head dummy. It uses a driving system with a 3DOF unit. The WD-2 robot can change its facial features by activating specific facial points on a mask, with each point possessing three [[degrees of freedom (mechanics)|degrees of freedom]]. This one has 17 facial points, for a total of 56 degrees of freedom. As for the materials they used, the WD-2's mask is fabricated with a highly elastic material called Septom, with bits of steel wool mixed in for added strength. Other technical features reveal a shaft driven behind the mask at the desired facial point, driven by a DC motor with a simple pulley and a slide screw. Apparently, the researchers can also modify the shape of the mask based on actual human faces. To "copy" a face, they need only a [[3D scanner]] to determine the locations of an individual's 17 facial points. After that, they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards. In addition, the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual's hair style and skin color if a photo of their face is projected onto the 3D Mask. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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| Prof Nadia Thalmann, a Nanyang Technological University scientist, directed efforts of the Institute for Media Innovation along with the School of Computer Engineering in the development of a social robot, Nadine. Nadine is powered by software similar to Apple's [[Siri]] or Microsoft's [[Cortana (software)|Cortana]]. Nadine may become a personal assistant in offices and homes in future, or she may become a companion for the young and the elderly. Assoc Prof Gerald Seet from the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and the BeingThere Centre led a three-year R&D development in [[tele-presence robotics]], creating EDGAR. A remote user can control EDGAR with the user's face and expressions displayed on the robot's face in real time. The robot also mimics their upper body movements. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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| [[KITECH]] researched and developed [[EveR-1]], an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial "musculature" and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words. She is tall and weighs , matching the average figure of a Korean woman in her twenties. EveR-1's name derives from the [[Eve|Biblical Eve]], plus the letter ''r'' for ''robot''. EveR-1's advanced computing processing power enables [[speech recognition]] and vocal synthesis, at the same time processing [[lip synchronization]] and visual recognition by 90-degree micro-[[charge-coupled device|CCD]] cameras with [[facial recognition system|face recognition technology]]. An independent microchip inside her artificial brain handles gesture expression, body coordination, and emotion expression. Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing. In South Korea, the [[Ministry of Information and Communication (South Korea)|Ministry of Information and Communication]] has an ambitious plan to put a robot in every household by 2020. Several robot cities have been planned for the country: the first will be built in 2016 at a cost of 500 billion won (US$440 million), of which 50 billion is direct government investment. The new robot city will feature research and development centers for manufacturers and part suppliers, as well as exhibition halls and a stadium for robot competitions. The country's new Robotics Ethics Charter will establish ground rules and laws for human interaction with robots in the future, setting standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots to prevent human abuse of robots and vice versa. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
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"United States"
]
| Walt Disney and a staff of [[Imagineers]] created [[Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln]] that debuted at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]]. Dr. William Barry, an Education Futurist and former visiting West Point Professor of Philosophy and Ethical Reasoning at the [[United States Military Academy]], created an AI android character named "Maria Bot". This Interface AI android was named after the infamous fictional robot Maria in the 1927 film ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'', as a well-behaved distant relative. Maria Bot is the first AI Android Teaching Assistant at the University level. Maria Bot has appeared as a keynote speaker as a duo with Barry for a TEDx talk in Everett, Washington in February 2020 . Resembling a human from the shoulders up, Maria Bot is a virtual being android that has complex facial expressions and head movement and engages in conversation about a variety of subjects. She uses AI to process and synthesize information to make her own decisions on how to talk and engage. She collects data through conversations, direct data inputs such as books or articles, and through internet sources. Maria Bot was built by an international high-tech company for Barry to help improve education quality and eliminate education poverty. Maria Bot is designed to create new ways for students to engage and discuss ethical issues raised by the increasing presence of robots and artificial intelligence. Barry also uses Maria Bot to demonstrate that programming a robot with life-affirming, ethical framework makes them more likely to help humans to do the same. Maria Bot is an ambassador robot for good and ethical AI technology. [[David Hanson (robotics designer)|Hanson Robotics, Inc.]], of Texas and [[KAIST]] produced an android portrait of [[Albert Einstein]], using Hanson's facial android technology mounted on KAIST's life-size walking bipedal robot body. This Einstein android, also called "[[Albert Hubo]]", thus represents the first full-body walking android in history (see video at). Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology, and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci-fi author [[Philip K. Dick]] (creator of ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'', the basis for the film ''[[Blade Runner]]''), with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author's works. In 2005, the PKD android won a first-place [[artificial intelligence]] award from [[Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence|AAAI]]. | 713 | Android (robot) | [
"Android (robot)",
"Japanese inventions",
"South Korean inventions",
"Osaka University research",
"Science fiction themes",
"Human–machine interaction",
"Robots"
]
| []
|
[
"Use in fiction"
]
| Androids are a staple of [[science fiction]]. [[Isaac Asimov]] pioneered the fictionalization of the science of [[robotics]] and [[artificial intelligence]], notably in his 1950s series ''[[I, Robot]]''. One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human-like robots—such as the creation of [[artificial general intelligence|strong artificial intelligence]]—are assumed to have been solved. Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans—moving, thinking and speaking as fluidly as them. The tension between the nonhuman substance and the human appearance—or even human ambitions—of androids is the dramatic impetus behind most of their fictional depictions. Some android heroes seek, like [[Pinocchio]], to become human, as in the film ''[[Bicentennial Man (film)|Bicentennial Man]]'', or [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]] in ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''. Others, as in the film ''[[Westworld (film)|Westworld]]'', rebel against abuse by careless humans. Android hunter [[Rick Deckard|Deckard]] in ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'' and its film adaptation ''[[Blade Runner]]'' discovers that his targets appear to be, in some ways, more "human" than he is. Android stories, therefore, are not essentially stories "about" androids; they are stories about the [[human condition]] and what it means to be human. One aspect of writing about the meaning of humanity is to use discrimination against androids as a mechanism for exploring [[racism]] in society, as in ''Blade Runner''. Perhaps the clearest example of this is [[John Brunner (novelist)|John Brunner's]] 1968 novel ''[[Into the Slave Nebula]]'', where the blue-skinned android slaves are explicitly shown to be fully human. More recently, the androids [[Bishop (Aliens)|Bishop]] and Annalee Call in the films ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' and ''[[Alien Resurrection]]'' are used as vehicles for exploring how humans deal with the presence of an "[[Other (philosophy)|Other]]". The 2018 video game ''[[Detroit: Become Human]]'' also explores how androids are treated as second class citizens in a near future society. Female androids, or "[[gynoid]]", are often seen in science fiction, and can be viewed as a continuation of the long tradition of men attempting to create the stereotypical "perfect woman". Examples include the [[Greek mythology|Greek myth]] of ''[[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]]'' and [[Maschinenmensch|the female robot Maria]] in [[Fritz Lang]]'s ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]''. Some gynoids, like Pris in ''Blade Runner'', are designed as sex-objects, with the intent of "pleasing men's violent sexual desires", or as submissive, servile companions, such as in ''[[The Stepford Wives]]''. Fiction about gynoids has therefore been described as reinforcing "essentialist ideas of femininity", although others have suggested that the treatment of androids is a way of exploring racism and [[misogyny]] in society. The 2015 Japanese film ''[[Sayonara (2015 film)|Sayonara]]'', starring [[Geminoid F]], was promoted as "the first movie to feature an android performing opposite a human actor". | 713 | Android (robot) | [
"Android (robot)",
"Japanese inventions",
"South Korean inventions",
"Osaka University research",
"Science fiction themes",
"Human–machine interaction",
"Robots"
]
| []
|
[]
| '''Alberta''' () is one of the thirteen [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] of [[Canada]]. It is part of [[Western Canada]] and is one of the three [[Canadian prairies|prairie provinces]]. [[English language|English]] is the official language of the province. In 2016, 76.0% of Albertans were anglophone, 1.8% were [[French language|francophone]] and 22.2% were [[Allophone (Canada)|allophone]]. Alberta is bordered by [[British Columbia]] to the west, [[Saskatchewan]] to the east, the [[Northwest Territories]] (NWT) to the north, and the [[U.S. state]] of [[Montana]] to the south. It is one of the only two [[landlocked]] provinces in Canada. The eastern part of the province is occupied by the [[Great Plains]], while the western part borders the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The province has a predominantly [[humid continental climate|continental climate]] but experiences quick temperature changes due to air [[aridity]]. Seasonal temperature swings are less pronounced in western Alberta due to occasional [[chinook wind]]. Alberta is the 6th largest province by area, being approximately 660,000 square kilometers, and the 4th most populous, being home to 4,067,175 people. Alberta's capital is [[Edmonton]], while [[Calgary]] is [[List of cities in Alberta|its largest city]]. The two are Alberta's largest [[Census geographic units of Canada|census metropolitan areas]] (CMAs) and both exceed 1 million people. More than half of Albertans live in either Edmonton or Calgary, which contributes to continuing the [[Battle of Alberta|rivalry between the two cities]]. The province also has one other CMA, [[Lethbridge]], and [[List of census agglomerations in Alberta|15 census agglomerations]]. While the vast majority of Albertans are city dwellers, the identity of the province is mainly rooted in a rural lifestyle ([[rodeos]], [[Western (genre)|western]], [[country music]], [[cowboy]]). The oil and gas industry is also a part of the province's identity. [[Economy of Alberta|Alberta's economy]] is based on [[hydrocarbons]], [[petrochemical industries]], [[livestock]], [[agriculture]] and [[High tech|frontier technologies]]. The oil industry has been a pillar of Alberta's economy since 1947, when substantial oil deposits were discovered at [[Leduc No. 1|Leduc No. 1 well.]] Since Alberta is the province most rich in hydrocarbons, it provides 70% of the oil and natural gas exploited on Canadian soil. In 2018, Alberta's output was CDN$338.2 billion, 15.27% of Canada's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. In the past, [[Politics of Alberta|Alberta's political landscape]] hosted parties like the [[left-wing]] [[Alberta Liberal Party|Liberals]] and the [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] [[United Farmers of Alberta]], as well as the [[right-wing]] [[Alberta Social Credit Party|Social Credit Party]] and the [[Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta|Progressive Conservatives]]. Today, Alberta is generally perceived as a [[Conservatism in Canada|conservative]] province. The longest political dynasty in Canada was held by the Progressive Conservatives from 1971 to 2015. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[]
| Before becoming part of Canada, Alberta was home to several [[First Nations in Alberta|First Nations]] and was a territory used by [[fur trade]] of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. The lands that would become Alberta were acquired by Canada as part of the NWT on July 15, 1870. On September 1, 1905, Alberta was separated from the NWT as a result of the [[Alberta Act]] and designated the 8th province of Canada. From the late 1800s to early 1900s, many immigrants arrived, the biggest wave of which was pushed by [[Wilfrid Laurier]], to prevent the prairies from being annexed by [[Americans]]. Massive oil resources were discovered in Alberta in 1947. Alberta is renowned for its natural beauty, richness in [[fossil]] and for housing important [[nature reserve]]. Alberta is home to six [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]: The [[Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site|Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks]], [[Dinosaur Provincial Park]], the [[Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump]], [[Waterton–Glacier International Peace Park]], [[Wood Buffalo National Park]] and [[Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park]]. Other popular sites include: [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], [[Canmore, Alberta|Canmore]], [[Drumheller]], [[Jasper, Alberta|Jasper]], [[Sylvan Lake, Alberta|Sylvan Lake]] and [[Lake Louise, Alberta|Lake Louise]]. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[
"Etymology"
]
| Alberta was named after [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise Caroline Alberta]] (1848–1939), the fourth daughter of [[Queen Victoria]]. Princess Louise was the wife of [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne]], [[Governor General of Canada]] (1878–83). [[Lake Louise (Alberta)|Lake Louise]] and [[Mount Alberta]] were also named in her honour. The name "Alberta" itself is a feminine [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] form of [[Albert (given name)|Albert]], the name of Princess Louise's father, the [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Consort]] (cf. , masculine) and its [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] cognates, ultimately derived from [[Proto-Germanic]] ''*Aþalaberhtaz'' (compound of "noble" + "bright/famous"). | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[
"Geography"
]
| Alberta, with an area of , is the fourth-largest province after [[Quebec]], Ontario and [[British Columbia]]. Alberta's southern border is the [[49th parallel north]], which [[Canada–United States border|separates it]] from the U.S. state of [[Montana]]. The [[60th parallel north]] divides Alberta from the [[Northwest Territories]]. The [[110th meridian west]] separates it from the province of [[Saskatchewan]]; while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the [[120th meridian west]] south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]] at the [[Rocky Mountains]], and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N. The province extends north to south and east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is at the summit of [[Mount Columbia (Canada)|Mount Columbia]] in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border while its lowest point is on the [[Slave River]] in [[Wood Buffalo National Park]] in the northeast. With the exception of the [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] [[steppe]] of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate [[water resources]]. There are numerous [[list of rivers of Alberta|rivers]] and [[list of lakes in Alberta|lakes]] used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, [[Lake Claire (Alberta)|Lake Claire]] () in [[Wood Buffalo National Park]], [[Lesser Slave Lake]] (), and [[Lake Athabasca]] () which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the [[Athabasca River]] which travels from the [[Columbia Icefield]] in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca. The largest river is the [[Peace River]] with an average flow of 2161 m/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the [[Slave River]], a tributary of the [[Mackenzie River]]. Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, is located at about the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada, and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. The region, with its proximity to Canada's largest oil fields, has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is about south of Edmonton and north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]]. The land grant policy to the railroads served as a means to populate the province in its early years. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[
"Geography"
]
| Most of the northern half of the province is [[Taiga|boreal forest]], while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely forested (see [[Alberta Mountain forests]] and [[Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests]]). The southern quarter of the province is [[prairie]], ranging from [[shortgrass prairie]] in the southeastern corner to mixed grass prairie in an arc to the west and north of it. The central [[aspen parkland]] region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to [[Lloydminster]], contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to [[dairy farming]], with [[mixed farming]] more common in the north and centre, while [[ranch]] and [[Irrigation|irrigated agriculture]] predominate in the south. The Alberta [[badlands]] are located in southeastern Alberta, where the [[Red Deer River]] crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyons and striking landforms. [[Dinosaur Provincial Park]], near [[Brooks, Alberta]], showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[
"Geography",
"Climate"
]
| Alberta has a [[humid continental climate]] with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, the temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from in northern Alberta to in southern Alberta, although temperatures at these extremes are rare. In the summer, continental air masses have produced record maximum temperatures from in the mountains to over in southeastern Alberta. Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1,900 up to just under 2,600 hours per year. Northern Alberta gets about 18 hours of daylight in the summer. Alberta extends for over from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average high temperatures in January range from in the southwest to in the far north. The climate is also influenced by the presence of the Rocky Mountains to the southwest, which disrupt the flow of the [[Westerlies|prevailing westerly winds]] and cause them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a [[rain shadow]] over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from in the southeast to in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where total precipitation including snowfall can reach annually. There was a big [[2002 North American drought|drought in 2002]] in Alberta and other places across the Northern USA. The province is the namesake of the [[Alberta clipper]], a type of intense, fast-moving winter storm that generally forms over or near the province and pushed with great speed by the continental polar [[Jet stream|jetstream]] descends over the rest of Southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States. In the summer, the average daytime temperatures range from around in the Rocky Mountain valleys and far north, up to around in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation, sometimes resulting in flooding. In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry [[chinook wind]] blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one chinook recorded at [[Pincher Creek]], temperatures soared from in just one hour. The region around Lethbridge has the most chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 chinook days per year. Calgary has a 56% chance of a [[white Christmas (weather)|white Christmas]], while Edmonton has an 86% chance. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
[
"Geography",
"Climate"
]
| Northern Alberta is mostly covered by [[taiga|boreal forest]] and has a [[subarctic climate]]. The agricultural area of southern Alberta has a [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] [[steppe]] climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that [[evapotranspiration|evaporates or is used by plants]]. The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the [[Palliser's Triangle|Palliser Triangle]], experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result suffers frequent [[crop yield]] problems and occasional severe droughts. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter [[chinook wind]]. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a [[biome]] transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north. After Saskatchewan, Alberta experiences the most [[tornado]] in Canada with an average of 15 verified per year. Thunderstorms, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the [[Calgary–Edmonton Corridor]] is notable for having the highest frequency of [[hail]] in Canada, which is caused by [[orographic lift]] from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail. | 717 | Alberta | [
"Alberta",
"1905 establishments in Canada",
"Provinces of Canada",
"States and territories established in 1905",
"Canadian Prairies"
]
| [
"Outline of Alberta",
"Index of Alberta-related articles",
"Symbols of Alberta"
]
|
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