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9192_CaptureofSavannah | capture savannah capture savannah battle savannah siege battle fought december local american patriot militia continental_army units holding city british invasion force command lieutenant colonel british seizure city led extended occupation opening british southern strategy regain control rebellious southern provinces appealing strong loyalist sentiment believed general sir commander chief british forces based new_york_city dispatched campbell man force new_york capture savannah begin process returning georgia british control assisted troops command marching east florida landing near savannah december campbell assessed american defenses comparatively weak decided attack waiting taking advantage local assistance successfully flanked american position outside town captured large portion army drove remnants retreat south_carolina followed victory capture expedition occupied campbell weeks retreated savannah citing insufficient loyalist indian support threat patriot forces south_carolina british held franco american siege held city late war background march following defeat british army consequent entry france american revolutionary war american ally lord british secretary responsible war wrote lieutenant general sir capturing southern colonies considered king object great importance scale war instructions clinton framed recommendations abandon philadelphia embark operations recover georgia carolinas making attacks virginia maryland british preparations june july clinton successfully removed troops philadelphia new_york november dealing threat french fleet new_york newport rhode_island clinton turned attention south organized force men new_york sent orders capital east florida organize available men indian agent rally local creek warriors assist operations georgia clinton basic plan proposed began capture capital georgia savannah clinton gave command detachment new_york lieutenant colonel force consisted battalions 1st 2nd regiment foot regiments von loyalist provincial units battalion campbell sailed new_york november arrived near mouth december american defenses state georgia defended separate forces units continental_army command general responsible defense entire south state militia companies overall command georgia governor howe georgia authorities previously control military expeditions east florida expeditions failed failures led decide september replace howe major general successfully negotiated militia participation events surrounding british defeat lincoln arrived word reached howe clinton sending troops georgia november british raids georgia threatening state population centers despite urgency situation governor refused allow howe direct movements georgia militia november howe began marching south charleston south_carolina continental_army troops arriving savannah late month learned campbell sailed new_york december december sails spotted day governor assigned georgia militia howe war council decided attempt vigorous defense savannah spite fact likely significantly outnumbered hoping lincoln troops arrived large number potential landing points howe forced hold army reserve british actually landed battle place campbell selected landing plantation located miles city word reached howe landing started december sent company occupy landing site campbell realized need controlled majority forces land dispatched companies control opened fire yards british returning fire advanced rapidly fixed denying second shot retreated having killed wounded cost noon campbell landed army began proceed city howe held council morning ground chosen stand half mile south city established line defense shape open ends anchored woods left howe placed militia right militia line supported pieces field artillery light infantry companies guarded flanks howe troops including seen little action war campbell advance companies spotted howe line main body stopped short field campbell went viewed howe defenses essentially sound local slave told path swamp howe right campbell ordered sir light infantry new york loyalists follow slave swamp troops view way impression attempt flanking maneuver howe left officers climbed tree observe progress true slave word trail came near continental barracks left unaware flanked reached position man tree signaled waving hat campbell ordered regulars charge sounds battle howe heard musket fire barracks rapidly followed cannon fire appearance charging british german troops ordered immediate retreat rapidly turned rout troops hardly bothered return fire throwing weapons attempting run away terrain campbell reported scarcely possible come retreat rapid conception light infantry continental rear cut road significant escape route forcing mad scramble retreating troops city georgia soldiers right attempted find safe crossing exist troops taken prisoner soldiers immediately surrender colonel managed form rear guard cover escape number howe men managed escape north british closed city forced attempt swimming unknown number drowned attempt aftermath campbell gained control city cost forces seven killed seventeen wounded including men killed wounded preliminary campbell took prisoners dead wounded howe forces howe retreat ended south_carolina men left half original army howe receive blame disaster arguing disputed landing site force retreated battle army intact court martial event tribunal pointed howe stand directly opposed landing arrived east florida mid january shortly sent campbell men campbell occupied frontier town minimal opposition general lincoln begun rally support south_carolina oppose british campbell abandoned february day loyalist force route meet defeated patriot forces following british ambushed march battle creek georgia remained patriot hands campbell wrote british officer star stripe flag congress british held savannah july troops withdrawn savannah base conduct coastal raids targeted areas charleston south_carolina florida coast fall combined french american siege recapture savannah failed significant casualties control georgia formally returned royal governor july come british control siege charleston patriot forces recovered siege savannah remained british hands | Capture of Savannah | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9372_Actionof18August1798 | action august action august minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought british fourth rate ship french ship line ships engaged battle weeks earlier british fleet rear admiral sir destroyed french fleet bay mediterranean coast egypt french ships survive battle detached british fleet nelson august board captain sailed passenger charged carrying despatches squadron august passing western shore crete intercepted attacked separated rest french survivors day captain initially tried escape larger french ship rapidly clear faster vessel ships exchanged engagement continuing captain unsuccessful attempt board suffering heavy casualties attempt hours battle continued thompson successfully stage ultimately larger warship eventually wounded thompson surrendered ship ordering men wave french pike french sailors took possession british ship encouraged systematic looting sailors personal possessions surgeon tools middle operation established conventions warfare forced captured crew assist bringing safely denied food medical treatment operated captors published account action greatly exaggerated scale success highly praised french press britain conduct thompson british officers exchanged acquitted court martial captains services crew recaptured march russian squadron seized returned british control order survived year mediterranean eventually captured malta british squadron lord nelson background august british fleet ships line fourth rate ship rear admiral sir discovered french fleet ships line frigates anchor mediterranean coast egypt nelson pursuit french months crossing mediterranean times efforts locate fleet convoy protection carried french army commanded intended invasion egypt convoy successfully nelson army landed alexandria june capturing city advancing inland fleet large anchor alexandria harbour instead ordered commander vice admiral station discovering french nelson attacked immediately ordering ships advance french line engage beginning battle closed french line captain lead ship realised gap head french line wide allow ship passage pushing gap attacked french van followed ships nelson engaged van remainder fleet attacked french centre hms grounded stuck smaller ships squadron fourth rate sloop attempted assist soon realised ship determined participate battle captain abandoned stranded joined second wave attack french centre focusing fire bow gun french rate orient hour orient caught fire combined attack ships later exploded effectively concluding engagement nelson favour days lightly damaged employed forcing surrender grounded french vessels afternoon august nelson complete control french ships ships line frigates escaped sailing north bay afternoon august command rear admiral having won battle nelson needed send despatches commander vice admiral reporting destruction french mediterranean fleet messages entrusted captain served nelson flag captain battle thompson ordered escort believed blockade squadron suffered damage battle thompson manning problems casualties july replaced men wounded battle bay officers men detached man captured french prizes left thompson men board following nelson orders thompson sailed august battle fleeing admiral delayed northeasterly winds august decided split forces sailing malta flagship tell frigates captain ordered departed number men transferred carrying survivors ships destroyed giving crew men rounded island western tip crete known following morning reported sail northwest vessel learning strange ship southeast captain thompson ships immediately ordered sails set effort avoid unequal combat carried guns strongly built carrying broadside assisted strong breeze ship carry thompson vessel rapidly gained fourth rate ottoman flags unsuccessful attempt confuse thompson approaching ship inevitable catch thompson responded shortening sail turning northwards aim broadside french ship minutes fired shot bows thompson responded threat ordering broadside replied broadside ships continued firing sailed east gradually closing range smaller british vessel took worst damage combatants close decided attempt board british ship thompson unable manoeuvre battered way bow collided bow french ship swung alongside preparing men board thompson prepared manoeuvre mustered teams sailors armed muskets rail quarterdeck deck musket fire sufficient kill attempted board british ship ships turned southwards main batteries continuing exchange extreme close range gradually strengthening breeze dragged free french ship faster sails rigging intact pulled away west thompson wounded times succeeded turning battered ship broadside directed stern despite collapsed wreckage fore gunnery teams managed cut away fire broadside french vessel inflicted severe damage size power french ship beginning tell able turn southwards ships continued exchanging time crew run regular shot firing scrap metal french ship succeeded bringing bow hailed british ship asking surrendered unable continue fighting wreckage lay forward guns thompson ordered french flag raised pike sufficient cease firing french initially unable possession fourth rate single boats board smashed british shot end french sea swam british ship formal surrender lost crew men killed wounded including thompson times piece human skull lodged arm ship completely fore main masts leaking badly dozens shot holes damaged losing losing foremast losses crowded decks far severe casualties estimated killed wounded approximately total aftermath french sailors reached immediately began systematic british officers personal effects men sea historian suggests thompson instead ordered british boats repaired launched transport french ship bring captain belief end looting french captain arrived immediately joined officers captain thompson shirts wounded officer captain complained pair ornamental pistols stolen summoned thief quarterdeck took sailors accompanied equally things taken ship surgeon operating tools stolen middle operation correct equipment surgeon assist wounded including captain thompson musket ball embedded deeply arm captain complained replied est les sorry fact french good dividing captured british sailors transferred half left half french prize crew direct established conventions war sets prisoners immediately ordered effect repairs vessels ships ready journey prisoners given bread water wounded denied medical attention days engagement battered ships sailed northwards wind forced attach tow avoid leaving prize august sail appeared south panic broke ordered prisoners confined preparations abandon speed new arrival fact gun british sloop lieutenant carrying second copies nelson despatches britain sighted ships north assumed tell passed displaying french colours disguise pursue small vessel continuing passage sailed sight prisoners confined wounded provided treatment thompson able musket ball removed arm smuggled aboard harbour knowledge permission british officers eventually returned britain carpenter detained refused supply specifications masts ship regular seamen held prisoner subsequently encouraged join french_navy attempting enlist russian squadron blockaded port demands met response named called damned french little ship fight sink subsequently escaped anchored killed artillery fire castle overlooking town ship captured battle february squadron nelson malta captured russian force seized march returned royal_navy sailors held island account battle captain sent france inaccurate number important features describing gun ship claiming men actually boarded british ship subsequently retreat coming soon disaster battle encouraged highly inaccurate reports french newspapers exaggerated scale victory publishing imaginative accounts months battle despite defeat action celebrated britain thompson praised defiance larger vessel criticised losing ship conduct treatment prisoners derided popular press december thompson ship officers brought court martial loss ship acquitted court announcing court having heard evidence brought forward support captain thompson narrative capture having deliberately considered opinion unprecedented defence captain thompson majesty late ship superior force praise country court conduct officers men command reflects highest honour country large court captain thompson officers ship company acquitted accordingly thompson subsequently voted thanks parliament december given freedom city london chest worth subsequently commander new gun early returned mediterranean operate nelson flag captain siege malta thompson january given pension returning service spring captain attached channel_fleet lord captain commanded bomb ship chartered ferry thompson staff wrote letter answer charges stated men french prize crew unarmed having swim boats destroyed battle men able stopped effects captain surgeon ship complained ship seen thompson personal effects members staff france accuses accusations originally published allegations present thompson account | Action of 18 August 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9418_BattleoftheRazdeSein | battle battle naval engagement blockade brest french revolutionary wars french royal_navy ships line april british blockade fleet admiral lord sailed april morning april crossing passage sails spotted east ships detached pursuit led gun ship line captain british ships approached quarry sail sighted southeast close coastline moving north brest ship gun captain newly commissioned sailing brest join main french fleet british squadron immediately changed direction intercept new target facing overwhelming odds attempted escape narrow passage found tide anchored mouth passage await british attack mars reached coming heavy fire hood position bringing ship crashing alongside french vessel hour ships fired directly close guns run fired inside ships damage casualties severe sides including hood mortally wounded height engagement ultimately forced surrender attempts board mars failed ships battered burnt french suffering casualties british conveyed britain aftermath later repaired served royal_navy deceased hood highly praised conduct battle noted rare example period action ships approximately equal strength external influence background french revolutionary wars royal_navy exerted dominance sea continental rivals immediately french_navy principal fleet based brest coast contain fleet british practiced close blockade strategy maintaining fleet brest weather conditions permitted prevent french fleet breaking atlantic_ocean blockade force limited french trade maritime communications attacking merchant ships individual warships seeking resupply reinforce main french fleet french maritime journeys extremely hazardous waters june main french fleet suffered defeat hands blockade force battle approaches port january independently sailing gun ship line driven ashore destroyed approaches brest frigates blockade squadron april british blockade fleet command admiral lord sailed winter anchorage coast mustered ships line maintain watch brest detachments fleet cruising region january notice ships line french fleet suffered series setbacks early years war addition losses seven ships lost glorious june wrecked failed operation losses french_navy building new ships major fleet bases april ship commissioned gun ship tons launched july commanded experienced captain veteran glorious june crew short complement pursuit april ordered maiden voyage short journey northwest coast join main fleet vice admiral brest crew augmented reach complement board surplus naval supplies including set rigging ship line destroyed ship caught fire earlier month crew inexperienced captain intend seek action remaining close coastline day journey ship crossed bay point sails sighted northwest sails belonged ships fleet april british fleet cruising passage sails sighted approximately nautical miles east ordered easterly ships investigate sails gun ships line captain hms captain gun frigate captain strong winds favoured large ships line pursued strange sails identified french pulling abreast sail sighted nautical miles southeast sailing close shore new sail larger sighted earlier day detached squadron abandoned pursuit turned new arrival flight british force rest fleet far west jason lead mars shortly lost fore dropped hood experienced officer nephew veteran admiral lord hood pressed ship forwards gradually gained jason knew open water caught overwhelmed sought instead escape narrow dangerous channel rocky passage french ship line wrecked lives approached channel hood mars starboard overtaking jason bearing french ship recognised current strong successfully navigate instead anchored mouth channel spring cable system bow anchor increased stability allowed swing broadside face enemy stationary roughly nautical miles southwest nautical miles destination brest battle jason far darkness mars hauled hood attempted manoeuvre effective position attack waiting current passage prevented hood handling ship effectively instead resolved bringing mars directly alongside fighting broadside broadside mars range opened fire hood immediately minutes masts rigging mars came fire damage foremast hood continued attempt hold firing position current pulling slightly ahead dropping anchor port bow anchor starboard anchor british ship swung violently french ship force collision mars locked captains ordered ships pour fire closely aligned cannon ships run instead fired inside ships heat sustained bombardment intense wood began burn heavy smashed holes sides ship combat ragged holes torn extensive torn away leaving wide ship sides casualties heavy sides minutes action began musket ball struck hood thigh fatally wounded bleeding hood carried command passed lieutenant french casualties significantly higher british result higher rate fire achieved hood trained crew aware ship suffering worst casualties ordered men attempt board british ship line attempt driven heavy casualties lighting gone beginning engagement leaving crew confused result men answered ordered boarding injured twice head sabre thigh pike leading assault hour continual bombardment surrendered hull torn open guns damaged crew killed wounded jason approaching fast rest fleet close muzzle flashes battle aftermath submitted sword surrender presented dying hood accepted jason arrived took charge removing prisoners began long process battered ships line dangerous channel losses french ship accurately recorded aftermath action accounts suggested high realistic estimate casualties surviving french officers british losses amounted officers men killed men missing believed drowned falling overboard resisting boarding attempts wounded weather fortunately calm mars condition survive storm great care brought plymouth april repairs begun intention restoring ship active service condition cost repairs totaled equivalent ultimately commissioned royal_navy served noted classic fight unusual fought single ships line equal force size external influence wrote meeting ships line rare occurrence decision favour brilliant naval history identify incidents british naval history examination relative size strength combatants shows matched respective broadside weights mars hercules tons measured tons mars crew board mars british crew active mutiny hood temporarily deposed captain relatively new ships hours sea mars mars class built start french revolutionary wars summary historian indicates greater experience hood crew nearby presence british ships gave mars slight advantage action mars conduct reflected equal share credit parties british histories reported died wounds aftermath action case return france following exchange faced court martial loss ship acquitted received letter praising resistance minister admiral britain promoted commander hood posthumously commended writing official dispatch praise add ray distinguished captain body returned england buried near home monument provided family | Battle of the Raz de Sein | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9978_BattleofSetauket | battle august failed attack american revolutionary war fortified loyalist outpost long_island new_york force continental_army troops connecticut command brigadier general attempt repeat success earlier parsons force crossed attack loyalist position alerted spies planned assault lieutenant colonel strongly fortified local presbyterian church surrounding earthworks demand surrender brief ensued significant damage parsons withdrew returned connecticut background qualified success british forced abandon boston captured new_york_city unable hold new_jersey general george_washington surprised princeton british consolidated hold new_york_city long_island winter months early continental_army established land blockade city new_jersey southern new_york southwestern connecticut spring lieutenant general launched raiding expeditions continental_army local militia storage depots near city successful raid new_york march prompted organize ambitious expedition raid depot connecticut expedition led royal governor new_york successfully reached landing point connecticut april destroyed provisions supplies connecticut militia mobilized days british marched ships notably april general leading connecticut defenses decided organize act raid executed great success colonel harbor eastern long_island prompted parsons consider actions loyalist positions island august parsons brigade stationed new_york received orders authorizing expedition loyalist targets long_island parsons immediately ordered colonel muster regiment numbering men march connecticut parsons followed reaching august loyalists recruited new_york lieutenant colonel 3rd battalion established fortified position early august central north shore long_island force took town presbyterian meeting house fortified spies informed parsons troops set force improving defenses building feet meters high distance feet meeting house works mounted small swivel guns battle night august parsons set taking small brass cannons early morning landed crane neck present day old field west marched finding loyalists strongly entrenched parsons sent truce flag demand surrender refused demand forces began hour exchange gunfire incurred significant casualties colonel reported man wounded small american cannons failed impression fortifications concerned armed british ships sound hear battle come investigate parsons called assault retreated taking dozen captured horses blankets aftermath attackers successfully sound parsons assigned regiment patrol connecticut shore december parsons involved elaborate attempt taking british military stores failed rough seas prevented crossing boat captured british ship lieutenant colonel favorably mentioned general orders defense post abandoned months later target major expedition frequently target small scale raids significant intelligence way american spies new_york washington spy chief native operated called ring number residents figured prominently patriot refugee long_island member parsons expedition later served minister congregation new building erected site portrayal fictionalized portrayal battle appears season finale series turn washington spies portrayal major led continental forces british garrison led major | Battle of Setauket | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9983_SiegeofSt.John's | siege john siege john failed attempt french forces led daniel fort newfoundland winter months queen anne war leading mixed force regulars militia indians burned town laid siege fort weeks late january early march lifted siege running provisions gunpowder siege larger scale expedition attempt repeat highly destructive expedition led outlying english communities destroyed men leading raids english fishing activities sides suffered duration war ended french claims newfoundland background island newfoundland contested territory france england time queen anne war broke french raids king william war completely destroyed english settlements including principal port located east peninsula southeastern newfoundland english squadron led sir sir persuaded displaced fishermen return rebuild peninsula treaty signed september led english receiving newfoundland french retaining terms treaty void french established capital peninsula west english captain raided number french settlements newfoundland avoided presence french warships harbour daniel arrived new governor took command man garrison facilities poor condition raiding learned planned english attack prepared assault came admiral widely seen england called attack despite having significant advantages subsequently court dismissed service conduct entire campaign included failed siege guadeloupe french preparations late began planning attack english settlements addition garrison recruited mainland settlers possible participate effort force numbered set peninsula january corps included company men led included war leader participated raid english settlements company went overland sent peninsula heavy guns english defences command lieutenant lieutenant military engineer mason second command principal defences stone fortification north harbour built french expedition stone fort south narrows commanded harbour entrance moody command commanded combined defense force numbered men dozen command siege progress french slow extreme winter cold snow captured small coastal communities south opposition moved arrived near town january wanted surprise english opportunity lost advance guard approached sight english defences remaining force having delayed poor conditions driven cannon fire community fled protection content occupying town waiting arrive prisoners released women children fort order increase burden english supplies women ended performing valuable assistance helping fort defence weeks siege attempted use divisions moody diminish english morale possibly achieve negotiated surrender gain control post sent letters men second prisoners addressed letter implied deal works agents tried convince leave works meet moody refused effort ineffective days waiting heavy guns appeared running low munitions provisions lifted siege destroyed town houses fishing stages returned taking civilian captives detached men continued raid english settlements rest winter aftermath french expedition took prisoners released lack provisions destroyed cannon fishing wagons failed eliminate stronghold returned england late rewarded lieutenant commission guards feuded charging irregularities administration fortification works poor command complaints led recall continued develop french colony flourished despite war rewarded efforts governorship presided port royal defences successfully british forced overwhelming force replacement negotiated exchange prisoners siege successfully captured january france gave claims sovereignty newfoundland treaty supervision moved french settlers newfoundland site national historic site canada marked plaque location | Siege of St. John's | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10088_Actionof31July1793 | action july action july inconclusive engagement british_royal_navy frigate french frigate new_jersey coastline year french revolutionary wars british captain arrived new_york_city deliberately disguised ship french vessel french officer coming aboard making prisoner war sent message new_york knew french frigate lay anchor challenging french captain battle days challenge accepted widely city captain sailed meet morning july shore crowded thousands engagement ships fiercely contested smaller lightly armed boston taking damage captain thrown deck happened subject debate second command lieutenant claiming killed thrown overboard custom time rumours subsequently circulated knocked unconscious edwards gave order story family credited later taken contemporary historian historian subsequently defended edwards actions gone boston continued suffer severe damage remaining officers ordered surviving sails set british ship attempted escape pursued strain proved ship fell close encounter french ships boston eventually escaped newfoundland refitted new_york background february newly formed declared war great_britain extending french revolutionary wars begun year continent french_navy state social consequences french revolution result found disadvantage royal_navy preparing war june response french sent frigate squadrons sea including newest ships best sailors officers attempt disrupt british commerce early stages war squadron sent april united_states carrying french ambassador united_states ambassador disembarked squadron command captain dispersed raid british shipping coast capturing destroying merchant vessels retiring american ports repairs french threat met royal_navy frigates operating halifax nova scotia orders watch blockade french movements american ports ship gun frigate small old vessel command captain orders watch new_york_city frigates known anchor june boston arrived new_york deliberately ship resemble french vessel having french speaking members crew talk loudly quarterdeck american pilot boat french ship new_york ship large powerful vessel built years carried combined broadside weight pounds pounds boston sighting strange ship harbour sent boat lieutenant american boston named men investigate suspicious strange vessel finally convinced ship french vessel pilots came aboard discover error seized men prisoners war suggested prisoner keen meet battle agreed send message new_york pilot boat challenge bring neutral harbour meet boston pilot initially unable locate french captain instead posted challenge city news spread rapidly came learn spent days preparing warship historian claimed joined armed american volunteers calls violation law nations consultation french officers sailed new_york night july forced miss rendezvous afternoon july large french battle squadron ships line frigates smaller vessels passed northwards new_jersey coast heading new_york face powerful force boston temporarily forced withdraw open water squadron investigate frigate passed new_york harbour nightfall allowing return station battle boston reported large ship approaching northeast ship battle ship passed distance nautical miles shortly recognised frigate flying french unsure newcomer identity raised flag response strange ship raised blue flag bearing white cross identifying come meet challenge ships turned eastwards continuing minutes boston slowed raised british colours british ship slowed french vessel overtook nautical miles distance boston french ship slowing frigate passed starboard broadside boston fired followed immediately volley ships time approximately nautical miles southeast new_jersey news impending battle spread rapidly countryside thousands spectators gathered new_jersey beaches watch engagement minutes combat boston lost cross jack yard suffered significant damage rigging sails rendering ship significantly main knocked mast badly damaged minutes later men greater efforts struck rail captain lieutenant standing butler killed instantly fell deck possibly killed believing commander dead lieutenant assumed command bodies thrown overboard effort prevent sailors losing morale death captain boston continued suffer heavier guns french ship mast close collapse remaining rigging shot away casualties mounted badly wounded blinded struck head briefly rendered unconscious officers gone ship increasingly battered state panic began spread british crew response edwards assisted deck assumed command confusion overtook boston remained command ship despite heavy casualties british ship stern intending finish battle broadside difficulty edwards wore away threat recognised continued resistance futile turning boston open sea away setting remaining sail escape began pursuit ship damaged match speed smaller british vessel boston nautical miles ahead stretching distance french captain abandoned chase turned new_york aftermath badly damaged ship able dock new_york august repairs vessel including replacement masts completed october accounts battle american media claimed losses amounted men killed wounded action crew men boston southwards desperate need repairs initially attempted anchor taking pilot informed french frigates anchored aware ship rapidly overwhelmed force edwards disembarked pilot sailed north eventually bringing battered vessel newfoundland losses aboard boston amounted killed wounded crew dead including captain recognition service widow presented pension equivalent children edwards subsequent career shortened injury presented gold medal return france remained prominent figure french_navy serving glorious june leading french expeditionary force unsuccessfully attempted invade ireland destroyed battle island edwards report contained account death battle widely accepted time rumours began circulating killed merely stunned blow death come result edwards order thrown overboard second account accepted family shortly edwards death january effects wound received action naval officer historian published work naval history great_britain year wrote action soon began continued great bravery sides iron rail quarter deck struck shot took captain sic neck fell blood followed lieutenant immediately caused body thrown overboard said people precaution hauled away enemy follow version events refuted historian wrote response james extraordinary statement james account taken chiefly boston log book reason subsequent inquiries believe incorrect subsequent histories including book follow james reprint defended account named second lieutenant boston action source year magazine article written niece captain continued repeat allegations stating improper conduct lieutenant edwards responsible commander death battle ladies launched subscription celebrate crew hand population new_york golden medal honour crew accepted medal condition wear banned medals | Action of 31 July 1793 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10288_SiegeofGüns | siege siege siege turkish siege german took place siege defending forces austrian leadership croatian captain hungarian defended small border fort croatian soldiers cannons guns defenders prevented advance ottoman army vienna leadership ottoman turkish exact outcome unknown versions differ depending source version rejected offer surrender favourable terms second version city offered terms nominal surrender having delayed nearly weeks withdrew arrival august rains continue vienna intended turned secured possession hungary conquering forts ottoman withdrawal emperor ferdinand devastated territory following ferdinand concluded treaty constantinople confirmed right king hungary recognised ferdinand possession territory background august battle christian forces led king defeated ottoman forces led magnificent louis killed battle resulted end independent died heir kingdoms hungary croatia disputed territories claims ottoman emperor ferdinand brother holy roman emperor married sister elected king nobles hungary croatia throne hungary subject dispute ferdinand promised ruler hungary hungarian campaign ferdinand captured relinquish hold ottoman counter attack stripped ferdinand territorial gains siege vienna attempt magnificent capture austrian capital siege signalled pinnacle ottoman power maximum extent ottoman expansion central europe little war hungary following unsuccessful siege vienna ferdinand launched counter attack regain initiative avenge destruction brought strong army campaign usually considered start little war period series conflicts ottoman_empire assault driven vassal king hungary ferdinand successful capturing forts danube river vital strategic frontier campaign early period little war hungary response ferdinand counter attack fifth imperial campaign ottoman turkish led massive army troops vienna rapid advances ferdinand feared christian forces assembled time meet july wrote ferdinand german assure ottoman advance according letter fifth campaign primarily directed personally ferdinand crossed river instead taking usual route vienna turned westwards ferdinand held hungarian territory according historian route vienna ottoman army briefly invested captured seventeen fortified towns castles ferdinand withdrew army leaving men cannons guns defend order decisive gains ottomans city quickly large imperial army raised germany reinforced spanish troops led emperor charles approaching support ferdinand siege located south small town miles austrian border held task force commanded croatian soldier diplomat considered place importance obstacle stronger places yielded fight ottomans realize poorly defended taking minor places came join shortly siege started ottomans met stiff resistance hoped imperial army come relieve opportunity larger engagement ottoman attacks imperial army formed ottomans continued attack artillery fire brought parts walls brought surrender ottomans mines layout walls mining feasible strategy mines succeeded blowing holes fortifications defenders held days artillery captain garrison held nineteen scale assaults bombardment ottomans outcome versions version rejected offer surrender favourable terms ottomans retreated second version city offered terms nominal surrender ottomans allowed enter castle token force raise ottoman flag case withdrew arrival august rains returned instead continuing vienna previously planned delayed nearly weeks time powerful army collected vienna intention face according historian charles arrived imperial army vienna september late fighting ottomans withdrew defense men saved vienna siege aftermath stopped failed conquer vienna additionally secured possession hungary conquering forts ferdinand charles evaded open field battle immediately ottoman withdrawal ferdinand devastated territory austria hungary concluded peace treaty ferdinand constantinople treaty confirmed right king hungary recognised ferdinand possession country enjoyed status quo treaty satisfy ferdinand armies began skirmish borders death annexed hungary ottoman realm borders ottoman_empire moved west campaigns achieved decisive victory secure new ottoman possessions | Siege of Güns | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10333_Actionof5May1794 | action action minor naval engagement fought indian_ocean french revolutionary wars british squadron blockading french island mauritius early year early discovered ships approaching position strange vessels came closer recognised french frigate captured year small brig making use favourable wind british squadron gave chase new arrivals fled chase short poor sailor crew sick unable report duty british frigate arrive soon completely disabled french frigate successfully ship hour minutes french captain surrendered captain taking captured ship bringing prize port india background britain joined french revolutionary wars february news reach indian_ocean months immediate priority british squadron commodore british india capture french colonies india especially main port british completed operation end august squadron returned europe left british commerce eastern waters badly exposed warships operating captured number merchant vessels including large east princess royal seized september princess royal armed ship carrying pounder cannon number smaller calibre guns french_navy immediately took service gun frigate attached squadron frigates brig captain force squadron ships january returning captured east early spring vessels come britain gun frigate captain gun fifth rate captain gun hms resistance captain replace squadron ships passed french bases route india briefly blockaded port success french merchant vessels sent officers men india captured merchant ships french ships sea period cruising indian_ocean spring returning battle french vessels approached island sighted british squadron british captains waited french closer launching chase mid morning held weather wind allowed rapidly close french vessels efforts escape hampered poor sailing qualities reach french frigate firing long range minutes british ship pulled closer briefly returned fire soon positioned starboard quarter french ship allowing pour fire reply battered wreck hull significantly damaged shot away heavy casualties crew ship resistance nautical miles away approaching rapidly french captain struck colours surrendered brig taken opportunity escape fought later reached lost killed officer men wounded exchange crew losses far severe french ship recorded men killed wounded nominal complement aftermath initially took prize demanded fresh supplies particularly water prisoners french governors islands refused stormed seized town taking supplies military stores wounded sick prisoners disembarked contents small french brig turned inhabitants replace seized supplies returned india prize ship subsequently purchased royal_navy historical reaction battle focused significantly stronger british position encounter large regular warships pitted hastily converted merchant vessel significant proportion crew suffering illness weakly built weakly armed early estimates main battery mounted pounder long guns revised pounders smaller cannon upper deck british blockade continued year engaged inconclusive action french squadron october remained french hands conflict indian_ocean largely british control | Action of 5 May 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10352_Swisspeasantwarof1653 | swiss peasant war swiss peasant war popular revolt time money caused tax revolt spread valley valley population countryside demanded fiscal relief ruling authorities city councils capitals demands dismissed cities peasants organized threatened blockade cities initial failed peasants united treaty forming movement radical going initially purely fiscal demands considered political entity equal independent city authorities assumed military political sovereignty territories peasants laid siege cities negotiated peace agreement peasant leader called peace peasant armies retreated federal council sent army definitely end rebellion forcibly peace resistance valley broken end june victory city authorities took drastic measures peace declared void city council insurrection captured tortured finally received heavy sentences beheaded september military victory city authorities complete war shown depended rural subjects soon war ruling instituted series reforms lowered taxes fulfilling peasants original fiscal demands long term peasant war prevented switzerland excessive implementation occurred france reign background 17th century federation thirteen largely independent federation comprised rural city states expanded territories countryside political military means cost previously ruling lords cities took administrative structures city city councils ruled countryside held judicial rights appointed district rural urban standing federation sovereign territory pursuing foreign policy money diet central council federation held real power served instrument coordination reformation early 16th century led division central swiss including remained catholic city protestant disagreements equally strong factions catholic protestant sides territories conquered early 15th century governed territories assigned period years posts changed annually annexed western belonged eastern comprised county north free districts south free districts forcibly reformation switzerland catholic especially considered districts sphere influence typically came annexed confederacy causes conflict root peasant war caused rapidly changing economic circumstances end thirty years war swiss confederacy spared action swiss peasants generally wartime economy able export products higher prices peace southern german economy recovered quickly swiss exports prices products dropped swiss peasants raised boom wartime suddenly faced financial problems time war caused significant expenses cities building better defenses new significant source income ran dry financial means exhausted war france spain longer paid agreed sums return providing mercenary regiments city authorities tried compensate cover expenses hand increasing taxes new ones hand valuable copper coins called face value previously silver money population began silver coins cheap copper money remained circulation continually lost purchasing power central swiss began mint valuable coins set compulsory fixed exchange rate copper silver money instead measure break facto end war population faced postwar depression high inflation combined high taxes financial crisis led series tax revolts confederacy instance uprising continued series conflict unprecedented level 15th century political power city concentrated hands urban families increasingly saw public offices hereditary positions developed aristocratic attitudes slowly urban formed concentration power city small urban caused crisis rural population increasingly subject issued consent restricted rights old social cultural freedom outbreak rebellion beginning december copper adjust face value value combat inflation authorities set term days exchange copper coins old rate stable gold silver money people advantage exchange offer particular rural population half fortunes vanished soon followed suit similarly copper money situation dire valley widespread usage financial situation peasant insider deals ruling unrest population peasants valley led sent delegation demand city council refused hear enraged peasants organized general assembly population valley spite assemblies illegal authorities laws time denied freedom assembly assembly took place mass february decided suspend tax payments authorities fulfilled demands reducing taxes altogether taxes salt cattle horse trades authorities willing grant population demands manage subdue insurrection large majority rural districts sided peasants valley alliance concluded february beginning march people neighbouring valley joined cause addressing similar demands authorities called members confederacy conflict time diet governments began prepare military resolution troops sent immediately armed resistance population troops withdraw march catholic central swiss proposed resolution fulfilled peasants demands especially fiscal ones similar compromise proposed protestant delegation direction mayor april districts accepted resolutions representatives swore new people valley accept authorities terms offering tax insurrection called punishment leaders meeting april delegates convinced neighbours assembly decided honor new representatives sworn negotiations city authorities peasants continued authorities debated deal insurrection peasants worked gain support cause rural population regions lobbied formal alliance peasant delegation sent turned promptly city authorities local territory recognized danger april representatives people countryside met concluded alliance help achieve goals week later met renewed alliance elected leader peasants met alliance signing written contract style old old swiss confederacy treaty clearly established league separate political entity considered equal independent cities tax revolt independence movement based traditional swiss founding legends especially legend legally peasants justified assemblies union rights old particular important coalition treaties peasants assumed sovereignty territory controlled refused acknowledge jurisdiction city authorities military control area openly declared intention expand encompassed rural population confederacy majority rural population supported rebellion minority threats violence violence communications cities interrupted official envoys shaken ships rivers captured peasants sent letter french ambassador assuring french king good intentions conflicts dominated relations ruling city authorities secondary peasants league peasant alliance divide uniting catholic people protestant peasants treaty explicitly recognized cities remained negotiations military support respective spheres requested military help catholic central swiss turned help distrust authorities catholic protestant deep allow troops confession operate territories military confrontation sides began prepare openly armed conflict cities faced problem armies militias recruited rural population subject territories precisely rural population turned began raising troops regions unaffected uprising authorities supported dispatch uprising termed time revolution peasants delivered raised troops city replied protest note peasants marched leadership arriving second army led laid siege city authorities unprepared armed conflict immediately engaged negotiations days peace agreements concluded peace named field outside peasant army camp lay signed mayor city council promised fulfill peasants fiscal demands return dissolution view development city besieging peasants agreed truce army lifted siege retreated people refused follow leaders objected following earlier resolution earlier demands assembled army recruits territories command task break armed resistance times men horses cannons marched days later army controlled important crossing river hills nearby villages peasant army men assembled led peasant delegation tried negotiate showing peace treaty concluded unaware treaty signed days refused acknowledge validity contract demanded surrender peasants peasants attacked troops june poorly equipped lacking artillery defeated decisively battle peasants forced agree peace peasant troops returned home amnesty declared leaders movement troops command advanced meet forces double pressure peasants resistance collapsed troops numbered men cannons operation expedition troops plundered villages way razed defenses small town lost town privileges declared village june army met troop men army way peasants retreated defeated troops little town went flames course battle fled went hiding betrayed neighbour district sheriff june valley revolt begun resisted little longer peasant troops command tried vain june gain bridge held joint army city central swiss commanded following weeks troops slowly advanced valley controlled completely june captured days later incarcerated aftermath city authorities proceeded punish severely leaders accept terms peace amnesty claiming treaty invalid territory cracked hard rural population peasants fined large sums cover expenses military operations peace declared void city council rural population disarmed movement incarcerated tortured finally sentenced death hard labour exiled executed july beheaded september head nailed copies league punishment hardest death sentences handed numerous prominent peasants executed courts martial army compared seven death sentences respectively authorities won total military victory inflicting measures general population affair clearly demonstrated cities depended support rural subjects putting insurrection achieved difficulties help troops peasants succeeded extend encompass countryside outcome conflict different city authorities aware essentially lucky escape actions following years reflect took steps rural population politically fulfilled peasants original fiscal demands economic pressure tax reforms passed point instance overall taxation population decreased second half 17th century concludes peasant war thwarted advancement trends switzerland prevented development like occurred france following authorities swiss act carefully forced respect rural subjects instance instructed district employ far authoritarian attitude minimize conflict potential city council opened legal procedures district complaints rural population accusing corruption incompetence district sheriff captured dismissed tried exiled early ambassador england published extensive treatise entitled account switzerland described authorities rule particularly mild mentioning explicitly low taxation comparison european states giving reason comparatively soft government fear rebellions historiography decades following peasant war city authorities tried suppress memory nearly successful revolt resistance symbols like flags weapons peasants particular typical clubs nails hitting end called outlawed confiscated destroyed documents away city archives public places leaders executed forbidden carried death penalty singing peasants war songs particularly active trying censor memories event tried suppress images peasant leaders historic texts written switzerland generally follow official mention peasant war briefly negative terms works differing viewpoints prohibited censorship entirely successful private rural population kept memories alive accounts events printed germany 19th century official view increasingly questioned aristocratic weakened severely napoleonic wars confederacy french satellite state episode short lived democratic ideals population end napoleonic era proved temporary switzerland federal state democratic constitution passed restoration democratic publishers interpreted history peasant war current struggle democracy seeing peasant war early precursor efforts overcome authoritarian regime known examples illustrations scenes peasant war ways official view remained ambivalent best scene devoted peasant war theatre production swiss celebrations instance cut demands organizers statues honor peasants leaders erected occasion anniversary peasant war monument honoring unveiled july statue honor erected year honoring peasant victims war inaugurated september statues plaques installed places war instance relief showing chapel peasant leader incarcerated ideological peasant war occurred 20th century swiss historian interpreted events 1940s 1950s early revolution progressive fitting concept class struggle view considered later historians modern historians generally agree peasant war important event swiss history comparison popular revolts late medieval europe revolts common time motivated excessive taxation peasant war stands end point switzerland reasons revolt spread quickly cover previous uprisings confederacy invariably local affairs peasants organized time mobilized armies rulers hadn happened peasant leaders clearly learned previous unsuccessful smaller revolts involved peasants goals time went pure restoration rights old tax relief radically denied authorities hitherto rule city celebrated anniversary adherence events including dedicated exposition ran months publication history simultaneous year anniversary peasant war reflected city newspaper articles widely celebrated speeches ambitious successful open air theatre production | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10573_MountHopeBayraids | mount hope bay raids mount hope bay raids series military raids conducted british troops american revolutionary war communities shores towns bristol warren rhode_island significantly damaged massachusetts present day fall river attacked militia resisted british activities british destroyed military defenses area including supplies continental_army anticipation assault british occupied newport rhode_island homes municipal religious buildings destroyed raids british soldiers orders general sir commander british garrison newport rhode_island landed bristol warren destroyed boats supplies plundered bristol local resistance minimal ineffective stopping british activities days later soldiers descended damage local defenders prevented british crossing bridge background december completing conquest new_york_city british lieutenant general detached body troops army occupied newport rhode_island significant opposition newport garrison came command brigadier general sir original commander brigadier general captured summer daring commando operation led warren rhode_island native british occupation began american british forces major general ordered george_washington launch assault newport removed command rhode_island defenses march congress approved appointment major general rhode_island early sullivan arrived state produced detailed report situation began logistical preparations attack newport equipment supplies eastern shore general alerted sullivan preparations local loyalist organized expedition raid bristol warren evening ordered force british soldiers command 22nd regiment lieutenant colonel march northern end took mainland warren bristol raid arriving early campbell forces landed bristol warren campbell divided force sending detachment warren areas boats supplies force destroyed small boats general originally stored military supplies corn mill burned bridge crossed river set fire sloop british left locals fire sloop suffered minor damage warren detachment expected resistance reaching town continental_army forces numbering command colonel fled town rumors british force larger actually british destroyed military supplies set fire local powder magazine ensuing explosion destroyed homes town meeting house troops burned sloop destroyed cannon marched town signs organized resistance began appear british detachments rejoined headed bristol word british landing reached providence colonel immediately sprang action recruiting volunteers rushed south turned retreating force caught british shortly left warren heading bristol forces british marched southward sides minor casualties notable exception colonel took musket ball sufficient damage effectively ended military career continued fight day campbell men reached bristol good order despite ongoing skirmishes engaged destructive addition military supplies cannon destroyed homes church looted making according account distinction friends foes work completed noon british returned boats embarked covered guns frigate hms flora returned newport raid prompted general sullivan renew calls area governors increased militia assistance recruiting material effect raid occurred raid organized smaller raiding force lower portion later separated form force men led major served campbell previous raid sailed lower landed near mouth local militia command colonel continental_army veteran established watch british landing spotted sentinel alarm raised men including militia nearby mustered resistance men fired small cannon slowly pushed took place men proceeded burn house mill boats feet militia eventually reached bridge stream men established defensive line stone wall far battle lasting minutes men repulsed repeated attempts men gain control bridge british soldiers took local resident prisoner set fire property retreated boats militia followed soldiers musket fire prisoner eventually released days later british suffered killed wounded battle americans suffered casualties captive aftermath destruction boats supplies minor setback american plans mid july general washington informed sullivan french fleet available assist operations newport effect recruiting local embarked crash program replace boats destroyed raid early august french fleet arrived newport sullivan commanded force militia regular army troops bad weather timely arrival british fleet oppose frustrated allied plans sullivan occupied northern forced retreat mass militia french withdrew fleet troops general broke lines pursuit sullivan successfully fought attack august retreating british occupied newport october garrison withdrawn operations raided communities continued contribute american war effort despite damage difficulties caused raids major leader raid promoted lieutenant colonel led british forces raid connecticut wounded early battle troops accused engaging atrocities aftermath battle | Mount Hope Bay raids | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10764_SpanishconquestoftheMaya | spanish conquest maya spanish conquest maya protracted conflict spanish americas spanish allies gradually incorporated territory late states colonial maya occupied territory incorporated modern countries mexico guatemala belize honduras el_salvador conquest began early 16th century generally considered ended conquest maya hindered politically fragmented state spanish native tactics technology differed greatly spanish engaged strategy concentrating native populations newly founded colonial towns viewed taking prisoners outright victory maya capture live prisoners booty maya ambush favoured tactic response use spanish cavalry highland maya took digging pits lining wooden stakes native resistance new settlements took form flight inaccessible regions forest joining neighbouring maya groups submitted european spanish weaponry included light artillery maya warriors fought flint tipped spears bows arrows stones wooden swords blades wore cotton armour protect maya lacked key elements technology functional wheel horses iron steel gunpowder extremely susceptible diseases resistance conquest maya territory contained number competing kingdoms viewed maya needed converted achievements civilization contact maya european explorers came early 16th century spanish ship sailing panama santo domingo wrecked east coast yucatán_peninsula spanish expeditions followed making landfall parts coast spanish conquest maya prolonged affair maya kingdoms resisted integration defeat took centuries maya lowland groups contacted remained independent hostile spanish spanish assault led finally defeated independent maya kingdom geography maya civilization occupied wide territory included southeastern mexico northern central_america area included entire yucatán_peninsula territory incorporated modern countries guatemala belize western portions honduras el_salvador mexico maya occupied territory incorporated states peninsula bordered caribbean_sea east gulf_of_mexico north west incorporates modern mexican states eastern portion state department belize peninsula formed vast plain hills mountains generally low coastline northwestern northern portions yucatán_peninsula experience lower rainfall rest peninsula regions feature highly limestone bedrock resulting surface water contrast northeastern portion peninsula characterised forested northern portion peninsula lacks rivers rivers located south region consists densely forested low lying limestone plain crossed low east west oriented ridges characterised variety forest soil types water sources include generally small rivers low lying seasonal swamps known chain fourteen lakes runs central drainage basin largest lake lake measures kilometres broad savannah extends south central lakes north lakes region frequent interspersed forest south plain gradually rises dense forest covers northern southern portion south state north vegetation turns lower forest consisting dense occupies extreme southeast mexico possesses kilometres pacific coastline features principal highland regions south sierra central separated containing drainage basin featuring hot climate moderate rainfall highlands gain altitude west east highest mountains near border rise sharply north maximum altitude metres descend gradually yucatán_peninsula cut deep valleys running parallel pacific_coast feature complex drainage system feeds eastern end region largely mountainous lowland tropical plains easternmost extreme zone lies south sierra consists narrow coastal plain foothills sierra maya region conquest maya unified single empire time spanish arrived maya civilization thousands years old seen rise fall great cities large maya cities developed far south yucatán_peninsula far formed ancient maya civilization classic period 16th century maya provinces northern likely evolved maya classic period great cities dominated fallen ruin beginning 10th century onset classic maya collapse significant maya presence remained period abandonment major classic period cities population particularly concentrated near permanent water sources early 16th century yucatán_peninsula dominated maya civilization divided number independent provinces shared common culture varied internal organisation spanish discovered provinces important region mutually hostile maya allied spanish maya enemies european time conquest northern peninsula included east north coast bordered caribbean_sea eastern half peninsula provinces modern coast gulf_of_mexico southern portion peninsula number occupied occupied territory lakes maya speaking confused modern inhabitants controlled territory tributaries spanning eastern southwestern fierce reputation spanish defeat controlled influenced parts belize capital island city lake second importance hostile neighbours located eastern lakes occupied territory extended eastwards belize groups known precise territorial extent political makeup remains obscure maya highlands mexican state divided roughly equally non maya western half maya eastern half distribution continued time spanish conquest eve conquest highlands guatemala dominated powerful maya states centuries preceding arrival spanish carved small empire covering large western highlands neighbouring pacific coastal plain late 15th century rebelled allies founded new kingdom southeast capital decades spanish invasion kingdom steadily kingdom highland groups included lake western highlands eastern highlands central highlands occupied number maya peoples including divided number provinces province said small towns grouped closely held territory maya held territory upper reaches drainage near border probably pacific important communication route central mexican highlands central_america triple alliance end 15th century emperor paid tribute highland dominated pacific coastal plain western guatemala eastern portion pacific plain occupied non maya background conquest discovered private entered contracts spanish crown conquer newly discovered lands return tax revenues power rule decades discovery new lands spanish caribbean established centre operations island cuba august capital fallen spanish years fall spanish conquered large mexico extending far south newly conquered territory headed answered king spain weaponry strategies tactics volunteers majority receive fixed salary instead portion victory form precious metals land grants provision native labour spanish experienced soldiers previously campaigned europe addition invasion force probably included dozens armed african slaves politically fragmented state yucatán_peninsula time conquest hindered spanish invasion central political authority overthrown spanish exploited taking advantage pre existing rivalries peoples capture prisoners priority spanish taking prisoners outright victory spanish engaged strategy concentrating native populations newly founded colonial towns known native resistance new settlements took form flight indigenous inhabitants inaccessible regions forest joining neighbouring maya groups submitted spanish remained fell victim diseases coastal convenient spanish administration vulnerable pirate attacks spanish weapons tactics spanish weaponry tactics differed greatly indigenous peoples included spanish use firearms including muskets cannon war dogs war horses horses encountered maya use gave mounted overwhelming advantage opponent allowing rider strike greater force simultaneously making vulnerable attack mounted highly allowed groups combatants quickly displace battlefield horse passive enemy early firearms deteriorated rapidly field weeks campaigning effects climate maya lacked key elements technology use iron steel functional wheels use steel swords greatest technological advantage held spanish deployment cavalry helped rout indigenous armies occasion spanish sufficiently impressed cotton armour maya enemies adopted preference steel armour applied effective military organisation strategic awareness opponents allowing deploy troops supplies way increased spanish advantage 16th century spanish armed handed light artillery easier maintain especially humid tropical climate caribbean region included yucatán_peninsula guatemala spanish routinely fielded indigenous allies brought recently conquered mexico later included maya estimated field battle native indigenous warriors participation allies decisive native weapons tactics maya armies highly disciplined warriors participated regular training exercises drills able bodied adult male available military service maya states maintain standing armies warriors mustered local officials reported appointed units time mercenaries followed permanent leaders warriors time primarily farmers needs crops usually came warfare maya warfare aimed destruction enemy seizure captives maya warriors entered battle spanish flint tipped spears bows arrows stones wore cotton armour protect spanish described weapons war maya bows arrows fire poles flint headed spears handed swords crafted strong wood blade fashioned similar maya warriors wore body armour form cotton soaked salt water resulting armour compared favourably steel armour worn spanish warriors bore wooden animal hide shields decorated feathers animal skins maya historically employed ambush raiding preferred tactic employment spanish proved troublesome europeans response use cavalry highland maya took digging pits roads lining fire hardened stakes grass tactic according killed horses impact old world diseases accidentally introduced spanish included smallpox diseases yellow fever major impact maya populations old world diseases brought spanish indigenous peoples resistance deciding factor conquest populations battles fought estimated indigenous population eliminated disease century european contact single soldier arriving mexico carrying smallpox initiated devastating swept native populations americas modern estimates native population decline vary mortality maya written histories suggest smallpox rapidly transmitted maya area year arrived central mexico deadly diseases aforementioned smallpox number diseases including tuberculosis modern knowledge impact diseases populations prior exposure suggests population maya highlands perished diseases swept periodic 16th century late 16th century malaria arrived region yellow fever reported century mortality high approximately population settlements wiped areas peninsula experience conditions rapidly conquest introduction malaria parasites native population northeastern portion peninsula completely eliminated years conquest suffered catastrophic population collapse estimated drop south conditions spread malaria existed belize population approximately reduced estimated smallpox main time fall estimated maya living lake including large number refugees areas estimated died years colonial rule owing combination disease war encounters july fourth voyage arrived coast honduras sent brother scout island explored large trading canoe approached columbus boarded canoe found maya trading vessel carrying dressed maya rich cargo europeans looted took interest cargo seized elderly captain serve interpreter canoe allowed continue way recorded contact europeans maya likely news strangers caribbean passed maya trade routes invaders sent northern maya god probably recorded time course passed books spanish sailed central american coast command ship reef jamaica survivors wreck including captain set ship boats thirteen days half survivors died landfall coast seized maya lord captain sacrificed companions flesh served feast guerrero held prisoner killing guerrero managed escape captors fled neighbouring lord took prisoner kept slaves time passed slave lord guerrero completely guerrero achieved rank war leader served enemies exploration coast francisco set sail cuba small fleet expedition sailed west cuba weeks sighting northeastern tip yucatán_peninsula ships close shore coastal maya city leagues inland following morning large rowed meet spanish ships thirty maya boarded vessels mixed freely following day ashore spanish party advanced path city ambushed maya warriors thirteen injured arrows assault repulsed maya attack advanced small plaza outskirts city nearby temples found number low grade gold items filled enthusiasm expedition captured retreated ships spanish discovered maya fashioned flint tended impact causing infected wounds slow death wounded died arrow wounds inflicted ambush days fleet followed coastline west south expedition short fresh water shore parties searching water left dangerously exposed ships pull close shore february spanish spotted maya city large contingent ashore fill water approached finely dressed unarmed indians water loaded boats questioned purpose means signs spanish party accepted invitation enter city inside city maya leaders clear spanish killed withdraw immediately spanish party retreated defensive formation safety ships days ships spotted inlet close landing party discovered fresh water armed maya warriors approached city communication attempted signs night fell time water filled attempts communication concluded sunrise spanish surrounded army maya warriors launched assault spanish party received wounds frantic melee followed including spanish forced passage shore discipline collapsed frantic scramble boats ensued leaving spanish vulnerable pursuing maya warriors sea end battle spanish lost men half number men died wounds following days battle lasted hour far help low supplies men lost injured sail ships cuba abandoned ship pilot steered course cuba florida wrote report governor describing voyage importantly discovery gold died soon wounds governor cuba report gold organised new expedition placed nephew command ships small fleet left cuba april landfall island east coast maya inhabitants fled spanish respond friendly fleet sailed south east coast peninsula spanish spotted large maya cities coast land turned north loop north peninsula sail west coast spanish tried water maya refused opened fire city small cannon inhabitants fled allowing spanish abandoned city messages sent maya slow escape maya remained hidden forest spanish boarded ships continued coast fleet approached small number large war ships cannon soon flight mouth spanish sighted warriors natives approach means indicated wished trade wine exchange food supplies natives received gold news empire west expedition continued far confirm reality gold rich empire sailing far north fleet returned cuba spanish attacked avenge previous year defeat spanish expedition led killed wounded ensuing battle including havana months left return aroused great interest cuba believed land waiting plundered new expedition organised fleet ships carrying men horses placed command crew included officers famous including aboard veterans expedition fleet landfall maya temples cast christian cross heard rumours men mainland presumed europeans sent able rescue enslaved maya lord learnt language interpreter fleet looped north yucatán_peninsula followed coast named honour spanish captain discovered anchored ships town maya prepared battle spanish horses firearms quickly decided outcome defeated lords offered gold food clothing group young women tribute women young maya called given spanish marina spoke maya means able communicate continued coast went conquer preparations conquest highlands capital fell spanish maya sent envoys declare allegiance new ruler mexico maya sent delegation sent mexican allies scout region lowland met new powerful highland maya kingdoms declared loyalty allies soon informed loyal spain allies region cavalry infantry cannons thousands allied warriors central mexico arrived passed force route conquer guatemala army included hardened veterans conquest included cavalry artillery accompanied great indigenous allies received peace inhabitants swore allegiance spanish crown reported neighbouring groups guatemala attacking friendly outlook spanish completely forces economic importance new colony spanish reluctant indigenous inhabitants far established result inhabitants likely rounded new settlements planting new crop required years mature maya spanish conquest led expedition honduras land cutting southern kingdom northern guatemala aim subdue rebellious sent conquer honduras set independently territory left october spanish soldiers mounted mexican warriors horses artillery munitions supplies marched maya territory army crossed near crossed province recruited carriers army left march expedition passed onwards territory arrived north shore lake march roman catholic priests accompanying expedition celebrated mass presence king said impressed pledged worship cross destroy idols accepted invitation visit departure left cross lame horse treated deity animal soon died lake continued journey south western slopes lost horses expedition lost hills north came close starvation captured maya boy led safety found village shore crossed settlement dozen companions waited rest army week time remnants expedition reduced succeeded contacting searching find officers rebellion returned mexico sea fringes empire belize 16th 17th centuries spanish military expeditions launched maya belize dominican penetrated region attempts natives spanish settlement territory established lasted years households relocated southern belize shore soon fled forest order counter spanish territory local maya maintained uneasy friendship british operating central belize established maya central belize settlements sacked dutch year conquest army advanced pacific coast unopposed reached western guatemala region formed kingdom army tried unsuccessfully prevent spanish crossing river nearby settlements february army fought battle modern spanish allies stormed town set camp marketplace headed sierra mountains crossing pass valley february mexican allies ambushed pass driven warriors spanish cavalry charge scattered army crossed city modern find deserted spanish accounts relate possibly ruling lords died fierce battles initial approach week later february strong army confronted spanish army valley defeated nobles dead battle exhausted militarily asked peace invited capital deeply suspicious intentions accepted offer marched army spanish conducted roman catholic mass makeshift roof site chosen build church guatemala easter mass held guatemala celebrated new church high ranking natives baptised march plain outside wishing enter narrow streets invited lords king king elect visit camp soon seized kept prisoners response warriors attacked indigenous allies killed spanish soldiers point captured lords burnt death proceeded burn entire city destruction sent messages capital proposing alliance remaining resistance wrote sent warriors assist recorded sent capitulation kingdom peoples dominion submitted spanish included inhabitants area modern department alliance conquest april spanish invited received lords kings provided native soldiers assist continuing resistance help defeat neighbouring kingdom spanish stayed briefly continuing pacific_coast spanish returned capital july july declared capital guatemala los james knights guatemala sent killed allies marched led cavalry spanish infantry unspecified number warriors spanish allies arrived day march rode ahead cavalry lake shore engaged hostile force broken spanish charge survivors pursued causeway island foot inhabitants break bridges rest army soon arrived successfully stormed island surviving fled lake swam safety spanish pursue sent arrived battle took place april following day spanish entered capital found deserted leaders responded surrendering swearing loyalty spain point considered returned days later lords arrived pledge loyalty offer tribute reconnaissance highlands led small party reconnaissance expedition set renamed santo spanish coast gulf_of_mexico party followed near modern spanish party fought defeated following battle headed central highlands easter passed town opposition inhabitants true pledge allegiance years earlier aided spanish indigenous peoples region initially met peaceful embassy approached town took submission inhabitants met armed resistance tried enter province spanish found abandoned lands stripped food attempt discourage invaders day initial approach found gathered warriors ridge steep spanish horses climb met barrage missiles boiling water found nearby town defended formidable metre thick defensive wall spanish stormed wall find inhabitants withdrawn cover torrential rain interrupted battle taking deserted spanish expedition continued allies inhabitants offered armed resistance abandoning town spanish wrote indians killed captured numbered spanish disappointed scarce decided retreat rebellion rapidly began demand gold tribute friendship peoples people abandoned city fled forests hills august days later spanish declared war years later february group sixteen spanish burnt palace sacked temples kidnapped priest acts blamed spanish founded new town nearby spanish abandoned continuous attacks moved east capital kept resistance spanish number years exhausted warfare kings important clans returned day later joined nobles families people surrendered new spanish capital inhabitants dispersed moved rest towns lake siege time conquest main population situated modern city fortifications led use refuge conquest refuge attacked brother spanish cavalry spanish infantry mexican allies left spanish camp guatemala july marched quickly fell spanish hour battle following day marched confronted army warriors army advanced plain battle formation met spanish cavalry charge threw disarray infantry survived cavalry leader killed surviving warriors fled hills spanish army rested days continued onwards find deserted received news spanish advance withdrawn fortress warriors gathered surrounding area fortress possessed formidable defences launched assault weaker northern entrance warriors initially held firm spanish infantry fell repeated cavalry charges seeing outright victory open battlefield impossible withdrew army safety walls dug laid siege fortress army approximately warriors descended mountains north drawn towns allied city relief army annihilated spanish cavalry months reduced starvation finally surrendered city spanish middle october spanish entered city found dead indians survivors eating corpses fall spanish garrison established returned year reconnaissance expedition entered crossed attempt link expedition heading honduras entered guatemala territory unable locate scouts eventually led modern mountainous region near territory inhabitants offered fierce resistance spanish led expedition wrote spanish suffered losses including killing sent summon natives swear loyalty spanish crown failing locate returned guatemala central eastern sent small company conquer capital spanish attempted approach narrow pass forced heavy losses launched second assault allies beaten received reinforcements armies clashed open ground outside city battle chaotic lasted day finally decided spanish cavalry leaders reinforcements surrendered spanish days retreat revealed city secret entrance form cave sent men cover exit cave launched assault single file owing alternating companion shield tactic allowed spanish break pass storm entrance city warriors fell disorder chaotic retreat city managed retreat neighbouring valley ambushed spanish cavalry posted block exit cave survivors captured brought city siege lasted month defensive strength city ordered burned moved inhabitants new colonial village direct sources describing conquest spanish appears drawn campaign rapid victory conquest inhabitants kingdom rebelled spanish fighting battle unidentified site near modern towns highlands inhabited maya time conquest spanish reconnaissance region took place spanish captains invaded orders indigenous population soon rebelled excessive spanish demands rebellion quickly april region considered fully conquered campaign took parts diseases war mines took heavy toll inhabitants eastern guatemala extent indigenous population levels recovered pre conquest levels richer lands mexico engaged main attention years veteran expeditions successfully petitioned right conquer december year issued hereditary military title permission yucatán_peninsula left spain men ships horses small arms cannon provisions ships left santo domingo supply ship provide later support ships set sail reached island east coast second half september received peace lord ships stopped briefly making mainland making landfall near maya province garrisoned soldiers posted nearby pole renamed spanish settlement peninsula provisions soon exhausted additional food local maya villagers soon consumed local maya fled forest spanish raiding parties surrounding area food finding little discontent growing men took drastic step burning ships strengthened resolve troops gradually harsh conditions able food friendly took men set expedition explore north eastern portion peninsula gathered leaders nearby maya towns instructed swear loyalty spanish crown led men town spanish party halted months spring left city abandoned maya inhabitants cover darkness following morning inhabitants attacked spanish party defeated spanish continued engaged major battle left maya dead spanish victory neighbouring maya leaders surrendered party continued heading arrived party found strong garrison survived entire garrison pole slaughtered support ship eventually arrived santo domingo sail south coast sent second command land discovered thriving port city modern maya fed false information spanish unable link returned overland fledgling spanish colony moved nearby modern considered better port waiting result sailed south far honduras turning heading coast finally meet lieutenant late left oversee sailed north loop yucatán_peninsula head spanish colony central mexico conquest highlands young nobleman led expedition guatemala campaign largely january successfully established settlement los valley territory served base operations allowed spanish extend control valley scarce mentions campaign suggests indigenous resistance exact form extent unknown established spanish dominion number settlements penetrated far town spanish colonial power established highlands rights issued individual spanish dominion extended upper drainage valley north northwest incorporated villa santo district included maya territory early years conquest rights effectively meant rights round slaves usually form group mounted launching lightning slave raid population centre prisoners branded slaves sold exchange weapons supplies horses captain crossed raw recruits recently arrived spain time indigenous population greatly reduced combination disease famine travelled meet delegation asked spanish assistance rebellious small contingent spanish cavalry bring line companions proceeded set temporary camp nearby named arrived mandate establish new colonial province highlands initially met resistance veteran established region heard highlands sought order persuade leave eventually met entered protracted month negotiations spanish settlers santo los eventually agreement reached santo lay highlands merged form new province unknown king issued order settlements los transferred end result negotiations established settlers los broken settlers wished remain transferred moved fertile valley left returned guatemala proceeded policy moving indians process easier reduced indigenous population levels issued covering regions order encourage colonists conquer new territory coastal territory end process spanish settlers concentrated remote provincial capital surrounded hostile indian settlements deep internal divisions rebellion highlands managed establish new provincial capital armed conflict excessive spanish demands labour supplies soon provoked locals rebellion august replaced existing friends allies natives seeing spanish isolated witnessing hostility original newly arrived settlers took opportunity rebel refused supply new masters indigenous settlement remained loyal spanish surrounded hostile territory spanish help far away value colonists quickly ran short food responded taking arms riding indians search food slaves indians abandoned towns hid women children caves rebellious populations concentrated easily defended lengthy battle fought maya spanish resulting deaths number spanish battle lasted days spanish supported indigenous warriors central mexico battle eventually resulted spanish victory rest province remained rebellious battle villa real short food ill retreated protests town council left defend fledgling colony governor mexico juan end term judge mayor local colonial governor occupied post year time attempted spanish control province especially northern eastern regions unable founding real finally took post governor immediately reinstated old los transferred new owners spanish launched expedition successful terms conquest enabled spanish seize slaves trade weapons horses newly acquired supplies expeditions conquer independent regions leading cycle slave raids trade supplies followed conquests slave raids family managed establish power base local colonial institutions succeeded having los declared city new real managed acquire special privileges crown order colony specified governor govern person delegated representative quick turnover continued legal spanish wives legitimate children inherit situation dire shortage spanish women colony influx new colonists establishment new laws issued aim protecting indigenous peoples spanish colonies las followers left spain july enforce new laws las arrived real fellow march religious order attempt native population arrival meant colonists longer free treat natives saw fit risk intervention religious authorities soon came conflict established colonists colonial opposition forced flee real fear lives established nearby indigenous villages old site las companions prepared territory fell promoted james slayer readily identifiable image spanish military superiority soon saw need real hostilities colonists stone new dominican convent real placed appointed mayor local colonial governor province aid son named sent eastern conquer extended southeast younger founded base operations established base launch new attempts conquer proved disappointment gold taking lower levels population hoped soon abandoned new settlement set lands arriving end later joined moved base operations sent overland east peninsula passing received maya continued southeast founded spanish town borders modern belize local maya fiercely resisted placement new spanish colony men forced abandon honduras strong maya force attacked city repulsed spanish lord attacking maya surrendered spanish battle younger northern province lord reluctantly allowed found spanish town real province soldiers months spanish rule killed failed attempt kill younger death lord served anger mid laid siege small spanish garrison younger abandoned real night men fled west provinces remained spanish rule younger received friendship lord province spring rejoined father province near modern maya maintained friendship spanish conquest spanish authority eventually established large support founded new spanish town spanish suffered hardships returned received friendship local maya accompanied friendly lord younger remained continue attempts conquest region soon retreated rejoin father returned shortly time news began arrive conquests peru rich soldiers began abandon seek fortune seven years attempted conquest northern provinces yucatán_peninsula little gold found end beginning year son retreated veracruz taking remaining soldiers elder embroiled colonial right rule honduras claim conflict captain general guatemala claimed honduras jurisdiction ultimately prove successful elder absence central mexico honduras younger acted lieutenant governor captain general conflict arrived attempt peaceful incorporation initial efforts proving successful captain arrived command soldiers younger soon conflict forced abandon return central mexico attempt subdue maya unsuccessful younger sent cousin command diplomatic successful submitted spanish rule spanish outpost yucatán_peninsula increasingly isolated situation difficult province ordered explore conquer area san_antonio colonial times area referred marched maya city named speaking allies force mexican allies referred city renamed city spanish founded village nearby april year renaming campaigns years fall spanish expeditions crossed engaged gradual complex conquest spanish attracted region hope gold silver mountains difficult terrain relatively low population conquest exploitation extremely difficult population estimated european contact time spanish physically arrived region collapsed effects old world diseases run ahead fell spanish sufficiently isolated evade immediate spanish attention allies warriors spanish forces city trying rebellion spanish decided military action necessary magistrate guatemala penetrated eastern spanish infantry allied indigenous warriors early september imposed temporary spanish authority towns spanish army marched east handed command inexperienced returned capital launched disastrous scale frontal assault city soon spanish attacked ambushed rear thousand warriors spanish forces routed heavy losses indigenous allies slain captured alive warriors sacrificed year later set los relocated expedition leading thirty cavalry spanish infantry allied indigenous warriors expedition recruited forces march north steep southern slopes clashed thousand warriors lengthy battle followed spanish cavalry army forced retreat fortress spanish besieged city indigenous allies managed penetrate stronghold set fire allowed spanish storm entrance break defences victorious spanish branded surviving warriors slaves inhabitants immediately spanish soon news battle reached spanish continued east find defended thousand warriors including forces heavily outnumbered spanish cavalry firearms decided battle spanish overran branded surviving warriors slaves surrounding towns surrendered december marked end military stage conquest city known given reduction spanish took place overseen dominican missionaries year settlement founded place resistance largely passive based withdrawal inaccessible mountains forests order built church san remained rebellious resisted spanish control longer highland neighbours resistance possible owing alliance lowland north century spanish frontier expanding reached advancement region fiercely independent inhabitants time spanish contact 16th century inhabited people referred aggressive numbers refugees neighbouring indigenous groups fleeing spanish domination ecclesiastical authorities worried threat peaceful efforts eventually supported military intervention spanish expedition carried commanded repeated expeditions succeeded destroying villages manage subdue inhabitants region bring successful resistance spanish attempts domination served attract indians fleeing colonial rule council led governor guatemala decided reduction nearby january captain acting orders governor left recruited indigenous warriors nearby villages prevent news spanish advance reaching inhabitants area governor ordered capture community leaders sent guard imprisoned governor joined captain february ordered captain remain village use base operations penetrating region spanish missionaries remained town governor subsequently left enter region conquest colonial authorities decided act plan connect province guatemala way invasion launched simultaneously captain accompanied missionaries spanish soldiers left following route managed way recruit indigenous maya warriors february groups left respective bases operations conquer group headed northeast jungle joined president guatemala soldiers commanded conquered number communities important renamed del april spanish built fort garrisoned spanish soldiers diego based del fellow baptised following months established contacts neighbouring communities group marched northern accompanied remained del early 18th century land war area immediately north new colony guatemala referred land war simultaneously known true peace land war described area undergoing conquest region dense forest difficult spanish penetrate militarily spanish located centre population region inhabitants moved concentrated new colonial settlement near edge jungle spanish easily control strategy resulted gradual forest simultaneously converting wilderness refuge fleeing spanish domination individual refugees entire communities 16th century start 18th century included vast area west caribbean coast extended northwards intermediate area highlands northern dominican las arrived colony guatemala immediately campaigned replace violent military conquest peaceful missionary work offered achieve conquest preaching catholic faith way group christian indians location town las instrumental introduction new laws established spanish crown control colonists indigenous inhabitants americas result met substantial resistance spanish colonists distracted efforts establish peaceful control land war spanish offended local ruler killed allies response killing expedition launched headed leader independent indians captured expedition taken santo established shore century infamous dominican missionaries practice inhabitants important staging post european expeditions interior remained important role late abandoned conquest settlement northern elder late 60s turned royal rights son younger early younger joined cousin remain long quickly moved forces younger commanding spanish soldiers established permanent spanish town council yucatán_peninsula shortly younger summoned local maya lords commanded submit spanish crown number lords submitted peacefully including ruler maya lord refused submit younger sent cousin called younger remained awaiting reinforcements younger cousin met far january founded second permanent town council calling new colonial town january lord approached spanish peace greatly impressed roman catholic mass celebrated benefit converted new religion ruler powerful province northern submission spain conversion christianity repercussions peninsula encouraged lords western provinces peninsula accept spanish rule eastern provinces continued resist spanish younger sent cousin eastern lords greeted peace maya resisted fiercely soon defeated opposed spanish domination quickly defeated continued eastern province drowned storm killed hostile maya rumours grew telling provinces rose spanish hold eastern portion peninsula remained number maya remained independent including november alliance eastern provinces launched coordinated uprising spanish provinces united effort drive invaders peninsula uprising lasted months eighteen surprised eastern towns sacrificed allied maya killed impending attack younger cousin arrived december reinforcements gathered rebellious eastern maya finally defeated single battle allied maya killed battle marked final conquest northern portion yucatán_peninsula result uprising spanish response maya inhabitants eastern southern territories fled extreme south southern covers area guatemala colonial times originally fell jurisdiction governor transferred jurisdiction guatemala contact period lasted superior spanish weaponry use cavalry decisive northern ill suited warfare dense forests lowland early 17th century leaders backed threat spanish action persuaded community settle coast april new settlement immediately suffered drop population reported extinct sources attending towns placed administration governor ecclesiastical head moved spanish soldiers region protect raids north new spanish garrison area previously seen heavy spanish military presence provoked revolt followed abandonment indigenous settlements following visit spanish attempted visit inhabitants years set mission attempt peaceful conversion pagan central accompanied maya received current attempts convert failed left friendly terms king returned october welcomed friendly manner time maya hostile missionaries expelled food water survived journey march captain set spanish soldiers launch assault joined expedition advanced waited reinforcements route left expedition way eighty maya belize joined escort soldiers soon arrival capital seized sacrificed spanish party soon january war party led caught soldiers guard unarmed church slaughtered spanish reinforcements arrived late number local maya men women killed attackers burned town following maya governor set maya track captured captain followers taken spanish captain interrogated torture tried executed events ended spanish attempts contact internal strife spain distracted government attempts conquer unknown lands spanish crown lacked time money interest colonial adventures decades late 17th century nobleman proposed spanish king construction road southwards link colony process reducing independent native populations colonial greater plan southern upper reaches beginning march captain led group spanish soldiers south territory accompanied native guides labourers rounded natives moved colonial settlements met armed resistance retreated middle april march captain set guatemala spanish soldiers accompanied large number maya native dominican pressed ahead lake engaged series fierce skirmishes hunting parties spanish encountered large force retreated south main camp expedition immediately withdrew mid marched southwards spanish soldiers maya plus maya labourers expedition joined companies maya ordered construction fort leagues approximately miles north lake served main military base real royal road project company native engaged skirmish near abandoned town injured retreated injury company seized large amounts abandoned food deserted settlements retreated small group led sought engaged unable find returned group continued following territory august moved entire army forward october spanish soldiers established near source november garrisoned soldiers december main force reinforced soldiers spanish maya labourers expeditions september january small group arrived august early november sent establish mission received native chief pagan priest sufficiently far new spanish road free military interference oversaw building church largest mission town territory second church built attend refugees gathered spanish church established overseen left december arrived january accompanied companions baptised children following days tried convince convert christianity surrender spanish crown success king cited prophecy said time right learnt plot allies ambush kill king advised return february march captain arrived mid january soldiers plus labourers captain senior officer arrived allied warriors accompanied maya approached carrying approximately warriors warriors freely spanish party encounter degenerated skirmish dozen spanish party seized killed spanish soldiers opened fire muskets retreated lake prisoners included spanish party retreated lake shore open ground surrounded thousands warriors ordered men fire volley killed realising outnumbered spanish retreated abandoning captured companions began organise assault work road month battle spanish arrived supported artillery expedition set early advance party led trap expedition members lost including soldiers maya rest party arrived shore lake quickly retreated guatemala assault arrived western shore lake soldiers february built heavily armed attack boat carried men artillery pieces march received mixed embassy peace invited visit days later appointed day failed arrive instead maya warriors amassed shore lake morning assault launched capital commanded rowed east soldiers half way lake encountered large fleet blocking approach simply rowed large quantity defenders gathered shore roofs city shot invaders defending soon fled spanish gunfire city fell brief bloody battle warriors died spanish suffered minor casualties battle surviving defenders swam mainland melted away forests leaving spanish occupy abandoned town renamed los lady remedy lake soon captured help maya ruler king soon captured maya nobles families defeat independent native kingdom americas fell european final years conquest campaign conquer spanish sent expeditions harass relocate north maya forests east south shore lake half 18th century local inhabitants consisted entirely mixed race associated fort guarding entrance drastic constant slave raids caribbean coast effectively ended maya population region captured maya sold slavery british colony jamaica late 17th century small population maya southern belize forcibly removed people absorbed population jungle early 18th century neighbouring longer existed separate people combination high mortality time spanish decided reduction independent maya living north catholic priests founded mission towns lake surviving new colonial towns mixture force leaders mission towns rebelled planned rebellion quickly crushed leaders executed mission towns abandoned maya remained central compared times number disease responsible majority deaths spanish expeditions warfare indigenous groups played legacy spanish conquest initial shock spanish conquest followed decades heavy exploitation indigenous peoples allies foes alike following years colonial rule gradually imposed spanish cultural standards peoples spanish created new settlements laid grid pattern spanish style central plaza church town hall housing civil government known style settlement seen villages towns area introduction catholicism main vehicle cultural change resulted religious old world cultural elements came thoroughly adopted maya groups greatest change replacement pre economic order european technology livestock included introduction iron steel tools replace tools cattle pigs chickens new crops introduced coffee led plantations economically exploited native labour indigenous noble family manage maintain level status colonial period second half 18th century adult male indians heavily forced debt western neighbouring remained sparsely populated maya inhabitants avoided contact spanish historical sources sources describing spanish conquest guatemala include written spanish letters written describing initial campaign wrote account supports brother wrote account king spain explained campaign established spanish colony wrote lengthy account conquest mexico neighbouring regions true history conquest new spain account conquest guatemala generally agrees included description expedition account conquest highlands accompanied reconnaissance wrote account battle inhabitants described expedition honduras fifth letter dominican las wrote highly critical account spanish conquest americas included accounts incidents guatemala allies spanish wrote accounts conquest included letter spanish king protesting poor treatment campaign accounts form answered colonial protest register claim accounts painted indigenous tradition survived accounts conquest seen point view defeated highland maya kingdoms included number indigenous documents including annals letter defeated maya nobility spanish king written details exploitation peoples colonial historian spanish descent wrote florida book written regarded important works history field investigation tended support estimates indigenous population army sizes given colonial historian detailed expeditions spanish missionaries los sea centuries spanish domination history province based report lost recorded account late 17th century journeys spanish finally conquered produced vast quantity documentation spanish colonial official wrote las del history conquest province reduction advances nations indians intervention provinces detailed history | Spanish conquest of the Maya | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10884_RaidonHaverhill(1708) | raid raid military engagement took place august queen anne war french warriors command descended small frontier community surprise attack people killed taken captive rapid militia muster gave chase skirmish later day french indian party killed prisoners escaped original target raiders expecting larger indian contingent french authorities planned engage series raids communities indian tribes participate expedition forced french reduce scope operation choose easier target raid costly french previous frontier raids like massachusetts province warned raiders advance background queen anne war war spanish succession called colonies broke sparked war tense frontier english colonies new_england colonies new france including canada french military officers marine defense force new france led parties indians settlements saint lawrence river south northern new_england included small communities northern massachusetts southern new_hampshire maine largest successful raid war occurred february led men principally indians raid frontier town band killed took prisoner returning canada difficult trek number prisoners died surviving captives adopted indian communities afterward massachusetts fortified frontier militia response raid launched raid retaliation massachusetts village subjected smaller scale raids originally target ambitious expedition planned governor general aftermath failed english siege port royal criticized french marine minister failing apply sufficient pressure new_england colonies concerned increasing tendency indians french influence engage illicit trade cutting new france economic activity decided address issues organizing major raid new_england intended larger scope raid plan force men attacks towns new_hampshire order maintain secrecy size target expedition forces points saint lawrence river descend lake rendezvous tribal parties main french party departed consisted men drawn canadian militia marine command party included number veterans raid accompanied bands band tribes depart montreal command additional come near quebec reports major expedition planned way indian traders albany new_york boston expedition targets known little prepare specific defenses party provincial militia sent response reports expedition difficulties elements expedition departed mid july quebec party ascended saint river died accident viewed bad indians turned montreal traveled men fell sick rest refused continue contemporaries thought ruse avoid conflict believed case reports reached english albany deliberately chosen abandon expedition join war new_england despite setbacks ordered press received reinforcements company reached lake found eastern indians willing participate expedition found consequently left band men limited options raiding targets places fortified chosen target reasons village layout known raids earlier raid years war particularly large houses location lent poorly defense houses fortified fast moving raiding party village alarm raised party arrived outside prepared begin raid sunday august joined point travels exiled war chief lived far received word expedition advance time responsibility defense divided local militia command simon house view entire village town defenses supplemented small man garrisons colonial troops overall command major turner raid raiders successfully past outer garrisons provincial militia spotted pre dawn light firing gun raise alarm ran village french indians noisy pursuit action quickly general raiders descended houses village colonial garrisons stationed home minister barred door attempt raiders raiders fired door wounding broke door slaughtered wife infant child colonial paralyzed fear begging mercy house baby thrown open window suffered injury number villagers escaped hiding discovered raiders captain preparing organize defense gunfire raiders passed door house killing instantly raiding continued sounds approaching militia companies reached raiders quickly lit town fire left accumulated prisoners reinforcements came neighboring communities far away salem mustered major turner command arrived party discovered raiders baggage camp miles village took packs captain company numbering pursued retreating raiders eventually strengthened militia engaged raiders furious rear guard action raiders fought militia killing action lost killed including brother wounded skirmish raiders abandoned prisoners got away village recorded people killed captured included escaped later skirmish aftermath raiders return canada difficult captives described suffered loss force baggage day caught hawk divided men share head largest meal days remained captivity indians years attempt journey supplies surrendered massachusetts authorities french accounts raid greatly exaggerated numbers involved claiming killed post raid skirmish involved english colonists raid costly french previous raids better massachusetts militia french suffered higher proportion casualties raid raid large scale attack french launched massachusetts war minor attacks occurred frontier wells massachusetts maine attacked substantial force port royal fell expedition included british marines british abandoned naval expedition quebec troop transports ran aground mouth lawrence significant loss life | Raid on Haverhill (1708) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10905_SiegeofKlis | siege siege battle croatian turkish siege siege fortress lasted decades final battle near fought ottoman wars defending croatian forces leadership croatian feudal lord attacking ottoman army leadership ottoman general decisive ottoman victory battle field especially continued defending ottoman attacks ottoman conquest early years 16th century prompted formation led croatian captain called prince defensive system base important defensive position fought ottomans decades defended fortress ottoman attacks final battle resulted ottoman victory death defenders lacking water supplies finally surrendered ottomans exchange freedom march citizens fled town retreated city continued fighting ottoman army administrative centre bosnia remain century background fall ottoman hands southern central parts remained unprotected defense left croatian gentry kept smaller troops fortified border areas expense decisive ottoman victory battle field shook croatia dissuade making decisive persistent attempts defending attacks larger enemy new wave ottoman conquest began good portion croatia conquered august battle christian forces led king defeated ottoman forces led magnificent louis killed battle resulted end independent died heir kingdoms hungary croatia disputed territories claims ottoman ferdinand austria member brother holy roman emperor future holy roman emperor married sister elected king nobles hungary croatia owing location important defensive position ottoman conquest balkans fortress stands route ottomans penetrate mountain barrier separating coastal split ottoman held bosnia feudal lord gathered garrison composed refugees base hold ottomans bay engage piracy coastal shipping nominally accepting sovereignty obtained croatian crown law unto siege failed attempts commanding officers ottomans attempted conquer occasions major attempt ottomans captured village fortress bearing garrison fortress held promoted captain ban second major attempt year later attempt additional infantry horsemen siege equipment unsuccessful attempt later year attempt siege men failed attack sultan army attempts later ottomans laid months long siege constant concentrated fortress ferdinand urged pope send ships relieve ottoman siege ottomans eventually lifted siege ferdinand displeased pope provided assistance defense fortress ottomans tried seize fortress failed occasions year ottomans started new siege final fall fortress large ottoman force threatened fortress appealed ferdinand help emperor attention diverted ottoman attack led defense soldiers fought ottomans repeatedly armies fortress troops hungarian king arrived slaughtered ottomans battle sending help pope willing provide men money final battle pope claimed rights september talk strengthening defenses fortress pope notified ferdinand willing share costs maintaining proper garrison ferdinand send aid apparently hopeful holding fortress ottomans laid siege ferdinand recruited men lands pope sent soldiers infantry reinforcements relief force commanded papal commissioner march disembarked near place called fourteen pieces artillery death sent men command croatian born lay siege fortress fight initial encounter christian relief force ottomans march overwhelmed arrival great number ottomans attempts relieve citadel ended badly reinforcements sent fled fear ottomans attempts board boats bay caused vessels sink papal commissioner managed escape left fortress contact reinforcements captured executed sight head stick overwhelmed remaining defenders willing fortress return safe passage north death lack water supplies defenders finally surrendered ottomans exchange freedom march citizens fled town retreated city continued fighting ottoman army aftermath ottoman wars europe administrative centre bosnia remain century built notable mosque inside year ottoman forces took fell months fall ottoman venetian war started war ottoman venetian war ottomans took near april split organized liberation assisted elements ottoman garrison succeeded responded bringing soldiers fortress general leading came relief defenders battle men retreated wounded battle fortress lost ottomans temporary relief europe local population fought decades finally managed war enjoyed support local population particularly venetian commander seized forts retook temporarily captured managed garrison surrender | Siege of Klis | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10910_BurningofFalmouth | burning burning october attack fleet royal_navy vessels town massachusetts site modern city portland maine confused modern towns massachusetts maine fleet commanded captain attack began naval bombardment included shot followed landing party meant complete town destruction attack major event supposed campaign retaliation ports supported patriot activities early stages american revolutionary war colonies news attack led rejection british authority establishment independent governments led contest dominance forming superior vice admiral ordered expedition suffered professionally consequence act background following battles lexington concord april british army besieged british supported supplied royal_navy command vice admiral admiralty instruction suppress burgeoning rebellion orders vessels searched military stores potential military communications laid vessels stripped masts prevent use military equipment salvaged readily accessible recent captain port present day portland maine local patriots captured ships carrying supplies boston weaponry fort mouth graves admiralty orders issued july received october required carry operations shall judge effective suppressing rebellion graves ordered lay waste burn destroy towns accessible majesty ships particularly taken sailing left boston harbor october aboard gun survey sloop company gun ship cat gun schooner bomb sloop supply ship instructions broad number possible targets opted attacks buildings widely spaced naval cannon fire effective october reached outer parts harbor anchored people mixed reactions presence british fleet recognized believed danger militia members remembering suspicious day ships inner harbor anchored near town sent ashore proclamation stating execute punishment town state rebellion gave townspeople hours evacuate soon received ultimatum townspeople sent mercy promised fire town swore oath allegiance king george surrender small arms powder gun carriages response people began town sworn small number muskets surrendered gun carriages attack set deadline october town response town appeared deserted ran red flag ordered fleet begin firing set fire harbor installations town houses public buildings witness reported firing began vessels possible parts town horrible shower balls pounds weight bombs live shells firing lasted little cessation clock bombardment appeared inadequate sent landing party set fire buildings survived town militia offered little significant resistance helping families safety spite landed british marines killed wounded evening according body town flame aftermath following bombardment went set fire houses raided livestock expedition end decks ships prolonged gunnery guns jumped mounts returned boston remained winter setting admiral graves relieved december raids gradually abandoned undertaken avenge british military losses revolutionary patriots burning norfolk virginia january instigated lord royal governor colony virginia damage assessment buildings houses recorded damaged destroyed fire report graves stated small vessels destroyed harbor captured cost man killed wounded people left fend winter visitor town reported month later lodging eating october town formed committee raise funds distressed families people estimated population including families left homeless raid authorized paid distressed families arranged distribution corn left late additional grants families despite numerous earlier wide variety parties significant congress granted tracts land compensation tracts towns freeman town accounted losses raid citizens began rebuilding town built homes shops homes built rebuilt factories offices municipal buildings politically separated form city portland political reaction news raid caused colonies emphasised cruelty authorized issue letters licensing actions british navy heard event word arrived outraged news congress recommended provinces adopt self rule royal_navy ships south_carolina seized attack stimulated congress advance plans establishment authorized commissioning ships october protection defense united colonies incident mentioned november congress passed legislation described true origin news event reached england dismissed rebel propaganda reports confirmed graves superior lord expressed surprise offence noting suppose admiral graves good reason step took spite orders received graves sailed acts town clearly refused business british graves relieved command december failure suppress rebel naval forces issued orders burned news event reached france carefully monitoring political developments north_america french foreign secretary wrote hardly believe absurd procedure nation career suffered result actions repeatedly passed promotion achieved role event omitted entirely record similar acts august captain commanding fired town connecticut townspeople prevented rose tender capturing vessel chased harbor apparently seeking burn town fire heated rounds wallace fired town bristol rhode_island october townspeople refused deliver livestock | Burning of Falmouth | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
10986_BattleofBoundBrook | battle bound brook battle bound brook april surprise attack conducted british forces continental_army outpost bound brook new_jersey american revolutionary war british objective capturing entire garrison met prisoners taken american commander major general left great abandoning papers personal effects late evening april thousand british troops command lieutenant general marched british stronghold new_brunswick detachment reached positions surrounding outpost battle began near morning battle man garrison escaped route american reinforcements arrived afternoon british plundered outpost began return march new_brunswick background following battles princeton december january continental_army major general george_washington entered winter quarters new_jersey british german forces lieutenant general settled winter quarters new_york_city northeastern new_jersey winter months guerrilla war sorts went american militia companies continental_army support harassed british german outposts ambushed foraging raiding expeditions forward bases operations bound brook located new_brunswick major british camp new_jersey post responsible patrolling bridges likely british moves main camp february outpost consisted men command major general reduced militia mid march troops remained 8th company 4th independent companies northeastern pennsylvania claimed connecticut lincoln expressed concern exposed position noting units position render assistance post case attacked keeping wagons ready case departure needed lieutenant general lord command british forces new_jersey ongoing organized action outpost according captain asked draft plan attack february plan executed necessitated night april plan action battle overall command british troops marched new_brunswick multi surprise attack right flank command major general consisted corps detachment british light column advanced opposite new_brunswick left river companies light infantry went right aiming cut main road continental_army camp center command colonel consisted battalions left commanded consisted battalions british light infantry 1st battalion detachment light column advanced right bank aiming gain control bridge directly bound brook took longer route ford river cut possibility retreat direction vanguard grant column engaged american south unaware supposed drove nearly main outpost cannons located sunrise nearly surrounded timely arrival von column river attack column prompted americans begin abandoning post surprise nearly complete pennsylvania artillery company manning severely numerous killed captured colonel reported general lincoln retired profoundly naked lincoln papers taken british plan marred early involving late arrival companies sent cut road americans escaped route british captured cannons ammunition supplies looted returned new_brunswick later morning aftermath continental_army response immediate washington sent large force major general british left time arrived sent detachment harass rear guard detachment caught british near landing killed captured general howe reported americans killed captured general lincoln reported men killed wounded howe claimed deaths seven wounded british washington reported enemy lost post clock day people took possession army losses worth mentioning report killed captured loss field cannons report washington admitted capture cannons officers men general reported wife house day washington concerned attack early start campaign season worried troops place deal major british movements weeks later major activity americans learned enemy field june washington recognized difficult place defend withdrew garrison moved army new entrenched camp near north protected second ranges troops stationed near princeton washington monitored british movements sides continued skirmish sides engaged intelligence gathering trying determine strength intentions june howe marched significant force men new_brunswick far somerset apparently attempt draw washington hills washington aware howe left army heavy baggage refused howe abruptly retreated june washington troops chase moved hills week later howe tried spring trap washington detachments cut american retreat hills effort repulsed battle short hills failure howe embarked army transports set sail chesapeake_bay intending philadelphia south battle site marked signs plaques | Battle of Bound Brook | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11154_BaliStraitIncident | incident incident encounter powerful french_navy frigate squadron convoy east merchant ships january incident took place campaign french revolutionary wars repeated french attempts disrupt highly valuable british trade routes large squadron french frigates arrived indian_ocean command july force sailed commerce raiding cruise subsequent attack driven inconclusive engagement british ships line northeastern sumatra forced repairs took squadron allied city january left valuable annual british trade convoy portuguese treaty port sail convoy worth millions pounds capture seriously harm british economy british commander region admiral split convoy taking ships heavy escort remaining east sailed supposedly safer january entrance near coast java convoy discovered squadron british commander knew fled ships rapidly overwhelmed instead attempted bluff believing convoy formed lightly armed east powerful ships line resembled ordered ships advance french retreated convinced facing superior enemy momentarily reconsider british ships declined attack temporarily disabled frigate eventually withdrew completely retiring base mauritius learned error reached destination ship lost wrecked storm day encounter background trade vital component economy great_britain late eighteenth century trade administered maintained trading ports region notably british india bombay madras calcutta main bulk carried large merchant ships known east weighed long tons traveled armed carrying cannon size weaponry mistaken ships line standard large warships period deception usually augmented dummy cannon despite appearance fight enemy frigate ship line guns inferior design crew smaller trained naval ship important component trade annual trade convoy portuguese port dynasty china early year large convoy east sail indian_ocean atlantic britain value trade carried convoy nicknamed enormous convoy reported carrying goods worth million contemporary values equivalent britain new engaged french revolutionary wars nearly years fighting europe remained largely british control french forces region limited apart raiding cruises french squadron region intermittent blockade royal_navy commanded eastern waters rear admiral focused commerce protection elimination colonies french allied capturing dutch cape colony parts dutch_east_indies engaged local uprisings campaign forces left reserve protect british interests indian_ocean response british activity region reluctance inhabitants follow orders slavery french dispatched squadron frigates early force led originally comprised frigates subsequently joined vessels forming powerful raiding squadron july frigates cruised ceylon coast attacking ports false information fed scouts british battle squadron anchor calcutta turning eastwards hoped raid driven inconclusive engagement british squadron sumatra september spent winter harbour java presence known committee requested assistance british admiral sailed flagship gun ship line sloop hms swift december met east smaller country ships regional trade elected sail immediately waiting remainder convoy assemble escorting small convoy january reaching madras february thought likely point ambush french squadron orders issued committee remainder convoy originally commanded captain captain sail thought safer meet learned british plans altered accordingly sailing january cruised search china convoy wary searching turn january ships passed bad weather sails sighted immediately ordered frigate captain approaching ships led convoy directly path french squadron frigates easily powerful east british officer aware win naval engagement force instead resolved bluff french thinking merchant convoy squadron ships line saw approaching brought ships forward meet frigate gambling low light mistake east warships compounded ruse raising blue ensign flagship instructing rest convoy raise deception convincing turned away short british convoy signalling est forces enemy superior force french turned squadron away passing close flagship british ships comprised battle squadron ships line frigates lost main early stages retreat noted british ships pursuing expected superior force encountering weaker declaration convinced outnumbered ordered squadron withdraw orders battle aftermath turned convoy westwards bringing ships safely indian_ocean exception east ocean storm drove reef islands day incident men drowned evacuation local inhabitants killed seven february attack survivors departed hired days later reaching safely february damaged storm forced repairs took board survivors ocean eventually reached disabled state months later british commander given thanks awarded retired frigates learned horror opportunity missed squadron required extensive repairs remained rebellious attempts abolish slavery denied ships men food supplies eventually forced squadron sending frigates france seven years incident early napoleonic wars larger attacked strong french naval squadron battle british commander managed convince french admiral warships convoy french retired brief exchange gunfire | Bali Strait Incident | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11233_BattleoftheLippe | battle battle cavalry action fought september banks river germany corps spanish cavalry led corps dutch cavalry supported english troops led dutch taking advantage fact bulk spanish army operations france besieged town elderly governor citadel antwerp organized relief army forced lift siege moved positioning troops southern bank river cover dutch attack aimed relying superior army pitched battle planning use ambush draw spanish army trap plan discovered spanish commander organized counter ambush dutch intended overtake spanish foraging convoy deliver camp order draw spanish army pursuit banks awaiting order battle reinforced escort convoy hid large force cavalry wood nearby lieutenant thanks long experience spanish routed dutch force inflicted number casualties men including high ranking dutch english officers dutch army background france declared war spain response continued support france formed alliance engaged wars spanish crown consequently caught fronts french dutch forces tried create corridor linking respective states new governor general directed efforts leaving troops defend loyal provinces dutch attack july siege assembled force infantry cavalry companies artillery pieces led walls medium sized town northern flank defended stream river fortified garrisoned infantry companies regiment numbering troops german officer small artillery pieces receiving news siege elderly spanish governor antwerp left command spanish forces opposite dutch collected little army gathering forces garrisons marched force comprised spanish irish regiment swiss regiment cavalry having crossed joined german regiment able mount horseback helped men wear light armour came prominence battle spanish officers good fame rebel provinces portrayed positive light contemporaneous dutch authors hugo planned relieve lure pitched battle dutch general receiving news enemy march set fire supplies tools gathered siege retreated miles town prelude secured marched south cover town dutch attack army near followed took positions armies separated river spanish position strong rearguard left flank covered rhine right flank range hills called weeks armies looked forage time passed spanish forced look leagues far away camp took opportunity plan mock ambush foraging convoy aiming lure general action destroy spanish army hoped lure enemy trap september gave command ambush favourite commander cousin instructed cross river following day dawn hide wood spanish convoy expected pass fall guard goal seize foraging convoy separate escort lead dutch camp forcing intervene larger force appearance main army nassau retreat dutch camp spanish army ambush task nassau received command dutch english horsemen accompanied brothers dutch officers paul english captains dutch intentions anticipated spanish according french hired half brother successor write history learned ambush english soldiers deserted dutch colours italian jesuit claims spanish spies informed spies gather information enemy siege case spanish general took measures turn nassau surprise trap convoy normally guarded infantry cavalry reinforced large force cavalry lieutenant action september dawn dutch force crossed bridge awaited infantry rest cavalry arranged battle hills near opposite divided troops squadrons men second men count nassau brothers marched soldiers closing way men english captain having arrived nassau sent chosen men companies led surprise foraging horses finding force larger expected dutch officers thought wrong sent report dutch commander believed convoy escort moved troops entourage attack spanish cavalry aiming prevent escape dutch officers report mistaken early morning spanish scouts found track dutch force crossing river anticipating deployed cavalry countryside southwards covered small woods alternating troops guarding convoy command seven cavalry companies company adolf van den company authors list company informed guard convoy dutch intentions encouraged soldiers hold ground promising spanish army come relief commanding company followed bulk force nassau passed narrow path small forest coming open field surprised spanish troops followed van den discovering dutch column emerging forest fired volley turning right clashed dutch scouts starting action fight dutch troops formed squadrons caught surprise narrow passage dutch soldiers unable use forced defend swords pistols brothers cousin seriously wounded beginning fight troops coming relief unable rescue wounded commanders dutch soldiers started flee battlefield managed collect action disorder spanish cavalry encounter turned general action wood open ground dutch winning action disorder spanish squadrons charged ahead company flank turn routed dutch squadron allowed troops renew attack time success despite resistance offered dutch troops finally broken fled fashion attempting save river sent cavalry follow found dutch soldiers having unable find good place ford river drowned spanish captives freed taken dutch recovered aftermath battle noted heavy death toll dutch commanders mortally wounded beginning action shot point blank range body robes set fire brother english colonel slain lance thrust face count ferdinand killed seriously wounded captured philip carried soldiers visited catholic cousins van den brothers treated spanish despite dutch commanders died wounds sustained nassau night battle days later count captured dispatched bodies dead counts buried honours battle losses sources vary flemish protestant set dutch losses horses prisoners killed italian cardinal claimed dutch soldiers slain opposed spanish casualties roman jesuit wrote dutch casualties spanish soldier writer set spanish loss men killed claimed dutch force lost flags horses spanish soldiers note casualties wounded mortally stated dutch took seven spanish prisoners horses according spanish army envoy dutch camp present battle found later fatalities english author wrote book general history netherlands battle young hot bad got small battle celebrated spanish camp fired city artillery pieces muskets north american historian highlighted key role played year old spanish victory skirmish special significance military point view derives passing interest death brave distinguished soldier illustration human physically mentally old age given achievement planned expedition country antwerp insisted crossing rhine younger soldiers active brain busy hands famous young netherlands subtle policy set counter ambush cavalry cut pieces generals slain far blood ninety prevail spanish dutch armies spent days observing action importance ensued laid bridge rhine tried surprise enterprise discovered committed count nassau intercept spanish companies sent lodge managed reach leaving supplies dutch hands october lacking forage retired aimed cut retreat succeeded bringing troops secure position crossed november distributed troops different towns crossing river swiss mercenaries paid january elderly general died citadel antwerp deathbed wrote letter asking antwerp son company grandson requests denied | Battle of the Lippe | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11254_BattleofStatenIsland | battle island battle island raid continental_army troops major general british forces august american revolutionary war british lieutenant general sailed army new_york july americans recognized british position vulnerable planned attack sullivan raid executed suffered shortage boats effect crossing detachments guide enemy position rear result sullivan prisoners expected men taken prisoner lack boats sullivan accused raid court martial held later sullivan charges background march british forces general withdrew boston fortified high ground threatening city harbor army augmented reinforcements europe general howe captured new_york_city forcing washington retreat way new_jersey end washington crossed surprised german troops new_jersey eventually regained control state armies settled winter quarters campaign got underway july following months preparation preliminary maneuvers new_jersey general howe brother admiral launched fleet carrying new_york based army south plan capture american capital philadelphia landing army upper end chesapeake_bay marching north general washington notified promptly fleet departure unaware destination heard august fleet appeared moving south philadelphia possibly heading charleston south_carolina result prepared north assist general gates defend hudson_river lieutenant general march south quebec august alerted fleet spotted week earlier mouth chesapeake_bay realizing danger philadelphia immediately issued orders entire army south speed orders major general commanded line defenses eastern new_jersey rejoin main army convenient speed prelude sullivan meantime learned departure howe army left vulnerable planned execution raid british targets learned bulk british regulars near northern end island new_jersey loyalist militia scattered western shore facing new_jersey mainland plan cross groups island points present day elizabeth new_jersey capture prisoners isolated militia outposts destroy supplies old star ferry present day new_jersey return mainland british defenses island overall command brigadier general consisted regular army elements 52nd foot regiments called german states loyalist new_jersey militia known command skinner campbell men including german troops numbered stationed near northeastern tip island skinner men numbering according campbell report stationed outposts western shore ferry ward point general sullivan base new_jersey ordered commanders august prepare troops march day sources describe precise composition troops chosen drawn sullivan division consisted brigades comprised regiments additional troops chosen operation included companies 2nd company new_jersey militia afternoon august columns numbering left camp column led headed sullivan consisted troops led french officer given continental_army brigadier commission reaching late evening rested hours began crossing early morning detachment led colonel crossed opposite rowed kill order approach target militia brigade rear remaining troops crossed near run north island split groups sullivan led columns away attack specific targets leaving regiment cover line retreat battle attacked lawrence outpost dawn surprising routing militia company minutes battle taken prisoners moved outpost lieutenant colonel commanding 3rd battalion men stiff resistance mortal wound prompted retreat waiting long thought crossed men mainland sullivan arrived sullivan moved attack skinner 5th battalion command lieutenant colonel troops alert fled sullivan forces advanced sullivan placed troops intercept men tried away men escaped crossing jersey shore hiding woods swamps area sullivan took prisoners including men advanced skinner headquarters force strong americans retreated general column led guide loyalist battalion instead rear ordered attack men fled rallied general skinner tables turned americans beat hasty retreat time destroy camp supplies equipment managed seize battle standard sullivan joined forces near richmond village center island way sullivan sent boats speed crossing arrived began crossing troops prisoners boats cross earlier skinner company approached accompanied forces campbell 52nd regiments sullivan ordered companies majors stewart cover retreat numbering roughly men successfully held accumulated british forces american troops crossed mainland determined attempts break line covering line managed escape number men killed sizable number surrendered ran ammunition british began firing shot british loss given loyalist publication mercury september killed wounded missing sir wrote british took prisoners engagement historian gives number men captured american prisoners officers wounded ranking officer captured lieutenant colonel aftermath sullivan forces marched south battle able join washington defensive arrangements south philadelphia time participate key battle september general sullivan later subjected court martial accusations expedition variety ways court charges | Battle of Staten Island | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11428_BattleofMoore'sCreekBridge | creek bridge battle moore creek bridge battle american revolutionary war fought near wilmington present day north_carolina february victory forces southern loyalists helped build political support revolution increased recruitment additional soldiers forces loyalist recruitment efforts interior north_carolina began earnest news battles lexington concord patriots province began organizing continental_army militia units word arrived january planned british_army expedition area royal governor ordered loyalist militia muster anticipation arrival revolutionary militia continental units mobilized prevent junction blockading routes poorly armed loyalists forced confront moore creek bridge miles north wilmington brief early morning engagement charge bridge sword wielding met barrage musket fire loyalist leader killed captured force scattered following days loyalists arrested putting recruiting efforts north_carolina militarily threatened memories battle aftermath efforts recruit loyalists area background british recruiting early political military tensions rising thirteen colonies north_carolina royal governor hoped combine recruiting scots settlers north_carolina interior sympathetic group originally opposed corrupt colonial administration loyalists coastal areas build large loyalist force counteract patriot sympathies province petition london recruit men rejected continued efforts rally loyalist support time successfully lobbied king permission recruit north_america april received royal permission raise regiment known recruiting retired scottish soldiers living north_america battalion recruited northern provinces including new_york quebec nova scotia second battalion raised north_carolina southern provinces large number soldiers given land receiving commissions general june sent veterans june south lead recruitment drive aware husband famous heroine actively recruiting north_carolina arrival cause suspicion members north_carolina arrested january martin learned expedition troops command general planned southern colonies arrival expected mid february sent word expected deliver recruits coast february dispatched cross creek present day coordinate activities area reported martin raise equip scots martin reported said moment country delivered anarchy expecting north_carolina loyalist victory meeting scots leaders cross creek february disagreement proceed scots wanted wait british troops actually arrived wanted immediately views prevailed claimed able raise men scots expected raise forces mustered february men number rapidly days men expected met escorted british troops possibility having fight way coast marched days later brigadier general led men predominantly scots number reduced coming days men deserted column revolutionary reaction reaction revolutionary war word cross creek meeting reached members days happened colonies broadly prosperous eve american revolution resolutions provincial congress raised 1st continental_army fall given command colonel local committees safety wilmington active militia organizations led respectively february patriot forces began moore led wilmington objective preventing loyalists reaching coast camped southern shore february miles loyalist camp general learned arrival sent moore copy proclamation issued governor martin letter calling rebels lay arms moore responded loyalists lay arms support cause congress meantime led area loyalist march preferred road blocked moore chose alternate route eventually bring force widow moore creek bridge miles wilmington february crossed cape fear river cross creek destroyed boats order deny moore use forces crossed heading ferry crossing orders moore reached ferry set blockade moore precaution defeated detached wilmington militia men colonel new volunteer company rangers position widow moore creek bridge men moving forced marches traveled southern bank crossed north bank marched confluence moore creek began east bank creek moore detached militia companies occupy cross creek followed slower followed route arrive battle force reached ferry found crossing blocked men prepared battle informed local slave second crossing miles use february ordered rearguard demonstration planning cross led main body second crossing headed bridge moore creek realized given slip men miles moore creek beat hours sent men patriot camp flag truce demand surrender examine defenses refused envoy returned detailed plan patriot fortifications thrown west bridge located patriot advantage position required patriots defend position line retreat narrow bridge distinct disadvantage recognized saw plans council held night loyalists decided attack alternative finding crossing moore time reach area night decided abandon position instead position far creek loyalists use bridge militia took support rails battle time arrival moore creek loyalist contingent men scots remainder furthermore marching taken toll elderly fell ill turned command lieutenant colonel loyalists broke camp february marched miles camp bridge arriving shortly dawn found defenses west bridge ordered men adopt defensive line nearby trees revolutionary river fired musket warn loyalist arrival hearing immediately ordered attack pre dawn mist company scots approached bridge response identification shouted creek captain identified friend king responded challenge hearing answer ordered company open fire beginning exchange gunfire patriot colonel captain led picked company charge bridge night men established earthworks bridge end armed small pieces field artillery scots earthworks patriots opened fire devastating effect campbell went hail gunfire colonel moore reported struck upwards musket balls armed swords faced overwhelming firepower muskets artillery scots little retreat surviving elements campbell company got bridge loyalist force dissolved retreated success revolutionary forces quickly replaced bridge gave chase company led creek bridge flanking retreating loyalists colonel moore arrived scene hours battle stated report loyalists killed wounded numbers fallen creek carried suppose loss estimated revolutionary leaders reported killed wounded aftermath days patriot forces fleeing loyalists men arrested released parole sent philadelphia prisoners combined capture loyalist camp cross creek patriots confiscated muskets rifles valued time spanish gold weapons probably hunting equipment taken people directly involved loyalist uprising action effect patriot recruiting arrests loyalist leaders north_carolina cemented patriot control state pro patriot newspaper reported battle think stop loyalists north_carolina despite hard feelings sides prisoners treated respect helped convince arms patriots battle significant effects scots community north_carolina loyalists refused turn calls arms later war routed homes activities patriot neighbors ended returning native general passed area reported inhabitants rode camp shook hand said glad beat rode home news battle reached london received mixed commentary news report defeat involve regular army troops noted inferior patriot force defeated loyalists lord british official responsible managing war london remained convinced spite defeat loyalists substantial force tapped expedition loyalists planning meet significantly delayed depart ireland mid february convoy delayed split apart bad weather force arrive fleet gathered north_carolina provincial congress met halifax early april passed authorizing colony delegates vote independence great_britain general clinton force attempt charleston south_carolina attempt failed represented end significant british attempts control southern colonies late battlefield site preserved late 19th century private efforts eventually received state financial support federal government took battle site operated operated park national_park_service began managing site listed national_register_of_historic_places battle commemorated year weekend february troop numbers early accounts battle size forces involved battle typically reporting loyalists faced patriots numbers national_park_service historian points large loyalist size attributed reports general colonel gave figure represents reasonable estimate number men starting march cross creek present cross creek battle reported loyalists present battle governor martin patriot forces apparently grouped ranger forces company report | Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11430_BattleofNoordhorn | battle fought september pitched battle fought spanish army commanded colonel consisting german spanish soldiers rebel army englishman comprising english scottish dutch troops province dutch count shifted allegiance dutch spanish opened new door forcing states general dispatch forces north year dutch leadership succeeded relieving town july died replaced arrival reinforcements changed situation september forced battle strategy attrition battle fought rough ground favourable spanish army initial assault spanish right wing successful spanish cavalry led routed dutch cavalry count nassau broke states infantry english left cut rest states army destroyed pursuit states troops nearly captured left unharmed end count wounded army suffered heavy death toll losing flags guns capitalize victory mutiny following day german regiments heavy flooding military situation reached turning point spanish great advances taking november background eighty years war dutch count having appointed rebellious states general shifted allegiance spanish government held time prince july defeated fell ill died city sent accomplished officers place deceased born raised flemish married daughter later governor general netherlands began career simple soldier rose ranks colonel considered historian leader eminent skill ability promoted post candidates colonel earlier sent relieve dealt defeat dutch army battle june having forced formed dutch provinces loyal spanish king wanted foreign troops netherlands hand regiment brother law recruited regiment way infantry village learned dutch rebels company german type armoured cavalry armed pistols cologne called lacked cavalry reported spanish agents angry paid dutch false coins managed convince escort passing regiment reached met mutiny ended distributing disbanding german regiment giving license companies men arms join army loyal troops took dutch forts mouth near arrival quickly altered situation favourable dutch dutch forces fighting failed prevent taking towns december leadership english colonel veteran soldier experience netherlands ireland succeeded relieving spanish siege appointed master camp harassed spanish army winter forcing lift siege withdrew february effective force dutch army english regiment england officially war spain queen elizabeth playing complex diplomatic role dutch revolt alive included sending troops netherlands guise volunteers maintained english crown june states general appointed general states troops august dutch local council assembled tasked preventing penetrating country companies infantry reinforced cavalry companies count nassau expected spanish forts lacked artillery having given small guns dutch soldiers unhappy command spent summer months attempting vain blockade aware dissent dutch army waited fortified posts despite urged local authorities confront early september failed raid camp sure intentions giving battle advanced army near camp near village shortly determined fight anglo dutch army deployed order battle spanish army led lieutenant colonel second command deployed village broken ground access point covered wide flanked left series muddy ditches aiming create trap army spanish ground right order funnel english units draw troops engagement area effect created drove stakes ground mark point cavalry charge english vanguard spanish army organized infantry battalions cavalry companies wing right wing taken spanish corporal plus battalion formed half foot regiment detached later house nearby centre battalion formed german foot regiments lieutenant colonel serving left command lieutenant colonel left consisted cavalry companies names german mentions horse captain baron plus battalion formed second half foot regiment deployed hope ditch covering way steps ahead foot battalions anglo dutch army count nassau formed companies foot english scottish flags regiments colonel dutch flags plus cavalry companies captains english existed certain hostility morgan favored despite morgan longer experience netherlands having served queen elizabeth secretary advisor requested orange appoint morgan colonel refused morgan attributed hard dealings battle having instructed troops hold positions ordered attack sent occupy house right flank near position companies horse cut anglo dutch vanguard fire advanced spanish positions spanish english armies began skirmish aimed hill middle armies order force order general advance englishman fired spanish battalions guns fire ineffective broken ground spanish sources state drummer killed seeing bombardment ordered general advance way narrow dutch cavalry went advance flanked english infantry ignored general orders charged dutch cavalry drove broken disrupted english infantry order charged spanish foot right gaining ground despite difficult advance pushing left hand count nassau advanced remaining dutch cavalry halted fire men standing advanced ditch aiming disrupt dutch right charged ahead company baron dutch horse disorganized fire resist rush turned breaking order turn english foot standing capitalize success ordered foot follow victory unaware spanish success field english infantry continued pressing spanish right flank reached spanish camp realized happened turned vain attempt escape spanish centre left blocking way english attempted save fleeing ditches killed large numbers meantime aimed block companies troops found officers attempted retreat camp fought desperately twice spanish commander taken prisoner end killed wounded foes preferred let free risk allowing pursuing spanish troops capture remaining men recovered cavalry completed anglo dutch defeat destroying english troop trying save flags fled field canal english flags artillery lost night falling collected troops returned formed squadron formation kneeling prayed thank god victory aftermath battle english noted affluent english trader sir letter written antwerp october noted half states infantry large number cavalry lost claimed casualties army asserting times true number dead cases said common number saw english dutch officers killed foot english captains died wound head cavalry company killed states commanders wounded hand count leg spanish army exact losses unknown chronicler soldier direct access spanish wrote catholics died drummer wounded noted scarcely note fell day battle spanish army german regiments induced captain der quarters claiming received monthly pay sent captain news spanish victory having troops aimed capture fort regiment cavalry companies volunteers german season changed furious rain started forced abandon project seizing fort returned floods land impassable armies moved troops dry gritty land kept remains army river group army lodged town january destroyed seized castle achieving great success following months english soldiers unpaid disease disappointed progress war captain deserted states general army went serve francis duke french army treaty les tours francis recognized states general sovereign netherlands instead spain end left states service command command english infantry found battle covered rearguard defeated french army | Battle of Noordhorn | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11452_CapitulationofSaldanhaBay | capitulation bay saw surrender british_royal_navy dutch expeditionary force sent recapture dutch cape colony french revolutionary wars army overran french client state concerned threat posed trade routes great_britain dutch cape colony british expeditionary force landed simon town june forced surrender colony short campaign british commander vice admiral sir reinforced garrison stationed naval squadron cape protect british conquest government immediately ordered expeditionary force sail cape recapture colony force comprised ships line smaller vessels command rear admiral lucas security plans weak british knew operation lucas sailed british warned reinforced cape lucas journey took nearly months suffering shortages drinking water leading near state crews arrival fleet anchored fresh water deciding abandon operation sail french base august larger fleet discovered lucas force trapped bay aware resistance futile crews open revolt lucas surrendered ships captured force taken royal_navy joining squadron cape later baron keith recognition achievements operation force cancellation planned british invasion lucas faced court martial return netherlands died concluded defeat cape colony attacked end war treaty returned background winter army overran reformed revolutionary client state named event alarmed government great_britain allies dutch dutch empire controlled number strategically important colonies key controlling european access region dutch cape colony tip naval force based dominate trade routes europe particular economically vital links britain ensure cape colony french naval base secretary state war ordered large expeditionary force sail cape march force comprised squadrons troops overall control vice admiral sir substantial reinforcements followed arriving june conducted months fruitless negotiations government cape led august negotiations stalled ordered attack dutch positions dutch defenders withdrew forces low food ammunition numerous launch major attack cape_town september arrival british reinforcements general convinced surrender colony turned attention planning operations dutch_east_indies french island base sailed madras flagship hms monarch command maintained strong garrison naval presence cape sir commodore squadron subsequently dispersed operations indian_ocean consolidating position government determined recapture cape squadron prepared command rear admiral lucas sailed experience long expeditionary campaigns force comprised small gun ships line smaller warships taking cape lucas continue expedition order reinforce dutch_east_indies lucas voyage lucas expeditionary force sailed february intending pass north_sea scotland entering atlantic turning south unspecified french support operation promised actively blockading gun brig sighted force putting sea lucas day sending message admiral great february small british squadron led captain detached cruising division encountered weaker british making lucas formed line battle having successfully evaded pursuit lucas followed planned route arriving las april journey small british warship gun hms captain sighted force near escorting merchant ships barbados leaving merchant ships way followed lucas days sailed south bring warning cape despite noticing lucas decided attack taking supplies lucas sailed continuing south direction brazilian coast hoping profit favourable winds currents fact persistent position brazilian shore reached june delay lucas decided supply sail directly cape lucas stops journey cape_verde cape fact voyage took far longer journey distance taken surprised authors ascribed delay partially poor quality lucas crews expeditionary force speak vessel time information british eventually reached cape july bay table bay south eventually august anchored british agents observed lucas preparations netherlands reported january month expedition sailed british admiralty sent frigate hms cape warning arrived cape april vague accounts lucas mission reached earlier appearing madras march month lucas departure sailing madras march reached cape received detailed reports size status force heading cape admiralty responded threat substantial resources cape addition forces convoy transports led captain arrived small squadron followed july joined day detailed reports date lucas movements subsequent reinforcements arrived squadron based india august seven ships line seven smaller vessels command garrison cape stood british troops bay concerned force sailing cape powerful french frigate squadron sailed past cape stopping observed chased simon town force sailing bypass cape altogether decided fleet sea search august sailed southwest search lucas fierce storm caught british inflicting damage ships including loss mainmast monarch flooding fleet returned simon bay battered state august learn arrival lucas force lay anchor north following day storm swept bay ships damaged hms grounded dragged anchors wrecked lucas arrived cape july knowledge pressing concerns months ships sighted land supplies drinking water running dangerously low significant proportion crews suffering disease decided send men ashore allow better treatment lucas ordered sails ships removed repairs rendering ships temporarily august lucas warned servant dutch cape superior english force present informed dutch population assist attack british strongly advised sail away lucas hearing sailed deeper bay sir sent cavalry bay harry shore parties organised withdrawal local population livestock prevent capture following larger force command lucas held council senior officers debating attack cape_town practical abandon operation august decision sail lucas delayed unwilling leave sick men ashore force prepared sail august fleet appeared bay led scouting frigate crescent sent letter lucas demanding surrender refused strength force august led fleet bay line battle brought line anchor close gunshot range lucas ships trapped coast british lucas immediately raised flag truce sent officer negotiate terms outnumbered crews open rebellion lucas agreed terms dictated surrender force furthermore refused lucas request immediately send crews netherlands orders battle lucas order battle order battle aftermath warships squadron commissioned royal_navy attached squadron cape action criticised admiralty returned britain october baron keith capture retention cape colony sailors soldiers dutch force germans nearly entered british service royal_navy lucas dutch officers later returned europe captured ships hms notorious following year crew saint imitation britain intervention captain threw neck threatened death repeated succeeded intimidating rebellious seamen surrender caused popular outrage admiral return faced court martial april investigation lucas survive conclusion trial dying natural causes june ultimately december historians held lucas refusing fight force far superior ships men ships carried twice men expedition british troops ashore taken account lucas muster men compared command expedition criticised lack true promised french support failed appear troops insufficient number seriously threaten british garrison noted point landing men shore english site effect campaign british invasion postponed prepare lucas arrival ultimately cancelled entirely attacks cape colony war treaty returned captured dutch colonies ceylon including cape colony peace short lived early napoleonic wars second british expeditionary force prepared british seized cape colony second time following remained british_empire independence unified south_africa | Capitulation of Saldanha Bay | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11459_BattleofMachias | battle battle known battle second naval engagement american revolutionary war battle took place june port eastern maine resulted capture patriot militia british schooner following outbreak war start siege boston british authorities enlisted assistance loyalist merchant assist acquisition needed supplies jones merchant ships arrived june accompanied british armed sloop commanded townspeople unhappy jones business practices decided arrest attempt decided moore ship moore able escape harbor townspeople seized jones ships armed second local ship sailed meet short confrontation captured moore vessel crew fatally wounding process people went capture additional british ships fought landing large force intended control town operating continued war background april american revolutionary war began battles lexington concord massachusetts bay following battle militia mustered oppose british besieged city boston british troops located boston british military leaders admiral general reason business people small coastal logging community located eastern maine required lumber build barracks additional troops arriving besieged city graves wanted recover guns wreck apparently intentionally run aground local pilot february ship guns reported interest patriots graves authorized merchant ships port boston flour food supplies town aboard ships unity exchange needed lumber guarantee happen graves sent armed schooner spelled historical accounts command flagship accompany merchant vessels moore carried orders retrieve wreck halifax pass way arrival june jones ships arrived port delayed guns halifax wreck jones met resistance community refusing sell pork flour allowed load lumber boston meeting june townspeople voted business jones hostile climate led jones ask moore bring firing distance town prompted town meet second time time voted permit trade unity docked wharf begin unloading following vote jones announced business voted favor trade angered voted colonel local militia leader militia neighboring towns capture jones following example month earlier plan seize church june failed noticed group men approaching building jones ran woods eventually emerged days later moore second command attending services managed ship prelude militia men boarded docked unity removed remaining supplies removed sails went land near place anchored demanded surrender moore refused threatening fire town threat real sported mounted guns capable firing pound shot militia men rowed anchored downstream attempted tow harbor attempt failed ran aground possibly low tide moore raised anchor came alongside intending recover brief exchange gunfire militia men shore raised anchor went downstream safe anchorage day men foster took men east local schooner remaining men unity installed makeshift serve protection armed muskets axes set time reached waters moore brought aboard pilot captain toby near sloop anchored overnight looking depart scene winds main boom broke away result moore captured sloop took replace took captive pilot connecticut conflict unity crew men elected brien captain sailed chase unity faster sailing vessel brien crew quickly overtook crippled maine historian indicates unity engaged sources disagree early 20th century historian claims ran aground caught men aboard unity battled directly seeing unity approaching moore opened sail cut away boats attempt escape unity pulled closer opened fire crew managed avoid fire pull alongside took tries tied alongside stormed board led brien brother john sides exchanged musket shots moore tossed hand grenades unity took musket shot chest duncan reports managed pull combined crews overwhelmed wounded second surrendered crew vessel moore taken care home nephew died day members moore crew killed taken british remaining crew members british schooner held month eventually handed reports circulated likely exaggerated british men died skirmishes area lost men died skirmish wounds badly wounded survived musket ball enter mouth exit ear aftermath community expecting wrath british_empire revenge immediately petitioned guidance supplies assistance organized defense maintained event british retaliation brien immediately outfitted captured vessels sources disagree vessel unity mentioned historian suggests recent scholarship favors armed guns taken changed july brien captured british armed officers captured came ashore near august formally recognized efforts commissioning brien commander british retaliation occurred burning october following rumours assault nova scotia planned stores small british fleet carrying men attempted august locals successfully fought landing rumors partly true idea proposed significant military planning taken place war men refitted armed variety ships including sailed looking battle british brien commissioned intercept merchant ships supplying british siege boston john built gun ship began american letter jerry captured new_york late escaped prison britain continued war british naval command continually frustrated actions seamen war use staging point militia actions nova scotia graves attempted subdue gave commands proceed reduce ordered sir destroy british officer presumed said damned rebels harder set bunker hill liberty pole story widely told story concerning affair men erected liberty pole meeting tavern discuss battles lexington concord story modern history books travel guides shown resident brien mention liberty pole earlier accounts including official report sent residents letters participants events | Battle of Machias | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11591_SiegeofSt.Augustine(1702) | siege siege action queen anne war november december conducted english provincial forces native allies command governor spanish colonial fortress spanish florida destroying coastal spanish communities north moore forces arrived november immediately began siege operations spanish governor advance warning arrival withdrew civilians food supplies fortress sent nearby spanish french communities relief english guns little damage fortress walls prompting governor moore send appeal jamaica larger guns spanish calls relief successful fleet sent havana cuba landed troops nearby december moore lifted siege day forced burn boats retreating disgrace background english spanish colonization efforts southeastern north_america began coming conflict early middle 17th century founding english charles town present day charleston south_carolina recently established province heightened tensions traders raiders new province penetrated spanish florida leading raiding expeditions sides governor threatened spanish english claims pensacola established spanish enforced blake death later year interrupted plans replaced news war opening war spanish succession arrived colonies moore proposed expedition spanish florida capital news war formal opening arrived moore convinced provincial assembly september fund expedition moore raised force colonists indians combination alabama warriors principally led chief named exact size forces varies source accounts provide numbers ranging strength sources colonists indians took force primarily indians went overland port royal command deputy governor moore embarked rest force boats forces joined port royal force landed known called spanish florida moore sailed built later years 17th century previous english raids demonstrated wooden fortifications address threat posed founding fortress fairly conventional star fort constructed soft limestone governor assumed command post natives friendly spanish heard recruitment word expedition reached october ordered town inhabitants fort food stores anticipation extended siege dispatched pensacola havana french mobile calls assistance refugees civilian population small number deemed capable military action estimated food provisions brought sufficient siege months duration men wanted battle english governor identified addition regulars europeans population fit action indians armed poor quality useless weapons black men slaves experience weapons consider indians estimated men entire force actually prepared battle consequently prepared siege principal concern training wrote service record lacked discipline slight knowledge guns mounted english approach forces landed began attacks northern end island midnight november killing spanish soldiers village advanced south driving southward flood refugees spanish troops island main settlements overrun day spanish process evacuating learned advance november sent men captain north instructions stand san_juan del puerto seven leagues saw key province news prompted able bodied men order available food fort river capture enemy soldiers indian november returned days later learned captives english brought months provisions brought smaller cannons pounders meantime moore sailed south fleet ships sent ahead main fleet blockade entrance south spotted fort november day main body fleet began arriving bar outside inlet prompted order frigates anchor fort guns outside bar unable cross eventually burned sixteen men joined fort garrison providing valuable gunnery skills force landed good progress small spanish force unable check english advance san_juan del puerto dispersed took days reach daniels continued advance entered town resistance november english ships crossed bar began landing men day english began close circle fortress spanish foraging expedition successfully drove head cattle english lines fort dry moat siege spanish guns opened fire english began siege preparations november older spanish cannon exploded day killing wounding days later ordered destroy portions town firing range fort according later accounts action destroyed worth property moore brought small cannon little impression walls fortress spanish guns longer range keeping forces bay november moore dispatched deputy governor jamaica larger cannons ammunition english continued digging siege trenches began firing fortress musket range november cannon fire continued little effect moore ordered town day including monastery cannon effective fort walls moore attempted deception gain entry fort december couple managed gain entry fort posing refugees apparently goal fort powder magazine suspicious behavior according account siege tortured admitting plot december english trenches closed fort point threatened nearby fields spanish collecting forage result ordered skirmish spanish casualties light killed wounded relief attempts spanish leaders san present day florida began received news siege short supplies appealed french mobile provided critical guns gunpowder pensacola garrison spared men relief force left december turned news received siege lifted december sails pair ships spotted approaching english records indicate ships spanish records english origin probably jamaica nature siege change arrival expedition jamaica having failed mission returned directly spanish pensacola eventually reported plight havana governor held war council december relief expedition organized detachment infantry command captain embarked small fleet headed general fleet arrived outside harbor december apparently believing siege land troops day governor men fort contact fleet landed raw recruits miles fort action prompted moore lift siege prepare retreat dispatched smaller ships block southern inlet trapping moore ships bay moore ordered remaining buildings town including church torch men departed north mainland rest crossed boats moore burned ships trapped bay retreated north eventually returning disgrace sent men english departure able recover english boats failed burn completely casualty reports sides varied historian notes numbers reported probably unreliable moore report listed men killed report claimed english force killed claimed killed wounded spanish contingent caused english cannon fire aftermath moore forced resign post governor failed raid cost province included owners loss ships caused riots moore contemporary critics accused executing raid purpose seizing slaves booty spanish characterized religious terms citing english provincial hatred moore continued active war leading small number large band indians destruction spanish missions florida english indian allies destroyed spanish mission communities reported indians left florida governor rewarded successful defense special king promotion prestigious desirable governorship series highly critical complaints general general failed destroy english fleet failed share taken ships burned english refused leave fleet assist protection town landed weakest effective troops bid avoid combat general sailed havana january barely week siege lifted governor convinced spanish raid coast revenge moore activities spanish french forces motivated organized died shortly departure attempted capture august attempts land forces successfully repulsed san subjected attacks war expedition destroyed communities provinces spanish florida recovered population following years unsuccessfully besieged forces underwent numerous renovations uses 18th 19th centuries managed national_park_service listed national_register_of_historic_places | Siege of St. Augustine (1702) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11771_TwelfthSiegeofGibraltar | twelfth siege gibraltar twelfth siege gibraltar fought september war spanish succession followed capture august fortified town gibraltar southern tip spain anglo dutch naval force led sir prince george members england netherlands portugal allied prevent unification french spanish supporting claim austria spain opposed rival philip duke ruling patron ally france war began northern europe largely contained portugal joined confederate powers english naval focused mounting campaign mediterranean distract french navy disrupt french spanish shipping capture port use naval base capture gibraltar outcome initial stage mediterranean campaign start siege gibraltar garrisoned dutch english austrian spanish troops facing besieging force french pro spanish irish troops defenders able hold numerically superior besieging force exploiting gibraltar geography small town fortifications frequently short manpower ammunition undermined disputes french spanish officers terrible conditions trenches led epidemic disease undermined morale sea power proved crucial french navy sought unsuccessfully prevent shipping fresh troops ammunition food naval battles fought siege clear defeats french resulted siege abandoned hopeless months fruitless outcome disastrous french spanish said lost men aftermath capture gibraltar loss gibraltar august posed strategic threat rule spanish throne later spanish writer town spain domination king philip forced recognise charles potentially great value entry point armies possibilities recognised immediately alliance forces leader told charles letter september gibraltar door enter spain army landed gibraltar advance rapidly coast supported naval forces capture major port relatively short distance charles proclaimed king following alliance march madrid finish war gibraltar largely emptied population left town capture moved temporary accommodation dozen small community neutral remained town garrisoned assortment alliance forces consisting british dutch marines gunners spanish followers charles austria supported sir anglo dutch fleet consisting ships line operating alliance significant limited supplies pressing need ships sea months repaired soon gibraltar captured alliance set preparing counter attack alliance fleet sailed short distance morocco took fresh water august french fleet sighted began withdraw spotted caught french august attacked bid prevent french slipping past attacking gibraltar fleets evenly matched french ships faster ammunition manage advantage count battle effectively fought draw ships sunk fleets took heavy casualties killed wounded including french commander anglo dutch fleet hampered shortage shot gunpowder bombarding gibraltar operation capture sir squadron forced pull ran ammunition rest fleet dangerously low ammunition fortunately french withdrew following day leaving anglo dutch fleet gibraltar having dealt french naval threat left men guns supplies gibraltar sailing home split fleet leaving admiral sir ships patrol portuguese coast spanish forces start september captain general arrived vicinity gibraltar army men planned increase force consisting crowns force supplemented civilian refugees gibraltar start siege set improving gibraltar defences difficult possible enemy mount frontal attack town set western rocky peninsula connected spanish mainland narrow sandy north presents vertical cliff access town narrow strip feet wide blocked heavily fortified curtain wall known later grand battery prince sought reduce strip flooding forcing attackers use narrow path rock inundated area advance narrow shoreline set cannon batteries north gibraltar provide flanking fire west san later north curtain walls provide direct fire san later provide flanking fire east round tower spur overlooking later site forbes batteries fire directed enemy troops far inundated area bomb ship installed carrying heavy mortar provide additional flanking fire west confident able hold gibraltar numerically superior franco spanish force undermined political disputes english commanders widespread resentment english marines allowed return fleet particularly poisonous relationship english colonel marines irish colonel appointed governor gibraltar men fought opposite sides irish campaign protestant fox gone serve joined service wrote fox furious orders allowed leave england respect governor appointed confusion orders carried officers trouble besieging french spanish forces reinforced october french warships great small line battle escorted troop ships carrying men heavy guns supplies ammunition landing point near ruined roman town head brought number soldiers command estimated consisted spanish french battalions foot plus cavalry squadrons french ships left october surprise defenders remained blockade gibraltar reinforcements settled spanish began digging siege lines trenches confederate positions attack came october spanish guns opened fire confederate defences round tower causing considerable damage french force carried simultaneous raid gibraltar harbour burning bomb ship carried heavy bombardment san guns mortars managed breach casualties feuding fox killed successive days time epidemic disease broke gibraltar garrison reducing effective numbers men position garrison looked increasingly sent message admiral lisbon requesting urgent assistance appearance french ships bay receiving message october set sail bringing supplies defenders meantime deal internal threat plot spanish officers aided british officers garrison wrote charles mid october inform happened discovered tremendous plot man hanged communicated enemy persuaded convinced confessed torture assuring hanged went far poison reveal confused difficult sort named taken action lack definite proof personally long account business confront matter absolute necessity charles wrote advising carry court martial independent judges avoid suspicion prejudice accused subjects court martial consisting british dutch officers owe allegiance charles convened case british officers implicated plot appear sent england fate recorded convicted february guilty high treason shot face garrison assault east spanish planning carry surprise attack spanish fled gibraltar capture months earlier told secret route east scaled required climb metres upper section near vertical use rope great sand east considered virtually west fortified rock climbed east attacker evade fortifications descend directly town route found lightly armed force decided send force men nearly entire army divided groups initial force seize heights night followed following set dusk november led colonel guided rock reaching southernmost peak near battery stands today descended way west sheltered overnight climbed philip wall extends west rock killed english point drummer boy bringing food saw invaders raised alarm anticipated kind attack rear kept mobile force reserve guard formed english company spanish companies regular company captain company numbering men led brother reserve immediately responded engaged advantage height effectively trapped rock rounds ammunition result travelling light come prepared pitched battle spanish force led captain regulars marched ahead spanish hill time remaining regulars charged bulk assaulting force flank attacked force including colonel captured hundreds killed defending fire falling rock attempting flee including lines english subsequently ensured repeat episode blasting away path spanish members spanish force set support attack left admiral squadron sighted entering bay ships subsequent naval engagement french frigates destroyed seventh ship captured intact apparently intended carry multi attack timely arrival meant fell apart french naval support assault frontal assault reinforced men originally climb eastern failed entirely relief timely arrival evident letter sent admiral battle turning enemy attacking night entrance places great number men brought supplies gibraltar provided loaned fleet skilled manpower confederate garrison desperately short labour force men assembled ships companies work repairing fortifications guns spanish fire hauling cannon rock increase fire directed spanish batteries involved played prominent role track renamed known road gave siege settled routine bombardment counter bombardment proved increasingly trying defenders running short manpower ammunition supplies captain engineer brought helped bolster fortifications earned wrath garrison felt gibraltar abandoned wrote friend december tell officers design quit place blow works opposed mentioned garrison kept number men believe account sic throat sic members garrison tried sneak aboard ships escape siege situation worsened storm damaged ships december time garrison critically short supplies sick injured remained carry repairs shell damaged fortifications healthy man defences living conditions increasingly grim shoes worn men wore makeshift hay straw reinforcements end siege days later received news convoy transport ships carrying supplies reinforcements way lisbon escorted men war adverse winds currents meant unable sail assist french naval force left forced wait convoy reach destination december transports reached bay accompanied men war seven arriving december missing having intercepted french sunk captured eventually gibraltar end december brought men guards foot foot plus dutch troops guns supplies powder tools food reinforcements arrived january gibraltar safe moment left lisbon january sick wounded members garrison aboard ships spanish french land force continued bombard gibraltar inflicting damage town somewhat weak fortifications unable progress reinforced garrison vigorously opposed counter killed number carried successfully december relations steadily worsened spanish french components besieging force trend exacerbated lack progress making conditions enduring open steady stream casualties caused counter bombardment epidemic disease weather terrible storms heavy rain making life misery new year besieging force dropped numbers men remainder having casualties simply situation sufficiently king france marshal french irish reinforcements recover situation determined effort gibraltar arrived february sent french spanish irish troops seize outlying fortification cliff face present attackers captured tower confederate counter attack drove leaving dead spanish accused french fleeing battlefield leaving flank unprotected arrived mid february appalled find badly siege run criticism spanish officers led quit siege face saw insults morale improved somewhat admiral sailed bay february force men war garrison immediately went alert expecting landing south end peninsula reason soon clear returned combined english dutch portuguese force ships subsequent battle french lost ships including flagship fatally wounded fleet sailed bay march bringing fresh troops units portuguese army admiral arrival expected great good opportunity express joy great good success second appearing place hope final stroke relief enemy days begun withdraw cannon particular express thanks obligations lie arrival final stroke french abandoned siege hopeless following order april wrote king blame spanish telling failed gibraltar want method planning ill fate vessels lack madrid french having gone home resumed command began convert siege blockade pulling removing cannon alliance scouting party found spanish trenches abandoned later day accompanied demolition party destroy spanish works members party ventured far captured killed spanish cavalry following day larger party protected resumed work spanish batteries opposition marking end siege | Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11829_SiegeofFortSt.Jean | siege fort jean siege fort jean called conducted american brigadier general town fort british province quebec american revolutionary war siege lasted september november false starts early september continental_army established siege fort jean illness bad weather logistical problems established mortar batteries able penetrate interior fort defenders supplied munitions food supplies persisted defence believing siege broken forces montreal general october nearby fort fell october attempt relief thwarted word way jean defenders combined new battery opening fire fort fort defenders surrendering november fall fort jean opened way american army march montreal fell battle november general escaped montreal way prepare defences anticipated attack background fort saint jean guarded entry province quebec northern end captured raided fort jean quebec garrisoned regular troops widely distributed quebec large territory continental_army preparations invasion quebec began men command general arrived september september americans began making fort jean away army initially composed militia forces new_york connecticut operation directed brigadier general took complete command september ill continue leading invasion british defensive preparations fort jean preparations attack south arnold raid fort jean captured small garrison large military ship news raid reached montreal men command major immediately dispatched hold fort canadian militia raised montreal sent fort moses messenger bearing news arnold raid reached notified british governor general raid immediately dispatched additional troops jean went montreal oversee arrangements defense province decided concentrate likely invasion route time americans arrived fort jean defended men command major majority regular troops 7th 26th regiments foot locally raised militia members colonel men veterans french indian war detachment indians probably nearby village patrolled outside fort direction patrolled armed schooner command lieutenant boats construction fort sited west bank consisted feet apart surrounded ditch feet wide feet deep lined southern roughly feet metres contained buildings including house fort magazine storage houses northern slightly larger storey stone house barracks defenders cleared brush yards fort ensure clear field fire wooden west dug trench connecting ease communications eastern fort faced river shipyard anchorage approach skirmish indians september generals montgomery led force men landing point mile fort jean remained boats montgomery led men lands fort surprised indians led ensuing skirmish americans suffered dead wounded indians suffered dead wounded wounded american troops relatively militia forces retreated boats erected protection fort defenders seeing fired cannon prompting americans retreat mile set second camped night indians british forces fort come support engagement returned homes camp visited local man believed historians moses massachusetts born retired officer lived near fort painted bleak portrait american situation said fort defended entire 26th regiment indians stocked ready siege said friendly american cause unlikely help americans prospects victory looked good held war council september command decided retreat september reinforcements arrived men including connecticut militia new artillery joined arrival decided instead proceed nighttime attempt fort illness getting severe ill able hold pen turned command army montgomery reports contact opposing forces outside wildly exaggerated local reports claiming kind victory example reported indians driven americans killing wounding following news general issued orders nearby parishes percent militia officers militia reported montreal militia men stayed home september troop men raised sent fort jean propaganda recruiting september sent acting volunteer deposed head proclamation announcing americans arrival desire free canadians british rule traveled parishes montreal received provided local guards local grain merchant relative montgomery wife began raising local militia near eventually gathering nearly men allen visited village received assurances neutrality subject propaganda war british indian agent trying convince tribes confederacy arms americans successfully negotiated agreement august remain neutral word agreement reached september johnson learned johnson sent attempt change minds refused second approach night september montgomery led men returning landing site boat confusion darkness swamp troops separated rest encountered panic enemy minutes swamp returned landing montgomery stayed boats sent troops time vanguard encountered indians panicked enemy killed troops retreat landing commander colonel apparently unable stop command staff met discuss word came british warship approaching started disorganized retreat river command staff nearly left attempt planned september bad weather delayed attempts september general time ill thought necessary withdraw left day turning command invasion montgomery falling ill bad weather malaria infested terrain taking toll troops ill bad news tempered good additional troops form company company new_hampshire men colonel arrived siege begins september montgomery army disembarked makeshift fleet south sent detachment block road going north fort montreal small flotilla armed boats guarded river possibility attacking army landed brown men day capturing wagon train supplies destined fort preston seeing happened sent sortie recover goods brown men time hide supplies woods retreated sounds conflict reached main body army montgomery company rushed brown aid succeeded driving british fort recovering supplies encounter moses captured questioned brown arrested british brought fort night indian agent fort went montreal report situation montgomery began troops fort september constructing mortar battery south fort ordered brown establish position prairie sites crossing saint lawrence river montreal went small company americans collect recruiting monitor major crossing point established base aging fort base urging join loyalists attempted dissuade joining supporters violently opposed attempts loyalists organize time assist loyalists outside city allen renowned action fort decided reached september attempt capture montreal effort failed day allen number men captured british alarm raised allen proximity montreal resulted men rural districts outside montreal failed capitalize loyalist support relief expedition besieging americans weeks rural men drifted away called demands home harvest advantage moment order arrest montreal merchant openly pro american reporting americans conditions americans constructing siege works difficult ground trenches quickly filled knee deep water montgomery described army half drowned rats crawling swamp matters worse food ammunition supplies running british showed sign giving despite american bombardment disease worked reduce effectiveness americans mid october men sent illness early days siege fort defenders took advantage land cleared fort life difficult possible batteries major preston wrote journal september tells enemy battery distress shells large guns arrived fort defenders enjoyed significant advantage firepower large cannon arrive october cannon dubbed old arrived position day started shells fort montgomery began planning placement second battery wanted place northwest fort staff convinced instead place eastern shore command shipyard battery construction complicated armed row sent fort oppose works completed october opened fire day day royal savage lay ruins fort commander anticipation destruction ordered anchored supplies armaments recovered fort taken advanced montgomery idea taking near militia captains september floated pound guns past guns use end garrisoned men 7th foot surrendered october commander major days bombardment seriously failed destroy supplies useful americans primarily gunpowder winter provisions tons powder musket muskets barrels flour barrels captured negotiated cease fire major preston prisoners captured floated river past loss effect jean militia wanted surrender preston allow following capitulation montgomery renewed intention construct battery northwest time staff raised objections end october guns opened fire fort tries help montreal finally constant criticism failure act sooner militia forces developed plan attack sent word colonel quebec bring royal highland militia forces lead force saint lawrence raised force number militia time reached october raised addition militia men threatening tactics gain recruits hopes october attempted landing force numbering militia indian support repulsed americans boats landed driven use field artillery captured attempted press forward militia forces began desert forces brown growing number retreated way quebec surrender late october american troop strength arrival men new_york connecticut including brigadier general news combined new battery trained fort news failed relief expedition supplies situation fort grim november montgomery sent truce flag carried prisoner captured aborted relief attempt fort man delivered letter montgomery pointing relief unlikely come offered negotiate surrender preston entirely man report sent captains montgomery montgomery rejected owing season hold truce days garrison surrender relief came montgomery let captain examine prisoner expedition confirmed reported montgomery repeated demand immediate surrender terms drawn day preston troops marched fort surrendered weapons november regulars dress uniform surrendered officers soldiers english volunteers aftermath following news jean surrender immediately began preparing leave montreal left montreal november days american troops entered city opposition narrowly escaping capture fleet forced surrender threatened batteries way quebec prepare city defenses casualties sides siege relatively light continental_army suffered significant reduction force illness siege furthermore long siege meant continental_army winter setting nearing year end promoted december result successful capture montreal found news reach american camp outside quebec died december battle quebec british fort following continental_army abandonment retreat legacy british canadian military occupied fort saint jean site campus occupies site site includes museum devoted year military history fort saint jean siege fort jean mentioned fort saint jean plaque erected constructed orders governor post military expeditions august blown accordance orders governor order prevent falling hands english rebuilt governor year command major day siege american troops commanded general montgomery | Siege of Fort St. Jean | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
11911_RevoltoftheComuneros | revolt revolt spanish las war communities uprising citizens rule administration height rebels controlled heart ruling cities revolt occurred wake political instability death queen isabella isabella daughter inherited throne husband king philip died years reign son charles years old youth mental instability ruled nobles father king ferdinand regency ferdinand death sixteen year old charles proclaimed king charles raised netherlands little knowledge arrived spain october accompanied large flemish nobles factors resulted new king social threat power status charles elected holy roman emperor departed germany leaving dutch cardinal adrian rule absence soon series anti government riots broke cities local city councils took power rebels chose charles mother alternative ruler hoping control madness rebel movement took radical anti feudal dimension supporting peasant rebellions landed nobility april nearly year rebellion reorganized supporters emperor struck blow battle following day rebel leaders beheaded army fell apart city kept alive rebellion surrender october character revolution matter debate according scholars revolt modern revolutions notably anti noble sentiment social injustice basis ideals democracy freedom consider typical rebellion high taxes perceived foreign control 19th century onwards revolt generally liberals drew political inspiration conservative intellectuals traditionally adopted pro imperial revolt critical motives government end franco dictatorship establishment autonomous community positive commemoration grown april celebrated day incident referred nationalism origins discontent years revolt second half 15th century saw profound political economic social changes spain economic growth created new urban industries offered route power wealth tied aristocracy support urban critical ferdinand isabella power acted landed aristocracy clergy queen isabella death alliance national government middle class government decayed successive administration corruption king philip ruled mere years replaced regent short time isabella ferdinand ruled ferdinand claim continue ruling regent somewhat isabella death plausible alternatives existed sovereign widowed daughter mentally unfit reign landed nobility took advantage weak corrupt illegally expand territory domain private armies government response towns signed mutual defense relying national government budgets poor condition time government expelled jews muslims moves lucrative trades businesses ferdinand isabella forced borrow money pay troops spanish military obligations increased large number troops required maintain stability recently conquered threatened revolt muslims converted christianity frequent naval raids muslim nations mediterranean additionally ferdinand invaded occupied forces required garrison revolts french armies little money left pay royal army proper let service foreign debts corruption government isabella death budget worse succession charles ferdinand died remaining heir ferdinand isabella grandson charles king charles regency mother charles brought flanders homeland father philip barely knew people greeted skepticism hoped restore stability arrival new king late flemish court took positions power young charles trusted people knew netherlands appointment year old archbishop important position held regent country months rule discontent openly rich poor alike monks began denouncing royal court flemish nobility public protests involved posted churches read land damned suffer noble kingdom governed love unrest growing charles paternal grandfather holy roman emperor died new election held choose emperor charles campaigned aggressively post king francis france bribe prince charles won election emperor power prepared head germany possession new domains new taxes charles stressed treasury limit extravagant flemish court million gold spent bribes election taxes raised cover debt new taxes approved parliamentary body late march charles convened charles ensured limited power attempted stack representatives bribe support opposition increased response representatives demanded grievances heard new tax granted group soon circulated statement protest king argued points new taxes rejected embraced foreign empire rejected king account subjects defend interests kingdom time word communities independent populace stick councils later formed point members intended vote king requested duties taxes stacked response charles decided suspend april convened april time getting program passed embarked germany left regent spanish possessions tutor adrian better known future pope adrian april unstable city council forefront protests charles bid holy roman emperor short term expenses borne questioned role new political framework given possibility land mere imperial province situation erupted royal government summoned radical city away city intending send easily replacements royal salary order came april day later prepared leave large crowd opposed departure drove royal administrators instead citizen committee elected leadership naming april remaining administrators driven fortifications following charles departure germany riots multiplied cities central especially arrival legislators voted yes taxes charles asked earliest violent incidents mob murdered administrators city legislator voted favor incidents similar size occurred cities suffered minor proposals cities widespread discontent circulating june council suggested cities vote hold emergency meeting goals cancel taxes voted return local controlled system taxation reserve official positions church prohibit money leaving kingdom fund foreign affairs designate lead kingdom absence king claims especially spread quickly society ideas began replacing king leaders floated possibility turning cities independent free cities similar genoa italian competing proposals suggested keeping monarchy charles proposed replaced mother born brother ferdinand ideas revolt shifted simple protest taxes broader revolution cities outright revolt stopped sending taxes began self govern expansion revolt blockade situation moved closer armed conflict june sent investigate recent murder legislator refused entry unable city small force instead set blockade supplies entering people led militia leader noble rallied requested aid army madrid cities responded sending militias captained won major confrontation forces king rebels cities followed lead governments revolutionary holy assembly communities held session declared legitimate government named captain general troops assembled cities sent representatives burning del faced situation regent cardinal adrian decided use royal artillery located nearby defeat adrian ordered commander seize artillery arrived august encountered heavy resistance townspeople city strong trade links ordered setting fire distract resistance grew control town destroyed including monastery trade warehouse containing goods valued withdraw troops event public relations disaster government uprisings occurred cities previously neutral capital establishment caused important core plateau declare rebels stability government new members joined looked adrian flee fell royal army soldiers unpaid months started army properly organized integrating militias madrid told attack forces went del took possession artillery denied troops august army arrived goal declaring queen sole sovereign moved queen request invited cities sent representatives total thirteen cities represented madrid invited cities failed attend cities kingdom represented renamed general del general_assembly kingdom september mad queen time presided legislators met explained purpose sovereignty restore lost stability kingdom day september issued declaration use arms necessary aid city threatened september declared new legitimate government denounced self defense taken cities represented week finishing september revolutionary government structure free hand act ineffective confused scope rebellion strong central plateau scattered places rebels sought revolutionary ideas rest kingdom success attempts rebellion northwest south south set unique time drawn stayed rebel cause coordinate rebellion character closer nearby revolt southwest city joined undermined close proximity royalist cities close drawn poor economic fortunes previous years rebellion central suffered agricultural failure setbacks relatively prosperous maritime trade leadership feared instability civil war likely revolt popular governmental response turning nobles growing success people accuse members old government royal abuses protests attacked landed nobility illegally taken property reign weak kings isabella death count revolted september encouraged rebel monks uprising followed similar anti feudal nature leadership forced stance new rebellions reluctant openly endorse initially denounced oppose dynamics uprising changed profoundly status entire system nobles previously somewhat sympathetic cause loss privileges central government new developments lead dramatic drop support frightened radical elements revolution response charles charles grasp magnitude revolt continued demand payments government found impossible secure new loans letter august warned charles severity situation making great error think able collect use tax kingdom city pay members council amazed scheduled payments funds realized fledged revolution underway charles responded vigorously undertook new policy initiatives taxes granted important appointment new complaints rebels addition adrian approached nobles convince best interests lay king established admiral enabled council nearer cities skeptical supporters royal army high nobles maintained trained mercenary armies armies revolt recent fight king organization funding diplomacy political defeats came october attempt use legitimacy bear fruit blocked initiatives refused sign turn voices inside began heard especially position soon known negotiated government granted number significant concessions exchange leaving following incident hoped cities imitate leave peacefully seat royal power considered especially likely turn supporters king left city politics lost influence remained rebel controlled admiral continued campaign try convince return royal government avoid violent suppression attitude concealed great shortage funds royal october november sides accepted military conclusion soon necessary actively devoted fundraising recruiting soldiers training troops organized militias major cities levied new taxes countryside took measures aimed eliminating waste routinely dismissing thought corrupt royal government lost revenue revolt sought loans portugal conservative saw signs switch allegiance battle leadership disputes gradually city leader lost influence retained popularity prestige new figures emerged powerful nobles supported rebellion thought originate charles refusal grant prestigious year prior war head leader army included priests royalist nobles agree tactics use preferred directly challenge rebels combat favored continued waiting building defensive fortifications admiral preferred negotiations exhausting possible peaceful options patience began run thin armies expensive maintain assembled late november armies took positions confrontation inevitable royal capture command army advanced following orders established headquarters town merely kilometres royalist army occupied nearby villages cut communication lines situation continued december apparently thinking royal army remain entrenched moved forces west small town town surrendered day resistance troops began looting estates area movement left path completely unprotected royal army took advantage marching night december occupying day small rebel garrison overwhelmed seizure marked defeat lost claim legitimacy addition thirteen representatives imprisoned fled escaped morale fell rebels angry criticism directed maneuvering troops position failure attempt retake capture obliged resign post withdrew war events december january reorganization following loss december cities represented height fourteen representatives return left earlier capital rebels situation somewhat worse army large number forced rebels intensify recruitment drives especially new recruits arrival rebel military apparatus rebuilt morale bolstered beginning prepared war despite disagreements movement suggested seeking peaceful resolution favored continuing war favored war divided tactics occupy ambitious proposal defended lay siege tactic favored military initiatives far north rebel army began series operations conducted bishop received orders december try raise rebellion tasked collecting taxes behalf creating administration sympathetic cause army series raids area raising inspiring returned early came january begin major offensive nobles nobles land holdings completely devastated mid january count joined organized army thousand men set raiding north nearby awaited joined royalist cause months prior slow response led dissatisfaction uncertainty city aware situation decided north south sought undermine defenses encouraging revolt inhabitants royalist response germany issued december confused condemned prominent members secular rebels punishment death clergy receive lighter penalties similarly declared supported rebels occupation town loyal count sent meet combined force besieged royal army castle royal army slipped away nightfall forced pay tribute avoid recovered rebels day january rebellion scheduled january failure poor coordination besieging army started days early easily crushed surrender rebellion seen rebel campaigns early decision rebels abandoning siege failure revolt decided return opted resume harassment noble properties series actions intended destroy occupy homes prominent nobles rebels set completely system strongest features second phase rebellion recent setbacks suffered realized needed victory raise morale decided castle stronghold halfway close taking grant rebels excellent fortress launching military operations remove threat february siege began outnumbered town resisted days thanks walls february entered town subjected massive looting reward troops churches spared castle resisted days threatened hang inhabitants point castle surrendered defenders secure agreement spare half goods inside castle avoiding looting victory lifted spirits rebel camp worrying rebel advance exactly hoped faith nobles cardinal adrian shaken accused having avoid losing began send troops area contain rebels prevent advances despite renewed enthusiasm rebels decision remain positions near pressing advantage launching new attack caused soldiers return home communities tired waiting salaries new orders problem forces war possessed small number time soldiers militias constantly recruiting attempt negotiate peaceful end war tried sides north failure siege january count resumed campaign set cause uprising homeland besieged southern campaign young appointed charles died january worms germany proposed submit candidate seat departed february small force command traveled south declaring impending claim village passed raised enthusiasm received cheers aroused suspicion aristocracy feared attack holdings duke contacted persuaded sign pact mutual neutrality soon confront appointed commander royalist army area prior maintained base time received information area pursued battle near drove rebel forces launched counterattack inflicting crushing defeat relentless self promoter tried minimize loss claimed emerged victorious confrontation continued appeared plaza heart city march good friday crowd gathered took directly cathedral claiming archbishop chair day met wife facto leader husband absence brief rivalry emerged resolved mutual attempts reconciliation settled began recruit men find enlisting soldiers years old royalist troops burned town april returned countryside roughly men command moved conducted raids operations royalist controlled rural areas attacked faced inconclusive battle near river light near continue news ended war early april royalist moved combine armies threaten moved troops including soldiers recently transferred defense southwest meet admiral forces near reinforced troops far secure preferred forces suffering presence royalist artillery castle vulnerable considered withdrawing seek reinforcements early april delayed decision early hours april losing considerable time allowing unite forces combined royalist army pursued strong advantage cavalry army consisting infantry cavalry infantry cavalry heavy rain slowed infantry royalist cavalry rendered primitive firearms rebels nearly useless hoped reach relative safety heights infantry slow gave battle royalist cavalry town cavalry charges scattered rebel ranks battle slaughter estimated rebel casualties important leaders rebellion captured beheaded morning large portion royalist nobility present remains rebel army fragmented attempting join army near rebellion struck blow end war battle towns northern soon succumbed king troops cities returning allegiance king early madrid kept alive resistance news arrived april largely ignored local magnitude defeat apparent days survivors began arriving city confirmed fact rebel leaders executed declared mourning death death bishop lost popularity favour widow people began suggest negotiating seeking avoid suffering city situation looked worse surrender madrid fall matter time ray hope remained rebels withdrawn troops occupied fight king francis france opportunity invade support royalist army forced march respond left travel recognized caught disputed seeking join french continue fighting simply fleeing took control city remains rebel army living collecting taxes strengthening defenses requested intervention uncle respected negotiate hoping able obtain better concessions eventually abandoned negotiations took personal negotiations commander besieging forces demands somewhat honor ultimately minor property reputation children concerned french royal government gave support parties surrender orchestrated october october left new officials appointed run city truce guaranteed freedom property revolt february new administrator restored order brought city royal control provoked continued presence city refused hand hidden weapons personally signed agreements reached unstable situation came end february generous terms surrender royal soldiers filled city administrator ordered execution riots broke protest incident temporarily thanks intervention sister truce granted defeated distraction exploited escape portugal disguised farmer pardon returned spain july acts repression retaliation occur sporadically large numbers important people supported slow declare allegiance king charles thought press issue charles declared general pardon november pardon gave amnesty involved revolt exception small figure given huge number rebels excluded pardon issued later pressure repression completely end executed died prison purchased amnesty pardoned later rest unknown aftermath successfully escaped portugal lived exile remaining years life captured stripped ecclesiastical standing executed killed guard trying escape received pardon going exile north_africa served commander locked son remain thirty years rest life emperor rule largest european history consequence charles nearly constantly war fighting france england reign spain provide bulk armies financial resources period charles placed high governmental positions empire large generally left administration hands sense revolt considered successful reforms isabella reduced noble power reversed price nobility royalist charles understood noble power helped cause revolt embarked new reform program unpopular corrupt ineffective officials replaced judicial functions limited local courts charles adjusted membership hated president replaced aristocracy role reduced gentry added realizing urban elite needed stake royal government charles gave positions privileges government salaries important hoped maintained power required approve new taxes advise king charles discouraged officials overly methods seeing heavy handed treatment option middle class worked charles successor king demanded large tax increase dependent crown money effectively resist policies wreck economy later influence revolt fresh memory spain referenced literary works spain golden age references rebellion conversation uses word synonym rebel works 18th century held high regard government encouraging rebellions term condemn opposition revolt rebels willingly meant revolt modern colombia similarly unrelated original beginning 19th century image began scholars freedom decline liberty linked later decline spain major commemorative event came centenary liberal military leader fought resistance napoleon led expedition find remains leaders executed praised behalf liberal government power time likely positive governmental recognition cause view challenged conservatives viewed centralized state modern progressive especially anarchy revolution spain conservative government minister published volume las important works scholarship revolt drawing collected original sources emphasized fiscal demands cast medieval feudal liberal intellectual shared dim view prevailed spain cast conflict modern progressive state open foreign influence conservative spain religious cultural insistence racial purity general franco government encouraged unfavorable interpretation according approved historians revolt fundamentally issue petty spanish franco best discourage additionally properly appreciate spain imperial destiny mid twentieth century sought reasons revolt historians portray developing revolt alliances different social shifting economic interests industrial combining intellectuals low nobility merchants views revolt modern revolutions especially stresses ideological conflict intellectual nature revolt features proposed written constitution spain transition democracy following franco death celebration started april small ceremony held years later event huge demonstration support autonomy autonomous community created response public demand recognized april official holiday similarly february celebrated nationalist party celebration highlights roles memory rebellion event war | Revolt of the Comuneros | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12070_QueenAnne'sWar | queen anne war queen anne war north american theater war spanish succession known british colonies second series french indian wars fought france england later great_britain north_america control continent war spanish succession primarily fought europe addition main combatants war involved numerous native american tribes allied nation spain allied france known indian war french second intercontinental war war fought fronts spanish florida subjected attacks english engaged french based mobile essentially war involving primarily allied native americans sides southern war result significant territorial changes effect nearly native population spanish florida including parts present day southern georgia destroying spain network missions area english colonies new_england fought french native american forces based canada repeatedly targeted successfully reached british expeditions capital port royal taken french confederacy sought new_england expansion border defined southern maine end executed raids targets massachusetts including present day maine famously raiding newfoundland english colonists based disputed control island french based conflict consisted economically destructive raids settlements french successfully captured british quickly french abandoned following preliminary peace treaty ended war resulted french claims territories newfoundland britain retaining islands terms ambiguous concerns native american tribes included treaty setting stage future conflicts background following death late king charles_ii war broke succeed spanish throne war restricted powers europe widened england declared war spain france hostilities north_america encouraged existing frontier areas separating colonies powers harmony pronounced northern southwestern english colonies stretched south north additional colonial settlements trading outposts newfoundland total population english colonies time estimated virginia new_england dominating population centers colonies concentrated coast small settlements inland reaching far european colonists knew little interior continent west south great lakes area dominated native tribes french english traders penetrated area spanish missionaries florida established network missions convert indigenous inhabitants spanish population relatively small native population estimated number french explorers located mouth mississippi_river near established small colonial presence fort near present day mississippi began establish trade routes interior establishing friendly relations large tribe natural enemies included british allied populations suffered degree introduction infectious diseases like smallpox early explorers traders arrival french south threatened existing trade links colonists established interior spanish territorial claims creating tension powers france spain allies conflict opposite sides recently ended years war conflicting territorial claims florida south animosity religious divisions roman catholic spanish protestant english coast north conflict held strong economic component addition territorial disputes newfoundland site british colony based french colonial base sides holding number smaller permanent settlements island seasonal settlements fishermen europe colonists numbering fewer english french permanent settlers seasonal visitors competed fisheries fishermen encompassing present day nova scotia new_brunswick massachusetts border area new_england remained uncertain despite battles border king william war new france defined border southern maine catholic missions french settlement near site modern maine bases attacks new_england settlers migrating king william war frontier areas primarily coastal settlements massachusetts new_york dominated natives primarily hudson_river corridor raiding expeditions directions earlier conflicts threat natives somewhat reductions population result disease war seen pose potent threat outlying settlements territories known english significantly fought war scene dispute competing french english companies starting treaty left france control outpost bay incident note french attack outpost unhappy returned territories successfully lobbied return territories negotiations ended war technology organization military technology north_america developed europe colonial settlements stone fortifications boston quebec start war port royal fortifications completed early war frontier villages protected wooden little fortified wooden houses gun ports defenders fire second floors fire attackers trying break europeans typically armed smooth bore muskets maximum range yards inaccurate ranges half distance colonists carried tribal warriors supplied european arms armed primitive weapons like bows arrows small number colonists training operation cannon types artillery effective weapons attacking significant stone wooden defenses english colonists generally organized militia companies colonies regular military presence small number communities newfoundland french colonists organized militias standing defense force called marine force consisted experienced officers manned recruits sent france numbering spread territories new france concentrations major population centers spanish florida defended regular troops spanish policy natives territory provide weapons policy devastating consequences war florida held estimated natives reduced english raids early war course war florida prominent french english colonists understood turn 18th century control mississippi_river significant role future development trade developed visionary plans activities french canadian explorer aftermath war developed project sur caroline called establishing relationships natives mississippi watershed relationships push english continent limit coastal areas pursuit grand strategy rediscovered mouth mississippi found established base founded began establish relationships local tribes english traders explorers founding established substantial trading network southeastern continent extended way mississippi leaders little respect spanish florida understood threat posed french arrival coast governor death succeeded blake articulated visions expansion south west expense french spanish interests january war broke europe approached spanish recommendation warriors armed sent english allies spanish organized expedition left pensacola august trading centers english advance warning expedition organized defense head routed spanish led force upwards spanish led natives killed captured formal hostilities arrived governor moore organized led force spanish florida english soldiers militia indians captured burned town english unable main fortress withdrew spanish fleet arrived havana successfully repulsed attack charles town combined spanish french amphibious force sent havana spanish florida virtually wiped raiding expedition moore known survivors raids relocated confined reservations raids consisting large native forces including small number white men continued following years including major expeditions directed pensacola mobile creek armed led dominated conflicts expense somewhat pacific nature creek new_england war new france confederacy able new_england expansion border defined southern maine commanded french canadians natives confederacy led attacks new_england settlements present day portland maine killed took prisoner settlers february led french canadians raid destroyed settlement killing capturing colonists captives taken overland journey hundreds miles north mission village near montreal children survived adopted people adults later released negotiated prisoner exchanges including minister tried years success ransom daughter fully marrying man active market colonists years communities raised funds ransom citizens native american captivity unable effectively combat raids new_england colonists launching expedition led famous native american fighter expedition raided settlements french accounts claim church attempted attack capital port royal church account expedition describes war council expedition decided making attack father widely suspected tribe massachusetts governor price head winter british soldiers command colonel dispatched seize sack village warned time priest escaped woods papers militia burned village church french confederacy raiding activity continued northern massachusetts english colonists unable mount effective defense raids happened quickly defensive forces organize raids usually found tribal camps settlements raiding french english leaders negotiated limited success exchange prisoners raids indians french participation persisted end war governor organized expedition port royal led men failed fort siege follow expedition august repulsed response french developed ambitious plan raid new_hampshire settlements river native american support needed massachusetts town raided instead governor new france reported thirds fields north boston french native american raids french native american war parties returning prisoners new_england colonists stayed forts come september british colonial forces led finally captured port royal siege week ended official french control portion present day mainland nova_scotia resistance continued end war resistance continued battle bloody creek raids maine frontier remainder present day eastern maine new_brunswick remained disputed territory new_england new france expeditions new france french new france canada opposed attacking province new_york reluctant feared british great peace montreal new_york merchants opposed attacking new france lucrative native american fur trade came new france despite efforts albany commissioner indians interest war maintained neutrality conflict financial logistical support queen organized ambitious assault plan involved overland assault montreal sea based assault naval forces quebec land expedition reached southern end called promised naval support attack quebec forces diverted support portugal vague promises support effort successfully delayed sending support clear expedition going fail failure traveled london accompanied interest north american frontier war indian delegation caused sensation london granted audience successful queen gave support successful capture port royal success belt returned england gained support renewed attempt quebec plan called land sea based attacks execution disaster fleet ships line transports carrying troops led admiral arrived boston june doubling town population greatly colony ability provide necessary provisions sailing quebec end july expedition entered number ships rocky shores near mouth saint lawrence fog troops lost walker called expedition meantime departed montreal overland reached word walker disaster reached turned expedition provided warriors fight english sent warnings expedition french newfoundland newfoundland coast small french english communities fishing stations occupied fishermen europe sides fortified principal towns french western peninsula english conception bay king william war destroyed english communities island august year english fleet command commodore descended outlying french communities attempts winter daniel french governor leading combined french expedition destroyed english settlements unsuccessfully besieged french native american allies continued harry english summer damages claimed english establishments english sent fleet destroyed french fishing outposts island northern coasts december combined force french canadian volunteers captured destroyed fortifications lacking resources hold prize abandoned english french expedition tried successfully resisted english fleet commanders contemplated attacks admiral walker aftermath disaster mouth peace britain france declared armistice final peace agreement signed following year terms treaty britain gained renamed nova_scotia sovereignty newfoundland region caribbean island france recognized british agreed commerce native americans inland open nations retained islands including retained fishing rights area including rights dry fish northern shore newfoundland later years war tired conflict despite french pressures continue raids new_england targets peace ignored native american interests expressed willingness negotiate peace governor organized major peace conference portsmouth new_hampshire governor negotiations bay objected british french ceded territory present day eastern maine new_brunswick britain agreed confirmation boundaries establishment government run trading posts territory treaty portsmouth ratified july representatives tribes confederacy included language asserting british sovereignty territory year tribal leaders signed treaty signed treaty consequences southern colonies spanish florida recovered economy population effects war ceded britain following seven years war treaty paris native americans atlantic coast british rule allied british war discontent war posed major threat south_carolina viability loss population spanish territories contributed founding like granted territory spain originally claimed following military action north_carolina war begun fled north refugees join linguistic cousins economic costs war high southern english colonies including saw little military activity virginia maryland pennsylvania lesser extent hit hard cost shipping export products primarily tobacco european markets suffered particularly bad south_carolina accumulated significant debt burden finance military operations new_england massachusetts new_hampshire line war new_england colonies suffered economic damage areas importance boston center trade combined financial caused crown military spending quebec expedition offset costs war newfoundland loss newfoundland restricted french presence atlantic french settlers newfoundland creating colony france constructed following years presence combined rights use newfoundland shore resulted continued friction french british fishing interests fully resolved late 18th century economic effects war severe newfoundland fishing fleets waters significantly reduced british fishing fleet began recover immediately peace finalized british attempted prevent spanish ships fishing newfoundland waters previously spanish ships simply english straw owners evade british controls british capture long term consequences living britain hold nova scotia initially situation french resistance leaders capitalized british relations war developed context british expansion nova scotia maine coast began moving lands violation previous treaties recognized treaty portsmouth treaty interpreted differently new_england signatories resisted incursions lands conflict french like developed father war british relations nominally conquered difficult repeated british demands swear british crown resisted eventually sparked exodus present day french leaders like father orchestrated guerrilla war allies british attempts expand protestant settlements nova scotia friction persisted france britain borders boundaries laid treaty unclear french formally described france insisted peninsula modern nova_scotia included treaty retained rights modern new_brunswick disputes open conflict king george war resolved british conquest french north american territories area seven years war trade french fully comply commerce provisions treaty attempted prevent english trade remote native american tribes erected fort territory french settlements gulf_coast continued grow settlement new_orleans attempts ultimately unsuccessful expand spanish controlled texas florida french trading networks penetrated continent waterways feeding gulf_of_mexico conflicts british spanish trading networks established mississippi_river watershed including valley brought french contact british trading networks colonial settlements crossed conflicting claims territory eventually led war french indian war broke | Queen Anne's War | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12079_BattlesofLexingtonandConcord | battles lexington concord battles lexington concord military engagements american revolutionary war battles fought april province massachusetts bay towns lexington concord lincoln present day arlington cambridge near boston battles marked outbreak open armed conflict thirteen colonies mainland late suffolk resolves adopted resist enforcement alterations massachusetts colonial government british parliament following colonial assembly responded forming illegal patriot provisional government known calling local militias train possible hostilities rebel government exercised effective control colony outside british controlled boston response british government february declared massachusetts state rebellion british_army regulars boston lieutenant colonel given secret orders capture destroy rebel military supplies reportedly stored massachusetts militia concord effective intelligence gathering patriot received word weeks expedition supplies risk moved locations received details british plans night battle able rapidly area militias british expedition shots fired sun rising lexington militia outnumbered fell regulars proceeded concord broke apart companies search supplies north bridge concord approximately engaged regulars companies king troops resulting casualties sides outnumbered regulars fell bridge rejoined main body british forces concord british forces began return march boston completing search military supplies continued arrive neighboring towns gunfire erupted sides continued day regulars marched boston returning lexington col smith expedition rescued reinforcements brigadier general future duke northumberland known combined force men marched boston heavy fire tactical withdrawal eventually reached safety accumulated militias blockaded narrow land boston starting concord hymn described shot fired patriots north bridge shot heard round world background british_army infantry nicknamed colonists occupied boston augmented naval forces marines enforce colonists called acts passed punish acts defiance general military governor massachusetts commander chief roughly british military forces garrisoned boston control massachusetts outside boston implementation acts increased tensions patriot whig majority pro british minority plan avoid conflict removing military supplies whig militias small secret rapid strikes struggle supplies led british success rebel successes series nearly conflicts known considered friend liberty attempted separate duties governor colony general occupying force described conflicted relationship massachusetts saying parliament englishman person earth argue englishman slavery colonists forming militias 17th century initially local defense indian attacks forces saw action french indian war fought alongside british regulars provincial law towns form militia companies composed males years age older categories assure members properly armed militias formally jurisdiction provincial government new_england militia companies elected officers effectively dissolved provincial government terms massachusetts government act existing connections employed colonists purpose resistance military threat britain british government preparations february address king houses parliament declared state rebellion existed find majesty subjects province massachusetts bay proceeded far resist authority rebellion time actually exists said province concern encouraged unlawful combinations engagements entered majesty subjects colonies injury oppression innocent fellow subjects resident rest majesty shall pay attention regard real grievances laid colonies shall proper application shall ready afford reasonable time majesty enforce obedience laws authority supreme legislature fixed resolution hazard lives properties stand majesty rebellious attempts maintenance rights majesty april received instructions secretary state earl rebels rebellion leaders gave considerable discretion commands decision act promptly influenced information received april spy telling congress divided need armed resistance delegates sent new_england colonies cooperate raising new_england army colonial soldiers morning april ordered mounted patrol men command major mitchell surrounding country intercept horseback patrol behaved differently patrols sent boston past staying dark asking travelers location effect residents increasing lexington militia particular began muster early evening hours receiving word boston known story nightfall farmer british patrol colonists asked heard regulars coming sword story incident published century later suggests little family myth lieutenant colonel received orders afternoon april instructions read troops underway proceed boston expedition secrecy concord seize destroy military stores care soldiers inhabitants hurt private property discretion issue written orders arrest rebel leaders feared spark uprising american preparations march issued following resolution army command thereof number shall march town boston artillery baggage ought deemed design carry execution force late acts parliament attempting resolve late honourable ought opposed military force province ought assembled army observation immediately formed act solely defensive long justified principles reason self preservation rebellion leaders exception paul left boston april received word secret instructions general sources london reached adams fled boston home relatives lexington thought safe immediate threat arrest massachusetts militias gathering stock weapons powder supplies concord west worcester expedition boston concord widely anticipated large contingent regulars alarmed countryside expedition boston march newspaper philadelphia reported supposed going concord sitting quantity provisions stores lodged said intending soon april paul rode concord warn inhabitants british appeared planning expedition townspeople decided remove stores distribute towns nearby colonists aware april date expedition despite efforts details hidden british rank file officers command mission reasonable speculation proven confidential source intelligence general new_jersey born wife sympathies colonial cause friendly relationship warren night april told british troops embark boats boston bound cambridge road lexington concord warren intelligence suggested likely objectives regulars movements later night capture worry possibility regulars marching concord supplies concord safe think leaders lexington unaware potential danger night sent warn alert colonial militias nearby towns militia forces assemble covered southern land route horseback great bridge lexington gave instructions send signal hung boston traveled northern water route crossing mouth slipping past british warship anchor crossings banned hour safely landed rode west lexington warning house route additional riders sent north arrived lexington adams discussed situation militia assembling believed forces leaving city large sole task arresting men concord main target lexington men dispatched riders surrounding towns continued road concord accompanied lincoln ran british patrol led major mitchell captured thrown horse escaped reach concord additional riders sent concord ride triggered flexible system alarm muster carefully developed months reaction colonists response system improved version old network use times emergency colonists periodically early years indian wars colony fell french indian war addition express riders delivering messages bells drums alarm guns trumpet rapid communication town town rebels dozens eastern massachusetts villages muster militias regulars leaving boston system effective people towns miles boston aware army movements unloading boats cambridge early warnings played crucial role assembling sufficient number colonial militia inflict heavy damage british regulars later day adams eventually moved safety later british forces advance dusk called meeting senior officers informed instructions lord arrived ordering action told senior colonel regiments lieutenant colonel smith command major executive officer meeting town folk according account discussion people turned unusual movement british soldiers town questioned man man replied regulars miss aim aim asked cannon concord reply hearing quickly returned relayed information stunned issued orders prevent getting boston late prevent leaving british regulars infantry drawn occupying infantry regiments major commanded elite light infantry companies lieutenant colonel commanded companies overall command lieutenant colonel smith troops assigned expedition companies drawn 4th king 5th 10th 18th royal irish 23rd 38th 43rd 47th 52nd regiments foot 1st battalion majesty protecting companies light infantry 4th 5th 10th 23rd 38th 43rd 47th 52nd regiments company lieutenant majority captains commanding volunteers attached minute drawn regiments stationed boston lack familiarity commander company cause problems battle british began troops night april assembled water edge western end colonel smith late arriving organized boat loading operation resulting confusion staging area boats naval barges packed tightly room sit disembarked near cambridge waist deep water midnight lengthy halt gear regulars began miles march concord wait provided extra ammunition cold salt pork hard sea carry carried food bags muskets marched wet muddy shoes uniforms marched sounds colonial countryside caused officers aware mission realize lost element surprise colonel smith sent major ahead companies light infantry orders quick march concord smith wise decision send messenger boston asking reinforcements battles lexington styled battle reality engagement lexington minor brush skirmish regulars advance guard entered lexington sunrise april lexington emerged stood ranks village common watching spectators watched road leader captain veteran french indian war suffering tuberculosis times difficult hear lined surname seven including company orderly sergeant parker reed fully quarter related captain parker way group lexington training band way organizing local militias dating styled company having waited night sign british troops wondering warning true parker got confirmation scout parker sent rode told coming coming force close captain parker clearly aware confrontation prepared sacrifice men purpose knew colonists powder military supplies concord hidden war declared declaration independence year future knew british gone expeditions massachusetts found marched boston parker reason expect occur regulars march concord find return boston tired handed positioned company carefully placed parade ground formation plain sight hiding walls blocking road concord political military determination effort prevent march regulars years later participants recalled parker words engraved stone site battle stand ground don fire fired mean war let begin according parker sworn deposition taken battle ordered militia meet common said lexington consult concluded discovered said regular troops approach insult sudden approach immediately ordered militia disperse fire immediately said troops appearance rushed fired killed party receiving turn left concord marine lieutenant head advance guard decided protect flank british column turning right leading companies common confused effort surround militia major arrived rear advance force led companies left halted remaining companies colonel smith lay road boston shot british officer probably accounts uncertain lieutenant rode forward waving sword called assembled militia disperse ordered lay arms damned rebels captain parker told men instead disperse home confusion parker voice hear left slowly laid arms parker ordered men hold fire shot fired unknown source clock arrived lexington saw number people believe formed common middle town continued advancing keeping prepared attack intending attack coming near fired shots men orders rushed fired flight killed tell walls woods man 10th light infantry wounded hurt formed common difficulty men wild hear orders waited considerable time length proceeded way concord according member parker militia americans discharged muskets faced oncoming british troops british suffer casualty slight wound deposition corporal stated fire regulars thought stated stood left fired powder second firing stated fired powder received wound arm said use words gun took aim main body british troops smoke preventing seeing heads horses discharged pieces witnesses regulars reported shot fired colonial corner tavern observers reported mounted british officer firing sides generally agreed initial shot come men ground immediately facing speculation arose later lexington man named fired shot inside tavern wall witnesses claimed fired witnesses claimed know theory shot fired british killed prisoner running away told walk away let panicked began run historian proposed actually multiple near simultaneous shots claims british forward ready way provoking scattered shots militia response british troops orders fired devastating volley lack discipline british troops key role violence witnesses scene described intermittent shots fired sides lines regulars began fire receiving orders believed regulars firing powder ball realized truth militia managed load return fire rest ran lives men testify declare nineteenth morning informed body regulars marching boston concord clock morning hearing drum beat proceeded parade soon found large body troops marching company coming parade reached time company began disperse whilst backs turned troops fired number men instantly killed wounded gun fired person company regulars knowledge fired continued firing escape regulars charged forward captain parker cousin run lexington men killed wounded british soldier 10th regiment foot wounded colonists killed fatally wounded british musket ball managed crawl home died wounded man prince black slave serving militia companies command got officers control unaware actual purpose day mission fired different directions prepared enter private homes colonel smith arriving remainder regulars heard musket fire rode forward column action quickly found drummer ordered beat assembly arrived shortly order restored soldiers light infantry permitted fire victory volley column reformed marched concord concord response raised alarm concord lincoln mustered concord received reports firing lexington sure wait reinforced troops towns nearby stay defend town east greet british_army superior terrain column militia marched road lexington meet british traveling miles met approaching column regulars regulars numbered militia time numbered militia column turned marched concord preceding regulars distance yards militia retreated ridge overlooking town officers discussed caution prevailed colonel withdrew town concord led men north bridge hill mile north town continue watch troop movements british activities center town step proved ranks militia continued grow companies arriving western towns joined search militia supplies british troops arrived village concord col smith divided carry orders company secured south bridge captain seven companies light infantry captain parsons numbering secured north bridge visible cleared fields assembling militia companies captain parsons took companies 5th 23rd 38th 52nd regiments road miles north bridge search intelligence indicated supplies found companies 4th 10th regiments stationed guard return route company 43rd remained guarding bridge companies relatively inexperienced command captain aware significantly outnumbered plus concerned captain sent messenger col smith requesting reinforcements detailed information provided loyalist spies companies searched small town military supplies arrived tavern jail south bridge road found door barred shut jones refused entry according reports provided local loyalists knew cannon buried property jones ordered gunpoint guns buried turned massive pieces firing pound shot heavy use defensively effective fortifications sufficient range bombard city boston parts nearby mainland smashed guns mounted burned gun carriages found village fire spread local resident persuaded soldiers help bucket brigade save building nearly barrels flour food thrown pounds musket balls damage cannon significant shot food recovered british left search regulars generally treatment locals including paying food drink consumed excessive advantage locals able searches smaller militia supplies arsenal weeks weapons remained according family legend quickly buried furrows look like crop planted troops sent find supplies consequence north bridge colonel troops seeing smoke rising village square british burned cannon carriages seeing light infantry companies directly decided march town point hill lower closer flat yards north bridge militia advanced british companies 4th 10th regiments held position near road retreated bridge yielded hill men companies militia concord lincoln occupied hill groups men streamed totaling captain light infantry companies force totaling men ordered massachusetts men form long line abreast highway leading bridge called consultation overlooking hill col captains discussed possible courses action captain troops arrived late declared willingness defend town saying afraid haven man afraid told men load weapons fire fired ordered advance ordered british companies guarding bridge retreat officer tried pull loose bridge colonial advance major began regulars stop bridge militia concord handful advanced column formation led major col robinson davis light infantry keeping road surrounded spring captain poor tactical decision summons help produced results ordered men form positions street firing bridge column running perpendicular river formation appropriate sending large volume fire narrow alley buildings city open path bridge confusion reigned regulars retreating bridge tried form street firing position troops lieutenant rear formation saw mistake ordered sent company different men command soldiers remainder tried best confusion follow orders superior officer shot likely warning shot fired panicked exhausted british soldier 43rd according captain report commander fight regulars fired immediately shots river narrow group possibly thinking order fire given fired ragged volley stop private captain head line marching bridge hit killed instantly recalled americans commenced march double file minute americans quick motion rods bridge single gun fired british soldier marked way passing col robinson arm slightly wounding men wounded major militia fire god sake fellow soldiers fire point lines separated bridge yards apart rows colonists bound road blocked forming line fire managed fire heads shoulders regulars bridge british officers leading troops wounded volley musket fire 4th killed mortally wounded wounded reverend wrote eyewitness following facts people concord faced british concord bridge british placed ninety men guard north bridge certain information killed lexington saw british making destruction town concord proposed advance bridge colonel robinson major took lead strict orders given fire british fired advanced halfway causeway british fired gun second body killed colonel davis people fired heads long column killed wounded said greatest beauty british army badly wounded complained british fled assembled hill north concord dressed wounded began retreat descended hill near road comes pursued colonel bridge men came killed men regulars found trapped situation outnumbered lacking effective leadership terrified superior numbers enemy spirit broken likely having experienced combat abandoned wounded fled safety approaching companies coming town center captain parsons companies searching arms fight colonists stunned success actually believed shoot kill advanced retreated went home safety homes families colonel eventually began recover control moved militia yards away sent major bridge defensive position hill stone wall lieutenant colonel smith heard exchange fire position town moments received request reinforcements quickly assembled companies lead north bridge troops marched met shattered remnants light infantry companies running smith concerned companies route town unprotected saw distance wall halted companies moved forward officers closer look wall observed fired believe killed officer orders fire wasn gun fired tense lasting minutes mentally ill local man named sides selling hard point detachment regulars sent farm marched fruitless search area passed deserted battlefield saw dead wounded comrades lying bridge looked angered shocked british soldiers crossed bridge returned town eyes colonists continued maintain defensive positions regulars continued search destroy colonial military supplies town ate lunch marching left concord noon delay departure gave colonial outlying towns additional time reach road boston return march concord lexington lieutenant colonel smith concerned safety men sent follow ridge protect forces roughly field british marched east concord ridge ended near corner crossroads mile outside village concord main road came bridge small stream cross narrow bridge british pull main column close ranks mere soldiers abreast colonial militia companies arriving north east point presented clear numerical advantage regulars british witnessing general hoped avoid expedition secrecy dark night ability colonial rise converge thousands british forces ventured boston british column marched narrow bridge british rear guard wheeled fired volley colonial firing irregularly distance closed musket range colonists returned fire time deadly effect regulars killed wounded colonial casualties smith sent flanking troops crossing small bridge known hardy hill mile past corner nearly assembled south road awaiting opportunity fire british column road smith leading forces charged hill drive colonists withdraw inflicting significant casualties attackers smith withdrew men column continued small bridge lincoln militia companies intensified attack north road regulars soon reached point road referred bloody angle road rises curves sharply left lightly wooded area place militia company positioned southeast bend road rocky lightly wooded field additional militia flowing parallel road engagement corner positioned northwest road catching british militia companies road closed attack yards road took sharp curve time right british column caught large force firing sides passing sharp curves british force lost thirty soldiers killed wounded colonial militia killed including captain captain british soldiers escaped breaking pace maintain woods terrain colonial forces road british densely packed disorganized mount attack rear militia forces towns continued arrive colonial forces risen men road straightened east cleared fields sides col smith sent succeeded trapping militia inflicting casualties british casualties mounting engagements persistent long range fire exhausted british running ammunition british column neared boundary lincoln lexington encountered ambush hill overlooking road set captain lexington including encounter lexington earlier day point col smith wounded thigh knocked horse major assumed effective command column sent light infantry companies hill clear militia forces light infantry cleared additional hills column continued east bluff hill took casualties set fresh militia companies joining battle musket colonial soldiers major horse throwing ground injuring arm principal leaders expedition injured men tired exhausting ammunition surrendered captured broke formation ran forward lexington words british officer began run retreat order attempted stop men form deep purpose confusion increased officers got presented told men advanced die began form heavy fire british officer remained companies head british column approach understood column situation men ammunition left flanking parties soon laid arms picked rebels pleasure nearer able heard cheering ahead brigade men artillery command arrived rescue british column march clock morning wrote account pursued killed got lexington close pursued soon surrendered lord met large reinforcement field pieces fired balls went high heads cannon execution stories effects spread troops time pursued retired cambridge army collected cambridge colonel regiment minute men lieutenant colonel prompt post accounts afterward british officers soldiers alike noted frustration colonial fired trees stone walls confronting large linear formations style european warfare image individual colonial farmer musket hand fighting command fostered american myth chasing red coats lane crossing fields emerge trees turn road fire load contrary beginning north bridge british retreat colonial militias repeatedly operated coordinated companies dispersed advantage cover reflecting british experience day understood significance american tactics affair rebels attacked scattered irregular manner resolution dare form regular body knew proper looks irregular mob find mistaken men know having employed rangers indians canadians country covered wood hilly method fighting rescue general anticipated col smith expedition require reinforcement drafted orders reinforcing units assemble boston obsession secrecy sent copy orders adjutant 1st brigade servant left envelope table british column miles lexington col smith clear indication element surprise lost alarm spreading countryside sent rider boston request reinforcements rider reached boston 1st brigade ordered assemble line infantry companies 4th 23rd 47th regiments battalion command unfortunately british copy orders sent commander order delivered desk major lexington common smith column hour delays brigade strong left boston headed lexington way story told marched tune yankee inhabitants area months later song popular anthem colonial forces took land route great bridge quick thinking colonists stripped delay british men came absent minded tutor asked road lexington harvard man apparently oblivious reality happening showed proper road thinking later compelled leave country inadvertently supporting enemy troops arrived lexington hear gunfire distance set cannon deployed lines regulars high ground commanding views town colonel smith men approached like fleeing mob complement colonial militia close formation pursuing ordered artillery open fire extreme range colonial smith men collapsed exhaustion reached safety lines advice master ordnance left boston spare ammunition men artillery pieces brought thinking extra wagons slow man brigade rounds artillery piece supplied rounds carried boxes left city directed ammunition wagons guarded officer thirteen men follow convoy intercepted small party older veteran alarm list join militia companies years age men rose ambush demanded surrender wagons regulars ignored drove horses old men opened fire shot lead horses killed wounded officer british survivors ran threw weapons pond surrendered lexington assumed control combined forces men let rest eat drink wounds tended field headquarters resuming march set lexington formation emphasized defense sides rear column wounded regulars rode cannon forced hop fired gatherings militia men surrounded tactical advantage interior lines shift units easily needed colonial militia required outside formation placed smith men middle column 23rd regiment line companies column rear guard information provided americans attacking ordered rear guard rotated mile allow troops rest briefly flanking companies sent sides road powerful force marines acted vanguard clear road ahead respite lexington brigadier general arrived took command militia earlier day traveled discuss tactics left boston morning members heath warren reacted artillery ordering avoid close formations attract cannon fire instead surrounded marching square moving ring distance inflict maximum casualties minimum risk mounted road fire muskets approaching regulars ahead repeat tactic militia fire long range hope hitting somebody main column soldiers road surviving british muskets effective combat range yards infantry units apply pressure sides british column moved range units forward engage column road heath sent intercept arriving militia units directing appropriate places road engage regulars towns sent supply wagons assist feeding militia heath warren lead small actions battle presence effective leadership probably greatest impact success tactics wrote colonial tactics rebels attacked scattered irregular manner resolution dare form regular body knew proper looks irregular mob find mistaken fighting grew intense forces crossed lexington fresh militia poured gunfire british ranks distance individual began fight property homes sniper positions turning situation soldier nightmare house house fighting pleaded friends fight alongside defend house saying englishman home castle stayed killed doorway friends depending account believed hid cellar died house bullets shooting soldiers followed jason russell house stands contains bullet holes fight militia unit attempted ambush russell orchard caught men killed allegedly surrendered lost control men british soldiers began commit atrocities repay supposed north bridge casualties hands distant unseen enemy based word wounded officers smith command learned stone walls trees buildings settled towns closer boston hide shoot column ordered flank companies clear colonial places junior officers flank parties difficulty stopping exhausted enraged men killing found inside buildings example innocent refused hide basement tavern killed suspected involved day events accounts exaggerated later colonists propaganda value financial compensation colonial government certainly true road liquor stolen troops cases drunk church communion silver stolen later recovered sold boston aged resident killed regulars attacked british contingent left dead recovered wounds later died age told far blood shed cambridge day colonists lost men killed wounded british lost killed wounded 47th foot marines suffering highest casualties half day fatalities british troops crossed today known cambridge fight grew intense fresh militia arrived close array instead scattered formation artillery pieces crossroads called watson corner inflict heavy damage earlier day heath ordered great bridge dismantled brigade approach broken bridge filled militia directed troops narrow track beech street near present day porter square road militia numbering unprepared movement circle fire broken american force moved occupy modern day dominated road moved cannon dispersed rounds ammunition large militia force arrived salem cut route men halted nearby allowed british escape accused commander force colonel permitting troops pass hoped avoid war preventing total defeat regulars later claimed stopped heath orders heath denied nearly dark marines defended final attack rear entered regulars took strong positions hills sleep days marched miles hours hours spent fire held high ground protected heavy guns quickly sent line companies fresh regiments 10th occupy high ground build fortifications begun fortifications completed later starting point militia works built months later june general heath studied position british_army decided withdraw militia cambridge aftermath morning boston surrounded huge militia army numbering marched new_england unlike rumors blood true revolutionary war begun leadership general arrived 20th replaced brigadier general formed siege line extending boston effectively surrounding boston sides days immediately following size colonial forces grew militias new_hampshire rhode_island connecticut arrived scene adopted men beginnings continental_army open warfare started refused impose martial law boston persuaded town surrender private weapons return promising leave town battle major terms tactics casualties terms supporting british political strategy military strategy battle significant failure expedition contributed fighting intended prevent weapons actually seized battle followed war british political opinion days battle collected scores sworn british prisoners word leaked week battle sending official description events london sent detailed signed participants events faster ship documents presented sympathetic official printed london newspapers weeks report arrived official report vague influence opinion friend colonists wrote right king troops claim victory politicians london tended blame conflict instead policies instructions british troops boston variously blamed general colonel smith failures lexington concord day battle left home ride convinced die cast crossed philadelphia previously thought argument colonies kind law suit news battle reached rejected hardened tempered forever george_washington received news wrote friend happy peaceful plains america blood inhabited slaves sad alternative man choice group hunters frontier named lexington heard news battle june eventually city lexington kentucky legacy important early american government image british fault american innocence maintained battle war history patriot preparations intelligence warning signals uncertainty shot rarely discussed public sphere decades story wounded british soldier north bridge combat struck head purported strongly suppressed mentioning activities published returned participants notably happened paul paintings portrayed lexington fight slaughter issue blame grew early nineteenth century example older participants testimony later life lexington concord differed greatly taken oath said british fired lexington years weren sure said fired said able battle took mythical quality american consciousness legend important truth complete shift occurred patriots portrayed actively fighting cause suffering paintings lexington skirmish began portray militia standing fighting defiance events north bridge concord hymn important commemorated beginning american revolution 19th century means americans learned revolution helping forge identity nation generations poem paul ride historically inaccurate example paul concord captures idea individual change course history 20th century popular historical opinion varied events historic day reflecting political mood time anti war sentiments world wars bred skepticism nature contribution efforts militia united_states turn twentieth century led balanced approaches history battle world war film ride seized espionage act promoting united_states britain cold war patriotic symbol capitalist novelist published april morning account battle fictional year old perspective reading book frequently assigned american secondary schools film version produced television starring 1990s parallels drawn american tactics vietnam war british_army lexington concord site battle lexington known lexington battle green listed national_register_of_historic_places memorials commemorating battle established lands surrounding north bridge concord approximately miles road surrounding lands period buildings corner western lexington walking trails displays routes colonists road personnel usually dressed period dress offering descriptions area explanations events day bronze relief major designed executed park french minute man statue current units units derived american units participated battles lexington concord thirty current units colonial roots ships united_states_navy including world war aircraft carriers named honor patriots day celebrated annually honor battle massachusetts maine wisconsin public schools monday april ride staged battle lexington green ceremonies held north bridge centennial commemoration april president members cabinet joined people mark 100th anniversary battles sculpture minute man located north bridge unveiled day formal ball took place evening agricultural hall concord commemoration april issued stamps commemorating anniversary battles lexington concord lexington concord commemorative stamps issued honor events surrounded america war independence stamps placed sale washington massachusetts cities towns played major roles lexington concord story lexington concord boston cambridge known locations involved battles commemoration town concord invited prominent citizens leaders worlds government military diplomatic corps arts sciences commemorate anniversary battles april crowd estimated gathered view parade celebrate concord president delivered major speech near north bridge televised nation freedom american soil principles declaration independence flourished land principles years ago dream reality today real equality matured america rights sacred government land consent governed lands freely accepted principles liberty freedom declaration independence fashioned independent principles freely taken freely shared world volley fired concord centuries ago shot heard round world echoes today anniversary president ford laid base minute man statue observed sir british ambassador united_states laid grave british soldiers killed battle | Battles of Lexington and Concord | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12125_BattleofFortAnne | battle fort anne fought july engagement continental_army forces retreat forward elements larger british army driven early campaign american revolutionary war surprised american withdrawal troops possible forward pursuit retreating americans main body american forces departed fort independence road smaller body troops accompanying sick wounded camp followers evacuated fort sailed moving overland group included men arms fort anne smaller advance company army caught british clearly outnumbered sent reinforcements americans decided attack numerical advantage succeeded nearly surrounding british position quarters mile north fort americans retreated fort war indicated arrival british reinforcements ruse reinforcements single officer saved british force probable capture army soon came road forcing americans retreat fort anne claimed flag flown fort anne instance flag consisting stars stripes claim supposedly false background night july continental_army forces occupying ordered evacuate fort general following approach general man army men placed gun battery overlooking fort american avenues retreat risk cut american forces left surrounding defense works road men colonel new_hampshire sailed lake flotilla consisting armed smaller transport vessels vessels loaded sick fort stores supplies armaments believing log boom bridge placed mount independence sufficient delay british pursuit long began sail lake southernmost point lake pace pursuit british hardly slowed water defenses learned american withdrawal morning july ordered defenses taken placed gunfire bridge boom eliminated obstacles space minutes point breaking rigid military discipline ordered troops follow southward rapidly possible instead remaining formation sailed southward pursuit assisted favorable winds miles end july americans arrived hours earlier small fort attempt surround position landed men 9th 20th 21st regiments commanded lieutenant colonel point south objective cutting road americans process falls boats arrived opened fire enterprise liberty gates destroyed americans ships revenge forced surrender process american supplies destroyed abandoned british americans retreated fort anne disarray starting fire eventually structures reached fort anne met new_york militia sent general received news retreat british hill finally reached road captured american supplies sick wounded camp followers trailed main body moved south mile fort anne encountered american reconnaissance party numbering captain ensuing skirmish american killed wounded americans retreated fort battle morning july supposed american spy informed hill fort occupied nearly troops opting attack numerically superior force hill sent message outlining situation ordered 20th 21st regiments quick march fort anne support poor weather hampered movement arrive battle returned fort anne reported british position troop strength long seeing british soldiers following decided attack position moving possible force tried surround british road hill men heard rebel movements flanks retreated higher position abandoning wounded men eventually captured americans americans opened fire heavy directed fire according british officer battle lasted hours sides nearly ammunition british virtually surrounded americans sound indian war north prompted americans retreat retired fort wounded including taken shot hip turned indians single british officer 9th regiment deputy leading group indians reluctant fight americans money ran ahead war cries brought end battle aftermath fort americans held brief council woman british freed heard british troops command general phillips rapidly advancing long men nearly ammunition withdrew burning fort sides claimed victory battle british successfully stood ground americans nearly forced surrender american claim victory tempered fact force defeated clearly vanguard larger british force british officer recovered regimental banners engagement following american retreat fort anne widely claimed flags captured new design american flag thirteen red white stripes stars representing earliest known use stars stripes motif story likely time needed news flag design approved congress travel followed construction flag delivery remote location render story flags known recovered bear resemblance whatsoever united_states flag | Battle of Fort Anne | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12505_InvasionofDominica | invasion invasion september successful french invasion island anglo french war action took place british authorities caribbean aware france entered war ally united_states_of_america french governor west_indies notified august france war organized invasion spies rally sympathetic french speaking dominican support early september french forces landed southeastern coast island rapidly took island defenses eventually gained control high ground overlooking island capital lieutenant governor surrendered remaining forces remained french hands end war returned british control background following pivotal battles october ensuing surrender british general army france decided openly enter american war independence ally young united_states_of_america france objectives entering war included recovery territories lost britain seven years war key territory particular interest west_indies island lay french held martinique guadeloupe captured britain recapture island improve communication islands deny use dominican ports preyed french shipping governor concerned island security war began operating instructions colonial authorities london minimize expenses defence pushed forward improvement fort sites work incomplete took leave june sailing england command left lieutenant governor work improve defenses incomplete august governor received word war declared prelude french frigate reached martinique august orders paris earliest opportunity immediate plans operation maintained contacts dominican population remained largely french years british administration result accurate picture condition dominican defenses knew island garrison numbered fewer soldiers fit duty concerned whereabouts fleet admiral significantly powerful unbeknownst recently assumed post orders retain fleet barbados instructions received british regular forces island total numbered distributed defences capital hills overlooked carefully maintained facade peace dealings dominican authorities began preparing forces martinique september stuart signed agreement formally prohibited crews day sent officers royal_navy frigate anchored near present day portsmouth stuart suspicious man questioned released september informed frigate sailed barbados immediately moved launch invasion british sources suggest french soldiers island gained entry battery evening garrison drink poured sand fort cannons temporarily rendering useless fact agents island convinced local french speaking militia abandon duties called invasion sunset september french troops volunteers departed martinique aboard frigates corvette flotilla smaller vessels sources describing action significantly varying numbers size french force numbers report action british sources claim force numbered point attack battery british garrison drink cannons overcome significant resistance dawn september 48th regiment soldiers driven fell deaths securing battery french fired cannons sent signal rockets signal allies actions alerted stuart alarm immediately raised french dominican militia failed muster arranged militia ended duty deployed defenses french proceeded land troops objective gaining high ground capital main force men landed miles south near heavy fire hill batteries resulting casualties landed landed north fleet frigates moved bombard defenses french briefly captured coastal fort times driven fire ended withdrawing forces able reach capture hill batteries noon french occupied high ground capital stuart realized situation hopeless negotiations followed signed terms capitulation proceedings interrupted french frigates captain apparently unaware proceedings fired fort young british flag flying commanders rushed fort prevent exchanges gunfire completed agreement french formally took control british regulars prisoners war militia released return home interested keeping good terms population allow troops town instead levied fee island population distributed men aftermath official correspondence claimed french suffered casualties stuart reported french appeared casualties occurred invasion left garrison french regulars free black militia island turned command returned martinique news fall received surprise london considering single ship line prevented attack admiral widely blamed loss criticized closely orders orders reinforcements late arrival held barbados launch attack took place december events series military actions resulting change control caribbean islands war involved appointed governor leeward_islands taken prisoner british surrender remained french hands annoyance returned british control terms treaty paris fact french supplied natives mixed blood locals arms invasion caused problems british local forces previously somewhat pacific resisted british attempts expand holdings island leading expanded conflict | Invasion of Dominica | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12622_BattleofJumonvilleGlen | battle battle known affair opening battle french indian war fought near present day pennsylvania company colonial militia virginia command lieutenant colonel george_washington small number warriors led known half king ambushed force command british colonial force sent protect fort construction auspices location present day pittsburgh pennsylvania larger force driven small construction crew sent warn washington french claimed territory washington alerted presence joined forces surround canadian camp canadians killed ambush captured slain exact circumstances death subject historical controversy debate britain france war event international repercussions contributing factor start seven years war action washington retreated canadian forces compelled surrender terms washington surrender included statement written french language washington read admitting assassinated document french level accusations washington ordered background early british canadian traders increasingly come contact including upper watershed western pennsylvania authorities new france aggressive efforts expel british traders colonists area began construction series fortifications area french action drew attention british indian tribes area despite good franco indian relations british traders highly successful convincing indians trade preference planned large scale advance received particular chief known half king decidedly anti french consequence meeting commander french construction force reportedly lost temper shouted indian chief tell river river blocked forces burst open feet oppose stupid things said threw offered good gesture died long command operations turned governor sent militia major george_washington territory claimed british colonies including virginia december tell french leave informed washington orders washington letter addressed commanding officer canada intention leaving washington returned informed governor french refused leave commissioned washington lieutenant colonel ordered begin raising militia regiment hold ohio site washington identified fine location fortress governor issued captain commission employee instructions raise small force immediately begin construction fort issued instructions authority asking funding fact trent company arrived site february began construction assistance month force french marine departed montreal valley command took command learned trent activity led force men marine militia indians drive rumors reaching trent men size april force arrived day trent force men led ensign edward ward trent absence agreed leave site french began construction fort called fort prelude march governor ordered washington frontier instructions act defensive case attempts works settlements persons whatsoever case resistance prisoners kill destroy historian describes instructions issued knowledge direction british government london invitation start war washington ordered gather supplies paid volunteers way time left frontier april recruited fewer men march forests frontier washington joined men winchester point learned captain trent french advance trent brought message promised warriors assist british support washington decided turn choosing instead advance reached place known great meadows pennsylvania miles south began construction small fort awaited news instructions operated orders forbade attacks force provoked sent soldiers principally canadian recruits including french recruits officers washington entered french territory summons order washington troops summons similar nature washington delivered months earlier washington informed accompanied expedition canadian party numbering area response washington sent men find evening washington received message informing found camp meet despite fact sent group pursuit canadians washington went detachment men meet leader warriors boys discussing matter leaders agreed attack canadians attackers took positions rocks canadian camp counting battle exactly happened subject controversy debate primary accounts affair agree number facts disagree agree battle lasted minutes killed party killed taken prisoner according canadian records dead paris martin washington accounts battle exist versions consistent short details wrote diary advanced pretty near discovered ordered company fire received fire french greatest action lasted quarter hour enemy routed killed commander wounded prisoners prepared official report action based sources came named escaped action apparently witness party saw surrounded english indians english gave indians fire interpreter told tell ceased firing ordered summons sent retire read saw coming close whilst reading summons time said best way second source indian camp reported killed head whilst reading summons indian claimed indians rushed prevent account private named washington regiment present affair account based detailed accounts present sworn statement august details role affair confirmed newspaper account printed june account french surrounded slept alerted noise fired gun col washington gave word men fire killed rest flight indians gone round french fled english delivered arms time indians came half king took split head french captain asked englishman told french man took brains washed hands heard heard contradicted knows knowledge narrative substantially correct number details including size composition forces claimed seen counted dead numbering historian documents fourth account british indian camp named anderson speculates followers report french commanders echoed notwithstanding discharge musket fire washington washington intended read summons withdrawn people previously ordered fire french hat savage came wounded said thou dead father struck blows killed anderson notes apparently understood said understood ritual reported men taken prisoner killed british colonists suffered killed wounded aftermath washington wrote letter brother battle said truth assure heard bullets whistle believe charming sound following battle washington returned great meadows pushed onward construction fort called fort necessity dead left field buried shallow graves later found french june combined force french indian soldiers command brother left july captured battle great meadows forcing washington negotiate withdrawal arms capitulation document washington signed written french language washington know read poorly translated included language claiming men assassinated news battles reached england august government duke newcastle months negotiations decided send army expedition following year french major general chosen lead expedition defeated battle french remained control expedition general finally succeeded taking fort word british military plans leaked france departure north_america king dispatched larger body troops canada arrived late participate defeat french troop presence led string french victories following years second british act aggression admiral fired french ship naval action june capturing troop ships carrying troops military matters escalated north american soil sea france britain declared war spring marking formal start seven years war propaganda analysis inconsistent nature record action contemporary historical coverage easily colored preferences account example accepted washington account highly dismissive accounts indian french authorities assembled documents counter british accounts affair entitled des pour observations par les les europe copy intercepted translated published memorial containing summary view facts authorities answer observations sent english ministry courts europe washington capitulation statement documents including extracts washington journal taken suggest washington actually ordered assassination agreed story called pretended assassination french story contrasted british account based washington report british suggested engaged diplomatic mission orders included specific instructions summons read additional forces sent needed historian reasons action killing provides possible explanation men reports event british killing lost influence local tribes specifically thought conflict british french bring influence allies british according indians french sent essence offering opportunity british french legacy portion battlefield great meadows located preserved given christian retreat center near site non profit named road general constructed reach sponsors research promotes french indian war history area | Battle of Jumonville Glen | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12638_BattleofChelseaCreek | battle creek second military engagement boston campaign american revolutionary war known battle battle fought salt marshes islands boston harbor northeast boston peninsula areas united mainland land american colonists met goal strengthening siege boston removing livestock hay islands reach british regulars british armed schooner diana destroyed weaponry appropriated colonial naval capture war significant boost morale colonial forces background battle lexington concord april drew thousands militia forces new_england towns surrounding boston men remained area numbers grew placing british forces boston siege blocked land access peninsula british able sail supplies nova_scotia providence places harbor city remained british naval control colonial forces little stop shipments naval supremacy british fleet complete absence spring remaining local area continued supply british forces boston war began farmers east city coastal areas islands found vulnerable siege began exposed british influence sea continued sell livestock regulars viewed loyalists eyes patriots refused sell british consider rebels raiding parties simply wanted issued following order resolved opinion live stock taken island near sea coast driven execution business committed committees correspondence towns supplied number men shall need regiment days battle warren general commander besieging forces inspected island lay northeast boston east found british troops plenty livestock animals coastal areas moved inland owners british sailed troops outer harbor near hay livestock driven militia mustered nearby towns removed livestock burned hay island occupied boston command vice admiral royal marines command major british forces led governor general graves addition hay livestock hired storage island variety important naval supplies felt important preserve owing replacing prelude battle vice admiral graves apparently acting intelligence attempts islands posted guard boats near island included detachments marines sources disagree regulars marines stationed island protect naval supplies regiment mentioned colonel men stationed near headquarters taking instructions stark regiment crossed bridge midnight route took far north parts cities additional local men likely joined march accessible low tide east near current location crossing effected graves guard boats taking notice stark began force directed men round livestock creek island group thirty men stark small contingent island scattered small groups killed animals find set fire battle islands british took notice spotted smoke burning hay vice admiral graves flagship saw smoke burning hay signaled guard marines land island engaging stark scattered forces graves ordered schooner diana command nephew lieutenant sail support operation cut colonists escape eventually combined force roughly marines landed formed ranks began systematically drive stark men east colonists fled fighting reached creek dropped ditches fired strong defensive positions pitched battle followed colonists ditch engaged hot regulars retreated marines withdrew positions interior island stark men left join main body forces diana vessels continued northeast pursuit sunset hundreds cattle sheep horses driven mainland sunset diana turned attempt avoid trapped creek realized require assistance raised signal vice admiral graves ordered barges manned marines creek tow diana sloop tender command graves lieutenant assist provide additional firepower sources disagree timing vessels number sources documentary history claim diana barges dispatched nelson possibly basis recent research claim account told stark men engaged driving livestock coast noticed diana trouble called reinforcements general troops including came shore near diana place mouth modern neighborhood bridge harbor waist offered quarter sailors diana surrender cannon continued fire attempts tow deeper water continued colonial forces continued firing ship supported field pieces positioned shore field pieces british landed island joined british rowers forced abandon rescue diana heavy fire diana drifted ran aground coast abandoned diana transferred men successfully towed deeper water american forces boarded diana rapidly removed value including guns rigging sails clothing money laid hay stern serve vessel set fire prevent falling british hands guns recovered probably american positions aftermath skirmish apparently use field pieces colonists american revolution suffered fatalities small number wounded morale greatly boosted successful capture destruction diana action boost israel appointment general continental_army unanimously approved reports skirmish general understated casualty report london men killed wounded apparently exaggerated reporting large casualties reported june general recorded killed sources said source regulars said suffered killed wounded loss probably greatly exaggerated good effect affair matter small triumph felt occasion courageous ordered cannon mounted hill boston vice admiral graves moved somerset stationed shallow waters boston deeper waters east boston improved fired land sent detachment regulars secure island colonists long removed destroyed value island geographic changes years american revolution geography boston area undergone significant expansion islands named longer islands late 19th early 20th century channel separated filled mainland filled course late 19th century early 20th century leaving small narrow creek islands mainland terms modern geography neighborhood present location nearby remainder island narrowed expansion straightened create deep shipping channel occasional attempts locate remains diana extensively years battle found body identified national_park_service gave funds state led effort locate wreck | Battle of Chelsea Creek | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12706_DutchpacificationcampaignonFormosa | dutch campaign series military actions diplomatic moves undertaken dutch colonial authorities dutch era taiwan aimed hostile villages southwestern region island prior campaign dutch years control island principal fortress alliance town villages area conducted numerous attacks dutch allies chief village ambushed slaughtered group dutch soldiers receiving reinforcements colonial headquarters dutch launched attack able crush opposition bring area present day fully control seeing powerful villages area defeated villages surrounding area came dutch seek peace surrender sovereignty dutch able dramatically expand extent territorial control short time avoid need fighting campaign ended february representatives villages attended ceremony cement dutch sovereignty southwest rule dutch able expand operations limited trading carried colony prior expanded territory allowed access deer trade later lucrative guaranteed security food supplies provided fertile land dutch imported chinese labour farm villages provided warriors aid dutch times trouble notably dutch defeat spanish allied villages provided opportunities dutch missionaries spread faith campaign considered foundation stone later success colony built background arrived southern building stronghold fort peninsula began sound local villages possibility forming alliances initially intention run colony solely trading port dutch later decided needed control provide security additionally large percentage supplies dutch colonists shipped great expense irregular intervals government fledgling colony keen source supplies locally company decided ally closest village relatively small able supply fish relations villages friendly settlements area involved constant low level warfare head hunting raids looting property alliance dutch odds foes village dutch bought piece land sum kind cloth built town chinese merchants initially villages area chiefly professed desire live peace dutch villages saw interest maintain good relations newcomers belief weakened series incidents earliest dutch attack chinese pirates bay far pirates able drive dutch soldiers causing dutch lose face villages encouraged dutch failure warriors raided believing dutch weak defend friends point dutch returned time able rout pirates restoring reputation forced return property stolen form pigs peace short lived november villagers attacked going dutch ask protection retribution dutch able force enemies case later incidents proved incapable fully protecting allies frustrated inability dutch protect villagers turned japanese traders friendly terms delegation village visited japan order ask japanese protection offer sovereignty japanese refused audience return villagers foes went governor demand company pay annual tribute villages operating land governor refused soon japanese policy removed japanese support leaving mercy rivals prompting missionary write village dutch protection protection stand month dutch unable defend allies governor went official friendly visit guard arrival leaving village morning ambushed crossing stream slaughtered man warriors governor lucky escape returned previous evening shortly massacre governor recalled governor general offences including responsibility relations japanese replaced governor immediately wanted attack village judged strong assault directly dutch moved weaker believed sheltered proponents massacre setting november returning later day having killed people burned village villagers sued peace signed month peace accord company years followed villagers continued campaign harass employees company particularly rebuilding structures destroyed situation showed signs improvement dutch relations late early villages went war won fight company happy divisions villages felt exploit dutch retaliation governor subsequently governor wanted garrison fort numbered soldiers undertake major campaign leaving dutch fortress guard strength persistent requests governors finally sent force soldiers taiwan avenge murder expeditionary force increase prestige company obtain respect authority necessary protection chinese come way china land stage relations villages deteriorated extent previously thought tightly bound dutch plotting rebellion missionary lived natives wrote rebels state planning murder beat death missionaries soldiers governor moved quickly quell uprising sending eighty soldiers village arresting key conspirators potential disaster dutch encouraged news principal enemies ravaged smallpox dutch control spared disease viewed divine sign dutch november newly arrived forces set headed governor joined group native warriors persuaded clergyman order good relations plan initially rest night attacking morning dutch forces received word villagers learned approach planned flee decided press attack evening succeeding surprising warriors village fight dutch executed men village setting fire houses returning way troops stopped step warning chiefs village price obtaining guarantees friendly conduct future village sent representatives dutch resting offering spear symbol ally forces dutch present offers friendship men collection villages hills previously outside dutch influence finally chiefs arrived dutch officials wishing sue peace signalled surrender sending best weapons dutch bringing small tree planted earth village token granting sovereignty months word dutch victory spread villages came pay respects fort assure friendly intentions new masters inherited enemies expressing hostility wake victory victory governor decided use soldiers cow villages starting previously killed employees villagers villagers fought acting vanguard receiving volley dutch warriors turned fled forces entered village unopposed burnt ground moved arrested warriors participated massacre dutch soldiers houses stop campaign trail previously sheltered wanted men villages time governor decided use diplomacy offering gifts assurances friendship consequences resistance left implicit took hint offered opposition dutch rule hearing dutch force tribes decided submit dutch rule fear dutch military hope alliance prove beneficial tribe representatives came modern day south ally dutch decided hold grand convention welcome villages fold impress dutch power duly took place february villages represented southern central governor presented attendees robes state position wrote delightful people met time notice kissed thing witnessed country tribe nearly war net effect dutch campaign dutch peace assuring control southwest island dutch called new area control united villages deliberate allusion homeland campaign vital success growth dutch colony operated trading post true colony point campaigns villages rebelled dutch oppression like dutch ordered women sex deer rice given basin village sparked rebellion december time chinese rebellion dutch beheaded subsequent fight dutch people died salt iron forced sue peace february | Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
12856_BattleofCooch'sBridge | battle bridge known battle fought september continental_army american militia primarily german soldiers serving alongside british_army american revolutionary war significant military action war soil delaware naval engagements state coast took place week major battle reportedly battle saw flying american flag landing maryland august campaign capture philadelphia seat british german forces overall command general began north advance monitored light infantry corps continental_army militia forces based bridge near newark delaware september german troops leading british advance met musket fire american light infantry woods road leading calling reinforcements americans drove bridge background having successfully captured new_york_city british military planners organized expeditions divide hoped decisively end rebellion expedition control hudson_river descent quebec targeted colonial capital philadelphia pursuit objective lieutenant general embarked army numbering plus camp followers transports late july sailed new_york_city chesapeake_bay continental_army major general george_washington remained near new_york howe objective clear howe plan south intending philadelphia washington marched army numbering philadelphia established camp wilmington delaware riding south west perform reconnaissance august washington learned british landed august howe army disembarked small town called head known located head navigation maryland miles south philadelphia relatively poor quality landing area troops moved immediately north reaching head august advance troops consisting british light infantry german went east occupied mile west near bridge miles south newark bridge named local landowner house near bridge washington normally assigned duties advance guard detached assist defense advance general unavailable organized light infantry corps consisting picked men continental_army regiments including future supreme_court chief justice fight coming battle pennsylvania delaware militia placed command brigadier general troops occupied general advocating moving entire continental_army position believing point washington declined instead ordering monitor british movements slow advance rest army fortified wilmington men road leading south bridge tavern present day glasgow delaware series small camps designed facilitate august washington atop howe observed took stock enemy position generals wrote gentlemen observed glasses carefully observed officers know washington maintained man plain coat washington september howe right wing command general left headed north hampered rain bad roads early morning howe left wing headed troops command left head expecting join division miles east reached tavern howe traveling decided press north waiting battle small company led captain headed road tavern bridge advance guard struck volley fire american ambush fell killed wounded quickly alerted rushed forward meet americans began running skirmish major described follows rebels began attack clock continued irregular fire nearly miles howe rode lines seeing crawling enemy soldiers ordered troops clear time force defending rest protecting numbering men led lieutenant colonel formed line support artillery advanced americans sent detachment left hoping flank position supported bayonet charge american center battle lasted day bridge men stand shot ammunition fight carried sword bayonet weapon militia lacked experience seven hours fighting americans forced retreat taking position far howe ordered 1st 2nd assist taking bridge 1st battalion terrain attempting ford reached right bridge taken army retreated wilmington casualty reports british range killed wounded killed wounded british reported wounded sent fleet americans claimed killed wounded washington letter congress said losses considerable british reported burying americans howe official report claimed killed wounded general criticized leadership number washington subordinates foreign officer service commented reference soldiers good good brave world officers dear colonel officers aftermath general occupied house howe forces remained days letter congress washington justified defeat saying morning enemy came considerable force pieces artillery light advanced corps pretty smart obliged retreat far inferior number cannon certain howe advance main road wilmington bid capture philadelphia washington continued city moved headquarters wilmington newport army formed defenses newport howe army remained place forces engaged small skirmishes days officer howe noted rebel patrols usually consist appear fire posts occasionally sensing attack coming washington told troops september 5th british push design philadelphia route stake contest event single battle overthrown utterly war end days later hearing british ships left washington sure howe imminent rallied troops referencing successes british north saying emulate gates army noble spirit ambition share defenders liberty peace happiness millions present future generations years maintained war struggled difficulties prospect affairs better face time fruits dangers eyes america europe turned attack came instead september howe moved force north newark pennsylvania realizing british late night washington rushed forces north find new defensive position settled delaware border river natural defense philadelphia armies clashed major september british victory battle paved way eventual entry occupation city philadelphia success offset failure expedition hudson general surrendered army october news surrender greatly changed war fought british occupied philadelphia major factor france decision enter war american ally legacy site battle preserved bridge historic district listed national_register_of_historic_places family sold state land development rights additional acres land area battlefield established million fund restore maintain property granted state right refusal purchase house remained family anniversary battle commemorated enactment event hosted members recreated 2nd | Battle of Cooch's Bridge | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13165_LivonianWar | war war fought control territory present day estonia faced varying coalition denmark norway union later commonwealth period russia dominated region early military successes russian dissolution brought poland lithuania conflict sweden denmark intervened swedish estonia established despite constant invasion russia denmark bought old placed control brother attempted expand holdings establish russian vassal state nominally existed king poland grand duke lithuania turned tide war successes including joint swedish polish lithuanian offensive battle followed extended campaign russia culminating long difficult siege truce ended war russia poland lithuania russia lost holdings poland lithuania following year sweden russia signed truce sweden gaining northern retaining prelude pre war century economically prosperous old region organised divided territories consisted branch prince city cities estates enjoyed privileges enabling act independently common institutions estates regularly held common assemblies known divided political administration persistent rivalries archbishop order existed order reformation spread transformation country lutheran region gradual process resisted order varying degree remained sympathetic war approached weak administration subject internal rivalries lacked powerful defences outside support surrounded pursuing policies notes volatile region internal threatened political neighbours state resist attack order owners estates lesser nobles guarded privileges influence preventing creation higher powerful noble class successfully overcame resistance lesser nobles appointed archbishop help brother albert prussian southern state established duke prussia pursue albert interests establishment hereditary styled prussian model time order agitated establishment prussia opposed creation hereditary aspirations neighbours time war broke lost monopoly profitable prosperous baltic_sea trade involved increasing sales shared market european mercenary fleets notably france vessels match contemporary warships league unable maintain large navy declining share trade members trading partner left suitable protection danish navy powerful baltic_sea controlled entrance baltic_sea collected tolls held strategically important baltic_sea islands long bar danish territories south lack sufficient year round ice free ports severely limited sweden access baltic trade country prospered exports timber iron notably copper coupled advantages growing navy proximity ports narrow war sweden sought expansion intervention russian temporarily stalled efforts russo swedish war culminated treaty absorption eastern neighbour grown stronger conflict russia western powers exacerbated russia isolation sea trade new port built eastern shore considered unsatisfactory account shallow waters demanded pay marks based claim adult male paid mark independent state eventually promised pay sum sent moscow failed ending negotiations continued point existence order required passive russian support quick threaten use military force necessary aimed establish corridor baltic new territories russia engage open conflict major western powers need imports sophisticated weaponry polish king duke wary russian aspirations expansion russia meant stronger political rival loss lucrative trade routes supported cousin archbishop conflicts hoped like vassal state poland lithuania weak support largely rely external allies supporters planned april attack opponents involve military aid albert participation action fearing leave exposed pending russian attack learned plan led force june captured main strongholds fled lithuania captured detained resulted diplomatic mission petition release dispatched danish king emperor ferdinand estates cross party meeting resolve conflict scheduled april cancelled danish envoys killing envoy son excuse invade southern portion army forced competing parties reconcile camp september signed treaty created mutual defensive offensive alliance primary target russia provoked war dissolution order russian invasion regarded approach polish lithuanian union protection treaty russia signed year truce agreed enter alliance poland lithuania january reacted invasion russians seen local peasants german control fortresses surrendered resistance russian troops took july laid siege reinforced gunners ammunition germany forces successfully retook number fortresses germans raided russian territory lesser fortresses remained russian hands initial russian advance led khan princes head force included russian cavalry time armed foot soldiers gained ground campaigns years january russian forces invaded month truce covering november signed russia russia fought russo wars prompted russian invasion unsuccessfully sought help emperor ferdinand turned poland lithuania fled poland lithuania replaced june estates came polish lithuanian protection treaty polish refused agree treaty believing matter affecting grand lithuania january sent ambassador court moscow attempt stop russian cavalry rural russian successes followed similar patterns featuring multitude small campaigns played key role destroying wooden defences effective artillery support forces took important fortresses like lacked means gain major cities knights suffered disastrous defeat russians battle august historians believe russian nobility split timing invasion new king sweden turned requests assistance similar request poland turned help weakened dissolved second treaty lands assigned duke converting included treaty guaranteed estates privileges including religious freedom respect continuation traditional german administration terms religious freedom forbade regulation protestant order religious secular authorities members lithuanian nobility opposed growing polish lithuanian union offered lithuanian crown publicly advertised option took offer seriously needed time strengthen troops russo lithuanian truce scheduled date respected sides danish swedish return loan guarantee danish protection signed treaty september giving denmark right nominate bishop act amounted sale territories nominated brother duke bishop took possession april danish efforts create sweden denmark attempt peace region pursued interests purchasing frederick consent trying expand brought direct conflict swedish forces arrived noble corporations yielded sweden form similarly accepted swedish rule denmark dominated baltic sweden wished challenge gaining territory eastern baltic help sweden control west trade russia helped northern seven years war protested swedish presence claiming historical rights relating forces seized june diplomats tried arrange swedish protection brought conflict maintained close relations brother john duke finland later october john married sister catherine preventing marrying approved marriage upset john lent received seven castles security incident led john capture imprisonment august behalf allied denmark october year intervention denmark sweden poland lithuania began period struggle control baltic known initial war years characterised intensive fighting period low intensity warfare began lasted fighting intensified denmark sweden extent poland lithuania occupied seven years war taking place remained strategically important denmark russia concluded treaty claims maintaining relations sweden russia concluded seven years truce showed signs mental disorder turning nobility people began leaving russia state political chaos civil war russian war lithuania russo lithuanian truce expired rejected offer extension period truce build forces invaded lithuania army raided series border clashes took lithuanian victories came battle period intermittent conflict sides continued gain ground towns villages central held coast lithuania defeats led capital perceived opposition grand party diplomats left lithuania moscow lithuania prepared split russia view joint offensive drive sweden area seen sign weakness russian diplomats instead suggested russia including southern lithuanian russian border transfer surrounding entrance troubled trade depended safe passage built fortifications protect expanded demands july calling addition agreement forthcoming day break taken negotiations time russian meetings held including discuss issues stake assembly church representative stressed need having conquered keen overall peace lithuania noting danger posed joint polish lithuanian state talks halted hostilities resumed ambassadors return lithuania treaty unified poland lithuania polish lithuanian commonwealth tied lithuania real union came polish lithuanian joint sovereignty june year truce signed russia commonwealth king died leaving polish throne clear successor time began free election polish history lithuanian nobles effort retain lithuanian autonomy proposed russian candidate demanded return orthodox coronation hereditary monarchy parallel russia son king electorate rejected demands instead chose henry brother king charles france russian war sweden sweden russia agreed treaty russia recognised sweden right castles sweden accepted russia rest seven year truce signed russia sweden sweden overthrown killed nobles murders replaced half brother russia sweden problems keen avoid expensive war requested delivery john wife polish lithuanian princess russia competed john marry lithuanian polish royal family july john sent party russia led arrived september following arrival moscow ambassadors sent sweden retrieve catherine refused meet party forcing negotiate instead governor requested swedish envoys greet governor brother king refused governor ordered attack swedish party clothes money taken deprived food drink naked streets moved moscow fortunately occurred time way assault return moscow refused meet swedish party signing year truce june commonwealth longer feared war poland lithuania russia considered delivery catherine deal agreed meet discuss matter according meeting russians demanded abandon claim provide cavalry required pay direct compensation surrender finnish silver mines near border russia allow style lord sweden swedish party left following ultimatum sweden territory war left john rejected demands war broke impact northern seven years war denmark sweden led northern seven years war ended treaty stettin primarily fought western southern scandinavia war involved important naval battles fought baltic danish held surrendered swedish forces danish mercenaries escaped subsequent massacre garrison sweden important swedish commander war affected naval campaign danish admiral bombarded sea july treaty stettin denmark supreme dominating power failed restore unfavourable conditions sweden led series conflicts ended great northern war sweden agreed turn possessions return payment holy roman emperor failed pay promised compensation lost influence baltic affairs terms treaty ignored war continued point view merely enabled powers involved form alliance longer fighting russian dominance early king sweden faced russian offensive positions estonia russian siege smaller towns taken russian forces january swedish army infantry cavalry command elder clashed russian army men command battle village russian advance concluded capture occupying forces leaders swedish garrison alive including commander triggered campaign john centred army departed november overall command field commander russian raids finland including far year truce signed john counter offensive stalled siege german scottish units swedish army turned failure blamed difficulties fighting bitter winter conditions particularly infantry war great financial burden sweden end sweden german mercenaries owed john gave castles security failed pay sold denmark efforts swedish controlled support brother denmark forthcoming attention focused frederick reluctance stemmed new spirit swedish danish unity unwilling invade behalf state vassal russia siege abandoned march swedish action baltic escalated passive backing john brother law time devastated russian territories burned looted moscow russo wars drought fatally affected russian economy thoroughly disrupted government following defeat forces wound way russian armies formed changed introduced new strategy relied tens thousands native troops instead thousand skilled troops mercenaries practice adversaries campaign reached height russian soldiers crossed devastated danish areas retaliation danish acquisition danish influence ceased frederick accepted deals sweden poland end nominal danish involvement swedish forces besieged central raided far formally polish lithuanian control treaty conquered territories submitted vassal declared monarch defected year having started appropriate castles consulting submitted avoid fighting army sacked town executed german commanders campaign heart capital strategic importance symbolic swedish polish lithuanian alliance counter prince king poland lithuania contested election joint polish lithuanian throne emperor proclaimed elected throne december days apart death october prevented conflict escalating ambitious expel constrained opposition resisted accession danish support ensuing danzig war ended conceded autonomous rights city return payment payment appointed george frederick administrator prussia secured military support planned campaign russia received soldiers polish forced recruit mercenaries primarily poles hungarians germans separate brigade fought swedish king allied december despite problems caused death meant issue substantial inheritance john wife catherine resolved poland claimed accepting swedish rule lent despite best intentions settle november lithuanian forces moving northward captured polish swedish force took town castle early russian forces failed retake town february attack followed swedish offensive targeting september responded sending army men recaptured sweden marched arrival russian army laid siege town met relief force german polish swedish soldiers ensuing russian casualties severe armaments horses captured leaving time defeat accelerated formation new organised cavalry troop replaced feudal levy similarly improved effective artillery system recruited gathered troops lithuania assault russia wider campaign reserves guard possible swedish invasion city fell august appointed close ally powerful member court lead force including men lithuania fortress went capture september significant resistance garrisons fell quickly force besieged fortified heavily defended fortress financial support polish parliament dropping failed lure russian forces open field onset winter realising polish lithuanian advance signed truce failure swedish siege led appointment commander chief towns taken swedish forces concurrent fall mercenary army hired sweden recaptured strategic city target campaigns attacked land sea campaign use sweden considerable fleet later arguments formal control long term hampered alliance poland following taking city retaliation previous russian russians killed according contemporary chronicle fall followed leaving sweden content gains subsequent negotiations led jesuit papal resulted truce russia polish lithuanian commonwealth humiliation requested truce agreement russia surrender areas held city polish lithuanian commonwealth remain commonwealth control captured swedish territory specifically retained russians returned control russia half hearted attempt wishes taken consideration vetoed probably armistice fell short peace arrangement years renewed twice failed attempts pressure sweden gains particularly following decision john war russia ended concluded truce sweden russia relinquished left swedish control originally scheduled years russo swedish truce later extended negotiations sweden vast demands russian territory including whilst conditions probably purposes negotiation reflected swedish aspirations territory region aftermath post war south river experienced period political stability based treaty later modified formula granted indigenous nobles additional rights duke expense north reduced privileges granted regained territories war privileges reduced treaty polish gradually replaced german administrative language establishment reduced baltic german administration local clergy embraced counter reformation process assisted gave roman_catholic_church revenues estates confiscated initiating largely unsuccessful recruitment campaign catholic colonists despite measures population convert estates poland lithuania alienated russo swedish truce expired fighting resumed ensuing russo swedish war ended treaty sweden russia swedish polish alliance began polish king grand duke son sweden died successor swedish throne met resistance faction led uncle later claimed regency sweden sweden descended civil war followed war ended deposition swedish local nobles turned charles protection conflict spread tried incorporate swedish estonia charles expelled polish forces estonia invaded starting series polish swedish wars time russia embroiled civil war vacant russian throne time troubles prevailed conflict campaigns swedish polish lithuanian forces intervened opposite sides starting polish war forces expelled major setbacks battles later war charles successor retook formally ceded sweden treaty bulk sweden recovered denmark towns captured remained swedish control polish lithuanian counter offensive second campaign started capture expelled polish lithuanian forces dominion swedish created swedish forces advanced poland lithuania accepted swedish gains treaty danish province ceded sweden treaty ended war theatre thirty years war retained peace treaty copenhagen situation remained unchanged estonia russia great northern war action treaty | Livonian War | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13194_Expéditiond'Irlande | expedition ireland unsuccessful attempt french republic french revolutionary wars assist outlawed popular rebel irish republican group planned rebellion british rule french intended land large expeditionary force ireland winter join drive british ireland french anticipated major blow british morale prestige military effectiveness intended possibly stage eventual invasion britain end gathered force approximately soldiers brest general late readiness major landing bay december operation launched winters 18th century french fleet unprepared severe conditions patrolling british frigates observed departure fleet notified winter french fleet subject confused orders left port scattered approaches brest ship wrecked heavy loss life widely dispersed separated french fleet managed reach late december commanders driven miles course fleet unsure action amphibious landings impossible weather conditions worst recorded week fleet broken small squadrons individual ships making way brest storms fog british patrols british largely unable interfere french fleet invasion ships operating captured isolated french warships transports significant british response came captain sir able drive french ship line ashore action january loss lives total french lost ships captured wrecked thousands soldiers sailors drowned single man reaching ireland prisoners war navies criticised governments behaviour campaign french encouraged launch second attempt successfully landing men august failing influence losing significant numbers men ships background following french revolution cause taken countries including time ruled opposition british rule existed ireland centuries french example combined catholic majority large presbyterian minority prompted creation broad non coalition groups seeking create initially non violent political movement united forced operate secret society membership illegal outbreak french revolutionary wars deciding hope creating lay armed revolt began secretly organising forces search external aid leaders lord travelled meet french general efforts supported lawyer travelled paris appeal person period british government repealed laws attempt quell unrest french republic long planned invasion british isles ambitions repeatedly thwarted factors including fronts revolutionary wars war state french_navy problem major cause concern navy suffered heavily removal officer corps revolution endured series military setbacks culminating tactical defeat glorious june disastrous grand securing peace fronts new french decided britain dangerous remaining opponents determined defeat invasion applications tone intrigued understood attacking ireland striking british isles support british government weakest united claimed able raise irregular army waiting join french landed additional attraction successful establishment prove ideological coup finally significantly large expeditionary force ireland provide ideal invasion britain especially combination plan development land criminals cornwall distract british_army invasion ireland potentially provide future operations preparation end war peace spain substantial french forces available operation led general scheduled end october successful military commander defeated subsequently engaged planning invasion body veteran soldiers entire french atlantic fleet placed disposal based major atlantic brest number soldiers invasion uncertain french suggested men required irish delegates insisting sufficient estimates number soldiers eventually embarked range note august plan schedule severe shortages stores wages slowed work brest shipyards troops set aside invasion cornwall proved unreliable large numbers practice voyage invasion fleet ended total failure small ships intended operation proved unable operate open water plan dropped reliable soldiers unit merged ireland expeditionary force rest returned prison reinforcements mediterranean_fleet delayed seven ships shelter british blockade squadron arriving brest december second fleet arrive expeditionary force departed late progress expedition publicly blamed naval command specifically vice delay accused interested planning proposed invasion india october replaced vice india plans cancelled placed direct command discipline fleet second week december fleet ready consisting ships line frigates vessels including large transports created removing cannon old frigates cargo space ship line carried soldiers frigates transports approximately included cavalry units field artillery substantial military stores arm thousands anticipated irish volunteers dissatisfied announcing december lead men operation planned attack ireland supported admitted men inexperienced sea encounters enemy avoided possible departure despite expedition commanders fleet left brest scheduled december day ahead message calling entire operation knew british watching brest harbour frigates constant presence blockade effort disguise force intentions anchored issued orders ships pass dangerous narrow channel rocks subject heavy surf bad weather obscure size strength direction french fleet british squadron offshore french scouts claimed consisted ships despite french reports principal british blockade squadron absent approaches brest night december fleet retired avoid winter storms remaining squadron rear admiral forced retreat nautical miles atlantic avoid risk driven rocky french shoreline storm british ships sight brest frigate squadron consisting hms duke york command captain sir noted french preparations december immediately sent warn amazon alert admiralty remained brest rest squadron sighted main french fleet december bringing frigates establish size purpose december french sailed observing closely assist search spent december preparing passage temporary channel warn hazards giving instructions use signal rockets passage fleet delayed work darkness began fall preparations complete abandoned plan approximately signalled fleet leave main channel port leading way flagship frigate dark time signal ships failed corvette attempting rocket signal signals confusing ships failed understand sailing main channel added problem weaving ahead fleet shining blue lights firing rockets confusing french captains location dawn broke december french fleet scattered approaches brest largest intact group vice come ships line frigates transport ships including carried general small groups captains forced open secret orders discover destination absence instructions commanding officers ship lost gun ship line driven grand rock night sank loss lives fired numerous rockets signal guns effort attract attention succeeding confusion fleet unable affect large french force sailed telegraph report admiralty supplies voyage ireland december gathered ships set course southern ireland designated rendezvous point instructed sealed orders wait days instructions france ships missing despite disappearance commanders french fleet continued sailing high winds thick fog delayed arrival december sailed ireland crossed western approaches search fleet accompanied passing fleet fog separated small squadron near rendezvous december discover british frigate immediately ahead retreating threat chased far atlantic escape unidentified return journey found winds took days regain find december deep following day sighted delayed french squadron gave chase able pursuit gale reaching ahead british ships badly damaged storm unable continue operations forced retreat repairs response channel_fleet lord similarly ineffective news french departure brest arrive plymouth westerly british fleet ports december ships based ready sea days vessels manned equipped service order leave port issued december fleet immediately thrown chaos large second rate hms prince swung control collided gun time second rate driven gun rate paris strong winds gun hms grounded ships required enter dock extensive repairs denying strongest vessels delaying departure eventually reached departure point wind blowing west remaining ships rendered january absence army counterpart general gave orders december fleet anchor preparation landings following day local maritime pilots believing fleet british rowed ships seized providing french guides best landing sites night december weather suddenly significantly worsened atlantic bringing hid shoreline forced fleet anchor risk wrecked days remained bay inexperienced french sailors lacking winter clothing unable operate ships winter recorded december wind council war convened expedition senior officers resolved force landing despite weather identifying nearby creek point giving orders operation ahead light december night weather deteriorated morning waves violent breaking bows ships anchors dragged number vessels blown right bay atlantic unable return wind storm largest ship line collided frigate suffered severe damage collapse expedition days ships battered high winds able approach shore severe risk destroyed rocky coast losing anchors cables snapped ships forced run wind destroyed american ship named passing close december encountered vessel waves deck bodies american captain harvey reported approached ship unable assist storm watched ship driven ashore destroyed gun frigate seven men survived complement crew passengers harvey recounted coming frigate captain process removing crew passengers heavy weather having reduced gun frigate sinking condition ship discover long delayed encountered ships observed destruction burnt abandoned driven offshore flagship storm wind fell december decided abandon operation signalling ships view ordered remaining squadron sail southeast brest ships failed receive message continued second rendezvous scattered continuing storms landing possible provisions running low ships turned sailed brest weather worsened expeditionary force sailed home arrived december discovering fleet gone provisions exhausted forced return france british response attempted invasion continued inadequate arriving december ships formation handful ships based rear admiral principally captain frigate squadron interfered french fleet seized transport december captured transport shortly later recaptured french frigate retreat french ships return brest arrived january including flagship accompanied smaller ships avoided contact british warships able good speed period relatively calm weather following days french ships gathered shannon home badly damaged increasingly rough seas high winds ships return france including frigate scuttled january aboard including general rescued boats remaining french fleet ashore prisoners war january captured frigate guns men including troops hours intermittent combat royal_navy later took service hms captured transport weather bad night falling possession captain reported transport making distress signals unable assist thought highly likely sunk transport sank january fate soldiers aboard unknown january british frigates captain sir captain hms captain captured transport escorting prize following day encountered force attempted land shannon outnumbered frigates retreated westwards encountered battered withdrew prevented joining squadron took away route france reappeared following morning operating scouts fleet finally left port start new year encountered frigates night escaping pursuit fog sailed directly france arrived january majority remaining french ships reached brest january including constitution january remainder returned including attendant frigates frigate arrived losses continued french neared brest disarmed recaptured hms burnt january captured january january captured brig january french fleet accounted small brig blown way captured july gun ships carried shannon fleet broke separated provisions running low landings impossible captain determined return france independently progress slow men including soldiers general delayed encountered captured small british named cumberland result reached january encountered fog enabled reach safety ships emerged east turned away risk passengers pointless engagement ships persisted soon revealed frigates captain sir amazon captain taken supplies returned station brest steered southwest winds increased sea preventing opening lower deck severe risk flooding snapping reduced ship stability realising opponent difficulties closed larger ship began heavy fire amazon came range frigates combined repeatedly french ship combat continued night punctuated short breaks mobile british ships repaired battle damage range guns january ships sighted waves breaking immediately eastwards desperate escape heavy surf turned north amazon turned south battered unable drove straight near town force waves rolling amazon wrecked sheltered position enabled frigate remain upright surviving ship able round rocks reach open water fashioned bring men safely shore french officers unable launch boats exposed position heavy surf destroying attempt reach shore drowning hundreds men losses board wreck mounted storm continued breaking open stern ship flooding interior morning january group prisoners cumberland reached shore small boat subsequent attempts failed january sea small naval vessel approach wreck remove remaining survivors aftermath french attempt invade ireland ended total failure exception handful prisoners war french soldier successfully landed ireland despite ships remaining coast weeks ships lost thousand soldiers sailors drowned invasion abandoned remaining men returned army service germany general died months later natural causes french_navy criticised failing land expeditionary force praised successfully reaching ireland returning encountering main body british fleet achievement encouraged invasion attempts including landing wales february second invasion ireland britain royal_navy response french campaign heavily criticised fleets assigned intercept invasion fleet failed losses inflicted french coming small squadron independent frigates replaced command blockade brest rear admiral sir extensive deployments february march prevent french operations addition reinforcements sent fleet vice admiral sir won battle cape vincent february extended deployments unpopular regular seamen april mutiny broke channel_fleet french recovering losses winter campaign unable respond ireland failure french expeditionary force source great frustration aboard voyage reported felt touched bay hands uprising tone continued rally support europe raising fleet netherlands attempted invasion ended destruction battle british crackdown arrested leaders ireland provoked time french managed gather small force reach ireland august rebellion inadequate french army led surrendered september battle subsequent invasion attempt following month ended failure invasion squadron intercepted defeated battle island tone captured action committed suicide prison death combined military defeat irish rebels ended french invasion plans | Expédition d'Irlande | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13337_BattleofBurtonBridge(1643) | battle burton bridge battle burton bridge fought royalist forces burton trent july english civil war time battle town times held sides garrisoned unit command captain town military governor colonel key river crossing burton desired queen maria proceeding southwards yorkshire convoy supplies destined king charles oxford led colonel launched cavalry charge bridge succeeded defeating capturing officers including queen convoy proceeded way south oxford receiving promotion recognition victory burton changed hands times course war finally coming parliament control background county days travel main seat power london long standing paying taxes imposed king james forced write county justices peace failure raise single penny support king campaign reclaim germany son law county slow pay charles ship money began levied defiance parliament inland counties saw resistance open dissent king occurred objection men county king campaign scots riots took place armed guard having formed prevent levy outbreak civil war town burton largely sympathetic cause probably large following town general disapproval high church practices archbishop canterbury later executed opposition early war burton burton river crossing arched medieval structure known burton bridge desirable sides described passage trent dove north positioned royalist towns derby despite strategic location town possessed natural defences burton change hands dozen times course war coming attention earl rendezvous forces late withdrew forces winter cathedral scene fighting war rumours prior war town held secret supplies gunpowder catholic rebellion investigated lord began war switched allegiance king returning parliament found false explosion store gunpowder occur causing roof church destroyed strategic importance heightened position boundary royalist garrisons region burton come attention early establishment garrison nearby derby county committee leader sir february placed garrison county border burton consisting infantry company dutch major withdrew month later assist attack newark parliament forces initially command lord death successful siege march appointed replacement forces amounted infantry horse partially armed met sir commander chief organise attack known earl sent fast moving cavalry regiments plan met troops led later lord garrisoned engaging inconclusive killed time queen maria landed yorkshire supply weapons purchased abroad intended bring king oxford advance king sent nephew rhine oxford horse foot cannon clear prince troops evicted garrisons birmingham successfully recaptured placed royalist garrison key towns including burton secure route convoy garrison burton soon driven acting operation lord grey commander chief placed garrison infantry cannon proceeding remainder force unsuccessfully attacked battle garrison burton commanded captain previously commanded largest companies force held radical political views seen potential rival concerned deployment position plot rid case decided remove command place men direction colonel county committee military governor burton july queen convoy guard advanced newark burton summoned associations forces defend town refused muster july cavalry led colonel charged engaged men engagement described bloody desperate damage caused town church battle decided action bridge forces parliament decisively beaten according town plundered destroyed maria recorded taken men march claimed twice requested surrender town attacked queen forbade violence conversely claimed men forced church offered surrender refused killed night alleged looted town raped women drowning civilians river took officers prisoner including captain colonel wife later exchanged promoted major commissioned act colonel raise regiment horse promoted brigadier general bravery shown action aftermath having lost burton feared attack derby withdrew troops nottingham leicester defend able secure supplies barrels powder muskets cases pistols additional troop horses allowing arm regiment fully time derby attacked queen forces bypassed moved proceeding according king instructions avoid delays new royalist garrison burton fortified bridge maintained control town driven january attack took commanding officer major captains officers men prisoner focal point assault losing lives claiming lost men attack withdrew prisoners derby allowing lord retake town bridge intended hold means communication flying army royalist garrisons raid attacked plundered town april control newly raised regiment horse retook narrowly failing capture parliament troops established garrison november driven february king charles briefly burton headquarters year town final time parliament early centre supply coin beer forces besieging war restoration charles_ii burton remained place dissent large presbyterian baptist congregations raising doubts church_of_england town loyalty legacy medieval bridge battle fought replaced victorian era plaque commemorating battle erected bridge july sir english civil war society umbrella group english civil war monument erected site death battle lane notes desperate bridge arches received honour honour battle burton bridge brewery markets known local legend states present area battle tied horse nail miles bridge medieval burton bridge site earlier battle defeated rebellious earl lancaster | Battle of Burton Bridge (1643) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13433_ForageWar | forage war forage war partisan campaign consisting numerous small skirmishes took place new_jersey american revolutionary war january march following battles princeton british continental_army troops entered winter quarters early january continental_army regulars militia companies new_jersey pennsylvania engaged numerous scouting operations british german troops new_jersey british troops wanted fresh provisions consume required fresh forage draft animals horses general george_washington ordered systematic removal supplies areas easily accessible british companies american militia troops harassed british german acquire provisions operations small cases elaborate involving troops american operations successful british casualties new_jersey including battles princeton exceeded entire campaign new_york background august british army began campaign gain control new_york_city defended george_washington continental_army months general quickly gained control new_york pushing washington new_jersey chased washington south philadelphia washington retreated pennsylvania taking boats miles direction howe ordered army winter quarters establishing chain outposts new_jersey hudson_river new_brunswick occupation new_jersey british german troops caused friction local communities led rise patriot militia early mid december militia companies british patrols leading incidents like ambush leader killed increasing level tension british german quarters night december washington crossed delaware surprised outpost following morning weeks went win battles leading british retreat northern new_jersey disposition armies general washington established headquarters separated coast series low ridges established forward outposts east south ridges served defensive potential british incursions hills launch points raids course january february washington continental_army regulars washington incentives men periods ran large number militia new_jersey new_york pennsylvania bolstered forces played significant role winter british army initially deployed posts far north new garrison numbering concentrated new_brunswick sizable contingent farther north militia pressure january led general withdraw northern troops shores hudson resulting concentration troops overflowed available housing entirely abandoned residents troops living aboard ships anchored nearby cramped quarters led increase camp related illnesses winter morale low area heavily plundered american retreat fall little way local provisions men largely rations salt pork draft animals required fresh fodder sent raiding expeditions tactics early winter washington sent detachments troops systematically remove remaining provisions livestock convenient access british general sent small foraging raiding parties january met larger formations numbering american militia companies continental_army support led occasion significant casualties early example brigadier general mustered militia drove british foraging expedition january washington gave commanders wide latitude act issuing commands constantly enemy aggressive tactics early successes depended successful intelligence british commander reported met force notwithstanding orders given hours troops moved supply convoys bringing provisions outside state large garrison new_brunswick immune american attacks roads offered opportunities raiding difficulties led british commanders change tactics attempting lure militia units traps involving larger numbers british regulars entirely successful militia continental commanders including continental_army general superior knowledge geography set elaborate traps encounter late february british colonel thinking flanked party new_jersey militia suddenly found advance force flanked larger force driven americans appeared ultimately inflicting casualties elite vanguard badly encounter british force repulsed organized attack weeks later ongoing tensions took toll british captain company german essentially light infantry lines observed men stay dressed day night horses constantly army gradually destroyed foraging forage provided new_york sufficient army needs consequence british forced provide supplies europe great cost risk royal_navy regiment infantry companies foot troop british light stationed new_jersey winter january british cavalry patrol ambushed militia near town killed second wounded day infantry emerged town small escort light instructions clear country led captain strong patrol attacked near springfield new_jersey militia soldiers heard distant gunfire hours later british horsemen came foot soldiers shot entire party captured militia ordered pull garrison left january troops evacuated militia attacked rear guard confused retreat americans captured soldiers baggage trains regiments food supplies chatham connecticut farms january colonel captured wagons chatham new_jersey scott brigade composed 4th 5th 6th virginia regiments connecticut farms january commanded colonel attacked german americans killed enemy soldier captured following day americans set large body british new_jersey killing enemy soldiers wounding american casualties given actions battle brigadier general new_jersey militia scored brilliant success january near mill militia pennsylvania crossed stream fought pitched battle british regulars cannons british lost casualties prisoners wagons horses cattle sheep americans admitted losses men afterward british refused believe beaten militia january british regiments near inflicted losses seven killed wounded suffering men wounded drake farm february brigadier general sir 1st set clever trap sent party drake farm near scott 5th virginia tried small party rushed large force action battalions light infantry appeared supported artillery pieces instead fleeing launched vicious attack momentarily broke battalion intense cannon fire american attack stopped soldiers fought british fell americans admitted casualties claiming killed british wounding action marred ugly incident lieutenant wounded americans abandoned tactical withdrawal frustrated british fell seven helpless men musket slaughtered americans recovered bodies infuriated brigadier general exchanged series letters denied responsibility incident february lieutenant colonel sent reinforced brigade destroy rebel forces catch set battalion light infantry plus formation consisted 10th foot 37th foot 38th foot recently transferred rhode_island garrison near new_jersey found group militia livestock covered larger body americans waiting nearby hill british officer sent company wide flanking maneuver prepared launch assault fired ambush routed loss men moment sent superior force forward force american force included 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 8th pennsylvania regiments surprised men way reached americans lost killed wounded claimed inflicted casualties admitted losing killed wounded missing casualty estimates historian compiled list describes incomplete consisting actions occurred january march documented british german casualties numbered number events include casualty reports combined losses princeton british lost men new_jersey campaign new_york_city fischer estimate american casualties historians compiled casualty estimates fischer notes relatively official reports american militia continental_army unit strengths time period survived ending military campaigns began shape april general punctuated winter skirmishes attack continental_army outpost bound brook april nearly captured commander americans british scattered militia met resistance 8th british captured pound guns men killed americans bulk lincoln force got away general washington moved army winter quarters forward position late better react british moves general howe prepared philadelphia campaign moved large portion army mid june apparently attempt draw washington position failed howe withdrew army embarked ships bound chesapeake_bay northern coastal new_jersey continued site raiding british forces occupied new_york_city rest war | Forage War | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13511_SecondBattleofKehl(1796) | second battle second battle occurred september general austrian imperial troops stormed french held rhine river village german state river city french revolutionary stronghold battle french revolutionary war coalition rhine wild unpredictable difficult cross channels tributaries created islands trees vegetation alternately submerged floods exposed dry seasons complex bridges gates fortifications barrage dams linked constructed fortress architect seventeenth century crossings contested french dutch war war spanish succession war polish succession earlier french crossed german states june critical french success army ability cross rhine crossings near swiss city offered access southwestern germany french armies sweep north south east depending military goal late summer austrian force territory lost french earlier summer september austrians temporarily acquired control joining strong french counter attack forced retreat leaving french control bridges austrians control territory surrounding situation remained status quo late october control surrounding territory prevented french crossing safety required french commander withdraw immediately october army retreated south cross rhine moved austrian force begin day siege background general campaign campaign larger broader french revolutionary wars republican france pitted fluid coalition austrians states british dutch royalist french initially republican french experienced victories campaigns successful coalition partners difficulty coordinating war aims efforts french victories northern italy salvaged french enthusiasm war forced coalition withdraw end rhine campaign french republican called truce forces fighting germany agreement lasted austrians announced truce end included troops man right wing duke ferdinand stood east bank rhine observing french garrisons fortress included remainder strong secured west bank commanded force anchored right wing west bank left wing prince guarded rhine switzerland original austrian strategy capture use position west bank strike french armies turn news arrived vienna successes sent italy reinforcements gave command austrian armies ordered hold ground french man held west bank rhine southwest army left flank troops entrenched camp right wing positioned rhine northward centered near left wing extended west led right wing commanded center directed left wing wing consisted infantry cavalry divisions command included divisions led wing divisions commanded french plan called april june offensive armies press flanks northern coalition armies german states army approached vienna italy specifically army push south hopefully drawing troops attention army east rhine according plan army charles troops occurred army endured forced march south attacked guarded imperial troops troops recruited spring circle inexperienced held hours retreated reinforced forward guard troops poured south column moved quickly river advanced rhine swiss german shoreline spreading southern end worried supply lines army flanked charles began retreat east point july competition french generals came play joined army north proceeded eastward pushing charles bavaria pushed eastward pushing autonomous corps union armies charles crushed opposition august autonomous corps united charles imperial troops turned tide french defeat army battles august september 2nd september allowed charles troops south effectively removed remainder campaign preliminary action september charles position eastern slope engaged french troops commanded included brigade squadrons 19th remained observe garrisons realizing command small withstand attack stronger austrians withdrew secure rhine crossing retreat mountains need crossing safe passage france initial austrian attack french position favored french charged austrians september austrians spent day french advanced posts intention marching south secure crossing general received intelligence contingent infantry cavalry marching retired south found austrians possession village south tried force way austrians fell found caught detachments austrians river general deployed brigade infantry regiment cavalry army instructions proceed forced marches general acting intelligence sent battalions occupy miles effectively prevented reinforcements reaching locked place garrison garrison status september garrison consisted battalion 24th brigade detachments command weak force defend position importance develop additional extensive works reported troops arrived unclear ones furthermore lack cooperation local peasant workers exhaustion troops prevented enhancements fortifications proceeding speed evening september column arrived immediately battalions squadrons troops far september small corps austrians approached outskirts vigorously attacked french merely prelude significant action following day action september break dawn september austrian columns attacked kept pinned austrian principal column comprising crossed river french position proceeded rhine south placed force protection conducted peasants familiar fortifications advanced far horn work upper rhine entered gorge led outskirts second column 38th regiment command major proceeded hamlet obtained possession village bridge leading column included companies division executed left bank river column reserve command approached far french earthworks banks rhine support columns ahead included battalion 12th regiment moved past hamlet quickly austrians acquired control earthworks town village fortress reached old bridge advanced islands formed branches rhine eye shot french halted confusion stopped possibly bridge think regardless troops burn bridge started drinking french cavalry tried retire bridge heavy austrians fire destroyed french executed attempts retake bridges command general repulsed times superior numbers austrians fire case shot cannons lined principal road fortune favor french colonel men captured fort command major badly wounded leaving overall command 38th regiment french general gone troops returned reinforcements including national guard led troops bridges met austrian attack sufficiently strong recover austrians held houses edge village arrival fresh battalion 12th regiment led new attack repulsed ultimately austrians insufficient reserves meet fresh troops french recovered suburbs village french works according sources austrians lost men killed missing wounded french missing captured german sources report austrians lost men prisoners french dead wounded impact september action despite limited success action action broad impact movements main armies east army mountains lay east controlling eastern access crossing forced march south retreat france occur bridges longer march contact main armies occurred october valley winds section valley involved battle runs south west mountains south west river emerges mountains flows north west rhine right section river passes reaches sits narrow gap isolated volcanic hills known austrian french armies met october force semi circle heights offering superior position charles threw army flanks french left flank fought gave way pressure corps right flank day long eventually withdraw loss access crossing forced withdraw south strong rear guard provided abandoned position night retreated miles right left wings followed november reached organized force cross bridges france sent army north orders battle following troops participated action french 24th brigade battalion brigade battalions remnants 19th regiment squadrons austrian infantry regiment battalions infantry regiment battalions infantry regiment elements | Second Battle of Kehl (1796) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13722_SiegeofMantua(1799) | siege siege month effort austrian army regain presence northern italy excluded region successful french siege april austrians placed military blockade war second coalition intent french attrition diminishing food supplies losses weakened french army austrians received reinforcements attacked july end month french agreed surrender prelude fortress river northern italy poor shape commanded lieutenant general garrisoned diverse force including french polish polish general italian republic swiss german units beginning assignment engineer convinced fortress siege siege april austrian forces approached started siege austrians content simply blockade fortress artillery occasional skirmishes attrition began taking toll defenders defenders weakened diminishing food supplies morale undermined lack payment june french suffered defeat battle consequently austrians able decisively july siege entered new stage austrian reinforcements arriving besieging force growing austrians commanded hungarian general baron artillery expert artillery bombardment constant july assault begun austrians slowly advanced days july began negotiating surrender terms capitulation austrians agreed release french garrison keeping officers months soldiers arms prisoners exchanged fighting sides secret protocol austrians demanded sovereignty austrian army protests polish officers afraid recent poland austria gained control parts poland austrians want custody polish austrian clarified officially meant current austrian army austrian soldiers serving july french allied troops left fortress garrison troops split french non french units poles constituted austrian soldiers observing marching non french garrison troops given permission physically assault recognized eventually arrested polish officers particularly austrian partition forced enlist austrian army deported poland similar fate polish regular soldiers forced suffer physical punishment beaten rods marked end second legion polish later criticized poles considered betrayal french surrender napoleon ordered stricken list generals forbade wear military uniform | Siege of Mantua (1799) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
13723_BattleofNassau | battle nassau march naval action amphibious assault american forces british port nassau bahamas american revolutionary war known american war independence considered cruise engagements newly established continental marines united_states_navy marine_corps action marines amphibious landing known raid nassau departing delaware february fleet arrived bahamas march objective seizing gunpowder munitions known stored days later marines went ashore seized fort eastern end nassau harbor advance town gunpowder stored night nassau governor gunpowder loaded aboard ships sailed march advanced took control poorly defended town continental forces remained nassau weeks took away remaining gunpowder munitions fleet returned connecticut early april capturing british supply ships failed capture action april background american revolutionary war broke lord british provincial governor colony virginia british forces command removed virginia store provincial arms gunpowder island crown colony bahamas order falling hands rebel militia governor alerted general august rebel colonists attempts seize supplies desperate shortage gunpowder available continental_army led organize naval expedition goals seizure military supplies nassau orders issued congress fleet captain selected lead expedition included instructions patrolling raiding british naval targets virginia coastline additional instructions given secret meetings congress naval committee instructions issued fleet captains sailed delaware february included instructions rendezvous bahamas fleet launched consisted alfred wasp fly providence columbus addition ships crews carried marines command spite gale force winds fleet remained days fly separated fleet forced return port repairs fly eventually caught fleet nassau raid took place let apparent loss ships dissuade intelligence british fleet port high winds prelude received intelligence late february rebel fleet assembling delaware coast apparently took significant actions prepare defense new providence harbor primary defenses fort located nassau poorly sited defend port amphibious attacks walls strong support action cannons result fort constructed eastern end harbor commanding entrance time raid fortified cannons gunpowder ordnance fort nassau fleet arrived march force captured owned loyalists men captain pressed owners serve pilots local ship captain got away alerted presence rebel fleet landing force transferred captured providence day plans formulated assault main fleet held ships carrying landing force enter port march gain control town alarm raised decision land turned mistake alarm raised nassau ships spotted morning light bed ordered guns fired alert militia guns came mounts fired held discussion idea gunpowder removed islands fast ship docked harbor ultimately act idea ordered thirty unarmed occupy fort retiring house little decent battle landing capture guns fort nassau heard attackers realized surprise lost aborted assault elements fleet rejoined nautical miles east nassau held council new plan attack developed according accounts lieutenant suggested new landing point led action jones unfamiliar local waters unlike captains present council likely landing force led lieutenant familiar area force enlarged sailors ships wasp offering additional covering support carried point south east fort unopposed landing landing eventually led detachment fort investigate rebel activity given severely outnumbered opted send truce flag determine intentions learned objective powder military stores meantime arrived fort eighty learning size advancing force ordered fort guns fired withdrew men nassau retired governor house attempting stand returned homes sent rebels second time order wait command officer enemy know account landed troops firing guns given pause concern men occupied fort consulting officers arrived repeated arrived powder weapons prepared assault town brought news advance force remained fort night held war council evening decision attempt removal gunpowder midnight barrels gunpowder loaded sailed nassau harbor bound feat possible neglected post single ship guard harbor entrance channels leaving fleet safely anchored marines occupied nassau resistance morning written distributed town met route committee town leaders offered town keys return voyage fleet remained nassau weeks loading weaponry fit ships including remaining gunpowder pressed service local sloop carry material complained rebel officers consumed liquor stores occupation wrote taken chains like arrested taken alfred nassau fly arrived captain reported suffered significant damage consequence march fleet sailed newport rhode_island officials prisoners return voyage uneventful fleet reached waters long_island april encountered captured day captured laden stores included armaments powder fleet finally met resistance april encountered sixth rate ship ensuing action outnumbered glasgow managed escape capture severely damaging process wounding captain son john killing wounding fleet sailed harbor connecticut april aftermath eventually exchanged american general lord criticized handling affair nassau remained relatively poorly defended subjected american rebel threat january seized spanish forces returned british control war initially lauded success nassau failure capture glasgow crew complaints captains led variety investigations courts martial result providence captain relieved command given jones jones performed glasgow encounter spite crew reduced disease received captain commission manner distributed criticized failure follow orders patrol virginia shore resulted series accusations forced navy ships united_states_navy christened uss nassau amphibious assault ship named specifically recognition battle named nassau sound body water florida bahamas | Battle of Nassau | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14299_SecondNorthernWar | second northern war second northern war little northern war fought sweden adversaries polish lithuanian commonwealth russia monarchy denmark norway intervened sweden sweden invaded occupied western poland lithuania eastern half occupied russia rapid swedish advance known poland swedish polish lithuanian regular armies surrendered polish king fled initially supported estates allied sweden return receiving swedish exploiting hurt religious feelings roman catholic population protestant occupation organizing polish lithuanian military leaders managed regain ground russia took advantage swedish setback declared war sweden pushed lithuania swedish granted sovereignty return military aid treaty allied invaded poland lithuania southeast found ally armies crossed poland lithuania southwest triggered denmark invasion swedish mainland spring attempt settle old scores war sweden busy left alliance sweden granted sovereignty polish king treaties war sweden gave reason abandon polish lithuanian fight denmark instead marching army west making dangerous crossing frozen straits winter surprised unprepared danish isles forced surrender treaty denmark abandon danish provinces anti swedish allies army polish forces ravaged swedish decided instead returning remaining swedish strongholds poland lithuania attack denmark time denmark attack anti swedish allies pursued jutland swedish sweden defending strongholds denmark southern baltic shore little gained allies peace negotiated died february successor settled treaty poland lithuania april treaty copenhagen denmark sweden gains sovereign state parties largely returned status quo sweden concluded truce russia gave way final settlement treaty terminology english language german russian scandinavian historiography conflicts traditionally referred northern war term second northern war coined polish historiography increasingly adopted german english language historiography ambiguous term referring refer war poland term ambiguous broader series wars sweden russia prelude ended thirty years war swedish empire emerged major european power war theater thirty years war sweden defeated baltic great power denmark sweden peace russia ended war sweden remained state war polish polish swedish war concluded repeatedly renewed truce hand commonwealth king experienced crisis resulting southeast administration internal nobility including feuds king lithuanian feuds able stall ambitions veto consequence commonwealth lacked sufficient defense january anti polish alliance concluded rebellious russia control equipped army undergoing modernization succeeded cousin swedish throne russian forces advancing unprotected commonwealth focusing northeast drew close swedish sphere interest baltic coast seeing great success russian sweden decided intervene reasons explanation protect protestant population poland having close relationships intentions defeat sweden drew rising stood strong opposition polish government promised military support break russians sent expedition headed colonel soon turned mutiny ranks leader participate actions poor health conditions sweden time empire army designed maintained revenues occupied territory conscious direct attack main adversary russia result polish russian alliance sweden prevented forming swedish polish alliance refusal drop claims swedish crown polish lithuanian nobility territorial political concessions alliance sweden eventually cost final negotiations february ended result sweden opted attack polish lithuanian commonwealth occupy available territories russians swedish campaigns polish lithuanian commonwealth swedish forces entered poland lithuania swedish west north division western flank consisted men artillery pieces commanded entered poland july commanded followed august division northern flank consisted men commanded seized july western opposed polish levy additional peasant infantry aware military superiority trained swedish army nobles surrendered july pledged loyalty swedish king established garrison northern signed treaty sweden august placing swedish protection negotiating sweden dispute polish king provided clause parts commonwealth poland lithuania need fight lithuanian army opposed treaty forming confederation led magnate polish lithuanian august joined forces polish king left warsaw month confront swedish army west skirmishes swedish vanguard retreated southwards september occupied warsaw turned south confront retreating polish king kings met battle september like encounter battle october decided sweden exiled surrendered october october second treaty ratified north unified lithuania sweden recognizing grand duke lithuania following days polish army surrendered sweden october surrendered men near october field surrendered men october levy surrendered occupation poland lithuania intervention russian forces occupied east polish lithuanian commonwealth far remaining polish lithuanian control late october headed northwards left mobile force swedish polish troops additional number scattered garrisons control southern swedish occupied commonwealth north nobles concluded defensive alliance electorate november treaty permitting garrisons danzig participated treaty surrendering sweden treaty january took polish garrisons withdrawn surrendered march danzig remained town swedish control rapid swedish invasion occupation polish lithuanian territories known poland swedish polish lithuanian recovery religious differences primarily protestant primarily catholic poles resulting cases murder catholic clergy monks cases looting catholic churches monasteries gave rise partisan movements swedish occupied territory force attacked small swedish garrison october killed frederick brother law swedish king monastery successfully resisted swedish siege november january november manifesto issued calling public resistance return december peasant force took december partisan constituted participation january returned exile later january joined february polish soldiers swedish service october switched sides confederation force horse reacted pursuing force men confronting defeating february intended advance halted nearly encircled growing polish lithuanian armies barely escaped april breaking lines cost artillery baggage swedish relief force destroyed april month oath proclaimed virgin mary queen poland promised lift inflicted regained control swedish alliance russia war sweden june signed alliance treaty granted return military aid free swedish remained swedish vassal garrisons replaced swedish ones went reinforce army june warsaw stormed drawn force regulars noble levy actively participated war swedish prompting state breakfast custody sun moon shine russia declared war sweden taking advantage charles bound poland estonia secured army infantry men prussia men dispersed garrisons coast invaded july men took late july danzig dutch garrison combined danish dutch fleet broke naval imposed danzig july combined swedish army able defeat polish lithuanian army forcing retreat august army took laid siege raided estonia october stormed heading october lithuanian cavalry overran swedish force battle prussia ravaged burning towns villages campaign entered folklore high death toll high number captives deported october defeated swedish forces turned lithuania october besieged surrendered russian siege swedish held lifted took november february stayed danzig swedish siege lifted dutch intervention kilometers away quarters swedish romanian alliance russia treaty november sweden granted sovereignty turn active participation war treaty december promised accept king poland lithuania return entrance war entered war january crossing commonwealth force men broke polish siege met led swedish army southwards following month saw forces play cat mouse polish lithuanian forces moving commonwealth major engagements capture brest sack warsaw june internal conflicts practically participation war worn previous campaigns requesting break sweden russia eventually signed truce polish lithuanian commonwealth engage swedish army major battle reinforced armies june swedish force defeated russian army men commanded early sweden russia agreed truce resulting treaty treaty russian war poland lithuania hand resumed austro polish alliance danish campaigns sweden like sweden looking allies break war december signed alliance vienna essentially declaration intend peace provide military aid come effect ferdinand death april treaty renewed amended ferdinand successor agreed vienna provide troops maintained polish expense return received receiving news denmark promptly declared war sweden june austrian army entered polish lithuanian commonwealth south situation southern poland denmark attacked swedish turned july left commonwealth headed westwards anti danish swedish alliance broke apart unable withstand combined austrian polish lithuanian forces swedish support pursuit ukraine encircled forced rest army defeated changed sides return polish withdrawal claims declaring sole sovereign treaties september november addition aforementioned treaties secured lands border returned poland denmark attack denmark june aimed regaining territories lost provided opportunity abandon unfortunate polish lithuanian horse foot marched swedish force split heading west clear heading north clear jutland aims achieved september moved swedish port ordered navy inconclusive polish forces led general ravaged southern swedish destroyed plundered allies reluctant join wish decided taking war fearing start new thirty years war harsh winter forced norwegian fleet port separating danish isles mainland frozen entering jutland south swedish army veterans undertook march belts february little belt crossed island captured days soon february swedish army continued great belt zealand danish capital copenhagen men belts swedish attack completely unexpected compelled surrender signed treaty february sweden won prestigious victory denmark suffered costly defeat denmark forced yield provinces island swedish control signing treaty swedish territory indefinitely denmark surrender norwegian province sweden swedish held territory poland reduced towns notably defected position region strong force stated aim permanent gain pressed militarily austro polish army laid siege july urged france settle france unwilling intervene militarily sweden afford violate peace attacking possessions likely driven germans anti swedish alliance opted instead attack denmark stalled prolonged provisions treaty payments blocking foreign fleets access baltic_sea half danish soldiers obliged enter swedish service swedish king embarked kiel force men august expected head disembarked zealand august headed copenhagen defended dutch time town surrender long siege ensued swedish forces took september controlled sides november dutch fleet broke swedish naval blockade copenhagen battle sound anti swedish alliance deployed army denmark confront force commanded austrians commanded poles commanded january allied forces stood tried decisive assault copenhagen february repelled sweden entrenched war characterized swedish forces defending strongholds southern baltic coast allied assaults combined force austrians led general invaded swedish took burned took island besieged stettin success took november mounted general der lifted siege laid prince major general besieged stettin managed capture ammunition depot took withdrew countryside retreating occupied annexed danish provinces movements pressed swedish garrisons uprising took trondheim late zealand led ambushed swedish forces swedish garrison forced surrender danish insurgents commander killed contemporary poland fallen december november sweden abandon defeat january sweden lost fortress conflicts arose anti swedish alliance poland lithuania demanded contributions showing war efforts poland lithuania expected russo polish war ongoing polish lithuanian forces bound ukraine england france agreed petition concert urging sweden settle peace denmark terms peace talks france taking place new sweden captured soldiers new sweden colony led governor renamed swedish soon sweden opened baltic attacking polish lithuanian commonwealth dutch moved advantage armed squadron ships direction director general seized dutch moved army summer easily capturing swedish settlement incorporated dutch new september swedish finnish settlers continued enjoy local autonomy kept militia religion court lands peace fell ill early died february year death major obstacles peace gone treaty signed april sweden accepted sovereign swedish accepted sovereign withdrew claims swedish throne retain title life occupied territories restored pre war denmark keen peace recent successes witnessing weakness swedish efforts netherlands withdrew blockade soon convinced denmark support france england intervened sweden situation edge major conflict danish statesman negotiated peace treaty direct involvement foreign powers conflict resolved treaty copenhagen sweden returned treaty established political borders denmark sweden norway lasted present day secured swedish russia engaged russo polish war settled dispute sweden treaty restored russian occupied swedish territory sweden list peace treaties treaty sweden superseded treaty poland lithuania treaty sweden denmark superseded copenhagen treaty sweden austria poland lithuania treaty copenhagen sweden denmark treaty sweden russia | Second Northern War | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14305_BattleofShortHills | battle short hills known names conflict continental_army force commanded lord opposing british force commanded lieutenant general battle took place june new_jersey american revolutionary war despite fighting occurred modern day section mid june general howe marched army central new_jersey attempt lure george_washington continental_army place better attacked defensive position washington refused abandon position howe returned june washington forward divisions including lord british movement washington moved main army hills howe seized opportunity june marched columns troops attempt cut washington high ground troops lord troops eventually engaged pitched battle outnumbered force retreated washington alerted british movement retreated hills background march british forces lieutenant general withdrew boston fortified high ground threatening city harbor army augmented reinforcements europe general howe captured new_york_city forcing washington retreat way new_jersey end washington crossed surprised german troops new_jersey eventually regained control state armies settled winter quarters engaged war skirmishes winter months general howe spent winter planning campaign capture seat rebel constant winter taken toll troops stationed new_jersey major attack continental_army outpost bound brook april entirely successful howe apparently plans intended route philadelphia people know intentions philadelphia target suspected howe interested washington moved army winter quarters near strong position observe interfere british moves philadelphia historians mention battle occasionally called battle took place primarily present day new_jersey historians battle names calls flat hills meeting house british regimental history refers prelude june howe began moving troops june entire army moved roads new_brunswick washington intelligence reports indicated howe left equipment needed crossing unlikely heading philadelphia washington measure called militia southern new_jersey june howe army marched destination house present day apparently seeking draw washington battle open terrain howe remained days washington refused hills june howe began march reached june having completely evacuated new_brunswick refusing fall howe trap washington followed retreating british bringing army sent strong forward detachment brigadier general aka lord plains area north new_brunswick cover left flank harass british command numbering comprised new_jersey brigade pennsylvania brigade brigade consisted 1st conway consisted 3rd 6th 9th 12th pennsylvania named principal german mercenary named baron commanded french soldier fortune given command abruptly left army howe took advantage washington movement launched sudden attack lord position meant forces cut washington retreat engage americans pitched battle relatively open terrain morning june howe marched columns troops column command lieutenant general consisted companies battalions british mounted british 16th light battalion loyalist provincial unit second column command major general accompanied consisted companies battalions british light infantry battle column general marched marched columns moved roughly parallel paths area came contact guards running skirmish began americans firing british fell retreating americans lead armies areas prepared defensive position severe cannon fire strength british numbers forced determined stand retreat british suffering extreme heat day ended pursuit able fall good order post messenger alerted washington howe proximity prompting washington withdraw secure position hills later day howe arrived inspect washington lines strong attack resistance provided washington time manage withdrawal secure ground battle considered strategic victory americans british spending night returned post completely evacuated new_jersey june mid july howe embarked army transports sailed philadelphia destination unknown washington local tale arose encounter general aunt betty local resident bread americans arrived requested bread offered saying love fear declined offer responding man command shall touch single casualties british officer recorded british casualties killed wounded officer casualty captain honourable guards light infantry forefront attack point called lord come damned rebel response concentrate fire captain soon received wound died days later american casualties fully known british claimed americans suffered killed wounded sides acknowledged american loss cannons capture men formed advance guard appear hardest hit men killed captured colonel commander 2nd wrote july brigade killed wounded taken prisoners noted journal wounded slightly officers recorded having lost 2nd new_jersey captain killed captain captured legacy area battlefield encompassing acres listed national_register_of_historic_places area includes portions municipal land site battle | Battle of Short Hills | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14359_BattleofFlintRiver | battle flint river failed attack spanish forces creek indians october state georgia battle major element ongoing frontier hostilities english traders spanish florida prelude organized military actions creeks assisted small number led trader ambushed invaders banks half spanish indian force killed captured english spanish authorities reacted battle accelerating preparations culminated siege november background english spanish colonization efforts southeastern north_america began coming conflict early middle 17th century english founding present day charleston south_carolina significantly raised tensions spanish long established florida traders new province penetrated spanish florida leading raiding expeditions sides governor threatened spanish english claims pensacola established spanish enforced traders established alliances creek indians upper rivers draining gulf_of_mexico supplied arms purchased slaves animal spanish population florida time fairly small founding 16th century spanish set network missions primary purpose local indian population convert roman catholicism region roughly present day western florida southwestern georgia mission communities total population communities populated different tribes migrated southward area spanish policy indians muskets missions suffered english creek raids january french founder mobile warned spanish commander pensacola properly arm engage vigorous defense english incursions spanish territory offered equipment supplies purpose following destruction raiders mission spanish florida governor authorized expedition creek territories battle ordered spanish captain raised force spanish surrounding mission communities report found breakdown force presently known word reached community trader referred spanish documents don meeting local tribes according report indian woman deputy governor warriors principally went white men blacks meet force left roughly october day left exact date battle unknown woman reporting saw battlefield october day remnants force returned town assembled force numbered blessing chief emperor forces met near attack camp anticipating possibility sort attack arranged blankets appear occupied concealed near camp attacked false camp fell superiority weapons british supported indians routed spanish force reported men returned aftermath defeat immediately defensive ordered fort completed adequate supplies siege laid battle stirred governor secured approval expedition learning war formally declared europe england spain expedition departed charles town november failed objective spanish indian mission communities destroyed process moore led expedition missions virtually wiped end queen anne war english practically present day allied indian tribes leaving spanish control little pensacola widely separated highway markers erected georgia commemorate battle erected highway marker central georgia near placed marker southern georgia town | Battle of Flint River | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14393_BattleofLakePontchartrain | battle lake battle lake single ship action september fought british sloop war hms west florida schooner waters british province patrolling encountered morris set new_orleans spanish american crew headed captain larger crew morris successfully boarded inflicting mortal wound captain lieutenant capture west florida eliminated major british naval presence lake weakening british control western reaches background significant military activities american revolutionary war occur gulf_coast spain entered war new_orleans capital spanish louisiana served semi secret source money patriot cause cause quietly supported spanish governors prominent new_orleans businessman effectively acted agent negotiating spanish governor taking actions including spending fortune patriot activities lower mississippi_river led raiding expedition directed targets british west florida prize captured mississippi_river british ship brought new_orleans brought uss morris honor philadelphia british province extended mississippi_river west east hms west florida cruising command stopping searching manner shipping including spanish merchants destined new_orleans annoyance spanish unsuccessful tracking willing raid returned pensacola capital refit repair late january replaced helm lieutenant engaged survey duty coast knew area sloop war armed according captors pound cannons carrying crew complement british accounts place crew size prelude cruised waters august august sent boat men contact detachment lieutenant colonel men boat returned day governor spanish louisiana launched expedition gain control british military posts mississippi boat captured men successfully took garrison september negotiated surrender remaining british forces mississippi september unaware activities commissioning authority granted congress command morris captain destroyed hurricane delayed departure expedition provided ship use variously called morris morris tender according report lieutenant second command ship schooner armed small pound cannons swivel guns lacked protect men deck gunfire furthermore crew prepared close action lacking axes tools useful boarding action instructed harass british military shipping lake recently increased activity battle sailed new_orleans crew americans second command commissioned hide intentions flew british ensign false flag spotted september ships closed hailed morris discover intentions told merchant bound pensacola shortly false colors hauled replaced american flag americans threw hooks bring ships opened fire swivel guns lieutenant prepared boarding party unlikely ship fired larger guns small crew spirited resistance twice boarding attempt succeeded went mortal wound fighting described violent successfully overwhelmed british wounding men addition suffering killed wounded aftermath captain took prize new_orleans fitted cruised west florida waters governor march mississippi assisted resulted capture mobile sailing philadelphia sale battle commemorated historic marker louisiana marker credits ending revolutionary war louisiana british individuals north shore evidently surrendered captain mid october weeks context louisiana means future state louisiana larger area spanish louisiana took place | Battle of Lake Pontchartrain | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14442_BattleofBlandford | battle called took place near virginia april late american war independence roughly british regulars command brigadier general defeated militia major general baron introduction british troop presence led general virginia early prompted increase militia activity counter british force militia poorly trained equipped unable prevent arnold moving freely arnold reinforced march additional troops led general phillips targeted raiding expedition militia forces led decided stand separate community battle joined outnumbered militia provided remarkably stiff resistance british advance executed disciplined retreat avoiding flanking attempt led eventually retreated richmond joined forces continental_army troops led british continued raiding eventually joined forces army north_carolina background december american revolutionary war north american main theaters reached critical point continental_army suffered major defeats earlier year southern armies captured dispersed loss charleston south armies george_washington british commander chief north_america sir watched new_york_city north national currency virtually worthless public support war enter sixth year army troops pay conditions americans favor loyalist recruiting checked severe blow kings mountain october counter british threat south washington sent major general best rebuild american army north_carolina defeat leading british troops south wanted deal gain control state arnold sent virginia request diversion virginia draw attention resources general clinton december brigadier general changed sides previous september men virginia arnold instructions destroy continental_army supplies storage depots state largely avoided military conflict establish base future operations portsmouth afternoon january arnold sailed landed force virginia moving rapidly overnight forced march raided richmond state capital day day raiding returned boats sailed portsmouth proceeded land approaches base guarded virginia militia command brigadier general inexperienced relatively small number prevent movement british troops ship readily rivers area arnold arrival prompted general washington land naval forces challenge washington sent continental_army detachment virginia february asked french admiral newport rhode_island send naval force addition troops support storm late january caused damage royal_navy fleet watching newport slipped ship line frigates newport marched south arrived near portsmouth arnold withdrew ships lighter vessels shallow drafts french fleet deeper drafts unable follow french returned newport effort urging washington prompted newport march entire fleet seven ships line recently captured frigate french troops aboard clinton admiral learned days later immediately mobilized supporting resources sailed ships line day naval action march successfully prevented entering chesapeake_bay fleet followed transports carrying british_army troops command general phillips troops landed portsmouth march phillips arnold took command forces raiding phillips phillips advanced largely countryside militia force major general baron tried check progress protect richmond british attack richmond definitely considered prime objective served military depot state continental forces april british force sailed landed drive militia reports claimed force number april afternoon progressed general virginia militia marched militia units gathering force days away continental_army force general avoiding conflict british weak numbers inexperienced troops decided time sort stand militia sort victory british arrived virginia morale low council war decided establish line separate town east neighborhood city time came colonists retreat bridge evening general ordered corps north peninsula known elevated ground overlooking river night moved forces south river battle shortly sunset april phillips landed force british soldiers city point miles east morning day regiments virginia militia infantry formed lines defense awaited british force line composed regiments left line river dick right extending hills south second line form main line defense fell consisted regiment left right line extended today madison street causeway bridge lieutenant run creek separating line positioned maximize exposure british troops gunfire approached placed regiment north shore guarding possibility british landed river positioned small reserve force southern end bridge sent company slaughter men north bank provide advance warning british approached british set morning marching phillips command consisted regiments foot corps arnold force battalions light infantry phillips originally planned route order military stores prince george county courthouse reconnaissance reported removed americans phillips marched directly lightly armed accompanied force carrying men supplies battle preceded exchange fire british american advance reconnaissance phillips halted column mile american lines organized forces battle right colonel lead battalion light infantry company river drive american left bridge lieutenant colonel lead foot attempt flanking maneuver american right phillips held second light infantry battalion loyalist units arnold reserve held reserve small guns expedition brought british forces advanced american line phillips noticed company virginia militia established position hill provided excellent opportunity british line sent flush lines closed action general line militia resistance british anticipated british artillery strength numbers threatened flank position convinced militia line retreat second half hour resistance phillips detached rangers lengthy roundabout flanking maneuver intended prevent americans retreating bridge moved phillips assaults second militia line repulsed british artillery position american line hour later finally ordered retreat americans eventually able orderly retreat bridge covered men placed high ground far bridge companies took bridge went order delay pursuit act later earned praise contemporaries general heights near present day colonial heights americans engaged artillery duel british forces opposite bank losses sides supply weary militia continued northward retreat reaching following day british force crossing destroying bridges aftermath phillips arnold pursuit retreating american militia continued manchester river richmond reached april unable enter richmond marched rapidly occupied city destroying tobacco warehouses british sailed james advanced far phillips received orders return await lord moving north wilmington north_carolina reaching phillips greeted bombardment artillery positioned north river general phillips contracted fever died leaving arnold temporarily command british force reached bringing british force men shortly additional british reinforcements arrived new_york raising force men ordered arnold new_york chased time central virginia making way eventually ordered joined early september french force west_indies blockaded land routes french fleet prevented arrival british relief fleets arrival george_washington franco american army north besieged surrendered army october center military activity american civil war besieged months role later conflict dominates military history city sponsored annual battle | Battle of Blandford | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14510_BostonMassacre | boston massacre known incident king street british incident march british_army soldiers killed male civilians injured incident heavily leading patriots fuel animosity british authorities british troops stationed boston capital order protect support crown appointed colonial officials attempting enforce unpopular parliamentary legislation amid ongoing tense relations population soldiers mob formed british subjected verbal abuse harassment eventually supported additional soldiers subjected verbal threats thrown objects fired crowd orders instantly killing people wounding people died later wounds sustained incident crowd eventually dispersed acting governor promised inquiry reformed day prompting withdrawal troops soldiers officer civilians arrested charged murder defended lawyer future american president soldiers acquitted convicted given reduced sentences men found guilty sentenced branding hand depictions reports propaganda event notably colored produced shown right heightened tensions background boston capital important shipping town major center resistance unpopular acts taxation acts placed colonists variety common items manufactured britain exported colonies subjected import colonists objected acts violation natural charter constitutional rights british subjects colonies began campaign acts sending petition king george iii asking repeal revenue act house sent known colonial assemblies asking join resistance movement called boycott merchants affected goods great_britain lord recently appointed newly created office colonial secretary alarmed actions april sent letter colonial governors america instructing dissolve colonial assemblies responded ordered massachusetts governor direct letter house refused comply boston chief customs officer wrote asking military support government hands people time stamp act commodore responded sending gun warship arrived boston harbor june customs officials seized liberty sloop owned leading boston merchant allegations ship involved smuggling angry captain local sailors began riot customs officials fled protection given unstable state affairs massachusetts instructed general commander chief north_america send force shall think necessary boston october british_army regiments began boston regiments removed boston 14th 29th regiments foot remained anonymously written series newspaper articles chronicled clashes civilians soldiers troops stationed boston feeding tensions exaggerated accounts events tensions rose markedly young years age killed customs employee february death funeral described largest time boston killing subsequent propaganda tensions gangs colonists looking soldiers harass soldiers occasion looking confrontation incident evening march private hugh white british soldier stood guard duty outside custom house king street today known state street young apprentice named called british officer captain lieutenant paid bill master fact settled account ignored insult private white called respectful officer exchanged insults private white left post challenged boy struck head musket cried pain companions began argue white attracted larger crowd year old later serve general revolution came scene warned white fired die evening progressed crowd private white grew larger church bells usually fire bringing people pressed white led mixed race runaway slave named throwing objects challenging fire weapon white taken somewhat safer position steps sought assistance runners alerted nearby barracks captain officer watch according report preston dispatched non commissioned officer 29th regiment foot fixed relieve white soldiers preston sent corporal accompanied preston pushed way crowd route trying reduce tensions warned preston god sake care men fire die captain preston responded aware reached private white custom house stairs soldiers loaded muskets formation preston shouted crowd estimated number disperse crowd continued press soldiers fire throwing small objects local carrying club came preston asked soldiers weapons loaded preston assured fire ordered according deposition unlikely standing thrown object struck private montgomery knocking causing drop musket recovered weapon thought angrily shout damn fire discharged crowd command given swung montgomery hitting arm preston narrowly missed preston head striking arm instead pause uncertain length eyewitness estimates ranged seconds minutes soldiers fired crowd disciplined volley preston gave orders fire ragged series shots fired hit men americans died instantly apprentice ivory turner seventeen struck musket ball crowd died hours later early morning day irish immigrant died weeks later apprentice seriously wounded attack recovered extent crippled eventually died injuries sustained attack decade earlier crowd moved away immediate area custom house continued grow nearby streets captain preston immediately called 29th regiment adopted defensive positions state house acting governor summoned scene forced movement crowd council chamber state house balcony able restore order promising fair inquiry crowd dispersed aftermath investigation immediately began investigating affair morning preston soldiers arrested meeting governor council held late morning boston asked order removal troops city town meeting met discuss affair governor council opposed ordering troop withdrawal correctly claiming authority order troops lieutenant colonel commander troops offer town meeting learned imminent threat violence council changed position unanimously according report agreed request troops removal secretary state reported troops removed probably destroyed people called rebellion loss charter consequence decision left governor effective means police town 14th transferred incident week later 29th following shortly victims buried amid great ceremony march fifth final victim died march buried march march soldiers captain preston civilians alleged fired shots indicted murder continued hostile troops general convinced troops harm good ordered 29th regiment province governor took advantage ongoing high tensions delays trials later year propaganda battle days weeks following incident propaganda battle waged boston supporters government sides published pamphlets told different stories principally published london bid influence opinion version events example characterized massacre ongoing scheme quell spirit liberty negative consequences troops city young boston artist half brother celebrated portrait painter depicted event paul closely copied image credited order public outrage contained details captain preston shown ordering men fire musket seen shooting window customs office labeled butcher hall artist hand colored prints copies print man chest wounds somewhat darker face matching descriptions victim person color image published circulating widely effective piece anti british propaganda image bright red backs wounded men red blood hung new_england anonymous pamphlets published describing event significantly different perspectives short narrative massacre published auspices boston town meeting principally written member governor council vocal opponent british colonial policy described shooting lesser incidents took place days attacks peaceful law inhabitants according historian probably influential description event account provided drawn taken event included accusations soldiers sent captain preston deployed intention causing harm interest impact jury pool city leaders held local distribution pamphlet sent copies colonies london knew collected governor route second pamphlet additional observations short narrative attack crown officials complaining customs officials left boston carry gathered london abandoning posts dangerous duties collected sent london eventually published pamphlet entitled fair account late unhappy disturbance boston drawn mainly soldiers account affairs sought blame selfish denying validity parliamentary laws blamed city gangs preceding event claimed set ambush soldiers published pamphlet arrived london ended having smaller impact public debate trials government determined soldiers fair trial grounds retaliation british alienated patriot cause lawyers loyalist refused defend preston sent request pleading work case adams leading patriot contemplating run public office agreed help interest ensuring fair trial adams joined assured oppose appointment loyalist assisted chief duty investigate jury pool drew detailed map bodies trial british soldiers held responsible general private attorney hired town boston handled prosecution preston tried separately late october acquitted jury convinced ordered troops fire trial soldiers opened november adams told jury look fact soldiers british argued soldiers endangered mob called boys irish jack sailors legal right fight innocent provoked endangered argued guilty jury agreed adams acquitted soldiers half hours soldiers found guilty overwhelming evidence fired directly crowd jury decisions suggest believed soldiers felt threatened crowd delayed firing fifth victim deathbed testimony delivered doctor convicted soldiers granted reduced sentences benefit clergy reduced punishment death sentence branding thumb open court civilians tried december principal prosecution witness servant accused claims easily defense witnesses face weak testimony public interest prosecution allegedly failed press case hard civilians acquitted servant eventually convicted banished province legacy considered important events turned colonial sentiment king british parliamentary authority wrote foundation american independence laid march patriots annual massacre day event british rule boy wounded attack died crowds reminder british hostility later events illustrated relationship britain colonies years passed massacre outright revolution direct connections massacre later war according historian somewhat widely perceived significant event leading violent rebellion followed massacre remembered celebration organized african american abolitionist saw death opportunity demonstrate role african americans revolutionary war partly activism artwork commemorating massacre produced changed color victim skin black original white emphasize claimed monument erected men killed massacre victims prominent grave burying ground massacre annually march auspices massacre site burying ground boston connecting sites important city revolutionary era history | Boston Massacre | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14824_Frigateactionof29May1794 | frigate action frigate action confused larger fleet action took place waters time minor naval engagement royal_navy frigate french_navy frigate action formed minor atlantic campaign campaign culminated battle glorious june unusual french ship french hands days time engagement previously british ship seized french battle squadron converted french service sea main fleets detached pursuit dutch merchant ship encountered smaller independently cruising british frigate hms captain immediately attacked larger ship engagement lasting hour minutes successfully forced captain surrender discovering number british prisoners war decks subsequently taken britain extended legal case ensued admiralty captain prize money awarded victory ultimately successful testimony defeated french captain proving case claiming prize money lawsuit harm career later served battle prominent admiral background spring newly declared faced famine effort secure required food supplies large quantities ordered french american colonies united_states gathered large convoy merchant vessels virginia april convoy sailed europe admiral expecting meet squadron admiral route main admiral held lord howe ships sailed soon passed encountered british convoy sailing newfoundland convoy unprepared encounter escorted frigate captain squadron included ships line smaller warships ordered attack convoy brief chase merchant ships captured run ship line british vessel offering resistance face overwhelming odds crew removed ship taken aboard flagship remained rest campaign replaced french sailors taken squadron hastily refitted sea service french_navy command given captain operated scout squadron detached chasing dutch merchant ship separated dutch convoy attacked fleet separated ships turned europe dutch ship tow french fleets squadrons searched convoy royal_navy equally active number squadrons independently sailing warships main fleet lord howe ship small gun frigate hms captain cruising signs french convoy sighted sails ahead battle immediately advanced strange sails soon revealed dutch merchant ship bearing cast tow prepared battle meeting approaching british frigate broadside engagement fought close range little ships exchanging hour minutes surrendered ship heavily battered exchange main knocked mainmast hull severely damaged suffered man killed wounded crew casualties heavier approximately men aboard french losing men killed wounded dutch ship initially escaped later captured value eventually included prize money paid success considered impressive historian ship carried pounder cannon contrast pounder guns pounder larger ship slightly larger crew men aboard days crew come immediately cruise longer acquainted vessel french crew aftermath placed boarding party aboard discovered officer british sailors held prisoners decks original crew ship men freed joined prize crew bringing ship britain rest crew including captain remained flagship subsequent campaign witnessed battle glorious june captured lord howe fleet french fleet defeated losing seven ships convoy passed safely north battle eventually reached france interception cruising british squadrons returned britain frigate classed admiralty salvage prize laws salvage meant proportion prize money paid crew significantly reduced declaration grounds judgement capture french taken french harbour properly condemned french prize court commissioned french_navy normal legal requirement termed complete prize behalf men brought legal challenge ruling high_court admiralty determine status judge sir heard evidence number parties including deposition captain described admiral standing orders fit captured warships sea continued service campaign considering evidence ruled legitimate prize setting forth ship war normal prize rules apply case prize money purchase frigate authorised paid plymouth july result case damage career junior officers promoted action given command larger frigate went serve battle admiral death historian speculated legal case probably reason denied accompanied successful frigate action stage war decades later battle actions recognised attached awarded application british participants living | Frigate action of 29 May 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14872_CaptureofSaintVincent | capture saint vincent capture french invasion took place june anglo french war french force commanded landed west_indies isle quickly took british controlled island assisted local held northern island british governor military commander lieutenant colonel disagreed react ended surrendering significant resistance leaders subjected inquiries surrender period french control begun capture resulted solidified control northern parts island area remained hands second war background following entry france american war independence american ally early french admiral arrived west_indies early december command fleet consisting ships line number smaller vessels time british fleet admiral arrived fleet admiral british captured french held despite attempt relief british monitor major french base martinique headquartered british fleet reinforced january ships line admiral assumed command british islands station half fleets received reinforcements french fleet slightly superior british furthermore departed june order provide escort services british merchant ships gathering convoy europe leaving free act governor seized opportunity begin series operations nearby british possessions target isle south political situation somewhat tense island divided roughly half land controlled white principally british controlled local population line dividing territories ran island north west south east agreed treaty signed war happy compromise agreement terms continuing source friction british uniquely caribbean possessions establish chain outposts protect population colonial government defences disarray governor assumed office isle granted separate government reported virtually defences addition difficult relations british population sympathetic cause colonial independence french capture raised constitutional questions surrounding martial law colonial assembly consequently refused appropriate funds improving island defences governor morris spent funds instead improvements contributing financial difficulties run later british military presence island garrison men command lieutenant colonel poorly trained recruits half unfit duty training drilling troops fully island outposts employing significant numbers clear land estate north west island estate territory island grant service seven years war circumstances viewed illegal major source annoyance governor established regular contact supplying arms late august french officials met leader early september governor morris confronted bearing new french muskets tour border areas capture organized force troops including french regulars drawn regiments champagne martinique volunteer militia martinique invasion force placed command recently distinguished taking british controlled march force embarked fleet consisting frigate lively sailed martinique june reached waters 16th driven ashore island losing men ships anchored young bay near anchored ships flew national colours leading local speculation intent local thought merchant vessels expected pick sugar harvest prevented island coastal fortifications firing signal cannon man sent ships taken prisoner french began landing troops small company captain landed eastern shore irregular forces grew number quickly overran british settlements near borders british lands led main body troops alarm eventually raised governor morris thought possible stand french hills hopes royal_navy bring relief lieutenant colonel opposed especially size approaching force apparent truce flag sent french demanded surrender morris rejected negotiations ships spotted flying british flags returned ship quickly determined strangers supply ships captured got away negotiations terms agreed similar granted capture aftermath success sailed entire fleet barbados end june unable significant progress prevailing winds gave attempt sailing instead captured july admiral alerted capture july preparing force retake learnt attack immediately sailed arriving morning june fleets battled prevailing disorganized attack remained french hands end war returned britain terms treaty paris admiral attempt recover december arriving caribbean worst hurricane seasons record acted rumours defences devastated october hurricane wrought havoc west_indies sailed ships line soldiers general suffered significant damage buildings destroyed defences good condition defended french soldiers troops landed found going difficult conditions embarked day lieutenant colonel subjected conduct invasion governor morris long time resident island demanded inquiry behaviour alleging press writings returned island dying england spending seven years king debts incurred spending defences actively harassed british settlers french occupation times requiring intervention french military minimize return british control uneasy peace existed british rose second war radical french efforts export french revolution deported british island coast present day honduras descendants known people gained independence britain | Capture of Saint Vincent | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
14916_SiegeofLymeRegis | siege siege week blockade english civil war port considered strategic importance controlled main shipping route bristol english channel commanded town defences siege laid prince april june start war claimed pair local members parliament garrisoned king charles ordered capture town early sent nephew troops siege laid april despite steady bombardment attempts storm town ground defences town established blake held fast regularly reinforced sea weakening effectiveness siege june withdrew siege face relieving army led 3rd earl essex background late 16th century important port liverpool main links england mainland europe combination strong beliefs demands king charles ship money meant outbreak english civil war town sympathetic cause local members parliament claimed set town local assigned governor town forces immediately set removing royalist area sent forces region far exeter somerset permanent fortifications established set walls ditches forts perimeter town end south west royalist control plymouth held controlled navy strategically important location bristol english channel early charles ordered captured sent large force command nephew prince siege marched march initially set garrison town detachment troops captured razed property garrisoned april fire devastated forced royalist troops establishing new quarters following day marched army men miles opposing forces captured roughly miles town garrisoned thirty defenders day siege attackers set artillery west town began bombardment day sent force men attack battery forced position new batteries set town besieging forces continued attack town ordnance april ordered advance town attack got little range musket shot day town ammunition food reinforced men ships mary rose ann war garrisoned army supported women town aided building fortifications later disguised men siege appear town held troops ran ammunition town helped weapons efforts drew comparisons joan arc essay written detailing achievements entitled feminine discovered following week royalist forces held siege engage town attacked town places thick fog defenders caught slightly soldiers eating evening supper rallied quickly hour repelled attack account kept garrison records besieging army killed garrison lost man following day requested dead buried request granted exchange town defenders able claim weaponry week little fighting armies seven ships arrived aid town including soldiers sir army men sent earl turned attention harbour week placing artillery units cliff tops bombarding ships morning attack sunk barge laden followed raiding party men evening attacked harbour setting fire barges remained fighting drive captain commanded town cavalry mortally wounded died fever days later despite surgeon arrived ships promise help provide including seamen help garrison town funeral held firing volley town ordnance besieging army signalled second attempt storm town town came barrage enemy batteries scaling brought fortifications attack repelled town defenders request immediate aftermath turned fear town reinforced sailors day attack town launched ships sent split royalist forces succeeded sending small detachment cavalry foot away quickly returned clear ships going land midday batteries began heavily bombard town followed ground attack managed breach fortifications hours fighting rebuffed attack fourteen ships arrived days later bringing provisions ammunition news relieving force sent aid town stage realised unlikely able capture town determined destroy instead fires set june attacks light june heavier red hot shot fired try set fires town despite orders lay siege king headquarters oxford 3rd earl essex opted attempt reclaim south west marching hearing fall impending arrival earl essex relieving army abandoned siege night june 17th century historian suggested suffered loss reputation having long strength place reducing aftermath retreated exeter earl essex continued devon cornwall sending blake capture essex campaign failed suffering total defeat battle early september remaining forces retreated leaving plymouth control south west earl sent letter parliament detailing hardships endured town siege requesting course taken relief parliament voted grant town year compensation paid residents suffered losses siege maintained garrison war finally disbanding july | Siege of Lyme Regis | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
15001_LandingatKip'sBay | landing bay landing bay british amphibious landing american revolutionary war september occurring eastern shore present day manhattan heavy advance fire british naval forces caused inexperienced militia guarding landing area flee making possible british land unopposed bay skirmishes aftermath landing resulted british capture militia british maneuvers following landing nearly cut escape route continental_army forces stationed southeast island flight american troops rapid george_washington attempting rally left exposed dangerously close british lines operation british success resulted withdrawal continental_army control new_york_city lower half island following day resulted american victory campaign decisive victory british enemy resistance broken efforts rebellion failed armies destroyed background gone british military early besieged boston arrival heavy guns continental_army camp prompted general withdraw boston halifax nova scotia march acquired supplies reinforcements embarked june campaign gain control new_york_city anticipating british attack new_york general george_washington moved army assist general defensive preparations task complicated large number potential landing sites british force howe troops began unopposed landing early july unopposed landing long_island washington continental_army organized significant defenses august august howe successfully flanked washington defenses leaving washington position narrow british_army night august washington successfully evacuated entire army troops manhattan known despite showing discipline unity evacuation army quickly despair anger large numbers militia ending august departed home leadership questioned ranks soldiers openly wishing return colorful charismatic general washington sent philadelphia asking direction specifically new_york_city occupied southern tip abandoned burned ground derive great hand property destroyed washington wrote geography occupied principally southern tip considered new_york_city western tip north village harlem sparsely populated center island featured low hills principally ferry services connected island surrounding lands primary ferry mainland crossing king bridge near northern tip island island bordered rivers west hudson_river east separated island long_island bay cove eastern shore island extending roughly present day 32nd 38th streets far west second avenue bay longer exists having filled provided excellent place amphibious landing deep water close shore large meadow landed troops opposite bay long_island wide mouth creek surrounded offered equally excellent staging area planning washington uncertain step spread troops shores shore actively sought intelligence yield clues howe plans ordered attempt flagship brother commander royal_navy new_york admiral september documented case submarine warfare volunteered pilot turtle eagle attach explosives ship drill struck iron band penetrate lee unable attach required explosives lee able escape forced release explosive fend small boats sent british investigate surfaced orient exploded british troops led moving north east shore night september british frigate rose took advantage north flowing tide thirty moved anchored mouth creek day transports moved warships hms pearl schooner sailed hudson september general recently returned duty illness sent washington letter urging immediate withdrawal new_york possession long_island argued new_york_city held army scattered americans able stop british attack decisive defeat argued catastrophic regard loss men damage morale recommended burning city british control recovered comparable superior naval force american benefit preserving new_york_city summarized recommended washington war council time council gathered september letter arrived stating congress resolution new_york destroyed washington required defend congress decided send man delegation lord howe preparations september british troops moved long_island occupy small island mouth day later september congressional delegation arrived met admiral lord howe hours meeting came lord howe authorized grant terms congressional delegation insisted postpone impending british attack allowing washington time decide confront enemy september war council washington generals decision abandon new_york_city thousand general remained defend city lower manhattan main army moved north harlem king bridge afternoon september major british movement started warships phoenix frigates moved anchored carrying total cannons accompanied troop transport ships september americans moving stores ammunition american sick new_york available horse wagon employed described grand military scouts reported movement british army camps washington uncertain british strike late afternoon american army moved north washington followed night general howe originally planned landing september recalling date key landing battle plains general clinton disagreed point attack clinton arguing landing king bridge cut washington howe originally wanted landings bay north near modern street eastern shore struck option ship pilots warned dangerous waters hell gate waters meet delays unfavorable winds landing targeted bay began morning september landing admiral howe sent noisy demonstration royal_navy ships hudson_river early morning september washington aides determined diversion maintained forces north end island connecticut militia command colonel erected crude american line bay farmers inexperienced muskets carried instead constructed blades attached poles having awake night having little eat previous hours dawn looked british warships near position militia ditches british ships anchored yards offshore lay quiet day hot general sir howe given task making landing ordered crossing begin wave eighty carried british soldiers standing shoulder shoulder left entered waters heading bay warships began broadside fire flattened american panicked connecticut militia terrible guns army navy heard wrote private secretary lord howe nearly eighty guns fired shore hour americans half buried dirt sand unable return fire smoke dust guns ceased british appeared smoke headed shore americans panicked retreat british began amphibious landing washington aides arrived command post soon landing began unable rally retreating militia mile inland bay washington rode horse men trying turn impose order violently accounts lost control temper pistol drew sword threatening run men shouted walls threw hat ground disgust men defend america fleeing men refused turn engage party advancing washington reportedly struck officers riding crop shot number american troops trying surrender thousand continental_army troops command generals arrived north sight chaotic militia retreat turned fled washington rage rode yards enemy aides managed field british soldiers came ashore including light infantry spread advancing directions late afternoon british troops landed howe sent brigade new_york_city officially taking possession americans managed escape north got away saw rebel head body pole recorded british officer southern advance pushed half mile farm near present day 23rd street meeting stiff american resistance northern advance stopped rise west west present lexington avenue orders wait rest invading force extremely fortunate thousands american troops south invasion point clinton continued west hudson cut general troops nearly washington forces main army trapping lower manhattan general come north troops landing began briefly washington risk forces city rode south lead retreat abandoning supplies equipment slow column guidance aide marched north hudson forced march men quick british advance sufficiently slow companies column advancing british men marched main camp harlem dark greeted cheers having given lost arrived later narrow escape possible seizing boat hudson received excited enthusiastic embraced washington aftermath british welcomed remaining new_york_city population pulling continental_army flag raising howe wanted capture new_york quickly minimal considered invasion complete success wanting continue battling americans day howe stopped troops short harlem washington extremely angry troops conduct calling actions connecticut militia poor reputation labeled held blame rout general said wounds received long_island bleeding officers men knew city defended connecticut men stayed defend cannon fire face overwhelming force annihilated day september armies fought | Landing at Kip's Bay | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
15019_MonmouthRebellion | known revolt west rebellion attempt overthrow duke york scotland ireland death elder brother charles_ii february roman catholic rule opposed 1st duke illegitimate son charles_ii claimed rightful heir throne attempted displace plans discussed different actions overthrow monarch following failure assassinate charles_ii james self imposed exile rebellion coordinated rebellion scotland earl landed small force duke popular england planned recruit troops locally control area marching london landed june following weeks growing army farm workers fought series skirmishes local militias regular soldiers commanded 2nd earl later duke forces unable compete regular army failed capture key city bristol rebellion ended defeat army july forces led churchill executed treason july supporters tried led judge condemned death transportation able consolidate power reigned overthrown coup état glorious revolution duke illegitimate son charles_ii rumours charles married mother evidence forthcoming charles said wife catherine appointed commander chief father captain general enjoying successes netherlands anglo dutch war context english civil war left resentment population monarchy penalties imposed supporters commonwealth england contained towns opposition remained strong fears potential catholic monarch persisted intensified failure charles_ii wife produce children anglican clergyman spoke plot kill charles duke york throne earl government minister leading opponent catholicism attempted james excluded line succession members parliament proposed crown charles illegitimate son duke exclusion bill exclude king brother heir james duke york line succession danger passing charles_ii dissolved parliament elected dissolved reason attempt assassinate charles james went self imposed exile netherlands gathered supporters protestant toured greeted crowds towns long charles_ii remained throne content live life pleasure holland hoping throne accession coronation westminster abbey april end hopes plan rebellion planned holland coordinated rebellion scotland led earl areas england considered potential locations rebellion including lancashire seen having highest number opponents monarchy began expeditions holland james nephew son law detained stop recruitment efforts sailed scotland arriving raised recruits mainly clan scottish revolt previously involved important member rebellion scottish presbyterian minister known drew proclamation favour crowned king whig politician man considerable wealth influence jailed political campaign calling new parliament fined huge sum words release jail fled holland general rebellion raise funds ships weaponry belongings wife 1st mother jewellery hire dutch warship set sail strongly protestant region small ships light field guns muskets landed june supporters including lord gathered men day long statement prepared denounced king king james previously received intelligence impending plot ships leaving holland days warned arrival soon landing mayor town informed local militias customs officer rode london arriving june having ridden miles face rebels given command regular foot king army honour leading campaign passed earl days assemble army travel london west country initial defence left local militias couple days volunteers arrived offering serve june force excess men june lost leading supporters dare disputed ride best horses provided local supporters shot killed dare arrest sent frigate day cavalry foot soldiers command lord grey wade moved nearby town encountered men local royalist skirmish ended retreat grey cavalry followed wade foot soldiers deserted joined army following confrontation lord led royalist force exeter forces duke somerset approaching opposite direction learned approach royalist reinforcements departed instead marching london headed north force county somerset june fought militia taking town militias join recruits joined force consisting farm workers armed farm tools famous supporter young denounced king subject coronation june wishes republican supporters wade forced witness event sword point outside white hart inn encourage support country gentry joined new supporters formed new regiment men king force churchill continued close arriving june assistance local militias attempted stop new recruits arriving join moved forces bristol assumption target took overall charge campaign growing force continued north took residence castle june june june weather royal_navy captured ships cutting hope escape continent royalist forces churchill bristol received reinforcements marched london june army small force gloucester militia control vital crossing point intended attack city bristol largest important city london time heard city occupied 1st duke inconclusive skirmishes force commanded attacks gave impression larger royalist force vicinity actually historians speculated marched quickly possible bristol point protected gloucestershire militia probably able city final outcome rebellion different bristol taken recruits attracted rebellion later march london possible left headquarters abbey moved bath occupied royalist troops making entry city impossible camped forces attacked june leading elements forces combined larger force awaiting artillery duke led cavalry village surrounded rebels hack escape rescued churchill withdrew approximately losses believed taken greater losses marched overnight arriving june morale forces started collapse news failure rebellion scotland arrived day makeshift army camped small force involved minor skirmishes took castle disagreements key supporters fight commanded supporters away scottish rebellion failed rebels heading got far royalist forces cut route turned somerset arriving wells july soldiers damaged bishop palace west tearing lead roof bullets breaking windows smashing organ time horses nave aimed contain rebels rest forces including battalions holland arrived light propaganda suggesting rebels army royalist troops lost ordered engage forces june final parts army including artillery arrived eventually pushed alfred great found refuge conflicts july ordered troops town finally defeated second command july force entered started sent cavalry collect cannon planned stay returned break head bristol army horse camped edge village view tower church mary inspected closely deciding attack duke eventually led ill equipped troops undertake night time attack king army guided servant local farmer old bristol road limited cavalry vanguard turned south lane came open deep dangerous drainage ditches delay crossed men royalist patrol shot fired patrol report lord led rebel cavalry forward engaged alerted rest royalist forces superior training regular army horses routed rebel forces supporters quickly defeated professionals hundreds cut musket fire death count rebel variously given royalist losses buried churchyard prison rebel soldiers fled field battle captured ditch july new forest parliament passed act june sentencing death traitor trial needed execution despite begging mercy claims conversion beheaded tower hill july said took multiple blows axe head sources took blows official tower london website says took blows book claims seven subsidiary titles restored duke subsequent judge series trials supporters people condemned death sentenced transported west_indies took advantage suppression rebellion consolidate power asked parliament repeal test act corpus act power appoint roman catholics senior posts raised strength standing army parliament opposed moves november james dismissed birth heralded catholic succession overthrown coup état glorious revolution invitation protestant establishment literary references events surrounding formed basis works fiction work satire partially concerned biblical events plays key role novel year old ghost befriended protagonist historical novel clarke deals directly landing england raising army defeat followed characters trilogy baroque cycle particularly confusion play role aftermath main hero novel captain blood sentenced judge aiding wounded rebels transported caribbean started career pirate novel duke messenger tells story boy plays central meeting holland failed rebellion describes rebellion fantasy elements added viewpoint sir romantic novel rescues brother law battlefield captured rebel brought judge events immediately leading exile following glorious revolution provide setting historical novel | Monmouth Rebellion | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
15267_CaptureofGrenada(1779) | capture anglo french war amphibious expedition july led french forces british held west_indies island having landed july assault occurred night july french forces assaulted british fortifications overlooking island capital captured cannons turned fort george governor lord opened negotiations surrender admiral rejected terms capitulation insisting adopting harsh terms written rejected terms choosing instead surrender permitted forces town sent france prisoner war july french forces fleet word arrived british fleet admiral approaching fleets battled day french severely damaged british ships fleets returned bases terms treaty paris france returned british control end war background following entry france american war independence american ally early french admiral arrived west_indies early december command fleet consisting ships line number smaller vessels time british fleet admiral arrived west_indies fleet admiral british captured french held despite attempt relief british monitor french martinique based british fleet reinforced january ships line admiral assumed command british islands station half fleets received reinforcements french fleet superior british furthermore departed june order provide escort services british merchant ships gathering convoy europe leaving free act french governor general martinique seized opportunity begin series operations nearby british possessions target isle fell june turned attention islands hoped capture barbados key british possession making progress prevailing easterly trade winds turned attention instead british defences time britain richest colonies producing significant quantities sugar plantations lord british governor alerted possibility french attack repeated requests support admiral british commander told principal french interest bring relief attacked disposal soldiers drawn 48th regiment foot artillery men militia volunteers consider forces especially french extraction ordered construction significant fortifications prominence overlooking island capital steep fortified stone walls surrounding series french capture french fleet anchored coast north july troops landed day consisted man troops drawn regiments champagne arrival french ordered forces withdraw fortifications spent july british position concerned appear time decided launch attack sent flag demanding surrender british governor rejected demand plan attack called columns attack fortifications small fourth detachment demonstration location british reasonably expect attack evening july formations moved columns numbering men led brother column accompanied advance guard demonstration force numbered 4th demonstration force opened fire columns charged british defenders panicked fled hill apparent safety fort george british leave premises neglected spike cannons driving metal spike rendering cannon abandoned brought heights french captured cannons fire fort george realising situation hopeless raised white flag french took prisoners claimed casualties killed wounded british reports claimed french casualties numbered closer french claimed prizes merchant ships anchored harbour admiral rejected proposed terms list articles drafted found proposed articles merely unprecedented uncertain nature extent aim time supply pretext taking away lives fortunes council unanimous rejecting proposed capitulation british chose surrender instead consequence permitted troops items taken destroyed silver plate clothing personal papers came particularly harsh blow governor copies papers sent wife destroyed fire invited governor apologised noting coat wearing left leading refused parole sent france prisoners war aftermath admiral alerted capture july route force retake learnt attack immediately sailed arriving morning july alerted intentions 5th embarked troops weighed anchor 6th fleets battled prevailing disorganized attack major actions west_indies sailed north led unsuccessful siege british held savannah georgia september successes capturing defeating immensely popular france playwright actor wrote containing capture popular work attended performance visit paris occupation french began construction series fortifications richmond hill designed defend attack like theirs cannons pointed defences completed british remained french hands end war returned britain terms treaty paris rule appointed governor reported british residents harsh oppressive british resumed control cracked predominantly roman catholic french speaking population leading discontent exodus french trinidad religious cultural divisions society contributed rise local resistance culminated nearly successful rebellion | Capture of Grenada (1779) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
15385_PowderAlarm | powder alarm major popular reaction removal gunpowder magazine british soldiers orders general royal governor september response action amid rumors blood shed alarm spread countryside connecticut sprang action fearing war hand thousands began streaming boston cambridge mob action forced loyalists government officials flee protection british_army proved false alarm caused political military leaders proceed carefully days ahead essentially provided dress rehearsal battles lexington concord seven half months later furthermore actions sides control weaponry gunpowder military supplies contentious british sought bring military stores directly control patriot colonists sought acquire use background thirteen british colonies response unpopular british actions negative british reaction destruction colonists grounded ship involved enforcing customs regulations elected form committees correspondence allowed communities formally communicate raise awareness incidents occurring coordinate actions instrumental managing colonial response enforcement tea act acts unpopular british colonial legislation colonists massachusetts taken action organize militarily actions british regulars statements supporting boston port closed earlier boston port act lives fortunes general military governor massachusetts charged enforcement highly unpopular passed response seeking prevent outbreak war peace american patriot whig majority loyalist minority believed best way accomplish secretly removing military stores new_england secrecy missions paramount feared plans result seizure stores patriot men got places colonies british army supplies places fortifications manned small garrisons merely locked magazines powder control provincial government property individual towns locked near boston powder house square controlled leader provincial militia governor obviously sided loyalists patriots notified governor letter dated august provincial king powder supply remaining towns removed theirs decided powder brought boston expedition august sent sheriff orders remove provincial powder turned key gave orders ready force troops action day unnoticed local population point day general intent accident theft messenger lost possession letter widely held story dropped news content spread rapidly considered warning remove provincial powder patriots seize early morning september force roughly british regulars command lieutenant colonel rowed secrecy boston landing point near modern day marched mile gunpowder magazine held largest supply gunpowder massachusetts gave king troops keys building sunrise removed gunpowder regulars returned boston way come small contingent marched cambridge removed field pieces took boston foot great bridge field pieces powder taken boston british stronghold known renamed response raid rumors flew day countryside british troop movements regulars marching provincial powder seized war hand people killed boston bombarded majesty warships alarm spread far connecticut region people took arms began streaming boston traveler reported space minutes men gathered equipped sent surrounding towns left boston 2nd thousand men bent violence gathered cambridge forced notable loyalists including flee boston protection military forced writing government actions eventually facts caught rumors militia units heading boston returned home 2nd boston newspapers published letter protested warned remove powder requested accounting contents complied content letter published 5th remained siege boston leaving british evacuated city march died halifax nova scotia october age news brought bombardment boston completely miserable days saw sympathy resolution continent war war war cry pronounced tone honor roman proved true heard thunder american congress british reaction surprised size scope colonial reaction delayed eventually cancelled second planned expedition worcester concentrated troops boston called reinforcements london writing think thousand men sufficient send million thought save blood treasure end request seen london absurd troops britain time eventually receive additional marines response requests later began planning executing fortified boston peninsula colonial reaction militia forces new_england cautious supplies intent gaining information plans troop movements paul played significant role distributing information geographical position boston social position middle class contact social classes political position known patriot organizer colonists organize september patriot leaders met worcester urged town meetings organize militias special companies constant readiness march instituted system express riders prove critical lexington concord october legislature massachusetts met defiance massachusetts government act declared created modeled body english civil war recommended quarter militia designated military stores away coast convenient day march attempts seize difficult largest located concord worcester portsmouth alarm early december british military command voted prohibit export arms powder north_america secure remaining stores december intelligence received indicated seizure stores fort william mary portsmouth new_hampshire imminent rode boston portsmouth day local patriots quickly raided fort 14th removed supplies intelligence incorrect british operation contemplated ordered british send ships carrying troops portsmouth arrived days fort supplies removed arrived 17th directed high tide local patriot pilot captain anger stores gunpowder typically referred loyalists king powder contrast patriots militia powder carried forts newport rhode_island providence rhode_island connecticut distributed militias towns away coast cannon supplies smuggled boston salem confrontation february hms lively brought force british regulars regiment colonel weapons salem massachusetts stopped small crowd raised path moved cannon safety sent help nearby towns eventually lowered regulars permitted search forge cannon returned ship mocked growing force marching lock step minor shots fired | Powder Alarm | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
16064_Actionof28February1799 | action february action february minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought mouth french frigate royal_navy frigate exceptionally large powerful ship engaged commerce raiding operation british merchant shipping port calcutta british india eliminate threat sent madras pursuit acting information released prisoners captain sailing distant gunfire alerted presence evening february french frigate discovered anchor mouth recently captured british merchant ships unclear reasons french captain properly prepare receive attack frigate consequently killed broadside british ship crew continued resist hours surrendering ship reduced battered wreck crew killed wounded british losses contrast light struck shot height action suffered lingering death months later wounds captured merchant ships subsequently escaped french prize crews executive officer lieutenant repaired took ships calcutta commissioned royal_navy frigate accidentally wrecked red_sea years later background spring royal_navy enjoyed naval supremacy french navy presence limited frigates loosely blockaded france april reinforcements sent comprising frigates commanded squadron avoided blockade arrived july sailed eastwards summer intending raid british trading ports september squadron intercepted driven british squadron northeastern coast sumatra winter january sailed encountering large annual convoy east january ensuing incident british commander managed believing convoy warships french admiral retreating flagship operations gun frigate commanded elderly captain built based hull frame ship line frigate weighed tons largest purpose built frigate sea main battery consisted pounder long guns second frigate built manage heavy armament augmented fourteen pounder long guns upper deck pounder quarterdeck totaling heavy cannon complemented pounder swivel guns uniquely sides ship lined prevent splinters common precaution taken deck protect crew falling debris ship weakened ill disciplined crew expressed doubts ability aged returned squadron broke ships sent france longer supply repairs manpower provisions support dispersal squadron encouraged governor disposed ruling france remaining crews rebellious sent commerce raiding operation autumn achieved success time force returned sailed leaving instructions follow order seizing selling frigate concern ordering operate independently autumn furious alter arrangements start largely british naval commander rear admiral taken ships westwards red_sea participate opposition campaign egypt leaving single frigate protect trade shipping region ship gun large powerful ship captured french battle weighing tons battery pounder long guns supplemented pounder long guns fourteen pounder formidable ship significantly weaker massive crew fallen ill ship stationed calcutta leaving compensate crew augmented detachment frigate hms fox soldiers command captain distinguished early war negotiating surrender french mediterranean port city toulon action threat execution republican faction city led siege toulon destruction half january participated successful raid manila battle raiding cruise initially proved devastating usual raiding season passed shipping mouth unprepared assault rapid succession seized local trading country ships chance surprise forced send sailors away prize crews reducing complement quarter missed major convoy cape colony escorted lord taken february coming fire bow gunfire attracted attention returning calcutta transporting lord governor general india madras sailed february instructions search february encountered sent madras brought ship february sailing southeast flashes seen northeast horizon initially dismissed lightning continued convincing cause turning northeast took investigate captured merchant ships visible brilliantly illuminated tropical night brought westwards order weather wearing bearing french ship light wind southwest despite illumination french ship sails clearly identified gave orders prepare action thought sails belonged approaching despite concerns officers wished lure close ensure defeat coming engagement approximately midnight slowly moved lee firing small broadside long range british ship bow accompanied scattered fire french prize crews merchant ships apart damage remained unharmed advancing darkness french fire continued little effect allowing bring yards stern fire broadside followed second british ship pulled alongside french frigate cannon complemented soldiers aboard swept exposed deck damage french ship catastrophic guns smashed carriages dozens men killed wounded dead including lieutenant despite losses french survivors returned remaining guns broadside scattered sea shot merchant ships french gunners aimed high shot tearing rigging british slammed hull problem partly attributed french gun days earlier exacerbated lack suitable gun crews meant guns french gunners firing warning shots distant merchant ships realised guns needed depressed combat point blank range hour half frigates poured shot close range struck shot march replaced lieutenant hour action continued french fire gradually stopped completely time french guns remained operational hailed ask surrendered french reply ordered broadside second hail brought response sailors seen attempting repair rigging concerned french attempting escape concentrated fire masts bringing crashing completely resistance ended british merchant prisoners board emerged decks hailed requesting boat sent british lieutenant formally surrender french ship summary table guns refers cannon carried ship including guns taken consideration calculating rate carried aboard broadside weight records combined weight shot fired single simultaneous discharge entire broadside aftermath damage extensive stern facing beaten gunfire shot holes combined form holes hull waterline masts bulkheads smashed apart deck furniture splinters crew killed including captain approximately wounded crew listed casualties wounded later died effects damages considerably lighter shot struck hull entire battle gun worst damage cabin round shot destroyed furniture addition damage masts rigging proved superficial crew killed outright wounded including british captain struck left arm shot exiting near spine additional injuries chest right arm eventually died long deterioration calcutta buried monument military honours memorial subsequently placed memory initial aftermath victory attempted lure captured merchant ships close raising french british ensign lord took bait closed british ship gave chase prizes fled british crew unable effectively pursue losing damaged cross jack yard lost anchors battle consequently repairs combatants took days particularly fitting jury masts comfortable making journey calcutta permanent repairs commended victory promoted commander later post captain subsequently taken service royal_navy gun fifth rate frigate command continued service indian_ocean june frigate wrecked arabian red_sea coast near nearly decades battle admiralty recognised action february attached awarded application british participants living battle considered british historians unusual engagement marked extremely disciplined fire product unusually extensive gunnery training complemented musket fire soldiers affected accuracy french gunners naval historian wrote action sic fought sides fought weaker exercise skill ultimately successful | Action of 28 February 1799 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
16069_Actionof20October1793 | action october action october minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought french coast early months war begun february seen number french frigates raiding british merchant shipping channel captain deployed watch port aim disrupting operations french frigates based harbour october waiting french movement sighted cutter approaching open water immediately moved engage french ship managed frigate subject fierce barrage fire hours captain responded aside inflicting minor damage rigging achieved little vessel heavily battered suffering severe damage rigging masts hull possibly casualties british losses confined single man wounded accident aboard crescent eventually hold longer forced surrender arrival gun british frigate later repaired commissioned royal_navy success background outbreak war early spring french revolutionary wars year old french_navy suffering french revolution consequent dissolution professional officer class royal_navy state readiness summer early months war french_navy focused heavily raiding disrupting british commerce deployed frigates raiding operations british commercial shipping english channel successful raiders frigates based frigates short cruises leaving early evening returning morning prizes encountered night counter admiralty number warships blockade french coast including gun frigate captain sent portsmouth operating october learned french routine took station close near rocky eastern raiders passed leaving entering port dawn october crescent reported sails approaching land channel significantly larger immediately ordered ship edge wind strange vessels rapidly came port new arrivals wind allowing freedom movement battle ships encountered crescent gun frigate gun cutter named returning raiding cruise channel command captain sources substantially larger ship crescent weighing long tons british ship long tons carrying men crescent advantages countered slight advantage held weight shot measured pounds pounds favour british vessel crescent faster having recently completed dockyard refit firing broke frigates cutter steered away battle ship visible engagement gun british frigate captain lay stranded approximately nautical miles distant unable approach battling ships calm winds separating engagement opening exchanges frigates suffered damage rigging sails crescent losing fore fore yard effort break suddenly swung ship opposite taking advantage damage vessel left unable effectively manoeuvre managed fire stern fire inflicted massive damage casualties french ship continued resist time ship longer effectively able respond crossed bow eventually rapidly approaching strengthening wind accepted choice surrender vessel engagement lasting hours minutes cutter ignored battle successfully escaped captain anchored harbour fruitless effort reach engagement delayed contrary wind tides prevented frigate sailing aftermath ships damaged engagement damage entirely confined rigging shots actually struck hull battle provoked notice passed deck causing injury struck cannon opposite site setting direction number small approaching shore casualties crescent equally light man injured standing close cannon opening broadside struck gun suffering broken leg damage losses french ship severe rigging hull lower masts repeatedly struck casualties initially estimated men killed wounded french accounts lower figure killed wounded widely praised conduct second successful frigate action war capture months earlier reward king given presentation plate later received bill equivalent honour refused pay telling charge paid successful action later wrote brother think hard pay honour services thought deserve recognition success subsequently given command frigate squadron operating normandy coast addition lieutenant promoted commander praised purchased service royal_navy repairs completed rated gun frigate carrying pounder cannon payment prize money published london gazette february amounting equivalent divided men crescent decades later battle actions recognised attached awarded application british participants crescent living | Action of 20 October 1793 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
16193_SiegeofVyborg(1710) | siege siege took place spring great northern war second attempt russians capture fortress town failed attempt outbreak war swedish forces fortified port order assure safety newly founded city saint_petersburg ordered swedish fort secured unsuccessful attempt later plans hold ongoing conflicts russian success battle june men resources available capture town thirteen thousand troops general admiral marched laid siege march swedish commander fort waited vain swedish assistance stalemate ensued russians lacked sufficient artillery april managed bring fleet ships deliver guns supplies help perform final assault swedish positions russian attacks swedish garrison surrendered june background victory battle russian army able proceed offensive actions northwestern theater operations russian army undertook offensive directions baltic coast fall besieged finland attacks selection command staff destined siege led main authority given general admiral subordinates siege bruce operated mainly defensive roles chiefly defense saint_petersburg later lead offensive finland chosen time commanders experienced siege warfare including concentrated consequently considered possibility command forces experienced generals attacks fortifications main fort consisted frontal named platform connected town wall eastern section town western town connected main section named west wall west wall apparently inside main eastern fort structures stone structures western fort wooden exception stone guard tower named tower separate fortifications small central island east town castle stands day fort guns defense time fortifications fallen disrepair swedish command pay attention territories funds allotted renovation insignificant addition forts considered sufficient provide defense region repairs completed supervision captain according modern historian garrison stood men modern historians number commander old poor health reason february colonel officially replaced facto headed efforts city previous attempts russia previous attempt capture october siege corps sent command robert roman bruce october mortars placed bombardment began continued days caused fires fort bombardment russian forces retreated saint_petersburg commanders realized siege carried naval support larger cannon autumn considered suitable time siege operations idea capture proposed rejected military recent swedish offensive russian attack peter plan second siege involved combination land sea forces fort taken prolonged siege february specialized siege corps assembled time russian attack came stages march general received orders attack planned march march wrote departing day tomorrow fact set march arriving cavalry day infantry cannon arrived day russian forces arrive siege corps arrived 22nd occupied town outskirts countryside forcing town inner stone wall attempted burn town outside stone walls prevent falling russian hands failed driven fortifications day reported neared fort approaches took great effort time great cold addition situation fort rocky caused significant despite difficulty approaches brought sea right city distance musket shot bags fur helpful bare rocks perform approaches sent regiments nearing city approaches advances took place swedish artillery fire march march according russians began firing artillery bombs round shots released swedish artillery attempted ground assault driven fort number artillery pieces estimates number artillery pieces taken differ widely according sources sources including journal emperor treaty report capture life affairs great sovereign said pounder guns mortars believed pounders mortars counted cannon mortars cannon mortars historians sources figures letter peter great dated april stated enemy constructed batteries shoot accurately cannon broken blew frequent firing remaining cannon batteries recorded time siege swedish artillery managed disable russian equipment concluded originally cannon brought siege disabled probably mortars primary sources case artillery new pieces brought difficult land ice bring sea initial bombardment certain day russians began fort based reports peter peter great journal russian artillery opened fire april reported began bombarding castle march day bombs planted second furthermore published list shots fired mortars cannon march april hit city claims began march mortar shots cannon shots fired continues saying days mortars firing shots day total period siege attackers fired shots mortars cannon fired mortar shots cannon shots swedish fire russian fire april noted cannon little help small light begin firing opponent shoots mortars inflicted great damage fort forcing citizens find cover despite soldiers remain positioned suffered heavy casualties soon turned proposal assault fort waiting production opening reasoning end losing soldiers injuries disease assault peter having found letter decided significant dangerous end left decision general wanting bear responsibility failure decided wait reinforcements arrive sea ice opened small swedish garrison placed hopes support bound arrive ice opened russians running low food ammunition roads saint_petersburg ruined route support supplies arrive sea route able sides waiting respective naval force naval forces arrived decisive advantage siege reinforcements arrive saint_petersburg preparations underway amphibious attack tools needed siege taken peter paul fortress april commandant saint_petersburg received orders pounder guns sent saint_petersburg land sea path convenient gather artillery fast april send cannon captain received peter wait cannon april set fleet sea postpone sailing shortage ammunition provisions ice completely melted trip difficult ice particularly thick crews resort hauling small cannon dropping ice break provision transport ships driven course winds ice barely rescued peter fleet finally arrived russian troops days provisions left russian forces formed defenses blockade town sea swedish squadron consisting seven ships line frigates support ships admiral delayed easterly winds arrived russian fleet left saint_petersburg unable approach town russian defenses swedish squadron chose arrange blockade outside trap russian ships left late arrival squadron town effect lost surrender matter time arriving peter immediately inspected swedish fortifications devised instructions preparations assault plans constructing cannon batteries mortar batteries total cannon mortars directed fort ordered light mortars placed knock enemy troops walls final assault perform nighttime peter noted left cannon mortars light mortars reserve barrage fort proposed fire ships sea construction batteries mentioned peter instructions began finished mentions construction truce bearer sent fort request russian forces allow passage deliver letters swedish general request denied records swedish fleet arriving beaten russians sources mention truce bearer naval battle wrote saying imagine swedish fleet sent precautions time sent fleet block access bay completely blockading town fort final barrage swedish surrender letter noted work artillery batteries finished progress completing batteries mortars place great swamps rocky soil asked peter wait finish building batteries proceed barrage leaning option want lose time supplies fortress heavily fortified guns agreed reason wait ordered bombardment start soon possible led problem impossible quietly transport artillery rocky soil daylight time year location northern latitudes sun set meant twilight lasted night swedish defensive fire continue longer inflicting casualties second barrage fort began june additional cannon disposal barrage lasted june result great breach battalions lined city days total mortar shots cannon swedish fired shots cannon mortars second similar number shots fired second barrage lot devastating swedish factors shots fired second bombardment higher caliber ammunition greater damage round rate fire intense bombardment took month second took days june decision final assault fort days spent preparation lead storm chosen june swedish sent truce bearer said ready surrender june garrison officially surrendered direct assault took place surrendered swedish garrison numbered men including officers soldiers lower rank swedish losses estimated contrary agreed surrender documents russians took healthy men left garrison surrendered prisoners wounded men women group children transported aboard ships admiral aftermath letters announcing capture peter great wrote final security saint_petersburg achieved said firm new capital capturing important strategic goals achieved russian_empire vastly improved access baltic_sea launch attacks finland powerful fort defend new capital saint_petersburg ordered fort renovated help special army division local peasants attempt retake town leadership new swedish governor general finland men strong army supported naval squadron led admiral consisting ships line frigates swedish light infantry started operations spring naval blockade place summer swedish manpower plague struck finland late killing nearly thousand half population time plague struck making difficult swedish equip naval squadron finland took late june able sail delaying swedish operations actual siege land forces started autumn king refused release troops supplies sweden besieging forces siege doomed fail december freezing waters harsh weather forced naval force retire christmas land forces withdraw finland perished suddenly january succeeded weak strategic significance loss lost important naval land base activities restricted russia occupation allowed creation base supply troops build ships expanded zone action demonstrated importance key military base scale russian land operations began finland effect capture served determine outcome great northern war establishing staging area military actions peace talks sweden question debated told representative pressure sweden regardless situation treaty officially incorporated russian_empire began new period city multinational history russian influences mix city swedish finnish german culture | Siege of Vyborg (1710) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
16371_BattleofCobleskill | battle battle known massacre raid frontier settlement new_york battle having taken place modern day village near marked beginning phase loyalists encouraged supplied british authorities raided destroyed numerous villages united_states western frontier new_york pennsylvania small party entered drew local defenders trap set larger party loyalists command killing number militia driving remainder forces destroyed settlement new_york defenders actions communities destroying villages later year continental_army forces destroyed villages background failure british general campaign hudson october american revolutionary war upstate new_york frontier war british leaders supported loyalist native american partisan fighters supplies armaments winter british allied indians developed plans attack frontier settlements new_york pennsylvania february established base operations present day windsor new_york recruited mix loyalists estimated number time began campaign objectives acquire provisions forces planning operations valley settlement new_york consisted families living farms spread area significant source food patriot war effort principal defense small local militia captain attacks rumored coming spring militia appealed additional defenses continental_army colonel sent company thirty men 7th captain reinforce militia battle morning laid trap defenders sent forward small number natives lure captain patrick force local militia spotted near southern edge settlement despite captain brown warning indians setting trap patrick pressed forward natives withdrew engaging running battle mile sprung trap patrick company larger force patrick second command killed battle half force brown organized remaining forces fighting retreat settlement men took refuge house attackers set fire killing men total settlers killed wounded captured men force suffered estimated casualties aftermath men burned houses associated withdrawing killing cattle took seven prisoners indians prepared burn stake retribution previous group captives escape indians killing indians group seven prisoners gather wood funeral fire actually lit captives gave mason signal distress chief noticed stopped execution seven captives march days montreal quebec obtaining able gather forced march journey indians forced seven captives repeatedly run forced times pushed hot glowing pipe indians amusement given choice future lives indians chief time quebec seven british authorities kept quebec prisoners war treaty account related famous stories additional revolutionary patriots likewise saved groups capture journey chronicled forests montreal continued build forces raid frontier communities valley considered following attack militia high alert instead withdrew territory scene massacre following november forces led new_york governor considering operations enlarged plans raid attack german september october continental militia forces destroyed indian village supported butler settlers rendered action received compensation troubles settlers area communities began withdrawing larger better fortified communities like began construction fort raid action later ones butler contributed decision authorize major continental_army expedition territory commanded generals expedition systematically destroyed villages tribes fighting british little stop frontier war | Battle of Cobleskill | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
16995_BattleofGreatBridge | battle great bridge battle great bridge fought december area great bridge virginia early american revolutionary war victory continental_army militia forces led departure governor lord remaining british power colony virginia early days conflict following increasing political military tensions early rebellious whig leaders recruited troops engaged struggle available military supplies struggle eventually focused norfolk taken refuge aboard royal_navy vessel forces fortified critical river crossing south norfolk great bridge whig forces occupied attempt break whig gathering ordered attack bridge decisively repulsed whig commander battle described second bunker hill affair shortly norfolk time center abandoned fled navy ships harbor whig occupied norfolk destroyed january action begun completed whig forces background tensions british colony virginia raised april roughly time hostilities american revolutionary war broke battles lexington concord rebellious control provincial assembly begun recruiting troops march leading struggle control colony military supplies orders 4th earl royal governor virginia british troops removed gunpowder colonial dominated colonial legislature incident resolved violence fearing personal safety left june placed family board royal_navy ship small british fleet took shape norfolk port town merchants significant loyalist tendencies threat posed british fleet played role whig activity town incidents continued october acquired military support begin operations rebellious general british commander chief north_america ordered small detachments 14th regiment foot virginia response pleas military help troops began raiding surrounding counties rebel military supplies october activity continued end october small british ship ran aground captured skirmish near navy boats sent punish townspeople repulsed continental_army troops militia brief resulted killing capture sailors reacted event issuing proclamation november declared martial law offered whig held slaves virginia willing serve british_army proclamation alarmed whig alike concerned idea armed slaves potential loss property able recruit slaves form raising company called queen local forces supplemented companies 14th foot sole british military presence colony successful recruiting drive prompted write november soon able reduce colony proper sense duty prelude lord arrival norfolk ordered fortification bridge miles south norfolk village great bridge bridge formed natural defense point road leading south norfolk north_carolina bordered sides great dismal swamp access bridge sides narrow sent men 14th foot bridge erected small fort called fort murray norfolk bridge removed bridge crossing difficult fort armed cannons smaller swivel guns men 14th augmented small companies queen regiments bringing garrison size men response proclamation virginia assembly ordered troops march norfolk colonel leading continental_army 2nd advanced bridge regiment december arrived bridge set camp bridge british fort arrival british set destroying buildings near fort ensure clear field fire unwilling assault british position lack cannons overly generous estimate garrison strength began position bridge militia companies arrived surrounding counties north_carolina cannons eventually arrived contingent north_carolina men useless lacked carriages concerned heard rumors large number joined forces rumors partly true fact families men skilled arms december force whig camp grown nearly fit duty learned acquired cannons unaware concerned safety garrison decided attack whig position necessary plan called attack companies garrison spot bridge draw attention garrison reinforced additional troops norfolk attack bridge early morning light battle best intelligence informed whig forces numbered night morning december captain led reinforcements arriving arrival learned detachment intended diversion fort dispatched routine deployment nearby crossing failed send orders ensuring availability operation decided proceed attack resting troops little dawn sent men replace bridge finished captain led company bridge briefly whig raising alarm camp men joined company navy gunners brought operate field artillery attack companies norfolk bridge whig leadership camp thought early typical morning salute paid little shortly severity alarm apparent camp mobilized whig company numbering prepared british advance earthworks carefully withheld fire advancing fixed yards fire british column leading column went hail musket fire steps earthworks men ranks british advance dissolved whig musket fire continued half force killed injured navy gunners provided covering fire retreated bridge small cannons impression earthworks colonel time organized forces whig camp marched face british exchange musket fire long range sent left position weapons longer range muskets began fire british position far bridge navy gunners weapons british available contest range position threatened large whig force approaching earthworks guns retreated bridge captain ordered men retreat fort murray minutes attempt stop patriot buildup near norfolk turned aftermath following truce permit british remove dead wounded forces night return norfolk captain buried military honors near site battle casualty estimates ranged official report killed wounded escaped patriot report british losses totaled excluding militia casualties claimed whig casualty man slight wound thumb reinforced arrival troops north_carolina colonel blamed decision attack accompanying diversion outcome battle different diversion given force sizes following days supporters took refuge ships royal_navy norfolk occupied victorious whig forces danger posed rebel cause eliminated general george_washington commander chief continental_army knew wrote letter late december warning continued danger despite flight navy told lee man crushed spring formidable life liberty secure peace virginia series whig refusal allow provisions delivered vessels commodore decided bombard town january norfolk destroyed action begun royal_navy ships landing parties completed whig troops continued burn stronghold lord occupied portsmouth february base raiding operations late march general successfully forced fleet raiding operations british fleet left new_york_city august returned virginia highway marker placed state virginia near battle site response construction threats battlefield local citizens organized preserve area | Battle of Great Bridge | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17274_SpanishconquestofChiapas | spanish conquest spanish conquest campaign undertaken spanish late territory incorporated modern mexican state region physically diverse featuring number highland areas including southern plain known central depression formed drainage spanish conquest inhabited variety indigenous peoples including maya peoples unidentified group referred incorporated centred valley mexico paid tribute news strangers arrived region spanish penetrated empire early spanish expeditions crossed land spanish ships scouted pacific_coast highland colonial town los established year spanish dominion extended upper drainage basin valley rights established earlier stages conquest amounted little slave raiding rights colonial province established reorganisation existing colonial jurisdictions renaming relocation excessive spanish demands tribute labour caused rebellion indigenous inhabitants attempted spanish launched raids natives abandoned towns fled inaccessible regions internal divisions spanish led general instability province eventually faction gained concessions spanish crown allowed elevation status city real establishment new laws promoted stability newly conquered region geography mexican state occupies extreme southeast mexico covering area square kilometres west borders mexican states veracruz north borders east guatemala southern border consists kilometres pacific coastline geographically culturally diverse features principal highland regions south sierra central separated containing drainage basin sierra highlands gain altitude west east highest mountains near border zone lies south sierra consists narrow coastal plain foothills sierra entire coastal strip referred proper southeastern portion characterised humid tropical climate rich agricultural lands northwestern portion coastal strip featuring drier climate historically referred generally referred spanish consists drainage basin kilometres long varying width kilometres fed drainage mountains guatemala highland regions wide plains feature hot climate moderate rainfall divided zones eastern stretching border western zone colonial times referred region high plains blocks passage cut way means highland region northern extreme bordering considered rise sharply north maximum altitude metres descend gradually yucatán_peninsula cut deep valleys running parallel pacific_coast feature complex drainage system feeds feeds feature high rainfall diverse vegetation dependent altitude high altitude pine forests lowland tropical forest north east plains eastern end largely mountainous lowland tropical plains easternmost extreme conquest earliest human inhabitants living northern highlands coastal strip approximately approximately majority territory covered state occupied speaking peoples gradually speakers began east divided roughly equally western half maya eastern half distribution continued time spanish conquest broad western held covering middle basin parts pacific coastline main settlements settlements western included valley small settlement grew modern state capital tribute dominated trade routes running territory pre times featured largest cities region area occupied ethnicity language unknown militarily powerful spanish conquest forced number important settlements pay tribute successfully resisted incorporated territory lay territories upper middle basin main settlements central highlands occupied number maya peoples including divided number provinces province said small towns grouped closely maya people territory maya held territory upper reaches drainage near border probably important communication route central mexican highlands central_america triple alliance end 15th century emperor paid tribute maya speaking confused modern inhabitants controlled territory tributaries spanning eastern southwestern guatemala fierce reputation spanish prelude conquest rumours strangers atlantic coast reached long physical presence region followed emperor maya highlands warning prepare war spanish soon followed news great capital fallen mixed embassy included maya visited recently conquered capital received spanish ships explored pacific shore followed coast panama northwest december year lord town travelled spanish settlement villa del santo modern pledge alliance newcomers strategies tactics weaponry spanish conquest principal aims physical incorporation indigenous peoples spiritual conversion christianity involved indigenous power structures destruction pagan temples idols concentration indigenous populations settlements easily controlled incorporation new settlements spanish system tributes taxes introduction christian imagery involved armed struggle spanish colonial administration force religious struggle generally peaceful conversion indigenous populations christianity efforts generally carried involved concentration indians new settlements construction churches religious instruction natives 16th century spanish armed light artillery mounted armed metre lance served pike variety bills employed handed metre long handed version metre arms horn bone cane supplied facilitate drawing string easier maintain especially humid tropical climate metal armour limited use hot wet tropical climate heavy constantly cleaned prevent direct sunlight metal armour hot went metal armour donned immediately prior battle quick adopt cotton armour based native opponents commonly combined use simple metal war hat shields considered essential infantry cavalry generally circular target shield convex form fashioned iron wood rings secured arm hand colonial labour supply system process established slave raids cycle conquest spanish round indigenous peoples brand slaves trade ports gulf_of_mexico horses weaponry allowing conquest acquisition new slaves trade maya highland spears thrown rocks bows arrows large flexible cotton shields protected warrior head foot rolled storage towns defended walls built packed earth stone reinforced tree defenders stones pour boiling water mixed lime ashes attackers spanish established indigenous resistance took form flight inaccessible regions impact old world diseases heavily populated prior conquest impact diseases factors resulted hot moist lands remain sparsely populated day likewise rapidly result disease soon contact spanish deadly diseases smallpox number diseases including tuberculosis conquest spanish passed force route conquer guatemala army included hardened veterans conquest included cavalry artillery great indigenous allies received peace inhabitants swore allegiance spanish crown reported neighbouring groups guatemala attacking friendly outlook spanish letter describing passage lost knowledge events come account present related report completely forces years native population levels collapsed result exposure diseases estimated drop spite colonial administration demanded twice tribute paid prior spanish invasion continued important crop colonial period economic importance new colony spanish reluctant indigenous inhabitants far established result inhabitants likely rounded new settlements planting new crop required years mature spanish jurisdiction province subject frequent changes immediately conquest held real mexico jurisdiction province held governed colonial officers appointed mexico passed jurisdiction guatemala independent governors appointed crown passed jurisdiction mexico independent province administered guatemala remained late 18th century ecclesiastical jurisdiction inhabitants equally chaotic placed diocese transferred diocese guatemala active early years colonial rule withdrew low levels indigenous population climate diocese returned guatemala reconnaissance expeditions led small party reconnaissance expedition set renamed santo spanish coast gulf_of_mexico party passed territory followed near modern spanish party fought defeated following battle headed central highlands easter passed town opposition inhabitants true pledge allegiance years earlier aided spanish indigenous peoples region arrived town initially met peaceful embassy understood submission inhabitants met armed resistance tried enter province spanish found approach abandoned lands stripped food attempt discourage invaders day initial approach found gathered warriors ridge steep spanish horses climb met barrage stones spears arrows boiling water mixed lime ash found nearby town defended formidable metre thick defensive wall fashioned stone earth reinforced mocked spanish small quantities gold inviting try rest walls spanish stormed wall find inhabitants left spears planted inside spanish think warriors defending town actually withdrawn cover torrential rain interrupted battle taking deserted spanish expedition continued allies inhabitants offered armed resistance abandoning town spanish wrote indians killed captured numbered spanish disappointed scarce decided retreat expedition originally high expectations encountering densely populated region quickly submit spanish rule natives effectively slave labour fierce resistance expedition quickly extinguished hopes years reconnaissance titles issued justification seize slaves given given year later entered crossed attempt link expedition headed crossed gulf_of_mexico honduras entered guatemala territory unable locate scouts eventually led modern guatemala mountainous region near territory inhabitants offered fierce resistance spanish led expedition wrote spanish suffered losses including killing sent summon natives swear loyalty spanish crown failing locate returned guatemala conquest highlands known fell jurisdiction transferred guatemala self governing province years fell jurisdiction guatemala province governed real known las young nobleman led expedition guatemala campaign largely january successfully established settlement los valley territory served base operations allowed spanish extend control valley scarce mentions campaign suggests indigenous resistance exact form extent unknown maya inhabited small area border probably conquered spanish concentrated small established royal road spanish real running established spanish dominion number settlements penetrated far town travelled territory lands given residents spanish colonial power established highlands rights issued individual spanish dominion extended upper drainage valley area incorporated villa san district including north northwest incorporated villa santo district included maya territory territory early years conquest rights effectively meant rights round slaves usually form group mounted launching lightning slave raid population centre prisoners branded slaves taken port sold order purchase weapons supplies horses cases round elders chain whip set war dogs order force natives hand tribute food clothing captain crossed recruits recently arrived spain military experience time indigenous population greatly reduced combination disease famine travelled meet delegation asked spanish assistance rebellious small contingent spanish cavalry bring line companions proceeded set temporary camp nearby named cousin governor arrived mandate establish new colonial province highlands initially met resistance veteran spanish established region heard highlands sought order persuade leave eventually met entered protracted month negotiations spanish settlers santo los eventually agreement reached lay highlands removed jurisdiction merged form new province unknown king issued order settlements los transferred end result negotiations established settlers los broken settlers wished remain transferred moved fertile valley containing rich land belonging decided leave returned guatemala proceeded policy moving indians new nuclear settlements easy control process easier reduced indigenous population levels town established way relocation inhabitants valley belonged inhabitants villa del santo gave brother issued covering regions edge valley order encourage colonists conquer new territory coastal territory end process spanish settlers concentrated remote provincial capital surrounded hostile indian settlements deep internal divisions rebellion managed establish new provincial capital armed conflict excessive spanish demands labour supplies soon provoked locals rebellion colonists demanded indians supply food wood construction build new houses spanish addition pigs introduced spanish causing great damage natives fields august replaced existing friends allies natives seeing spanish isolated witnessing hostility original newly arrived settlers took opportunity rebel refused supply new masters indigenous settlement remained loyal spanish surrounded hostile territory spanish help far away value colonists quickly ran short food responded taking arms riding indians search food slaves indians abandoned towns hid women children caves rebellious populations concentrated easily defended lengthy battle fought maya spanish resulting deaths number spanish result rocks cast battle lasted days spanish supported indigenous warriors central mexico battle eventually resulted spanish victory rest province remained rebellious battle villa real short food ill sent brother capital ask help retreated protests town council left defend fledgling colony governor mexico juan end term judge mayor local colonial governor occupied post year time attempted spanish control province especially northern eastern regions unable founding real constant change colonial administrators corresponding reissue licenses relatives friends incoming official prolonged instability province finally took post governor immediately reinstated old los transferred new owners spanish launched expedition successful terms conquest enabled spanish seize slaves trade weapons horses newly acquired supplies expeditions conquer independent regions leading cycle slave raids trade supplies followed conquests slave raids lieutenant rebel victorious turn demanded general instability continued family managed establish power base local colonial institutions faction succeeded having los declared city new real managed acquire special privileges crown order colony specified governor govern person delegated representative quick turnover continued legal spanish wives legitimate children inherit situation dire shortage spanish women colony influx new colonists time intervened appointing judges exert greater control allocation establishment new laws issued aim protecting indigenous peoples spanish colonies effort enforce new laws fleet ships set spain july carrying las religious followers arrived real fellow march religious order attempt native population arrival meant colonists longer free treat natives saw fit risk intervention religious authorities soon came conflict established colonists refused confessions indians went far dean president colonial opposition actions reached dangerous levels forced flee real fear lives established nearby indigenous villages old site las based took charge las companions prepared territory fell territory subdivided number regions based divisions promoted james slayer readily identifiable image spanish military superiority soon evident needed real hostilities colonists las spain bishop guatemala placed stone new dominican convent real dedicated destroying indigenous temples idols preached destructive imagery familiar saints associated animals way indians identified spirit forms tied christian concepts world dead hell heaven paradise conquest century spanish frontier expanding reached advancement region fiercely independent inhabitants time spanish contact 16th century inhabited people referred finally time spanish conquest confused modern speaking people occupying region main village situated island lake referred inhabitants aggressive numbers refugees neighbouring indigenous groups fleeing spanish domination ecclesiastical authorities worried threat peaceful efforts eventually supported military intervention spanish expedition carried commanded time time spanish launched military expeditions try northern frontier colony largest expeditions took place repeated expeditions succeeded destroying villages manage subdue inhabitants region bring successful resistance spanish attempts domination served attract indians fleeing colonial rule resistance spanish continued hostile killed number newly baptised christian indians active eventually welcome expelled colonial authorities decided act plan connect province guatemala soldiers commanded president real guatemala conquered number communities important eastern renamed del april attack independent inhabitants neighbouring second group joined having marched group marched guatemala northern accompanied served advisor personal chaplain troops spanish built fort garrisoned spanish soldiers diego based del fellow baptised following months established contacts neighbouring communities remained del early 18th century soon absorbed local maya populations ceased exist separate ethnicity known indians recorded living santa historical sources accompanied reconnaissance wrote account battle inhabitants letter days encounter letter survives entitled years events described wrote included account conquest highlands accompanied described fierce resistance offered natives expedition | Spanish conquest of Chiapas | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17344_BattlesofLexingtonandConcord | battles lexington concord battles lexington concord military engagements american revolutionary war battles fought april province massachusetts bay towns lexington concord lincoln present day arlington cambridge near boston battles marked outbreak open armed conflict thirteen colonies mainland late suffolk resolves adopted resist enforcement alterations massachusetts colonial government british parliament following colonial assembly responded forming illegal patriot provisional government known calling local militias train possible hostilities rebel government exercised effective control colony outside british controlled boston response british government february declared massachusetts state rebellion british_army regulars boston lieutenant colonel given secret orders capture destroy rebel military supplies reportedly stored massachusetts militia concord effective intelligence gathering patriot received word weeks expedition supplies risk moved locations received details british plans night battle able rapidly area militias british expedition shots fired sun rising lexington militia outnumbered fell regulars proceeded concord broke apart companies search supplies north bridge concord approximately engaged regulars companies king troops resulting casualties sides outnumbered regulars fell bridge rejoined main body british forces concord british forces began return march boston completing search military supplies continued arrive neighboring towns gunfire erupted sides continued day regulars marched boston returning lexington col smith expedition rescued reinforcements brigadier general future duke northumberland known combined force men marched boston heavy fire tactical withdrawal eventually reached safety accumulated militias blockaded narrow land boston starting concord hymn described shot fired patriots north bridge shot heard round world background british_army infantry nicknamed colonists occupied boston augmented naval forces marines enforce colonists called acts passed punish acts defiance general military governor massachusetts commander chief roughly british military forces garrisoned boston control massachusetts outside boston implementation acts increased tensions patriot whig majority pro british minority plan avoid conflict removing military supplies whig militias small secret rapid strikes struggle supplies led british success rebel successes series nearly conflicts known considered friend liberty attempted separate duties governor colony general occupying force described conflicted relationship massachusetts saying parliament englishman person earth argue englishman slavery colonists forming militias 17th century initially local defense indian attacks forces saw action french indian war fought alongside british regulars provincial law towns form militia companies composed males years age older categories assure members properly armed militias formally jurisdiction provincial government new_england militia companies elected officers effectively dissolved provincial government terms massachusetts government act existing connections employed colonists purpose resistance military threat britain british government preparations february address king houses parliament declared state rebellion existed find majesty subjects province massachusetts bay proceeded far resist authority rebellion time actually exists said province concern encouraged unlawful combinations engagements entered majesty subjects colonies injury oppression innocent fellow subjects resident rest majesty shall pay attention regard real grievances laid colonies shall proper application shall ready afford reasonable time majesty enforce obedience laws authority supreme legislature fixed resolution hazard lives properties stand majesty rebellious attempts maintenance rights majesty april received instructions secretary state earl rebels rebellion leaders gave considerable discretion commands decision act promptly influenced information received april spy telling congress divided need armed resistance delegates sent new_england colonies cooperate raising new_england army colonial soldiers morning april ordered mounted patrol men command major mitchell surrounding country intercept horseback patrol behaved differently patrols sent boston past staying dark asking travelers location effect residents increasing lexington militia particular began muster early evening hours receiving word boston known story nightfall farmer british patrol colonists asked heard regulars coming sword story incident published century later suggests little family myth lieutenant colonel received orders afternoon april instructions read troops underway proceed boston expedition secrecy concord seize destroy military stores care soldiers inhabitants hurt private property discretion issue written orders arrest rebel leaders feared spark uprising american preparations march issued following resolution army command thereof number shall march town boston artillery baggage ought deemed design carry execution force late acts parliament attempting resolve late honourable ought opposed military force province ought assembled army observation immediately formed act solely defensive long justified principles reason self preservation rebellion leaders exception paul left boston april received word secret instructions general sources london reached adams fled boston home relatives lexington thought safe immediate threat arrest massachusetts militias gathering stock weapons powder supplies concord west worcester expedition boston concord widely anticipated large contingent regulars alarmed countryside expedition boston march newspaper philadelphia reported supposed going concord sitting quantity provisions stores lodged said intending soon april paul rode concord warn inhabitants british appeared planning expedition townspeople decided remove stores distribute towns nearby colonists aware april date expedition despite efforts details hidden british rank file officers command mission reasonable speculation proven confidential source intelligence general new_jersey born wife sympathies colonial cause friendly relationship warren night april told british troops embark boats boston bound cambridge road lexington concord warren intelligence suggested likely objectives regulars movements later night capture worry possibility regulars marching concord supplies concord safe think leaders lexington unaware potential danger night sent warn alert colonial militias nearby towns militia forces assemble covered southern land route horseback great bridge lexington gave instructions send signal hung boston traveled northern water route crossing mouth slipping past british warship anchor crossings banned hour safely landed rode west lexington warning house route additional riders sent north arrived lexington adams discussed situation militia assembling believed forces leaving city large sole task arresting men concord main target lexington men dispatched riders surrounding towns continued road concord accompanied lincoln ran british patrol led major mitchell captured thrown horse escaped reach concord additional riders sent concord ride triggered flexible system alarm muster carefully developed months reaction colonists response system improved version old network use times emergency colonists periodically early years indian wars colony fell french indian war addition express riders delivering messages bells drums alarm guns trumpet rapid communication town town rebels dozens eastern massachusetts villages muster militias regulars leaving boston system effective people towns miles boston aware army movements unloading boats cambridge early warnings played crucial role assembling sufficient number colonial militia inflict heavy damage british regulars later day adams eventually moved safety later british forces advance dusk called meeting senior officers informed instructions lord arrived ordering action told senior colonel regiments lieutenant colonel smith command major executive officer meeting town folk according account discussion people turned unusual movement british soldiers town questioned man man replied regulars miss aim aim asked cannon concord reply hearing quickly returned relayed information stunned issued orders prevent getting boston late prevent leaving british regulars infantry drawn occupying infantry regiments major commanded elite light infantry companies lieutenant colonel commanded companies overall command lieutenant colonel smith troops assigned expedition companies drawn 4th king 5th 10th 18th royal irish 23rd 38th 43rd 47th 52nd regiments foot 1st battalion majesty protecting companies light infantry 4th 5th 10th 23rd 38th 43rd 47th 52nd regiments company lieutenant majority captains commanding volunteers attached minute drawn regiments stationed boston lack familiarity commander company cause problems battle british began troops night april assembled water edge western end colonel smith late arriving organized boat loading operation resulting confusion staging area boats naval barges packed tightly room sit disembarked near cambridge waist deep water midnight lengthy halt gear regulars began miles march concord wait provided extra ammunition cold salt pork hard sea carry carried food bags muskets marched wet muddy shoes uniforms marched sounds colonial countryside caused officers aware mission realize lost element surprise colonel smith sent major ahead companies light infantry orders quick march concord smith wise decision send messenger boston asking reinforcements battles lexington styled battle reality engagement lexington minor brush skirmish regulars advance guard entered lexington sunrise april lexington emerged stood ranks village common watching spectators watched road leader captain veteran french indian war suffering tuberculosis times difficult hear lined surname seven including company orderly sergeant parker reed fully quarter related captain parker way group lexington training band way organizing local militias dating styled company having waited night sign british troops wondering warning true parker got confirmation scout parker sent rode told coming coming force close captain parker clearly aware confrontation prepared sacrifice men purpose knew colonists powder military supplies concord hidden war declared declaration independence year future knew british gone expeditions massachusetts found marched boston parker reason expect occur regulars march concord find return boston tired handed positioned company carefully placed parade ground formation plain sight hiding walls blocking road concord political military determination effort prevent march regulars years later participants recalled parker words engraved stone site battle stand ground don fire fired mean war let begin according parker sworn deposition taken battle ordered militia meet common said lexington consult concluded discovered said regular troops approach insult sudden approach immediately ordered militia disperse fire immediately said troops appearance rushed fired killed party receiving turn left concord marine lieutenant head advance guard decided protect flank british column turning right leading companies common confused effort surround militia major arrived rear advance force led companies left halted remaining companies colonel smith lay road boston shot british officer probably accounts uncertain lieutenant rode forward waving sword called assembled militia disperse ordered lay arms damned rebels captain parker told men instead disperse home confusion parker voice hear left slowly laid arms parker ordered men hold fire shot fired unknown source clock arrived lexington saw number people believe formed common middle town continued advancing keeping prepared attack intending attack coming near fired shots men orders rushed fired flight killed tell walls woods man 10th light infantry wounded hurt formed common difficulty men wild hear orders waited considerable time length proceeded way concord according member parker militia americans discharged muskets faced oncoming british troops british suffer casualty slight wound deposition corporal stated fire regulars thought stated stood left fired powder second firing stated fired powder received wound arm said use words gun took aim main body british troops smoke preventing seeing heads horses discharged pieces witnesses regulars reported shot fired colonial corner tavern observers reported mounted british officer firing sides generally agreed initial shot come men ground immediately facing speculation arose later lexington man named fired shot inside tavern wall witnesses claimed fired witnesses claimed know theory shot fired british killed prisoner running away told walk away let panicked began run historian proposed actually multiple near simultaneous shots claims british forward ready way provoking scattered shots militia response british troops orders fired devastating volley lack discipline british troops key role violence witnesses scene described intermittent shots fired sides lines regulars began fire receiving orders believed regulars firing powder ball realized truth militia managed load return fire rest ran lives men testify declare nineteenth morning informed body regulars marching boston concord clock morning hearing drum beat proceeded parade soon found large body troops marching company coming parade reached time company began disperse whilst backs turned troops fired number men instantly killed wounded gun fired person company regulars knowledge fired continued firing escape regulars charged forward captain parker cousin run lexington men killed wounded british soldier 10th regiment foot wounded colonists killed fatally wounded british musket ball managed crawl home died wounded man prince black slave serving militia companies command got officers control unaware actual purpose day mission fired different directions prepared enter private homes colonel smith arriving remainder regulars heard musket fire rode forward column action quickly found drummer ordered beat assembly arrived shortly order restored soldiers light infantry permitted fire victory volley column reformed marched concord concord response raised alarm concord lincoln mustered concord received reports firing lexington sure wait reinforced troops towns nearby stay defend town east greet british_army superior terrain column militia marched road lexington meet british traveling miles met approaching column regulars regulars numbered militia time numbered militia column turned marched concord preceding regulars distance yards militia retreated ridge overlooking town officers discussed caution prevailed colonel withdrew town concord led men north bridge hill mile north town continue watch troop movements british activities center town step proved ranks militia continued grow companies arriving western towns joined search militia supplies british troops arrived village concord col smith divided carry orders company secured south bridge captain seven companies light infantry captain parsons numbering secured north bridge visible cleared fields assembling militia companies captain parsons took companies 5th 23rd 38th 52nd regiments road miles north bridge search intelligence indicated supplies found companies 4th 10th regiments stationed guard return route company 43rd remained guarding bridge companies relatively inexperienced command captain aware significantly outnumbered plus concerned captain sent messenger col smith requesting reinforcements detailed information provided loyalist spies companies searched small town military supplies arrived tavern jail south bridge road found door barred shut jones refused entry according reports provided local loyalists knew cannon buried property jones ordered gunpoint guns buried turned massive pieces firing pound shot heavy use defensively effective fortifications sufficient range bombard city boston parts nearby mainland smashed guns mounted burned gun carriages found village fire spread local resident persuaded soldiers help bucket brigade save building nearly barrels flour food thrown pounds musket balls damage cannon significant shot food recovered british left search regulars generally treatment locals including paying food drink consumed excessive advantage locals able searches smaller militia supplies arsenal weeks weapons remained according family legend quickly buried furrows look like crop planted troops sent find supplies consequence north bridge colonel troops seeing smoke rising village square british burned cannon carriages seeing light infantry companies directly decided march town point hill lower closer flat yards north bridge militia advanced british companies 4th 10th regiments held position near road retreated bridge yielded hill men companies militia concord lincoln occupied hill groups men streamed totaling captain light infantry companies force totaling men ordered massachusetts men form long line abreast highway leading bridge called consultation overlooking hill col captains discussed possible courses action captain troops arrived late declared willingness defend town saying afraid haven man afraid told men load weapons fire fired ordered advance ordered british companies guarding bridge retreat officer tried pull loose bridge colonial advance major began regulars stop bridge militia concord handful advanced column formation led major col robinson davis light infantry keeping road surrounded spring captain poor tactical decision summons help produced results ordered men form positions street firing bridge column running perpendicular river formation appropriate sending large volume fire narrow alley buildings city open path bridge confusion reigned regulars retreating bridge tried form street firing position troops lieutenant rear formation saw mistake ordered sent company different men command soldiers remainder tried best confusion follow orders superior officer shot likely warning shot fired panicked exhausted british soldier 43rd according captain report commander fight regulars fired immediately shots river narrow group possibly thinking order fire given fired ragged volley stop private captain head line marching bridge hit killed instantly recalled americans commenced march double file minute americans quick motion rods bridge single gun fired british soldier marked way passing col robinson arm slightly wounding men wounded major militia fire god sake fellow soldiers fire point lines separated bridge yards apart rows colonists bound road blocked forming line fire managed fire heads shoulders regulars bridge british officers leading troops wounded volley musket fire 4th killed mortally wounded wounded reverend wrote eyewitness following facts people concord faced british concord bridge british placed ninety men guard north bridge certain information killed lexington saw british making destruction town concord proposed advance bridge colonel robinson major took lead strict orders given fire british fired advanced halfway causeway british fired gun second body killed colonel davis people fired heads long column killed wounded said greatest beauty british army badly wounded complained british fled assembled hill north concord dressed wounded began retreat descended hill near road comes pursued colonel bridge men came killed men regulars found trapped situation outnumbered lacking effective leadership terrified superior numbers enemy spirit broken likely having experienced combat abandoned wounded fled safety approaching companies coming town center captain parsons companies searching arms fight colonists stunned success actually believed shoot kill advanced retreated went home safety homes families colonel eventually began recover control moved militia yards away sent major bridge defensive position hill stone wall lieutenant colonel smith heard exchange fire position town moments received request reinforcements quickly assembled companies lead north bridge troops marched met shattered remnants light infantry companies running smith concerned companies route town unprotected saw distance wall halted companies moved forward officers closer look wall observed fired believe killed officer orders fire wasn gun fired tense lasting minutes mentally ill local man named sides selling hard point detachment regulars sent farm marched fruitless search area passed deserted battlefield saw dead wounded comrades lying bridge looked angered shocked british soldiers crossed bridge returned town eyes colonists continued maintain defensive positions regulars continued search destroy colonial military supplies town ate lunch marching left concord noon delay departure gave colonial outlying towns additional time reach road boston return march concord lexington lieutenant colonel smith concerned safety men sent follow ridge protect forces roughly field british marched east concord ridge ended near corner crossroads mile outside village concord main road came bridge small stream cross narrow bridge british pull main column close ranks mere soldiers abreast colonial militia companies arriving north east point presented clear numerical advantage regulars british witnessing general hoped avoid expedition secrecy dark night ability colonial rise converge thousands british forces ventured boston british column marched narrow bridge british rear guard wheeled fired volley colonial firing irregularly distance closed musket range colonists returned fire time deadly effect regulars killed wounded colonial casualties smith sent flanking troops crossing small bridge known hardy hill mile past corner nearly assembled south road awaiting opportunity fire british column road smith leading forces charged hill drive colonists withdraw inflicting significant casualties attackers smith withdrew men column continued small bridge lincoln militia companies intensified attack north road regulars soon reached point road referred bloody angle road rises curves sharply left lightly wooded area place militia company positioned southeast bend road rocky lightly wooded field additional militia flowing parallel road engagement corner positioned northwest road catching british militia companies road closed attack yards road took sharp curve time right british column caught large force firing sides passing sharp curves british force lost thirty soldiers killed wounded colonial militia killed including captain captain british soldiers escaped breaking pace maintain woods terrain colonial forces road british densely packed disorganized mount attack rear militia forces towns continued arrive colonial forces risen men road straightened east cleared fields sides col smith sent succeeded trapping militia inflicting casualties british casualties mounting engagements persistent long range fire exhausted british running ammunition british column neared boundary lincoln lexington encountered ambush hill overlooking road set captain lexington including encounter lexington earlier day point col smith wounded thigh knocked horse major assumed effective command column sent light infantry companies hill clear militia forces light infantry cleared additional hills column continued east bluff hill took casualties set fresh militia companies joining battle musket colonial soldiers major horse throwing ground injuring arm principal leaders expedition injured men tired exhausting ammunition surrendered captured broke formation ran forward lexington words british officer began run retreat order attempted stop men form deep purpose confusion increased officers got presented told men advanced die began form heavy fire british officer remained companies head british column approach understood column situation men ammunition left flanking parties soon laid arms picked rebels pleasure nearer able heard cheering ahead brigade men artillery command arrived rescue british column march clock morning wrote account pursued killed got lexington close pursued soon surrendered lord met large reinforcement field pieces fired balls went high heads cannon execution stories effects spread troops time pursued retired cambridge army collected cambridge colonel regiment minute men lieutenant colonel prompt post accounts afterward british officers soldiers alike noted frustration colonial fired trees stone walls confronting large linear formations style european warfare image individual colonial farmer musket hand fighting command fostered american myth chasing red coats lane crossing fields emerge trees turn road fire load contrary beginning north bridge british retreat colonial militias repeatedly operated coordinated companies dispersed advantage cover reflecting british experience day understood significance american tactics affair rebels attacked scattered irregular manner resolution dare form regular body knew proper looks irregular mob find mistaken men know having employed rangers indians canadians country covered wood hilly method fighting rescue general anticipated col smith expedition require reinforcement drafted orders reinforcing units assemble boston obsession secrecy sent copy orders adjutant 1st brigade servant left envelope table british column miles lexington col smith clear indication element surprise lost alarm spreading countryside sent rider boston request reinforcements rider reached boston 1st brigade ordered assemble line infantry companies 4th 23rd 47th regiments battalion command unfortunately british copy orders sent commander order delivered desk major lexington common smith column hour delays brigade strong left boston headed lexington way story told marched tune yankee inhabitants area months later song popular anthem colonial forces took land route great bridge quick thinking colonists stripped delay british men came absent minded tutor asked road lexington harvard man apparently oblivious reality happening showed proper road thinking later compelled leave country inadvertently supporting enemy troops arrived lexington hear gunfire distance set cannon deployed lines regulars high ground commanding views town colonel smith men approached like fleeing mob complement colonial militia close formation pursuing ordered artillery open fire extreme range colonial smith men collapsed exhaustion reached safety lines advice master ordnance left boston spare ammunition men artillery pieces brought thinking extra wagons slow man brigade rounds artillery piece supplied rounds carried boxes left city directed ammunition wagons guarded officer thirteen men follow convoy intercepted small party older veteran alarm list join militia companies years age men rose ambush demanded surrender wagons regulars ignored drove horses old men opened fire shot lead horses killed wounded officer british survivors ran threw weapons pond surrendered lexington assumed control combined forces men let rest eat drink wounds tended field headquarters resuming march set lexington formation emphasized defense sides rear column wounded regulars rode cannon forced hop fired gatherings militia men surrounded tactical advantage interior lines shift units easily needed colonial militia required outside formation placed smith men middle column 23rd regiment line companies column rear guard information provided americans attacking ordered rear guard rotated mile allow troops rest briefly flanking companies sent sides road powerful force marines acted vanguard clear road ahead respite lexington brigadier general arrived took command militia earlier day traveled discuss tactics left boston morning members heath warren reacted artillery ordering avoid close formations attract cannon fire instead surrounded marching square moving ring distance inflict maximum casualties minimum risk mounted road fire muskets approaching regulars ahead repeat tactic militia fire long range hope hitting somebody main column soldiers road surviving british muskets effective combat range yards infantry units apply pressure sides british column moved range units forward engage column road heath sent intercept arriving militia units directing appropriate places road engage regulars towns sent supply wagons assist feeding militia heath warren lead small actions battle presence effective leadership probably greatest impact success tactics wrote colonial tactics rebels attacked scattered irregular manner resolution dare form regular body knew proper looks irregular mob find mistaken fighting grew intense forces crossed lexington fresh militia poured gunfire british ranks distance individual began fight property homes sniper positions turning situation soldier nightmare house house fighting pleaded friends fight alongside defend house saying englishman home castle stayed killed doorway friends depending account believed hid cellar died house bullets shooting soldiers followed jason russell house stands contains bullet holes fight militia unit attempted ambush russell orchard caught men killed allegedly surrendered lost control men british soldiers began commit atrocities repay supposed north bridge casualties hands distant unseen enemy based word wounded officers smith command learned stone walls trees buildings settled towns closer boston hide shoot column ordered flank companies clear colonial places junior officers flank parties difficulty stopping exhausted enraged men killing found inside buildings example innocent refused hide basement tavern killed suspected involved day events accounts exaggerated later colonists propaganda value financial compensation colonial government certainly true road liquor stolen troops cases drunk church communion silver stolen later recovered sold boston aged resident killed regulars attacked british contingent left dead recovered wounds later died age told far blood shed cambridge day colonists lost men killed wounded british lost killed wounded 47th foot marines suffering highest casualties half day fatalities british troops crossed today known cambridge fight grew intense fresh militia arrived close array instead scattered formation artillery pieces crossroads called watson corner inflict heavy damage earlier day heath ordered great bridge dismantled brigade approach broken bridge filled militia directed troops narrow track beech street near present day porter square road militia numbering unprepared movement circle fire broken american force moved occupy modern day dominated road moved cannon dispersed rounds ammunition large militia force arrived salem cut route men halted nearby allowed british escape accused commander force colonel permitting troops pass hoped avoid war preventing total defeat regulars later claimed stopped heath orders heath denied nearly dark marines defended final attack rear entered regulars took strong positions hills sleep days marched miles hours hours spent fire held high ground protected heavy guns quickly sent line companies fresh regiments 10th occupy high ground build fortifications begun fortifications completed later starting point militia works built months later june general heath studied position british_army decided withdraw militia cambridge aftermath morning boston surrounded huge militia army numbering marched new_england unlike rumors blood true revolutionary war begun leadership general arrived 20th replaced brigadier general formed siege line extending boston effectively surrounding boston sides days immediately following size colonial forces grew militias new_hampshire rhode_island connecticut arrived scene adopted men beginnings continental_army open warfare started refused impose martial law boston persuaded town surrender private weapons return promising leave town battle major terms tactics casualties terms supporting british political strategy military strategy battle significant failure expedition contributed fighting intended prevent weapons actually seized battle followed war british political opinion days battle collected scores sworn british prisoners word leaked week battle sending official description events london sent detailed signed participants events faster ship documents presented sympathetic official printed london newspapers weeks report arrived official report vague influence opinion friend colonists wrote right king troops claim victory politicians london tended blame conflict instead policies instructions british troops boston variously blamed general colonel smith failures lexington concord day battle left home ride convinced die cast crossed philadelphia previously thought argument colonies kind law suit news battle reached rejected hardened tempered forever george_washington received news wrote friend happy peaceful plains america blood inhabited slaves sad alternative man choice group hunters frontier named lexington heard news battle june eventually city lexington kentucky legacy important early american government image british fault american innocence maintained battle war history patriot preparations intelligence warning signals uncertainty shot rarely discussed public sphere decades story wounded british soldier north bridge combat struck head purported strongly suppressed mentioning activities published returned participants notably happened paul paintings portrayed lexington fight slaughter issue blame grew early nineteenth century example older participants testimony later life lexington concord differed greatly taken oath said british fired lexington years weren sure said fired said able battle took mythical quality american consciousness legend important truth complete shift occurred patriots portrayed actively fighting cause suffering paintings lexington skirmish began portray militia standing fighting defiance events north bridge concord hymn important commemorated beginning american revolution 19th century means americans learned revolution helping forge identity nation generations poem paul ride historically inaccurate example paul concord captures idea individual change course history 20th century popular historical opinion varied events historic day reflecting political mood time anti war sentiments world wars bred skepticism nature contribution efforts militia united_states turn twentieth century led balanced approaches history battle world war film ride seized espionage act promoting united_states britain cold war patriotic symbol capitalist novelist published april morning account battle fictional year old perspective reading book frequently assigned american secondary schools film version produced television starring 1990s parallels drawn american tactics vietnam war british_army lexington concord site battle lexington known lexington battle green listed national_register_of_historic_places memorials commemorating battle established lands surrounding north bridge concord approximately miles road surrounding lands period buildings corner western lexington walking trails displays routes colonists road personnel usually dressed period dress offering descriptions area explanations events day bronze relief major designed executed park french minute man statue current units units derived american units participated battles lexington concord thirty current units colonial roots ships united_states_navy including world war aircraft carriers named honor patriots day celebrated annually honor battle massachusetts maine wisconsin public schools monday april ride staged battle lexington green ceremonies held north bridge centennial commemoration april president members cabinet joined people mark 100th anniversary battles sculpture minute man located north bridge unveiled day formal ball took place evening agricultural hall concord commemoration april issued stamps commemorating anniversary battles lexington concord lexington concord commemorative stamps issued honor events surrounded america war independence stamps placed sale washington massachusetts cities towns played major roles lexington concord story lexington concord boston cambridge known locations involved battles commemoration town concord invited prominent citizens leaders worlds government military diplomatic corps arts sciences commemorate anniversary battles april crowd estimated gathered view parade celebrate concord president delivered major speech near north bridge televised nation freedom american soil principles declaration independence flourished land principles years ago dream reality today real equality matured america rights sacred government land consent governed lands freely accepted principles liberty freedom declaration independence fashioned independent principles freely taken freely shared world volley fired concord centuries ago shot heard round world echoes today anniversary president ford laid base minute man statue observed sir british ambassador united_states laid grave british soldiers killed battle | Battles of Lexington and Concord | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17389_FirstBattleofNewbury | battle battle english civil war fought september royalist army personal command king charles force led earl essex following year royalist successes took oxford reading conflict bristol left effective army field charles laid siege forced muster force essex beat charles forces long march essex surprised forced away gloucester beginning retreat london charles rallied forces pursued essex overtaking army forcing march past royalist force continue retreat essex reacted making surprise attack royalist lines dawn capturing pieces high ground leaving charles foot series royalist attacks led large number casualties slow retreat essex force driven central hill encircled essex succeeded rallying infantry pushed forward counter attack slowing counter attack face royalist cavalry forced essex send reinforcements marching attacked forced retreat left hole line dividing army wings hoped pass splitting allowing charles troops defeat enemy line moved forward press attack forced halt night falling battle ended exhausted armies morning low ammunition forced allow essex pass continue retreat london reasons royalist defeat include shortage ammunition relative lack soldiers tactics essex compensated lamented cavalry tactical firepower cavalry driving mass infantry formations numbers casualties relatively small historians studied battle consider crucial english civil war marking high point royalist advance leading signing brought scottish war parliament led eventual victory cause background failure forces gain conclusive victory battle royalist armies advanced london capturing oxford reading conflict november faced earl essex battle green charles advisers retreat oxford reading charles armies failed attempts relieve town stalemate occurred essex army directly engage oxford disease ranks charles prevented advancing exhaustion supplies ammunition failed expedition reading despite setback war turning increasingly favour early months saw crushing defeat battle left parliament effective army west england lack allowed prince storm bristol western army oxford army result forces depleted appeared losing essex army significant left field suffered reduced morale defeats inflicted parliament royalist forces war bristol despite royalist forces significantly depleted battle bristol suffering men dead having exhausted supplies armies forced considering capture bristol considered high water mark royalist cause english civil war city captured immediate dispute occurred govern led charles travelling august personal command royalist forces arriving called council war discuss primary questions hand armies united march design design western army strong refused advance east presence forces cornwall army commanders felt tried push forces mutiny simply desert unrest quickly resolved western army remain independent fighting force remain cornwall remaining accordingly western army commanded lord remained region capturing victory august prince left infantry approximately cavalry garrison bristol marching personally taking command greater issues oxford army design royalist campaign strategy advance capture gloucester allow royalist forces south wales reinforce charles army allow assault london faction argued london captured army gloucester serve distraction main goal campaign august clear strategy abandoned instead alternate means capturing city considered early stages war loyalty combatants sides particularly professional soldiers flexible gloucester led non partisan mercenary took job refused significant royalist command time felt strong far silent party royalist city governor reporting gloucester soldiers stated resist royalist advance given council war decided march gloucester capture force capture having governor city served bishops wars contacted asked surrender gloucester sovereign message rebuffed messenger reported met second time secret asked tell willing surrender town king result august charles oxford army marched gloucester gloucester charles main force began marching august reached village day later cavalry screen advanced taken village charles accompany force instead rode met reinforcements oxford august morning august royalist army marched gloucester besieged city approximately infantry cavalry force assembled charles sent group escorted forward approximately point read king demands meeting local council garrison officers including king announcement officers submitted pardon officers prohibit army causing damage city leave small garrison city force inhabitants responsible despite earlier claims surrender short time later refusal offer drawn unanimously signed officers reasons failure surrender city despite royalist contacts unknown point charles called council war discuss situation resolved crucial gloucester taken left hands act break lines communication advance east london addition charles personal reputation travelling far taking gloucester impact respect prestige accorded sensitive based reconnaissance charles officers confident garrison food ammunition long argued city taken days parliament lacking effective army relieve city essex forces attack city attack exhausted according royalist intelligence far weaker oxford army allowing charles destroy parliament remaining significant force direct command earl forth laid siege city suggested direct assault proposal adopted fears high casualties august royalist trenches dug artillery prepared despite attempts disrupt work musket fire work way hope delay long relief army arrive end ordered raids cover darkness second command leading raid artillery trenches revenge attacked east city driven cannon fire august saw raids time day cost men supply depot losses despite assaults disrupt royalist preparations evening able start bombarding town august suffering stocks gunpowder remained unable breach walls essex meantime preparing army thanks disease numbered infantry cavalry force strong defeat demanded extra soldiers london responded enlisting london trained bands provided additional men taking account additional problems eventual force foot soldiers cavalry mustered army began marching arriving august force formally mustered august reinforced lord grey september marched gloucester september heavy rain falling army reached town camped immediately outside presence forced abandon siege given army wet exhausted state seek battle pursuit charles cautious failure directly assault town putting higher priority losses victory cost claims number dead wounded men ranged people inside city killed essex force hand relatively good shape issue lack supplies stayed essex unable reinforcements outside aid london elements army demand home remaining significant force find pinned charles secure bases oxford bristol able surrender royalist armies ran rampant britain essex choice try return london travelling reach gloucester initially expose charles cavalry open ground alternative march southeast cross going returning reading fortifications allowing safe retreat london disadvantage time cross relatively open land essex position second option essex initially took north battle circumstances evade essex able cross west bank secure bridges prevent crossing confronting army cavalry advanced screen main force royalist interference september rest soldiers quickly following left wrong charles discover essex retreat hours gap armies widened finally began march september cavalry streaming ahead try disrupt retreat september force caught outside essex lost advantage intelligence reports convinced charles heading oxford given campaign fact charles barely miles away reports induced meant contemporary source stated marching barely miles day allowing quickly catch suitably discovery error essex increased pace retreat pursuing closely sides heading roughly parallel routes route took increasing distance travel miles travel charles reacted cavalry flying column disrupt harass parliamentary retreat encountering essex forces battle lacking troops engage directly instead attacked section army causing chaos delaying essex march charles forces close gap effect actions forces force delay retreat essex spent september looking wounded soldiers finally managed begin moving confronted delayed marched relatively open chalk downs hardships meant arrived essex armies settling night outside town exhausted immediately fight landscape landscape area significant factor tactics sides resulting battle land open country crescent shaped known sat royalist forces essex army lay open fields battlefield river river attempted cross foot essex obvious route advance push past royalist forces secure bridge return london unfortunately open area approaching bridge killing ground soldiers entirely open forced march abreast prevent essex effectively deploying royalist attack leave forces subject artillery fire essex managed cross bridge river featured metres ground slow soldiers leave open attack necessitating abandonment artillery major humiliation seventeenth century army alternative bridge based retreat bypass completely marching involve moving open fields essex soldiers attacks royalist cavalry described greatly cavalry confronting directly involve moving ground described containing dense banked ditches flanking fields lining sunken lanes allow troops concealed fashion deployment difficult numerous lanes restrict movement heat battle order battle definitive orders battle official contemporary evidence thin possible information later official reports contemporary accounts allow reconstruction likely disposition force led charles personally commanding right wing prince left sir centre artillery support consisted cannons total heavy medium light initial royalist estimates force men modern estimates infantry cavalry essex led commanding entire force separately right wing left wing commanded artillery support provided heavy cannons light cannons heavy artillery left gloucester help defend city estimates total number men vary noting losses gloucester estimates essex force totalled men cavalry infantry battle essex attacks battle began september essex army dawn initial reports stated gone regiment regiment putting question battle unto consultation army advanced courageous spirits divided bodies foot lined flanked bodies horse reserve army preceded cavalry quickly cleared royalist allowed essex advance wash common patch open ground forces march took approximately hour heavy clay soil soaked previous night rain open space hill objective march allowed welcome chance established cavalry guard size unknown large attack horse head waited close firing leading charge advance cavalry drive swords cavalry unable gains having engaged small royalist horse unwilling press attack larger body point parliamentary right flank begun assaulting main parliamentary objective nearby round hill official account suggests charged fiercely beat hill royalist accounts hand argue hill actually completely official account fails mention casualties attackers defenders happened royalist guns allegedly deployed hill sides arguments ring conviction essex partisans genuine belief assaulted captured defended position facts suggest royalist version closer truth words king generals caught regardless happened capture round hill gave essex advantage allowing position fire royalist advance royalist counter attack result quick advance charles found army chaos force organised flanking royalist council war discuss events accounts suggest meeting fall round hill described gross absurd error decided try contain essex leaving regiments horse led remainder cavalry essex position left flank meantime commanded support attack royalist force drawing regiments infantry ready second case enemy horse advance advance criticised royalist sources instead small engagement parliamentary resistance forced commit forces eventually turning series small engagements scale battle reinforcements gradually drawn terrain limited advantage forces numbers attacks brigade allowing hook essex left flank stop advance capture pieces artillery came cost took heavy casualties failed completely break essex infantry infantry instead retreated allowing parliamentary cavalry advance stopped essex beaten attack centre went poorly pushing regiments foot forward force suffered similarly high casualties attempt round hill attack stalled cavalry called force forward despite heavy losses avenue advance narrow lane lined succeeded allowing round hill forcing infantry far attack eventually lost momentum round hill taken unable advance right flank attempted parliamentary flank substantial brigade foot included small cavalry support initial attack repulsed thanks artillery opening fire subsequent head attack forced force centre send regiments assist fight turning bloody melee force eventually forced retire failing ground crisis stalemate heavy fighting succeeded pushing essex forces briefly given ground retreated battle main force infantry remained strong attempt proceed essex infantry light artillery forward cavalry weak defend advance large firepower instead ordered regiments foot commanded halt essex records report charged enemies horse foot succeeded forcing essex slowly fight took hours response essex called send reinforcements obliged ordering regiment infantry remove line march replace essex exhausted soldiers soon arrived charged bodies cavalry regiment infantry forced regiment retreat fleeing according force left man high horse pursue failed press attack difficulty cavalry field essex briefly retook ground loss infantry regiment opened gap line able drive gap break essex army wings able recognizing possibility began royalist force regiments cavalry regiment infantry command occupy essex regiments push gap line saw opening ordered regiments close gap succeeded gap wings essex force cover royalist battery heavy guns drawn high ground began firing unable necessity position left enduring close range fire men brains flew faces resisting attacks royalist cavalry infantry led notes records casualties hit head survivor boasted artillery harm shot broke evidently heat battle royalist artillery firing high despite royalist artillery fire taken toll trained band regiments forced retreat pursued close quarters musket fire allowed militia substantial losses militia attacked regiments foot cavalry despite surrounding dragging away cannon unable break point armies began draw apart sporadic fighting continued night fell midnight forces completely army councils met essex plan force way past feasible ground taken fully expected battle continue hand plagued poor morale heavy losses lack supplies having barrels gunpowder argued battle continue voted morning essex allowed bypass royalist force issue continue retreat london aftermath force free charles army retreated quickly possible eventually reading london essex received hero welcome hand forced spend day recovering casualties finding thousand injured soldiers sent oxford finished recovering dead wounded men left infantry cavalry guns defend rear marched oxford having buried dead senior officers casualties eventually came approximately losses loss multitude factors day gives credit greater ability essex conserve force campaign numerical disadvantage notes royalist reliance cavalry essex lamented cavalry tactical firepower cavalry driving mass infantry formations infantry essex force retaining high level described relatively day ammunition gunpowder important endemic deciding factor success failure charles campaign attention historians normally larger battles historians studied period consider defining moment english civil war high point royalist advance bright period essex writes militarily politically parliament position beginning october far stronger late july capture bristol high tide king charles war best chance ending conflict terms noted failed prove best chance destroy principle field army opponents hopes crushing victory bring war party lay ruins high feelings led signing bringing powerful scottish army assault thanks failure win decisive victory english welsh scottish irish subjects king charles kingdoms henceforth play bloody price steadily widening deepening war | First Battle of Newbury | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17504_BattleofSantEsteved'enBas | battle battle took place march war grand alliance fought column french regular infantry brigadier governor nearby french occupied companies armed peasants orders town force expedition burn village inhabitants refused pay war contributions french army attacked militia nearly destroyed separate engagements bloody fight took place wood bridge french lost men killed wounded defeated remaining troops fled entrenched convent forced french surrender setting building fire slight cost men killed wounded peasants killed french soldiers took prisoners french defeat followed month later blockade spanish troops armed peasants french garrisons french command decided demolish evacuate july keeping positions background main fronts years war lack means poor relations revolt marked duke early stage conflict admiral said best relief outer capabilities flanders milan french army duke short resources attrition warfare prevailed years war committed resources army managed break spanish defenses defeating spanish army battle banks river seizing ports important city french command found inhabitants areas occupied french army reluctant pay war contributions started oppose organized successful resistance winter inhabitants repelled punishment force french soldiers garrison killed french troops harassed militia forces laid forces woods heights effective leaders captain achieved victories french winter late december overran convoy way killing french soldiers taking prisoners february defeated company french killing taking prisoners horses villages refused pay french despite french party looted place punishment villagers refused obey force soldiers dispatched december arrest found village abandoned sacked taking priests hostages march locals rebellious french governor ordered commander garrison punish village time command chosen men garrison troops taken german regiment regiments french royal artillery regiment famous french labeled best troops country battle french force left march evening passed distance spent night ford river dawn peasants discovered sent warning women children sought shelter surrounding mountains men prepared fight french column called help nearby village captains recruiting men raise new companies meantime reached valley leaving rearguard took positions hill dispatched force burn french troops burned buildings ahead companies leading arrived village forced flee position hill harassed armed peasants local type militia arrival convinced withdraw tried cross found way blocked decided attempting escape wood bridge anticipated divided groups men leading pursued attacked french troops wood blocked bridge ahead second group running fight trees force lost men abandoned french column despite harassment managed control bridge started cross opposite bank armed peasants fired south killed french soldiers according contemporary french artillery general military historian reign corps able retreat good order hand local 19th century historian claimed french troops fled disarray leaving prisoners carried heavy escort arriving force took positions inside convent swiss soldiers rear entrenched inside hospital village swiss troops promptly surrendered bulk french column held hours peasants encircled building managed open gap walls repelled hand hand fight losing men killed wounded men breached wall chapel stormed convent french assault repelled ordered set fire gates building french walled gap stones bricks managed enter building setting fire large amounts pitch opened fire smoke blinded french soldiers retreated convent seriously wounded fight requested terms surrendered aftermath french column promise officers stripped remained prisoners war surrendered weapons money wounded soldiers german captain remained receive medical treatment died shortly french losses amounted men killed officers prisoners opposed men killed wounded figures known french wrote letter asking number rank prisoners exchange possible letter noted lucky dead defeat probably cost unscathed french prisoners brought later barcelona arrived march entrance seen large crowd weeks followed battle spanish troops local militia increased pressure garrison april supported companies peasants defeated party french troops killing soldiers taking prisoners ill ordered lieutenant general assemble supply convoy relieve escort infantry cavalry corps spanish peasants led attacked defeated convoy april french garrisons fell effective blockade assembled army infantry cavalry relieved remained blockaded second command good terms advocated abandoning willing ground late june replaced duke charged incompetence high officers looting country benefit arms french army july led troops having expelled population eaten horses french garrison diminished position came evacuate demolish fortress french army took way demolished defenses returning july | Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17642_Bostoncampaign | boston campaign boston campaign opening campaign american revolutionary war taking place primarily campaign began battles lexington concord april local colonial militias british government attempt seize military stores leaders concord massachusetts entire british expedition suffered significant casualties running battle growing number militia subsequently accumulated militia forces surrounded city boston beginning main action siege june encounters war resulted british victory numerous skirmishes near boston coastal areas boston resulting loss life military supplies july george_washington took command assembled militia transformed coherent army march colonial army fortified cannon capable reaching boston british ships harbor siege campaign ended march permanent withdrawal british forces boston day boston celebrates march evacuation day background passed imposed import duties paper glass paint common items imported american colonies sons liberty patriot organizations responded variety protest actions organized goods subject duty harassed threatened customs personnel collected duties corrupt related provincial leaders governor requested military forces protect king personnel october british troops arrived city boston occupied city tensions led march december response protests parliament enacted acts punish colonies massachusetts government act effectively abolished provincial government massachusetts general commander chief british troops north_america appointed governor massachusetts instructed king george government enforce royal authority troublesome colony popular resistance compelled newly appointed royal officials massachusetts resign seek refuge boston commanded regiments british regulars men headquarters boston countryside largely controlled patriot war begins september british soldiers removed gunpowder military supplies surprise raid powder magazine near boston expedition alarmed countryside thousands sprang action amid rumors war hand proved false alarm event known caused concerned proceed carefully days ahead essentially provided dress rehearsal events seven months later partly response action colonists carried military supplies forts new_england distributed local militias night april general sent men seize munitions stored colonial militia concord riders including paul alerted countryside british troops entered lexington morning april found formed village common shots exchanged killed outnumbered colonial militia dispersed british moved concord concord troops searched military supplies found relatively little colonists having received warnings expedition happen taken steps hide supplies search confrontation north bridge small company british troops fired larger column colonial militia returned fire eventually routed troops returned village center rejoined troops time backs british soldiers called began return march boston thousand gathered road running fight ensued british detachment suffered heavily reaching concord shot heard round world war begun aftermath failed concord expedition thousands boston remained days arrived including companies new_hampshire connecticut rhode_island command surrounded city blocking land approaches putting occupied city siege british regulars fortified high points city need supplies british able resupply city sea supplies boston short troops sent islands raid farmers supplies response began clearing islands supplies useful british actions contested british resulted loss british soldiers british ship diana need building materials supplies led admiral authorize loyalist merchant send ships boston accompanied royal_navy schooner townspeople rose seizing merchant vessels schooner short battle commander killed resistance coastal communities led graves authorize expedition october sole significant act burning outrage colonies action contributed passing legislation established colonial army issues supply command diverse militias needed organized fed clothed armed command needed coordinated militia leader responsible province congress bunker hill late received sea reinforcements trio generals play vital role war formulated plan break city finalized june reports plans way commanders besieging forces decided additional defensive steps necessary night june detachment colonial army marched peninsula british abandoned april fortified june british forces general howe attacked seized peninsula battle technically british victory losses attacking forces killed wounded including significant fraction entire british officer corps north_america heavy attack followed siege broken general recalled england september replaced british commander chief meeting philadelphia received reports situation outside boston began meet response confusion command camps response capture need unified military organization clear congress officially adopted forces outside boston continental_army named george_washington commander chief june washington left philadelphia boston june learn action bunker hill reached new_york_city stalemate following battle bunker hill siege effectively clearly dominant position significantly alter position washington took command army july determined size reduced men fit duty established battle severely depleted army powder stock eventually powder shipments philadelphia british busy bringing reinforcements time washington arrival british men city summer fall sides dug occasional skirmishes chose significant action congress seeking initiative capitalize capture authorized invasion canada letters inhabitants canada rejected french speaking british colonists september led troops expedition wilderness maine drawn army assembled outside boston washington faced personnel crisis end troops army expired end introduced number recruitment incentives able army sufficiently large maintain siege smaller besieged forces siege ends early march heavy cannons captured fort moved boston difficult feat engineered guns placed course day overlooking british positions british situation general howe planned attack reclaim high ground prevented execution british threatening burn city departure hindered evacuated city march sailed temporary refuge halifax nova scotia local militias dispersed april general washington took continental_army new_york_city start new_york new_jersey campaign legacy british essentially driven new_england result campaign colonies continued receive support local loyalists especially newport rhode_island drove local patriots campaign final result war significant blow british prestige confidence military senior military leaders campaign criticized actions clinton example went command british forces north_america blame british loss war saw action war ultimately surrendered army british continued control seas military successes ground notably new_york new_jersey pennsylvania actions led conflicts effect uniting opposition crown result able marshal support loyalists regain meaningful political control colonies colonies spite differences united consequence events granting predecessor modern congress sufficient authority funding conduct revolution unified including funding military forces formed result campaign | Boston campaign | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17659_BattleofMarstonMoor | battle battle fought july english civil war combined forces english lord earl manchester earl defeated commanded rhine newcastle summer besieging york defended gathered army marched northwest england gathering reinforcements fresh recruits way relieve city convergence forces ensuing battle largest civil wars july relieve city day sought battle outnumbered attacking immediately day sides gathered strength wild meadow west york evening launched surprise attack confused fight lasting hours cavalry routed royalist cavalry field infantry annihilated remaining royalist infantry defeat effectively abandoned losing manpower northern counties england strongly royalist sympathy losing access european continent ports north_sea coast partially retrieved fortunes victories later year loss north prove fatal handicap year tried unsuccessfully link scottish background civil war north advantage numbers local support parts lancashire yorkshire support clothing manufacturing towns naturally gentry june commanded defeated army lord battle near son sir fled remaining forces port hull held parliament newcastle sent army south lincolnshire planned advance london forced hull forces siege failed navy supply reinforce port garrison flooded wide areas city royalist detachments sent lincolnshire defeated battle battle late english civil war widened king charles negotiated cessation ireland allowed reinforce armies english regiments horse foot sent ireland following parliament took greater step signing sealing alliance early army earl entered north england behalf forced divide army leaving detachment sir watch lord hull led main body north confront siege york march early april newcastle fought delaying actions tried prevent scots crossing surrounding city newcastle cavalry force sir campaigning winter crossed entered yorkshire prevent sir thomas rejoining lord hull occupied town lay april sir force reinforced infantry sir stormed capturing force hearing news newcastle realised city york danger york principal city royalist power north england loss blow royalist cause hastily retreated left detachment mask royalist garrison newcastle followed newcastle army main body april joined forces miles west york began initially siege loose blockade concentrated capturing smaller royalist garrisons threatened communications hull june reinforced army earl manchester york completely encircled siege operations began earnest accepted commander chief combined allied armies york referred parliament scottish pre eminent north largest single contingent army respected veteran thirty years war relief moves news siege soon reached oxford wartime capital april held council war attended nephew renowned field commander settled charles attempted play time oxford relieve york set small force moves intended gather reinforcements way bolster army secure lancashire troops heading ireland royalist cause assumed direction small royalist army based chester commanded lord raising force horse foot having forced crossing stormed allegedly killing defenders citizens resting bury nearby joined cavalry lord broken york early siege small contingent regiments raised lancashire bypassing stronghold manchester approached liverpool june control city parliament day siege unsure proceed relief york remain consolidate royalist hold lancashire securing reinforcements process members charles council war wary far king june received dispatch king contained news king advisors council war overturned defensive policies sending garrisons reading offensive left oxford exposed sudden threat armies commanded sir forced king leave city head worcester danger letter contained ambiguous orders northern offensive future plans true state affairs condition commands willingly ill york lost shall esteem crown little supported sudden march conquest south effects northern power found york relieved beat rebels army kingdoms possibly shift defensive spin time come assist command duty affection know bear new enterprises laid aside immediately march according intention force relief york lost freed want powder undertake work immediately march strength directly worcester assist army having relieved york beating scots successes useless understood letter order relieve york defeat allied army heading south aid king time army numbered nearly set liverpool preston surrendered fight proceeded crossed days june june fix arms await final reinforcements cumberland arrived royalist garrison castle miles northwest york june relief york allies aware approach hoping reinforcements sir earl ward threat learned forces intervene time allied armies york separated rivers attacked siege lines destroy army come aid abandoned siege night june concentrated forces near village taking position blocked expected direct march york old roman road named street modern easily left prevent making south early july royalist cavalry advanced appeared allies prepared battle mile flank march northeast main body crossing bridge rivers merge form successfully allied armies later day forces defeated earl manchester left guard bridge boats village miles north york crossing available allies bridge boats miles south york capture prevented allies crossing engage cavalry arrived york gain touch garrison york definitely relieved newcastle sent letter welcome replied person demand newcastle march forces assistance following morning battle prelude learning allied commanders debated options decided march south protect supply lines hull block south foot infantry ordnance baggage set early july leaving cavalry commanded sir rearguard allied generals learned army crossed captured bridge boats advancing foot reached hastily recalled newcastle lieutenant general lord opposed pitched battle possibly offended high handed attitude join immediately claiming time clear earth rubble block city gates york siege newcastle soldiers york refused fight given delayed payment dispute number absent abandoned allied siege works outside city return midday joined newcastle accompanied mounted troop gentleman volunteers greeted saying lord wish come sooner forces hope shall glorious day newcastle allied armies separate garrisons recruiting areas lines communication protect eventually separate suggested waiting force colonel collected garrisons amounting join royalist army adamant king letter showed newcastle command engage defeat enemy immediately furthermore wished compensate numerical catching enemy reinforcements increase superiority numbers newcastle infantry infantry exhausted long march previous day unable attack odds lengthened day wore scots infantry artillery returned aborted south took position allied artillery consisting thirty pieces ordnance commanded general began firing ceased royalist contingent york arrived led knew disliked fought battle captured held prisoner years blamed caution defeat occasion blamed criticised drawn close enemy main concern fold ground referred ridge allied forces drawn track concealed line allied infantry view artillery fire allowing attack suddenly comparatively close distance proposed attack army suggested late day royalist army prepared settle night close allied armies deployment occupied low feature actually terminal feet surrounding countryside prominent flat villages advantage higher ground stretching villages hampered deployment point day attempted seize rabbit warren west position driven left wing horse occupied ground wing command manchester lieutenant general lines consisted cavalry including double strength regiment deployed divisions troops cavalry commanded deployed use disrupt attacking cavalry common practice thirty years war adopted regiments horse numbering mounted lighter formed line rear sir scottish colonel deployed extreme left centre direction earl nominated commander chief consisted foot pieces artillery recorded disposition troops role drawing order battle forces strengthened great party army main battle earl manchester forces left wing right wing battle winged horse according direction great experience challenge prime power ordering sergeant major general foot noted note map allied army heir formal ought manchester infantry general left line brigade lord foot centre brigades regiments vanguard main commanded lieutenant general right line second line consisted brigades main battle commanded confusion disposition line infantry deployment right wing map badly damaged usual interpretation based reconstruction line contained brigades earl manchester regiment foot young placed main body foot left line recent interpretations accounts right line cavalry right wing regiment formed incomplete fourth line total nineteen regiments foot incomplete present battle right wing commanded sir second command horse yorkshire lancashire deployed divisions posted manner left wing regiment horse commanded deployed line composed commanded son deployed second line second lines right wing included units foot identity uncertain occupied low lying drainage ditch noted effective obstacle cavalry charge dispute course ditch time battle contemporary accounts support contention later historians non existent right wing hand near contemporary plan royalist chief engineer shows ditch present day alignment generally accepted ditch obstacle royalist right royalist left wing commanded lord consisted cavalry newcastle cavalry northern horse cavalry line commanded second sir centre commanded brigade numbering consisting regiments foot colonel regiment deployed ditch junction right wing centre possibly protect artillery occupied slight near point left hope lined ditch line left wing second line composed remaining infantry units army numbering sergeant major general infantry newcastle army general formed right wing second line incomplete line right centre arrived taken assigned positions battle began leaving right royalist centre brigade northern horse sir deployed left centre total field guns deployed centre right wing commanded horse second line included comparatively inexperienced regiments commanded lord experienced sir hurry sergeant major general horse second command unlike retained reserve cavalry including elite horse personal command reserve situated centre main action delayed late arrival york garrison late evening fully deployed rain showers newcastle persuaded delay attack day ranks allied army hear singing royalist troops broke ranks supper noted lack preparation opponents ordered men attack shortly thunderstorm broke allied left infantry drove brigade horse quickly defeated wing ordered stand ground rely ditch musket fire slow enemy attack instead ordered hasty counter charge troops prevented field guns attached brigade firing fear hitting cavalry clashes followed line regiments flight slightly wounded neck pistol ball accounts briefly left field wound dressed noting setback flank led reserve right rallying fleeing regiment horse leading counter attack officer wrote division hard pull charged men flank stood sword point pretty pleased god brake scattering like little dust regiments eventually swung balance defeating royalist cavalry right wing reserve routed narrowly avoided capture hiding nearby field centre main foot initially succeeded crossing ditch capturing pieces artillery allied right sir wing fared worse later wrote right wing good success reason ditches pass enemy great disorder notwithstanding drew body horse intervals horse wing lined hurt shot necessitated charge long time engaged routed wing returned presently men left enemy stood disorder charged routed wrote second command charged place lane present day crossed ditch flank accounts suggest units easy targets royalist advanced lane abreast small embankment alongside ditch point removed 1960s musket balls recovered launched counter charge routed cavalry regiments sir wing especially earl regiment resisted time eyewitness observed sir new levied regiments van right wing wheeled pursued enemy came foot reserve scottish foot broke wholly foot victorious wing scattered pursuit fell allied baggage train lucas wheeled attack right flank allied infantry newcastle foot counter attacked brigade foot centre allied line threw confusion following advantage brigade horse probably reinforced troop gentleman volunteers newcastle charged allied centre lucas assaults confusion gathering darkness infantry regiments infantry fled field scottish sergeant major general right allied second line stated ran away commanding head regiment carried wished fled came charge fear ran example following gave opportunity charge intended isolated brigade stood ground right line consisted regiments earl lucas launched cavalry charges charge lucas horse killed taken prisoner reformed reserve allied centre pushing regiments earl lord forward breach allied line turn earl manchester regiment repulsed scattered brigade nearly fully dark moon rising countryside miles covered sides messenger ireland riding search prince wrote horrible distraction coast country meeting scots crying mourning day doom overtaken knew fly met ragged troop reduced little foot officer hat band sword feet tongue serve way garrisons truth filled sides hours lay distant place fight miles disciplined horsemen rallied right original royalist position sir finding midst men removed field sign slip white paper identified hat way wing relate state affairs allied right flank troops cavalry regiment horse split bodies way join led cavalry sir support general foot right flank battlefield attack cavalry time troops tired senior officers prisoners marched hill baggage occupy roughly position cavalry held start battle contemporary accounts stated position attacked outnumbered troops driven retired fold ground beneath refused battle despite efforts officers sir sir rally eventually orders retreat york late night triumphant allies turned remains royalist centre successive units cutting finally newcastle foot gathered stand enclosure usually stated white close rear original position newcastle infantry retreated found right flank air following defeat cavalry certainly mass later took place enclosure instead mile north natural line retreat york refused quarter repulsed constant cavalry charges infantry colonel brought break formation musket fire survivors finally surrendered casualties approximately royalist soldiers killed stand captured including lucas lost guns hundreds weapons standards falling hands allied forces allied generals dispatch accounts stated soldiers killed mortally wounded sir brother charles nephew struck early day present died wrote famous letter soldier father brother law named briefly described battle informed father son words death outcome late night royalist generals reached york routed troops governor york sir allowed garrison effect officers participated battle volunteers city case cavalry entered city heels fleeing including wounded crowded streets western gate city newcastle having seen forces broken having spent entire fortune royalist cause resolved endure laughter court departed day battle july went exile hamburg senior officers days battle rallied cavalry infantry mounted spare horses considered attempt restore royalist fortunes north required return south rejoin king leaving york way monk bar north east marched making richmond escape interception decisively beaten time war deeply affected defeat kept king ambiguous dispatch close remainder life suffered additional blow death battle dog constant companion campaigns propaganda treating devil familiar departure newcastle effectively abandoned north isolated garrisons reduced months remnants troops driven lancashire august involved royalist disaster wales september royalist cavalry northern counties northern horse continued fight charles sir relieved royalist garrison castle south yorkshire february conduct turned away royalist cause involved defeats charles battles final attempt reach scotland routed october allies victorious allies slowly intercept left york allied army reformed joined forces resumed siege york hope relief agreement scottish soldiers city garrison surrendered honourable terms july york surrendered allied army soon dispersed took troops north newcastle sent dispatches scotland ordering regiments broke returned tenth hanged according article articles war reunited army kingdoms remnants broken regiments base service duties corpses got chance storm newcastle manchester army returned lincolnshire eventually moved south england second battle demonstrated importance disciplined infantry newly levied allied regiments routed ensured veterans reserve replace early gains opponents reputation cavalry commander firmly established battle despite attempts political rivals military critics played acknowledged discipline troops leadership battlefield crucial victory later declare absolute victory obtained god blessing moment exert increasing influence house_of_commons armies field accounts published battle exacerbated growing hand noted scottish theologian wrote westminster days later independent angry sent major harrison trumpet city praises prejudice making believe regiments service fled stayed fought reports pleased till letters came captain stewart sent abroad printed relations lift face days relation printed gives good words gives informed right left wing ascribed word places day leader conduct allied generals resulting sided dispute prompted accounts soon battle allied generals chief fled field earl manchester left field subsequently rallied infantry returned able exercise little control events accounts lord fled battlefield routed troops recently challenged certainly case detailed account flight written biographer lieutenant colonel present battle volunteer second hand account published challenged previously unused eye witness accounts infantry cavalry units remained fighting end battle seven different attested direction example earl manchester chaplain noted earl manchester new levied forces began pursued men fell gained ordnance fell sir horse hot fight sides forces retreated men coming foot fell killed sides enemy beginning retreat men followed pursuing totally routed enigmatic english reporter agreed commanded centre initial rout lord hosts strike hearts noble generals god took courage unto gathering left body assist english stood set david small army numerous company evening fiction media british band released song titled battle july 2nd | Battle of Marston Moor | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17777_SiegeofMalta(1798–1800) | siege malta siege malta known siege year siege blockade french garrison largest city main port mediterranean island malta captured french expeditionary force mediterranean campaign garrisoned men command destroyed battle august british_royal_navy able initiate blockade malta assisted uprising native population french rule forced retreat french garrison faced severe food shortages exacerbated effectiveness british blockade small quantities supplies arrived early traffic early time starvation disease having disastrous effect health morale combat capability french troops february significant convoy admiral sent toulon determined effort resupply garrison blockade squadron rear admiral lord nelson intercepted convoy sight troops malta ensuing brief battle killed flagship captured following month ship line tell set sail toulon laden soldiers intercepted hard fought battle forced surrender larger british squadron defeats rendered french position surrender inevitable held months eventually surrendered september time garrison mortality reached men day malta retained britain control island factor outbreak napoleonic wars ultimately remained british government years gaining independence french invasion malta french fleet sailed toulon escorting expeditionary force men general force destined egypt seeking expand french influence asia force britain peace french revolutionary wars begun sailing southeast convoy collected additional transports italian ports june arrived heavily fortified port city island malta time malta neighbouring islands ruled old influential feudal order weakened loss revenue french revolution order composed men europe including significant proportion ruled majority population islands head government grand master refused demand entire convoy allowed enter supplies insisting malta neutrality meant ships enter time receiving reply immediately ordered fleet bombard june general directed amphibious operation thousand soldiers landed seven strategic sites island french knights deserted order remaining knights failed mount meaningful resistance approximately native militia resisted hours retreating city fell general strong hold lengthy siege negotiated surrender agreed turn malta resources french exchange estates france knights established french garrison islands leaving men rest expeditionary force sailed eastwards alexandria june battle convoy pursued mediterranean british fleet ships sir learned invasion malta anchored sicily subsequently attempted intercept french passage egypt nelson force overtook french fleet night june dark discovering presence arrived alexandria june ahead believing french different objective nelson turned northwards following day investigate coast missed arrival june hours unopposed landed army marched alexandria capturing city turning inland fleet ordered anchor nearby bay await instructions august nelson returned egyptian coast discovered french fleet anchor attacking immediately nelson ships managed capture french ships line destroy including flagship orient moderate damage destruction french mediterranean fleet granted control sea royal_navy soon joined navies portugal naples russian_empire ottoman_empire hastily organised france uprising malta french rapidly dismantled institutions including roman_catholic_church church property looted seized pay expedition egypt act generated considerable anger deeply religious population september anger erupted popular uprising auction church property days thousands driven french garrison surrounded approximately irregular soldiers led armed cannon small squadron coastal intermittent garrison fortress strong assault mid september squadron portuguese ships arrived island included real cannons captain captain mitchell captain brig captain duncan captains british command addition british ship captain captain attached squadron portuguese government sent force augment nelson fleet brief stay malta squadron continued alexandria nelson sent squadron blockade malta late september british convoy consisting battered ships captain sir appeared island survivors battle urgent need repair unable directly assist siege met representatives september sent offer truce behalf replied des place sort des sic les point style forgotten french hold place fate inhabitants concern ultimatum french soldiers accustomed tone unable persuade french instead provided forces muskets continue siege unable delay repairs longer sailed gibraltar end month october british ships line hms alexander captain hms captain hms captain joined ships malta marking formal start blockade day withdrew soldiers fortified new city accompanied approximately nationals joined french forces garrison numbered men initially supplied harbour lay ships line frigate ships newly arrived tell frigates justice survivors rear admiral reached malta end september october day passage naples nelson joined blockade squadron hms vanguard accompanied hms october ball successfully completed negotiations french garrison small island french soldiers agreeing surrender fight transferring island fortifications cannon large quantity ammunition sacks flour british island formally claimed naples administered british representatives action distribute captured food supplies island inhabitants malta surrounding islands self sufficient quickly challenge feeding population strain islands resources particularly men arms formally command islands refused assist supplies responsibility left ball captains arrange transport supplies italy end year number troops field fallen supported british portuguese marines blockade squadron blockade fleet consisting british portuguese ships operated island malta blockade frustrating year british forces deployed malta efforts secure sufficient forces prosecute siege repeatedly denied major general commander british_army forces mediterranean considered ongoing war second coalition italy defence higher priorities ball siege defeated continued refuse assistance russian squadron admiral briefly appeared island january immediately ordered join russian turkish forces besieging island addition difficulties allies faced obtaining food population french succeeded bringing supplies blockade early year january schooner reached february frigate evaded blockade entered port supplies toulon major french expedition admiral entered forcing nelson recall scattered fleet region temporarily raising blockade malta operation number french supply ships took advantage absence british squadron enter despite occasional supply ships french garrison rapidly running food conserve resources french forced civilian population city civilian population dropped nelson took nominal command blockade ball president liaison military civilian commanders directed distribution supplies population beginning suffer disease brought food shortages replaced alexander lieutenant november nelson offered terms surrender rebuffed reply nation keen deserve esteem nation seek resolved defend fortress end point nelson conducting blockade distance based court gambling social engagements closer closer emma wife ambassador sir behaviour heavily criticised commanding officer vice admiral lord keith recently replaced old friends wrote knew friends feel sure cut nocturnal parties leave december replaced lieutenant general immediately troops garrison malta brigadier general troops filled gap left withdrawal portuguese forces ordered return lisbon disease began spread city rations arrival january news events france prompted brief respite public statement city surrendered conditions continued deteriorate starvation relief convoy battles beginning february government reinstated naples expelled year finally agreed participate siege troops embarked squadron led vice admiral lord keith flagship hms queen charlotte landed malta time keith nelson remained blockade squadron consisted ships line ships line british frigates february message arrived squadron frigate stationed sicily watch french reinforcements captain reported squadron seven french ships sailing direction malta vessels relief squadron sent toulon extensive food supplies additional troops admiral ships line escaped years earlier february convoy sighted alexander ensuing chase success captured french transport attacked larger frigate damaged exchange success second broadside mortally wounded delayed ship line long lord nelson join battle heavily outnumbered surrendered shortly capture keith returned italian coast flagship lost fire killed crew keith ashore time departing keith issued strict instructions nelson return shore leave sicily syracuse nelson ignored order late march conducting open love affair absence took command blockade temporarily captain led squadron march tell attempted break spotted frigate hms captain chased northwards engaged driving ships suffering severe damage eventually arrival powerful captain sir proved continued fighting hours forced surrender battered ship engagement lost men killed wounded nelson cruise aftermath defeats sea food supply british sent demand capitulation refused reply place est état men place good situation conscious service country honour listen proposals reality situation dire february prices basic stood rabbit egg rat pound fish civilian patients food available horse flesh soup april nelson departed sir william board guests party visited syracuse travelled took close harbour ship came fire french batteries hits scored nelson furious emma taken danger immediately ordered withdraw anger exacerbated emma refusal retire quarterdeck brief exchange anchored nelson emma lived openly hosted graham sir prominent antiquarian diplomat spent time exploring island early june nelson party returned beginning lengthy overland journey europe britain nelson detached alexander blockade defiance keith explicit orders assist royal family passage enraged nelson keith publicly remarked command fleet long returned britain replaced command captain graham superseded surrender british blockade continued prevent french efforts resupply early summer august situation desperate horses pack animals dogs cats rabbits lived city emptied short supply desperate need wood frigate trapped blockade broken fuel garrison defeat inevitable gave orders frigates justice attempt breakout toulon frigates given minimal crews approximately men august wind favourable night dark obscure movements frigates sea immediately sighted captain gave chase followed northumberland captain slow soon overhauled strength french ship surrendered brief exchange shot frigate later justice captain faster eventually making toulon ship malta siege september men dying starvation disease rate day called council officers unanimously decided surrender day envoys sent british afternoon general captain martin signed agreed terms excluded negotiations entirely commander subsequently civil commissioner malta terms surrender absolute island fortifications military supplies turned british control included ships line frigate french ships previously captured order sufficient standard incorporated royal_navy ships broken merchant ships variety smaller warships taken capture malta returned control central mediterranean britain important step invasion liberation egypt french rule essential condition treaty year brought end french revolutionary war british leave malta long standing claim island titular head demanded turned russian control agreeing alliance britain prime minister younger refused napoleonic wars france began soon failure britain comply clause treaty island subsequently remained british hands independence | Siege of Malta (1798–1800) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
17838_SiegeofBoston | siege boston siege boston april march opening phase american revolutionary war new_england prevented movement land british_army garrisoned city boston massachusetts sides deal resource supply personnel issues course siege british resupply reinforcement activities limited sea access months siege british abandoned boston sailing nova scotia siege began april battles lexington concord militia surrounding massachusetts communities blocked land access boston formed continental_army militia george_washington commander chief june british seized bunker casualties heavy gains insufficient break continental_army hold land access boston military actions remainder siege limited occasional raids minor skirmishes sniper fire november washington sent year old turned soldier bring boston heavy artillery captured fort technically complex demanding operation brought cannons boston area january march artillery fortified overlooked boston harbor threatening british supply british commander saw british position withdrew british forces boston british stronghold halifax nova scotia march celebrated today evacuation day background prior british imposed taxes import duties american colonies inhabitants objected lacked british parliamentary representation response acts protest british troops command general sent occupy boston province massachusetts bay parliament authorized actions local provincial government led reformed continued meet called organization local militias coordinated accumulation weapons military supplies terms closed boston port caused unemployment discontent british forces sent seize military supplies town concord april militia companies surrounding towns opposed battles lexington concord concord british forces routed confrontation north bridge british troops march boston engaged running battle suffering heavy casualties new_england colonies later colonies south raised militias response alarm sent boston siege digging immediately battles april massachusetts militia loose leadership superseded general late 20th formed siege line extending boston effectively surrounding boston sides particularly blocked land access land access boston peninsula leaving harbor sea access british control days immediately following creation siege line size colonial forces grew militias new_hampshire rhode_island connecticut arrived scene general wrote surprise number rebels surrounding city rebels supposed wars french showed conduct attention general turned attention easily positions south ordered lines defenses pound guns boston proper hills quickly fortified main defense city time hills strengthened decided abandon removing forces retreated concord boston town entirely vacant high lands left heights commanding view harbor city british greatly restricted movement city fearing weapons besieged eventually reached informal agreement allowing traffic provided firearms carried residents boston turned muskets patriot residents left city loyalists lived outside city boston left homes fled city felt safe live outside city patriots control countryside men arriving boston joined loyalist regiments attached british army siege blockade harbor city remained open royal_navy vice admiral sail supplies nova_scotia places colonial forces little stop shipments naval supremacy british fleet american able harass supply ships food prices rose quickly soon shortages meant british forces short rations generally american forces able gather information happening city people escaping boston effective intelligence rebel activities early skirmishes authorized raise forces taking near southern end known heavy weapons lightly defended arnold arrived vermont disputed territory new_york new_hampshire 9th joined militia company connecticut independently arrived idea taking company joint leadership arnold allen captured fort crown point captured large military vessel raid fort saint jean recovered cannons weaponry supplies nascent continental_army find useful grip boston boston lacked regular supply fresh meat horses needed hay ordered party outer harbor bring hay boston mainland noticed took alarm militia called british party arrived came fire militia militia set fire barn island destroying tons hay prevented british taking tons continental forces partly response incident worked clear harbor islands livestock supplies useful british british marines attempted stop removal livestock islands americans resisted course action british schooner diana ran aground destroyed recovered weaponry attempt help quell rebellion issued proclamation june offering pardon lay arms exception instead rebellion ignited anger patriots people began arms british receiving reinforcements reached strength men generals arrived hms began planning break city plan decided british command fixed date taking june june colonists learned british plans response sent instructions heights ordered colonel night june led men constructed fortifications bunker hill june british forces general howe took peninsula british succeeded tactical objective taking high ground peninsula suffered significant losses men killed wounded including officers killed british losses heavy direct attacks american forces americans losing battle stood british regulars success successfully repelled assaults engagement point siege essentially stalemate stalemate general george_washington arrived cambridge july set headquarters took command newly formed continental_army following day time forces supplies arriving including companies far away maryland virginia washington began work militias closely resembling army appointing senior officers militias typically elected leaders introducing organization disciplinary measures militias required officers different ranks wear distinguished superiors july moved headquarters cambridge later known home end july arrived units raised pennsylvania maryland virginia accuracy rifle previously unknown new_england forces harass besieged forces washington ordered defenses improved trenches dug extended boston activities little effect british occupation working parties fired time time guarding works july retaliation american attack british pushed american advanced guard burned houses days later august american killed body hung neck retaliation american marched lines began attack british troops continued sharp shooting day killing wounding british losing man august british surprise breakout set fire tavern withdrew defenses night americans attacked burned lighthouse killing british soldiers capturing loss life august night washington sent men dig hill near neck despite british bombardment americans successfully dug trenches early september washington began drawing plans moves dispatch men boston invade quebec second launch attack boston washington felt afford send troops quebec received intelligence british american spies british intention launching attack boston reinforced september troops command left quebec washington summoned council war case amphibious assault boston sending troops bay flat boats hold men washington believed extremely difficult men winter came war council plan unanimously rejected decision attack present early september washington authorized appropriation local fishing vessels intelligence gathering supplies british activity precursor established aftermath present day portland maine provincial assemblies connecticut rhode_island begun ships authorized early november british soldiers went raiding expedition acquire livestock head cattle lost lives skirmish colonial troops sent defend point november colonial captain commanding schooner lee captured valuable prizes siege british nancy outside boston harbor carrying large supply ordnance military stores intended british troops boston winter approached sides faced problems americans short gunpowder soldiers given spears fight event british attack american troops remained unpaid end year british howe replaced commander october faced different problems wood scarce began cutting trees tearing wooden buildings including old north meeting house add supplying city increasingly difficult winter storms rise rebel british troops hungry ready desert soon worse smallpox broken city washington army faced similar problems smallpox soldiers rural communities exposed disease washington moved infected troops separate hospital option available given public stigma washington proposed assault boston october officers thought best wait harbor frozen february water frozen washington thought spite shortage powder try assault rushing ice officers advised washington desire launch attack boston arose fear army desert winter easily knew howe break lines army present condition learned completely trust howe inactivity abandoned attack ice great reluctance exchange cautious plan cannon arrived mid january orders london general small fleet set sail carolinas men objective join forces additional troops arriving europe port southern colonies military operations early february british raiding party crossed ice burned end siege november february colonel team engineers retrieve tons heavy artillery captured fort bringing frozen hudson connecticut rivers technically challenging complex operation arrived cambridge january fortification heights cannons size range previously available americans fortifications city night march americans began bombard city cannon british responded american guns direction colonel continued exchange fire british march exchange fire little damage damage houses kill british soldiers boston march washington moved cannon thousand men overnight occupy overlooking boston winter ground frozen making digging trenches impractical washington men instead logs branches available position overnight general howe said god work night army months british fleet range american guns putting troops city risk immediate response british hour cannon barrage heights effect british guns reach american guns height failure barrage howe officers agreed colonists removed heights hold boston planned assault heights storm attack took place british elected instead withdraw march prominent sent letter washington stating british destroy town allowed depart washington given letter formally rejected addressed title letter intended effect evacuation began american fire hinder british departure march seeing movement british opened massive fire barrage lasted night killed men damage day colonists went collected fired evacuation march issued proclamation ordering inhabitants goods colonists continue war loyalist authorized receive goods return gave certificates effectively worthless week british fleet sat boston harbor waiting favorable winds loyalists british soldiers loaded ships time american naval activities outside harbor successfully captured diverted ports colonial control british supply ships march wind favorable leave turned march wind turned favorable troops authorized burn town disturbances marching ships began ships underway fleet departing boston included ships people aboard british troops women children aftermath americans clean british fleet sailed away americans moved reclaim boston thought british turned british left place risk smallpox men picked prior exposure disease entered boston command colonial army entered march risk disease judged low washington essentially british threat burn boston hindered departure city escape outer harbor entirely easy directed captain harass departing british fleet success capturing prizes ship carrying brush general howe fleet finally left outer harbor left wake small contingent vessels primary purpose intercept arriving british vessels successfully halifax numerous ships carrying british troops originally destined boston british troop ships landed boston fall american hands british departure ended major military activities new_england colonies washington fearing british going attack new_york_city departed april army manhattan beginning new_york new_jersey campaign units derived american units participated thirty currently existing units colonial era fate british generals general howe severely criticized british press parliament failures boston campaign general given command general action disaster saw capture troops command general clinton command british forces america years fate loyalists massachusetts loyalists left british evacuated boston went england rebuild lives returned america war stayed nova scotia settling places like active future development nova scotia new_brunswick following siege boston effectively ceased military target continued focal point revolutionary activities port acting important point fitting ships war leading citizens important roles development future united_states boston area communities mark march end siege evacuation day | Siege of Boston | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
18385_SiegeofSavage'sOldFields | siege savage old fields siege savage old fields known november encounter patriot loyalist forces country town ninety south_carolina early american revolutionary war major conflict south_carolina war having preceded military fortifications province patriot forces command major dispatched area recover shipment gunpowder ammunition intended seized loyalists force numbering established fort near ninety surrounded loyalists war early days partisan war southern country brutal later war siege conducted effectively stalemate days loyalists withdrew having lost killed wounded patriot killed wounded patriots withdrew coast major patriot expedition long resulted arrest flight loyalist leadership background american revolutionary war began massachusetts april free population divided reaction english coastal residents neutral favored rebellion significant numbers country residents german scottish immigrants opposed loyalist sentiment country dominated vocal active opponent patriot attempts resist king parliament august tensions patriot loyalist province escalated point sides raised sizable militia forces events largely time isolated instances tensions high sides struggled control munitions early august sent reverend ninety rally patriot support suppress growing loyalist support country able negotiate truce september september patriot militia seized principal fortification overlooking charleston harbor governor dissolved provincial assembly fearing personal safety fled royal_navy sloop war hms left control provincial capital council began improving expanding charleston coastal defenses eventually culminated exchange cannon fire patriot positions royal_navy ships harbor november matters escalated seizure loyalists october shipment gunpowder ammunition sent intended council responded organizing large scale expedition recover munitions november voted send colonel commander militia recover shipment arrest loyalist leaders siege richardson gathered forces major recruiting country learned gunpowder seizure arrived ninety early november men finding small town established camp plantation provided field fire force swivel guns began camp ordering construction improvised loyalist recruiting successful learned captain major leading large loyalist force estimated number ninety war council day patriot leaders decided marching face loyalists loyalists arrived day surrounded patriot camp leaders factions midst negotiating end patriot seized loyalists outside set lasted hours morning sides resumed firing long range loyalists attempted set fires creating use approach attempt frustrated wet ground loyalists constructed large wooden shield sought bring closer fort succeeded setting fire engine according account proof patriot guns afternoon november patriots held war council decided sortie night preparing action sunset loyalist approached flag decided discussion agreement meet morning meeting loyalists agreed withdraw patriots agreed destroy fort sides return prisoners taken november interfere communications respective political leaders patriot leaders required surrender swivel guns returned days later truce included reinforcements sides terms claimed apply colonel richardson force aftermath reasons loyalists chose negotiate truce unknown governor campbell described loyalists lacking effective leadership historian speculates caused colonel richardson preparations approach richardson mobilized men grew end november force country arresting driving away loyalist leadership campaign effectively ended december inches snow fell area richardson men unprepared snow difficult trek loyalist leaders escaped richardson expedition including notably fled west florida joined regular irregular forces serving british events resulted end large scale loyalist activity southern ways civil war progressively brutal following years ninety british outpost besieged forces command forced lift siege approach relief force british abandoned ninety long afterward | Siege of Savage's Old Fields | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
18630_AmbushofGeary | ambush ambush skirmish american revolutionary war fought december near new_jersey leader company shot ambush set local british forces captured new_york_city new_york new_jersey campaign established outposts central new_jersey son admiral sir operating station killed ambush body concealed later buried shallow grave preventing recovery british troops 19th century local historical interest led confirmation grave location establishment markers site england making casualty number militia actions resulted reduced scope british reconnaissance contributing eventual success george_washington crossing delaware success background general successfully drove george_washington continental_army new_york_city fall washington retreated new_jersey pursued general washington retreated way early december british began arranging winter quarters new_jersey establishing chain outposts british allies regularly sent reconnaissance foraging parties vulnerable attack local patriot militia companies area outpost commanded populated primarily particularly vulnerable militia raids detachment 16th queen light posted far away north area atrocities reported early december including claims rape girls pregnant women groups british german soldiers reports contributed increase patriot militia activity area north eldest son heir admiral sir born raised surrey educated oxford purchasing 16th light sent north_america arriving new_york end september october november unit mainly occupied northern new_jersey met little organized resistance december company ordered camp december seven members 16th sent north reconnaissance mission ambush detailed source action deposition attached application military pension cousin captain leader patriot militia detailed british accounts appear exist according account party rode verify supply salt beef pork ready army pick received intelligence movement previous day learned set morning gathering men number according set ambush wooded area miles south company rode militia fired volley musket fire killing brief description non participating british officer reporting event indicated alerted impending fire unable escape volley returned fire driven continuing militia fire aftermath appropriated portions uniform including sword silver plate cap inscribed british troops sent meet supplies questioned local inhabitants searched area find body concealed buried shallow grave day general capacity colonel 16th wrote admiral seldom felt pain acute communicating news america personally regards afraid authority good son met soldier fate experienced describes resign object near heart poor best trial unfit comfort time reflection relieve wish add tears corps private son parent assurance respect bear memory ambush similar militia attacks resulted british troops reducing range scouting danger going miles significant crucial americans began boats prior washington crossing delaware culminated december troops stationed miles river staging area crossing legacy traditions claim belongings hidden prevent discovery british troops coat said hidden pile wheat floor boots hidden oven said red thread ornamental purposes sword melted stiff leather hat farmer dip feed horses local residents unaware buried accounts persisted british recovered body body site suspected contain body found grave skeleton silver buttons labeled signifying queen light family placed grave marker site surrey contains relief depicting incident | Ambush of Geary | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
18745_BattleofOriskany | battle fought august battles north american theater significant engagement campaign american party trying relieve siege fort ambushed party loyalists allies native american tribes battles war participants north american loyalists allied indians fought patriots allied absence british soldiers early siege american relief force general numbering men party warriors approached attempt raise siege british commander authorized intercept force consisting light infantry detachment sir king indian allies nations particularly tribes north west totaling men loyalist indian force ambushed force small valley miles east near present day village new_york battle mortally wounded battle cost patriots approximately casualties loyalists indians lost approximately dead wounded result battle remains ambiguous apparent loyalist victory significantly affected sortie fort loyalist camps sacked morale allied indians nations battle marked beginning civil war warriors colonel louis allied american cause fought members nations internal divisions went canada allies british site known oral histories nations place great sadness site designated marked battle monument battlefield state historic site background june british_army command general launched attack quebec objective split new_england colonies gaining control new_york main thrust came south command second thrust led colonel intended come meet army near albany expedition consisted men mix british regulars loyalists indians tribes including rangers traveled saint lawrence river shore lake ontario ascended reach carry present day rome new_york later developed began continental_army post guarding prelude alerted possibility british attack head issued proclamation july warning possible military activity urging people respond needed warned friendly july british days arms force raised totaled composed primarily poorly trained farmers chiefly german descent setting august column camped near village august number militia dropped column lack conditioning forces augmented company warriors led primarily strong supporter patriot cause evening sent men fort messages fort commander colonel signal message cannon shots sortie meet approaching column difficulties penetrating british lines deliver message late morning battle underway learned august messenger sent brother leader led portion indian contingent relief expedition way sent detachment light infantry sir position evening monitor position followed early morning indians indians armed muskets carried spear battle morning august held war council force heard expected signal fort wanted wait captains pressed continue accusing brother serving accusations ordered column march miles fort road feet stream feet wide war chiefs chose place set ambush king waited nearby rise indians concealed sides plan stop head column indians attack extended column column horseback near descended crossed stream began ascending contrary plan indians lying wait near rear column apparently unable contain longer opened fire taking column completely surprise leading colonel shot horse killed volley turned horse action shortly struck ball shattered leg killed horse carried officers beech tree men urged retire danger replied face enemy sat leaning tree smoking pipe giving directions words encouragement men nearby trap sprung early portions column entered men panicked fled attacking indians pursued resulting string dead wounded extended miles loss column rear killed wounded initial half men likely fighting thirty minutes battle attackers notably armed muskets waited flash opponent musket fire rushing attack enemy time highly effective tactic men warrior fighting men shot enemy fire devastating accuracy noting time rises kills men men eventually rallied fighting way crest west concerned militia returned british camp requested reinforcements shortly thunderstorm broke seventy men headed battle thunderstorm caused hour break fighting militia higher ground instructed men fight pairs man fired waited fired attacked ordered fire pairs try weapon loaded times reduce effectiveness attacks leader rangers took time thunderstorm question captives learned cannon signal johnson reinforcements arrived butler convinced turn coats inside disguise relief party coming fort fighting restarted johnson rest joined battle patriot captain recognized face loyalist neighbor close combat times hand hand fighting neighbors continued time sortie fort reached fort colonel began organizing requested sortie heavy thunderstorm passed lieutenant colonel led men fort proceeded raid nearly deserted enemy camps south fort driving away british indians left camps included women taking prisoners way patriots collected blankets personal possessions indian camps successfully raided camp taking letters writings including intercepted letter fiancée indians stayed guard camp ran battlefield alert fellow warriors camps raided cries signal retire headed camps protect women possessions forced smaller number german loyalist combatants withdraw aftermath patriots battered remnant force seriously wounded captains killed retreated wounded carried men battlefield leg operation went poorly died august indians retrieved dead battlefield following day dead wounded patriots left field relief column marched scene weeks later scene according accounts memorable general learned retreat immediately organized additional relief sent area siege fort eventually lifted august relief column led general approached fort arnold sent british camp convinced british indian force larger fact loyalists loyalist promoted lieutenant colonel role battle authorized raise regiment known siege lifted loyalists returned quebec including numerous warriors tribes joined campaign hudson native americans principal chief proposed day continue fighting pursuing german turned proposal battle marked beginning civil war confederacy time peoples fought nations allied british camp met council decided send rebel allied bloody raided burned settlement later siege retaliation plundered castles later raided prompting remaining central new_york flee quebec according mid-19th century account indians said tortured eaten prisoners modern historians dispute likely prisoners taken killed europeans extremely similar torture appear evidence ritual reported prisoners held indians indian custom killed winners battle based percentage casualties suffered war half force killed wounded british force claimed battle victory stopped american relief column americans maintained control battlefield withdrawal opposing indians british victory tempered discontent indians battle joined expedition expected british forces fighting dominant fighters action suffered loss personal belongings taken american sortie fort blow morale contributed eventual failure expedition legacy indians battle interviewed years recalled thought time blood shed stream running sic ground monument commemorating battle erected battlefield preserved site recognized added national_register_of_historic_places honored town new_york named representation popular culture colonial settlement wars including novel film adaptation battle honored naming aircraft carrier uss launched battle acts novel | Battle of Oriskany | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
18811_HudsonBayexpedition | expedition expedition series military raids lucrative fur trading posts fortifications shores squadron setting sail expedition global naval war france great_britain american revolutionary war operating secret orders france marine minister sailed arrived prince early august fort surrendered fight stored york spirited away company ship evaded french fleet british prisoners sloop sailed england men fleet sailed minimal winter maintain secrecy suffered diseases hardships finances suffered raid contributed reductions native population business company background captain french_navy proposed idea expedition fur trading posts french minister ports visit france late france marine minister king approved plan issued secret orders fleet commander served event opportunity presented expedition idea organize small fleet secret rapid possible journey north newport rhode_island boston massachusetts northerly ports north_america open french ships duties campaign season provide chances exercise secret orders aftermath disastrous french loss april battle presented opportunity france spain planning assault jamaica losses incurred battle including capture admiral paul flagship paris led expedition arrival battle raised idea successor approved plan provided ships ship line guns frigates command paul led lieutenant preparations expedition carried secretly french aware short season far north ships crews officers informed fleet destination seeking avoid suspicion avoided carrying cold weather clothing admiral recorded fleet destination records france possible stops newport boston given sealed orders opened reaching latitude nova scotia fleet took regular infantry gunners field guns mortars troops told sent supplement french army newport weeks preparation fleet sailed expedition fleet reached entrance incident july proceeded sailing bay fleet encountered company ship making sail wales sent frigates chase captain behavior french ship lacked good charts bay escaped ruse gave orders sails preparing anchor prompted french captain believing shallow waters lie ahead actually drop anchor raised sails sped raise anchor prince wales fort august arrived prince impressive stone fortress defended civilians governor surrendered fort firing shot size french force evident day despite requests men allow french troops heavy guns loaded ships fort guns french proceeded premises according french took beaver skins spent days trying destroy fort able destroy gun mounts damage upper prisoners aboard company sloop anchored fort taken aboard french ships incorporated french crews york factory collected company small boats sailed company outpost peninsula august according report arrived area leagues miles york august fort defenses faced company ship anchored fast flowing approach impractical face opposition sailed mouth nelson moved troops smaller company ships august prepare amphibious landing plan approaching fort rear distance miles proceeded engineer discovered smaller boats difficulty approaching proper land small boat mud tide freed morning captain proposed major commander troops cross muddy foot troops set unknown conditions improved marginally land reached spent days reach fort returned fleet bad weather threatening safety fleet frigates lost anchors sharp rocks underwater cut cables turbulent conditions occupied white men indians french ships spotted governor loaded trade goods king george fall french hands french arrived august surrendered fort sent frigate king george sailed night fleet arrival captain successfully pursuit superior knowledge shallow waters bay major took british garrison prisoner destroyed goods burned wooden fort ground careful preserve supplies use indians came fort trade acts kindness treatment captives brought recognition british government learn capitulation august continuing bad weather difficulties frigates meant effect junction august terms capitulation included surrender small outpost chose actually account season poor condition ships men suffering process loading goods supplies fleet small boats overturned men drowned aftermath began journey atlantic far cape resolution cut loose way england sailed sail brest deliver news expedition success paris expedition took tremendous toll ships crews time ships returned europe men original complement including land troops fit work men died suffered deaths sick ships suffered damage cold weather ice received promotion arrival brest late october according company goods taken prince wales worth raid damaged company finances paid peace finally came treaty paris french agreed compensate company losses raid permanent damage company trading relationships traded company suffered severely company inability provision ongoing smallpox epidemic indian populations north_america lost half population estimates company inability trade season drove survivors develop trading relationships montreal sanctioned company surrendering returned posts following year french took prince found journal claimed prize journal contained accounts northern reaches north_america pleaded return request granted condition published intended publish unclear year death prepared manuscript submitted publication published journey fort hudson bay rewarded rise pay exploit drew popular acclaim europe north_america major assignment lead voyage exploration pacific_ocean fleet served second command seen vicinity australia spring remnants expedition found fate unknown | Hudson Bay expedition | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
19601_Saratogacampaign | campaign attempt british high command north_america gain military control strategically important hudson_river valley american revolutionary war ended surrender british army historian argues great turning point war won americans foreign assistance element needed victory primary thrust campaign planned initiated general commanding main force men moved south june quebec middle new_york marched divide initially patriot defenders mixed results losses september october deteriorating position increasing size american army forced surrender forces american general gates october elaborate plans drawn london failed colonel assigned albany new_york east valley forced retreat siege losing indian allies major expedition south london general sent army philadelphia sending hudson_river coordinate minute effort reinforce new_york_city early october little late american victory enormous morale boost fledgling nation important convinced france enter war alliance united_states openly providing money soldiers munitions fighting naval war worldwide britain british strategy end apparent england new_england difficult high concentration patriots london decided new_england concentrate central southern regions loyalists supposedly rallied december general met lord british secretary state colonies government official responsible managing war set strategy main armies north_america work general army quebec general army driven george_washington army new_york_city new_york campaign howe plan attack philadelphia november howe british commander chief north_america wrote outlining ambitious plan campaign howe said sent substantial reinforcements launch multiple including sending men hudson_river albany new_york autumn howe south capture capital philadelphia howe soon changed mind writing letter reinforcements arrive retreat continental_army winter philadelphia increasingly vulnerable target howe decided capture philadelphia primary object campaign howe sent revised plan received february plan capture albany seeking command major force proposed new_england invasion quebec new_york attempted general stopped short scale invasion season heavily criticized london taking advantage american retreat quebec intensely disliked combined rival failed attempt capture charleston south_carolina placed good position command northern campaign presented written plan lord february approved gave command main expedition invasion plan quebec components lead main force men south montreal second column men chosen lead east valley strategic diversion expeditions converge albany link troops howe army marching hudson control lake lake george hudson river route canada new_york_city cut new_england rest american colonies proposal advance howe hudson new_york_city proved controversial campaign approved plan having received howe letter detailing proposed offensive philadelphia told london time howe revised plans unclear sources claim state notified changes campaign underway believes probably aware problems lay ahead notified philadelphia plan howe expectations degree howe supposed support invasion quebec unclear clear left generals latitude clearly defined overall strategy march approved howe philadelphia expedition include express orders howe albany sent howe copy instructions stated northern army junction howe army albany letter howe dated clear philadelphia expedition executed time operate army ordered proceed canada command letter received howe departed new_york attack moved overland new_jersey sea options kept position aid necessary final route took chesapeake_bay immensely time consuming left wholly unable assist envisioned decision difficult understand howe hostile critics accused deliberate returned quebec bearing letter lord introduced plan lacked details produced conflicts command plagued british war lieutenant general technically governor quebec instructions specifically limited role operations quebec slight combined failure command expedition led resignation later refusal supply troops quebec regiments garrison forts crown point captured american strategy george_washington army new_jersey american military command good picture british plans principal question minds washington generals turns responsible continental_army defense hudson_river movements howe army new_york significant knowledge planned british forces quebec spite complaints montreal knew planning generals disagreed likely movement congress rendered opinion army likely new_york sea partly result fact isolated supply lines howe moved north garrisons fort hudson valleys significantly increased took measure april sending large regiment colonel fort upper valley step defending british movements area washington ordered regiments held new_york directed north south response british movements american troops allocated new_york theater june troops including colonel outposts troops hudson_river highlands command general commanded troops inclusive local militia troops international interest seven years war france foreign ministers beginning followed general idea independence britain north american colonies good france bad britain furthermore french attempts recover parts new france detrimental cause war broke foreign minister outlined series proposals led secret french spanish support congress preparations possibility war including expansion navies think open participation war politically feasible washington army demonstrated strength ability gain military victories significant assistance aim french participation war closely monitored news north_america london worked remove spanish participation war went far propose war king august news howe capture new_york_city scuttled plan campaign begins army arrived quebec spring participated routing continental_army troops province addition british regulars troops quebec included regiments german common reference comes command baron regular forces british regulars germans assigned valley expedition men remained quebec protect province remaining forces assigned campaign albany regular forces supposed augmented militia raised quebec june managed raise small companies expected indians support expedition joined montreal crown point army transport difficulties left quebec apparently anticipated expedition expected travel mainly water wagons horses draft animals available large equipment supplies land portions route early june issue orders sufficient army consequently poorly constructed green wood teams driven civilians higher risk june reviewed assembled forces north given command addition sailing ships built previous year sixth built captured provided transport military cover large fleet transport boats moved army south lake army launched day regulars artillery pieces ranging light mortars pound pieces regulars organized advance force brigadier general divisions major general led british regulars right baron held left regular troops started good condition notably german poorly equipped wilderness fighting colonel expedition assembled mid june force mixed company british regulars loyalists rangers indian department numbering men left near montreal june falls army traveled lake occupied fort crown point june screening activities indian support highly effective keeping americans learning details movements general left command surrounding defenses garrison regulars militia idea july strength army large elements miles away ordered general hold long possible planned avenues retreat open began outer defense works july july american garrison fort nearby extensive fortifications vermont lake unknown americans withdrawal outer defensive position cleared way british place artillery known heights commanded fort withdrew night spotting british cannon sugar july men occupied main fortification positions mount independence july surrender supposedly fort caused public political later investigation cleared wrongdoing withdrawal caused replace general commander continental_army august sent forces main body pursue retreating army sent south different routes british caught elements retreating americans times general elements baron troops faced determined resistance july skirmish day vanguard main army met retreating companies skirmish followed july forward company british army nearly actions cost americans casualties incurred british demonstrated british officers present americans capable putting stiff resistance army reduced men result actions left men garrison magazine crown point defend battles followed resulted casualties bulk army retreated present day vermont issued appeals states militia support arranged area livestock supplies delivered hudson_river american armies reached july days marches remnants scattered rejoined army remains regiment stationed manchester grants reaction delay settled house pieces army considered steps penned letters describing british victory intended public consumption news reached capitals europe king george happy news effectively scuttled early proposal french entry war british diplomats increased pressure french spanish demanding close ports american shipping demand refused markedly increased tensions powers news harshly received congress american public including july issued orders series movements army rough road fort anne heavy artillery transported lake george troops sent road primarily diversion intended suggest aiming decision army overland fort anne curious contradicted earlier commentaries planning expedition observed defenders easily block route decision appears motivated factors perception moving army water require movement perceived retreat second influence property benefit improved road build general albany received word fall immediately rode garrison regulars militia decided passage difficult possible axe weapon easier fell large trees enemy path remove brought advance crawl troops forcing use supplies july wrote lord complaining americans systematically trees destroying bridges streams road employed earth tactics deny british access local provisions spite lack movement scouts active work crews attacked tactics required build road wilderness guns troops task took weeks moved july reached july finding abandoned retreat ended new_york left joined indians fox members region leadership expedition lieutenant colonel sailed lawrence crossed arrive incident regulars supported canadian loyalist militia joined indians led war chiefs leaving july marched fort began besieging august members indian allies marched relieve siege british indians ambushed august bloody americans held field battle retreated heavy casualties suffered including mortal wounding leader general warriors nations fought sides battle marking beginning civil war nations action besieged americans staged sortie raided nearly indian camp combined significant indian casualties significant blow indian morale august left new_york men continental_army expected recruit members militia arrived fort august arnold raise militia militia men interested joining instead resorted staged escape loyalist captive convinced arnold coming larger force actually news rest indians withdrew took remaining supplies forced raise siege head quebec arnold sent detachment short way turned rest force east rejoin american forces remaining men eventually arrived fort september arrival late effectively support army growing american forces mounting difficulties advance army approach preceded wave indians chased away small contingent troops left allies began raids frontier families settlements effect increasing reducing local support american rebels particular death indian hands attractive young loyalist widely publicized served catalyst rebel support decision punish perpetrators seen inability indians control bulk army trip days army lack adequate transport served delay army supply train hampered lack draft animals wagons capable dealing rough tracks wilderness took time follow august finally succeeded making way american lines camp fort edward numerous attempts british generals communicate frustrated capture hanging americans bring good news july howe wrote preparing depart sea army capture philadelphia general clinton responsible new_york_city defense act occurrences direct refused contents dispatch staff realizing supply problem decided act suggestion july forces stationed time observed area rich draft animals horses seized army benefit including mounting currently pursuing idea sent colonel regiment western massachusetts august detachment returned august battle reinforcements sent came ravaged battle deprived nearly men needed supplies unaware calls militia support following withdrawal answered general placed men stark force killing capturing detachment death acting rallying cries americans important effect blamed indian canadian allies death indians lost number showed gratitude result indians left british camp leaving fewer indian scouts left protection woods american rangers later blame countered respected indians lord sided american change fortune tactic delay worked field result different matter general philadelphia congress discussed shock fall gates willing help assign blame reluctant generals congress general george_washington wanting large direct confrontation eliminate occupation forces washington feared probably lose war head praised gates remarked shall hold post shoot general objections new_york delegation congress sent gates command august ordered states pennsylvania massachusetts militias august gates arrived albany charge cold arrogant manner excluded war council left philadelphia shortly gates intimate knowledge area month august continuing september militia companies arrived continental_army camps hudson augmented troops washington ordered north general arnold operation relieve troops arrived end august included crack rifle corps sent north army news american successes fort combined outrage death rallied support swelling gates army rank file number include stark small army reduced size disease departure companies augmented troops raised general assigned attacks supply communications battle depicted single event actually month long series maneuvers punctuated battles beginning september army strong located east bank hudson learned failure august earlier howe giving substantial support new_york_city faced need reach winter quarters require retreat advance albany decided subsequent decision crucial decisions decided deliberately cut communications north need maintain chain heavily fortified outposts position decided cross hudson_river relatively strong position ordered forces rear abandon outposts south ordered army cross river north september moving departure indian support deprived reliable scouting advanced south september vanguard army reached position north miles american defensive line skirmishes occurred leading elements armies gates took army located near mouth south september ordered army men effective combat troops idea setting defenses polish engineer found area inadequate proper defensive works new location found miles north miles south location laid defensive lines stretching river called heights right defenses nominally given general lincoln leading troops intended diversion gates assumed command portion line gates general arnold previously good relationship command army left western defenses relationship arnold chose staff command friends gates hated combined gates arnold eventually brought internal power generals arnold recognized importance american left flank recognized american position flanked divided forces sending large detachment west september arnold recognizing british attack left likely asked gates permission forces maneuver gates refused carry general movement wanted wait defenses expected frontal attack permit arnold send light infantry reconnaissance force forces precipitated contact right flank ensuing battle british gained control cost casualties percent forces battle feud gates arnold erupted gates mention arnold official account battle sent congress transferred morgan company technically independent operated arnold command battle direct command arnold gates noisy argument gates quarters gates said general lincoln replacing following argument arnold drafted letter gates outlining grievances requesting transfer washington command gates gave arnold pass leave continued inflict petty arnold commonly referenced reason arnold chose remain petition signed line officers gates lincoln convinced stay proposals document considered contemporary evidence actually drafted signed considered attack day called noted men previous day dug army waited news receive assistance south letter received general clinton new_york september suggested movement hudson draw gates army aware persistent reducing size army army running short food critical supplies know american army daily growing size gates intelligence dire situation camp attack unknown battle general lincoln colonel staged attack british position fort lincoln collected men early september marching north received word guard susceptible surprise lincoln sent detachments men divide distract enemy went found abandoned british second went capture east led approach morning september brown surprised british defenders southern end trail connecting rapidly moving trail men continued surprise british defenders capture artillery pieces reached height land occupied old french lines named french defense held larger british army battle way released prisoners increasing size force captured nearly demand fort surrender refused days brown men fort exchanged cannon fire little effect insufficient manpower actually assault fort brown withdrew unsuccessful attempt capture storage depot island lake general gates wrote lincoln day ordering force moment lost lincoln reached september troops arrive 29th sir attempts diversion general howe left new_york philadelphia general sir charge new_york defense instructions assist opportunities arose clinton wrote september push fort montgomery days think men assist received letter immediately replied appealing clinton instruction attempt advance retreat based likelihood clinton arrival albany support indicated receive response october forced retreat october clinton sailed hudson_river men october day receiving appeal captured highland forts named clinton montgomery received clinton dispatches following victory captured clinton followed victory chain hudson sent raiding force river reached far north october turning word clinton movements reached gates battle addition lincoln men militia units poured american camp swelling american army men army short rations october called council day decision meeting launch reconnaissance force men american left flank led detachment early afternoon october movements spotted gates wanted order men opposition arnold said clearly insufficient large force sent gates time arnold tone dismissed saying business gates similar advice given lincoln addition sending morgan company british right sent brigade left poor men contact underway initial american attack highly effective attempted order withdrawal aide shot order broadcast intense fighting flanks force exposed center held learned determined attack general mortally wounded phase battle frequently claimed work morgan men story appears 19th century fall arrival additional american troops ordered left force retreat entrenched lines general arnold frustrated sound fighting involved rode american headquarters join arnold claimed drunken fury took battle british position right british line consisted erected manned light infantry lord arnold rallied troops attack success rode gap space guarded small company canadian learned men followed assault open rear arnold horse shot pinning breaking leg killed fierce action position taken night falling battle came end battle troops nearly men killed wounded captured compared americans surrender died wounds early day nearly sunset buried ordered army subjected persistent harassment americans retreat consequence general lincoln wounded combined arnold wounds deprived gates field commanders took army nearly days reach heavy rain american column slowed army pace aided logistical problems american camp army ability forward hampered delays bringing forward issuing rations gates order detachments positions east hudson oppose attempted crossings morning october army completely surrounded council voted open negotiations terms agreed october insisted calling convention capitulation wife commander german troops describes journal confusion starvation retreating british army account death officers men terrified women taken shelter cellar later known desperation besieged army october following ceremony gave sword gates returned army approaching strong marched surrender arms american musicians played yankee aftermath british troops withdrew crown point november free british troops early december american troops hand work alerted general clinton raids hudson army marched south albany october detachments accompanied east guests general come north albany witness surrender allowed return england parole spent years defending actions parliament press eventually exchanged american prisoners response surrender congress declared december national day thanksgiving praise recognition military success nation official holiday terms convention army march boston british ships transport england condition members participate conflict formally exchanged congress demanded provide list troops army terms agreement concerning future combat enforced refused congress decided honor terms convention army remained captivity army kept time sparse camps new_england individual officers exchanged eventually marched south virginia remained prisoner years captivity large number men year escaped effectively deserted settling united_states consequences december word reached versailles philadelphia fallen surrendered days later king negotiations alliance treaty signed february france declared war britain month later hostilities beginning naval skirmishes june spain enter war entered war ally france secret treaty diplomatic moves following french entry war material impact later entry war neutrality important players like russia british government lord north came sharp criticism news surrender reached london lord said secretary incapable conducting war opined incorrectly turned near end american war lord north issued proposal peace terms parliament include independence finally delivered congress rejected campaign preserved way usually state national parks historic sites state federal control monuments erected mark battles listed national historic landmarks separately listed national_register_of_historic_places battles regularly actually fought present day new_york marked state vermont battle day contributions american success campaign particularly noteworthy sides bearing statues generals instrumental success gates morgan fourth representing arnold park contains boot monument identifying arnold clearly honors contribution second battle | Saratoga campaign | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
19670_BurningofNorfolk | burning norfolk burning norfolk incident occurred january american revolutionary war british_royal_navy ships harbor norfolk virginia began town landing parties came ashore burn specific properties town significantly loyalist population fled occupied whig revolutionary forces virginia north_carolina forces worked drive landing parties progress flames began burning looting properties days town destroyed principally action whig forces destruction completed whig forces early february deny use remnants british norfolk significant british authority virginia raiding virginia coastal areas time royal governor lord left good august background tensions british colony virginia raised april roughly time hostilities american revolutionary war broke battles lexington concord rebellious known patriots control provincial assembly begun recruiting troops march leading struggle control colony military supplies orders 4th earl royal governor virginia british marines removed gunpowder colonial royal_navy ship members colonial legislature prompting militia uprising incident resolved violence fearing personal safety left june placed family board royal_navy ship small british fleet took shape norfolk port town merchants significant loyalist tendencies town whig support threat posed british fleet played role activity town confrontations minor skirmishes continued virginia october acquired military support begin organized operations rebellious general british commander chief north_america ordered small detachment 14th regiment foot virginia response pleas military help troops began raiding surrounding counties rebel military supplies october activity continued end october small british ship ran aground captured skirmish near navy boats sent punish townspeople repulsed continental_army troops militia brief resulted killing capture sailors reacted event issuing proclamation november declared martial law offered whig held slaves virginia willing serve british_army proclamation alarmed whig alike concerned idea armed slaves potential loss property able recruit slaves form raising company called queen local forces supplemented companies 14th foot sole british military presence colony successful recruiting drive prompted write november soon able reduce colony proper sense duty virginia assembly sent companies militia command colonel 2nd virginia regiment october militia continued arrive force swollen men advanced great bridge early december troops fortified north bridge began position bridge militia companies arrived surrounding counties north_carolina december british troops attempted disperse force decisively repulsed following battle british retreated norfolk shortly entire force withdrew royal_navy ships anchored norfolk harbor remaining population town force continued grow arrival colonel north_carolina regulars day battle continental_army occupation norfolk december whig forces having grown militia arrivals howe moved norfolk colonel howe held senior continental_army commission assumed command occupying forces adopted hard line dealings royal_navy captains denying delivery supplies ships insisting exchange prisoners howe concerned possibility british attack appealed additional troops consideration realized british fleet easily maneuver town garrison consequently recommended virginia assembly town abandoned rendered useless enemy december liverpool arrived accompanied store ship loaded supplies munitions positioned ships liverpool threatening line town waterfront setting exodus people possessions town christmas eve liverpool captain sent amounted ultimatum town stating preferred purchase provisions instead taking force howe rejected ultimatum prepared bombardment december demanded whig forces cease changing guard waterfront found offensive suggested women children leave town howe refused withdraw men telling officer point conceive duty burning looting new year day howe guards ships british fleet opened fire town mounting guns town evening hours landing parties sent ashore retrieve provisions set fire buildings whig posts fire fleet british movements particularly coordinated succeeded setting waterfront whig militia resisted landing parties little stop flames spread winds loyalist properties targeted burning looting shortly bombardment began including local british ended operations day fires continued rage morning colonel howe reported town doubt day burning looting occupying continued days time order restored town destroyed aftermath damage town whig forces significantly exceeded british destroying buildings valued estimated million modern pound sterling comparison british bombardment destroyed properties worth addition damages lord british occupation norfolk colonel howe report omitted role whig forces burning repeated recommendation town destroyed newspaper account published lord prompted questions whig circles event assumed british forces responsible damage inquiries immediate aftermath convention approved howe plan february remaining structures destroyed extent whig participation burning acknowledged whig forces withdrew ruins town completing destruction took posts nearby towns organized march general arrived command continental_army mobilized militia camp established near portsmouth finally abandoned virginia good august lands established later fortified defensive positions weak prevent british_royal_navy bombarding norfolk result following war bought fortified land norfolk established fortifications reinforced prevent naval assaults cities lie marker city hall avenue norfolk commemorating action | Burning of Norfolk | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
19950_FortificationofDorchesterHeights | fortification heights fortification heights decisive action early american revolutionary war precipitated end siege boston withdrawal british troops city march troops continental_army george_washington command occupied series low hills commanding view boston harbor mounted powerful cannons general commander british forces occupying city considered act cannon threatened town military ships harbor prevented execution plans howe chose withdraw city british forces accompanied loyalists fled city siege left city march sailed halifax nova scotia background siege boston began april aftermath battles lexington concord surrounded city boston arrived connecticut militia support siege told cannons valuable military stores stored lightly defended new_york proposed capture colonel commission authorized raise troops lead mission capture fort arnold conjunction militia forces connecticut western massachusetts captured fort armaments george_washington took command army outside boston july idea bringing cannons siege raised colonel eventually given assignment transport weapons cambridge went november course winter months moved tons cannons armaments boat horse drawn manpower poor quality roads semi frozen rivers forests swamps sparsely inhabited boston area called feat feats logistics entire war geography strategy british military leadership headed general long aware importance heights commanding views boston outer harbor harbor vital british royal_navy admiral later admiral provided protection troops boston transportation supplies besieged city early siege june british agreed plan seizing heights beginning better view harbor hills leaking plan precipitated events leading british americans daring heights armies knew strategic importance war washington took command siege july considered taking rejected idea feeling army ready deal likely british attack position subject attempt heights discussed early february local believed british troop strength high important military supplies like gunpowder low warrant action time end february arrived cannon additional supplies powder shells washington decided time right act fortification washington placed heavy cannons cambridge lamb dam diversion planned ordered batteries open fire town night march fire british returned significant casualties repeated night march preparations taking heights continued night march batteries opened fire time fire accompanied action general troops quietly marched hauling tools cannon hay placed path taken troops harbor order sounds activity night troops relief hauling cannon building earthworks overlooking town harbor general washington present provide moral support encouragement reminding march sixth anniversary constructed fortifications proof small arms work continued positions troops cutting trees constructing british assault works outside works included rock filled barrels rolled hill attacking troops washington anticipated troops flee try hill action probably reminiscent disaster british howe decided launch attack heights washington planned launch attack city cambridge preparations floating batteries boats sufficient carry troops washington judgment howe options accurate exactly options howe considered british reaction admiral commander british fleet declared fleet danger position heights taken howe staff determined contest occupation heights plans assault preparing send men cover darkness attack position washington notified british movements increased forces heights nearly men lines snow storm began late march halted chance battle days time storm subsided howe launching attack reasoning preserving army battle higher value attempting hold boston march delivered unsigned paper informing washington city burned ground troops allowed leave days activity bad weather british forces departed boston sea march sailed halifax nova scotia taking loyalist civilians legacy fortifications heights maintained end war abandoned war heights occupied potential british invasion following war fortifications completely abandoned later years 19th century hills source fill boston expanding coastline following revived interest local history monument constructed remaining high ground large irish population area instrumental having march day named evacuation day holiday massachusetts includes city boston added national_register_of_historic_places came administration national_park_service | Fortification of Dorchester Heights | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20099_SiegeofYorktown | siege siege known battle surrender german battle ending october virginia decisive victory combined force troops led general george_washington troops led british_army commanded british lord lieutenant general culmination campaign siege proved major land battle american revolutionary war north american theater surrender capture army prompted british government negotiate end conflict battle boosted american morale revived french enthusiasm war popular support conflict great_britain french soldiers landed rhode_island assist american allies operations british controlled new_york_city following arrival dispatches france included possibility support french west indies fleet washington decided ask assistance besieging new_york military operations british army operating virginia advice informed intent sail chesapeake_bay taken command army given confusing orders superior officer eventually ordered build deep water port began virginia movements virginia continental_army force led french american armies united north new_york_city summer word decision arrived combined armies began moving south virginia engaging tactics deception lead british believe siege new_york planned sailed west_indies arrived chesapeake_bay end august bringing additional troops providing naval blockade transporting silver collected citizens havana cuba fund supplies siege payroll continental_army santo domingo met agent spain planned leave warships santo domingo promised assistance spanish navy protect french merchant fleet enabling sail north warships beginning september defeated british fleet led sir came relieve battle result victory blocked escape sea late september washington arrived army naval forces completely surrounded initial preparations americans french built parallel began bombardment british defense weakened washington october sent columns attack major remaining british outer defenses french column took american column took defenses taken allies able finish second parallel american artillery closer intense british situation began deteriorate rapidly asked capitulation terms 17th days negotiation surrender ceremony took place 19th lord claiming ill absent ceremony capture british soldiers negotiations united_states great_britain began resulting treaty paris prelude franco american cooperation december sailed new_york troops portsmouth virginia raided richmond defeating defending militia january falling portsmouth admiral arrived newport rhode_island july fleet transporting soldiers encouraged washington french lieutenant general fleet south launch joint land naval attack arnold troops sent south men help assault reluctant dispatch ships february sent proved ineffective took larger force ships march fought inconclusive battle british fleet mouth chesapeake_bay withdrew damage sustained fleet leaving british fleet control bay mouth march arnold joined troops command took command combined forces phillips resumed raiding defeating militia burning tobacco warehouses april richmond suffer fate arrived british wanting engage major battle withdrew arrived men suffering heavy casualties battle courthouse assumed command phillips recently died fever received permission abandon carolinas superior believed virginia easier conquer feeling favored invading army arrival reinforcements new_york british_army numbered men wanted push force numbered men arrival virginia militia set withdrew richmond linked forces command baron pursue instead sent raiders central virginia attacked depots supply convoys recalled june headed force followed general clinton confusing series orders ordered portsmouth instructed build fortifications deep water port july french american armies met north new_york_city years warfare experience challenged washington authority telling washington come serve command washington discussed launch joint attack washington believed attack new_york best option americans french outnumbered british defenders disagreed arguing fleet west indies admiral going sail american coast easier options attacking new_york attempted early july washington suggested attack northern officers disagreed washington continued probe new_york area august received letter stating headed virginia warships soldiers remain october encouraged washington south launch joint operation washington abandoned plan new_york began prepare army march south virginia march virginia march led washington began august known celebrated march french american soldiers began march newport rhode_island rest remained protect washington wanted absolute secrecy headed washington sent fake dispatches reached clinton convinced franco american army going launch attack new_york danger french american armies philadelphia september 4th american soldiers announced leave maryland received month pay coin worthless continental paper currency general loaned washington half supply gold spanish coins time men paid went long way strengthening bond french americans september washington learned arrival fleet french troops join sent transports pick american troops washington visit home way august admiral sir led fleet new_york attack fleet graves realize large french fleet british fleet defeated fleet september forced fall new_york september washington arrived virginia siege initial movements september transports artillery siege tools french infantry shock troops head northern end chesapeake_bay arrived giving washington command army militia early september washington led army surround french took positions left americans took position honor right chain seven batteries linked earthworks batteries covered narrows gloucester point day washington british defenses decided bombarded submission americans french spent night 28th sleeping open work parties built bridges marsh american soldiers hunted wild eat september washington moved army closer british gunners opened infantry day british cannon fired americans casualties fire exchanged american pulled outer defenses west town east forces occupy earthworks immediately surrounding town received letter clinton promised relief force men week wished lines americans french occupied abandoned defenses began establish batteries british outer defenses hands allied engineers began lay positions artillery men improved works deepened trenches british worked improving defenses september french attacked british skirmish lasted hours french repulsed suffering casualties october allies learned british preserve food british slaughtered hundreds horses thrown beach american camp thousands trees cut provide wood earthworks preparations parallel began allies began artillery place british kept steady fire disrupt british fire increased 2nd allies suffered moderate casualties general washington continued visits despite concern shown officers increasing enemy fire night october british opened storm fire cover movement british cavalry gloucester escort foraging party 3rd foraging party led went collided virginia militia led british cavalry quickly retreated defensive lines losing men october washington ready open parallel night miners worked putting strips pine wet sand mark path trenches bombardment nightfall october troops moved stormy weather dig parallel heavily overcast sky moon shielded massive digging operation eyes british washington struck blows pick axe begin trench trench yards long running head half trench commanded french half americans northernmost end french line support trench dug bombard british ships river french ordered distract british false attack british told plan french british artillery fire turned french october british saw new allied trench musket range days allies completed gun dragged artillery line british fire began weaken saw large number guns allies october french american guns place american guns pounders eighteen pounders inch mortars totaling fourteen guns french guns opened barrage drove british frigate scuttled prevent capture americans opened fire washington fired gun legend shot smashed table british officers eating franco american guns began tear apart british defenses washington ordered guns fire night british repairs british guns left soon british soldiers began pitch tents trenches soldiers began desert large numbers british ships damaged flew town harbor october americans spotted large house believing stationed aimed quickly destroyed sank dozen ships harbor french began fire british ships scored hit caught fire turn set ships fire received word clinton british fleet depart october responded saying able hold long night october washington ordered americans dig second parallel yards closer british lines extended river british number way night british fire continued land old line suspect new parallel dug morning 12th allied troops position new line assault october trenches yards washington ordered guns range begin blasting weaken assault evening washington planned use cover night gain element surprise reinforce darkness added silence ordering soldier load musket reaching advance cold steel near river held men quarter mile inland held british germans heavily fortified rows surrounding muddy ditches surrounded yards washington devised plan french launch attack half hour later french assault americans assaulted french regular soldiers command german lieutenant colonel assaulted light infantry troops command briefly dispute lead attack named aide commanded battalion continental light infantry hamilton protested saying senior officer washington concurred hamilton gave command attack gunfire announced attack places line movements preparing assault caused british panic fixed americans marched hamilton sent lieutenant colonel rear prevent british escaping americans reached began british wooden defenses axes british called challenge fired americans americans responded charging crossed ditch climbed americans forced way falling giant shell holes bombardment british fire heavy americans overwhelmed shouted rush boys fort british threw hand grenades americans little effect men trench stood shoulders comrades climb bayonet fight cleared british entire garrison captured including commander major campbell assault americans lost dead wounded french assault began time halted undamaged artillery fire french began hack came asked response opened fire french soldiers fired charged germans charged climbing walls french fired volley driving took defensive position barrels threw arms surrendered french prepared bayonet charge capture washington able artillery shell town directions allies moved artillery october turned guns nearest allied position ordered party british troops command colonel attack allied lines spike american french cannon plug touch hole iron spike allies sleeping unprepared british charged shouted push brave boys skin british party cannon parallel guns unfinished french party came drove allied lines british able spike guns morning repaired bombardment resumed american french troops engaged competition damage enemy defenses morning october allied guns line fire intensified desperation attempted evacuate troops gloucester point troops able break allied lines escape virginia march new_york wave boats hit returned soldiers making evacuation impossible british surrender fire allies heavier new artillery pieces joined line talked officers day agreed situation hopeless morning october drummer appeared followed officer waving white bombardment ceased officer led french american lines negotiations began moore house october lieutenant colonel major represented british lieutenant colonel represented americans represented french sure fell apart french americans minute washington ordered french given equal share step surrender process articles capitulation signed october signatories included washington behalf french_navy captain senior royal_navy officer present british men declared prisoners war promised good treatment american camps officers permitted return home taking parole allied army entered british positions french left americans right british asked traditional honors war allow army march flags waving fixed band playing american french tune tribute washington firmly refused grant british honors denied defeated american army year siege charleston consequently british troops marched flags muskets band forced play british german march according legend british played tune world turn upside actually popular british marching tune time appropriate circumstances british soldiers issued new uniforms hours surrender prevented general threw muskets apparent intention smashing appeared drunk troops artillery pieces thousands muskets transport ships wagons horses captured refused meet formally washington refused come ceremony surrender claiming illness instead brigadier general presented sword surrender shook head pointed washington offered washington refused accept second command british charleston accept british soldiers marched laid arms french american armies civilians watched time troops river gloucester surrendered casualties french casualties killed wounded american casualties killed wounded grand total killed wounded british official casualty return siege listed killed wounded missing surrendered officers enlisted men sailors british fleet prisoners taken assault october men reported missing suggest men officially marked killed fact captured gives grand total killed wounded prisoners prisoners mentions german account gives higher figures killed wounded article controversy george_washington refused accept tenth article articles capitulation granted immunity failed effort press matter outcry tenth article immediate americans sides atlantic proclaimed sense betrayal effect disease malaria endemic eastern virginia time army suffered greatly disease estimated surrender half army unable fight result continental_army enjoyed advantage members grown malaria acquired resistance disease malaria month long period french soldiers begun exhibit symptoms surrender aftermath days battle ended october british fleet sent clinton rescue british army arrived fleet picked loyalists escaped october informed admiral believed surrendered graves picked loyalists coast confirmed fact graves sighted chose leave outnumbered ships sent fleet new_york british surrender washington sent report victory congress difficult journey arrived philadelphia celebrated days british prime minister lord north reported god told defeat washington moved army new_york remained stationed treaty paris signed september formally ending war legacy october elaborate ceremony took place honor battle centennial naval vessels floated chesapeake_bay special markers highlighted washington siege guns placed president sworn thirty days following death public speech president present descendants close ceremony arthur gave order salute british flag belief general sword surrendered battle day display white house historian history siege guns independence centennial account noting simply brigadier general presented sword held moment immediately returned siege known german die german battle germans played significant roles armies accounting roughly forces involved according estimate german soldiers served british french armies german americans washington army units active battalion 5th derived american units participated thirty current units colonial era popular culture film revolution starring directed provides researched scenes war including siege siege portrayed film patriot documentary film titled battle victory chronicles anniversary siege produced director musical hamilton features song battle world turned upside describes 10th fought parts battle | Siege of Yorktown | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20410_Actionof18June1793 | action june action june decisive celebrated encounters british french frigates french revolutionary wars action occurred devon british frigate encountered chased french frigate previous month frigate successfully raiding british merchant shipping english channel base response british frigates ordered intercept defeat french frigates venus fought inconclusive engagement june cruising devon coast captain sail appeared south east closing investigate rapidly identified ship gave chase french frigate initially fleeing captain turning fight began overtake ship crews cheering loudly frigates exchanged action lasting minutes ships fought hard british crew able successfully board french frigate haul mortally wounded engagement crew lost casualties compared board returned britain prize major french warship captured conflict proclaimed hero background february governed expanded ongoing french revolutionary wars declaring war great_britain light vessels british_royal_navy preparing conflict months having concentrated june anticipation outbreak war ships stationed large numbers north_sea english channel defend british maritime trade threat french commerce raiders operating french channel ports french_navy contrast social divisions divided france aftermath french revolution years earlier led collapse professional officer corps elimination rank trained seamen gunners grounds resulting experience naval combat counter french_navy operated armed frigates channel atlantic ports intercept disrupt movement british trade successful vessels early months war frigates captains respectively based response french raiders royal_navy stationed frigates selected ships captain captain highly experienced officer commended service american revolutionary war fought battle island engineering officer later european waters command frigate accompanied board younger brother commander time unemployed reserve officer enlisted volunteer aboard brother ship action nautical miles north west venus sighted ship closed strange vessel soon determined ship weighed long tons tons larger long tons british vessel carried guns mounting broadside gun broadside venus despite determined combat frigates close exchange long range shot firing general hours battle continued ships drifted closer attempted break action escape ship severely damaged casualties mounting initially able prevent ship escaping keeping pace retreating prepared fire second broadside retreating french ship new sail appeared belonging large ship flying french sails rigging damaged compete newcomer fell french ships linked new arrival later identified chased venus able use strengthening breeze escape eventually rejoining point broke chase british frigates subsequently french vessels northwards chasing week june engagement cost men killed wounded ship rigging sails badly torn hull undamaged larger seriously battered killed wounded severe damage sails rigging feet water hold praised subsequent histories causing damage despite size ship french frigate contemporary histories opponent important outcome engagement forced undergo extensive repairs leaving continue commerce raiding operations battle june escorting battered venus collecting fresh supplies sailed search passing eastwards english coast reached devon turned southwards june approximately nautical miles southwest sighted sail nautical miles southeast closed investigate stranger rapidly identified days captain initially raising sail escape british frigate obvious faster french ship lowered anticipation combat pulled range hailed british ship words clearly accounts differ response cry long live king george men followed cheers crew responded nation cheering french sailor attached captain cap liberty symbol defiance position begin engagement opened fire port broadside starboard quarter french ship responded kind ships kept heavy minutes extreme close range french ship suddenly hauled gave opportunity engage enemy closely french wheel destroyed successive killed snapped feet deck damage caused french ship swing wildly port suddenly starboard boom came rest fore main masts british ship significant pressure mainmast weakened french shot boom eventually snapped gave orders men storm ships crew refused swung frigates lay bow stern continuing heavy british worked french rigging ship damaged mainmast encouraging promise man successfully separated ships british captain initially concerned collision deliberate manoeuvre men case french launch boarding attack frigate soon clear movement french unwilling press attack reversed orders men assembled repel climb board instead orders british french frigate jumped rigging french yards attackers initially encountered fierce resistance hand hand combat lasted minutes french sailors broke ran gaining deck british boarding party hauled signifying end action later described event letter brother samuel minutes boarded took quarterdeck found captain struck torn away left hip close death seeing ship hands enemy reached pocket sheet containing french coastal codes tore paper teeth dying inadvertently destroyed commission ship captain instead codes later found intact body french casualties action totalled including killed wounded losses aboard severe losing men including officers killed wounded prisoners collected sent aboard leaving remaining french ship guard small prize crew ships separated way portsmouth arriving june aftermath arrival captured ship britain greeted celebration major french warship seized conflict news capture reached king george opera immediately spontaneously announced auditorium popular prints depicting action appeared rapidly large numbers wildly inaccurate shortly return britain brothers subsequently introduced king george lord chatham rewarded edward israel promotion post captain lieutenant promoted commander ship commended actions following official dispatch praised conduct engagement rapidly purchased royal_navy hms use prize money awarded totalled equivalent split crew authorised payment december ship considered good command remained service years warfare followed eventually sold time french allied frigates captured destroyed british military action decades later battle actions recognised attached awarded application british participants living soon action sir moved large frigate hms brother given command frigate served distinction sir edward captured frigates destroyed french ship line action january ending war commander chief mediterranean israel noted capturing french flagship battle command noted slightly heavier weight shot french ship carried personnel serving unified crew significantly longer aboard british frigate men tin miners pressed service weeks earlier conferred advantage french final boarding action loss commanding officers heavy casualties french crew enabled british capture ship heavy casualties ships demonstrated action james notes combatants displayed contest equal share bravery determination impressed opponent attended funeral portsmouth june later sent considerable money widow honour husband bravery | Action of 18 June 1793 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20604_BattleofFortsClintonandMontgomery | montgomery battle forts clinton montgomery battle fought highlands hudson_river valley far west_point october british forces command general sir captured dismantled purpose attack create diversion draw american troops army general gates army opposing british general attempt gain control hudson forts garrisoned continental_army troops command brothers general governor new_york general general led additional troops nearby new_york battle called battle number participants brothers probably related sir henry series withdrawing troops east landed troops west hudson assault forts hours hiking hilly terrain clinton divided troops stage simultaneous assaults forts approach contested company armed small field piece attacked forts nearly time captured relatively short battle half defenders killed wounded captured british followed success raids far north kingston recalled new_york_city action came late assistance surrendered army october notable consequences action casualties suffered british destruction forts departure background hudson_river valley strategically critical area american revolutionary war area moved supplies men materials new_england states south important british largely abandoned new_england objective military control later war june general began attempt gain control key area moving south british province quebec early success campaign logistical difficulties reaching new_york mid september held expectations campaign supported military forces based new_york_city command general forces meet albany miles south apparently result poor communications lord britain secretary state colonies political official charge conflict general howe decided instead attempt capture philadelphia sailed south army july leaving sir command new_york howe instructions general clinton primarily hold new_york_city engage offensive operations consistent goal instructions clinton july included promise reinforcements arrive promised time clinton consider making favor general approaching albany security opportunity presented letter howe reached august informing philadelphia clinton instructions clinton wrote letter september received 21st push fort montgomery days think men assist prelude american defenses highland region hudson_river valley near west_point defended continental_army troops state militia command major general based miles gorge enters hudson americans placed chain hudson prevent british naval vessels sailing chain western end guarded named late general overlooked gorge south west river south gorge established probably named general undergoing construction command general governor new_york command older brother james combined forces numbered primary camp british naval movements need pass roughly men men sites regular troops remainder short term new_york militia forces originally larger general washington ordered troops assist washington defense howe gates defense number local militia companies dismissed howe movements known received word arrival transports new_york september wrote governor clinton assistance immediately came south kingston charge forts british movements mid september time wrote letter sir men including poorly trained loyalists defend new_york_city letter expectation expected reinforcements arrive time hudson days september received letter written response direct plea action end september additional troops landed fleet arriving new_york october sir henry started hudson_river men frigates number smaller vessels day landed troops near draw troops troops marched ships continued north similar maneuver point miles south october poorly manned american outpost maneuvers completely drew troops eastern highlands sent messages hudson reinforcements shortly movement sir henry received dispatch explicitly appeals clinton instruction attempt advance retreat based likelihood clinton arrival albany support indicated receive response october forced retreat clinton response written october markedly formal response indicating providing requested diversion expectation reaching albany adding sir orders general fortunately clinton copies letter reached carrying captured battle morning october sir landed men point west hudson assistance loyalist guide marched local rise called descending place called encountered scouting party governor clinton sent reconnaissance retreated brief exchange fire sir henry divided force attack groups forts force men lieutenant colonel campbell composed 52nd 57th regiments detachment loyalists led began miles trek gorge fort montgomery sir henry waited remaining men starting trail order campbell time longer journey beginning simultaneous attacks forts governor clinton alerted skirmish immediately sent reinforcements shortly sending message learned scouts sir henry forces divided waiting reinforcements came sir henry successful brother james sent men sent company fort montgomery oppose campbell force fort montgomery detachment numbered men included small artillery piece commanded captain setting defensive position mile fort engaged campbell tired forces spirit eventually forced retreat able spike field piece abandoning british stand closer fort supported pound piece retreated cannon defense campbell position hour sunset having left offered chance surrender governor clinton refused battle joined campbell loyalists left german center british regiments right despite vigorous defense death colonel campbell british forces broke fort engaged near massacre avenge loss campbell officers narrowly escaped killed bayonet orderly book weapon point portion fort garrison escaped woods north fort main approach narrow strip land yards wide small lake river addition covered fort cannons governor clinton protected placing british advance sir henry sent 63rd foot lake attack fort northwest sent light companies 7th 26th regiments company main works followed 26th foot detachment 17th remaining british german companies fort montgomery defenders eventually overwhelmed surrendered subjected took place north number garrison including general clinton escaped embankment river took safety river aftermath casualties british casualties killed wounded americans officers enlisted men captured killed wounded apart wounded prisoners garrison americans forced destroy number boats area unfavorable winds prevented escaping day sir henry sent small detachment fort constitution small outpost opposite west_point demanded surrender lightly manned garrison refused retreated october face larger attack force governor clinton general clinton opted north troops western shore defense attacks steps defend attacks east british action captain begun clearing river american laid obstacles following battle october able report river clear far north sir henry returned new_york illness leaving general charge forts delays sending transports reinforcements north flotilla carrying men depart october orders clinton proceed hudson river feel general assist operations anchored evening near speculated movement effect surrender negotiations ongoing slow pace horse based communications unlikely general gates aware movement surrender terms agreed october troops burned day sailed north raided estate seat noted patriot family fleet pursued eastern shore forces grown considerably arrival militia companies connecticut posed significant threat withdrew boats october sir henry received request men general howe probably sent washington failed attack support occupation philadelphia new_york garrison operation hudson clinton recalled garrison holding forts forts destroyed troops evacuated october legacy site largely demolished way completed remains preserved bounds includes ghost town designation received placed national_register_of_historic_places located fort montgomery state historic site | Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20627_SiegeofPondicherry(1793) | siege siege siege colonial military operation early stages french revolutionary wars britain france controlled colonies declared war britain february sides prepared conflict india centred principal ports bombay madras calcutta administered french india governed modern british forces india considerably stronger french supported british_army detachments royal_navy squadron rear admiral defenses strong garrison small effectively man walls french frigate squadron stationed distant unable effectively protect french indian coast news outbreak war took months reach indian_ocean british forces recently engaged anglo war preparation immediately seized ports french india able resist siege instigated august colonel imposed naval blockade british forces constructed trenches batteries heavy fire following weeks days city cut began bombardment defences hours french commander colonel requested truce followed morning surrender background great_britain largest colonial power administration based port calcutta supported cities madras bombay network subsidiary coastal trading stations administration largely delegated maintained standing supported detachments regular british_army force heavily engaged anglo war naval support provided squadron rear admiral frigate blockaded war french military position india considerably weaker british significant investment colonies outbreak seven years war french held number small trading ports including important colony close madras fortified extensive modern defences designed garrison far small effectively man walls face determined siege french_navy presence indian_ocean outbreak war comprised frigates based india distant modern mauritius tensions europe steadily mounting french revolution french revolutionary wars began war new austrian great_britain initially engaged conflict diplomatic relations france rapidly deteriorating february shortly execution deposed king declared war britain long distances involved took months news outbreak war reach india passing british consul alexandria june news arrived madras passed calcutta june governor general india lord issued instructions operations territories french india lord brother william originally intended participate surrender seized french merchant ship eventually siege admiral anchored dutch ceylon learned outbreak war june immediately gave orders sail placed blockade shortly afterward captured merchant ship carrying ammunition supplies french port brief stop madras accompanying east captured french leaving july seized snow roads july july sails appeared southeast assuming belonged reinforcements investigation ship proved gun smaller vessels carrying supplies unit reinforce garrison closing french frigate discovered ships supporting blockade scattered delay gathering successfully escaped pursuit land army madras placed command colonel assembling forces marched occupying southwest south cutting garrison supporting city july reached city established positions red hill overlooking sending demand commander colonel surrender demand refused ordered detachments regiments foot occupy positions south city walls july manoeuvre prompted heavy fire planned launch main assault northeast corner defences weaker ground drier attempts establish batteries west north city efforts hampered heavy rain delaying construction defensive earthworks allowed garrison maintain constant fire work parties suffered consequent casualties fire especially heavy siege lines north city easily targeted french gunners august operations establish batteries continued days losses mounted august lieutenant colonel chief engineer killed cannon fire returning night inspection trenches night august main battery known royal battery came heavy damaged repairs successful morning august battery pounder long guns opened return fire city hours shots french defenses opposite fell silent return fire coming distant flanking batteries british fire intensified noon battery mortars opened bombardment flags truce raised city offer requested negotiate terms allowed following morning time construction british earthworks continue isolated accepted terms following morning army entered city took possession french garrison seized liquor supplies night drunk formally surrender aftermath british losses siege killed wounded relatively heavy french casualties recorded thought defenders exposed british fire day bombardment captured city french soldiers guns varying sizes materials substantial quantities ammunition french indian colonies surrendered summoned conflict assuring british dominance european powers noted british naval forces unusually weak period warship active operations french managed concentrate forces region considerably extended siege caused considerable damage british merchant shipping region french efforts recapture lost indian territories war regained terms peace | Siege of Pondicherry (1793) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20793_SiegeofFortWilliamHenry | siege fort siege fort conducted august french general british held fort william henry fort located southern end frontier new_york canada garrisoned poorly supported force british regulars provincial militia led lieutenant colonel days bombardment surrendered force included nearly indians large number tribes terms surrender included withdrawal garrison specific terms french military protect british indians withdrew area notorious incidents french indian war indian allies violated agreed terms surrender attacked british column deprived ammunition left fort killed significant number soldiers took captives women children servants slaves slaughtered sick wounded prisoners early accounts events called massacre implied people killed unlikely people british fighting strength actually killed massacre exact role french leaders encouraging defending actions allies total number casualties incurred result actions subject historical debate memory killings influenced actions british military leaders especially british general remainder war background french indian war started territorial disputes north american colonies france great_britain areas western pennsylvania upstate new_york years war gone particularly british major expedition general ended disaster british military leaders unable mount campaigns following year major setback french indian army led general captured garrison destroyed fortifications august july earl arrived command british forces north_america replacing temporarily assumed command death british planning plan campaign submitted government london september focused single expedition aimed heart new france city quebec called purely defensive frontier including contested corridor hudson_river albany new_york montreal following french begun construction known near southern end british built fort william henry southern end hudson_river miles south fort william henry area wilderness dominated historian described military left opposing cannons days apart plan depended expedition timely arrival quebec french troops opportunity targets frontier instead needed defend province canada saint lawrence river political turmoil london progress seven years war north_america europe resulted change power elder rising control military matters consequently receive feedback london proposed campaign march feedback arrived developed plans expedition quebec worked provincial governors develop plans coordinated defence frontier including militia province instructions finally reached march called expedition target atlantic coast known affect planning expedition significant consequences frontier french forces saint lawrence far support consequently free act assigned best troops expedition placed command new_york frontier given regulars primarily 35th 60th regiments provinces supply militia french planning following success assault seeking opportunity deal british position fort william henry provided british launching point attacks fort initially hesitant commit limited resources fort william henry knowing disposition british forces intelligence provided spies london arrived spring indicating british target probably suggested troop levels british frontier low attack fort william henry feasible idea supported french questioned captives taken periodic scouting raiding expeditions sides conducted including resulting january battle early december new france governor began process recruiting indians following summer campaign fueled stories circulated indian participants capture drive highly successful drawing nearly warriors pays remote regions new france montreal june indians recruited tribes lived closer saint lawrence british preparations fort william henry built fall roughly square fortification corners design intended repel indian attacks necessarily sufficient withstand attack enemy artillery walls feet thick log surrounding filling inside fort wooden barracks stories high built parade ground magazine northeast hospital located southeast fort surrounded sides dry moat fourth sloping lake access fort bridge moat fort capable housing men additional troops entrenched camp yards southeast fort near site battle lake george winter garrisoned men 44th foot major march french sent army attack fort command governor brother composed primarily colonial marine militia indians heavy weapons besieged fort days destroying large number retreating men replaced lieutenant colonel 35th foot spring established headquarters entrenched camp men located french preparations indians assembled montreal sent south joined french regiments combined marine militia companies arriving indians force accumulated amounted men french leadership difficulty controlling behaviour indian allies stop group forcing british prisoner run group stopped observed prisoner french authorities frustrated ability limit indians taking allotted share rations aide observed attempts curb activity resulted loss forces prelude things come large number prisoners taken july managed convince indians instead send captives montreal sold slaves prelude commanded area base fort edward received intelligence april french accumulating resources troops news continued french activity arrived captive taken mid july following attack work crew near july travelled party connecticut rangers led sent detachment lake reconnaissance returned word indians islands lake miles fort rangers secrecy returned august sent lieutenant colonel regulars massachusetts militia reinforce garrison raised size garrison ill smallpox siege indian allies begun south advance force french troops departed july command travelling overland western shore expedition boats carry entire force remaining forces sailed day met night bay night camped miles fort william henry far early morning august canadians blocked road edward recently arrived massachusetts militia summoned surrender refused sent south indicating dire nature situation requesting reinforcements feeling threatened refused send estimated men north stood french albany wrote august negotiate best terms possible communication intercepted delivered meantime ordered begin siege operations french opened trenches northwest fort objective bringing artillery bear fort northwest august french guns began firing fort yards spectacle large indian contingent day second battery opened fire feet trench creating effect garrison return fire limited driving french guards trenches fort guns burst stress use august sent fort truce flag deliver intercepted dispatch fort walls breached guns useless garrison taken significant casualties day bombardment french trenches approached yards raised white flag open negotiations massacre terms surrender british camp followers allowed withdraw french escort honours war condition refrain fighting months allowed muskets single symbolic cannon ammunition addition british authorities release french prisoners months agreeing terms tried sure indian allies understood chiefs undertake men process complicated diversity indian camp included warriors spoke languages understood european present british garrison evacuated fort entrenched camp french camp indians entered fort plundered wounded sick british left french guards posted entrenched camp somewhat successful keeping indians area took significant effort prevent initially planned march prisoners south following morning seeing indian decided attempt march night indians aware british getting ready large number camp causing leaders march morning morning british column began form march indians renewed attacks largely british indians entered fort housing wounded british supposed care french doctors killed complained terms capitulation violated contingent forced surrender baggage order able begin march marched harassed indians grabbing weapons clothing pulling away force resisted actions including women children servants slaves men left war sounded contingent warriors seized number men rear column french officers attempted stop attacks explicitly refused provide protection british point column dissolved tried escape indian onslaught actively tried defend massachusetts colonel reported stripped clothing repeatedly threatened fled woods reach august great difficulty troops got sooner fell rear killing order halt great confusion soon knew rear pressed forward confusion continued till came advanced guard french carrying away officers women children later kill road scene blood slaughter obliged officers apply protection told woods shift estimates numbers killed wounded taken captive time vary widely compiled estimates ranging detailed reconstruction siege aftermath indicates final tally british missing dead ranges surrendered aftermath afternoon massacre indians left heading homes able secure release captives taken took french remained site days destroying remained british works leaving august returning unknown reasons decided follow victory attack reasons proposed decision including departure indians shortage provisions lack draft animals assist hudson need canadian militia return home time participate harvest word french movements reached influential british indian agent august unlike acted arrived fort edward august militia indians infuriated johnson refused allow advance fort william henry apparently believing french report french army men strong attempt relief futile given available forces return captives august wrote letters behaviour indians attempting justify captives taken montreal indians eventually repatriated prisoner exchanges negotiated governor september small british fleet left quebec carrying exchanged prisoners taken variety actions including fort william henry fleet arrived halifax people captured fort william henry returned colonies fleet continued europe captives released eventually returned colonies consequences general recalled actions wrote englishman knew lord recalled occurred primarily failure expedition colonel died november historians suggested caused anger failure support lord upset event delayed implementing release french prisoners promised terms surrender general succeeded commander chief asked members 35th foot void agreement free serve went serve successful british expedition presided surrender montreal refused surrendering garrisons montreal normal honours war french failure uphold terms capitulation action legacy british later americans rebuilt site lay ruins years 1950s excavation site eventually led reconstruction fort tourist destination town colonial accounts time focused indians fact resisted killed words like massacre casualty numbers uncertain later releases captives receive level press coverage events battle subsequent killings depicted novel film adaptations book cooper description events contains numerous work descriptions event early historians like led belief people died actually wrote people carried hopeless captivity captured killed captured eventually freed historians disagree assign responsibility indian actions contends anticipated going happen deliberately ignored happen stepped atrocities way opinion account left montreal night august present massacre written protect vigorous defence claiming french officers prevent atrocities powerless stop onslaught notes primary accounts dominate historical record record compiled including terms surrender letters received wide publication colonies french british europe second publication book explorer served massachusetts militia present siege according originated supporting analysis justification idea people killed prisoner widely popular work president history published posthumously apparently coined phrase massacre fort william henry based work book likely influences cooper tended fault indian adopts nuanced view underlying cause massacre french leaders repeatedly promised indians opportunities glory trophies war including taking captives aftermath captives taken meaning indians visible trophies terms surrender fort william henry effectively denied indians significant opportunities war provisions claimed french army personal effects british stay leaving indians according bred resentment appeared french enemies british friends indians leaving promised war trophies participating indian nations according historian large number tribal nations present siege represented individual warriors individuals estimated travel miles join french coming far away mississippi_river claims atrocities included murder sick individuals digging bodies resulted indians infected smallpox carried communities devastation wrought disease following years notable effect indian participation french campaigns following years tribes lists | Siege of Fort William Henry | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20858_SiegeofCastelnuovo | siege siege engagement ottoman struggle control mediterranean took place july walled town present day montenegro conquered elements spanish year failed campaign ottoman_empire waters walled town besieged land sea powerful ottoman army offered honorable surrender defenders terms rejected spanish commanding officer captains knew fleet defeated battle relieve siege army suffered heavy losses resistance men eventually fell ottoman hands spanish defenders including killed loss town ended christian attempt regain control courage displayed praised admired europe subject numerous poems songs background main danger christianity europe expansion ottoman_empire armies sultan magnificent stopped vienna mediterranean christian offensive attempted eliminate danger great turkish fleet strong captured port ottoman admiral waters ottoman admiral required return constantinople appointed commander great fleet conduct campaign possessions seas captured islands ios besieged italian cities fortress province looted frightened loss possessions ruin trade conducted vigorous campaign creation holy league recover lost territories expel ottomans sea february pope succeeded creating league united austria allied fleet campaign supposed consist auxiliary ships army infantry cavalry army infantry gathered command fleet given nominally commanding officers papal venetian fleets respectively twice ships commander army sicily differences commanders fleet diminished effectiveness experienced opponent like seen fought fleet provided support land forces landed coast captured town small town strategic fortress venetian possessions area known venice claimed ownership city refused beginning end town garrisoned approximately men main force spanish veteran soldiers numbering men experienced named formed flags companies belonging dissolved year mutiny lack pay captains charge flags garrison included light cavalry soldiers small contingent greek soldiers knights artillery pieces managed gunners captain chaplain named remained traders appointed bishop town reason garrison large size projected great offensive heart ottoman_empire fate troops fortress depended entirely support fleet defeated capture short time venice withdrew accepting agreement ottomans venetian ships allied fleet chance defeat ottoman fleet commanded time supported experienced officer siege maneuvers sultan magnificent ordered fleet winter months ready battle spring infantry soldiers embarked aboard warships reinforce troops according orders received army numbering ships fighting men aboard blockade sea forces ottoman governor bosnia persian named fortress land command soldiers peaceful months prior siege improve defenses town repairing walls building new fortifications event lack available means plan town supposed function captain sent spain instructions help sent sicily captain vain imperial received news situation given fleet sent message recommending surrender june sent block entrance vessels reached june disembarked thousand soldiers aim finding water capturing spanish soldiers local civilians gain information spanish warned enemy presence dispatched companies captain cavalry attack fierce fight ottoman landing party forced embark returned afternoon beaten person waiting new attempt captains soldiers ottomans killed battle captured remainder escaped ships july arrived main force immediately began land troops artillery waiting arrival came army days later ottoman pioneers spent days digging trenches building heavy siege guns carried aboard fleet troops fields facilitate maneuvers bombarded sea pieces previously embarked aboard spanish undertook sorties siege works raids inflicted casualties favorite captains sortie spanish force men surprised units attempting storm walls killing leaving field corpses informed setback severely officers losses ottoman elite corps difficult replace gave orders forbidding skirmishes avoid repeat defeat great assault july army ready begin general assault artillery prepared break walls enjoying vast numerical superiority spanish garrison completely isolated unable receive support supplies offered honorable surrender spanish men granted safe passage italy soldiers retaining weapons flags added offer incentive giving soldier demand abandonment artillery gunpowder squad captain company managed return naples write version events years later recorded answer given consulted captains captains officers decided preferred die service god majesty great assault city launched shortly lasted day costly lives ottomans employed infantry artillery time assault bombard resulting heavy casualties ottomans friendly fire spanish defending night spanish improved defenses gaps opened walls attack resumed morning remained soldiers encouraging mortally wounded attacked perimeter ottoman soldiers killed bloody assault spanish suffered killed number men died wounds probably large encouraged successful defense spanish soldiers decided conduct surprise raid ottoman camp approval morning men took unprepared surprise places assault stopped panic spread ottomans troops broke ran including fled camp breaking tents including admiral personal guard feared safety lord ignoring protests took standard sultan following days artillery concentrated fire fort upper town thought key point fortifications proposed capture remaining cannons meantime continued firing fragile walls town august ordered assault ruins fort completely shattered casemates ruined major point defense reinforced garrison removed wounded preceding days assault began dawn battle lasted day captain distinguished fight leading defenders great courage nightfall remnants spanish garrison retreated walls town wounded leaving ruined castle hands day costly lives spanish officers defending castle corporal survived remainder killed battle survivors ottomans captured found immediately brought encouraged admiral continue assaults reporting spanish suffered heavy casualties lacked gunpowder shot injured exhausted ottoman capture august new attack launched walls report spanish sure soon capture took action cavalry ordered join general assault despite overwhelming numerical superiority ottoman troops spanish defense successful tower wall fell day ordered prepare destroy tower attempt failed unexpected burst gunpowder killed soldiers working dawn following day heavy ruined remaining pieces artillery gunpowder fight sustained swords knives wounded spanish soldiers forced arms help defend walls dying men remained hospital surprisingly surviving spanish managed repel assault definitive attack took place morning horseback wounded face arrows continued encourage men demolished heavy gunfire ruins walls ordered spanish survivors retreat idea consisted defending castle lower city civilian population taken refuge withdrawal perfect order discipline men found doors castle walled arrival offered rope raise walls refused responded god wants saved companions lost joined lead stand surrounded ottoman army spanish soldiers fought able fight end day ottoman hands aftermath ottoman units killed assault according rumor turkish losses amounted dead spanish troops survived wounded prisoners captain learning offered freedom place army admiral greatly admired actions battle successfully defended sinking venetian ottoman warships refused accept beheaded spur admiral half prisoners slaughtered satisfy ottoman soldiers angry great losses suffered capturing city survivors taken slaves constantinople managed escape prison years later sailed port despite failure retain fortress defense sung numerous contemporaneous poets praised spanish soldiers participated unequal engagement compared mythological classical history heroes considered immortal magnitude feat enemies siege ended failed campaign power ottoman_empire began negotiations attract imperial ranks vain turned efforts great expedition destroy ottoman sea power expedition known journey ended disaster storm scattered fleet army having suffered heavy losses truce magnificent signed remained ottoman hands years recovered war venetian captain general sea alliance won great victory turks near town fortress venetian rule | Siege of Castelnuovo | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
20930_Actionof16October1799 | action october action october minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars squadron british_royal_navy frigates frigates close spanish naval port spanish ships treasure convoy carrying silver luxury trade goods atlantic_ocean colonies spain sighted british frigate enforcing blockade late october spanish ships stages journey turning flee spanish soon found surrounded british frigates closed separated ships effort split opponents spanish captains unable escape captured short engagement october reached safety caught morning october approaches safe harbour short engagement amid rocks captured overwhelming british force captured ships taken britain combined transported great fanfare eventual value cargo assessed resulting largest prize money awarded background following secret terms treaty suddenly reversed position french revolutionary wars turning enemy ally spanish declaration war great_britain forced abandon mediterranean_sea entirely retreating ports force concentrated stationed main fleet base british blockade fleet won significant victory spanish battle cape vincent february spanish fleet playing significant role ongoing war spanish ports blockaded intention limiting spanish trade movement treasure convoys colonies south_america vast quantities gold silver valuable trade goods crossed atlantic regular armed frigate convoys intercept seize shipments royal_navy dispatched frigates patrol spanish coast encourage sailors royal_navy distributed prize money value ships material captured seizure spanish treasure fleet yield spectacular amounts money particularly large sums captured previous wars years conflict great_britain spain treasure convoy intercepted near action april occasion treasure smuggled ashore convoy seized pursuit august convoy gun frigates captain captain sailed cargo included sugar principally consisted million silver spanish dollars passage atlantic uneventful afternoon october convoy orders spanish port nearing destination fortified port city south northwestern point spain ports blockaded british frigates sailing independently crossing approaches search enemy shipping ship gun captain sighted spanish convoy position october turning away southeast spanish ships sail northeast search safe harbour pursuit october sail spotted southwest rapidly revealed second british frigate gun captain joined chase dawn sails sighted gun hms captain west gun hms captain north british frigates pursuit spanish captains sought split enemy divided directed closest british ship pursue faster young complied firing long range shot santa direction driving ship companion battle streamed past pursuit young focused attention coming range seeing battle inevitable bore bows effort young ship young turned order manoeuvre fired rapid responded kind hour frigates exchanged running fire realising escape impossible surrendered lost man killed wounded exchange suffered casualties subdued remainder british squadron continued southwards pursuit experienced officer good knowledge northern spanish coast intended lose rocky channels early october reached spanish coastal waters rounding rocks captain gore flow seven knots unaware obstacle crashed coming halt inflicting severe damage ship hull gore able bring soon continued pursuit assisted able block route frigates opened fire spanish ship sought shelter rocks close safe harbour movement hampered coastal blocked wind hour resistance approaching forced surrender ship superior british forces santa lost men killed wounded killed wounded single man wounded aftermath british force took control spanish squadron ships sailed appearance intending bring squadron battle immediately issued orders ships meet spanish promptly turned returned port coming range shore breeze enabled british ships prize rocks damage sailed directly fleet base plymouth arriving october find reached port day dispatches sent lord commander channel_fleet admiralty revealed scale prize found quantity trade series boxes containing coin including boxes dollars boxes dollars boxes containing dollars golden golden half totalled silver dollars sterling value trade sugar worth total boxes containing dollars bags dollars numerous loose coins total value silver dollars altogether sterling value cargo calculated equivalent captured ships written worthless additional money naval stores aftermath sailors squadron noted streets portsmouth wearing bank notes stuck hats buying watches fun issuing laws crew appeared gold laced hat man appeared silver escape representing articles bought compelled money gold lace vast sum money transported plymouth wagons guarded armed sailors accompanied musical bands cheering crowds security remained plymouth november removed london considerable ceremony placed sums awarded prize money distributed equal shares crews largest recorded captain given admiral command lieutenant warrant officer sailor marine regular seamen total times annual pay historian noted set pub captains normally paid year money years subsequent occasion spanish treasure fleet successfully intercepted battle cape santa maria october greater haul captured occasion admiralty obscure regulation seize bulk prize captains received historian noted action illustrates dominance royal_navy high standards stage war stating appearance frigates vast atlantic enormous resources british prosecution war frigate captains proceeded act perfect concert evidence needed shared standards mutual help assistance | Action of 16 October 1799 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21054_BattleofAntietam | battle known particularly south fought september near maryland major battle american civil war place union soil single day battle american history combined tally dead wounded missing pursuing confederate general maryland launched attacks lee army defensive positions dawn september corps mounted powerful assault lee left flank attacks swept miller fighting union assaults eventually pierced confederate center federal advantage followed afternoon union corps entered action capturing stone bridge advancing confederate right crucial moment confederate division arrived launched surprise counterattack driving ending battle outnumbered lee committed entire force sent quarters army enabling lee fight night armies consolidated lines spite casualties lee continued skirmish september removing battered army south despite having superiority numbers attacks failed achieve force concentration allowed lee counter shifting forces moving interior lines meet challenge despite ample reserve forces deployed exploit localized successes failed destroy lee army halted lee invasion maryland lee able withdraw army virginia interference cautious refusal pursue lee army led removal command president abraham_lincoln november battle inconclusive confederate troops withdrawn battlefield making military terms union victory sufficiently significant victory lincoln confidence announce emancipation proclamation discouraged british french governments pursuing potential plans recognize confederacy background military situation political objectives men entered state maryland september following victory second bull run august success confederate leadership intended war enemy territory lee invasion maryland intended run simultaneously invasion kentucky armies necessary logistical reasons northern virginia farms stripped bare food based events baltimore riots spring fact president lincoln pass city disguise route inauguration confederate leaders assumed maryland welcome confederate forces warmly sang tune maryland maryland marched fall sentiment winning especially western parts state civilians generally hid inside houses lee army passed towns watched cold silence army encouraged confederate politicians including president believed prospect foreign recognition increase confederacy won military victory union soil victory gain recognition financial support united_kingdom france evidence lee thought confederacy base military plans possibility plans intelligence man moving intercept lee union soldiers corporal sergeant 27th discovered copy lee detailed battle plans special order wrapped order indicated lee divided army dispersed portions geographically west_virginia maryland making subject isolation defeat quickly waited hours deciding advantage intelligence forces opportunity defeat lee decisively initial movements significant engagements maryland campaign prior major battle jackson capture assault battle south mountain significant large portion lee army absent start battle attending surrender union garrison stout confederate defenses passes mountains delayed advance lee concentrate remainder army opposing forces union army bolstered units absorbed included infantry corps corps consisted divisions brig brigades col brig col brig brigades brig col brig brig brigades brig col col consisted divisions brigades brig brig col brigades brig napoleon brig brigades brig col brig consisted divisions brigades col brig col brig brigades col major col brig brigades brig col consisted divisions brigades col col brig smith brigades brig col division brigades brig brig exercised operational command battle consisted divisions brig brigades brig brigades brig brig brigades col brigades hugh consisted divisions brig brigades brig brig brigades col col col consisted brigades confederate general lee organized large infantry corps corps consisted divisions brigades brig brigades alfred brig brig brigades brig brig brigades colonel brig brig brigades independent brigade brig evans jackson consisted divisions brig brigades col brig col brig brigades brig brig brigades brig brigades brig col remaining units reserve artillery commanded brig organized artillery attached division contrast corps reserved artillery corps level prelude battle disposition armies near town lee deployed available forces low ridge starting september effective defensive position terrain provided excellent cover rail stone fences limestone little creek minor barrier ranging feet width places crossed stone bridges mile apart position confederate rear blocked single crossing point ford nearby retreat necessary ford maryland miles northwest jackson march disposition union forces battle impractical consider retreating direction september force lee immediate command consisted men size federal army union divisions arrived afternoon september bulk remainder army late evening immediate union attack morning september overwhelming advantage numbers trademark caution belief lee men caused delay attack day gave time prepare defensive positions allowed corps arrive jackson corps minus division arrive jackson defended left northern flank anchored right southern flank anchored line miles long battle progressed lee shifted units corps boundaries overlapped considerably evening september ordered corps cross probe enemy positions division attacked hood troops near darkness fell artillery fire continued positioned troops day fighting plan enemy left flank arrived decision configuration bridges lower bridge soon named dominated confederate positions overlooking middle bridge road subject artillery fire heights near upper bridge miles east confederate guns crossed safely planned commit half army assault starting corps supported necessary fourth intended launch simultaneous attack confederate right fifth corps prepared strike center reserves attack succeeded skirmish served signal intentions lee prepared defenses accordingly shifted men left flank sent urgent messages commanders arrived battlefield divisions division terrain consequences plans ill coordinated executed poorly issued subordinate commanders orders corps general orders describing entire battle plan terrain battlefield difficult commanders monitor events outside sectors headquarters mile rear house east creek making difficult control separate corps battle progressed day essentially separate battles morning northern end battlefield midday center afternoon south lack coordination concentration forces completely advantage union enjoyed allowed lee shift defensive forces meet offensive battle morning phase location northern end battlefield battle opened dawn september attack objective plateau sat modest building belonging local sect german approximately men little defenders slight offset strong defensive positions division moved right moved left pennsylvania reserves division deployed center slightly rear jackson defense consisted divisions line southern end brigades held reserve inside union men emerged artillery duel erupted confederate fire horse artillery batteries west batteries col high ground pike south union return fire batteries ridge pounder rifles miles east caused heavy casualties sides described col lee artillery hell seeing confederate concealed halted infantry brought batteries artillery fired shell heads federal infantry covering field exploded chaos savage battle area men beat head rifle stabbed officers rode horses swearing orders hear noise rifles hot firing air filled hail bullets shells brig began advancing exchanged fire colonel brigade alabama georgia north_carolina troops walker men forced aided lee artillery fire division entered torn artillery brig brigade marched directly colonel georgia brigade enduring heavy fire range yards gaining advantage lack reinforcements ordered withdrawal reinforcements expected brigades brig col difficulties reaching scene wounded shell christian fled rear terror men rallied advanced met artillery infantry fire predecessors superior union numbers began tell louisiana tiger brigade entered forced union men casualties received 12th highest unit day tigers beaten eventually brought battery inch ordnance rifles rolled directly point blank fire slaughtered tigers lost men remained bloody stalemate federal advances yards west successful brig division recently named began advancing pushing aside jackson men halted charge men brigade heavy fire yards away confederate brigade withdrew exposed fierce return fire mortally wounded union advance resumed cut large gap jackson defensive line near collapse cost steep corps making steady progress confederate reinforcements arrived divisions arrived following night march general lee moved georgia brigade right flank army aid jackson hood division men advanced pushed union troops attacked particular called reserve position forced hot breakfast days aided brigades division arriving southeast brigade pushing supporting horse artillery officers rallied men artillery pieces 4th saw previous unit lose single hood men bore fighting paid heavy price casualties able prevent defensive line held corps asked fellow officer division hood replied dead field men paid heavily achieving objectives hours casualties started area yards deep yards wide scene destruction estimated changed hands fewer times course morning major assumed command 6th battle later compared fighting stone wall bloody angle slaughter pen cold harbor insisting surpassed manifest evidence slaughter called support men half men raw recruits inexperienced having taken command days veteran years service led large numbers soldiers combat concerned men bolt fire marched formation known column companies closed mass formation regiment ranks deep instead normal men entered presented excellent artillery target good target barn shot chest died day assumed temporary command new recruits progress hood line reinforced brigades division 2nd broke men fled mistaken belief trapped flanking attack breach line forced hood men outnumbered started day able reach original objective drove batteries federal forces held ground east attempted gather scattered remnants corps continue assault confederate spotted general conspicuous white horse shot foot command corps fell senior subordinate wounded removed field general left authority rally men men came heavy fire withdrew effort turn confederate left flank relieve pressure men ordered send divisions battle division men ford entered intention turning left forcing south assault plan went separated division accompanying division launched attack unusual battle formation brigades long lines men yards separating lines assaulted confederate artillery sides divisions early walker half hour men forced retreat great disorder starting point casualties including taken action months wound condemned historians reckless attack lack coordination headquarters losing control french division accompanied failing perform adequate reconnaissance prior launching attack selecting unusual battle formation effectively flanked confederate counterattack recent scholarship determined perform appropriate reconnaissance decision attack justified information available final actions morning phase battle regiments advanced confronted division newly arrived confederate right fought area soon walker men forced brigades division federal troops seized ground morning phase ended casualties sides including union corps commanders midday phase location center confederate line sunken road bloody lane midday action shifted center confederate line accompanied morning attack division divisions french lost contact headed south eager opportunity combat french found path ordered men forward time aide son located french described terrible fighting relayed order divert confederate attention attacking center french confronted division hill commanded men half number french brigades torn morning combat sector line theoretically weakest hill men strong defensive position atop gradual ridge sunken road worn years wagon traffic formed natural trench french launched series brigade sized assaults hill improvised brigade attack inexperienced troops commanded brig quickly cut heavy rifle fire deployed artillery point second attack raw recruits col subjected heavy fire managed beat counterattack brig included veteran regiments fell fire sunken road french division suffered casualties men hour reinforcements arriving sides sent final reserve division men bolster hill line extend right preparing attack french left flank time men division arrived french left divisions held rear organized reserve forces richardson fresh troops struck blow leading fourth attack day sunken road advanced green flags snapping breeze regimental chaplain father rode forth formation shouting words prescribed roman_catholic_church die later perform similar service irish immigrants lost men heavy ordered withdraw richardson personally dispatched brigade brig battle noon told rear finally tide turned anderson confederate division little help defenders anderson wounded early fighting key leaders lost including relation anderson successor col 2nd north_carolina killed minutes assuming command col 6th alabama gordon received wounds fight twice right leg twice left arm face lay unconscious face cap later told colleagues blood act unidentified yankee earlier shot hole cap allowed blood drain wounded thigh field losses contributed directly confusion following events brigade advanced right flank col men 61st new_york saw weak point line seized commanding sunken road allowed fire confederate line turning deadly trap attempting wheel meet threat command misunderstood col succeeded unconscious ordered men face march away order regiments brigade thought applied confederate troops streamed line lost richardson men hot pursuit artillery hastily assembled drove counterattack men led got federal left flank near sunken road driven fierce charge 5th new_hampshire stemmed collapse center reluctantly richardson ordered division fall north ridge facing sunken road division lost men col severely wounded richardson mortally wounded assumed division command excellent future reputation aggressive division corps commander unexpected change command momentum federal advance sunken road gave leaving casualties union confederate yard road great opportunity presented broken sector confederate line exploited lee army divided half possibly defeated ample forces available reserve cavalry porter corps waiting near middle bridge mile away arrived men ready exploit breakthrough senior corps commander ordered advance franklin appealed left headquarters rear hear arguments backed decision ordering franklin hold positions later day commander reserve unit near center heard recommendations commanding 2nd division attack center idea intrigued porter said told remember general command reserve army republic opportunity lost afternoon phase location end battlefield bridge action moved southern end battlefield plan called conduct attack support corps hoping draw confederate attention away intended main attack north instructed wait explicit orders launching attack orders reach strangely passive preparations battle abandoned previous arrangement wing commanders reporting previously commanded wing included corps responsible refusing higher authority treated killed brig corps commander orders corps divisions troops guns east facing force greatly depleted lee movement units bolster confederate left flank dawn divisions brig stood defense walker men col georgia brigade removed jones men guns available meet thin brigades guarded ridges near primarily low plateau known remaining men 2nd 20th georgia regiments command brig artillery batteries defended bridge span foot stone structure southernmost crossing known history bridge notoriety coming battle bridge difficult objective road leading ran parallel creek exposed enemy fire bridge dominated foot high wooded bluff west bank old quarry making infantry fire good covered positions dangerous crossing sector seldom feet wide stretches waist deep confederate range widely criticized ignoring fact starting confederate staff officer commanding terrain shallow creek crossing water comparatively easy difficult problem concentrated plan instead bridge simultaneously crossing ford engineers identified half mile downstream men reached found banks high negotiate col ohio brigade prepared attack bridge support brig division rest brig division struggled thick brush trying locate ford miles downstream intending flank assault bridge led 11th connecticut ordered clear bridge cross assault bluff receiving fire minutes connecticut men withdrew casualties strength including commander col fatally wounded main assault went terrain caused men reach creek quarter mile upstream bridge exchanged confederate hours division touch ford cox directed second assault bridge brigades led 2nd maryland 6th new_hampshire fell prey confederate artillery attack fell apart time noon losing patience sent succession forward ordered aide tell costs men increased pressure sending inspector general col confront reacted appears think trying best carry bridge fourth morning similar orders attempt bridge brigade commanded brig led 51st new_york 51st pennsylvania adequate artillery support promise recently canceled whiskey restored successful charged downhill took positions east bank maneuvering captured light position fired double bridge got yards enemy confederate ammunition running low word reached men crossing ford flank ordered withdrawal cost casualties giving fewer stalled assault southern flank hours assault stalled officers neglected transport ammunition bridge soldiers artillery wagons represented hour delay lee time bolster right flank ordered available artillery unit attempt strengthen badly outnumbered force infantry units left instead counted arrival currently embarked exhausting mile march hill men reached ford hill able relieved lee ordered bring men right jones completely unaware new men facing plan weakened confederate right flank converge cut lee army ford escape route left division reserve west bank moved west troops fresh guns close support initial assault led new_york cameron succeeded jones outnumbered division pushed past yards farther left division advanced lead brigade col containing colorful 9th new_york commanded col came heavy dozen enemy guns mounted ridge kept pushing forward panic streets retreating brigades jones division brigade intact men division arrived hill divided column brigades moving southeast guard flank men moving right brigade preparing counterattack brig brigade south attacked 16th connecticut left flank farmer connecticut men service weeks line casualties 4th rhode_island came right poor visibility amid high corn wearing union uniforms captured ferry broke ran leaving 8th connecticut far advance isolated driven hills counterattack regiments fell short suffered casualties possessed twice number confronting collapse flank ordered men way west bank requested men guns able provide battery said infantry fact fresh corps reserve porter cautious concerned greatly outnumbered massive lee imminent men spent rest day guarding bridge suffered capture aftermath casualties day american military history battle losses day heavy sides union casualties dead confederate casualties dead represented federal force confederate casualties union confederate troops died wounds soon battle confederate troops listed missing later confirmed dead fighting september killed american soldiers americans died battle september day nation military history generals died result battle including brig union mortally wounded brig confederate killed shot ankle defense survived battle died later october lee retreat removal morning september lee army prepared defend federal assault came improvised truce sides recover exchange wounded lee forces began withdrawing evening return virginia president lincoln disappointed performance believed cautious poorly coordinated actions field forced battle draw confederate defeat historian agrees making battle great odds save republic general committed barely infantry contest army fire shot men repeatedly drove brink disaster feats entirely lost commander thinking little defeat lincoln command president september october despite repeated president declined pursue lee citing shortages equipment fear forces general chief wrote official report long inactivity large army face defeated foe favorable season rapid movements vigorous campaign matter great disappointment regret lincoln relieved command army november effectively ending general military career replaced november general turning point american_civil_war students history question designation strategic victory union argued performed poorly campaign battle lee displayed great holding battle army greatly outnumbered casualties comparable sides lee lost higher percentage army lee withdrew battlefield technical definition tactical loser civil war battle strategic sense despite tactical draw considered turning point war victory union ended lee strategic campaign invasion union territory american historian summed importance book crossroads freedom campaign battle war multiple consequences july dual union struck blow renewed confederate offensive east cut western confederacy rest september capture atlanta electrified north set stage final drive union victory pivotal moments happened triple confederate mississippi kentucky maryland defeated fall union victory political consequences results allowed president lincoln issue emancipation proclamation september took effect january lincoln intended earlier advised cabinet announcement union victory avoid perception issued desperation upper edge war prior united_states foreign relations union victory lincoln proclamation played considerable role governments france united_kingdom recognizing confederacy suspected planning aftermath union defeat issue emancipation linked progress war government political oppose united_states linked support confederacy support slavery countries abolished slavery public tolerated government militarily supporting sovereignty ideals slavery additional battle maps gallery hour battlefield preservation battle commemorated conservation work undertaken private groups earned reputation nation best preserved civil war visual landscape letting visitors experience site nearly civil war preserved federally receiving distinction august placed time mark spots individual regiments significant phases battle battlefield transferred consists acres preserved acres site historic photographs paintings gallery dead october displayed original photographs documenting considered father known efforts document civil war grand scale bringing photographic studio receiving special permission lincoln september days sent photographer assistant photograph october displayed photos exhibition entitled dead new_york gallery images presentation graphic photographs corpses presentation new america time americans saw realities war photographs distinct previous artists impressions new_york_times published review october describing objects horror think battle field stand bear away palm crowds came gallery drawn terrible fascination images corpses brought reality remote battle fields new viewers examined details glass scarce choose gallery women bending recognize husband son brother lines bodies lie ready trenches captain murals captain 2nd professional artist painted large murals based battlefield scenes assigned duties scout injuries exhibited gallery new_york death prints larger paintings sold 1930s work damaged flood original murals shown church years national_park_service purchased restored featured time life book entitled day battle gallery images include photographs employed photographs exhibited new_york gallery october murals captain restored national_park_service popular culture battle depicted beginning film glory directed starring hell wheels season episode union_army lieutenant carries confederate took trophy termed glorious victory confederate soldier blue coat assessment calls battle lieutenant 51st pennsylvania stormed bridge thought confederate soldiers running scared explaining confederate forces retreated bridge ran ammunition shooting union_army soldiers kept lining firing squad shot like fish bloody barrel men animosity opposing views skirmish reflect differing badly outcome shared mission episode memoirs primary sources blown yankee sixth isbn published sons douglas rode war experiences youngest member isbn photographs pictures dead new_york new_york_times october war rebellion compilation official records union confederate armies washington | Battle of Antietam | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21114_BattleofHarlemHeights | battle harlem heights fought new_york new_jersey campaign american revolutionary war action took place heights east future harlem neighborhoods northwestern new_york_city september continental_army commander chief general george_washington major general totaling men held series high ground positions upper manhattan immediately opposite vanguard british_army totaling men command major general early morning skirmish patrol rangers british light infantry developed running fight british pursued americans woods washington position british light troops having advanced far lines support exposed counter attack washington seeing ordered flanking failed cut british force combined pressure troops arriving position succeeded driving meeting reinforcements coming south artillery support british light infantry turned stand open fields americans reinforced came strength followed lengthy exchange fire hours ammunition running short british force began pull lines washington cut short pursuit unwilling risk general engagement british main force withdrew lines battle helped restore confidence continental_army suffering defeats washington battlefield success war month major fighting armies washington forced withdraw army north town southeastern new_york british moved north threatened trap washington south manhattan washington suffered defeats defeats evacuation fort lee named deputy general hudson_river guarding western shore new_jersey washington army retreated new_jersey pennsylvania new_york new_jersey campaign ended subsequent american christmas victories princeton continental_army new nation background august british troops command general flanked defeated american army battle long island howe moved forces pinned americans american rear night august general george_washington commander chief continental_army evacuated entire army men equipment water manhattan september howe landed army amphibious operation eastern shore manhattan bombardment american positions shore british troops landed bay american troops began flee sight enemy washington arrival scene taking immediate bold command demanding soldiers fight refused obey orders continued flee scattering americans landed troops immediately cut american retreat south island washington troops city way north manhattan reached fortifications heights nightfall battle early september washington received reports proved british advancing washington expecting attack ordered party men command lieutenant colonel british lines troops spotted british light infantry british sent companies attack enemy half hour skirmish continued fighting woods farms realized numerically superior british forces trying turn flank ordered retreat conducted confusion loss men lost initial skirmish british followed rapid pursuit advanced british light troops signalled calls colonel reminiscent fox hunt intended insult probably time second battalions british light infantry 42nd ordered reinforcements reed met rode washington tell going encouraged reinforce rangers instead retreating washington calls early courage resolve rally tight spot later devised plan british light troops washington troops order draw british area open ground known hollow way send detachment troops trap british party composed volunteers ran hollow way began engage british british hollow way volunteers reinforced men troops stationed far away damage flanking party consisted rangers reinforced companies total men approached officer accidentally men firing broke british flank rear british troops realizing surrounded retreated field fence americans soon pursued attack killed despite american troops pushed driving british troops fence hill reached hill british forces received reinforcements including artillery hours british troops held ground hill americans forced retreat field washington originally reluctant pursue british troops seeing men slowly pushing british sent reinforcements permitted troops engage direct attack time reinforcements arrived nearly americans engaged field direct battle members washington staff including sent time british troops reinforced bringing strength men hour half battle continued field surrounding hills having fired away ammunition british withdrew americans kept close pursuit heard british reserves coming washington fearing british trap ordered withdrawal hearing washington orders withdraw troops gave loud left field good order aftermath british casualties officially reported howe killed wounded member howe staff wrote diary loss killed wounded gives higher figures killed wounded americans killed wounded including dead major american victory raised morale ranks engaged marked victory war army directly george_washington command little fighting month campaign washington moved army white plains october hearing british attempting trap manhattan defeated battle white plains later washington army retreated new_jersey pursued british pennsylvania loss blow fledgling american intelligence operations created led unit continental_army direction washington | Battle of Harlem Heights | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21268_BattleofZutphen | battle fought september near village town netherlands eighty years war fought forces netherlands aided english spanish england signed treaty states general netherlands formally entered war spain earl leicester appointed governor general netherlands sent command english army support dutch rebels prince commander besieged town cologne war leicester turn besieged town province eastern bank river strategically important allowed troops levy war contributions rich region left troops blockading marched relieve town personally supplied anglo dutch siege continued assembled large convoy delivery town entrusted leicester learned dispatched francisco man charge intercepted english dutch prepared ambush english knights involved end spanish succeeded delivering convoy safely hard fought battle spanish cavalry composed mainly italian soldiers defeated english cavalry earl essex spanish infantry held ground delivered convoy reinforced spanish troops forced english retreat secured spanish following weeks english managed capture major spanish fort bank river opposite town english gains months later english governors defected spanish ranks handed places background queen elizabeth england took netherlands protection signed treaty states general england dispatched infantry cavalry soldiers low countries earl leicester proclaimed governor general netherlands commanding badly paid leicester unable prevent seizing towns grave managed besieged september leicester army marched took spanish left bank river september leicester laid bridge took positions right bank river leicester anglo dutch army consisted infantry mainly english scottish irish cavalry earl essex led cavalry infantry camp deposed son prior portuguese crown resided receiving news siege dispatched governor infantry cavalry companies lieutenant infantry cavalry companies siege continued left troops blockade supplied person cavalry convoy wagons wheat leicester receiving news approach returned camp found arrival nassau entrenched army mountain right bank leicester informed possible ways spanish army attempt supply town misunderstanding troops deployed guard roads led spanish troops left night passed dutch town reached narrow way flanked deep woods prayed church later walked tower watch english army following morning war council held captured scottish officer interrogated revealed leicester plans strength considered possibility defending town avoid giving queen england fame prince like prisoner inside returned entrusted command town sent guard fort nearby siege continued marched army intercept corps recruited germany elizabeth orders arrived dissolved lack pay battle preparations preserve garrison gathered food feed men months towns food carried large convoy formed resupply gave command mission escort infantry spanish italian cavalry according jesuit historian infantry cavalry claimed spanish chronicler soldier eyewitness september sent letter commanding leave men meet convoy deliver town intercepted near leicester learned convoy persuaded captain prepared ambush york served years imprisoned charges pretending surrender spanish brussels fell freed went serve leicester confidence earned leicester waited spanish convoy near small village half mile supported sir sir lord nephew poet sir leicester commanded infantry cavalry according english scholar increases numbers infantry cavalry veteran count nassau 19th century american historian hand reduces strength english force cavalry adding stronger force infantry held reserve readiness english soldiers unlike dutch anxious engage spanish troops told leicester understood spanish tactics english soldiers leicester formed army deep narrow way mountain dutch entrenched deployed cavalry squadrons formed large infantry battalion advanced sir lord way flanked road morning september english met convoy expected spanish cavalry opened way followed battalion foot flanking wagons cavalry closing way left cavalry near guard rear convoy spanish led passed stanley lord began skirmish spanish vanguard clashes earl essex charged spanish english cavalry crying follow good honour england england queen ambush spanish vanguard driven english charge spanish captains juan del formed defenders squadron formation kept way open wagons fled beginning fight spanish places brought wagons stanley charged spanish squadron repelled push pike fight approached francisco noticed fire ordered wagon loaded powder bullets sent spanish english cavalry meantime charged spanish flanks succeeded breaking foremost ranks essex men penetrate twice english charged squadron repelled reduce pressure spanish infantry collected cavalry charged stanley infantry turn repelled nearly killed english soldier attacked spanish light arenas saved english lance retired fight met troops join battle time english troops unsuccessfully attacked defended men moment thought skirmish inside town risen arms spanish troops left walls leicester committed mistake believing count nassau fighting spanish inside confusion cavalry left included italian companies reached count captain attacked english orders taken prisoner lord wearing close helmet received slash neck fell horse english governor fatally wounded leg final charge spanish cavalry sought protection infantry kept english cavalry bay supported captain las general cavalry managed restore order spanish ranks seeing good order men english dutch commanders renew action began retire camp handful spanish including low ranking officers orders began pursue english aftermath spanish soldier labelled battle best factions time seen flanders years common hard fought action warm fight according probable encounter forgotten melancholy close field bright career allegedly removed saw wearing cavalry soldiers wore armour past instead solidarity companion cost life carried town recover died weeks later unable extract bullet historians uncertain number casualties sides suffered battle claims horse foot killed english men spanish hand claimed spanish winners little loss having wounded slaughtered people rebels october time supplied garrison personally time later sent left charge spanish army took winter quarters moved brussels spend winter earl leicester continued siege able town succeeded occupying forts including carried surprise brother soldiers shortly english dutch took winter quarters sir given command sir stanley york appointments met suspicion stanley openly catholic york man character leicester expressed confidence soldiers stanley york shifted sides spanish party handed stanley york acts gains campaign undermined leicester reputation dutch states confidence english troops decided appoint count nassau governor general netherlands lieutenant loss spanish able levy war contributions provinces remained spanish control capture | Battle of Zutphen | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21601_BattleofMillstone | battle battle known skirmish occurred near mill new_jersey near present day new_jersey january american revolutionary war british foraging party flanked driven forces composed british wagons supplies action series skirmishes known forage war persisted northern new_jersey months demonstrated militia companies capable putting significant fight background george_washington successful movements army culminated battle princeton january washington faced dilemma caught new_jersey rest british_army new_brunswick new_jersey attempt british outpost new_brunswick exhausted troops washington moved army valley new_jersey place knew strongly fortified winter quarters remaining british troops princeton withdrew new_brunswick battle princeton january significant portion british army advanced new_brunswick west present day new_jersey remained week retreating new_brunswick destroying houses supplies time militia companies mustered assist continental_army movements established area west new_brunswick rivers man land forces following british retreat house outposts garrisoned patriot militia companies support continental_army battle british foraging party men led lieutenant colonel 37th foot left new_brunswick january headed west crossed river unclear exactly bridge leaving rear guard field artillery cover bridge eventually reached mill new_jersey near present day new_jersey miles north near point seized supplies varieties prepared return new_brunswick militia companies north alerted british movement early day marched new_jersey reports arrived activity mill marched place new_jersey militia pennsylvania militia formed brigadier general dispute british action detailed accounts movements apparently divided forces sending force meet british wagon train second moved flank forces rivers water waist deep successfully surprised british wagon train lane near mill reached main road bridge new_brunswick fire struck horses wagon stopped train scattered wagon drivers drove british retreat bridge leaving booty reached bridge rear guard fired shot artillery cover retreat exchange fire river apparent consequence british withdrew aftermath wrote letter colonel january pleasure inform monday men chiefly militia attacked foraging party near consisting men field pieces routed engagement minutes brought horses wagons cattle sheep barrels flour bags things prisoners general washington happy performance militias wrote behaviour reflects highest honour troops raw lead river middle deep gave enemy severe charge supported field pieces gave way left convoy reported taking prisoners british officer expedition reported lieutenant colonel men went foraging party corps attacked rebels occasion disorder drivers left british witness absolutely certain attackers militia sure militia fight way casualty figures extremely variable british casualties killed wounded captured appear low according press accounts contrary claim prisoners taken militia casualties relatively small number continued american british forces winter period historian dubbed forage war revolved british need forage horses american tactics primarily driven new_jersey militia commanders supported washington successful british foraging parties men came attack | Battle of Millstone | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21639_BattleofLongIsland | battle long island battle long island known fought august major battle american revolutionary war place united_states declared independence july victory british_army beginning successful campaign gave control strategically important city new_york terms troop deployment fighting largest battle entire war defeating british siege boston march general george_washington commander chief brought continental_army defend port city new_york limited southern end washington understood city harbor provide excellent base campaign established defenses waited british attack july british command general landed miles harbor manhattan sparsely populated month half slowly reinforced ships lower new york bay bringing total force troops british fleet control entrance harbor narrows washington knew difficulty holding city believing manhattan target moved bulk forces august british landed shores bay southwest narrows dozen miles south established crossings manhattan days waiting british attacked american defenses unknown americans howe brought main army rear attacked flank soon americans panicked resulting percent losses casualties captures stand maryland troops prevented larger portion army lost remainder army retreated main defenses british dug siege night august washington evacuated entire army manhattan loss supplies single life washington continental_army driven new_york entirely defeats forced retreat new_jersey pennsylvania background boston new_york stage war british_army trapped city boston march abandoned setting sail halifax nova scotia await reinforcements washington began transfer regiments new_york_city believed british attack strategic importance washington left boston april arrived new_york april established headquarters home broadway facing previously february washington sent second command ahead new_york establish city defenses lee remained new_york_city march continental congress sent south_carolina defenses construction left general lord troops limited supply washington found defenses incomplete lee concluded british commanding sea impossible hold city lee reasoned defenses located ability inflict british heavy casualties hold ground established city facing city lee saw immediate area cleared loyalists strategy washington began moving troops brooklyn early short time thousand brooklyn eastern forts construction support stood west hamlet fort named confused later fort west_point named named major lay north south fort north slightly southwest box slightly southwest defensive structures surrounded large ditch connected line total cannons pounders constructed time located southwest past near present day addition new forts mounted battery established cannons placed fort george facing bowling green cannons placed dock sat sunk strategic locations deter british entering waterways washington authorized congress recruit army troops troops reached new_york military discipline inadequate routine orders carried muskets fired camp ruined knives cut food readiness petty internal conflict common strain people different environments relative commander artillery persuaded washington transfer soldiers lacked muskets guns crew artillery early june inspected land north end manhattan decided establish fort washington fort fort constitution later renamed planned opposite fort washington hudson_river forts hoped discourage british ships sailing hudson_river opposing forces july months began recruiting men contribution manpower new_york low new revolution sided crown caused volunteers seen battle come new_england area upstate new_york new_jersey pennsylvania delaware maryland men colonial militia meant white male volunteers ages years old unlike trained british soldiers men citizen soldiers source immediate manpower colonial militia composed different states thirteen different authorities meaning regiment reflected different terms service regulations training experiences equipment majority militia composed men form standardized weapons uniform ammunition river british army growing day time battle continental_army compiled troops faced british mass nearly twice size british arrival june washington learned british fleet set sail halifax june heading new_york june signals sent men stationed indicating british fleet appeared hours british ships dropped anchor lower new york bay week later ships command brother general population new_york went panic sight british ships went troops immediately rushed posts july british troops began land continental regulars island took shots british fleeing citizens militia switched british july news reached new_york congress voted independence days earlier tuesday july washington brigades march city hear declaration independence read end reading mob ran ropes bars tore lead equestrian statue great_britain fury crowd cut statue head severed nose mounted remained head spike outside tavern rest statue dragged connecticut melted musket balls july british ships phoenix rose sailed harbor mouth hudson american batteries stationed fort george red hook opened fire british returned fire city ships sailed new_jersey shore continued hudson sailing past fort washington arrived nightfall widest hudson goals british ships cut american supplies encourage loyalist support casualties day americans killed cannon blew day july howe attempted open negotiations americans howe sent letter washington delivered lieutenant arrived flag truce letter addressed george_washington brown met washington orders waterfront accompanied washington asked officers received recognize rank general unanimously said brown told reed army address july howe tried time address george_washington etc etc declined day howe sent captain ask washington meet howe adjutant face face meeting scheduled july howe adjutant colonel told washington howe come powers grant washington said committed fault want pardon departed soon washington performance meeting praised parts colonies british ships continued arrive august ships generals arrived troops august british troops arrived point british fleet numbered ships including war ships troops camped faced large force washington unsure british attack reed thought british attack long_island washington felt british attack long_island diversion main attack manhattan washington broke army half half manhattan half long_island army long_island commanded august ill forced house manhattan rested recover placed command resume command invasion long island august advance guard british troops command clinton left land long_island troops landed shore bay unopposed colonel stationed shore oppose landings fell killing cattle burning way noon troops landed shore pieces artillery hundreds loyalists came greet british troops pushed advance guard advancing miles island establishing camp village given orders advance washington received word landings day occurred informed number troops convinced washington predicted sent troops brooklyn bringing total number troops long_island august washington replaced sullivan commanded troops long_island arrived long_island day battalions day british troops long_island received reinforcements bringing total little fighting days immediately landing small skirmishes place american armed rifles picking british troops time time american plan direct defenses sullivan troops stationed feet high blocked direct route washington believed men heights heavy casualties inflicted british troops fell main defenses main passes heights road west road slightly farther east center american line expected british attack road east responsible defending men sullivan defend roads men respectively thousand troops remain lesser known pass heights farther east called jamaica pass pass defended militia officers horses british general clinton learned local loyalists clinton drew plan gave propose howe clinton plan main army making night march going jamaica pass turn american flank troops americans busy august clinton received word howe plan clinton command advance guard main army men march jamaica pass night march general british troops total men attack americans distract main army coming flank howe told clinton ready night august battle night march british moved commanders knew plan clinton led crack brigade light infantry fixed followed battalions artillery pieces turn followed howe battalions artillery baggage column consisted men stretched miles loyalist farmers led column jamaica pass british left burning americans thinking happening column headed northeast reached later village headed directly north heights column run american troops reached known howard half way house yards jamaica pass tavern keeper son forced act guides british way old indian trail jamaica pass west located today cemetery minutes leaving tavern american militia officers stationed pass captured shot fired thought british americans clinton interrogated men informed troops guarding pass dawn british pass stopped troops rest fired heavy cannons signal troops begin frontal assault sullivan men deployed hills flanking pass clinton troops simultaneously flanked american positions east grant attack august shots fired near near present day 39th street 4th avenue american pennsylvania regiment fired british soldiers foraging patch near inn august british approached vicinity troops american troops fired british approximately fled major command captured lieutenant engagement fought vicinity 38th 39th streets 2nd 3rd avenues near swamp located adjacent newly promoted brigadier general lawyer connecticut recently secured commission continental_army colonel command veteran french indian war stationed north awakened guard told british attacking pass lit signals washington manhattan rode south warn attack led units colonel immediate command major colonel immediate command major courts martial duty manhattan following close connecticut regiment men led combined force reinforce parsons stop british advance total troops command placed men apple orchard owned south near present day 3rd avenue 18th street approach british americans took possession hill miles camp detached colonel meet road rods drew received enemy fire gave directed fire regiment great execution retreated hill general parsons delaware maryland regiments took positions north men slopes rise land 18th 20th streets maryland troops positioned small hill called dutch cube block hill local dutch near 23rd street base hill crossed small bridge ditch drained area british advanced american troops fired positions north ditch left colonel pennsylvania regiment southeast hills hill highest point feet came known today cemetery boundary 23rd street 7th avenue british attempted american positions taking hill americans trying prevent british sent troops parsons hill british got americans able fierce fighting site especially brutal fighting americans inflicting highest number casualties british troops entire battle long island killed british colonel led americans erroneously believe killed general alleged shot british tree american dead colonel killed rallying troops fighting number british troops engaged americans unaware main british attack center command general began bombard american lines stationed command general brigades waiting pre arranged signal british time process american lines attack americans assumption grant attack main thrust sullivan send men reinforce howe fired signal guns began attack main army came sullivan rear sullivan left advance guard hold turned rest force fight british heavy casualties mounted americans british men sides fled fear sullivan attempted calm men tried lead retreat point overrun advance guard heights american left completely collapsed hand hand fighting followed americans swinging muskets rifles like clubs save lives americans surrendered sullivan despite chaos managed evacuate men captured washington arrived manhattan washington realized wrong long_island ordered troops brooklyn manhattan washington location battlefield known accounts differ likely view battle american right west held line grant held hours unaware british flanking maneuver troops thought winning day british unable position grant reinforced marines hit center attacked left pulled british troops point coming rear south escape route left yards wide maryland ordered troops contingent maryland troops command cross creek group maryland troops known history maryland numbered men led troops rear guard action overwhelming numbers british troops surpassed supported cannons led attacks british fixed positions known today assault remaining troops retreated men tried cross marsh mud musket fire swim captured surrounded unwilling surrender broke british lines surrendered maryland troops killed assaults fewer dozen american lines washington watching nearby hill intersection today court street reportedly said good god brave day lose american troops killed captured escaped fortified american positions centered howe considered controversial day ordered troops halt attack despite officers command believed push howe decided direct frontal assault entrenched american positions choosing instead begin siege setting lines american positions believed essentially trapped troops blocking escape land royal_navy control cross reach howe failure press attack reasons disputed wished avoid casualties army suffered attacking similar circumstances battle bunker hill european gentleman officer tradition giving washington opportunity conclude position hopeless surrender howe told parliament essential duty avoid excessive british casualties insufficient purpose capturing likely meant capturing entire american army loss british troops carrying lines ill double number enemy supposed suffered proportion aftermath retreat manhattan washington army surrounded backs day went british began dig trenches slowly coming closer american defenses british cross open ground assault american defenses boston year despite situation washington ordered men manhattan brooklyn august men came pennsylvania regiments colonel regiment massachusetts command troops arriving volunteered inspect outer defenses report washington outer defenses small skirmishes taking place afternoon august began rain washington cannons bombard british night rain continued washington sent letter instructing general kings bridge manhattan send flat boat sloop delay case battalions infantry new_jersey came reinforce position august washington held meeting generals mifflin advised washington retreat manhattan mifflin pennsylvania regiments rear guard holding line rest army withdrawn generals agreed unanimously mifflin retreat best option washington orders evening troops told gather ammunition baggage prepare night attack sick wounded began brooklyn ferry preparation evacuation massachusetts men sailors fishermen began evacuate troops troops evacuated ordered withdraw lines march ferry landing wagon wheels men forbidden talk mifflin rear guard tending british convince going august mifflin informed unit turn evacuate mifflin told man sent order leave major mistaken insisted mifflin ordered troops mifflin troops half mile ferry landing washington rode demanded know defenses leading troops tried explain happened mifflin arrived shortly washington good god general mifflin afraid ruined mifflin explained told turn evacuate washington told mistake mifflin led troops outer defenses artillery supplies troops evacuated river time going fast washington anticipated soon came fog settled concealed evacuation british british patrols noticed american began search area washington man left stepped boat american troops landed manhattan troops evacuated loss life conclusion campaign british stunned find washington army escaped later day august british troops occupied american fortifications news battle reached london caused festivities place bells city candles lit windows king gave howe order bath washington defeat revealed deficiencies split forces inexperienced generals misunderstood situation raw troops fled disorder shots daring nighttime retreat seen historians greatest military feats historians concentrate failure british naval forces prevent withdrawal howe remained inactive half month attacking september landed force bay british quickly occupied city september fire uncertain origin destroyed quarter new_york_city immediate aftermath fire executed american troops delivered unexpected check british mid september howe defeated washington battle fort washington defeats washington army retreated new_jersey pennsylvania casualties time far largest battle fought north_america royal_navy included men took battle howe reported losses killed wounded missing casualties killed wounded americans suffered heavier losses killed captured half prisoners survived kept prison ships transferred locations denied medical attention weakened condition succumbed smallpox legacy significant legacy showed easy victory war long bloody battle include altar liberty monument battle commemorated monument includes bronze statue near highest point brooklyn statue sculpted unveiled statue stands northwest corner cemetery directly statue liberty statue invoked successful defense prevent building blocking line sight cemetery statue liberty harbor annual commemoration held inside main gothic arch entrance column died kept prisoner british ships shore brooklyn soldiers connecticut seriously ill prisoners dumped beach night january old stone house constructed farmhouse center delaying actions serves museum battle located street fifth avenue brooklyn features models maps brooklyn eastern center drive brooklyn large granite boulder brass plaque marker lies near road oak large old tree block pass british advance addition park resides line defense marker erected sons american revolution near eastern edge column thirty currently existing units colonial revolutionary eras units battalion 5th derived american units participated | Battle of Long Island | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21659_Actionof24October1793 | action october action october minor naval engagement year french revolutionary wars cruising british_royal_navy frigate captain encountered larger french frigate captain ships engaged suffering severe damage separated nearly hours continual combat ordered crew hasty repairs intending resume battle crew captain dead slipped away thames unable manoeuvre repairs thames ongoing french squadron frigates brig captain arrived firing thames approached outnumbered surrendered ship commended resistance far larger french brought thames brest sailors squadron looted frigate british officers imprisoned years frigate commissioned french_navy renamed honour deceased captain vessels served june british recaptured isles december british captured background february amid rising political tension declared war great_britain drawing britain french revolutionary wars sea western approaches english channel areas significant naval activity french sailed raiding cruises british merchant shipping augment attacks french naval authorities dispatched squadrons frigates attack british trade routes counter operations royal_navy sent frigates sea squadrons single patrols french frigate squadron sent cruise early autumn commanded captain consisted frigates brig corvette october squadron sighted gun spanish brig ordered captain separate squadron pursue easily able capture taking prisoners board frigate establishing prize crew brig days later sailing southwards company prize wind southwest sail appeared north new arrival british ship sent channel_fleet lone patrol frigate hms thames captain thames old frigate built carrying pounder guns ship standard complement men sailing meant pounder guns augmented main battery manned comparison years old carried pounder guns weighing double weight british ship complement men lacked sailors dispatched prize crews captured ships prisoners unsure identity ship north hoisted blue flag identification signal sent away case ship revealed hostile respond signal ships soon hidden rain battle weather cleared leaving frigates sight identifying opposing ship enemy clearing action french captains determined battle frigates approached rapidly opposing fire broadside thames wearing pull alongside thames manoeuvre placed frigates directly alongside close engagement began broadside broadside round shot swept quarterdeck killing cutting boy half wounding leg knee brought deck lieutenant assumed command fight continued manner hours able pull ahead thames fire bows british ship british historian recorded crew attempted board starboard bow thames driven fire bow guns double reason action report lieutenant states boarding action attempted boarding attempt thwarted pulled turning southwards distance vessels brought deck dying ordered retreat fear prisoners revolt engagement east north east direction sails assumed british warships sighted assumed thames french ship retreating british crew cheering firing ceased anticipated resumption action ordered men begin making repairs immediately thames badly damaged pursuit question thames masts shot rigging torn away hull decks badly damaged men killed wounded similar state hauled approximately nautical miles away masts intact damaged rigging shot numerous holes smashed hull evident thames crew french ship pumping water indication ship damaged waterline ship fit sail wind captain urged men greater efforts repair ship come british crew repairs realised french frigate longer holding station sight completely disappeared led british ship assume sunk fact ship simply turned away effort repair damage suffered engagement apparent number sails distance rapidly approached revealed frigate squadron flying unable manoeuvre ship respond new arrivals soon identified french vessels wearing false flags leading frigate pulled close thames fired broadside british frigate immediately hailed french announcing position fight damage ship suffered striking flag aftermath requested come aboard responded unable ship boats destroyed sent boat ship thames brought prisoner war delay destroy ship documents questioned nature recent combat identifying squadron commented defeated thames half time action taken thames subsequently returned brest squadron october british ship thoroughly looted journey french sailors officers unable exert control ship officers removed including surgeon british wounded receive medical treatment squadron arrived brest october subsequently died making total british deaths wounded wrote report engagement sent admiralty captivity french authorities intercepted delayed result news thames fate arrive britain soon exchanged returned britain court martial investigating loss thames officers repatriated remaining french captivity years lost killed including captain seven wounded including seriously frigate arrived soon honour captain death renamed subsequently incorrectly reported britain ship changed disguise identity defeated thames thames taken french service participated atlantic campaign following year french lost frigates recaptured engagement near isles british french frigate squadrons months later ship line captured december aftermath disastrous | Action of 24 October 1793 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21692_BattleofTrenton | battle small pivotal battle american revolutionary war took place morning december new_jersey general george_washington crossing north previous night washington led main body continental_army soldiers garrisoned brief battle nearly entire force captured losses americans battle significantly boosted continental_army morale inspired continental_army previously suffered defeats new_york forced retreat new_jersey pennsylvania morale army low end year positive note george_washington commander chief continental_army devised plan cross night december surround garrison river weather severe crossing proved dangerous detachments unable cross river leaving washington men command assault army marched miles south lowered guard thinking safe american army long distance outposts patrols washington forces caught guard short fierce resistance surrendered thirds man garrison captured troops escaped despite battle small numbers american victory inspired rebels colonies success revolution doubt week earlier army verge collapse dramatic victory inspired soldiers serve longer attracted new recruits ranks background early december american morale low americans ousted new_york british continental_army forced retreat new_jersey ninety percent continental_army soldiers served long_island gone men deserted feeling cause independence lost washington commander chief continental_army expressed doubts writing cousin virginia think game pretty near time small town new_jersey occupied regiments soldiers commanded colonel numbering men washington force comprised men infantry divisions commanded artillery direction brigadier general prelude intelligence washington stationed spy named posing served quebec battle plains september trouble establishing credentials butcher traded british enabled gather intelligence convince continental_army low state morale attack shortly christmas arranged captured continental_army orders bring washington unharmed questioned washington imprisoned small tried morning small fire broke nearby enabling escape american plan american plan relied launching coordinated attacks directions general launch attack british garrison new_jersey block reinforcements south general militia river ferry seize bridge creek prevent enemy troops escaping main assault force men cross river north split groups sullivan launch pre dawn attack sullivan attack town south north depending success operation americans possibly follow separate attacks princeton new_brunswick week battle american advance parties began ambush enemy cavalry patrols capturing dispatch riders attacking commander emphasize danger men sent infantry artillery detachment deliver letter british commander princeton washington ordered pennsylvania militia try gain information movements technology instead successful raids river december attacked outpost 21st set fire houses washington constant watches possible crossings near continental_army delaware believed launch attack north philadelphia river december troops led general sullivan arrived washington camp command moving slowly northern new_jersey lee captured day additional troops arrived command moves december arrived establish winter quarters time small town houses main streets king warren street queen broad street superior marched south december deal resistance new_jersey clashed new_jersey militia december despised reluctant command known loud english language year soldier great deal battle experience request reinforcements turned british commander general american rebels thought poor soldiers despite experience admire commander believed nice ruthless successful officers complained love life great thought came settle firm decision avoided hard work little concern troops comfort lacked city walls fortifications typical american settlements officers advised town engineers advised constructed upper end town fortifications built river engineers went far draw plans disagreed urged town replied let come bayonet christmas approached loyalists came report americans planning action american told rations prepared advance river publicly dismissed talk nonsense privately letters superiors said worried imminent attack wrote liable attacked moment said asked british troops establish garrison close help defend roads americans request denied americans disrupted supply lines officers started share fears wrote slept night peace came place december spy reported grant washington called council war grant told guard main force men divided regiments night send patrols severe weather crossing march washington troops left came cheer general saw note washington written saying victory death words surprise attack soldier carried rounds ammunition days rations army arrived shores delaware schedule clouds began form began rain air temperature dropped rain changed snow americans began cross river command men went durham boats horses artillery went large ferries 14th manned boats crossing men fell overboard including colonel quickly pulled water died crossing artillery pieces good condition small detachments infantry men ordered ahead main columns set ahead main army prisoner came left town groups sent north sent block ran terrible weather conditions delayed landings new_jersey plan supposed completed washington realized impossible launch pre dawn attack setback occurred americans generals unable join attack weather conditions soldiers began march way civilians joined volunteers led guides captain knowledge terrain marching miles winding roads wind reached turned right ground slippery level making easier horses artillery began better time soon reached difficulty americans groups stayed reached birmingham split apart soon reached house family offered food drink washington point signs daylight began appear troops boots forced wear feet men feet turning snow dark red men died trip marched washington rode line encouraging men continue general sullivan sent tell washington weather men gunpowder washington responded tell general sullivan use bayonet resolved miles outside town main columns reunited advance parties sudden appearance armed men american led known plan attack attacked outpost washington feared guard shouted stephen sir sir ruined plans having guard despite washington ordered advance continue event thought raid attack grant warned action day battle american attack outpost set cooper shop road mile north west washington led assault riding soldiers commander outpost lieutenant left shop american fired missed shouted der enemy came americans fired returned washington ordered battalion german speaking infantry block road led princeton attacked outpost soon realized raiding party seeing retreating outpost led men detachments organized firing fell high ground north end joined duty company engaged americans retreating slowly keeping continuous fire houses cover gained covering fire guard companies outskirts town guard company nearer rushed east aid leaving open washington ordered escape route princeton cut sending infantry battle formation block artillery formed head king queen streets leading southern american column general sullivan entered abandoned river road blocked crossing creek cut escape sullivan briefly held advance sure division time drive outposts north soon continued advance attacking home command lieutenant stationed lieutenant brought action advanced guard advanced yards saw column americans advancing pulling barracks joined rest exchange volley turned ran trying swim creek escaped bridge cut fled sullivan columns pushed town washington moved high ground north king queens streets action direct troops time american artillery came action devastating positions sounding alarm regiments began prepare battle regiment formed lower king street formed lower end queen street brigade adjutant commander found rebels taken main streets town engineers recommended building ordered regiment form lower end king street regiment prepare advance queen street regiment stand reserve advance king street american cannon stationed head main streets soon came action reply directed regiment supported companies regiment clear guns formed ranks began advance street formations quickly broken american guns fire men taken houses left street breaking ranks fled ordered pound cannon action getting rounds minutes half manning guns killed american cannon men fled cover houses fences cannon taken americans following capture cannon men command advanced king street queen street attempts advance street repulsed guns command firing rounds guns action broken axle separated regiments fell field outside town taking heavy losses musket fire southern town americans command sullivan began led bayonet charge regiment resistance broke weapons fire sullivan led column men block escape troops creek resistance collapses field attempted attempt retake town breakout decided attack american flank heights north town forward advance advance began brigade band playing drums help spirit washington high ground saw approaching american flank moved troops assume battle formation enemy regiments began marching king street caught american fire came directions americans taken defensive positions inside houses reducing exposure civilians joined fight despite continued push cannon head king street saw cannon ordered troops men ran brief struggle seized cannon turning unable fire guns attack stalled formations broke began mortally wounded washington led troops high ground march brave retreated orchard americans close pursuit quickly surrounded offered terms surrender agreed ordered join remains mistakenly marched opposite direction tried escape bridge found taken americans quickly swept defeating attempt break lines surrounded sullivan men regiment surrendered minutes rest brigade casualties capture forces lost killed action wounded captured americans suffered deaths bare feet causing wounded battle including near fatal wound future president losses incurred patriots exhaustion exposure illness following days raised losses captured sent philadelphia later lancaster moved virginia mortally wounded died later day headquarters killed battle regiment effectively removed british forces parts regiment escaped south sullivan captured additional men regiment cannon supplies captured approximately arms needed ammunition capture entire store provisions tons flour dried shoes boots clothing things needed continental forces weapons horses drinking officer washington staff wrote battle great deal christmas germany doubt drink great deal beer dance night morning popular history commonly portrays drunk christmas celebrations historian quotes fought battle supervised afterward wrote certain drop liquor drunk night piece bread eaten military historian wrote germans tired truth legend claiming drunk effect surrender washington reported shook hand young officer said glorious day country december general washington interviewed lieutenant later colonel detailed failures preparation washington soon learned unable complete crossing leaving worn army men isolated men washington realized forces attack princeton new_brunswick small decisive battle later battle effect size colonial effort americans overturned psychological dominance achieved british government troops previous months howe stunned patriots easily surprised overwhelmed garrison contrary fischer argues changing attitudes writings additional successful actions aftermath legacy noon washington force moved delaware pennsylvania taking prisoners captured supplies battle gave new confidence proved colonial forces defeat regulars increased continental_army forces defeating european army reduced fear caused earlier year fighting new_york notable american officers wounded cousin general lieutenant future president united_states monroe carried field bleeding badly struck left shoulder musket ball severed doctor preventing bleeding death hours battle served inspiration painting washington crossing delaware german american artist image painting washington stands majestic boat crosses generally believed symbolic historically accurate waters river flag monroe holds created months battle addition contrary painting crossing occurred dawn hand fischer argues crossing took place storm people stood avoid sitting water boats emotional content painting icon american history erected points stands tribute american victory crossing delaware battle local enthusiasts year weather severe river current units currently active regular army artillery battalion 5th derived american units participated thirty current units colonial roots | Battle of Trenton | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
21918_BattleofBunkerHill | battle bunker hill fought june early stages american revolutionary war battle named bunker hill massachusetts involved battle original objective colonial british troops majority combat took place adjacent june leaders colonial forces besieging boston learned british planning send troops city hills surrounding city giving control boston harbor response colonial troops command occupied bunker hill night colonists constructed strong smaller fortified lines june british aware presence colonial forces peninsula mounted attack day assaults colonial positions repulsed significant british casualties final attack carried defenders ran ammunition colonists retreated cambridge leaving british control peninsula battle tactical victory british proved experience involving casualties americans incurred including large number officers battle demonstrated inexperienced militia able stand regular army troops battle subsequently battle discouraged british frontal attacks defended lines american casualties comparatively losses included general major final casualty battle battle led british adopt cautious planning maneuver execution future engagements evident subsequent new_york new_jersey campaign arguably helped hindered american forces new approach battle actually giving americans greater opportunity retreat defeat imminent costly engagement convinced british need hire substantial numbers foreign mercenaries bolster strength face new formidable continental_army geography boston situated peninsula largely protected close approach water surrounding dominated british warships aftermath battles lexington concord april colonial militia force men surrounded town effectively besieged command controlled land access boston lacking navy unable contest british domination waters harbor british troops force command general occupied city able reinforced sea theory able remain boston indefinitely land water boston contained number hills advantage militia obtain artillery pieces placed hills bombard city occupying army evacuated surrendered mind led later transported cannon boston area lying north boston started short narrow known northwest extending mile southeastward elevation feet lay northern end peninsula height feet southerly nearer boston town occupied flats southern end peninsula closest approach feet separated hill height breed hill british retreat concord ended immediately hills peninsula withdrawn troops boston day battle turning entire man land british planning response orders requesting support british received reinforcements reached strength men generals arrived hms began planning break city plan june plan began taking neck marching colonial forces stationed southern flank secured heights taken forces cambridge driven away attack set june june notified express messenger new_hampshire new_hampshire gentleman visiting boston british commanders making plans capture june decided additional defenses needed erected general ward directed general set defenses specifically prelude battle fortification breed hill night june colonial colonel led men peninsula order set positions artillery fire directed boston force men regiments unit commanded engineer captain disagreed locate defense work performed closer boston viewed arguably orders decided build primary men outline began digging square fortification feet ditches walls walls feet high wooden platform inside men stand fire walls works breed hill unnoticed british general clinton reconnaissance night aware tried convince howe needed prepare attack position daylight british aware activity apparently think cause alarm early board spotted new fortification notified captain lively opened fire temporarily halting colonists work aboard flagship admiral irritated gunfire ordered stopped decision fully aware situation morning ordered guns harbor batteries atop hill boston fire colonial position relatively little effect rising sun alerted significant problem location easily flanked promptly ordered men begin constructing running hill east deciding manpower build additional defenses west british preparations british generals met discuss options general clinton urged attack early possible preferred attack beginning cut colonists retreat reducing process capturing new occupants generals howe senior officer present lead assault opinion hill open easy ascent short easily carried general concurred arguing match trained troops orders issued prepare expedition general surveyed works boston staff recognized brother law colonel fight asked men answer replied colonel fight gates hell lived word men colonists suffered casualty young private killed cannon fire gave orders bury man quickly quietly large group men gave funeral instead shortly took hours british organize infantry force gather inspect men parade general howe lead major assault drive colonial left flank rear brigadier general british left flank lead direct assault major led flank reserve force took trips transport howe initial forces consisting men eastern corner peninsula known point howe chosen force landed crossing river howe noted large number colonial troops believing reinforcements immediately sent message requesting additional troops ordered light infantry forward position eastern peninsula colonists intended course action troops sat eat waited reinforcements colonists reinforce positions seeing british preparations called reinforcements reinforcements popular young leader aging massachusetts militia leader men held commissions rank chose serve infantry ordered connecticut men captain defend left flank crude dirt wall topped fence rails hay constructed small shaped trenches dirt wall troops arrived reinforce flank position included men 1st 3rd new_hampshire regiments stark men arrive howe landed forces filled gap defense howe taken advantage pressed attack sooner took positions northern end colonial position low tide opened gap north quickly extended fence short stone wall water edge colonel stark placed stake feet fence ordered fire regulars passed prior action reinforcements arrived including portions massachusetts regiments nixon little major moore company artillery colonial lines confusion reigned units sent action stopped crossing neck cambridge constant fire gun batteries south reached uncertain commentator wrote scene appears confusion command general scene attempting direct affairs unit commanders misunderstood orders british assault british reinforcements included 47th foot 1st marines arrived british ready march brigadier general force gathering south village taking casualties sniper fire howe asked admiral graves assistance clearing graves planned possibility ordered shot fired village sent landing party set fire town smoke lent surreal backdrop fighting winds smoke kept field battle commanding 5th 38th 43rd 47th 52nd regiments major marines assault continued saw happened howe advance ordered retreat general howe led light infantry companies assault american left flank expecting easy effort stark recently arrived troops light infantry set narrow beach column order turn far left flank colonial position deployed middle lined deep regulars closed new_hampshire man prematurely fired drawing ineffective volley return fire regulars regulars finally closed range sides opened fire colonists inflicted heavy casualties regulars fence steady aim muskets benefit cover devastating barrage musket fire regulars retreated disarray militia held ground regulars reformed field marched time assault possibly assistance howe force howe instead marching stark position beach marched instead position rail fence outcome second attack british observer wrote light infantry moment presenting lost tenths men men company left fare better attack ordered retreat rear colonial forces confusion continued reign general tried limited success send additional troops bunker hill breed hill support men defensive lines british rear disarray wounded soldiers mobile way landing areas ferried boston wounded lying field battle source cries pain general howe deciding try sent word general clinton boston additional troops clinton watched attacks sent men 2nd marines 63rd foot followed help rally troops addition new reserves convinced wounded form attack interval second assaults general continued trying direct troops action companies groups men moved action retreated connecticut captain seeing entire company retreat ordered company aim muskets company halt retreat turned headed battlefield assault concentrated colonists flank successful colonists poured musket fire british ranks cost life defenders run ammunition reducing battle close combat british advantage entered troops equipped muskets colonists colonel colonists leave bayonet normally ceremonial sabre retreat killed retreat colonial forces peninsula possible controlled retreat forces rail fence led prevented hill disciplined retreat described flight covered bravery military skill effective wounded saved prisoners taken british mortally wounded general attempted reform troops bunker hill flight colonial forces rapid artillery pieces tools abandoned colonists suffered casualties retreat colonists retreated fortified positions cambridge british control peninsula aftermath british taken ground great loss suffered casualties dead wounded number officers casualty count highest suffered british single encounter entire war general clinton echoing remarked diary victories shortly end british dominion america british dead wounded included commissioned officers significant portion british officer corps north_america general howe field staff casualties major killed lieutenant colonel fatally wounded general report battle reported following officer casualties listing lieutenant colonel killed majors killed wounded captains killed wounded killed wounded killed wounded drummer killed wounded colonial losses killed colonial losses came withdrawal major technically highest ranking colonial officer die battle hit cannon fire person killed battle later commemorated dedication fort maine loss patriot cause death president massachusetts provincial congress appointed major general june commission taken effect served volunteer private days later bunker hill thirty men captured british wounds died held prisoner lost numerous tools cannon brought peninsula political consequences news battle spread colonies reported colonial loss ground taken enemy significant casualties incurred george_washington way boston new commander continental_army received news battle new_york_city report included casualty figures somewhat inaccurate gave washington hope army prevail conflict seeking repeat sort propaganda victory won following battles lexington concord commissioned report battle send england report reach england official account arrived july report caused friction argument casualty counts alarmed military establishment forced views colonial military capability king george attitude colonies hardened news contributed rejection substantive political attempt reconciliation sir majority wrote lord colonies sooner taste distress sooner crown control produced stop month receiving report issued response british position lead previously weak support rebellion especially southern colonies favor independence report direct effect career dismissal office decided days report received replace october wrote report repeated earlier warnings large army length employed reduce people require hiring foreign troops analysis written wake battle conducted sides strategic tactical altered outcome battle gives biased view things apparent battle reasonably reach command day years battle published account battle port magazine accusing general leadership failing supply reinforcements battle subsequently sparked long lasting major controversy veterans war friends family members historians disposition colonial forces colonial forces nominally overall command general colonel leading field acted independently evident opening stages battle tactical decision strategic implications general colonel colonel staff apparently orders decided fortification breed hill provocative offensive artillery closer boston exposed forces possibility trapped probably properly defend attempts british land troops control british taken step victory fewer casualties lines colonial forces generally managed scene especially action began significantly disorganized poor chain command militias operated directly ward authority commanders orders staying bunker hill joining defense british assault officers subjected court martial colonel opinion assault repulsed forces reinforced men supplies ammunition powder disposition british forces british leadership acted slowly works breed hill spotted troops ready assault roughly hours lively opened fire pace gave colonial forces time reinforce flanking positions poorly defended howe decided frontal assault works simple matter gaining control given victory risks colonists holding neck expensive fire high ground cambridge british leadership excessively optimistic believing regiments sufficient beat strength province field howe focusing opted twice force attacking flanking maneuver colonial left attack flank attack merely main force reinforced additional reserves targeted attack succeeded following taking peninsula british arguably tactical advantage press cambridge general clinton proposed howe having led assaults casualties declined idea colonial military leaders eventually recognized howe tentative decision maker aftermath tactical advantages delivered washington army hands refused act maintains general royal_navy secure narrow neck charleston peninsula cutting americans mainland achieved far costly victory motivated revenge patriot resistance battles lexington concord relatively heavy british losses felt colonial militia completely overtaken little effort opting frontal assault whites eyes famous order don fire whites eyes popularized stories battle uncertain said histories including eyewitness accounts attribute said repeated original statement idea dates originally general king gave standing orders fire till image pupil enemy eye military teachings widely admired imitated caused saying repeated general plains troops defeated army september earliest similar quote came june lieutenant colonel sir warned regiment fire white phrase repeated mentioned histories colonial military leaders familiar actually said battle clear colonial military leadership regularly reminding troops hold fire moment greatest effect especially situations ammunition limited notable participants significant number notable people fought battle example went distinguished military political careers served congress cabinet diplomatic posts like known later actions war stark known hero role battle free african americans fought battle notable examples include salem poor notable participant later famous army protest rebellion israel potter years exile novel colonel commanded served rebellion congressman new_york col read served bunker hill went settle geneva new_york pennsylvania said instrumental phrase added coins massachusetts militia shot knee bunker hill went war master builder uss constitution old oldest naval vessel world commissioned afloat painting death general warren battle bunker hill displayed created depiction battle warren death actual recording event painting shows number participants battle including british officer stormed came holding mortally wounded warren preventing fellow friends central figures include man fall battle stands feet high june anniversary battle cornerstone monument laid address delivered died buried wife soil son specifically designed evoke monument statue showing men national_park_service operates museum dedicated battle near monument battle added museum renovated nearby cambridge small granite monument north bears inscription assembled night june continental troops command colonel prayer president marched picture minister harvard 11th president small monument nearby marks location patriots provisional government left cambridge monuments lawn west harvard west harvard huge map observed june legal holiday massachusetts includes city boston site colonial fortifications overlooking located previously state institutions massachusetts public institutions higher education located boston celebrate holiday state budget requires state municipal offices open bunker hill day evacuation day june centennial battle celebrated military parade reception featuring notable speakers general vice president attended dignitaries country celebratory events marked anniversary years battle commemorated stamps | Battle of Bunker Hill | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
22247_BattleofRidgefield | battle battle battle series skirmishes american british forces american revolutionary war main battle fought village connecticut april occurred day coastline near modern connecticut april british force command royal governor landed marched destroyed continental_army supplies chasing small garrison troops word british troop movements spread connecticut militia leaders sprang action major general brigadier general brigadier general raised combined force roughly continental_army regular irregular local militia forces oppose british reach time prevent destruction supplies instead set harass british return coast company led general twice attacked rear guard march south april second encounter mortally wounded died days later main encounter took place militia arnold command confronted british driven away running battle town main street inflicting casualties british additional militia forces arrived day continued harass british returned fleet awaited arnold militia artillery stand british near landing site position flanked force scattered artillery fire bayonet charge expedition tactical success british forces actions pursuing raid patriot support connecticut british raids connecticut coastal communities including second raiding expedition raid led arnold british raids penetrated far countryside background years american revolutionary war state connecticut scene conflict war begun neighboring massachusetts april new_york_city taken british campaign fall major general commanding british forces new_york drafted plan primary goal taking rebel capital philadelphia troops left defend new_york include brigade provincial troops command royal governor new_york given temporary promotion major general spring howe plan included authorization operate hudson river enter connecticut circumstances point given early operations season raid continental_army depot connecticut howe learned depot existence efforts spy working british indian agent met success earlier raid continental_army outpost new_york fleet consisting transports hospital ship small craft assembled placed command captain landing force consisted regulars drawn 4th 15th 23rd 27th 44th regiments loyalists led small contingent 17th led generals sir command entire operation given general fleet sailed new_york april depot established order primarily served forces located hudson_river valley april army began regiments year campaigns expedition landed connecticut continental_army soldiers local militia command local resident colonel state militia commodore duncan anchored fleet april mouth landed troops eastern shore place called point moved inland miles area march continued day reached early afternoon march militia fired attempting slow advance drove troops attempting remove supplies killing capturing skirmishes departure early morning british destroyed barrels pork beef flour pairs shoes grain tents supplies troops reported consume significant quantities houses marks chimneys avoided torch british fleet spotted passed troops landed patriot dispatched warn local militia leaders movements major general brigadier general reached april immediately sent local militia arnold reached learned commander militia departed orders militia raised follow rapidly possible arnold immediately moved direction including troop volunteers assembled force numbering militia members continental_army regulars messages broadcasting alarm went far began continental_army troops garrisoned intercept case entered force moved heading pouring rain reached miles short wet gunpowder battle impossible chose spend night press alerted presence americans april cutting short thoughts remaining day troops ordered houses patriots burned structures destroyed troops left dawn marched south village attempt avoid general force hoping delay general overwhelming reinforcements arrived general split force main body men went generals arnold countryside met erected crude road town general personally chased british column remaining effort assisted local patriots created british column including destruction bridge taking advantage element surprise engaged rear guard breakfast miles north town killing british soldiers took prisoners engagement retreated cover nearby woods struck hour later british prepared second engagement having positioned artillery pieces rear guard shot rallying men year old general mortally wounded moments come boys mind random shots miles town center inexperienced militia dissolved confusion died days later home house served general temporary quarters words reported dying strong hope country gain independence harassment british column provided time arnold prepare crude defensive position british column arrived base arnold northern end town center noon following hour long artillery barrage dispatched flanking parties test sides american position having anticipated posted forces flanks initial patriot forces chose advance fronts including man column covering artillery fire leadership general directed general send fire helped breach british pursued patriot forces running battle length town street gained control town dead wounded americans withdrew general arnold orders breached arnold positioned men advancing enemy platoon horse struck musket shots horse went arnold pinned british soldier charged shouting arnold surrender arnold shouted shot killed ran troops slightly injured leg entire engagement took minutes british return fleet night south british forces departed morning leaving houses episcopal church patriot supply depot field hospital flames night militia command continental_army colonel expanded men arrival militia connecticut militia force neighboring new_york led colonel force engaged harassment british column moved south resembled british retreat concord start war convenient stone walls trees buildings militia constantly fired british column headed meantime general arnold gathered reinforcements south including small company continental artillery led colonel arnold adopted strong position hill commanded roads leading beach waited british arrive force arnold position prompted arnold chasing militia led attempt british reached beach british column moving speed able gain high ground joined fresh marines landed ships provide cover arnold prepared force attack british timed bayonet charge men broke formation spite determined action lamb artillery arnold attempts rally troops skirmish arnold second horse shot lamb injured british successfully embarked sailed new_york official british report listed killed wounded missing reported british casualties enlisted men killed officers enlisted men wounded published patriot account stating british prisoners taken americans hand gave british loss killed wounded americans reported lose killed wounded british claimed reports americans killed wounded incorrectly reported colonel lamb killed injuries severe appeared dead field aftermath raid actions tactical british successes resistance american forces consequent rise american military area british attempting landing ship attack inland colonial strongholds war british conduct inland operations connecticut despite western connecticut strategic importance securing british destroyed houses stores military medical supplies town estimated expedition caused damage submitted claims congress congress issued payment town response applications state general_assembly resulted awarding land includes ohio raid increased support area patriot cause short term gains territory previously neutral soon sailed away approximately connecticut citizens joined lieutenant colonel return led raid connecticut british position new_york connecticut later sent company cavalry regiments assist defeat lieutenant general pivotal battles september october sent militia companies assist defense hudson raided connecticut expedition limited raiding port towns major raiding expedition british conducted ironically led changed sides raid included stiff resistance militia rewarded role affair planned visiting family travel philadelphia protest promotion junior officers major general ahead recognition role received promotion major general command officers restored awarded horse properly token conduct late arnold restored important contributions success ride year old daughter colonel performed significant service patriot cause battle exhausted messenger arrived house inform british advance volunteered ride county round local militia act favorably comparable ride paul raise alarm lexington concord rode miles rainy night patriots avoiding loyalists raise troops men late assist formed force harassed british return beach american animated children educational series liberty kids story episode legacy beginning residents remembered battle form anniversary ceremony years day tribute hosted connecticut governor town street mansion conjunction town celebration anniversary affair featured publication history anniversary held year early tie america celebration anniversary celebrations included battle portions town street main street covered dirt sake authenticity monument erected honor local museum features british lodged building educational markers maintained points significance town including locations mortally wounded pinned shot horse stone marker near site marks spot patriot british troops buried public square named street battle depicted honor winning book brother sam dead christopher | Battle of Ridgefield | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23197_BattleofWhitePlains | battle white plains battle white plains battle new_york new_jersey campaign american revolutionary war fought october near new_york following retreat george_washington continental_army northward new_york_city british general landed troops intending cut washington escape route alerted washington retreated farther establishing position village failed establish firm control local high ground howe troops drove washington troops hill near village following loss washington ordered americans retreat farther north later british movements chased washington new_jersey pennsylvania washington crossed delaware surprised brigade troops december background british general evacuating boston march halifax nova scotia embarked june campaign gain control new_york_city campaign began unopposed landing early july british troops unopposed landing long_island august south areas general george_washington continental_army organized significant defenses losing august general washington army troops escaped night august manhattan called general howe followed landing manhattan september advance checked day abortive landing neck landed troops resistance point october begin maneuver intended trap washington army force troops manhattan hudson_river dominated warships royal_navy howe established camp advance elements army near miles lightly defended continental_army supply depot prelude october general washington sent colonel reconnaissance mission camp discovered general placement british troop locations recognized danger army supplies reported washington evening washington immediately dispatched orders lord troops north immediately march arrived white plains october followed units army day progressed washington decided withdraw army white plains leaving garrison men defend manhattan general howe army advanced slowly troops center right moving road white plains unit loyalists occupied attacked night detachment lord troops took thirty prisoners supplies suffered killed wounded result howe moved elements right wing occupy october howe reinforced landing new additional troops command washington established headquarters october chose defensive position fortified lines trenches situated raised terrain protected right ground near hills place retreat american defenses miles long right hill commanded plain british advance hill initially occupied militia companies numbering probably including massachusetts militia company october howe army moved established camp covering eastern bank apparently hopes catching column alter route execute forced march night avoid howe remained morning october forces marched british troops right general primarily troops left general battle washington terrain determine best station troops alerted british advancing returning headquarters ordered 2nd connecticut regiment slow british advance sent 1st delaware regiment brigade 19th 1st reinforce hill force crossed set stone wall exchanged fire led colonel head british left column eventually forced retreat clinton column threatened flank companies retreated fire troops hill covered troops attempted gain hill repelled fire troops militia retreated nearby river defense brought entire british_army maneuvering attack entire american line stop howe command conferred artillery left opened fire position succeeded driving militia panicked retreat arrival brigade helped rally defensive line established militia right hill howe finally issued orders army waited detachment british troops sent hill british attack organized regiments leading assault charge american right battalion colonel consisting regiment attack center british column general consisting 5th 28th 35th 49th foot attack right force difficulty crossing river reluctant elements british force cross river charge scattered militia american right leaving flank maryland new_york regiments exposed poured musket fire british attackers temporarily halted british advance exposure flank caused begin fighting retreat progressively forced remainder american line engaged segments british force way retreat delaware regiment anchored american left provided covering fire remaining troops retreated north leave hill fighting intense sides suffered significant casualties disciplined retreat casualties john history british_army says howe casualties numbered british points figure includes entire casualties october fact casualties incurred battle white plains revised figure total british killed wounded missing white plains hand gives howe loss killed wounded missing american loss uncertain range killed wounded captured numbers casualties killed wounded estimates killed wounded missing commands information losses regiment aftermath generals remained days howe reinforced position hill washington organized army retreat hills arrival additional troops lord october howe planned act americans following day heavy rain fell day howe finally prepared act find washington grasp washington withdrew army hills north night october establishing camp near howe chose follow instead attempting success draw washington november turned army south finish continental_army troops manhattan task accomplished november battle washington eventually crossed hudson_river army leaving new_england regiments guard supply stores important river crossings later british movements chased new_jersey pennsylvania british established chain outposts new_jersey washington seeing opportunity victory boost nation morale crossed delaware surprised troops december legacy year near anniversary date hosts commemoration event new_york ships united_states_navy named escort carrier world war combat stores ship decommissioned suffering extensive damage according historians depicted short story legend hollow inspired real life soldier lost head cannon fire battle | Battle of White Plains | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23536_BattleofNeerwinden(1793) | battle march saw republican french army led attack coalition army commanded coalition army small contingent allied troops repulsed french assaults bitter fighting conceded defeat withdrawing field french position austrian netherlands swiftly collapsed ending threat allowing austria regain control lost province war coalition engagement fought located kilometres east brussels present day belgium victory november french armies rapidly overran driving austrians west bank french government preoccupied war breathing space offered enemy austria assembled army struck french covering force routed began gathering army took defensive position awaited confident attack coalition army outnumbered infantry possessed superiority cavalry intense fighting troops repulsed attacks french center right wing found left wing driven battlefield began retreating defeat led mass discouraged french volunteers face military collapse negotiated free withdrawal french troops return surrender belgium dutch territory soon plotting government plans failed defected austrians leaving french army chaos background french conquer belgium november french army defeated austrian army duke albert battle french enjoyed enormous numerical superiority infantry cavalry guns austrian army counting foot soldiers horsemen guns month french armies overran territory known today nation belgium right flank led advanced river way dropped force des captured commanded laid siege antwerp joined column marched northeast november garrison battalion austrian infantry regiment allowed free 27th soldiers won minor action near battalions austrians antwerp fell november infantry cavalry austrian garrison 1st companies companies plus gunners surrendered losing dead wounded french captured cannons additional pound regimental cannons muskets gunpowder man garrison von surrendered december week siege austrian defenders included battalions battalion companies half squadron gunners division counted infantry cavalry invasion dutch republic austrian counterattack opportunity drive austrians west bank rhine conjunction instead pursued pet project invasion hoped war dutch keeping neutral french government forced hand declaring war great_britain february ordering overrun undertook invasion infantry cavalry soon reinforced covered army corps pushed north time army north counted men numbered army consisted soldiers corps strong army holland troops men belgian garrisons told strength french army low countries men french army believing invincible bitter political struggles moderate extreme period army supply system fell apart neglect crossed dutch frontier february fortress fell quick siege february dutch defenders included infantry regiment surrendered city cannon allowed free 21st invested troops army austrian dutch defenders austrian general major siege work winter weather french volunteers deserted units went home fortress guns siege march dutch garrison battalions squadrons allowed free giving military engineer designed floating batteries great siege gibraltar small fort captured march men tiny garrison stiff fight lost killed survivors gave edge planned cross march seize amsterdam capturing join advancing preoccupied french commander given austrians time recover prince austrian army west bank rhine assisted promising staff officer named march swept aside covering army battle french abandoned siege march pursued slowly french forces 9th slow dutch project french government insisted charge belgium command army holland arrived march thought soldiers morale retreat advanced army seeking battle french commander failed corps army holland reinforcements earlier driven march french recaptured vigorous combat french attacked troops duke defended town soldiers guns mortars french casualties numbered opponents sustained losses killed wounded missing pulled army believing outnumbered enemies confident success century french won battle ground battle forces strengths given armies vary somewhat credited french men stating austro dutch numbers asserted french foot horse coalition counted infantry cavalry dodge wrote infantry cavalry battle foot horse according outnumbered counted infantry cavalry led right infantry cavalry right wing numbered battalions divided divisions led center included foot soldiers battalions horsemen subordinate generals center men infantry cavalry led left foot horse commanded battalion reserve strength men figures total infantry cavalry charles battalions squadrons divided number brigades command commanded battalions led battalions battalion donnell battalion squadron directed battalion battalion squadron prince directed battalion battalion donnell battalion squadrons led battalions squadrons led battalions squadrons 1st rank duke ferdinand division commander battalions infantry regiments battalion charles squadrons nassau regiments squadrons kaiser duke albert regiments directed battalions squadrons 2nd rank division commander brigadier und units included battalions infantry regiments battalion squadrons squadrons regiments count led battalions squadrons reserve division commander brigadier units battalions infantry regiments battalion murray battalions squadrons squadrons contributed battalions consisting battalions battalion regiments combat drawn right flank duke stood center reserve defended left flank village far right line left center screen coalition light troops posted little organized columns attack right led attack columns duke directed columns center commanded columns left main road french reserve formed final column far left capture swing south operated right wing believed main strength right wing protect austrian line communications planned throw heaviest blow left wing line stretched hill village left directed column attack second seize hill left ordered attack columns french little unable capture hill noon french seized finally coalition forces launched attack attack villages defended french austrian cavalry charges highly effective open ground settlements bitter fighting changed hands repeatedly villages recaptured troops austrian cavalry charge pressed french farther attempted attack right failed french cavalry covered retreat infantry maintaining position little attacked morning reaction draw substantial troops center reinforce right flank initially men driven held village captured threatened soon thrown main fighting occurred column seized drove soldiers attacks face strong coalition defenses charles saw opportunity cavalry tired french soldiers troops driven rally heard defeat wing morning 19th forced order retreat results coalition given credit triumph blamed defeat traveled paris intrigue austro dutch reported losses officers rank file horses french lost killed wounded plus men artillery pieces captured general brigade bar killed generals wounded source estimated austrian losses killed wounded missing french casualties killed wounded plus missing prisoners immediately battle french volunteers deserted colors went home days later army numbered troops men deserted hundreds march clash soldiers defeated austrians sustained casualties inflicting french march french army retreated brussels began calling detachments corps point opened negotiations austrians offered evacuate belgium armies allowed retreat terms accepted french armies withdrew camps border army holland allowed march enemy lines took position near posted army north saint sur evacuated april april heart king went january found political situation paris chaotic appalled tendency interfere army commanders having negotiated enemy offered treat austrians sent march french commander proposed army march paris overthrow crush restore constitution austrians pledged halt advance carried coup moved slowly april commissioners war minister arrived headquarters demand commander explain paris seized handed austrians tried frontier fortresses hands adherents failed attempted seizure later executed believed control regular infantry cavalry regiments hand volunteers artillery remained devoted incident fired nearly arrested volunteer battalion mistake seen austrian escort gunners took lead refusing obey seeing plot fallen apart defected austrians april accompanied duke generals cavalry longer bound previous agreement prepared invade france hitherto armies ruled directed officers begins revolutionary nightmare ironically treason gave scope control armies army commanders afterward representatives mission given extraordinary powers army commanders generals pay lives defeat real authority lay political new war minister sent agents spy generals men quick report complaint officers result disgrace execution elements system stayed force overthrown | Battle of Neerwinden (1793) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23750_BattleofAmpfing(1800) | battle december divisions french republic opposed austrian army southwest town french revolutionary wars austrians leadership forced enemies retreat sustained greater losses french located kilometers miles east munich west spring wrecked austrian defenses germany generals ran stiff austrian june napoleon brought reserve corps defeated austrians danube decisive followed success days later allowed french munich control danube tributaries far french pressing austria north italy truce ended hostilities rest summer despite significant losses decisive austrians reluctant accept peace terms summer truce november austrian french armies rushed come terrain east munich newly appointed commander austrian forces managed bring bulk army left wing french army near outnumbered french divisions fought rear guard action hours retreating good order instead casualties staff convinced enemy run austrian general ordered pursuit french forested terrain instead fleeing troops waiting austrians armies met decisive days later background coalition forces achieved initial victories efforts northern italy pushed austrian forces resulted negotiation peace april subsequent treaty october treaty proved difficult administer austria slow venetian territories congress convened purposes deciding southwestern german states compensate houses territorial losses unable progress supported french republican forces swiss insurgents staged uprisings ultimately causing overthrow months civil war early tactics employed austria uprising naples raised recent gains switzerland suggested timing venture campaign northern italy southwestern germany beginning armies france austria faced rhine led approximately troops addition austrian regulars force included men troops soldiers low quality men deployed east lake protect posted main body soldiers shaped angle rhine changes direction westward flow northern border switzerland northward flow eastern border france set main magazine near northwestern end lake day march french held switzerland commanded equipped army french troops troops available field operations watched swiss border held rhine fortresses offered plan operations based austrians push switzerland declined follow planned cross rhine near river swung north french column distract true intentions crossing rhine west wanted corps sent italy initial battles danube plain plans series complicated maneuvers flanked double flanked army army lay eastern slope portions army guarded passes battles fought army french republic army led fighting near resulted stalemate heavy losses sides main armies engaged captured austrian defenders joseph prince loss main supply base compelled retreat enjoyed favorable defensive position meant retreat austria switzerland cut french launched repeated fruitless assaults nearby austrians superiority position force 1st brigade took village heights gave commanding aspect subsequently withdrew forces followed closely french fighting nearby ensued action principally consisted man strong french center commanded assault austrian force austrians withdrew heavy losses time strategic importance danube valley french war goal occupy vienna force accept comply peace terms established required double invasion northern italy commanded southern germany campaign fell secure access bavaria eventually vienna french needed control danube new tactic stretch river site major battles thirty years war war spanish succession danube grows significantly volume making wide swift joins danube dumping massive amounts water stream enters danube significant city river family seat princes taking family blow morale prestige role protect small domains control bridges passages offered advantage transport prestige followed series battles clashes danube nearby bridges fell june french controlled danube crossings abandoned withdrew downstream french target day long battle control river austrians withdrew ordered troops pursue nightfall french controlled access danube tributaries far south banks north river loss broke austrian control strategic danube similarly italy french successes battles forced austrian withdrawal east france threatening northwest southwest austrians agreed cease fire subsequent peace negotiations complicated alliance austria britain prevented signing separate peace consequently british successful blockading french ports entered negotiations bolster weakened ally initially britain refused french terms offered counter terms september negotiations continued napoleon later claimed austrians negotiate good faith sought gain time rainy season winter army movements difficult entire season recruit truce july france austria agreed truce ended summer campaign southern germany emperor dismissed appointed brother year old command austrian army compensate young man inexperience emperor named deputy commander colonel chief staff armies prepared renewal hostilities extension truce signed september time fortresses ceded french concessions allowed austria augment field forces line infantry belonging garrisons meantime peace negotiations continued resumption hostilities summer armistice held november french notified enemies intention end truce weeks austrians distributed soldiers arc north south held troops soldiers defended north bank danube near main army infantry cavalry lay near austrians french lay southwest main army guarding line inn farther southwest occupied troops counter austrians french fielded larger array forces frankfurt main troops threatened northern wing controlled main army deployed wings strong detached force occupied north bank danube near man deployed west bank near soldiers center munich personal control right wing defended line upper farther west lastly strong threatened force switzerland unlike french armies revolutionary period troops late enjoyed organized supply service onset winter lengthened army sick list months long truce allowed units approach strength french officers confident success planned broad advance eastward inn fighting enemies found lead left allow right wing advance greater distance cover french wings closed troops look crossing sites aggressive persuaded launch offensive austrian chief staff planned strike direction austrians wheel left smash french left flank possibly enemies line communications west munich days november austrian army proved unable advance necessary speed turn french north flank aware adversaries advancing convinced convert flank march direct advance munich battle evening november austrian advance guard occupied dawn december left town battalions infantry squadrons cavalry approximately men led battalions squadrons soldiers right flank quickly overran french outposts nearly surprised division camp despite odds french 19th cavalry regiment charged attackers included cavalry charge gave time place brigade line battle meet shock division included infantry cavalry cannons brigades detached south inn conducted able defense 13th rode support directed fighting second brigade noon horse artillery battery led arrived accurate fire quickly austrian guns destroyed later pieces overrun austrian french gunners rallied recaptured pieces horseback charge battered launched attacks foot soldiers horsemen guns belonging division brigade belonging division marched helped block attempt turn hardy flank fighting wounded hardy caused hand command french divisions slowly pressed superior numbers gave orders withdrawal directed managed retreat road units falling orderly save artillery capture charged captured austrians falling french soldiers reached open ground assumed defensive position told battle lasted hours addition heavily engaged austrian units column plus column result austrians suffered killed wounded captured french lost killed wounded captured expecting fight major battle following day austrian generals surprised find french evacuated vanished deep woods caution victory inexperienced aggressive army staff convinced faced french rear guards erroneous idea prompted austrian headquarters ignore normal precautions come french force john ordered pursuit columns drawing strong column form northern flank chased french forest waited austrian force plain divisions cavalry reserve ambushed emerged forest complete victory division accomplished surprise austrian left flank crushing victory followed skirmishes clashes danube bavaria force coupled victory battle june ended war second coalition february austrians signed treaty accepting french control rhine french puppet italy netherlands subsequent treaty france britain began longest break wars napoleonic period | Battle of Ampfing (1800) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23778_BattleofSaint-Pierre | battle saint military confrontation march near quebec village south confrontation occurred continental_army siege quebec following defeat battle quebec forces largely composed canadian militia including individuals sides conflict recruited communities patriot forces routed loyalist forces killing capturing background early american revolutionary war invited citizens join addressing letters invading province goal british government general invasion reached peak december continental_army command general defeated gates city quebec battle resulted death montgomery capture men following defeat remnants army command general besieged city time worked recruit french speaking canadians support efforts independence british worked build loyalist support loyalist militia recruitment early morning march canadian miller crossed saint lawrence river canoe reached city quebec brought news general americans setting gun battery south shore river city battery command city harbor shipping river told people south city prepared rise americans gave instructions deliver isle crane island island man previous military experience french indian war instructions included intercepted communications arnold describing difficult conditions siege camp amnesty people previously supported americans willing assist british previously asked raise militia support british set raising force attack unfinished battery march assembled men anne force reached night march joined additional men advance guard force numbering sent command established base house loyalist commander local militia americans warned friendly americans notified commander recruiting activity response general arnold sent detachment americans deal situation working moses commander 2nd raised men joined americans forces headed southern shore investigate reports recruits villages recruited men small band militia went arrested planning return city conflict loyalist advance guard surprised arrival patriot forces saint house attacked men musket cannon escaped majority surrendered killed priest wounded battle said sides recruited areas build militias families members fought battle aftermath plans uncovered disbanded militia went hiding established action sanctioned british prisoners released promising arms remaining prisoners sent american camp outside quebec skirmish notable effect relations people occupying americans deteriorating siege dragged fact americans paying supplies coin paid continental paper currency notes deemed little worth locals | Battle of Saint-Pierre | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23810_Actionof6November1794 | action november action november known french combat iii naval engagement french revolutionary wars british ships line intercepted returning britain large french squadron french squadron sailed brest search inward bound british convoy october instead encountered british ships returning escorting outward bound convoy warning french approach british force assigned watch brest absent plymouth policy operating distant blockade british ships separated attempted escape french commander simply split forces response canada eventually able pursuit alexander slower caught french ships succession opponents driven succeeded coming alongside fierce close fought duel compelled captain surrender ship face overwhelming odds battle rare french victory lying significant british victories glorious june royal_navy campaign french fleet brest background february following years rising tension emerged french revolution declared war royal_navy immediate concerns contain based massively fortified harbour brest brittany port positioned disrupt merchant shipping convoys passed route britain world french fleet permitted sea challenged french brest vital port grain supplies americas french fleets regularly sailed missions escort convoys harbour disrupt british convoys entering large french fleet sea ensure safety american grain convoy intercepted far atlantic glorious june powerful royal_navy fleets force assigned restrict french movements brest french suffered defeat losing seven ships managed retire good order saved grain convoy later june sea caught storm ships badly damaged commander lord howe retired fleet anchorage british fleet sea late october powerful french squadron sailed brest intention attacking large merchant convoy sailing lisbon britain force command consisted gun ships line frigates corvette addition lisbon convoy number vulnerable british targets region including second convoy mediterranean_sea rear admiral route britain rate sailing independently lord hood board information concerning movements cruising pattern intended cover western approaches english channel french force cruised days november unidentified ships spotted northeastern horizon vessels british gun ships line hms alexander captain captain hamilton returning rejoin channel_fleet escorting lisbon mediterranean bound convoy safe latitude chase sighting french force british captains sought establish identity strange ships shortening sail port close squadron nautical miles away ordering crews set sail ready attempt escape squadron revealed french british ships discovered squadron favourable wind approaching fast convinced hamilton unidentified ships hostile ordered hamilton separate hope escape slower alexander hamilton adjusting course northerly direction deliberately sought disguise squadron effort lure british close catch trap successfully ships line pursued alexander ships line including flagship frigates followed canada continue deception ordered ships raise british ships replied raising having shifted direction flight eastwards better use available wind raising british flags clear indicator british aware identity instead ordered squadron french finally abandoning ruse ships british preceding hours division french squadron pursuit alexander steadily closed gap ships alexander responding firing stern french ships responded firing bow british vessel canada came range ordering flagship fire hamilton ship shot flying vessel sea hamilton responded fire stern issued signals alexander canada form line canada lead british vessels mutually support recognised intentions soon canada began division blocked hamilton manoeuvre ships division firing hamilton ship isolated alexander falling canada french ship able draw close alexander discharge main broadside british vessel ships engaging fierce duel minutes suffering damage away engagement assisted french frigate place taken french ship line pull directly alongside ship able attack british ship heavy fire receiving turn shot away french ship main inflicted severe damage rigging turned away replaced ship french line pulled alongside battered damaged alexander hour taking damage turn rigging sails masts shot hull shattered fires raging board surrendered alexander face overwhelming french odds division pulled range began fire ship hamilton canada able pull ahead escape french shot flying british ship attack canada hamilton reported damage casualties aftermath consolidating battered prize ordered squadron return brest waiting british convoys intended targets unknown french lisbon mediterranean convoys nautical miles away action alexander sinking condition difficulty ship brought port afloat captured crew distributed french squadron result unable casualty list later estimated losses approximately men killed wounded aboard alexander french accounts killed wounded british histories reported french casualties engagement enormous figure men killed wounded french historian noted inflated total gave french losses wounded returned brest custody captain commanded ship glorious june ship sunk unknown promoted rear admiral whilst sea later commended conduct prisoner wrote admiralty treated great kindness humanity historian reported brest populace insulted prisoners marched place confinement officers men shared lot denied rations provisions reduced starvation dog cells killed head sold dollar satisfy nature prisoner state threw prison walls dead body lying time taken water allowed people drink exchanged shortly action returned britain sat court martial standard practice royal_navy ship lost action acquitted blame loss alexander france victory captured ship repaired taken french_navy joining poor sailor june french fleet participated retreat action overrun british fleet recaptured rejoining royal_navy historical assessment capture alexander summed historian wrote capture british rare event wars lost sided nature conflict apparent called habit victory established | Action of 6 November 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23836_SiegeofBadajoz(1658) | siege 4th siege took place july october portuguese restoration war attempt huge portuguese army command governor capture spanish city headquarters fortifications essentially medieval considered vulnerable portuguese attacked times war gathered army advanced city poorly defended spanish troops command duke looked principally survival spanish relief expedition mounted portuguese forces launched direct assault town hoping initially capture key fort days unsuccessful attack portuguese abandoned plan began build wall instead try city plans received boost captured large spanish defensive installation outside fort unable use platform successfully siege lasted months time portuguese troops died mainly plague deserted arrival relief army king philip spain favorite don october lifted siege portuguese commander stripped rank imprisoned failure taking advantage failure invaded portugal besieged main defensive system portugal portuguese army besieged took refuge suffering second catastrophic plague small relief army improvised portuguese inflicted crushing defeat spanish army decisive battle january way portuguese independence granted spanish reached military advantage secondary war background death portugal spanish launched portuguese territory mainly second opened force portuguese divide forces recently reinforced veterans war france commanded duke san german appointed duke general artillery second command laid siege portuguese town soldiers cannons occupied town despite desperate attempt count military governor launching surprise attack spanish town fell spanish hands shortly dismissed command replaced easily managed retake following months spanish garrisons considerably diminished order troops face french armies encouraged successes promised portuguese queen capture town headquarters important spanish fortress near portuguese frontier count suggested offensive north conquer city easier mild climate coast suggested strategically beneficial secure province queen ministers preferred plan given command army consisting infantry cavalry troops train cannons mortars gathered main fortress second command recently appointed general friend enemy court cause friction spanish fortress town time garrisoned infantry cavalry soldiers military governor fortress command army belonged duke san german retreated loss briefly attempted retake infantry led don don cavalry duke artillery don brother new spain defenses town consisted essentially old medieval wall dating period reinforced outbreak war newly built siege preliminary maneuvers portuguese army left fortress july arrived outside following day company cavalry troops commanded confronted near bridge river spanish cavalry party led duke units retreated inflicting losses bloody fight spanish seeking protection walls town arrived shortly main portuguese army artillery large number supply wagons brought seeing strength portuguese army duke san german hastily sent message calling help despite longstanding danger portuguese attack situation spanish force garrison suffered lack ammunition supplies soldiers dressed practically nude civilian population town trained weapon duke san german soldiers civilians work fortifications storing food portuguese proceeded prepare field assault fortress decided war council senior officers attack fort san key point defenses fort built covered river guarding access city quickly strengthened spanish protected duke cavalry widened trenches connected fort san garrison strengthened day strongly defended communication road portuguese assault thoroughly prepared plan portuguese squadrons block entrance bridge fort san fort turn attacked given task cutting communication lines river distracting minor forts nearby cavalry regiments deployed expectation fierce spanish resistance assault costly failure days prolonged action defenders led virtually wiped regiment fire ordered withdrawal attempted portuguese general convinced taking assault changed strategy began town order try completely spanish reinforcing defensive fortifications extensive works mainly built medieval towers outlying forts strengthened aim portuguese works forcing build larger line forts star fort able accommodate infantry built artillery proof portuguese built bridge river united portuguese quarters del allowed troops cross river having reinforced north fortified bridge river built arc del located near river abandoned spanish garrison shortly built portuguese cover construction line tried occupy del hill near del repelled spanish garrison build line given strategic importance del nearby hill improvised star fortification italian general built leaving fort vulnerable instructed count occupy portuguese cavalry dispatched aim passed las easily overran convent small spanish garrison promptly surrendered portuguese began build fort old known located convent fort continued spanish occupation fort preventing completion line capture priority count assisted engineers planned assault fortification june ineffective bombardment gun battery place try breach portuguese cavalry covered ranks ordered attack advance difficult presence fences field portuguese battalions head attack surprised spanish cavalry duke general don followed duke san german spanish order try counter portuguese assault brother irish officer commander fort managed reach fort ordered reinforce vanguard battalions portuguese cavalry sent action general wounded captured spanish counter attack repelled fort finally surrendered bombardment capture fort san allowed portuguese complete works consisted continuous line little forts able garrison soldiers spanish continued strengthening defenses southwestern section wall fortified erected meters gate santa maria significant action took place period ambush near spanish supply convoy sent sorties garrison try portuguese works night attack spanish duke portuguese section cost infantry horses august san german abandoned town cavalry soldiers broke lines near quarter portuguese reaching shortly san german replaced command spanish concentrated efforts defense large garrisoned infantry cavalry portuguese artillery fire del late august news formation relief army spain favorite reached portuguese camp increasing pressure bring siege conclusion unfortunately damage caused bombardment spanish positions minor heat disease portuguese army relief duke las suggested lead relief company philip favourite feared queen austria given government country absence king having military experience offered lead relief army force consisted infantry cavalry little infantry cavalry reach mid october appearance compelled abandon siege buildings del set fire bridge river destroyed portuguese army retreated having lost men killed battle dead disease aftermath spanish relief army arrived entered acclaimed town monarchy portugal queen imprisoned failure capture news setback portuguese arrived northern frontier spanish army commanded governor entered portuguese territory early september defeating portuguese army led battle spanish forces proceeded following months capture portuguese strongholds decided attack portugal advice duke san german advanced portuguese fortress reached spanish army october siege begun fortifications ensure safety scale assault supported heavy guns enabled defenders withstand considerable attack time allow portuguese relief army firstly later count january clock morning portuguese attacked spanish trenches battle initial stages duke spanish generals effort collect troops recover lost ground time portuguese forces managed break lines spanish retreated great loss initial army men infantry men plus horsemen managed reach artillery men firearms correspondence captured portuguese army besieged shortly bringing events region circle failed city signing treaty ended war france recovery portugal main objective | Siege of Badajoz (1658) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) 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23862_BattleofPortLouis | battle minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought december mouth near french indian_ocean island later known mauritius originally powerful squadron frigates sent indian_ocean command squadron dispersed summer significant french warship remaining region battle culmination month raiding cruise gun french_navy frigate commanded captain ordered raid british commerce cruise inconclusive encounter squadron small british warships bay september engagement gun hms heavy weather october returning december steered intercepted british blockade squadron comprising gun ship line gun unable reach safety evaded pursuit long drive beach mouth brief exchange fire wrecked frigate surrendered british boarding parties ship boats rowed removed survivors burnt remains watching shore command burned beach subsequently retired military service background british_royal_navy dominance french revolutionary wars challenged arrival squadron french_navy frigates commanded ships new gun frigate commanded captain sailed france instead passing independently atlantic uniting squadron port louis france deployed squadron dutch_east_indies suffered frustration incident january subsequently returned base port louis squadron began fracture succession ships sent france detached independent missions separated march carrying messages support military volunteers sultan enemy british sought form alliance france instructions emphasised subtlety operation april attacked british port seized east merchant ships alerted british mission reinforcements landed safely april diplomatic relations british collapsed leading fourth anglo war following year killed kingdom absorbed british india sailed rejoin corvette dutch_east_indies planned junction allied spanish squadron manila combined force attacked convoy gathering january ensuing incident driven royal_navy escort squadron returned westwards narrowly avoiding unequal battle large british squadron blockading port arrival discovered ships remaining original command having returned france lost battle battle bay september dispersed remaining ships sent france september carrying condemned political prisoners corvette eventually wrecked heavy loss life ordered operate british trade coast sailing august focused efforts approaches british cape colony september encountered squadron anchored comprising gun naval gun hms schooner surprise ships lying masts rigging removed force supporting expeditionary army general fighting war laden military supplies ship prepared battle sailors trapped shore surf approached anchored ships flying false danish colours anchored nearby ship boat approached new arrival rapidly realising hostile frigate returning ship lieutenant senior officer convoy fired warning shots close frigate ignored british ships prepared action began approach opened fire immediately joined returned fire focusing broadside midnight taken shot hull causing widespread flooding crew ceased firing man pumps apparently believed abandoned fight switched fire engagement continuing point slipped anchor pulled range remaining bay standing sea british losses killed wounded badly damaged later reported french sources believed schooner surprise armed naval brig prompting withdrawal loss action killed wounded frigate reported badly damaged messages effect hastily sent commander cape captain sent gun hms pursuit october spending night convoy discovered gave chase sea turbulent strong gale northwest chase continued evening captain able fire ranging shot french ship responded rapidly gained damaged state sea impossible safely open lower deck long range duel continued high speed night following days october finally close bring action found pounder guns restricted upper deck pounder guns match main battery result rigging rapidly shot away british ship fell urgent repairs able opportunity escape returned table bay october chase little subsequent success returned early december entrance port blockaded gun ship line captain gun captain ships sent specifically intercept arriving port louis december successfully merchant french vessels benjamin spanish del days later sighted approaching frigate chased northeast adamant pressing close escape forced drive frigate shore mouth range large shore battery ordered masts cut away frigate battery opened fire adamant carefully sailing coastal effort engage beached french ship hours ship worked way positioned open fire broadside wrecked clear resistance futile struck colours surrendered likely damaged repair discussed situation determined destroy wreck deny french end gathered boarding party lieutenant sent attack party came fire batteries able successfully access battered french frigate finding officers handful sailors remained having given opportunity escape shore boats prisoners war captives permitted bring personal baggage brought british squadron prisoner grey set wrecked ship returning adamant having executed orders losing single man aftermath gone ashore near come observe engagement witnessed destruction squadron commander command subsequently took ship france retired commission later returning family settling action temporarily left french naval forces raiding cruises posed considerable threat british indian_ocean trade routes subsequent reinforcement arrive region war frigate intercepted captured battle shortly arrival substantial reinforcements reach outbreak napoleonic wars subsequently came criticism historians failure inflict greater damage light force described somewhat action heavily criticised performance action october considered explanation failure given james wrote action undoubtedly cause triumph captain calculated away disgrace incurred bay | Battle of Port Louis | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
23967_SmolenskWar | war war conflict fought polish lithuanian commonwealth russia hostilities began october russian forces tried capture city small military engagements produced mixed results sides surrender main russian force february led treaty russia accepted polish lithuanian control region lasted years background king poland lithuania died commonwealth nobility quickly elected son new ruler poland neighbours expecting delays electoral process tested commonwealth perceived weakness swedish king sent envoys russia ottoman_empire propose alliance war commonwealth commonwealth ready war royal army numbered barely men garrison strong garrisons border area composed regular mercenary soldiers local volunteers aware russia preparing war spring polish lithuanian parliament increased army recruiting additional men deputy volunteers regular army soldiers senate poland agreed increase size army objected arguing current forces war likely nonetheless field lithuanian recruited additional soldiers russia having recovered certain extent agreed assessment commonwealth weakened death king attacked waiting ottomans russia aim gain control ceded commonwealth truce ending russo polish war capital commonwealth contested changed hands times 15th 16th 17th centuries days lithuanian wars major supporter war father represented anti polish camp court inspired russian parliament vengeance lost lands russian army west hostilities russian army crossed lithuanian border early october carefully prepared experienced command previously defended poles siege towns castles fell russians advanced october day historic town taken moved begin siege polish estimates size russian forces varied artillery pieces recent research 17th century russian archive documents showed size russian army compared russian armies army significantly dissatisfied traditional formations musket equipped infantry russians looked foreign officers update equipment training troops based western european model regulars regiments totaling men comprised army siege commonwealth forces composed garrison men artillery pieces command strengthened local nobility formed force strong city fortifications recently improved italian style constructed lines fortress tunnels mines forces damaged long section city wall towers russian heavy artillery western manufacture reached december heavier guns arriving following march preliminary artillery bombardment ordered assault repulsed polish defenders nonetheless siege progressing fortifications eroded defenders suffering heavy casualties running supplies june soldiers started desert talked surrender despite difficulties city commanded deputy held commonwealth newly elected king organised relief force informed russian invasion october starting november discussed possibility relief process delayed spring officially sanctioned declaration war authorised large payment million highest tax contribution entire reign raising suitable force intended relief force effective strength men include horses light cavalry known cavalry composed horses squadrons horses lithuanian regiments horses large regiments horses regiments infantry men infantry organized based western model previously common commonwealth armies lithuania established camp kilometres moving later february amassed soldiers including infantry engaged raiding rear areas russian disrupt logistics managed break russian lines occasions bringing soldiers supplies reinforce fortress raising defenders morale summer relief force led personally king numbering polish lithuanian army according arrived near reached august days september main body relief forces approaching numbered russian army recently reinforced numbered reinforcements led numbering arrived september commonwealth army gain numerical superiority raid russian rear lines freeing polish lithuanian units join effort break siege brother commanded regiments relief army notable commander field king great supporter modernization commonwealth army proved good innovations use artillery fortifications based western ideas greatly contributed eventual polish lithuanian success replaced old standardized commonwealth artillery introducing pounder regimental guns great effect commonwealth cavalry including significantly restricted russian mobility forcing stay trenches series fierce engagements commonwealth forces gradually overran russian field fortifications siege reached final stages late september september commonwealth forces took main russian supply points october siege broken army retreated main camp turn surrounded commonwealth forces mid october besieged russians waited relief arrived commonwealth cavalry sent disrupt russian rear historians cite dissent internal divisions russian camp responsible blames russian parker foreign mercenaries invasion threatening south russian factor soldiers regions russian camp return protect homeland foreign mercenaries deserted commonwealth began surrender negotiations january february swing russians finally signed surrender treaty february march vacated camp scholars date march capitulation surrender terms russians leave artillery allowed retain banners ceremony laid promise engage commonwealth forces months forces numbered time capitulation including foreign contingent immediately decided defect commonwealth engagements towns fortresses region site smaller battles russian forces captured significant locations advance speculates delay arrival main force artillery caused effort cost siege consequently war july russians took towns scene particularly heavy fighting russians captured city fortress attacks successfully repulsed polish forces laid siege allies forced withdraw autumn commonwealth forces retook important russian supply point capture year setback wrecked russian plans send reinforcements army event russians begin gather strong army purpose january autumn grand crown defeated ottoman south commonwealth freeing force lay siege russian town failed fortress tied large russian forces preventing moving north relief spring commonwealth army moved fortress siege turned king manage capture treaty spring russians lost army threatened raids ravaged southern russia patriarch died previous year war end russia considering best end conflict elected russia lay claim russian throne king wanted continue war polish swedish treaty soon ally russians strike sweden wanted conflict wrote weeks surrender happiness remaining borders health keen war began negotiating armistice eternal peace talks began april treaty signed putting end hostilities treaty confirmed pre war status quo russia paying large war gold agreed surrender claim russian throne return royal insignia moscow notes russian perspective likely claim important terms subsequent increase internal stability loss disputed despite winning militarily russians scored diplomatic triumph authors support interpretation aftermath later stages war commonwealth army moved new threat begun southern borders ottoman_empire invasion force begun reinforcements theater later year commonwealth forces scored victory south ending war ottomans sides introduced new tactics units equipment based western models polish lithuanian forces proved adept innovations russians main factors kept russians winning delay moving siege artillery severe disruption russian supply lines polish cavalry needed accused treason second command son executed moscow april learning defeat russians adopt new successful tactics polish russian war war gave russians border town nearby territories hoping persuade join anti swedish alliance king ultimately unable overcome objections polish lithuanian unwilling fight sweden treaty russians unable benefit alliance proposed alliance came war cost commonwealth treasury commemorated tomb unknown soldier warsaw inscription | Smolensk War | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
24058_Actionof9September1796 | action september action september inconclusive minor naval engagement small french_navy british_royal_navy squadrons northeastern sumatra near french revolutionary wars french squadron comprised frigates engaged commerce raiding operation british trade routes passing captured parts dutch_east_indies posed considerable threat weakened british naval forces region british force consisted gun ships line hastily paired oppose eastward advance french squadron french squadron commanded left base july cruising ceylon sailing eastwards movements far unopposed british forces east indies concentrated simon town west east raiding shipping september squadron sailed eastwards attack september french removing supplies captured british merchant ship east large sails spotted sent drive french attack scattered british shipping ports region british ships substantially larger individual french vessel frigates numerous afford significant damage battle sought drive achieve outright victory september frigates formed line battle successfully engaging arrogant victorious inflicting damage preventing supporting french frigates particularly suffered late morning sides british retiring madras repairs anchored king island eventually background start french allied forces completely driven indian_ocean colonies french allied falling british invasions significant french presence nearby islands squadron frigates periodically operated british trade british confident supremacy split forces large squadron based simon town cape colony sir smaller dispersed force operating dutch_east_indies based captured port important trading ports calcutta madras bombay largely valuable trade routes supported march significant french reinforcements dispatched squadron frigates sailed command lost squadron left frigate forced return port running aground joining replacement frigate squadron enjoyed progress seizing british portuguese ships including squadron dispatched primarily increase french military presence enforce decree abolish slavery agricultural economy island depended slavery remain profitable colonial committee simply ignored decree arrived matter taken sent agents ensure ruling carried supported soldiers general louis arrival port louis june agents confronted large body heavily armed militia opposed abolition slavery ordered attack general refused agents sent sea small corvette eventually returning europe remained ships joining squadron force divided sending corvette patrol remaining frigates comprising schooner took eastwards july unaware scattered forces region sent scout ahead squadron arrived ceylon captain attacking ship august turned gun british dispatch frigate board british captors discovered documents revealing exact extent strength intentions captain unable warn allied ships small frigate british warship instead arranged false information passed fictional british battle squadron madras sufficient deter lingering area raiding sweep coast squadron sailed eastwards september raided capturing number merchant ships september seized small merchant ship favourite northeastern coast sumatra route attack british port following morning squadron transferred rice prize large sails appeared distance northeast sails belonged gun british ships line hms arrogant captain hms victorious captain ships sent cape start august orders engaged protecting british trade china news reached region lucas ordered clark join search french battle lucas sighted french september approximately nautical miles east point northeastern tip sumatra determined new arrivals probably hostile formed frigates line battle investigate lucas clark conferred clark believing ships french ships line lucas correctly insisted frigates accompanied captured captains agreed pursue french bring battle possible determined approaching ships british ships line turned away unwilling risk suffering severe damage pointless engagement powerful opponents squadron attempted seek shelter coastal waters closely pursued lucas ships british nautical miles french morning september wind dropped french frigates sailing line slowly eastwards northern coast sumatra british ships close battle inevitable gave orders line seize weather lucas led arrogant path intercept lucas opened fire lead french ship range yards british ship able fire captain reply french volley away ensign arrogant progressively came fire french line passed distant joining exchange fire suffered damage sails rigging arrogant temporarily winds dropped completely victorious hit captain clark forced retire wounded struck thigh debris french ship passed range arrogant leaving ship isolated lucas unable participate lieutenant victorious assumed command ordered ship engage french string signal flags hoisted arrogant light winds victorious soon surrounded french frigates port bow port beam firing ship line approximately yards wind suddenly returned victorious badly damaged wind turn distant arrogant exposed ship stern repeatedly winds remained unreliable victorious took damage half hour french ships remaining outside arcs fire british ship damage taken early combat rendered unable continue action ship gradually fell line south captain turned away sweeps reach ship tow secured arrogant slowly coming range ordered squadron turn away north shots fired long range victorious summary table guns refers cannon carried ship including guns taken consideration calculating rate carried aboard broadside weight records combined weight shot fired single simultaneous discharge entire broadside aftermath losses sides heavy arrogant damaged early battle lost seven killed wounded victorious bore french attack suffered killed wounded including clark british ship sufficient repair continue engagement arrogant cannon sail rigging victorious badly damaged crew unfit duty french ships suffered damage casualties reported losses aftermath damaged early took casualties hit heavy fire later battle lost dead wounded captain remainder squadron suffered lighter losses lucas clark remained sumatra basic repairs completed arrogant took victorious tow leading damaged ship madras repairs arriving october abandoned plans attack sailed northwards ships underwent extensive repairs replacing lower masts october squadron swept eastwards ceylon coast turning west hoped supply depots provide support squadron remained winter control indian_ocean trade routes british action described inconclusive british historian achieve decisive result scathing criticism clark accusing failing properly prepare battle effectively ship fire battle actually sought decisive result unwilling risk damage mission orders raid british trade routes engage heavy warships suffer consequent damage battle severely curtailed opportunities prey british merchant shipping lucas sought block passage aware ships large powerful outnumbered engagement particularly given size main french line composed ships batteries pounder long guns including massive frigates sea considers winds favourable lucas able cut capture french frigates attempted boarding action ships line numerous crews probably successfully seized | Action of 9 September 1796 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
24104_BattleofKehl(1796) | battle battle june republican french force direction mounted amphibious crossing defending force soldiers circle action war coalition french drove positions subsequently controlled sides rhine separated politically geographically village eastern shore rhine city western shore united presence bridges series gates fortifications barrage dams allowed passage river rhine wild unpredictable difficult cross places times wider century non flood conditions channels tributaries wound marsh meadow created islands trees vegetation alternately submerged floods exposed dry seasons fortifications constructed fortress architect seventeenth century crossings contested french dutch war war spanish succession war polish succession critical success french plan army ability cross rhine consequently control crossings near swiss city ready access southwestern germany french armies sweep north south east depending military goal background end rhine campaign sides called truce lasted austrians announced end terrain rhine river flows west border german states mile stretch high rhine cuts steep gravel bed places moved miles north east terrain rhine makes wide northerly turn called rhine knee enters called rhine ditch rift valley bordered east west plain sides river miles wide villages farms far edges flood plain especially eastern old mountains created dark shadows horizon tributaries cut hilly terrain creating deep mountains tributaries wind flood plain river looked different century passage corrected straightened canal constructed control water level river wild unpredictable places times wider century incarnation river regular conditions channels wound marsh meadow created islands trees vegetation periodically submerged floods systems access reliable political complications german speaking states east bank rhine vast complex territories central europe called holy roman empire considerable number territories empire included entities size influence varied little states covered square miles included non pieces small complex territories family branches sizable defined territories governance states varied included autonomous free imperial cities different sizes influence powerful ecclesiastical territories varying sizes influence wealthy abbey powerful cologne states viewed map empire resembled carpet domains included territories outside empire territories completely surrounded france belonged german speaking states administrative legal mechanisms provided venue resolve disputes peasants jurisdictions jurisdictions organization imperial circles called groups states consolidated resources promoted regional organizational interests including economic cooperation military protection disposition armies coalition included contingents infantry cavalry states amounted troops including autonomous corps sizable force eighteenth century standards moderate force standards revolutionary wars duke brother served commander chief total troops stretched line switzerland north_sea troops comprised bulk army thin white line infantry cover territory frankfurt sufficient depth resist pressure opposition compared french coverage charles half number troops covering mile stretching near furthermore concentrated bulk force commanded confluence rhine main attack likely offered gateway eastern german states ultimately vienna good bridges crossing relatively defined river bank north autonomous corps stretched thin line assault german states essential far french commanders understood terms war aims practical terms believed war pay budget feeding troops french citizen army created mass conscription young men systematically old men tempered teenagers young adults france army entirely dependent support countryside occupied provisions wages wages paid worthless france paper currency april pay metallic value wages spring early summer french army constant mutiny border town brigade revolted june 17th brigade frequently brigade companies rebelled spring drafts free imperial cities imperial estates augmented force men militias field hands day laborers drafted service spring year gathered army march april largely guess work placed particular charles like use militias vital location consequently early june french started mass troops looked bulk french army cross engaged imperial force june june charles felt placing man militia crossing french plans counted troops man right wing duke ferdinand stood east bank rhine observing french garrisons fortress included remainder held west bank initially commanded operation led strong right wing occupied west bank left wing prince guarded rhine switzerland original austrian strategy capture use position rhine west bank strike french armies turn news arrived vienna successes northern italy sent italy reinforcements gave command austrian armies ordered hold ground french man held west bank rhine southwest army left flank troops entrenched right wing command positioned east rhine border french provinces switzerland german states northward center near left wing extended west commanded right wing commanded center directed left wing included divisions commanded wing included infantry cavalry divisions general division command included divisions led french plan called armies press flanks coalition northern armies german states simultaneously army approached vienna italy specifically army push south hopefully drawing troops attention allow army easier crossing rhine went according plan army force charles troops charles moved mass army north army early year stationed swiftly south cross river guarded man inexperienced lightly trained militia troops recruited spring circle south column river advanced rhine swiss german shoreline lake spread southern end trap charles army left wing army swung force cut flank autonomous corps dual attack went according french plan weeks june soldiers commanded pushed man austrian force june french placed fortress siege ran charles concentration austrians june casualties light sides pulled retreated commanding rushed battle east june prompting french continue withdrawal north actions confirmed charles intended cross mid rhine quickly moved sufficient force place address threat responding french charles committed forces middle northern rhine leaving militia crossing executed forced march army arrived charles realized left accomplish march rapidly left artillery infantry cavalry swiftly june troops assaulted forward posts river overwhelming militia withdrew leaving cannons solved artillery problem early morning june men embarked small boats landed islands river fortress imperial commentator observed time address destroy bridges communicate right west bank rhine progress french remaining crossed river suddenly attacked french controlled fortifications river islands advance guard french 3rd 16th brigades commanded year old general bridge fell guarding crossing jobs infantry infantry cavalry followed secured bridge outnumbered reinforced stationed north river easier cross far support smaller force troops relative easy distance prince army force reach time second attack simultaneous crossing occurred near crossing unopposed advanced dual east german shore rhine 16th 50th brigades 50th line infantry squadrons cavalry included 3rd 7th 10th day divisions river thrust contingent reformed 28th managed pull shattered force unite disorganized troops july armies met command managed hold city french troops turned flanks opted strategic withdrawal eastward shore rhine approach charles force rear cut bavaria division swung north east mountains hoping separate main force division presented danger flanking entire coalition force west east marched north joined aftermath immediate personnel losses minor french lost killed missing wounded militia lost plus guns ammunition wagons immediately french set securing defensive position establishing bridge allowed send cavalry captured artillery river strategic losses far greater french army ability cross rhine gave advantage charles army away french formed river loss crossings near swiss city crossing near city guaranteed french ready access southwestern germany troops fan flood plain prevent approach avoid flanking maneuver charles executed orderly withdrawal columns valley bavaria trying maintain consistent contact flanks column withdrew mid july column attached near column included corps retreated eventually fourth austrian column smallest battalions squadrons commanded retreated length northern shore austrian city subsequent territorial losses significant attack forced charles withdraw far bavaria align northern flank roughly perpendicular line north south autonomous corps array protected danube valley denied french access vienna prevent flanking south similarly flank prevent force north resist french onslaught course withdrawal abandoned french occupation end july thousand charles men command executed dawn attack camp disarmed remaining thousand troops weapons circle successfully negotiated french neutrality negotiations considerable discussion hand weapons french weapons taken charles withdrew east neutral zone expanded eventually encompassing southern german states situation reversed charles forces reunited defeat army battles 2nd september austrian division stormed rhine french counterattack drove french held crossing austrians controlled territory leading crossing battles october october withdrew troops south safe french soil french refused leading days siege locations orders battle french adjutant general commanding generals brigade 3rd brigade light 2nd battalion 11th brigade light 1st battalion 31st 56th brigade line battalions circle contingent infantry regiments battalions imperial cavalry squadrons squadrons field artillery battalions | Battle of Kehl (1796) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
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