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24919_FrankLukis | air commodore frank july february senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf veteran world war saw combat soldier transferred flew squadron middle_east twice mentioned despatches member australian following war transferred fledgling raaf commanding officer newly formed squadron new_south_wales went lead squadron early 1930s promoted group captain appointed officer order british empire year charge victoria early years world war later held forward commands theatre including later appointed commander order british empire served raaf controlling body retirement air_force manager active veterans associations died age early life world war born july western_australia son wife jean educated perth later worked family farm october joined 10th light horse regiment regiment raised western_australia ranked corporal sailed aboard february seeing combat gallipoli egypt gallipoli 10th light horse went action battles hill withdrawn december egypt took campaign turks including commissioned second lieutenant july promoted lieutenant december february transferred posted squadron known squadron operating palestine undertook reconnaissance missions observer april september january completed pilot training began flying fighter ground attack sorties twice mentioned despatches distinguished service middle_east january second january finished war flight commander temporary rank captain returned australia march wars disbandment wartime joined short lived early transferred newly formed royal_australian_air_force march following year ranked flying officer honorary flight lieutenant original officers air_force strength formation popularly known luke february surveyed air route perth south_australia took service earliest public flying displays year pilot flew mock sydney january married mary couple later sons previous year best man wedding squadron leader victoria_cross recipient world war squadron formed raaf point cook victoria july commanding officer week operating unit established air_force newest base raaf station richmond new_south_wales alerted forthcoming inspection chief air staff group captain engage program base arranging delivery pot plants shrubs williams concluded inspection happily surprised quickly duration tour squadron commander doubled base promoted squadron leader july handed command squadron leader january served squadron interrupted posting britain attend raised wing commander placed charge raaf station victoria held command point cook january november receiving appointment officer order british empire king birthday honours promotion group captain july year world war december acting air commodore posted queensland inaugural air officer commanding northern area described commander far east air force dark energetic man keen sense humour alive situation charge air defence north coast australia task complicated poor standard quantity available equipment fighters january split remaining charge temporary air commodore following month warned higher command poor state low morale australian_army troops port new_guinea lack air cover apparent lack interest government march seventeen squadron newly formed deployed unit shortly distinguish end april forces consisted squadrons general purpose transport fighter general purpose squadron southern queensland squadrons general purpose fighter port posted melbourne handed command group captain later august march appointed commander order british empire courage enterprise devotion displayed air member personnel occupied seat raaf controlling body chaired chief air staff position clashed group officer director women auxiliary australian air force plans reduce number female officers technical roles forced going head deputy chief air staff voice opposition scheme cuts positions november took raaf main mobile formation pacific time commander sacked chief air staff air vice marshal allegations poor discipline morale change leadership dismayed led senior air officers lieutenant general hold high regard predecessor months supported allied invasion january mounted operation force seventy aircraft comprising light bombers fighters largest strike undertaken australians date encountered opposition voiced concerns role assigned costing fighter pilots opportunity engage air air combat pacific conflict shifted north operational colloquially known raaf non group ordered transfer fighter wings convoy escort late february complained directly waste resources ruled rest garrison force new_guinea renamed april better reflect new status original mobile strike role taken later australian tactical air force considered position incumbent acting air vice marshal adrian cole removed position following accusations raaf headquarters meeting november event remained charge following april took command melbourne held post remainder pacific war later life took final raaf posting air officer commanding eastern area december end hostilities retired number senior commanders veterans world war ostensibly way advancement younger equally capable officers according raaf historian believed taken role war strange accusation man air member personnel raaf important operational group officially discharged employed leaving air_force airfield manager melbourne took airline canberra office joining firm year merged active veterans organisations served president victoria helped found canberra survived wife children died melbourne cancer february cremated | Frank Lukis | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
25028_GeorgeIngram | march june australian recipient victoria_cross highest decoration gallantry face enemy awarded members british commonwealth armed forces australia final recipient victoria_cross world war following actions attack village france leading platoon engagement instigated charges number german strong points seizure machine guns prisoners inflicting high casualties born victorian town carpenter leaving school joining militia age fourteen later settled melbourne worked building contractor following outbreak world war enlisted australian naval military expeditionary force served new_guinea receiving discharge early enlisting day embarked western decorated military medal following actions member bombing section attack commissioned second lieutenant june returned australia discharged soon settling melbourne employed building contractor company enlisting service second world war allotted achieved rank captain placed retired list died age early life born victoria march farmer wife charlotte née initially educated left school age fourteen carpenter joining militia time attached company australian attended military exhibition new_zealand member australian contingent completing moved melbourne entered business building contractor january married ceremony world war december enlisted private military expeditionary force south initially posted service newly captured german territory new_guinea returned australia december discharged january rank corporal day enlisted allotted 16th reinforcements 24th battalion private october embarked unit melbourne aboard arriving france appointed acting corporal joined january night march took battalion attack village german withdrawal posted bombing section engagement involved fight german troops outnumbered unit making effective use grenades unit able hold german attack later assault german forces returned large numbers forcing bombing section retreat conjunction covered party withdrawal casualties actions battle awarded military medal citation noting great courage initiative announcement award published supplement london gazette promoted temporary sergeant march fell ill april hospitalised britain june deemed fit return battalion hospitalised september knee returning unit october company sergeant major time australian focus remainder year sector belgium 24th battalion participated time recommended commission 24th battalion second lieutenant confirmed june days later admitted hospital suffering illness unable assume duties officer july returned battalion victoria_cross october 24th battalion took attack captured sector france expecting rest following day unit unexpectedly ordered attack assault commence village lead capture 21st 24th battalions tanks provide support action prove final engagement australian infantry war attack earn victoria_cross fourth final australian world war designated time infantry battalions commenced attack cover artillery barrage advance heavily counter attacked german machine gun artillery fire australians managed continue despite late arrival tanks approximately yards german trenches 24th commanding platoon object severe sniper machine gun fire halting unit advance cover lewis gun ahead men led german strong point fierce fight platoon succeeded capturing machine guns killing germans occupied line accounting eighteen soon company came heavy fire old quarry occupied german soldiers possessed machine guns severe casualties sustained began advance attack including company commander fell seriously wounded taking command attack rallied men rushed forward jumping quarry charged post shooting german soldiers capturing machine gun german forces soon overcome thirty troops subsequently surrendered men clearing remaining german positions scouted ahead search machine gun nests village soon located positioned house firing cellar managing enter house shot gunner fired shots cellar rushing head cellar stairs cutting means escape thirty germans taken prisoner battle night time line linked consolidated casualties high companies 27th battalion attached support 24th battalion left time october citation victoria_cross appeared supplement london gazette january read 6th january majesty king pleased approve award victoria_cross officers 24th conspicuous bravery initiative attack east 5th october early advance platoon held strong point rushed post head men capturing machine guns killing enemy resistance later company suffered severe casualties enemy posts leaders fallen took control situation rallied men intense fire led forward rushed post shot enemy captured machine gun overcoming resistance subsequent occasions displayed great dash resource capture enemy posts inflicting casualties taking prisoners day showed inspiring example courage leadership freely exposed regardless danger promoted lieutenant october training away battalion armistice signed november ending war february decorated victoria cross king george ballroom buckingham palace boarding bound australia soon arrived melbourne march discharged june later life following discharge settled melbourne gained employment general frank ltd building contractors marriage wife jane dissolved grounds behalf february following year married née hart widow methodist pair later son november attended victoria dinner recipients victoria_cross melbourne following completion melbourne chosen member permanent guard applications position fourteen appointed earliest following outbreak second world war volunteered services enlisted militia november posted unit achieved rank captain placed retired list wife died december year married widow née ceremony couple later son alex attended dedication shrine remembrance queen elizabeth_ii duke edinburgh february following expansion monument encompass australia contributions second world war years later joined australian contingent victoria_cross recipients attended parade london park commemorate centenary institution victoria_cross june died disease home hastings victoria buried commemorated street canberra victoria_cross military medal campaign medals awarded sold auction melbourne approximate hammer price medals unknown indicated victoria_cross donated australian war memorial canberra subsequently took place currently display medals | George Ingram | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
25118_HerbertLoper | october august united_states_army major general helped plan campaign okinawa campaign world war chief chairman graduate west_point commissioned graduated kansas assistant chief later chief negotiated responsibility military mapping survey globe divided united_states united_kingdom appointed chief engineer role involved planning campaign okinawa campaign fighting ended participated returned united_states chief year appointed army member wrote report known influential decision develop weapons deputy commander responsible conduct nuclear tests pacific chief forced retire suffered heart attack subsequently served chairman august july early life born kansas october son gilbert graduated bachelor_of_arts degree appointed west_point nebraska entered june world war course truncated class graduated early november ranked sixth class places commissioned second lieutenant armistice germany ended fighting november decided class complete studies remained west_point student officer june graduated assigned normal highly placed graduates time officers served overseas sent europe tour visited france belgium italy germany wars returned united_states september initially posted virginia promoted lieutenant october october sent fort bliss texas stationed camp travis texas june commenced studies graduated august degree engineering military assistant jacksonville florida reverted rank second lieutenant december common occurrence wake world war promoted rank lieutenant april married october posted panama canal zone returned united_states december august went camp student september instructor december assistant nebraska promoted captain february posted 6th engineers washington world war attended kansas august february graduation posted 7th fort alabama assistant chief staff assistant chief staff june assistant chief chief promoted major july lieutenant colonel september colonel june negotiated responsibility military mapping survey globe divided united_states united_kingdom agreement specified technical features scales formats allied servicemen common maps services post awarded appointed chief engineer specific request commander lieutenant general immediately involved planning campaign discovered navy marine_corps adequate map making units task undertaken army assigned task mapping photographic aircraft based aerial survey carried aircraft carrier based naval aircraft later promoted brigadier general november involved gathering engineer intelligence okinawa campaign operation olympic merged general army chief major general fighting ended deputy engineer united states far east command services pacific awarded legion merit september awarded second legion merit services september cold war returned united_states october chief november appointed army member following revelation espionage activities chief major general asked write report impact activities report concluded soviet_union nuclear production capacity equal actually superior yields numbers added soviets develop developed weapon memorandum known influential secretary defense ultimately president authorize crash program develop weapons deputy commander responsible conduct nuclear tests pacific succeeded chief considered capable engineer firm liked associates term post cut short suffered heart attack ultimately forced retire army served chairman august july consultant secretary defense later life early 1960s worked washington consulting firm lived maryland years wife died entered nursing home florida september died cardiac arrest august survived sons retired army colonel decorations legion merit services chief military distinguished service medal services chief oak leaf cluster services chief general headquarters honorary commander order british empire service chief military campaign star southern philippine campaign | Herbert Loper | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
25620_MilitarycareerofAudieMurphy | military career military career june encompassed separate careers service covered world war campaigns fought tunisia sicily naples rome lied age enlist united_states_army 20th birthday earned army combat award available period service risen rank lieutenant day awarded medal honor january actions pocket france considered america decorated world war soldier received national recognition life magazine cover story superior officers speaker encouraged apply enrollment west_point offered provide assistance influence needed help accepted cadet murphy eventually passed opportunity enrollment west_point limitations resulting war injuries end active army service given percent disability classification transferred psychological effects war remained rest life form combat stress military little murphy post war stress publicly forthcoming hopes government providing better treatment medical benefits veterans suffering issues onset korean war murphy commissioned rank captain charged training new recruits fully believed 36th sent korean combat duty film career began limiting murphy guard involvement ended hostilities 36th sent korea murphy remained guard actively participating recruitment drives allowing image purpose retired rank major transferred army transferred combined service army guard home state posthumously awarded murphy texas legislative medal honor united_states_army initial training murphy wanted soldier youth dreamed combat death mother added impetus desire achieve goal heard news japan december attack pearl harbor tried enlist marines navy army turned added weight change diet gave army sister birth date year murphy enlisted june dallas physical examination height recorded feet inches weight pounds assigned infantry basic training camp texas murphy earned expert badge participating close order drill hot texas summer passed company commander thought build slight service infantry tried transferred cook school murphy insisted combat soldier completed week basic training course october given leave visit family sent fort george maryland advanced infantry training january north_africa january murphy processed camp new_jersey arrived french morocco february assigned company 15th united_states seized port french morocco november sent march division placed command took rigorous training algeria amphibious landing sicily participated division mile hour marches known hour men marched pace mph slowed mph second hour taking final miles pace mph performed bayonet land drills obstacle course training exercises murphy promoted private class surrender axis forces french tunisia division charge prisoners returned algeria operation training exercises preparation assault landing sicily italy sicily command lieutenant general sailed tunisia july allied invasion sicily landing july murphy promoted rank corporal july company later took fighting murphy killed fleeing italian officers arrived july murphy sidelined illness week allied capture transit port crucial taking sicily axis route company assigned location protecting machine gun rest fought axis began evacuation july secured port august axis completed evacuation hours fighting sicily murphy realistic military duty seen war actually like fighting mainland invasion sicily secured axis forces supreme commander general decision invade italy early september landings came ashore early skirmishes recounted author involved murphy best friend referred murphy book hell unnamed soldier unit traveled trio near bridge soldier killed german machine gun fire tossed hand grenades direction fire murphy responded thompson gun killing german soldiers allied forces entered naples october took allied assault near hill company repelled reconnaissance seven german soldiers killing taking prisoners murphy promoted sergeant december time suffered heavy casualties dead missing wounded notified december planned january beginning liberation rome division began training near naples practiced amphibious landing murphy section leader january promoted staff sergeant january hospitalized naples malaria january unable participate initial landing commanded murphy returned unit time unsuccessful battle fought january february fierce sustained fighting murphy experienced date lieutenant colonel commander temporarily took charge company company commander wounds left unable lead later stated ensuing day battle company leaving fewer soldiers alive suffering men job german lines split wide open replacements begin pace slaughter companies reduced men yard ground gained days assault quality hangs lucas replaced february men forced remained months taking shelter abandoned farmhouse march artillery fire disabled german tank tank crew killed tried escape murphy knew tank repaired germans use leaving men farmhouse murphy advanced tank crawling stomach rifle grenades permanently tank commission action received device murphy continued scouting patrols german prisoners hospitalized week march second bout malaria taken line late march placed reserve status april division additional combat training training intense murphy felt men needed relief refused required close order drill recommended promotion technical sergeant refusal behalf men cost promotion completion training murphy men occupied area sent remained infantry officers enlisted men company 15th infantry including murphy awarded combat badge murphy awarded oak leaf cluster began assault german troops second battle allied hands platoon moved combat action june allied control rome liberated division assigned patrol city june division moved southwest rome june remained end july murphy platoon sergeant august moved italy division august southern southeastern france command lieutenant general initial amphibious landing force august allied invasion southern france known operation command major general daniel military time came ashore near wave assault began inland 3rd platoon progressed light machine gun squads got detached german soldiers began firing initially killing wounding murphy ran locate lost squad led unit retrieved machine gun return fire german soldiers killing wounding relinquished machine gun men took new position joined best friend moment germans exited house yards away surrender waving white flag believed real surrender gesture visible german soldiers come immediately killed machine gun fire coming house remember experience nightmare demon entered body brain alert logical think danger concentrated killing murphy advanced house german fire directed wounded killed took prisoners actions day took approximately hour killed german soldiers wounded taken prisoners murphy received august murphy 15th engaged offensive battle secure area germans 3rd 36th divisions took prisoners city august actions 1st battalion 15th received offensive plan break german resistance northeastern france far area september murphy narrowly escaped death mortar shell hit killed wounded resulting heel wound received purple heart point murphy original group killed taken lines wounds general daniel moved 15th infantry river valley late september stone hills provided good defensive positions germans 15th met fierce resistance north heavily fortified multi quarry october murphy advanced location machine gun manned unit german soldiers yards machine gun nest rose feet germans spot instantly recalled gunner spins tip weapon barrel catches limb burst right murphy hand grenades men killing wounding awarded action 15th achieved success continued attack germans began evacuating quarry october date murphy advanced carrying radio yards germans continually fired directly yards german location relayed firing orders radio artillery remained position hour directing men murphy men finally took hill german combatants killed wounded murphy actions earned oak leaf cluster murphy awarded battlefield commission second lieutenant october elevated platoon leader support role securing goal getting gap november route october 3rd platoon company attacked german sniper group murphy captured shot hip sniper turn killed rain mud evacuated days lie tent fever spreads flesh men curse wounded waited aid station hours turn day delay caused weather transported met delays treatment developed murphy wound treated multiple remove dead tissue remained hospitalized december result injury murphy received oak leaf cluster purple heart square miles km2 held german troops november murphy hospitalized december general daniel moved area murphy described huge dangerous west rhine like iron fist fed men river constant threat right flank potentially perfect enemy start powerful counterattack rejoined platoon january date lieutenant general ordered reinforced engaged sixteen days battle secure west rhine canal crossing ill river woods january ordered town met strong german counterattack officers division killed mortar shells attack following day murphy wounded legs received second oak leaf cluster purple heart peak men disease injuries casualties reduced company fighting strength men murphy officer remaining january company commander company awaited reinforcements murphy watched approaching germans germans lining attack tanks rumble outskirts split groups fan clearing wave wave white dots barely background snow start field enemy germans scored direct hit tank destroyer setting fire causing crew abandon murphy ordered men retreat positions woods remaining post shooting orders telephone germans aimed fire directly position murphy mounted abandoned burning tank destroyer began firing caliber machine gun advancing germans killing squad crawling ditch like standing time bomb standing chassis exposed enemy fire head trees snow hour murphy stood tank destroyer returning german fire foot soldiers advancing tanks sustained leg wound stopped ran ammunition influence drug slide tank destroyer looking walk road forest germans want shoot let weak fear exhaustion care rejoined men complete disregard wound leading successfully repel germans allow treatment leg wound insisted remaining men man struggle broke entire attack germans held hard won ground disastrous lose standing burning tank destroyer murphy killed wounded germans actions day awarded medal honor february murphy led company battle successfully rid near german troops inside killing taking remainder prisoners days later company advanced february city surrendered combined allied forces ending battle charged guarding rhine west bank february murphy promoted lieutenant february awarded actions earned murphy oak leaf cluster awarded action division stationed nancy general daniel held ceremony march award murphy previously won murphy reassigned 15th infantry regiment liaison officer march assigned director non combat assignment moved regiment authorized step role message arrived company senior officers killed leaving unit charge inexperienced officer driver interpreter advanced line successfully rescue company medal honor decorations brigadier general lieutenant colonel recommended murphy medal honor actions awarding confirmed official press release near austria june general patch presented murphy medal honor presentation murphy considered decorated american soldier world war asked war seized machine gun taken entire company german infantry murphy replied simply killing friends war time service murphy earned army combat award available period service awarded american campaign medal european african middle eastern campaign medal combat campaign stars silver representing bronze device amphibious landings sicily world war victory medal april france awarded murphy french presented dallas september general public ceremony paris july french general presented murphy french palm recipient french liberation medal belgium awarded murphy belgian palm december received palm unit award individual members awarded homecoming discharge murphy received orders june report fort sam houston san_antonio texas june san_antonio homecoming parade held returning texas veterans quarter million people murphy assigned base given days leave murphy home grown hero visit dallas media followed interviewing pulled stops giving escort thousand local citizens showed hear band concert speeches honor star attraction july opened event night july issue life magazine brought murphy national attention cover story proclaimed decorated smiling image dress uniform photographers magazine followed birthday party honor civilian visit friends relatives leave discussed family friends possibility west_point making army lifetime career inquiries behalf sent military channels left europe patch encouraged murphy attending military academy offering tutor entrance examinations speaker supported idea offered use influence help murphy west_point murphy expressed concerns war injuries prevent passing physical examination required military school murphy considered possibility end enrolled school good conduct medal presented murphy august discharged rank lieutenant percent disability classification september transferred post war trauma murphy returned world war symptoms combat stress immediately evident family friends medication stomach problems tightly wound unexpected sound triggering defensive reaction imagined attack slept loaded pistol recurring war repeatedly calling individual soldiers turning lights brought relief falling asleep waking graphic flashbacks caused freeze life threatening moment battlefield wife stated held gunpoint witnessed husband moved tears footage german war guilt ridden war actions cause having parents noticed return europe said dreams punctuated battles fought tried seeking psychiatric help publicity tour dreams caused beat wall room service medical records reveal army aware symptoms provided sleeping pills indication military provided counseling treatment post combat stress murphy briefly found creative stress outlet writing poetry army discharge poem crosses grow appeared book hell attributed named mid-1960s recognized dependence locked hotel room week successfully break addiction friend david helped write book said recovered war effort draw attention combat related problems returning korean war vietnam war veterans murphy spoke problems called government increased consideration study emotional impact combat experiences extend benefits cover combat stress treatment war took army dogs civilian life turned soldiers civilians immediately let sink swim united_states_army world war world war called members world war operation participated battles liberate rome murphy end war 36th reverted state control korean war commenced june 36th looked recruit experienced veterans help gain federal recognition major general brigadier general 36th commander deputy commander respectively men acquaintances murphy time considered lead red badge courage having doubts acting career considering enlisting army onset korean conflict deciding factor returning active military service believed 36th deployed korea july murphy accompanied physical examination camp swearing rank captain guard received federal recognition promotion rank lieutenant captain attending lunch murphy 36th chief staff colonel state director brigadier general press conference followed murphy expressed concerns world war iii murphy initially assigned headquarters attended guard week summer training fort hood range officer december murphy transferred division headquarters aide summer training camp fort louisiana murphy charge training approximately inexperienced new recruits bayonet close order drill fellow instructor captain remembered opinion set tone obvious high corps lasted association division eighteen years walked way talked requested transfer inactive status october film commitments january murphy relieved assignment aide fort hood location summer training camp murphy charge field application classroom training summer training fort hood murphy charge bayonet training signed july 36th having called missed summer training camp location shooting hell service granted guard permission use image recruiting materials activities aside instructor training camps included touring state unit visit local commanders june murphy requested temporary army disability pension active duty guard july request murphy status guard changed active hoped promoted rank major spite short requirement serving seven years captain recommended superior officers major general requested year requirement washington granted murphy promoted guard major february receiving federal recognition promotion rank captain major attaining new rank murphy general toured state texas help promote set february july murphy transferred inactive status remained inactive separation guard november november transferred remained transfer august texas governor signed bill authorized awarding murphy highest military decoration awarded member texas military awarded recognition murphy combined military service army guard medal presented murphy sister public ceremony texas october death civilian life murphy odds perceived innate film industry culture acting career prostitution uncomfortable iconic war hero felt image spoke military admit love damned army father mother brother years somebody gave self respect officially retired military died private plane crash near virginia ties military home state evident aftermath texas state legislature ordered flags state buildings flown half staff honor murphy memorial service held hometown texas sponsored thomas post businesses closed doors hour eulogy memorial service delivered army chaplain hollywood celebrities attended medal honor recipients general daniel veterans fought month later july sacramento california cancelled annual independence day parade murphy grand marshal place memorial service attended veterans buried arlington national cemetery military honors june marched black horses pulled flag fort chapel cemetery cemetery government dignitaries multiple veterans groups result legislation introduced congressman months murphy death memorial hospital san_antonio dedicated virginia worked years permission erect monument site murphy death donated granite slab carved stone cutter volunteered services expenses involved paid post members dug road cleared area monument dedicated november | Military career of Audie Murphy | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
25652_Maximilian,CountofMerveldt | count june july famous old family entered austrian military service rose rank served holy roman emperor ambassador russia special envoy great_britain fought distinction wars ottoman french revolutionary wars napoleonic wars entered military young man acquired combat experiences wars ottoman_empire following experience balkans retreated spent year outbreak war austria france returned military service proved cavalry field officer role austrian victory earned honor conveying news emperor vienna war second coalition served northern italy switzerland subsequent wars france austria role battlefield meant difference defeat victory wounded captured battle leipzig condition release agreed bear arms france subsequently appointed envoy britain died family early career born june ecclesiastical territory old family raised status joined military service regiment promoted lieutenant lieutenant wars austria ottoman_empire captain cavalry wing adjutant field marshal commanded volunteers later year promotion major served staff baron military career war coalition following defeat insurrection received permission shortly death year remained april outbreak war coalition france required military talents rejoined army adjutant led infantry battalions austrian victory march battalions repulsed strong french column role head battalions commander considered greater duty required victory received honor carrying message emperor francis vienna promoted lieutenant colonel awarded knight july subsequently appointed staff frederick duke york campaign fought battle kilometres south april commanded right wing promoted field colonel failing health prevented continued field service took sick leave early transferred 18th fought battle despite french superiority numbers austrians victory squadrons saved austrian artillery french capture contributing austrian victory daily dispatch referred keen sense duty ability seize moment case proved vital element extraordinary success small austrian force considerably larger french afterward promoted major general assigned proprietor regiment given command cavalry brigade known contemporaries strength presence mind self control qualities attractive military superiors negotiation party cease fire opposed napoleon desire general peace congress closer vienna later peace november brought document peace congress convened stayed capacity ambassador war second coalition outbreak war second coalition march dissolution congress april returned regiment time crossed rivers advancing campaigns commanded left wing battle april conducted rear guard action protect imperial army withdrawal remained brigade right bank danube directed series bold actions french rivers organized series timed designed french pushing retreating army battle promoted lieutenant field marshal september austrian defeat december commanded division left wing signed hour cease fire december cease fire retreated diplomatic military career napoleonic wars napoleonic wars berlin hostilities france austria resumed returned danube valley fought series rearguard actions avoided caught capitulation fell russian army soldiers line infantry battalions plus squadrons cavalry hoping join army napoleon detached pursuit slowed heavy snow mountains poorly handled corps overtaken french called austrian november exhausted troops routed advanced guard half taken prisoner lost colors guns war coalition acted ambassador years assignment improving military relations armies respective countries attempted including trying offer britain france appointed time married given command cavalry division early prominent member group pushing war france empress austria campaign force stationed spent years july appointed governor fortress shortly commanding general commander division held village french defeat battle august october forces right flank french center commanded napoleon right stood troops interspersed wooded sections surrounding small villages opposite forces rode view battlefield direct disposition force near lay close french line troop hungarians thought actually mixed group poles hungarians captured action day occurred north repelled cavalry napoleon heard forced sought cease fire allied monarchs called meeting carried napoleon proposal allied monarchs refused final diplomatic missions condition release leipzig agreed participate combat france subsequent release appointed commanding general lived received january instructions proceed london envoy replacing baron arrived london early march met prince regent march presented credentials received britain notable invited social events told good stories wars people encountered popular social circles widely reported society columns example july attended lecture listed distinguished persons present died british government proposed bury westminster abbey widow took account wishes remains sent germany buried castle grave exists neighborhood city leipzig square street named honor contribution communist authorities renamed square square street street newspaper sources state paper answer note count sic austrian ambassador times london friday issue col prince regent court morning chronicle london england tuesday march issue morning chronicle london england wednesday july issue | Maximilian, Count of Merveldt | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
25851_MochitsuraHashimoto | october officer submarine commander imperial_japanese_navy world war best known captain japanese submarine sank uss indianapolis born educated volunteered service submarines later aboard submarine attack pearl harbor commanded coastal patrol training submarines japan war took command ship equipped carry manned torpedoes number unsuccessful operations sank indianapolis july midnight patrol submarine returned japan ships survive war called testify court martial indianapolis commander controversial time later effort later priest died biography born japan eighth children fifth son priest attended prestigious school performed youth described self possessed respectful behest father applied family naval background father struggled financially priest government felt entering son military help provide older brothers subsequently attended commissioned graduated high school accepted leaving home time attended naval academy years studying japanese history engineering naval tactics military athletics graduated commissioned married daughter successful osaka businessman couple sons born born born daughter born military career volunteered submarine service served aboard destroyers submarine shores november sub lieutenant assigned crew promoted lieutenant december time brother killed action fighting chinese mainland assigned destroyer december selected submarine school following year assigned naval district enrolled month torpedo course june subsequently entering naval submarine school class student december completion training assigned submarine march torpedo officer transferring october role july assigned submarine torpedo officer october lieutenant commander ship based year submarine conducted training maneuvers group submarines november group sailed submarine attached steaming eastward surfaced miles december sub large group submarines support attack pearl harbor witnessed final ritual man submarine cast remained rendezvous point wait sub came december steamed submarine return detached assigned advanced course february prepare command submarine graduating course june given command submarine coastal defense vessel remainder operated ship home waters training crews trying new equipment research development japanese submarine doctrine promoted lieutenant commander november given command submarine coastal defense later year given command submarine duties commanding lieutenant commander given command submarine construction oversaw construction submarine later overhauled mid construction carry manned torpedoes considered great honor crew commissioned september commanded cruises commanding men repeated drills shore leave completed training submarine december ship traversed supplies moved loaded december left war patrol steaming arrived coast guam january ordered launched tentatively claimed tanker sunk unable verify ship actually struck strike unsuccessful sped arrived january remained port march likely supply shortages march ordered support battle taking place ordered launch pilots immediately return home ordered april sailing support japanese forces battle okinawa attacked aircraft times surfaced hours april japanese submarine withdraw operation remained port continued mining conducted departed july war patrol time large submarines left mission harass allied lines communications passing minefields headed east coast philippines intending attack ships passing east okinawa spotting ships cruised south arriving guam shipping lane july spotted tanker escorted destroyer ordered launch heard explosions crew unable determine struck targets reported tanker assumed sunk sinking indianapolis july ordered submarine area believed shipping lanes guam okinawa evening spotted heavy cruiser indianapolis metres cruising position medium speed believing ship idaho class battleship ordered dive indianapolis closed metres ordered regular torpedoes fired july spotting explosions strike indianapolis ordered submarine deep dive fearing detection hour deep dive surfaced spot indianapolis searching unsuccessfully sign ship ordered retire transmitted short wave radio message 6th fleet headquarters noting destruction ship later wrote incident moon enemy ship clearly visible turrets aft large tower mast took idaho class battleship crew awaiting order fire torpedoes dead quiet favorable moment firing approaching loud voice gave order stand fire torpedo release switch pressed intervals seconds report came torpedo room tubes fired correct torpedoes speeding enemy ship bringing boat course parallel enemy waited minute age starboard enemy forward turret turret rose columns water followed immediately flashes bright red flame column water arose alongside number turret ship hit hit shouted torpedo struck home crew danced joy ordered northward looking additional ships attack picked reports atomic bombing hiroshima intercepted radio august continued hunt allied ships south august launched convoy claimed destroyer probably sunk august launched remaining claimed merchant ship probably sunk surfaced august learned signaling japanese surrender end war traveled arrived emotionally informed crew end war war confirmed indianapolis ship sunk japanese naval success world war court martial days japan formal surrender tokyo bay promoted final rank commander november given command destroyer ships survive war assigned duties returning troops japan overseas begin new duties summoned united_states military witness prosecution court martial indianapolis commander captain trial charges leading ship sinking december transported tokyo oakland california aboard aircraft assured treated naval officer instead prisoner war war criminal remained guard time united_states allowed leave hotel appearance page news day new_york_times newspapers day arrived washington hearings taking place duration time united_states spoke translator spoke judge advocate captain hours december spoke day captain chief defense counsel hours officers sought determine credibility stand trial told visibility good night attack able easily spot indianapolis testified court december crowded courtroom time officer nation war united_states testified officer court martial behest took japanese civil oath oath charged nations lied minutes testimony focused indianapolis noted ship course noted position maneuvers diminished ability attack ship testimony considered integral eventual conviction following appearance trial remained custody guard early returned japan aboard trials underway japanese war crimes war coming light announcement appearance testimony american officer caused considerable controversy american news media known innocent war crimes generally treated guards spoke little english subject press public responses sent angry telegram secretary navy complain representative publicly stated thing heard summon officer testify officers living practicing law navy courts boards years reaches time low courts board congressional investigation columnist accused navy hype court martial departure testimony remained controversial criticized trip estimated cost post war return japan worked officer naval section responsible veterans remained completed final assignment june civilian opting retire military end life priest shrine later interviewed author book stated commander amazed americans penned dormitory trial treated like honored guest enemy officer caused deaths american boys later authored book sunk story japanese submarine fleet detailed japanese submarine operations war including account sinking indianapolis december met survivors indianapolis pearl harbor stated translator came pray deaths caused survivor simply responded forgive assisted surviving crew indianapolis attempting blame ship sinking writing letter stated decades earlier indianapolis difference able launch successful torpedo attack ship conviction wrote peoples terrible war consequences time peoples captain humiliation conviction died age october days death reputation captain restored | Mochitsura Hashimoto | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26178_MosesHazen | moses moses june february brigadier general continental_army american revolutionary war born saw action french indian war rogers rangers service included particularly brutal raids siege quebec formally commissioned british_army shortly war ended retired half pay outside montreal canada british officer extensive land purchases partnership lifetime acquired land quebec new_hampshire vermont new_york lost quebec land litigation effects revolution involved american invasion quebec early american revolutionary war served continental_army battle quebec went lead regiment 2nd canadian known congress war seeing action philadelphia campaign frequently involved litigation military civil constantly petitioned congress compensation losses expenses incurred war supported similar efforts men regiment unable return quebec support american war effort early life moses born frontier town old family histories mention indicate jewish clearly documents lineage england family contemporaries thought jewish example diary describes meeting retreat way fell captain moses jew french indian war french indian war broke enlisted local militia included number family members served fort william henry near probably met served rogers rangers rogers eventually recommended officer commission new company rangers having worked brother providing supplies commissioned lieutenant company company saw action including initial landings action fierce company stationed fort frederick new_brunswick fort anne company campaign indians taken refuge ongoing expulsion raids brutal company known settlers particularly brutal incident responsible men burning women children house set fire leader local militia father women claimed forced witness event attempt cooperation rangers escaped woods grandchildren general hear incident promoted captain noted sorry heard affair merit shall killing women helpless children january captain killed tree men fell given command company later company siege quebec company primarily engaged scouting raiding countryside away raids battle plains notable involved company priest thirty parish near quebec killed fought battle severely wounded thigh february purchased commission lieutenant 44th regiment foot british_army spent remainder war garrison duty montreal retiring half pay general wrote discovered bravery good conduct military reward ask demand land development siege quebec met deputy owned land valley south montreal wanted expand holdings later largest landowners quebec war jointly purchased located east bank near fort saint jean leased land west river baron holdings gave exclusive control land holdings northernmost point military service frequently away land developed land provided funding constructed manor house mills set selling timber business appointed deputy land surveyor justice peace business dealings offered general command british forces new_york_city facilities lumber military use time letting know offer mind need military movements necessary area expanded business aggressive development incurred debts caused friction unhappy debts eventually demanded accounting ultimately led division holdings receiving southern portion styled court years afterward control lands won complete control lands american revolution brother john settled new_hampshire far north province east settled vermont river shares settlements acquired land west vermont time idea constructing road saint jean raised idea surfaced american revolutionary war george_washington authorized construction known land developments continued grow joined saint john river society organization created group military officers purpose developing land nova scotia new_brunswick included fall married woman good family montreal settled near built house began farming revolutionary war continental_army arrives start revolutionary war living half pay raided fort saint jean reported news raid capture military authorities montreal governor quebec returning home consider consequences conflict lands american invasion quebec arrived near home saint jean september day met general explaining fort saint jean defended unlikely taken siege local unlikely assist american effort portrait led consider retreating arrival additional american troops optimistic assessment grain merchant living near encouraged americans renew attack went form 1st november imprisonment release september brigadier general commanding american forces began fort jean day detachment american forces command arrested north fort british sortie fort forced brown men retreat ended british hands major british commander sent montreal guard brigadier general unhappy explanations movements imprisoned held poor conditions days following fall fort jean british withdrew montreal transporting prisoners ships evacuation british fleet captured americans released political prisoners supported unhappy treatment received british joined american forces way spite fact americans significant damage estate siege estate supplies house barracks service quebec served men sent report devastating loss philadelphia congress recognition efforts gave commission colonel leading continental_army 2nd commissioned regiment lieutenant colonel regiment referred congress regiment established congress state initially offered position brigadier general refused requesting instead colonel commission losses caused conflict property significantly damaged american action jean fortunate arriving philadelphia captains earlier promised commission 2nd canadian returned quebec stationed montreal recruited men regiment briefly command defenses montreal americans late march mid april general took command american forces outside quebec assumed command montreal garrison time command dispatched men miles montreal forces surrendered british native force battle trouble arnold following arnold assumption command montreal regiment assigned garrison duty fort likely men called reinforcements assist american response action council arnold heated exchange actions arnold opinion behavior bordered arnold previously held high opinion writing sensible officer acquainted country american retreat quebec june arnold embroiled dispute led charges counter charges courts martial hearings lasting issue supplies arnold ordered seized merchants montreal sent eventual shipment south retreat charge facilities refused sign goods recognized property friends montreal ensuing retreat goods plundered lost arnold wanted immediately court martial failing follow orders arriving british army delayed activity army return arnold opinion clearly changed wrote order col think man consequence post court martial held july acquitted irregularities proceedings judge advocate officer delivered goods montreal testify arnold continued attack december inquiry held cleared wrongdoing arnold montreal merchants arnold cleared charges higher level inquiry building regiment regiment significantly reduced size retreat quebec assigned albany summer fall ordered winter quarters new_york time continued recruiting receiving permission congress recruit united_states northern states ran difficulties states having trouble filling regimental lines recruited central states primarily new_jersey maryland pennsylvania greater success june regiment reached members authorized strength cultural differences original quebec new recruits regular source friction regiment consequently kept french speakers companies separated english speakers submitted congress claim damages estate quebec original bill congress paid october philadelphia campaign regiment ordered join main army princeton active philadelphia campaign brigade companies participated battle island action captured command included northern right end american line position flanked british attack early report indicating presence british troops american flank turned main british thrust report dismissed general sullivan wrote receiving reports information wrong sullivan reports wrong correct british flanking maneuver instrumental american loss battle regiment lost officers men battle commanded brigade included addition regiment 2nd 4th 6th maryland regiments formed sullivan column marched town regiment lost officers men engagement proposed return united_states maintained constant stream communications congress primarily subject canada january communications bore fruit french assistance planning invasion canada began assigned job deputy operation planning hampered supply difficulties got ground ultimately cancelled congress march failure deter offering new route invading canada route went owned land knew area quebec july departed scout route july returned effort abandoned time manpower needed new_york area plans possible attacks quebec based routes departing area contemplated fall washington continued resist idea construction work road spring summer regiment worked construction eventual goal launching invasion road constructed supervised development road called northern vermont work discontinued road august word received british preparing military force saint jean attempt capture construction crew general washington intended send invasion route entire works ruse divert british attention deter launching invasion washington wrote congress work purpose exciting quebec enemy posts lawrence making diversion favor late expedition general sullivan happily succeeded service new_york regiment spent winter washington main new_jersey involved litigation rejected service court martial considering charges previous confrontations opened complaints supply summer activities detailed review army spring led recommendation regiments merged men political lost claim ended command combined regiment january regiment involved failed attack word operation leaked british regiment transferred brigade poor time transfer effected given command entire brigade repeated requests promotion brigadier general rejected summer brigade relocated west_point area route allowed men stop water breaking army column ordered arrest military discipline acquitted promptly behavior officer gentleman apologized regiment garrisoned opposite west_point fall british major captured general arnold defected men including nephew witnessed hanging june finally promoted assigned command brigade siege brigade served right line deeply involved october battles following british surrender unit given prisoner guard duty lancaster pennsylvania duty caused minor diplomatic incident known affair british accused american soldier threatening hang george_washington threatened hang british soldier happened instructed choose officer rank similar accused american man chose lot ineligible selection terms surrender accused american eventually acquitted plight drew attention washington received letter french foreign minister asking pardon winter took time personal business dealings partnership acquire land military road built vermont war war unable return quebec received grant land northern new_york active years behalf men served families especially originally came quebec quest compensation losses continued ways involved ongoing string legal actions death died new_york buried nephew ultimately responsible affairs congress authorized payment heirs compensation half pay lost joined american forces original member cincinnati legacy namesake | Moses Hazen | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26486_GeorgeMackinolty | air vice marshal march february senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf commencing service mechanic world war rose raaf chief logistics officer years born victoria joined saw active duty following year middle_east half flight mentioned despatches posted squadron end war commissioned second lieutenant joining newly formed raaf august established service senior wars director transport equipment director equipment appointed officer order british empire soon outbreak world war director supply promoted group captain june raised acting air commodore appointed air member supply equipment promoted air vice marshal continued serve sudden death cancer february aged early life world war born march victoria son wife mary went public schools obtaining merit certificate undertaking formal engineering business courses melbourne commencing working life coach motor body builder enlisted august soon outbreak world war experience motor industry led assignment air mechanic soon promoted private corporal later having gained reputation skill timber raised sergeant given command school team august transferred lead team thirteen mechanics reinforcements contingent serving campaign departed melbourne days later aboard persia arrived september team immediately joined originally half flight moved city capture british_empire troops unit took battle november organised supply drops british indian garrison siege lasted december following april promoted field flight sergeant june mentioned despatches october australian members squadron dispersed posted egypt joined newly established squadron numbered squadron british commanded major unit relocated england january following service squadron assigned training squadron formed june praised leadership abilities commissioned equipment officer march rank second lieutenant following month given command aircraft repair unit gloucestershire home squadrons 1st training wing wars remained england following end hostilities serving officer charge australian packing near london december september role responsible shipping aircraft associated weaponry vehicles equipment britain post war imperial gift royal_air_force surplus australia eventually filled cases completed formal training engineering returning melbourne october discharged january worked automotive industry took correspondence course internal engines august commissioned flying officer newly formed royal_australian_air_force raaf member commenced service point cook december assigned staff melbourne november year married christ church south couple son daughter posted equipment officer squadron recently established new_south_wales promoted flight lieutenant appointed director transport equipment raaf headquarters effectively making air_force senior supply officer role occupy years continuous tenure essentially post comparable raaf chief squadron leader later air vice marshal served senior engineer years position redesignated director equipment april time collaborated squadron leader director training investigation state aircraft production australia highlight local defence face possible future conflict japan report reviewed enthusiastically wing commander apparently went chain command effectively ignored raised squadron leader appointed officer order british empire recognition achievements stores accounting february following year promoted wing commander chief air staff air vice marshal complained pay attention personal appearance failed acknowledge professional excellence world war april director supply reporting director general supply production raaf controlling body responsible stores equipment represented service promoted temporary group captain june year formation assumed operational functions chief air staff reorganised offices held director general supply production civilian position dissolved replaced focus key logistical functions supply engineering respectively promoted acting air commodore inaugural june time run air force observed splitting logistical functions manner appeared uniquely australian experiment organisation tailored suit capable officers serving remainder war credited successfully managing supply requirements personnel aircraft organisation grown factor pre war size world fourth largest air force following end hostilities personally responsible surplus equipment original value jointly responsible members equipment valued duties extended setting peacetime meal rations raaf personnel joined convened advise federal government commemoration armed forces wartime achievements later year visited headquarters japan subsequently arranged raaf assume responsibility supply spare parts air component raised acting air vice marshal january substantive october time chief air staff squadron veteran air vice marshal remaining raaf officers served world wars senior commanders veterans retired purge ostensibly designed way advancement younger equally proficient officers raaf prepared introduction apprentice engineering scheme harsh post war economic climate personally intervened improve planned accommodation arguing youths expected live conditions members air_force noted submission minister air parents time time permitted visit sons interest apprentice scheme service generally reasonable efforts create favourable impression minds parents shortly intake engineer january formally proposed similar scheme set supply clerical trades initially rejected minister plan came fruition years later january struck suddenly cancer admitted hospital died february survived wife children time death served decade honorary treasurer soldiers member original staff serving succeeded air vice marshal joe described air_force historian significant logistics officer history raaf accorded air_force funeral honours cremated | George Mackinolty | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26667_MarkMatthews | august september american veteran second world war buffalo soldier born alabama growing ohio joined 10th cavalry regiment years old having recruited lexington kentucky having documents forged appeared meet minimum age stationed arizona joined general mexico expedition hunt mexican general later transferred virginia took care president roosevelt lady eleanor horses member drum corps late served combat operations world war achieved rank sergeant noted excellent horse leaving united_states_army years integrated took job security guard maryland rising rank chief guards retiring war told stories military experiences grew symbol met bill_clinton later years dedicated barracks virginia honor having experienced excellent health life died pneumonia age buried arlington national cemetery time death recognized oldest living oldest man second oldest person district_of_columbia early life born alabama grew ohio horse riding career began early deliver newspapers pony years old met members original unit tending horses lexington kentucky disagreement origins buffalo soldiers referred segregated units united_states army legal age recruitment time documents forged signed join army columbus ohio military career training stationed arizona time army native americans guides western united_states tenure state regarded excellent joined general campaign mexico hunt admitted having met villa claim knew united_states turned attention world war europe use american cavalry remained united_states duration conflict transferred virginia stationed troops escorts king wife came visit president white house earned acclaim horse shows helped sell war bonds world war tended lady personal horses played polo team stationed state member drum corps performed arlington national cemetery later buried army allow colored soldiers seen white time forced hide woods playing decade later fought world war saw combat action battle conflict rose rank sergeant originally sent train airmen deemed old time later life conflicting reports retired army left army shortly buffalo soldiers disbanded president initiative integrate army job worked security guard time retired second time chief guards institution spent spare time fishing reading bible tales extensive military experiences popular respected figure community wife years died daughters died years later old age symbol met president bill_clinton white house age present arlington national cemetery service honoring unveiled plaque dedicated barracks honor soldiers birthday met united_states secretary state presented portrait member local church prince hall temple washington chapter 9th death partially blind age completely blind retained memory good health final days medical history showed signs high blood pressure heart kidney trouble diabetes able walk cane walker preferring use able feed including breakfast favorite ice cream meals daily ensure energy enjoyed tales military experience complained segregated nature unit preferring instead focus exploits job died claimed age pneumonia washington time death recognized oldest living oldest man washington second oldest person washington overall oldest american taylor survived daughters son grandchildren seventeen great grandchildren buried arlington national cemetery september washington mayor spoke funeral attended future mayor | Mark Matthews | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26721_AdemJashari | november march founders organization fought 1990s beginning participated attacks serbian police travelling albania receive military training arrested released behest later returned continued launching attacks yugoslav establishment july convicted terrorism yugoslav court unsuccessful attempts capture kill serbian police launched attack home march battle followed resulted deaths members family including wife son seen father considered symbol independence ethnic posthumously awarded title hero following disputed territory declaration independence international airport named biography early life born village region november descended fought yugoslav forces decades prior raised war stories rarely seen gun according journalist hated serbs early recruits ideological guerrilla source recounted liked drunk shoot serbs guerrilla activities hilly region central inhabited exclusively prior war government yugoslavia considered terrorism farmer participated armed uprising serbian authorities erupted region yugoslavia period organization came known emerged ethnic wishing fight independence underwent military training municipality albania ethnic committed acts sabotage aimed serbian administrative apparatus attempting capture kill serbian police surrounded older brother home december ensuing siege large numbers police withdraw village albania arrested government sent jail released alongside demand yugoslav forces considering area launched attacks years targeted serbian police convicted terrorism yugoslav court july human rights watch subsequently described trial fourteen convicted failing conform international standards pursuing murder policeman yugoslav forces attempted assault compound january present thousands descended succeeded pushing serbs village surroundings month small unit ambushed serbian policemen serbs killed injured ensuing clashes dawn march launched attack police patrol death response attack organized scale revenge mission involving tanks helicopters backed artillery nearby ammunition factory intention eliminating suspects families police attacked villages identified strongholds including human rights watch noted special police forces attacked warning firing women children members families subsequently fled compound police invited surrender giving deadline hours respond period number families left compound remained ordering family members stay inside telling resist man hour deadline expired sides began exchanging gunfire houses extended family gathered mortar shell fell roof causing deaths day siege police captured compound inside discovered brother killed killed wife thirteen year old son overall approximately killed attack including eighteen women children age sixteen major said women children elderly hostages speaking attack yugoslav general stated normal action known criminal successful details don remember aftermath deaths family resulted international backlash news killings spread armed militias emerged seeking avenge death join soon attack bodies taken hospital march returned day placed inside warehouse located outskirts town photographs taken time revealed received bullet wound neck march police publicly stated bury bodies killed quickly claimed buried family members day police dug large grave near buried bodies people identified march bodies relatives accordance islamic tradition field known field peace legacy dubbed legendary commander regarded father portraits carrying automatic weapon walls homes inhabited ethnic considered symbol independence anniversary death annually commemorated home transformed shrine field family buried place pilgrimage authors national hero rebels past following declaration independence posthumously awarded title hero role war football stadium international airport named books websites | Adem Jashari | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26758_NevilleMcNamara | air chief marshal sir april senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf served chief air staff raaf highest ranking position chief australia military role time second raaf officer hold rank air chief marshal born queensland joined raaf world war saw action flying flew combat missions korean war awarded leadership operational conversion unit gained operational experience heading raaf presence thailand late 1960s promoted air commodore commander vietnam deputy commander vietnam appointed commander order british empire deputy chief air staff named officer retired completing term early life world war born april queensland educated joseph enlisted royal_australian_air_force raaf october following training graduated sergeant pilot october served instructor posted fighter pilot squadron flying gained commission post war career rise senior command war posted air traffic control duties stationed squadron married couple daughters served instructor victoria ranked squadron leader saw operational service korean war squadron flying initially employed conflict fighter unit time squadron role primarily ground attack cannon augmented newly fitted rocket armament briefly took charge unit november december hiatus commanding officers rotating rotating returning australia posted pilot training officer served staff officer fighter operations appointed commanding officer squadron promoted wing commander took charge operational conversion unit new_south_wales responsible training pilots fly sabre jet fighter operated nos squadrons performance commanding officer earned queen birthday honours posted england senior air staff officer london appointed director personnel officers received air efficiency award following year took command thailand operating provisions agreement early years vietnam war australian contingent included squadron flying equipped kilometres border occasionally intercept north vietnamese fighters saw action contrast based limited military role raaf presence judged politically valuable completing tour thailand served air staff officer new_south_wales appointed senior raaf command promoted air commodore april commander vietnam deputy commander vietnam believing air_force paid lip service army operation responsibilities 1950s 1960s finer points air ground operations accompanying squadron helicopters missions supporting given responsibility overseeing withdrawal raaf vietnam praised wise patient counsel devotion duty firm control leading appointment commander order british empire september year posted united_states australian washington air vice marshal returned australia took duties deputy chief later described learning experience job appointed officer june distinguished service responsible positions promoted air marshal chief air staff march succeeded sir personally command raaf legal sense following abolition previously position akin chairman equals members earlier arrangement considered senior commanders tended behave like regional war lords thought existed purely handle politicians commanders got air_force real work train development new strategies air defence australia later remarking capability matched ideas supervised selection process chose replace raaf iii fighters personally favoured multi role capability appointed knight commander order british empire december australia abandoned imperial honours system air_force member directly command australia armed services chief replaced earlier senior position defence force chairman second raaf officer raised rank air chief marshal work repair strained relations military civilian components sought accomplish restrained management style respect department public servants time maintained need military civilian personnel easily distinguishable reversed trend armed force personnel wear suits office uniforms parade preference secretary military public service wings department clashed question role achieve coherent defence planning shortly completed term position redesignated chief clearly reflect authority australian armed services retirement air chief marshal retired military life april awarded centenary medal january service australian society royal_australian_air_force year joined celebrations point cook victoria mark anniversary founding raaf published autobiography quiet man died bay new south wales survived wife daughters commemorated sir drive new_south_wales | Neville McNamara | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
26962_LêVănDuyệt | july vietnamese general helped future emperor rebellion unify vietnam establish came power high ranking serving emperors born family peasants near joined prince fighting rebellion military ability quickly rose ranks army marshal war ended foundation served high ranking later southern vietnam governance greatly stabilized helped develop southern vietnam turning wealthy peaceful region addition opposed emperor ascension defended christian missionaries converts emperor policies attitudes brought conflict led posthumous tomb provoked adopted son revolt court later emperor successor restored tomb early life born present day regional town far south vietnam parents ordinary peasants ancestors came central vietnam southwards expansion born poor family tended childhood attracted possibilities new south family moved general year old prince nephew slain lord senior member family survived revolt brothers seized southern vietnam result loyalists fled dense far south later commander onwards military balance fluctuated enemies frequently attacked later known forced flee island escort times changed hands began organizing commanding unit individually recruited enlisted men tide began turn favour french catholic priest befriended hope young prince gain power special privileges religion recruited french military officers fight recaptured relinquished transformed city fortress began consolidating hold surrounding area attacking view eliminating general point accompanied master military campaigns continuous warfare ensued centred near south central coast besieged strongholds engineered naval victory turning point war heralded complete collapse year close colleague killed battle leading fly insane rage start killing enemy soldier came leading shortly exploited absence army attempting recapture lead army attack capital encountered heavy resistance forces sea gate entrance citadel seeing forces breach defense frontal attacks ordered lead naval division attack defense complex rear deputy chat defeated army forced commander prince consort van tri flee paved way assault citadel declared emperor capturing appointed position marshal king left division general ordered attack controlled northern vietnam october captured north renamed northern citadel marking ultimate victory strategy french military tactics technology recruited played important role success foundation dynasty served high ranking general new imperial capital central vietnam emperor appointed time held jurisdiction southern vietnam post significant powers precise description head responsibilities survives day rights northern counterpart included power decide lawsuits appoint dismiss officials report court acting discretion trusted fellow deputies locally bred men ran north allowed entourage develop strong support base population gave rule tried expand support base south appointing newly arrived chinese refugees fled homeland fall dynasty rebels administrative posts qualified encouraging integration participation society system time military governors moved different posts individual units commanded years count fidelity supported young brother rose seized throne forced incumbent flee approval entered army troops forced army retreat reinstated built territory order maintain vietnamese jurisdiction nation formally adding prestige addition domestic governance effective stabilized south prompted people white tiger trusted acted emperor european merchants government delegates visited vietnam early 1820s dispatched delegation seek british officials attempt buy arms party got lost storms arrested washing burma remained advocate foreign policy entrenched advocating alliance burma expressing confidence vietnam defeat dominate southeast_asia emperor summoned order suppress widespread rebellions central vietnam northern vietnam putting revolts time joined forces rebel leader highlands minority group man adopted son men rallied court propelled directly high ranking post final years reign ascended highest rank court people present emperor died decreed command royal regiments central vietnam southern vietnam emperor successor emperor enhanced powers allowing power oversee foreign trade coming area collect taxes imports exports discretion gave control vast economic resources fertile agricultural lumber rich region importantly land development southern area populated ethnic vietnamese recent centuries immigration clearing development land rapid beginning second period suppressed revolt local people enlisted thousand new generating large new revenue source court supervised renovation canal important southern vietnam successful suppressing unrest criminal activity increasing foreign trade southern vietnam works greatly stabilized developed southern vietnam turning wealthy peaceful region recognition service rewarded belt jade prestigious gift system usually given emperor tribute monarch official honour great service princess adopted son wife involved internal palace involved bitter rivalry general northern vietnam commander leading generals assisted dispute later soldier served caught military camp captured claimed man confessed sent assassinate hand charged wife having relationship eldest son executed drowning action effectively ended claim vietnam throne descendants according report informed quarter affair korean historian described event dramatic event illustrating loyalty conflict lot tension enlisted european support claim throne allowed missionaries function vietnam gratitude ran classical administration expressed dismay catholic condemnation traditional ancestral worship basic vietnamese culture converted subsequently refused bow ancestors instead shrine died smallpox war assumed son succeed son second wife appointed instead chose strong character deeply conservative lineage converted catholicism traditions ancestor worship told son treat europeans especially french grant position disliked high ranking opposed succession plan southern associates tended favourable christianity supported installation descendants result held high regard catholic community said head region enjoying substantial autonomy good reason prefer empire ruled death immature monarch according scholar gentry background lacked classical education place great emphasis tradition concerned military needs result interested maintaining strong relations europeans acquire weapons worrying social implications speculation worried year old heir young manipulated forget eastern roots mature aged aware fact catholic clergy opposed installation began place restrictions catholicism enacted catholic religion condemned christianity doctrine saw catholics possible source division especially missionaries arriving vietnam increasing numbers role war role recruiting european assistance protected vietnamese catholic converts policies emperor orders defense christians wrote teeth rice missionaries gave came response imperial ordered missionaries leave areas operation imperial city ostensibly palace needed reality stop catholics government officials central northern vietnam complied order forced time meantime southern christians publicly identifying beliefs facing obstacles local officials said point view men land thoroughly sheltered prestige policy criminals rebels courted conflict century nascent years plagued revolts particularly northern central vietnam resulted large number rebels captured common criminals people usually internally exiled opposite country large number ended southern vietnam included rebels spared death penalty defeated northern central vietnam campaigns late sworn loyalty general personally men sent south wives children remove potentially rebellious areas punish objective start military colonies help develop southern vietnam recently acquired ethnic vietnamese given equipment work land later pardoned employed surrendered officers positions authority policy continued shortage manpower came power wanted continue policy wrote permission rejected emperor replied policy like releasing monkey climb tree placement rebels positions power contrary system order prestige state concerned 1820s continued cultivated relations immigrant chinese community settled southern vietnam large numbers brought conflict general adopted chinese immigrant merchant son gave including appointing position body regulated trade japanese historian concluded entourage given financial rewards gifts chinese merchants return favourable treatment government officials pointed men businessman chinese agent time southern vietnam producing rice plentiful quantities export banned prices vietnam lower overseas kept rising parts country years meantime supply kept increasing thought chinese merchants illegally rice higher prices bringing return journeys incoming immigrants general disagreed prevailing view held emperor said people races engaging illegal trading blaming incoming immigrants personal chinese merchants bringing historian said viewpoint plausible speculated emperor stance borne fear consequences chinese influence country reality illegal trading wanted tax concessions newly arrived chinese immigrants deemed impoverished encourage immigration speed development region emperor reasoning difficult genuinely determine need concession system open tax concessions granted involvement illegal rice tried ban chinese engaging sea trade easily merchants exploited contacts fraudulent vietnamese wives died able crack fraudulent sea trade time attitude stature south forced moderate policies allow preaching christian missionaries increased tension pair anxious autonomy father granted emperor began slowly wind military powers attempt wear power base gradually removing general close aides sent aides central vietnam serve education officials south objectives oversee imperial examination process education system allow determine serve government fill southern ranks men acceptable court attempts blocked incumbent officials returned capital years later failure closest subordinates indicted officials charged trading rice black market operating stop legal proceedings angrily tried turn tables calling emperor execute accusing official ended stalemate years later transferred northern vietnam later imprisoned unable matter south position taken emperor men resisted removal regional official palace leading emperor proclamation declaring court appointments came following year executed convicted criminals informing capital leading emperor saying ultimate authority decide questions life death belongs court suffered blow ally appointed run died general nominated subordinate replace colleague overruled instead appointed post emperor formally asked cooperate appointed post minister putting general chain command effectively making irrelevant regards running death began military infrastructure sending component units parts vietnam sent loyalist general allowing power addition government reports officially approved sent capital civil officials sent south emperor moves southern autonomy gradually increased resentment sentiments local population family personal life wife named apart adopted son named married princess daughter typically described stern hot tempered fair man feared respected people lower level military officers speak directly higher officials later accounts portrayed strict ways negative light according later imperial official fatally beat dogs beheaded senior local officials reason regarded eccentric raised members hill tribes act servants kept exactly chickens dogs home returned official residence assignment ordered tiger dogs march nephew french military visited government mission said great talent battle administration people fear loved people fair famous love vietnamese classical opera court dancing popular common vietnamese reportedly gave long speech praising manner emperor beat drum order encourage actors actresses performing known patronage goddess spirits popularly local folk religions addition instructor code ceremonial conduct customs copies royal rituals representative british government visited described man liked dress manner similar peasant constituents said intelligent look possess considerable activity mind body face round soft features beard bears considerable resemblance old woman voice feminine informal manner caused difficulties administration second emperor government oriented classical father younger regarded southern entourage older military officials felt uncomfortable court time went seen direct frank man dealings seen vague expressing thoughts attributed dependence military officers war years required blunt grew dealing court scholars establishment regarded quiet monarch visit capital found imperial court uncomfortable surrounding colleague court recruits civil officials wants proper ruling system rise world military background know straight expression quick action violating manners official rules originally different better positions avoid possible mistakes fellow southern general chat resigned positions emperor rejected offers wanted post capital given suspicions court general launch palace coup unlike vietnam past sent southern vietnam far royal seat death legacy july died age buried present day tomb called tomb marshal local people death opened way apply policies south subordinates lacked influence court emperor tried reduce followers political power post putting south direct rule making holder post soon death new arrived took local administration new officials launched investigation reported aides engaged corrupt abusive practices result led investigation ordered posthumous humiliation resulted tomb execution sixteen relatives arrests colleagues attitude led adopted son break prison start revolt emperor suppressing revolt supported invasion lasted years briefly took control south emperor tomb inscription lies resisted law placed ruins tomb remained disrepair reign emperor restored tomb emperor turned tomb national monument establishment colony continuously despite french policies vietnamese imperial system ritual customs yearly celebrations attended politicians allowed continue despite legend southern vietnam appeared dreams fisherman famously led peasant army french colonization advised fight foreigners thanks donations number colonial government officials members business elite tomb renovated extended south vietnamese rule considered great national hero image appeared prominent streets named contrast held low regard current government role expansion french influence vietnam line communist designation feudal fall tomb dilapidated lack state maintenance streets named honour renamed attitude remained unchanged current government tomb renovated allowed play portraying life performed publicly widely regarded southern vietnamese people important local hero described popularity follows matter indigenous vietnamese chinese settlers christians residents long paid enthusiastic tribute favorite southern local hero gorgeous shrine located able find place residents regardless ethnic religious backgrounds regard local hero reverence popular culture generals called tiger generals vietnamese folk culture people usually regard honorable left division marshal following office marshal dynasty army left division holder time named | Lê Văn Duyệt | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27022_JohnnieJohnson(RAFofficer) | raf officer air vice marshal bars march january nicknamed royal_air_force raf pilot flying ace defined pilot shot enemy aircraft aerial combat flew fought second world war born johnson grew educated qualified engineer johnson broke playing rugby injury later complicated ambitions fighter pilot johnson interested aviation youth applied join raf initially rejected social medical grounds august eventually accepted injury problems returned early training flying career resulting missing october johnson operation reset began flying regularly took offensive sweeps german occupied europe rest johnson involved heavy aerial fighting period combat tour included participation raid combined bomber offensive battle normandy operation market garden battle western allied invasion germany johnson progressed rank group captain end war johnson credited individual victories enemy aircraft seven shared victories shared probable damaged shared damaged destroyed ground johnson flew operational sorties engaged enemy aircraft occasions included list individual victories destroyed making successful raf ace score highest scoring western allied fighter ace johnson continued career raf war served korean war retiring rank air vice marshal maintained interest aviation public speaking subject entering business aviation art remained active death cancer early life johnson born march johnson lived brought father policeman inspector mid-1930s evening leader held meeting town license meeting expired time went ejected building johnson educated johnson uncle won paid johnson education according brother ross time johnson nearly expelled refusing punishment believing simply dug heels johnson interests shooting sports shot rabbits birds local countryside johnson attended qualified civil engineer aged johnson surveyor progressing assistant engineer johnson broke playing rugby injury set heal properly later caused difficulty start flying career joining raf keen follow interest aviation johnson started taking flying lessons expense applied join encountered social problems british society time johnson strongly felt rejected grounds class status johnson fortunes improve chances war increased aftermath standards raf relaxed service expanded brought men ordinary social backgrounds johnson applied informed sufficient pilots available balloon squadrons johnson rejected offer inspired friends joined johnson applied join means enter raf young men ordinary backgrounds volunteer possibility commission rejected grounds applicants injury unsuitable flight operations joined injury bar recruitment joined unit reserved occupation war came intention seeing duration building air raid shelters supervising squads johnson content day riding annual camp johnson took raf seeing line fighters johnson remarked got fight hitler sooner fight bloody great horse flight training august johnson accepted began training weekends airfield satellite airfield received ground instruction taught retired service pilots johnson trained tiger outbreak war september rank sergeant johnson cambridge arrived 2nd initial training wing begin flight instruction interviewed senior officers said profession knowledge topography surveying mapping useful reconnaissance role wing commander agreed nonetheless johnson selected fighter pilot training given service number rank sergeant johnson cambridge initial assigned johnson learned basic military drill given slang square december johnson began initial training cambridge flew times december january second pilot february johnson flew solo time march april passed minute flight test followed night flights following day chief flying instructor passed moved completing training operational training unit wales flying miles master earned instrument navigation night flying ratings practised forced landings training complete august johnson received wings immediately inducted general raf pilot officer hours minutes solo flying august johnson flew time weeks practised handling formation flying attacks battle climbs training flights stalled crashed johnson harness loose shoulders revealing earlier rugby injury healed properly ground loop legs forcing port main plane commanding officer johnson short airfield difficult land inexperienced pilot johnson got impression watched closely felt mistake certainly washed johnson tried pack injured shoulder wool held place tape reduce vibrations johnson found lost feel right hand practised pressure aggravated shoulder tried fly left hand handled hands simple manoeuvres despite difficulties injuries august course complete johnson hours operational types including injury training august briefly posted squadron pilot officer equipment difficulties squadron unable complete johnson training left unit september johnson posted squadron squadron leader took johnson minute training flight flight burton impressed johnson difficulties shooting technique killing shot line astern near line astern positions duty number job shoot enemy aircraft ensure leader tail safe burton directed johnson critical tactical importance keeping good battle formation tactical use sun cloud height days later johnson flew raid patrol qualifying johnson old injury continued trouble found flying high performance aircraft like extremely painful raf gave options operation correct problem meant miss training instructor flying light johnson opted operation hoped treatment word soon reached johnson taken flying duties sent return squadron december took johnson test flight december minute flight johnson fitness fly approved second world war johnson returned operational flying early squadron forming wing johnson found flying alongside wing commander australian ace january johnson recently appointed squadron leader burton pilot officer hugh arrived squadron september took offer cover convoy controller pair enemy aircraft attacked bomber lost sight controllers intercepted distress signals bomber johnson crash credited enemy aircraft damaged time johnson engage german bomber end january johnson added flying hours opening months johnson flew night fighter pilot day fighters act night fighters radar largely unsuccessful german bombers blitz johnson action occurred february damaged week later johnson squadron moved channel coast johnson eager combat operational hours welcomed prospect meeting enemy germans resume assault wing fight november douglas air officer commanding december directive called sector offensive sweeps ordered hit run operations belgium france operations conducted squadrons harass german air defences january circus attacks initiated sending small bomber formations protected large numbers fighters offensive operations designed draw luftwaffe took increasingly offensive stance operations known circus offensive penned operations instruction written february outlined distinct operations day fighters bomber escort primary goal destruction target goal fighters escorted ground attack fighters bomber escort anti operations operation bombers poor weather ground attack operation circus operations johnson contact enemy single engine fighters planned undertook patrol number johnson followed section number guarding tail red johnson spotted feet higher travelling direction johnson report number type position enemy shouted look sign pilot question imminent danger bounced section broke directions headed singly mistake brought embarrassing johnson flew operations france including ground attack missions johnson hated considered waste pilots successful fighter pilots lost way flight lieutenant wing commander killed operations august july respectively squadron leader captured carrying similar operation january time pilots expressed dissatisfaction formation tactics wing long conversation early hours accepted suggestions senior pilots agreed use flexible tactics chances taken surprise bounced tactical changes involved operating overlapping line abreast formations similar german finger formation tactics raf pilots wing use tactics wing wing engaged fighter wing led noticing approaching germans ignorance waiting moment turn tables called break whip unfortunately tactic successful avoiding surprise attack break left battle followed wing shot damaged shot second time career remained british able nurse crippled fighter base crash land month later johnson gained air victory june johnson participated crossing coast near warned nearby southeast wing saw british turned attack lower squadron rear watching dive port johnson lost sight wing commander feet immediately flew turned slightly port range yards receiving hits hood pilot squadron pilots witnessed victory expended rounds guns lost fighter wing day action followed july expended rounds damaged section attacked johnson turned firing saw streaming july wing flew circus losing sight squadron johnson proceeded inland feet spotting aircraft turning identified johnson come underneath enemy blind spot closing yards gave trailing second burst tail blown covered oil johnson saw spinning control having lost johnson climbing crossing coast johnson bounced giving chase dive feet firing yards observed flying starboard wing johnson owing oil covered claim second victory probably corporal iii group posted missing july johnson shared destruction pilot officer johnson disappeared battle mortally wounded wheels landing near impressed flying badly wounded germans buried honours july johnson damaged battle wing commander wounded life saved recently installed armour plate head johnson took august mission lost france sortie destroyed solitary johnson flew section wing crossed coast reported area luftwaffe aircraft wing spotting group feet led bounce lower group formations fell apart air battle mass twisting aircraft biggest danger collision shot close got bouncing squadron leader came section lot yards apart awful think surviving getting mass aircraft johnson exited mass aircraft immediately attacked closest yards away maintaining steep tight turn cloud immediately headed dover coming cloud johnson saw lone chased searched seeing johnson attacked shot fourth victory johnson ended month tally adding probable victory august bad day month wing circus raids cost fighters germans lost september johnson promoted flight lieutenant awarded johnson certain victories year achieved september escorting bristol cover wings failed rendezvous bombers feet johnson section bounced johnson broke turned approaching quarter astern slightly johnson fired closing yards pilot officer smith johnson section observed pilot bail pursued enemy aircraft johnson ground level miles attacked allowing germans close range johnson turned steep left hand turn took tail johnson fired broke away yards hit stalled crashed sea johnson pursued miles south dover victories johnson total destroyed meant official flying ace winter johnson squadron moved training duties odd convoy patrol flown idle period squadron concluded tour squadron leader wing commander january squadron moved raf kings uneventful months resumed offensive policy april weather cleared large scale operations flew seven sweeps month situation changed flown raf match germans introduced new fighter faster altitudes feet possessed faster roll rate heavily armed dive climb turn introduction new enemy fighter resulted heavier casualty rates squadrons new mark produced johnson claimed damaged april witnessed better british pilots consistently yes causing real problems time turn couldn turn day number increased depth deceased drove coast johnson experienced unusual mission section engaged carrying british markings miles west base johnson allowed inexperienced pilots attack managed damage bomber days later june johnson awarded bar welcome news received late month began reaching raf units july johnson promoted rank squadron leader effective july given command squadron operations france johnson wing commander insisted line astern formation caused johnson question tactics finger universally adopted johnson criticised lack tactical consistency squadron flew cover changed finger soon reached french coast hoping wing leader wouldn notice august preparations begun major operation jubilee raid took place august johnson took running pairs singly climbing attack johnson shot crashed sea shared destruction heading base johnson attacked alert met attack head descended zero feet flying johnson destroyer hope fire drive tail worked johnson landed remainder year squadron moved september protect royal_navy fleet scapa_flow johnson took command wing canadians based christmas received new answer gaining probable february selected minute test flight march regular mount wing commander meant initials painted machine carried allotted sign johnson set changing wing tactical approach quickly forced wing abandon line astern tactics finger formation offered safety combat enabling multiple pilots participate scanning skies enemy aircraft avoid attack better able spot position unit surprise attack enemy johnson alteration units operations ground attack missions highly trained fighter pilots forced participate abandoned ground attack missions weeks johnson wing escorted bombers targets france fighter sweep johnson destroyed eighth victory parachute failed open spring proved busy johnson claimed damaged days later destroyed reach individual air victories sharing destruction later date june victories achieved june claimed june june leading wing bounced led shot killed june claimed destroyed damaged victory 27th brought total johnson scored success july began concentrated effort german targets escorting american bombers johnson destroyed damaged shot july tally stood standard formation procedure johnson use finger wing distinct air earned wing nickname remained wing moved advanced landing ground renamed wing command group raf tactics proved successful canadian wing johnson scored victories august whilst claiming september 19th victory gained sergeant killed johnson 21st victim killed normandy rhine lead day landings johnson continued score regularly 23rd victories achieved april johnson highest scoring ace operations victories followed iii lost killed air battle landings france june johnson added tally claiming aerial victories month including june mission johnson recorded 26th victory june particularly fell wing bouncing formation shot 29th victory days later johnson destroyed reach 31st air victories johnson wing stationed french soil following invasion radius action far extended compared squadrons britain wing scored heavily summer august johnson leading squadron patrol near paris johnson bounced formation shooting recorded camera climbing starting point johnson attempted join formation aircraft thought fighters actually johnson escaped series steep climbs nearly stalled eventually evaded trying flank stuck tail johnson hit enemy aircraft fire time taking cannon shells rudder elevators johnson surpassed sailor record score shooting air victories johnson considered exploits better johnson points fought outnumbered matched enemy johnson said fought great distinction odds matched handful greatly superior numbers luftwaffe fighters bombers forced fight defensive battle southern england tactical disadvantage cover high sun fought offensive squadron wing wings september johnson wing participated support actions operation market garden netherlands september johnson victory war flight bounced formation johnson shot combat squadron leader squadron joined johnson action went missing possibly shot fighter wing wing rarely saw enemy aircraft remainder year january germans appear large numbers support attack johnson witnessed german attack wing airfield brussels recalled germans inexperienced shooting johnson led patrol prevent second wave german aircraft attacking engaged enemy aircraft follow attack late january february johnson reduced flying time march johnson patrolled pushed allied armies germany little sign luftwaffe numerous ground attack operations carried instead march johnson wing relocated promoted group captain days later johnson took command wing april returning patrol switched engine flew overhead seeing turned attack johnson took cover fighter airfield defences shot april johnson wing moved germany week war johnson squadron flew patrols berlin kiel german resistance flight central germany looking jet fighters johnson squadron attacked luftwaffe airfields sortie unit destroyed preparing sortie enemy transport sighted took action retreated german held territory johnson pilots shot occasion johnson intercepted flight german fighters wings signal non hostile intent johnson unit escorted raf airfield german capitulation johnson relocated unit copenhagen denmark association belgian squadron raf led awarded palm rank officer post war war johnson commanded west_germany wrote wartime memoir followed circle history air fighting written member parliament brother law korean war johnson given permanent commission raf war initially squadron leader retaining wartime substantive rank wing commander later confirmed rank exchange posting usa flew north american went serve korean war flying lockheed shooting star johnson leave written record experiences korean war believed saw action enemy aircraft service received air medal legion merit united_states johnson commanded wing following year johnson air officer commanding deputy director operations october johnson commanding bombers air commodore attended served group raf commanding june commander order british empire johnson promoted air vice marshal appointed companion order bath retired later life johnson appointed deputy lieutenant established housing association managed properties death friend johnson sir set continue supporting disabled charities passionate supporter johnson recognise skills aviation artist 1980s depictions aircraft battle scenes print began popular helped taylor promote venture successful johnson sons set distribution networks united_states britain johnson spent 1980s 1990s speaker fundraiser spending time travelling fishing shooting walking dogs johnson appeared long running british television life 40th anniversary day programme guests german fighter ace british wartime propaganda alleged johnson challenged personal duel version events denied johnson men arranged meet war unable programme guests flew alongside johnson operation earned johnson wing commander uncle years old time personal life teenager johnson fascinated speed joined friends johnson enjoyed lifestyle cars women early interests johnson later settle add family november johnson married home leave acted best man lord son wing commander attended war worked sons michael october chris born december couple split johnson lived partner january johnson aged years died cancer memorial service took place april hymns jerusalem thee country played children scattered ashes estate memorial bench dedicated favourite fishing spot estate inscription reads memory fisherman list air victories johnson wartime record sorties flown aircraft claimed destroyed seven shared destroyed shared victories probable destroyed damaged shared destroyed ground victories fighters johnson able use initials place squadron code letters scored bulk victories flying shot aircraft shared plus shared damaged commanding wing aircraft plus shared destroyed ground victory war scored aircraft johnson ended war flying post war mount carry initials ability verify british claims british main opponents limited volumes produced survived war attempted use limited german material available compare losses air victory claims acknowledges lack sources leave possibility error list individual victories | Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer) | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27085_WilliamMcAloney | august senior engineering officer royal_australian_air_force raaf australian exchange recipient highest civil decoration heroism united_kingdom commonwealth born adelaide worked mechanic enlisting raaf aircraft engine august following year attempted rescue pilot crashed aircraft flames airfield hamilton victoria scene rushed wreckage effort extract unconscious pilot pilot leg trapped struggling free wing tanks burst knocking unconscious pulled aircraft suffering severe burns spent month hospital subsequently awarded albert medal actions rescue attempt sufficiently recovered return work raaf second world war primarily involved engine repair engineering staff work australia commissioned flying officer saw service dutch new_guinea late received permanent commission raaf advanced squadron leader emergency served technical officer wing squadron based singapore appointed officer order british empire efforts post retired honorary rank group captain albert medal discontinued living recipients decoration invited exchange medal took offer formally recipient died age early life born eldest son wife mary née murphy young educated registered compulsory military training serving private november time gained employment automotive mechanic received job training place formal employed years took position purchased garage engineering workshop operated establishment years business conducting work types vehicle including cars trucks business ultimately experienced financial difficulties forced close ceremony june johnson couple later daughters sons military career light business closure forced seek alternate employment consequently enlisted royal_australian_air_force july ranked completed course qualified turner attached squadron victoria september employed maintenance role unit working rolls engines aircraft respectively completed time air gunner course child son named william born later year august aircraft squadron training flight landed air base hamilton victoria exercise coincided local agricultural planes briefly provided stationary display public journey aircraft taken second seen difficulties pilot pilot officer attempted climbing turn aircraft engine stalled sending machine dive passenger aircraft witnessed incident signalled pilot stop immediately plane ran airfield control second aircraft struck ground rapidly flames scene wreckage effort crew members able grab hold main fuel tank pulled free cockpit aircraft wing leg trapped wreckage despite continued efforts free burning hands pilot clothes point wing tanks burst rendering unconscious pulled aircraft suffering severe burns spent weeks hospital undergoing treatment observer gunner perished later owing injuries sustained impact survived rescue attempt successful rescue attempt unsuccessful president raaf court inquiry incident squadron leader noted conspicuous gallantry publicly commended actions efforts day ultimately recognised award albert medal announcement widely circulated media accompanying citation decoration published london gazette february reading february majesty king pleased award albert medal royal_australian_air_force conspicuous gallantry attempting rescue officer burning wreckage aircraft hamilton victoria 31st august despite fact aircraft nose rudder flames continued efforts rescue pulled away unconscious condition having received severe burns necessitated removal hospital award unique member raaf receive decoration award proved bestowed living australian subsequent presentations medal posthumous second world war presented acting governor general australia 5th baron ceremony melbourne recovered sufficiently injuries return duties raaf september attached period months time promoted leading returning service squadron formally transferred august advanced corporal september year outbreak second world war received rapid series promotions following eighteen months sergeant april flight sergeant march finally warrant officer february primarily engine repair engineering staff work australia conflict making sergeant non commissioned officer charge overhaul test work engine duties expanded march promotion include overhaul inspection testing rolls aircraft engines august posted melbourne capacity advised equipment spare parts raaf aircraft tasked compiling register equipment raaf flight training units operational bases australia entailed visiting air_force units victoria new south wales queensland check equipment stores march commissioned flying officer transferred july officer commanding technical photographic served liaison promoted temporary flight lieutenant august sent november specialist officer american gas turbine jet engines following november dispatched dutch new_guinea issues experienced engines operations aircraft 1st tactical air force returned australia position december saw remainder war post decided wanted remain air_force cessation hostilities subsequently sought permanent commission post war raaf having continued short service commission meantime application ultimately approved september granted substantive rank flight lieutenant younger brother saw service raaf second world war enlisted late rose rank warrant officer discharge final posting communication unit post war senior engineering officer involved investigation series engine failures experienced raaf aircraft inquiry led visit operational transport units australia attempt determine issues result maintenance components returned duties investigation conclusion squadron leader march attended land air warfare course following year posted singapore june technical officer based composite wing formed specifically service attachment proved short lived disbandment wing december point transferred squadron operating returned australia august appointment staff melbourne possessed complete administrative control matters pertaining aircraft engines post including acquisition repairs modifications financial expenditure completed course industrial later undertaking unit industrial electronics january promotion wing commander transferred held policy position responsible aircraft served years post october function test aircraft local overseas manufacturers evaluating suitable acquisition raaf role focused supervision maintenance test aircraft completing modifications fitting specialised equipment introduction service fighter coincided time post set retire raaf reaching age limit rank appointment extended years owing shortage technical officers service appointed officer order british empire new year honours list recommendation honour credited enhancing safety record commended constant efforts adoption actions ensure diverse variety aircraft unit retired raaf december recognition years service granted honorary rank group captain later life retired home victoria golf owing decline status significance albert medal announced living recipients decoration invited exchange medals henceforth formally recipients award living australian recipients time opted accept offer travelling london receive awards men presented ceremony buckingham palace queen elizabeth_ii july aged died august anniversary rescue attempt remembered pleasant survived wife seven children sons served australian_army vietnam war completing tours corporal lieutenant 4th 5th battalions decorated rescuing men wounded personally clearing caves defended despite sustaining wound rose rank lieutenant colonel commanded mid-1980s death | William McAloney | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27173_MilitarycareerofL.RonHubbard | military career ron military career ron saw future founder serving member saw active service world war naval lieutenant junior grade later lieutenant war mustered active service resigned commission aspects ron life accounts military career disputed account military service later formed major element public persona depicted followers presents decorated war hero commanded corvette hostilities crippled wounded according publications served commodore corvette squadrons theaters world war awarded medals service severely wounded taken crippled blinded military hospital worked way fitness strength perception years knew determine man relationship universe official navy service records indicate military performance times awarded handful campaign medals injured wounded combat awarded purple heart military service spent ashore continental united_states administrative training duties briefly commanded anti submarine vessels uss uss coastal waters massachusetts oregon california respectively removed command vessels rated superiors unsuitable independent duties lacking essential qualities judgment leadership cooperation asserted attacked crippled sunk japanese submarines oregon command uss claim rejected commander subsequent investigation hospitalized seven months active service injuries acute rejects official record insists second set records concealed according church chief spokesman true injured injuries handled use procedures handled injuries existed based lie based lie military service joined age october school falsely stating age enlisting home town montana served private age joined training unit connected student attributed service regiment need little recreation life dull fellow came says marine reserves organizing twentieth regiment don come dubious claim rapidly promoted rank sergeant later explained unusually rapid promotion unit newly formed superiors unable find drill stated rated excellent military efficiency obedience october received honorable discharge enlisted world war service joined united_states_navy summer months united_states entered second world war applied march commissioned lieutenant junior grade july entering permanent active duty november specifically volunteered special service intelligence duties recorded commission papers spent brief time nominal role months working public relations spent weeks naval district new_york training role intelligence officer training curtailed japanese attack pearl harbor december december sent philippines australia ashore brisbane january ship routed ordered united_states aboard transport vessel uss following month australia washington complain assuming unauthorized authority attempting perform duties qualifications source trouble officer satisfactory independent duty assignment tries impressions importance think unusual ability lines characteristics indicate require close supervision satisfactory performance intelligence duty presented number different accounts time western pacific told australian journalists anti aircraft battery australia thompson gun mail officer replaced think captain couple commanders junior officers stated occasion officers upper battle areas sent authority cargo ships loaded machine gun ammunition rifle ammunition melbourne found troops area danger went home wrote orders reported according landed island java closing days february search weapons fast shallow draft vessels cut invading japanese able escape island rubber meet australian destroyer account describes senior officer present ashore brisbane australia asserts duties included counter intelligence organization relief american forces capacity eventually saw action island java capture daring escape lecture said flown casualty shipped war states war started lot things happened outfits pretty wiped remember great_britain started fight right guys shipped wounded shipped slow boat didn wasn seriously hooked ride secretary navy plane produced right set orders hope kept file got flown home lecture year provided alternative version return united_states picked telephone called secretary navy said tired place like leave said yeah said yeah got important despatches matter fact got despatches practically sink japanese navy carry lot traffic stuff like forth sent plane picked flew home navy files record spending time java evidence wounds injuries sustained combat atlantic service uss posted new_york_city returning end march office recently ceased organ status amended promoted batch officers grade june lieutenant senior grade highest rank hold active service june requested assigned sea duty caribbean sent instead shipyard massachusetts fishing mist converted military use naval yard patrol vessel navy numerous fishing vessels redesignated boats tasked defending coastal waters enemy submarines delivering food equipment military personnel offshore particularly prized having units vessel commissioned uss july having refitted freighter armed inch deck gun caliber machine guns august sea carry hour training exercise fell senior officer shipyard sent critical memorandum vice chief naval operations washington responded september informing view fitted independent command requesting removed ordered duty immediate supervision senior officer duly lost command october ordered new_york ending service atlantic accounts service north_atlantic forward states publication took command escort vessel atlantic convoys lecture asserted sent boston early war command corvette given crew stated lecture posted aboard north_atlantic went fighting submarines north_atlantic things finally got set orders ship time squadron biographical accounts published described commanding fourth british corvette squadron stated running british war biographical interview published speaks commanding british corvette mist british naval vessel named mist admiralty number small wooden vessels constructed royal_navy asserted sustained wounds aboard corvette north_atlantic biographical profile published related imprint asserts served distinction theaters highly decorated commanding wounded combat lost close friend colleague november sent submarine training center miami florida training submarine vessels subsequently undertook day anti submarine warfare training course key west january posted portland oregon command uss commissioned pacific service uss arrived portland uss stages construction ship steel class laid october commissioned april command officer studied florida ship executive officer ship left portland travel oregon took ammunition participating day air sea rescue operation uss ordered sail san_diego commence cruise early hours detected crew believed enemy submarine miles offshore half days ordered crew fire total depth charges number gun rounds target believed imperial_japanese_navy submarines joined navy patrol boats uss uss assist search suspected enemy vessels given temporary command vessels afternoon larger joined submarine search found indication submarines commander subsequently refusal lay larger stock depth charges resupply stated eighteen page action report intended force submarine surface attacked surface vessels guns reported vessel seen oil surface took samples asserted seen air bubbles oil reports wreckage seen despite heavy depth charging sustained minor damage crew injured incident ship radio antenna accidentally hit gunfire midnight depth charges exhausted presence submarine unconfirmed ship ordered incident attracted attention naval high command verified japanese submarine attack fort stevens miles north june invasion scare southern california earlier claimed definitely sunk doubt submarine critically damaged view shared superiors reviewing action reports interviewing commanders present admiral noted analysis reports convinces submarine area lieutenant commander sullivan states unable obtain evidence submarine bubble air unexplained water depth charge explosion commanding officers ships state evidence submarine think submarine area noted known magnetic deposit area depth charges dropped clear targeting deposit nonetheless continued believe sunk japanese submarine years later told dropped mouth dead duck went lecture commented know officer taking submarine times size ship sinking japanese submarine called doesn sound possible war british admiralty navy analysed captured records japanese navy account vessels reports list japanese submarine losses coast united_states war according military records destroyed western pacific uss crew loyal shared conviction engaged enemy submarine second command later asserted navy incident fearing presence japanese submarines close pacific_coast cause panic following return uss ordered escort new aircraft carrier san_diego participate exercises june ordered crew fire shells ship inch gun number rifle pistol shots direction ship anchored night realize islands belonged mexico ally taken uss mexican territorial waters islands garrisoned personnel war mexican government complained days later found naval san_diego found disregarded orders carrying gunnery practice violating mexican waters removed command effective july rear admiral commented fitness report written shortly incident consider officer lacking essential qualities judgment leadership cooperation acts probable results believed sincere efforts ship efficient ready considered qualified command promotion time recommend duty large vessel properly supervised shore service day sent formal letter reported sick complaints pains possible malaria days sick list finally determined suffering october asked transferred landing craft sent week training course naval small craft training center california ordered december join crew uss auxiliary vessel assist ship fitting crew training portland oregon vessel commissioned july aboard role navigation training officer months occupied training exercises california coast preparation ship envisaged departure september western pacific theater operations applied instead undertake month training course military administration faculty established campus princeton_university university later asserted princeton student commanding officer approved detachment gave generally good fitness report rating excellent personal military character feelings hurt september curious incident occurred aboard uss ship deck log records reported discovered attempt sabotage consisting bottle filled gasoline cloth inserted concealed ship cargo hours later ordered depart ship proceed princeton later years asserted film roberts based service aboard uss eponymous character based character based commander february lecture told story vessel way called roberts seen picture read book according church publication end war having relegated physical condition amphibious forces pacific adventures reported screen roberts bucket motion picture stage play novel actually captain brutally characterized picture actually lieutenant commander sic jones roberts ship year contrary script killed okinawa comments claim notes author original novel roberts good true pure invention novel reportedly loosely based service uss conclusion course failed pass examinations finishing mid way class list qualify overseas posting posted january california training later acknowledged depressed fell ill reported sick stomach pains april spent remainder war sick list patient oakland california church account asserts eventual combat wounds finally serving american occupation forces october found considered physically qualified perform duty ashore continental united_states reflection chronic discharged hospital mustered active service december resigned commission october according quit navy attempted force work project man unwilling tried blackmail ordering active duty perform function having friends able instantly resign navy escape trap told office naval intelligence right threatened active duty use knew mind officer came right washington wanted civilian employee order use knew mind men smile said like said active duty officer united_states_navy exited went got resignation accepted according navy evidence record attempt recall active duty alleged war wounds psychologist computer scientist noted aspect war record particularly confused typical mixture glamour surrounds past matter wounds injuries suffered active service asserted war blinded injured nerves lame physical injuries hip worked way fitness strength years knew man relationship universe accounts published asserted flown home late spring secretary navy private plane casualty far_east publication goes describing american casualty combat executive officer uss testified said shot dutch_east_indies occasion told eyes damaged flash large caliber gun told taped lecture suffered eye injuries having bomb face told science fiction writer feet broken type injury ship bombed according said busy war sunk times wounded said twice pronounced dead spent year naval hospital utilized study substances protein techniques developed possible recovery injury helped servicemen regain health occasion said hospitalized utterly exhausted combat theater combat theater rest account challenged series writers journalists mid-1970s onwards writing evans noted confirmed late stage life receives month compensation disabilities incurred second world war conditions listed right shoulder evans noted spokesman stated examination record reveal evidence injuries suffered service united_states navy sixteen years later los_angeles_times obtained medical records freedom information act records stated told doctors chronic hip infection eye problems result caused exposure excessive tropical sunlight post war correspondence included including letters requested psychiatric treatment address long periods continued complain physical 1950s founded times noted significantly promised provide cure plagued author life including heart problems documents medical file stated injured falling ship ladder claimed medals war medals issue contention stated highly decorated duties fire actual number decorations said awarded varied considerably years interview british journalists showed visitors sixteen war medals claimed awarded months later published data sheet ron stated awarded medals church asked supply seventeen medals said awarded including purple heart navy medal bronze service stars denoting participation military campaigns multiple award navy sent medals noting records bureau fail establish medals awards listed response responded circulating photograph medals said awarded explained actually won missing seven awarded secret naval high command embarrassed sunk japanese submarines yard biography published states awarded medals awards released document said copy official record service support assertion awarded medals decorations church asserts awarded unit citation awarded president combat units perform particularly service awards listed record released church british victory medal award issued service british armed forces world war awarded church document credits purple heart palm implying wounds received action uses gold silver stars palm indicate multiple wounds church distributed photograph medals said won medals created left active service church record lists commanding uss mist uss originally named mist civilian service called uss mist 20th century navy vessel listed dictionary left naval service years old lists uss vessel listed dictionary signed listed records commissioned naval officers time told new_yorker document los_angeles_times commented npr later confirmed navy version record form indicates received medals navy career medals noted version medals navy record credits awarded members military service time december attack pearl harbor american campaign medal awarded service members performed duty war awarded served world war victory medal awarded served world war according record additional decorations church says received church officials argued navy records incomplete conceal secret activities intelligence officer 1980s church turned colonel said records cover intelligence background died prominent conspiracy theorist best known advocating assassination conspiracy theories associated anti semitic group organization documenting military career military career attracted comment number journalists writers years claims challenged early writers quoted comment biographical sketch circulated british members parliament war service summarized described true claim severely injured war fact days badly injuring body eyes hot pacific sun skeptical attempted verify revealing anonymously authored totally biography reported unable confirm single critical claims crippled blind nature discoveries medical records stating twice pronounced dead inquiries frustrated navy refusal provide service record written consent person records concerned information later released navy prompted express doubts commented faced impressive record hard assess nature extent battle service country noted contradictions claims war wounds official record los_angeles_times described war record obscure quoted navy stating received purple heart treated injuries sustained military career contrary statements amateur researcher gathered mountain material included files bothered copies example log books navy ships served father navy service file shannon unable find publisher sent page portfolio materials including copies naval college records number concerned individuals work found way undertaking project research official authorized biography ron according archive largely confirmed shannon material armstrong shannon reached eventual destination opposed starting points october writer previously written books favorable hired church write biography based materials armstrong collected armstrong disillusioned left start declared person enemy church garrison permission armstrong copies pages archive deposited attorneys safe keeping church responded armstrong breach confidence theft invasion privacy suit went trial california court california military career major focus case armstrong stated amassed approximately thousand pages documentation concerning wartime career vessels fitness reports medical disability records truth far different public representations garrison time agreed settlement church manuscript public told court inconsistencies implicit documents armstrong provided respect curriculum respect navy career respect aspect life documented facts coincide official published biography church trial weeks testimony court heard evidence second command aboard uss testified told involved attack survivor destroyer gone hands save submarine battle described hailed church attorney new chapter history world war new perspectives magnitude proximity japanese naval operations coast war testified told received combat injuries eyes response documents account read record armstrong attorney decision judge found armstrong fears persecution church reasonable conduct turning documents possession attorneys reasonable judge issued wide ranging verdict commenting evidence portrays man virtually comes history background achievements weeks later british judge ruled case heard number false claims military career decorated war hero commanded corvette squadron awarded purple heart gallantry decoration wounded action wounded decorated crippled blinded war cured techniques crippled blinded judge noted dispute evidence military service subsequently covered detail british writers bare faced piece blue sky los_angeles_times special report published june new_yorker february book going clear hollywood prison belief accuracy miller account questioned writing commented miller book definitely exposed inflated statements early achievements partly state elements | Military career of L. Ron Hubbard | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27418_MarkKelly | born february retired american astronaut engineer captain husband author political activist executive consultant naval aviator kelly flew combat missions gulf war selected nasa space shuttle pilot flew mission pilot piloted commanded final mission final mission space shuttle wife target attempted assassination arizona january shooting people killed kelly thrust media spotlight wife shooting led broad national conversation ranging duties husband acceptable civil discourse kelly identical twin brother astronaut kelly brothers siblings traveled space began mission spending year space international space station returned earth march days space scott year long mission brothers studied find differences living earth space early life education son richard retired police officers born february orange new_jersey raised new_jersey kelly graduated received degree nautical science united_states merchant marine academy graduating highest honors received master science degree naval career december kelly naval aviator received initial training attack aircraft assigned japan deployments aircraft carrier flying combat missions receiving master degree attended june june logged hours different aircraft carrier landings recipient following awards individual strike flight combat distinguished combat navy achievement medal navy expeditionary medal ribbon june kelly announced retirement nasa effective october retirement announced facebook page wrote words convey deep gratitude opportunities given serve great nation day entered united_states merchant marine academy summer moment landed space shuttle weeks ago privilege advance ideals define united_states_of_america nasa career brother scott selected shuttle pilots nasa joined nasa astronaut corps august year logged days space flight space shuttle discovery second mission loss space shuttle columbia kelly discussed risks flying space shuttle space shuttle complex machine got lot moving parts operate pretty limit able engineer risky think regards tank reduced risk changed design little bit pretty big trying foam shed tank anymore risk reduction guess overall risk probably little risky business got big reward everybody board discovery space station thinks worthwhile experience kelly trip space pilot delays lifted december final shuttle mission visited delivering tons equipment supplies fresh crew outpost opened december enabling crew members greet expedition crew officially ended day residency board december custom seat liners transferred return trip home transfer expedition seat liners return vehicle attached station marked official exchange crews shuttle robotic arm lift shuttle bay attach berth station unity crews began unloading supplies day mission managers extended flight duration days allow crew assist additional maintenance tasks station including work replacing failed air change command ceremony took place december expedition ended expedition began returned earth previous crew men kelly traveled million miles earth times days hours july kelly served pilot discovery second return flight mission following loss columbia february weather delays shuttle mission launch fourth july main purposes mission test new safety repair techniques introduced following columbia disaster deliver supplies equipment astronaut germany transfer returned station crew member level mission crew discovery continued test new equipment procedures inspection repair thermal protection system designed increase safety delivered supplies cargo future expansion columbia accident nasa decided test flights required activities originally assigned need divided missions addition safety tests kelly girlfriend time picked wake songs mission beautiful day kelly traveled million miles earth times days hours discovery kelly mission commander month prior discussed shuttle commander entailed different previous missions flights pilot commander different responsible overall mission worry thing training drill crew members getting mission success mission safety comprehensive job requires time little bit surprised think rewarding mission second shuttle missions carry components japan laboratory means hope japanese laboratory japan primary contribution prior kelly said prepared event today discoveries definitely offer hope tomorrow stand greatest earth launch sustained substantial damage seen previous launch following discovered bricks mortar launch pad base thrown far perimeter fence distance feet kelly crew delivered module module largest component laboratory station largest module discovery delivered important delivered replacement station toilet single toilet week creating potentially problem crew kelly entered station joked looking referring broken toilet mission marked time member traveled space kelly traveled million miles earth times days hours launched april launch attempt kelly wife traveled florida trip moving houston january attempted assassination appearance kennedy space center gave launch high profile anticipated years according new_york_times president obama visited april trip original intention watching launch kelly commander mission crew delivered alpha magnetic mission delays caused external tank issues discovery mark twin brother went october scheduled station scott mission potential rendezvous space kelly brothers meeting blood relatives space delay launch ended possibility happening shooting wife status commander unclear nasa announced february kelly remain commander mission remarkable progress wife making recovery helped kelly decision return training nasa stated confident ability successfully lead mission know speak nasa saying welcome papal blessing arranged pope prompted discovery shuttle fuselage pope extended blessing kelly wife undergone skull surgery earlier week event marked time pope spoke course mission june message kelly wished wife love song lyrics david_bowie space introduced song beautiful day night festival england similar message kelly aboard played tour concert stop locations says looking forward coming home tell wife love knows retirement nasa june kelly announced leaving nasa astronaut corps effective october cited needs wife recovery reason retirement author story courage love wife book provides biographical information couple describes detail assassination attempt initial recovery written kelly voice includes short note end kelly second book children book released new_york_times number bestseller followed sequel year goes mars kelly authored fight america safe gun violence wrote project fictional story twins scott mark build space capsule backyard try send kid orbit dedicated book real twin brother astronaut published work kelly director based near space exploration company march announced independent safety advisory panel composed leading human safety experts political activist january kelly started political action committee called americans responsible solutions mission organization promote solutions elected officials general public couple states supports second amendment promoting responsible gun ownership keeping guns hands dangerous people like criminals terrorists mentally ill current gun laws allow private sellers legally sell guns background check creating provides criminals mentally ill easy access guns kelly said march bill include universal background check mistake common sense thing prevent criminals mentally ill having access weapons proposals kelly include limiting sale high capacity magazines limiting sale assault weapons stopping gun trafficking denied sale rifle shop owner denied kelly purchase stating disagreement kelly previous statements gun laws kelly stated purchasing order turn weapon police department april kelly photographed mother law house arizona watching cheering millimeter target practice gun belongs owned prior attempt life type gun january shooting speaker kelly active public speaker personal life kelly married january divorced daughters kelly married arizona november ceremony presided aaron attended shuttle crew secretary labor bride moves velocity exceeds washington groom moves velocity exceeds miles hour couple met trip china trade mission sponsored time lived houston time marriage kelly said longest period time spent stretch couple weeks said didn plan live way added teaches sweat small stuff shooting kelly wife representative shot assassination attempt january putting kelly national spotlight february kelly described previous month hardest time life expressed gratitude enormous support good wishes prayers wife said believed people praying helped kelly received word wife shot aide immediately shooting flew houston members family route received erroneous news report died kids claire started crying mother walked bathroom know broke calling family kelly found report false alive surgery terrible mistake kelly said bad died equally exciting hadn time arrived kelly sat wife struggled survive began recover condition began improve family researched options rehabilitation facilities chose houston january transferred memorial spent days prior moving continued recovery rehabilitation husband spoken dozens times risky job afraid come public event gun interview filmed week shooting kelly said arizona district town tough die tough let beat aftermath memorial service killed held january president barack_obama flew speak memorial kelly sat lady secretary previous governor arizona end service president obama embraced kelly returned hospital wife kelly spoke february washington remarks closed event president obama spoke attack wife brought kelly closer god gave newfound awareness prayer kelly said prior attack thought world spins clock things happen particular reason kelly said found wandering makeshift memorials filled angels pray pray god heart kelly offered final prayer morning prayer aaron married kelly said words night shooting god god israel michael god angel messenger compassion watch right god angel messenger strength courage left guiding path god angel light supporting stands god angel healing head surrounding presence divine kelly believes chance change political environment thinks filled far hoped tragedy opportunity improve tone national dialogue cool rhetoric response question february discussions politics kelly said haven spent lot time following think horrible negative fact people lost lives including year old girl federal judge staff member like younger brother sad situation hopeful positive come think happen good things awards decorations naval pilot astronaut badge | Mark Kelly | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27588_JaredC.Monti | september june soldier united_states_army received united_states military highest decoration medal honor actions afghanistan deployed unit attacked group enemy insurgents soldier wounded attempted rescue times killed action president signed authorization receive medal honor medal presented family ceremony white house medal honor presentation obama presidency sixth person wars iraq afghanistan awarded medal honor early life born massachusetts september paul school teacher grew massachusetts child adventurous character later earn medal honor military year old disappeared backyard day mother found later hanging hood fence occasion kept home school left house later found climbing tree graduated age siblings sister brother military service enlisting army march completed basic training forward observer training fort oklahoma continued training fire support specialist served staff sergeant sergeant 10th previous service afghanistan deployed sustained injuries sky diving rejected medical discharge deploy unit afghanistan february task force medal honor action june served assistant leader man patrol leader weapons forward observer team tasked gathering intelligence province northeastern afghanistan team established small base ridge support larger army operation valley larger operation delayed team ran low provisions helicopter brought supplies revealed team position evening patrol attacked group insurgents established positions wooded ridge yards patrol attempted team americans took cover returned fire artillery close air support enemy fire killed staff soldier specialist severely wounded left lying open enemy team position staff sergeant leader patrol sniper team called going try rescue replied guy going attempts reach advanced feet forced intense machine gun rocket propelled grenade rpg fire second try similarly turned rest patrol provided covering fire advanced time struck rpg news reports indicated explosion blew legs supported family accounts military records attempted crawl cover reported comrades peace god asked sgt tell parents loved died moments later time artillery air support called began hitting enemy position killing attackers rest subsequently died evacuation cable rescue lifting medical company air ambulance helicopter broke fall killed staff maryland burial medal honor ceremony buried section site massachusetts army posthumously promoted sergeant class july president barack_obama signed authorization receive medal honor action medal presented family president formal ceremony white house september recipient honor medal established american_civil_war additionally second medal honor recipient conflict afghanistan navy seal received medal military awards personal decorations include medal honor citation conspicuous gallantry action risk life duty sergeant class distinguished cost life serving team leader headquarters squadron afghanistan june day sergeant class leading mission gather intelligence direct fires enemy support squadron size mission observation position mountain ridge sergeant class sixteen man patrol came attack superior force consisting enemy fighters verge overrun sergeant class directed patrol set hasty defensive position collection rocks began indirect fire nearby support base accurately bringing rounds enemy closed meters position calling fire sergeant class personally engaged enemy rifle grenade successfully disrupting attempt flank patrol sergeant class realized soldiers lying wounded exposed open ground advancing enemy patrol position complete disregard safety sergeant class moved cover rocks face enemy fire closing meters wounded soldier heavy volume fire forced sergeant class seek cover sergeant class gathered rose maneuver barrage enemy fire save wounded soldier sergeant class driven relentless enemy fire unwilling leave soldier wounded exposed sergeant class attempt open terrain enemy fire aide wounded soldier attempt sergeant class mortally wounded sacrificing life effort save soldier sergeant class acts heroism inspired patrol fight larger enemy force sergeant class courage uncommon keeping highest traditions military service reflect great credit 10th united_states_army honors january submitted petition designate state owned bridge town motion passed state senate approved bridge renamed fire training facility fort oklahoma trained named honor fort drum renamed honor songwriter number country hit drive truck revealed wrote song listening father paul public radio program answer asked son memory | Jared C. Monti | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27781_JamesMorrisIII | january april continental_army officer connecticut american revolutionary war founder pioneer born connecticut spent early life hoping training minister graduating morris accepted commission lieutenant continental_army joined fight captured spent remaining war captivity release morris promoted rank captain supported siege returned war morris began ran academy trained boys girls rarity time died morris hometown connecticut renamed morris honor early life education born connecticut january young man morris displayed disposition education borrowing library nearby father member studies morris hoped eventually minister morris eighteen father sent live time study morris continued spring spent season studying minister fall morris found instructor saying accurate scholar able instructor september morris began formal studies tutor assigned future yale president influential force right morris awarded degree july noting memoirs having share honorary appointments graduation morris returned helped father harvest took post teaching grammar school nearby received opportunity teach paid handsome wages hoping father heavy expenses college education war commission early service morris tenure instructor cut short months arriving received ensign commission connecticut militia accepted service connecticut militia morris saw action fighting battles long_island white plains memoirs morris wrote time stating soldiers universally manifested great respect care sick attention wants sympathies late december morris completed commitment connecticut militia immediately accepted commission continental_army lieutenant serving recruiting officer morris joined general george_washington army october commanded army american forces ultimately unsuccessful battle morris taken prisoner war october captivity early morris confinement trying taken new jail philadelphia locked cold room cold stone walls bare floors kind seat sit total darkness water drink eat blanket cover despite accommodations morris decided best imprisonment philadelphia negotiating borrow books called circulating library recently established city historian points time morris exposed philosophers influential later life educator absorbed ideas favor healthy exercises develop body mind time danger following custom reason form novel idea english language important latin greek morris convinced captors admit parole sent long_island stayed memoir morris noted man science large property owned extensive private library morris known united_states captivity morris found situation comfortable took advantage library admired january morris freed prisoner exchange post release release morris returned discovered promoted rank captain custody british morris commanded company white plains received orders head south virginia arrival morris company overall command general george_washington aided major battle american revolution specifically morris company light infantry provided support hope commanded colonel post war returned december days return december married shortly people morris justice peace summer morris briefly returned service ultimately released service november year following years james children yale graduate tutor head academy yale graduate attorney new_york endowed good academic education settled birth james morris severely ill illness man named moved morris home care day night families close daughter years old time illness later morris second wife point morris life accepted realize early dream minister common children come morris house instruction access library morris welcomed students male female morris caused stir community claimed education women blowing pride feel mates feel labour brought fruition hearing held church charges dismissed publicity controversy brought attention instructed students rhode_island new_jersey pennsylvania maryland virginia south_carolina georgia west_indies turn century morris found necessary instruction construct proper academy building estimated cost morris enlisted wealthy residents november moved home brand new building period grew average students academy handed heads school april closed good introduction book academy noted entitled called pioneer institution open door policy united_states connecticut early opened doors wide kept open long academy spread influence far later life september morris wife elizabeth died following march morris married marriage bore children second war great_britain age morris commissioned major end life morris compiled memoirs subsequently published memoirs james morris died april buried graveyard commonly referred cemetery legacy june incorporated morris connecticut honor located center town morris contains original artifacts writings foundation remains intact grounds morris | James Morris III | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
27943_JohnKourkouas | greek circa important generals byzantine_empire success battles muslim states east definitively reversed course centuries long byzantine arab wars began byzantium 10th century age conquest belonged family armenian descent produced notable byzantine generals commander imperial bodyguard regiment chief supporters emperor reigned facilitated rise throne appointed commander chief byzantine armies eastern frontier facing semi autonomous muslim border kept post years overseeing decisive byzantine military successes altered strategic balance region 9th century byzantium gradually recovered strength internal stability increasingly fractured leadership byzantine armies advanced deep muslim territory time years expanding imperial border conquered extending byzantine control upper western armenia remaining armenian princes byzantine played role defeat major raid recovered important holy believed depict face jesus christ dismissed result sons restored favour emperor constantine vii serving imperial ambassador subsequent fate unknown biography early life career john armenian family form original surname armenian risen prominence byzantine service 9th century established great families land holding military aristocracy called john namesake grandfather commander elite regiment emperor reigned john brother senior general john son great nephew little known john early life father wealthy official imperial palace john born region theme educated relatives bishop late regency infant son constantine vii appointed commander palace guard regiment probably fellow armenian admiral drive throne capacity arrested high officials opposed rise power opening road appointment regent place gradually assumed powers crowned senior emperor december reward support promoted post domestic schools effect commander chief imperial armies according chronicle held post continuous term years seven months time following disastrous byzantines occupied balkans bulgaria task domestic east suppression revolt governor strategically important area empire northeastern frontier quickly achieved brother replaced governor commander northernmost sector eastern frontier proved competent soldier gave valuable assistance brother campaigns submission campaigns armenia following muslim conquests 7th century arab byzantine conflict featured constant raids counter raids relatively static border roughly defined line anti mountains superior muslim armies placed byzantines defensive victory byzantines gradually regain lost ground muslims launching deeper raids syria state furthermore according historian arabs pinned anti encouraging switch allegiance empire service entered increasing numbers revival byzantine power facilitated progressive decline particularly central government faced revolts periphery weakening central control allowed emergence semi autonomous local addition death bulgarian peace treaty allowed empire shift attention resources east felt strong demand payment tribute muslim cities western refused led army border aided brother armenian contingent greek sources targeted modern center long byzantium byzantine army successfully stormed lower city citadel held concluded treaty accepted tributary status launched large raid arab controlled armenia taking modern important stronghold byzantines advanced far armenian capital arab counter offensive forced days defended general successfully byzantine siege mounting losses forced byzantines abandon time conducted successful raids southern local leader supported byzantines byzantines turned region lake van southern armenia troops plundered region took towns said replaced mosque cross local arabs appealed aid vain prompting exodus muslims region kilometres nearest imperial territory far cry defensive minded strategy byzantium followed previous centuries highlighted new capabilities imperial army famine parallel campaigns southern italy weakened forces army defeated driven governor attack heavily defeated prominent officers sons captured sent baghdad later year john brother besieged modern capital campaign complicated allies rulers extension direct byzantine control adjacent borders provided supplies besieged city city invested demanded byzantines hand captured towns fort surrendered promptly returned arabs needed aware conduct carefully observed armenian princes react seven months siege fell spring transformed tributary vassal according territory north river given king maintenance byzantine control proved difficult population remained revolted drove byzantines finally subdue city fully incorporated empire muslim population expelled replaced greek armenian settlers final capture following death renounced byzantine allegiance attempts city storm failed byzantines established ring fortresses hills plain ravaged area early inhabitants forced come terms agreed tributary status undertook provide military contingent campaign alongside byzantines muslim states idle march byzantines hit successive raids organized commander august large raid led penetrated far returned prisoners worth gold time byzantines engaged southern armenia aiding ruler rallied local armenian princes allied byzantines raided razed ground marching capturing unable advantage capture territory immediately raided domains retaliation point called rulers help response prince ibn attacked byzantines drove abandoned november byzantine garrison withdrew unable remain area leave sufficient garrison left byzantines returned resumed blockade earth tactics sources record major byzantine external campaigns empire preoccupied revolts renewed attack sent forces assist city resulting skirmishes byzantines prevailed took prisoners arab army returned home relieving city early head men crossed frontier marched muslim states offered help preoccupied turmoil following deposition took besieged city inhabitants abandoned news approach hunger eventually compelled rest surrender wary city previous rebellions allowed inhabitants remain christians agreed convert christianity ordered remainder expelled fully incorporated empire fertile land transformed imperial estate unusual implemented prevent powerful landed aristocracy taking control province served increase direct imperial presence control crucial new rise fall profoundly shocked muslim world time major muslim city fallen incorporated byzantine_empire followed success parts district city ground east remained relatively calm historians suggest byzantines likely preoccupied arab deprived potential support reluctant provoke decline obvious inability defend border provinces new local dynasty emerged principal antagonists byzantium northern syria led called defender state younger brother ali best known epithet sword state arab tribe defeated rising defected entirety byzantines converted christianity placed horsemen disposal empire settled western bank assigned guard new themes created byzantine encounter took place tried relieve revolt home forced turn invasion captured fort defeated advance guard seizing great booty forcing withdraw year peace agreement signed constantinople negotiations facilitated rising power caused anxiety sides despite official peace hoc warfare continued byzantines local muslim rulers aided byzantines attempted siege abandoned news approach relief army time byzantines captured additional strategically important locations mountains southwest armenia posing direct threat muslim lake van reverse situation initiated remarkable campaign starting crossed pass armenia seized fortresses accepted submission local lords muslim christian ravaged byzantine holdings raided far besieged arrived relief army forced withdraw able follow effort preoccupied internal developments fighting rivals southern iraq syria raid distraction proved fortunate byzantium early summer prepared resume campaigning east attention diverted unexpected event appearance fleet raided area constantinople byzantine army navy absent capital appearance fleet caused panic populace constantinople navy army recalled hastily assembled squadron old ships armed placed defeated fleet june forcing abandon course city surviving landed shores ravaged countryside area troops gather contained raiders awaited arrival army finally army appeared fell dispersed countryside killing survivors retreated ships tried cross cover night crossing entire byzantine navy attacked annihilated campaigns recovery following distraction january launched new campaign east lasted years assault fell territory thoroughly plundered fall town near arab sources record capture prisoners byzantines despite minor counter raid summer autumn launched major invasion head exceptionally large army men according arab sources crossed allied northern places byzantine army days years earlier stormed ravaged real aim campaigns cloth believed christ face leaving imprint features subsequently given king byzantines especially end period restoration image profound religious significance result capture provide regime enormous boost popularity legitimacy year onward devastated countryside finally agreed peace swearing raise arms byzantium hand exchange return prisoners conveyed constantinople arrived august feast entry staged deposited church chapel great palace concluded campaign modern modern dismissal rehabilitation despite triumph downfall friend protector emperor imminent eldest surviving sons emperors stephen constantine jealous past tried undermine albeit success following success east considered marrying trusted general imperial family daughter emperor grandson future son son law junior emperor constantine vii union effectively cement loyalty army strengthen position legitimate line represented constantine vii imperial claims sons stephen constantine opposed decision prevailed father time old ill dismiss autumn replaced certain immediately defeated december raiding near december deposed stephen constantine banished monastery island weeks later january coup removed young power restored sole imperial authority constantine vii appears soon returned imperial favour constantine provided money repair palace damaged earthquake early recorded having sent negotiate prisoner exchange arabs known fall signalled end era terms personalities policy continued succeeded domestic schools elder followed reigned emperor finally great nephew reigned emperor expanded byzantine frontier east recovering northern syria converting byzantine assessment ranks greatest military leaders byzantium produced fact recognized byzantines later byzantine hailed general restored imperial frontier contemporary book history written michael lost save short summary acclaimed second ground work successes certainly laid broke power destroyed wise founded vital theme extended byzantine influence armenia founded theme campaigns changed balance power northern middle_east securing frontier provinces arab raids turning byzantium power words historian lesser general cleared empire successfully defended borders infused new spirit imperial armies led deep country actual area conquests large reverse age old roles byzantium arabs byzantium line great worthy high praise | John Kourkouas | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
28088_PeterIsaacson | born july australian publisher decorated military pilot owner publisher trade publications suburban newspapers including sunday observer melbourne served royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot world war awarded grew melbourne started working newspaper sixteen joined raaf following stint known australia tours lancaster promote sale war loans particular flying plane transferred war retiring wing commander served trustee chairman finally life governor appointed member publishing community work early life born london july australian father austrian mother parents moved australia years old growing melbourne educated started work sixteen messenger boy age mother caroline edited women features immediate family eventually serve world war father arnold world war veteran joined mother sister joan photographer world war december nineteen year old enlisted royal_australian_air_force raaf completing training australia canada posted united_kingdom joined squadron raaf yorkshire sergeant pilot operating vickers wellington medium bombers squadron raised article provisions empire air training scheme number nominally australian formations taking strategic air campaign germany squadron commenced operations march participated bomber raids cologne bremen june converted lancaster heavy bombers october awarded distinguished flying medal november successful night attacks enemy squadron following month lancaster damaged night fighter raid munich commissioned pilot officer subsequently posted squadron raf based awarded march actions raid berlin citation london gazette read night march officer detailed attack berlin following attack target area aircraft hit anti aircraft fire severely damaged mid upper turret frame twisted engine blown controls damaged aircraft forced feet return journey aircraft driven route held cone minutes time loss height feet occurred face situation showing resolution succeeded flying aircraft base officer outstanding captain aircraft fine record successful operational sorties completed sorties likelihood surviving operational tour thirty missions times promoted acting flight lieutenant chosen captain landmark flight england australia pacific_ocean melbourne new_zealand non stop directions awarded august mission citation noting occasion aircraft flown australia route direct flights melbourne new_zealand kind lancaster brought australia serve template local production type took place instead exhibition flights encourage purchase war bonds october flew sydney harbour bridge regulation prohibited activity lancaster remains largest aircraft flown bridge gave crew warning asked later replied reported time undertook stunt support war loan effort crew actively fundraising notwithstanding publicity generated war loans recalled landed mascot threatened court martial authorities wanted court martial crime committed attached time told later great fight commands court martial apparently agree prosecutor idea maybe pursued successors commands december following promotional tour crew settled work operational training unit undertaking tour lancaster commencing march post war career stood liberal candidate november victorian state election defeated labor wartime commission terminated february transferred state commandant commandant city melbourne squadron retiring rank wing commander served honorary aide camp queen elizabeth_ii working aviation correspondent melbourne set newspaper established year took community newspapers edited published business industry magazines took bought director serving chaired married melbourne december couple known teens delayed wedding anne year struggle carried future bride registry office day marriage produced sons june appointed member services print media community published remember men women shaped life collection delivered friends colleagues year group thirty veterans selected attend dedication london official australian delegation life governor having previously served trustee chairman wife live melbourne suburb | Peter Isaacson | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
28157_ErnestR.Kouma | november december soldier united_states_army world war korean war rose rank received medal honor actions august september second battle south_korea born nebraska grew family farm enlisting army served tank commander world war seeing combat germany war served occupation force south_korea japan outbreak korean war commanded tank 2nd fighting commanded tank single repeated north korean attempts cross river units withdrawn wounded twice killed north korean troops action receiving medal served remained army years retiring lived kentucky death buried kentucky biography born november dwight nebraska farming family spent early life family farm enlisting united_states_army june world war united_states entered world war trained tank crew member assigned division landed normandy late september moved lines october mission patrol duty quiet sector german frontier germans launched winter offensive quickly involved battle experience division saw heavy action units unprepared counter offensive fighting widely separated areas stand held germans long enable dig defense city resulting rest period january preparations drive offensive launched february 9th smashed sending patrols found intact seized elements minutes demolition charges set explode march division exploited moving south east thousands allied prisoners liberated division drove frankfurt turned assist closing april continued east encircled leipzig secured line division shifting south czechoslovakia war europe ended day following end war decided stay army moved south_korea occupation duties moved japan post war occupation country eventually assigned tank commander company stationed fort lewis washington time home maine fort lewis korean war following outbreak war north_korea south_korea june united_states mobilized large contingent troops send country initially units occupying japan called country forces eventually dispatched united_states august sergeant class sailed korea arrived late august moved line perimeter troops fighting tight defensive line port city preparing september offensive capturing areas cut 2nd division route supply withdrawal north unaware 2nd recently replaced 24th positions consequently expected lighter resistance 24th troops exhausted months fighting 2nd division men fresh newly arrived korea established lines shortly north began attack north began crossing cover darkness certain points southern flank 9th infantry regiment river line junction company 1st battalion dug long finger ridge paralleling terminates hill ferry site river road running west passes southern tip ridge crosses west river ferry small village called lay base hill yards river patrol tanks armored vehicles infantry squads company held near ferry close evening august company moved ridge positions overlooking river new positions river ridge line medal honor action evening led patrol tanks gun motor carriages placed patrol west near ferry heavy fog covered river mortar shells began falling american held river strike intensified north korean mortar preparation struck company positions american mortars artillery began firing counter battery company men reported hearing noises opposite river water fog lifted saw north korean bridge laid river directly position vehicles attacked structure manning caliber machine gun atop tank gunner fired tank main cannon sank boats attempting cross river machine gun small arms fight left company north tanks gunfire lasted minutes company squads near tanks heard field telephone company withdrawing likewise instead opted act rearguard cover infantry wounded shortly foot tank ammunition quickly fought north korean attack river machine gun force ambushed group north dressed military uniforms wounded second time shoulder beat repeated north korean crossings machine gun strong attacks came meters tank able drive despite wounds eventually vehicles withdrew held crossing site morning tank point tank surrounded engage north outside tank machine gun fire point blank range tank gun ammunition expended pistol grenades hold tank withdrew miles newly established american lines destroying north korean machine gun positions way action killed estimated north korean troops actions fight surpassed highly decorated army soldier credited kills world war second decorated soldier war returned unit attempted resupply tank return lines instead wounded ordered evacuate medical treatment evacuated requested return lines subsequent career retirement returned duty days later shortly promoted evacuated united_states presented medal honor actions originally awarded award upgraded medal honor presented medal honor president ceremony white house got medal alongside soldiers awarded medal awarded medal served nebraska spent remainder korean war tank gunnery instructor fort kentucky following end war remained army served second tour duty tours tank commander unit fort colorado second unit germany remained army years combat time korea retired age lived quiet life kentucky retirement died december buried fort post cemetery competition fort subsequently named honor dining facility named honor fort road awards decorations decorated times world war decorations included following medals medal honor citation soldiers awarded medal honor korean war present presentation medals reported soldiers awarded medal posthumously unbeknownst public awarded medal actions actually prisoner war north_korea rank organization master sergeant date korea august september entered service dwight born november dwight june sgt tank commander company distinguished conspicuous gallantry risk life duty action enemy unit engaged supporting infantry elements near midnight august hostile force estimated crossed river launched fierce attack infantry positions inflicting heavy casualties withdrawal ordered armored unit given mission covering movement secondary position established enemy assault overran tanks destroyed forced withdraw suddenly sgt discovered tank obstacle path hostile onslaught holding ground gave fire orders crew remained position night fighting repeated enemy attacks fierce assault enemy surrounded tank armored turret exposing hail hostile fire manned caliber machine gun mounted rear deck delivered fire foe machine gun emptied fired pistol threw grenades enemy tank hours constant combat close fighting withdrew vehicle friendly lines withdrawal miles hostile territory sgt continued inflict casualties enemy exhausted ammunition destroying hostile machine gun positions action sgt killed estimated enemy soldiers magnificent stand allowed infantry sufficient time defensive positions rejoining company suffering intensely wounds attempted resupply tank return battle area evacuated medical treatment courage displayed requested return sgt superb leadership heroism intense devotion duty reflect highest credit uphold traditions | Ernest R. Kouma | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
28237_CharlesMcKnight | october november american physician american revolutionary war served surgeon physician continental_army general george_washington subordinate commanders respected day remembered colleague particularly distinguished practical surgeon time death rival branch profession early life born colonial province new_jersey sibling younger brother richard father named emigrated colonies ireland ordained presbyterian minister minister note founders trustees princeton_university reverend opposed british governance loud voice opposition overthrow british government new_jersey according reverend received severe cut head melee mortally wounded general battle princeton church burned reverend arrested custody aboard british prison ship new_york_city health rapidly failed released shortly death january younger attended schools new_jersey graduated class founders madison maryland studied medicine surgery privately eminent philadelphia surgeon left completed studies entered continental_army continental_army surgeon late director general assigned building hospitals army cambridge massachusetts remained division supported washington army period great medical surgical supplies sick wounded went physicians new_york washington army began october continental_army lost battle british took pushed washington ragged army south new_jersey december set stage remained director general ordered son set new hospital near new_york sick soldiers general division unable find acceptable site hospital took accommodations new_york miles north washington sent morgan told hospital morgan dismissed director general soon january washington supplies rampant smallpox epidemic raging way army morgan management style including morgan wrestling mentor control hospitals new_jersey took temporary supervision hospitals east hudson_river morgan dismissal washington request served later surgeon april appointed surgeon general called senior surgeon subordinate position director general confused surgeon general united_states_army moved army new_york new_jersey campaign served senior surgeon years december new_jersey washington near worst winter revolutionary war army reorganized promoted chief hospital physician highest medical position served left army january according records original members cincinnati later years death war ended settled new_york_city married daughter general opened private practice physicians use carriage visit patients published article surgical removal pregnancy piece cited later inquiries november appointed professor anatomy surgery father law founded appointed port physician new_york maintained steady surgical practice held death pneumonia result old war injury november age interred corner wall street broadway gates historic wife mary father left daughters son physician | Charles McKnight | Warfare | Military people | Military people (G –M) |
44_GrammyAwardforBestConceptMusicVideo | best concept music video grammy award best concept music video award presented recording artists 30th grammy awards 31st grammy awards quality concept music videos grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called awards presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position beginning academy began honor quality music videos video year category discontinued establishment mtv_video_music_awards replaced awards best video album criteria changes ceremonies resulted award presented alongside award best concept music video award recipients english rock band genesis land confusion american singer weird fat academy returned previous format categories known best short form music video background began honor quality music videos grammy award video year category award recipients member hour long video known olivia physical video year category discontinued mtv established mtv_video_music_awards award presented video year 26th grammy awards academy replaced category awards album awards held criteria changed awards categories presented academy returned previous format categories renamed short form categories retitled respectively recipients 30th grammy awards nominees david_bowie day day story english rock band genesis land confusion janet_jackson control videos music video day day directed included scenes man ronald_reagan star edited television broadcast bush imaginative video accompanies greatest hits album includes music videos songs career point music video land confusion song included band album contained image ronald_reagan notable individuals self titled video consisted promotional clips created debut solo heat album eat smile jackson video collection certified gold united_states contained promotional videos recorded singles album control awards presented members genesis performing artists video directors video producer nominees 31st grammy awards string quartet job george_harrison american rock band weird fat note job song recorded originally american group appears string quartet album wrote roll collection 1950s pop music songs performed styles composers song album cloud constructed quotations written beatles height fame features harrison playing music video shows elton_john dressed reference song storytelling giants collection music videos additional material linking nominated music videos connections michael_jackson fat parody jackson song bad video note depicts jackson look alike hair catching fire parody incident occurred shoot television advertisement fat video overweight guy use special effects leads group overweight people parade award presented performing artist video director video producer | Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
632_GrammyAwardforVideooftheYear | year grammy award video year honor presented recording artists 24th grammy awards 25th grammy awards music videos grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position presented award reserved quality video discs format created specifically home video market presented award beginning grammy awards video year award category replaced categories best video album known respectively recipients nominees 24th grammy awards video year included blake night stand keyboard event band video collection puzzles games known member hour long video known night stand recording jazz program billed evening stars hall appearances musicians video cassette eat beat accompanied album title interactive educational contained activities designed children fancy digital effects green provided hours interactive capability minute video use dual audio tracks freeze framing slow motion techniques features included plane flying jokes paper plane construction music performance games award went known creating companies distribute television programs films home video establishing television music video format eventually mtv produced video song rio later incorporated montage music gags called starting company adapted seven episode summer series nbc titled television parts nominees 25th grammy awards included elton_john visions elton_john rock band tubes tubes video recording opera tales conducted interactive disc children fun games artists produced visions directed visions consisted artistic videos songs john album fox according tubes official site print video collection contained music videos primarily tracks appeared album completion backward principle award presented fourth grammy award february shrine auditorium los_angeles released years following role film video contained songs album physical sexual generate controversy category retirement video year category discontinued establishment mtv_video_music_awards award presented video year academy replaced category awards best video album beginning 26th grammy awards awards held criteria changed honors presented categories academy returned previous format categories renamed changed best short form music video shortened respectively | Grammy Award for Video of the Year | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
3652_TejanoMusicAwardforFemaleVocalistoftheYear | female vocalist year year honor presented female music recording artists bestowed established recognize talented performers genre regional mexican music roots music early european settlers texas awards presented promote excellence music industry popular vote method select winner female vocalist year historically female musicians fared favorably male dominated genre seen inferior male counterparts award established male performer founded awards award presented american singer won award times considered music leading lady genre golden age 1990s holds record wins winning nominations singer called queen music credited genre mainstream market following death march genre suffered popularity waned won time initially nominated holds record nominations following year won award time award won different participants current award holder shares record consecutive wins background nomination process music blend jazz rhythm blues country music influences american pop music early european settlers introduced major musical components genre state texas music introduction keyboards synthesizers historically female musicians seen inferior successful commercially male counterparts turned music concert organizers wanted female vocalist category introduced awards ceremony pioneered male musician nominees originally selected voting poll conducted program directors disc spanish language radio stations texas winners previously chosen radio station listeners 1980s later fans musicians southwest united_states currently winners selected survey texas households hispanic internet access eligible vote official website page awards ceremony broadcast radio stations local television channels texas new_mexico arkansas oklahoma louisiana awards ceremony originally held henry convention center ceremony held annually center san_antonio texas recipients award presented american singer billboard regional mexican airplay number single core audience female singer appear billboard latin albums chart october popularized 1970s won award times considered music leading lady genre golden age 1990s sixth music awards year nominees included newcomers veteran winner won award won seventh music awards won honor beginning won award seven consecutive years 10th music awards nomination pool increased include newcomers veteran performers 11th 12th music awards nominees remained nominees included newcomer 14th music awards nominated time years twice won award posthumously shooting death march called queen music credited genre mainstream market following singer death music popularity faded recovered won honor time nominated nominees 16th annual ceremony newcomer nominated awarded honor retiring music industry took home award 22nd music awards won 24th music awards nominees veterans winning title nomination pool increased 25th music awards nominees including newcomers veterans won award continued win award win newcomers beginning dominated award remains title holder general specific | Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
6043_GrammyAwardforBestPerformanceMusicVideo | best performance music video grammy award best performance music video honor presented recording artists 30th grammy awards 31st grammy awards quality performance music videos grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position beginning academy began honor quality music videos video year category category discontinued establishment mtv_video_music_awards replaced awards best video album criteria changes ceremonies resulted award presented alongside award best performance music video award recipients video producer recording benefit concert irish rock band streets academy returned previous format categories known best short form music video background began honor quality music videos video year category award recipients member hour long video known olivia physical video year category discontinued establishment mtv_video_music_awards award presented video year academy replaced category awards best video album beginning 26th grammy awards awards held criteria changed honors presented categories academy returned previous format categories renamed short form best music video categories retitled respectively recipients 30th grammy awards nominees included producing recording benefit concert russian american pianist moscow paris spontaneous voice directed moscow recording concert appearance russia features compositions composers paris filmed paris march final date world tour produced directed recording features drums guitar percussion bass keyboards spontaneous directed hour long recording performance hollywood video voice directed companion piece live album originally broadcast hbo special september concert recording marked official live performance held protest nuclear arms race ronald_reagan presidency concert filmed backyard features special appearances comedian award presented producer concert recording included appearances elton_john sting nominees 31st grammy awards english musician david_bowie canadian musician producer symphony sessions american singer songwriter check irish rock band streets recording live hour concert filmed sydney australia november included compositions foster presented video images performance recorded period nights vancouver foster wrote arranged produced played piano project included recording theme winter olympics assistance music video check song appears album jubilee filmed live market square arena indianapolis indiana december directed live red rocks hour long recording live concert filmed red rocks morrison colorado special guests music video streets filmed roof los_angeles liquor store filming process police ordered band stop shoot fears crowd getting hand awards presented members edge performing group video director video producers | Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
6457_GrammyAwardforBestFemaleRapSoloPerformance | best female rap solo performance grammy award best female rap solo performance honor presented female recording artists 45th grammy awards 46th grammy awards quality rap solo performances grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position academy began honor individual rap performances category category split recognize female categories remained separated gender combined category originally called american artist won award best female rap solo performance years presented background academy began honor individual rap performances grammy award best rap solo performance category category remained unchanged split separate categories female male rap solo performance categories remained separated gender additional year merged category originally known female rapper campaigned female specific category believes destroys hip hop culture perspective woman vice president awards claimed category eliminated wasn competition essentially lack number releases category bet executive cited similar reason elimination female categories bet hip hop awards vh1 hip hop honors reflecting lack female representation hip hop music scene years category changed recipients 45th grammy awards nominees included baltimore diary scream eve satisfaction like hill mystery baltimore shocked learned album nomination thought meet eligibility requirements nominated best short form music video turn award presented madison square garden new_york_city broadcast television nominees 46th grammy awards included got work kim came ride wit head addition nominated album year construction best song rap work duo group gossip folks featuring total nominations kim nominated christina_aguilera duo group magic stick featuring cent award presented work music video awarded video year mtv_video_music_awards won award best female rap solo performance years presented prior female male categories received award best rap solo performance freak marked second time female received award best rap solo performance presented honor 37th grammy awards following return category nominated song run | Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
8896_GrammyAwardforBestDiscoRecording | best disco recording grammy award best disco recording award presented 22nd grammy awards grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position producers won best disco recording award song survive backlash disco academy discontinued category 23rd grammy awards similar category began awarded honor vocal instrumental dance tracks concerns genre short lived like disco category background disco genre dance music emerged united_states 1970s experimental mixing records combined newly acquired ability play longer tracks resulted genre suited dance parties love message displayed early disco sound shortly afterward songs goodbye love love baby emerged opening studio manhattan success film saturday night fever featured music bee added popularity disco genre following year paradise garage opened manhattan new_york radio station disco number nation reached nearly 21st grammy awards saturday night fever original movie sound track named album year bee received award best pop vocal performance duo group contributions soundtrack album end disco industry estimated worth billion industries movies television professional sport disco soon began decline july months newsweek reported disco music tongue cheek promotional event known held chicago disc jockey set disco records causing riot stadium gaining international attention approximately disco records destroyed participated event staying field forcing chicago_white_sox second game nationally backlash took hold public support disco music faded according author quoted british newspaper independent anti disco movement represented alliance attacks disco gave respectable voice kinds racism mainstream disco ended returned playing rock music end decade famous dance venues studio paradise garage closed award decided add category 22nd grammy awards disco preparing die nominated works award included wonderland earth survive don stop michael_jackson think sexy dim lights february live telecast shrine auditorium los_angeles presented award received awards producers track decreasing popularity disco academy eliminated award category ceremony held according organization disco longer readily separate music form influence types pop music despite award short span award helped best known female disco artists 1970s song survive recognized selling songs genre dance category emerge grammy award best dance recording began honor vocal instrumental dance tracks concerns award short lived like disco category academy moved category pop field new dance field currently contains category best electronica dance album | Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
13294_GrammyAwardforBestHawaiianMusicAlbum | best hawaiian music album grammy award best hawaiian music album honor presented recording artists quality hawaiian music albums grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position campaigning resulted hawaiian category establishment prior creation hawaiian music recordings eligible category hawaiian musician group won grammy award seven year history awards presented key guitar volume producers masters hawaiian key guitar volume production team plus legends hawaiian key guitar live followed treasures hawaiian key guitar masters hawaiian key guitar volume eligible recordings feature hawaiian language half vocal tracks instrumental albums acceptable awards presented engineers producers addition performing artists holds record wins time recipients include producers earned awards producer earned performing artist holds record nominations seven holds record nominations win seven grammy winning albums released record label announced retirement award category beginning hawaiian music recordings eligible album category background decades prior creation category advocates hawaiian music took issue recordings eligible category advocates included musicians record labels government officials seattle based hawaiian musician group awarded grammy prior establishment category obstacle category creation defining hawaiian music eligibility requirements terms music language restrictions conflict traditional western influenced hawaiian music pertaining use key guitar instrument invented hawaii according academy representative category designed recordings traditional nature requiring use hawaiian language half vocal tracks encouraged recognition traditional music instrumental albums compilation album honored 47th grammy awards requirement recipients nominees 47th grammy awards included brothers don tell producer key guitar volume cool elevation arranger multi born expressed happiness nominated stating culmination work singers poetry writers dates thousand years npr contributor wrote nominees illustrated range hawaiian music time traditional songs guitar modernized approaches don tell contained traditional hawaiian folk songs chants use traditional instruments acoustic bass string guitar members smith created music cool elevation acoustic bass guitar news described amy live playful array hawaiian jazz concept album immediate ancestors combines traditional hawaiian chants original songs album included contemporary covers goodbye friend sting fields gold award went key guitar compilation album recorded hawaii described journalist easy listening instrumental compilation seemingly tailored mainland tastes according founder hawaiian record label nominees jaws dropped ground ceremony reaction works overlooked claimed academy safe bland choice set precedent compilations key use nominees following year key albums 48th grammy awards nominees included key dreams hawaiian key guitar masters hawaiian key guitar volume allmusic described ambient album easy listening sound key motives songs family childhood sung hawaiian english sweet lovely featured classic early tourist era hawaiian music guest performances genoa complimented helm playing stunning falsetto solo album contained key compositions fused touches folk possibly adult contemporary masters hawaiian peaked number chart featured live tracks recorded weekly key guitar concerts took place awards presented producers compilation album george joined producers stage podium pre telecast ceremony accept award nominees included generation producers compilation album legends hawaiian key guitar live key guitar wild hawaiian producers chris compilation album hawaiian wild hawaiian vocal driven albums nominated remaining nominees key driven wild hawaiian consisted rock songs hawaiian drew sound comparisons awards presented multiple recipients category consecutive award recipients musicians boys contributed live tracks album joined producers stage perform hawaii cappella audience accept award acceptance speech stressed importance funding public arts music education earning standing ovation audience nominees 50th grammy awards included coming snow previous award recipients hawaiian key guitar layers multiple guitars different works composers nomination resulted people magazine including list strange grammy nominees past associations wayne world films television dancing stars helm studio album included guest artists complimented helm falsetto vocals recommended album fans traditional hawaiian music contemporary twist awards presented received award engineer compilation album reached number chart marked consecutive win production team live recording long running masters hawaiian key guitar concert series year presentation award broadcast live academy official website nominees included producers chris hawaiian key kings masters series volume compilation album spirit hawaiian key guitar year marked time category history nominees previous best hawaiian music album nominees received nominations nominated chris nominated awards presented performing artists producer producer engineer nominees win awards recording artists following consecutive years producers engineers receiving awards compilation albums 52nd grammy awards nominees included beauty producers hawaiian key guitar volume tied vote fifth nominee resulted nominated works contained vocal pop set orchestral arrangements reached peak position number chart album featured guests second volume masters hawaiian key guitar contained performances falsetto vocalist steel guitarist key players producer brother performed awards ceremony providing mock opera lead song blame addition awards given engineers joined award winners stage presentation win marked fifth compilation album fourth produced time award recipients credited producer award winning compilation album time recipient nominees 53rd grammy awards included hawaii amy hawaii legend mind hawaiian key guitar nominated compilation albums featured key guitar addition awards presented producer producer engineer related controversy surrounding multiple wins supposed connections music industry new_york magazine called win best grammy people reportedly gave credit long time friend producer sixth consecutive grammy winning album released record label causing musicians journalists question playing field level claimed faced consequences reception work success nominated lived worked outside hawaii specifically targeted residing los_angeles participating grammy related events year providing unfair advantage voting members academy criticized qualified judge hawaiian music category retirement category best hawaiian music album thirty eliminated major category overhaul additional categories field eliminated best contemporary folk album best traditional folk album music album replaced award grammy best regional roots music album disappointed category retirement considered seven years award presented gift hoped category elimination eliminate surrounding hawaiian music controversy accused lacking appreciation hawaiian music having inside connections music industry residing los_angeles time award winner expressed similar disappointment partly fact hawaiian music recordings included album category record label issued statement claiming hawaiian music deserves acknowledged category right reasons language cultural historical reasons loss grammy best hawaiian music album major loss hawaiian music lovers globe elimination considered long time coming hawaiian music works eligible album category | Grammy Award for Best Hawaiian Music Album | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
22121_GrammyAwardforBestHardRock/MetalPerformanceVocalorInstrumental | instrumental grammy award best hard rock metal performance vocal instrumental award presented 31st grammy awards honor quality hard rock metal works albums songs grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position academy recognized hard rock music artists time category best hard rock metal performance vocal instrumental combining popular music genres 1980s expected win inaugural award album justice lost album crest won instead choice led widespread criticism academy journalists suggested music belong hard rock heavy metal genres response academy separated genres creating categories best hard rock performance incident considered example grammy awards touch popular sentiment named biggest upset grammy history entertainment_weekly combined category returned following major overhaul grammy award categories separate categories merged slightly renamed category june announced combined category discontinued favor beginning quality hard rock performances recognized category best rock performance award added category 31st grammy awards nominated works award included blow video cold metal pop album instinct shocking jane justice lead singer surprised band nomination anderson music critics consider group music heavy metal music genre performance ceremony held february shrine auditorium los_angeles marked time heavy metal group performed grammy awards expected win award members told record label bother attending ceremony weren likely win won award recipients included members announced result heard crowd anderson assumed band recognized year history opposed single album later stated lucky attended ceremony admitting way accepted award circumstances controversy aftermath result considered embarrassment academy generated controversy response criticism received award record label took advertisement billboard magazine picture flute trademark sound lying amid pile iron line flute heavy metal instrument added subsequent releases justice reading grammy award separate awards introduced beginning year won consecutive grammy awards best metal performance song justice cover queen stone cold crazy eponymous album won grammy drummer referenced previous award putting album year actually released album decade defeated admitted lying didn tell disappointed human nature win lose walking away makes huge intentions event holds record wins metal category total incident cited example grammy awards selection committee touch popular sentiment named biggest upset grammy history entertainment_weekly publications included best hard rock metal performance upset lists grammy moments include number time number number | Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
22325_GrammyAwardforBestMaleRapSoloPerformance | best male rap solo performance grammy award best male rap solo performance honor presented male recording artists 45th grammy awards 46th grammy awards quality rap solo performances grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position starting academy began honor individual rap performances category category divided gender introduction female accompany award male rap solo performances categories remained separated gender combined category originally known american singers received awards best male rap solo performance background academy began honor individual rap performances category category remained unchanged split separate categories female male rap solo performances categories remained separated gender additional year merged category originally known female rapper campaigned female specific category believes destroys hip hop culture perspective woman vice president awards claimed category eliminated wasn competition essentially lack number releases category bet executive cited similar reason elimination female categories bet hip hop awards vh1 hip hop honors reflecting lack female representation hip hop music scene years category changed recipients 45th grammy awards nominees included jay-z song cry business wall hot additionally nominated record year best short form music video album year word nominated earned nominations album year album record year best rap sung collaboration song dilemma featuring total nominations commented good nominated especially big recognition award want little gold record player want home award best male rap solo performance presented madison square garden new_york_city broadcast television performances hot dilemma alongside awards ceremony included addition received grammy award best rap sung collaboration nominees 46th grammy awards included cent club pump lose stand busy cent nominations included best rap performance duo group kim club total lose earned nominations record year song year best song written motion picture television visual media nominated best rap performance duo group gossip folks paul nominated received award best reggae album award presented received award lose earned marking rap song receive honor american_film_institute included song list america greatest music movies list rolling_stone ranked song list greatest songs time prior separate female male categories received award best rap solo performance real slim earned nominations country grammar hot shit ride wit following return category earned nominations lose beautiful presented award best rap solo performance afraid | Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
22628_GrammyAwardforBestSoulGospelPerformance,MaleorFemale | male female grammy award best soul gospel performance male female award presented 32nd annual grammy awards quality soul gospel performances grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position prior grammy award best soul gospel performance male female categories separated gender best soul gospel performance male presented gender neutral award presented performance long category resulted soul gospel categories divided awards album lasted 53rd grammy awards background prior category best soul gospel performance male female categories separated gender male awards presented gender neutral award presented category resulted soul gospel categories divided awards album album previously known best soul gospel performance lasted 53rd grammy awards nominees nominees best soul gospel performance male female included long time wonderful got choice total victory new jack swing remix long appeared green album joy reached peak positions number number billboard magazines albums gospel albums charts respectively allmusic criticized remix having hardware time recorded tennessee contained soul music propelled choir response reached number gospel albums chart wonderful reached number number billboards contemporary christian gospel albums charts respectively earned dove award best traditional black gospel recorded song year member family nominated won grammy award best soul gospel performance duo choir chorus let love continue total victory charted contemporary christian gospel albums charts reaching peak positions number number respectively recipient award presented green received total grammy awards lifetime green presented award best soul gospel performance traditional lord way followed awards precious lord respectively green earned awards male rise going away album light gon album song earned green award best soul gospel performance duo choir chorus green earned grammy awards recognition long earned grammy award best pop collaboration vocals funny time slips away presented awards got love need duo stay sea best soul gospel performance nominees walker eventually earned grammy award best traditional soul gospel album songs church live memphis | Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male or Female | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
22761_GrammyAwardforBestRapPerformance | best rap performance grammy award best rap performance honor presented recording artists quality rap performances presented 31st annual grammy awards 32nd annual grammy awards point award split categories best rap solo performance best rap performance duo group categories combined result grammy categories reinstated award best rap performance presented 54th grammy awards grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented united_states honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position award best rap performance presented vocal duo consisting jeff smith parents don understand ceremony controversy nominees jeff smith led boycott protest awards presentation televised members rap community felt qualified artists overlooked rappers kanye_west time winners award restructuring categories combination best rap performance duo group consequence wish decrease number categories awards eliminate solo duo group performances background best rap performance category presented 31st annual grammy awards president said billboard music genre matured kinds music kinds artists representative awards department academy recalled inundated eligible rap entries years having category category split categories best rap performance duo group recognizing categories continuing receive numerous entries best rap album recognition established 38th grammy awards inaugural award presented paradise best rap solo performance category divided separate female male rap solo performances categories remained separated gender combined category originally known additional rap categories include established respectively history 31st grammy awards nominees included understand album wild wild west cool going duo consisting push duo known jeff fresh prince consisted birth actor smith nickname appeared american television sitcom air starred parents don understand appeared duo album rapper going appeared soundtrack film zero cool studio album walking wild wild west push appeared albums like respectively rap heavy metal categories introduced year according producers time constraints prevented categories televised performed ceremony rap award presented usually fast paced pre televised ceremony smith led boycott ceremony joined fellow nominees cool issued following statement don want don want adding controversy surrounding category members rap community believed artists big daddy kane debut album straight launched rap overlooked awards presented jeff smith shrine auditorium los_angeles smith absent ceremony jeff present accept award people magazine ranked smith ceremony boycott number list grammy moments jeff smith recognized awards favorite rap artists parent don understand earned duo best rap video smith later earned best rap solo performance awards men black wit nominated wild wild west nominees 32nd annual grammy awards included jeff fresh prince think beat mike public enemy fight power funky cold young bust appears studio album feet high rising ranked number vh1 list greatest hip hop songs think beat mike written duo appears album corner fight power appeared soundtrack film right thing later public enemy studio album fear black planet song ranked number vh1 aforementioned list number afi years songs list number rolling_stone list greatest songs time funky cold written appeared debut album bust appeared debut album allmusic editor stephen_thomas_erlewine described song catchy rhythmic guitar riff looped beats backing vocals funny rhymes award presented spinner included win list grammy awards biggest mistakes asserting bust merely fun little hip pop song fight power single stands tall music greatest political statements hip hop finest moment recipients year linked article grammy awards held year | Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
28264_GrammyAwardforBestZydecoorCajunMusicAlbum | best music album grammy award best music album honor presented recording artists 50th 51st 52nd 53rd annual grammy awards quality music albums grammy awards annual ceremony established originally called presented honor artistic achievement technical proficiency overall excellence recording industry regard album sales chart position beginning advocates began lobbying grammy category specifically music award recipients chronological order included experience artist received award awards presented engineers producers addition performing artists group pine leaf boys holds record nominations nominated year honor presented group failed receive award received nominations marked year musician received nomination time artists nominated works appearing album nominated member live new jazz heritage festival solo album nominated contribution compilation album nominated artists louisiana specifically academy announced retirement award category beginning recordings eligible album category background according daily advocates lobbied nearly seven years attempt create grammy category specifically music effort led musician wife manager lieutenant governor louisiana time supported effort trustee memphis chapter claimed hundreds dollars hours invested lobbying effort described battle prior best category works genre competed best contemporary folk album best traditional folk album categories recipients 50th annual grammy awards music album nominees included french cowboy king cake blue moon french language band pine leaf boys second album hub city stars sessions experience live worldwide seven nominees based outside louisiana cowboy fifth album contained cover versions promised land easy loved included french adaptation country music song wild life live worldwide contained recordings live performances world year career including star banner traditional songs uncle experience performed opening act pre telecast 50th grammy awards ceremony award presented experience members included recognized engineer producer album described acceptance speech acknowledged nominees band honored billboard ranked live performance support album acts year nominees included live new jazz heritage festival pine leaf boys homage new jazz heritage festival founder lead singer artist receive nomination music album year according recorded live sessions rehearsals overdubs song lists album contains original tracks covers standards louis blues got award presented recipients included band members engineers set recorded april released group approval involvement according album itunes sudden nominated grammy nominees 52nd annual grammy awards included stage lay burden sisters stripped pine leaf boys live new jazz heritage festival included guest appearances band reunited producer contained versions captain time let yeah yeah lay burden breaks arms members female group multi included award presented members included stanley honored engineer producer album respectively 53rd annual grammy awards nominees happy lucky moon live blue moon saloon marked fourth consecutive nomination group member unable attend award ceremony admitted nominations acted new sound released carrier record label featured trademark party songs flavored cover theme song television series guest appearances album award presented category retirement category music album eliminated thirty major overhaul additional categories field eliminated best contemporary folk album best traditional folk album works eligible album category reportedly broken hearted news concerned category elimination music genre attention deserved carrier stated category inspired musicians fight music strengthened young musicians don fight expressed sadness called elimination disappointment local music showing signs optimism said category gone today general specific | Grammy Award for Best Zydeco or Cajun Music Album | Music | Other music articles | Music awards |
46_BattleofTellicherry | battle battle naval action fought indian port british french warships november anglo war britain france war time engagement french support conflict led royal_navy patrols stopping searching french ships sailing port french convoy passed british port november commodore sent small squadron intercept french ships british force captain sir approached convoy escorting frigate opened fire general action followed succeeding forcing french ship surrender minutes sides suffering damage casualties french vessels searched subsequently returned local french authorities reacting perceived violation neutral position messages sent france reporting action commodore saint evoked little response normal circumstances battle provoked diplomatic incident ongoing french revolution meant despatches little effect background december years diplomatic terms treaty ended second anglo war ruler sultan declared war allies years war continued british forces allies drove armies capital sides reliant supply sea maintain campaigns inland british forces supported major ports bombay madras later additional forces small port inside territory forces supplied french ships france ally sultan father ali second anglo war political instability caused french revolution europe prevented active involvement ensured ships kept supply equipment war effort eliminate french support commodore british naval commander region stationed squadron frigates situated blockade prevent passage shipping territory squadron consisted captain sir hms phoenix captain french operated squadron coast led consisting frigates based small french port miles south french communicated british submit attempts search vessels replied enforce blockade consequences battle november french convoy sailed short journey convoy included merchant vessels frigate gun warship captain passing northwards convoy soon passed sent phoenix stop inspect french ships ensure carrying military supplies smith halted merchant ships sent boats inspect french captain placing officer small boat board frigate french captain outraged violation neutrality responded opening fire british sources suggest initial target small boat phoenix ship immediately damaged french reaction returned fire immediately proximity ships preventing manoeuvres minutes combat decided french captain hauling colours ship battered men wounded dead french ship carried significantly weaker cannon phoenix pounder guns pounders aboard british squadron addition heavily outnumbered french warships area british large frigates sight french losses eventually totalled men killed wounded suffering killed wounded return aftermath enemy subdued ordered thorough search captured vessels find returned control french commander french officer refused insisting ship treated prisoners war ordered merchant ships released continue journey frigate towed anchored roads sails struck provision subsequently wounded french sailors soon arrived frigate reacted discovery neutral ships attacked captured british insisted ships acting orders promised vessels attacked withdrew later day followed phoenix account reported actually ordered crew fire refused british french days openly stopping searching french merchant ships provoking response phoenix subsequently detached commanders remaining contact days finally separating news encounter conveyed france country time turbulent eras ongoing revolution little notice taken events india notes normal political circumstances action significant claims french deliberately ignored report fear britain britain admiralty approved actions suggesting french deliberately guise trade support britain action effect ongoing war india centred inland city british forces closed city february initiated peace talks brought war end exchange concessions company indian allies | Battle of Tellicherry | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
244_BattleofHubbardton | engagement campaign american revolutionary war fought village vermont vermont disputed territory called claimed new_york new_hampshire newly organized recognized facto independent government vermont morning july british forces general caught american rear guard forces retreating withdrawal battle vermont revolution battle fought new_york american retreat began late july british cannons seen high ground aka commanded fort bulk general army retreated rear guard commanded stopped rest pick general alerted american withdrawal early july immediately set pursuit leaving message general send reinforcements quickly possible night camped miles short german general leading reinforcements camped miles rising early morning reached surprised elements american rear elements managed form defensive lines spirited battle americans driven succeeded turning left flank german reinforcements arrived eventually scattering american forces battle took large toll british forces pursue main american army american prisoners sent british troops way rejoin army scattered american remnants way rejoin army way hudson_river background general began campaign control hudson_river valley moving army late june arriving near july july general american forces defending supporting defenses discovered men placed cannons position overlooking fort evacuated fort night majority army marching rough road referred locally military road disputed territory day hot sunny pace rapid army marched miles making camp evening july british troops chase british general named discovered early july americans abandoned leaving message general set pursuit companies 9th 29th 34th 62nd foot light infantry 24th 29th 34th 53rd 62nd companies 24th regiment loyalists indian scouts ordered follow set companies leaving orders rest troops come rapidly possible advance corps miles colonel 11th acted rear guard american general main army tired hungry troops time rest hoped rear guard arrive arrive time left colonel 2nd new hampshire regiment colonel wait rear main army marched francis men arrived warner decided orders spend night marching warner experience rear guard actions serving invasion quebec arranged camps defensive position set patrols guard road baron caught insisted men making camp senior chain command pointed authorized engage enemy leaving camp morning advanced found site miles troops camped night waited bulk men strong camp attack men good time darkness left camp picked group men arrived near dawn nearly surprised elements regiment scattered early fighting messenger arrived delivering news british reached elements retreating army planned route hudson_river required instructions follow immediately francis men formed column march british vanguard began hill rapidly reforming line cover massachusetts men volley fire british general took stock situation decided send detachment flank american left risk exposing left hoped hold arrived reached hill observed american line including parts regiment fact pressing left sent support flank directed american center point early conflict aware gunfire distance immediately dispatched send militia camped closest road support action reached area camps found militia companies retreat away gunfire distance convince men turn continued riding falling secure position monument hill americans repulsed vigorous british assaults colonel francis hit arm shot directing troops perceived weakness left tide battle turned hour battle arrived disciplined forces entered singing hymns accompaniment military band appear numerous actually american flanks turned forced desperate race open field avoid colonel francis fell volley musket fire troops raced away advancing british scattered countryside aftermath scattered remnants american rear way order rejoin main army harassed scouts indians food shelter took days reach army nearing including colonel detachment men captured british scene colonel francis sign respect opponents buried dead departed day general departure left america person spy tired men sizable contingent prisoners wounded significant supplies july sent prisoners light guard threats retaliation try escape marched exhausted forces men sent battle met retreating americans road battle returned bad news army marched eventually reaching american camp fort edward july losses official casualty return troops gives soldiers french canadian killed french canadians wounded separate return german troops killed wounded grand total killed wounded gives different british casualties killed wounded american casualties killed wounded captured legacy local body commissioned erection monument battlefield site state began acquiring battlefield lands 1930s operation state historic site battlefield added national_register_of_historic_places site annual revolutionary war | Battle of Hubbardton | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
882_BattleofthePlainsofAbraham | battle plains battle plains known french pivotal battle seven years war referred french indian war united_states battle began september fought british_army navy plateau outside walls land originally owned farmer named battle battle involved fewer troops sides proved deciding moment conflict france britain fate new france influencing later creation canada culmination month siege british battle lasted minutes british troops commanded general successfully resisted column advance french troops militia general employing new tactics proved extremely effective standard military formations large european conflicts generals mortally wounded battle received gunshot wounds ended life minutes beginning engagement died morning receiving musket ball wound ribs wake battle french evacuated city remaining military force canada rest north_america came increasing pressure british forces french forces continued fight prevailed battles quebec captured british relinquish hold virtually carried areas north_america years france ceded possessions eastern north_america great_britain treaty paris decisive success british forces subsequent capture formed known great_britain overview seven years war entered later stages french forces colonies northeastern north_america came renewed attacks british armies defeat july battle british took august causing atlantic_canada fall british hands opening sea route attack quebec fell british month costing french supplies campaign indian supporters french peace british france forced draw troops french leadership specifically governor general unsettled british successes quebec able protect british prepared attack expected lead men greeted approximately officers regular troops gunners troops supported fleet ships smaller craft led admiral preparation fleet approach quebec surveyed large portion river including dangerous channel known traverse cook ship ships river sounding channel guiding fleet moved eventually landing men june french attempted attack fleet sending seven fire ships disrupt landing ships fired early british sailors able pull craft clear fleet following day troops landed south bank river point nearly directly river quebec artillery battery established early july nearly lower town bombardment despite air leadership professional french troops new french militia defenders focused preparations british attacks staff colonel lieutenant colonel distributed troops kilometre long collection fortified batteries saint charles river river areas previously targeted british attempts land prior arrival british small fleet supply ships arrived quebec needed supplies supplies reinforcements likely lengthened siege surveying town found houses organized allow musket fire built line road providing formidable barrier addition screen trees approach route dangerous july attempt troops land northern shore led known approximately troops supported heavy bombardment attempted land caught fire river members reached beach attempted generally charge french positions came heavy fire thunderstorm ended fight allowed pull troops taking casualties french officers felt defeat british attack wrote anxiety quebec assure progress losing best soldiers predicted attack come days french camp felt campaign remainder summer focus changed possibly frustration tactics troops attacked destroyed small french settlements estimated stone houses destroyed colonists killed effort likely attempt force army fortifications unsuccessful attacks reduce supplies available french especially british navy unable control entirely successfully blockading ports france preparations summer siege illness spread british camps august causing low morale slump british troops men camp hospitals british fighting numbers personally felt new attack needed end september britain opportunity lost addition frustration defensive stance continued grow letter mother wrote head great number bad soldiers head small number good ones wish fight wary old fellow avoids action doubtful behaviour army expressed frustration long siege relating troops slept clothed horse preparation attack considering rejecting number plans landings north shore decision late august land city successful landing force fight british force north shore cut supply lines montreal initial suggestions landing sites ranged far kilometres given french troops days prepare attack following failed british assault altered deployment sending column approximately regular troops cavalry group new french militia men monitor british ships upstream strengthened defences shore following abandonment british camp regarded preparations descent amphibious attack spite warnings local commanders view upstream landing possibility british prepared risky deployment upstream troops aboard landing ships drifting river days september final decision british landing site selecting cove situated southwest city kilometres upstream lies metre high cliff leading plateau protected battery guns known selected original landing site river position british able develop strike force draw quebec plains brigadier general wrote intelligence general changed mind place intended land final letter dated september wrote plan attack depended secrecy surprise plan required small party men land night north shore climb tall cliff seize small road garrison protected allowing bulk army men ascend cliff small road deploy battle plateau landing party succeeded mission army able follow deployment leave forces inside french line defense immediate retreat river possible decision change landing site owing desire secrecy general disdain feeling possible suffering effects illness anderson believes ordered attack believing advanced guard repulsed anticipated dying men returning home disgrace landing tasked defence large area upstream troops night september missed seeing numerous british ships moving downstream camp approximately militia led captain unsuccessfully faced british years previously fort assigned watch narrow road followed night september morning september camp contained men harvesting expressed concern possibility vulnerable dismissed saying men hold army daylight remarking supposed enemies wings night cross river climb scale walls operation carry detect boats moving river morning expecting french supply convoy pass night plan changed notified boats loaded wave british troops challenged french speaking officer captain captain able answer challenge excellent french suspicion boats drifted slightly course instead landing base road soldiers found base slope group volunteers led colonel fixed sent clear picket road climbed slope manoeuvre allowed come camp capture quickly followed hour later use easy access road climb plain time sun rose plains army solid cliffs battle plateau save camp ordered french regiments relocate east city long landing immediate defenders numerous british unable deploy pushed officer normally patrolled cliffs regularly night unable night 12th horses stolen lame notice landing came runner fled camp aides felt man mad sent away went bed staged action firing shore night loading boats troops taken field hospitals preoccupied taken learn british deployment response regarded awaited reinforcement column allowing simultaneous frontal rear attacks british position avoided battle concentrated forces yielded city instead elected confront force directly waited british entirely cut fire entire way artillery officer named explained decision avoid action enemy pieces cannon time establish shall able attack troops engagements total regular troops militia available shore cavalry artillery including guns quebec native warriors including volunteers troops participate action militia inexperienced canadian indigenous warfare contrast british troops regulars morning september army formed line backs river spread plains right anchored bluff left bluff thick wood charles river regular french forces approaching quebec canadian militia native engaged british left flank trees militia held positions battle fell line general retreat eventually holding bridge british troops numbering approximately formed shallow formation stretched width plains main firing line roughly kilometre long order cover entire plain forced array soldiers ranks deep conventional ranks left wing regiments exchanged fire militia captured small collection houses anchor line defenders pushed british house repelled retreat lit houses fire enemy hands smoke fires wound british left confused width lines men waited defenders steady fire intense ordered men lie amid high grass brush french troops arrived mounted men field decided swift assault way british position accordingly deployed forces immediately available near prepared immediate attack waiting reinforcements shore approximately soldiers place best regulars deep deep regiment column approximately riding dark horse waving sword encourage men ordered general advance british line european trained military leader instinct large set piece battles regiments soldiers moved precise order actions required disciplined long months parade ground trained march time change formation word retain face bayonet charges musket regular regiments adept formal warfare course campaign ranks professional talents forest warfare emphasised individual tended fire early drop ground reducing effect concentrated fire close range battle plains french approached british lines held fire devised firing method stopping french column advances called centre case 43rd regiments hold fire waiting advancing force approach yards open fire close range french held fire armies waited minutes french finally fired disorganized ordered soldiers charge muskets balls preparation engagement captain serving 43rd foot wrote journal french came range regiments gave great remarkable close heavy discharge saw volley british lines marched forward shocked french force fired second general volley shattered attackers sent retreat positioned 28th foot moved rise observe battle struck wrist early fight wrapped injury continued tasked holding hill reported moments command fire struck shots low stomach second mortal wound chest wrote soldiers near shouted run run ground opened eyes asked running told french broken gave orders turned said god praised die peace died dead key officers injured british troops fell pursuit retreating french troops ordered brigadier general pursue french swords met near city heavy fire floating battery covering bridge militia remained trees took highest number casualties british units battle eyewitness wrote days battle pursued port town returned main body gathered lay separate attack large body canadians flank posted small village bush woods wonderful escape day suffered great loss officers men drove cover cannon considerable loss took charge british forces realised column approaching british rear having taken time arrive quickly formed battalions confused troops field turned meet oncoming french day saving manoeuvre instead attacking rested ready force retreated rest army slipped charles retreat mounted struck shot british artillery repeated musket fire suffering injuries lower abdomen thigh able city wounds mortal died early morning buried shell crater left floor chapel british shell battle resulted similar numbers casualties sides field french men killed injured british left killed wounded aftermath wake battle state confusion spread french troops governor later wrote government blame french rout deceased decided abandon quebec shore ordering forces march west eventually join leaving garrison quebec command british command later murray charge settled city conjunction fleet days september signed city turned british control remaining french forces positioned river west city forced leave lawrence shortly capture quebec pack ice closing mouth river ice left rivers april successor french commander marched troops quebec british commander experienced terrible winter reduced garrison april forces met defeated british battle immediately west city near site today battle proved plains casualties french british british defeated battle able withdraw walls quebec siege lack artillery ammunition combined british improvements fortifications meant french unable city arrival british fleet mid defeated support ships naval battle fought coast france proved decisive battle new france royal_navy destroyed french fleet meaning france send reserve force save new france success french army offensive quebec spring depended dispatch french fresh troops supplies september troops confronted british american troops french september british took possession montreal treaty paris signed end war gave possession parts new france great_britain including canada eastern half french louisiana lying mississippi_river legacy plains today base cliffs scaled men morning battle taken industry plains preserved canada monument site battle number activities proposed commemorate anniversary battle plains plan hold battle subsequent french victory battle cancelled threats public disorder leaders parties described event face french ancestry insult majority groups threatened indirect threats stating event took place violence movement enactment threats violence led cancel event commemorative event proposed anniversary thousands gathered plains listen significant texts quebec history including inclusion document event led boycott politicians withdrawal government funding event took place incident | Battle of the Plains of Abraham | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
967_FirstMassacreofMachecoul | massacre massacre events war revolt mass conscription civil constitution clergy massacre took place march provincial city district lower city thriving center grain trade victims administrators merchants citizens city massacre followed viewed variously royalist revolt counter revolution century historians generally agree revolt complicated popular event brought anti revolution mass conscription geographic area south resistance recruitment particularly intense area resented intrusion partisans republic called blue coats brought new ideas district judicial organization required reorganization parishes called priests taken civil oath consequently combination conscription organization parishes led list response incredibly violent sides background representatives mission informed condition news quickly followed exposure royalist plot organized social unrest combined external pressures civil constitution clergy introduction levy france decreed february region erupted civil constitution clergy required swear allegiance extension increasingly anti clerical seven french bishops refused oath half parish priests persecution clergy faithful trigger rebellion refused oath called non priests exiled imprisoned women way mass beaten streets religious orders suppressed church property confiscated march churches ordered closed soldiers confiscated vessels people forbidden place crosses graves nearly church land peasants benefited sales add insult february convention required raising additional troops provinces act enraged populace took arms instead term royal added later army fought foremost reopening parish churches priests march word conscription requirements filtered countryside refused satisfy decree issued february weeks rebel forces formed substantial ill equipped army supported thousand irregular cavalry captured artillery pieces insurgents operated smaller scale guerrilla tactics supported local knowledge good people massacre irregular army raised countryside reached officials conscription officers monday march crowd arrived center town surrounding countryside started chant surrounded republic conscription officers town nervous soldier opened fire enraged crowd soldiers killed including lieutenant immediate victims included priest death body mutilated magistrate principal college national_guard routed rebels including women seized called patriots called blues people supported republican cause led prison old castle convent killed notable inhabitants total according testimony killed day day witness gave count dead situation control following days insurgents thousand men women republican adherents families fled strongholds march counter revolutionary suspects rounded republicans inflicted non priests death heads body parts shown city week later insurgents seized neighboring harbor town approximately miles northwest march time joined irregular army forming sacked republican patrol surprised liberated killed angry peasants returned killed dozen prisoners march total died battle survivors returned pulled detained blue coats prisoner shot process lasted weeks mid april tales brutality true numbers killed escalated current research suggests executed town overall contemporary republican reports figure despite insurgents blue coats parish saved request neighborhoods cleared established monitor executions overseen local lawyer judge profession directed execution approximately republican officials adherents april shot buried field outside city contemporary reports influential contemporary reports came published pamphlets later year claimed surviving arrived exits city thousand peasants women children armed guns knives shouted running streets peace peace account continues descended confronted detachment national guard come enforce levy police defended town farmer merchant deputy convention tried attackers heard din republican troops officials scattered threatening crowd according eye witness officers remained posts time according national tried escape alley ambushed peasants pursued finally brought crowd feet deputy crowd pulled horse killed stroke wrote sensational account fact safety taken rescued republican forces admitted spent weeks safety hiding peasants account terror lost fact seen little peasants town sounded wrote exploded surrounding fields short time entire affair wholesale massacre republican troops constitutional priest known radical involved municipal administration prisoners hands tied backs linked rope passed called dragged fields forced dig graves patriots supported revolution hunted trees patriot women raped cut placed count dead view paris clubs convention streets paris viewed insurrection revolution meant france divided france varied path set revolutionary government dangerous success revolution idea action thought ran counter revolutionary ideology worse royalist sentiment historians debate french revolution reaches days revolution called time revolution matter labeled anti revolutionary called anti revolutionary meant facto royalist convenient epithet called alienated principal radical goal revolution create single unified notion possibility department departments establish set conditions government labeled anti revolutionary moderate radical meant revolution violation civic body loss dreams peasants want fight revolution preferred priests dead king liberty revolution consequently severed benefits vision revolutionary goals implied plain brutal truth convert heads deputy complained simple matter putting sword written description event published pamphlet november representative mission sent thousand copies convention departments served basis official report presented convention aftermath levy riots france departments started draft men army response levy decree reaction northwest march particularly pronounced large scale rioting insurrection early april areas north order restored revolutionary government south river departments known troops control rebels started rioting quickly took form insurrection led priests local nobility evidence links events local dissatisfaction reorganization church government entity unrest began half way lent easter year occurred march significantly initial violence directed local priest revolution republican government paris taking essentially puppet republicans paris eyes insurgents violence followed called singular pattern logic targeted revolution function status national_guard lieutenant prominent deputy constitutional priest local district administrator left apparently known anti republican sentiments actually threw lot insurgents died later spring pastor non priest refused celebrate liberated church constitutional priest instead said mass outside makeshift altar class differences great paris french provinces rural local nobility permanently residence resented parts france noted french nobles lived cities survey showed areas lived peasants consequently conflicts drove revolution paris example particularly isolated france strong adherence populace catholic faith | First Massacre of Machecoul | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1313_BattleofÎleRonde | minor naval engagement small french_navy british_royal_navy squadrons named mauritius early stages french revolutionary wars battle fought control waters blockade british squadron french warships operating island posed significant threat vital british trade routes connected china attempt island british commander region ordered gun hms gun institute blockade began october concerned food shortages rebellious slave population french naval commander led small squadron comprising frigates smaller vessels drive british squadron october squadrons met northern battle lasted quarter hours fought close duel left ships badly damaged supported remainder squadron successfully withdrew fire support distant forced retire repairs unable continue blockade british force returned india allowing food supplies reach necessity campaigns dutch_east_indies british blockade renewed french unable advantage increasing civil unrest island population background war great_britain began february news arriving french british east indian colonies june strongest french positions indian_ocean islands lay substantially west british bases bombay madras british india small french frigate squadron supported smaller warships operated islands posing considerable threat british maritime trade indian_ocean counter threat british commander region captain ordered ships blockade island summer force comprised gun fourth rate ship gun hms captain large gun frigate captain ships sailed madras august stopping allied port french controlled island arriving october state turmoil french revolution republican_party island seized control suspected arrested including naval commander executions arrival news abolished slavery intervention governor prevented unrest naval authorities prevented offensive operations reduced squadron commanded captain remained battle despite shore arrival british blockade squadron provoked taking action defences prepared orders food supplies running low rice available quantity potential famine consequent social unrest slave population severe sailed immediately intercept french squadron comprised gun frigate captain gun gun brig force accompanied gun ships crews heavily augmented volunteers including young detachment soldiers squadron sailed october seeking british north island october close northwest british ships sighted issued orders advance french squadron responding forming ships line battle advancing meet led french line closely followed focusing ordering smith engage firing began close range broadside followed immediately fire ships sides damaged opening exchanges sails rigging torn ordered squadron pull range firing passed came range frigate fire brought british ship fore return fire managed sufficiently damage french ship unable retreat light winds largely ships began close range duel hour exchange continued unable intervene smith repeatedly refusing orders support ship remaining long range contributing intermittent inaccurate fire distant light breeze enabled slowly pull ship force despite loss main close main fell feet water hold outnumbered ship damaged reluctantly withdrew threat lifted able tow retire direction followed night fell summary table guns refers cannon carried ship including guns taken consideration calculating rate carried aboard broadside weight records combined weight shot fired single simultaneous discharge entire broadside aftermath immediate result battle inconclusive squadrons retiring ship damaged apiece french losses heavy killed wounded including killed wounded sailor killed wounded casualties reported contrast men killed wounded damage ship severe repair resupply ships nearby repairs affected india thousand miles away forced abandon blockade retire bombay madras action brought repercussions smith failure support noted smith claimed simply maintaining line battle subsequently emerged captains engaged personal dispute result smith decided refuse orders behaviour featured initial dispatch smith challenged account demanded court martial held investigate panel decided smith behaviour unacceptable dismissed navy time lost wrecked rock august invasion ceylon smith appealed sentence restored captain list called service retired british historians considered smith refusal participate probably cost battle wrote behaviour principle reason prize british considers action james assessment smith intervention resulted british victory instead encounter war french english resulted defeat relief blockade meant shipping particularly american vessels laden food supplies reach island threatened famine french free operate british trade particularly squadron considered blockade dangers monsoon season false report squadron french ships line soon arrive distracted sudden need guard dutch east india colonies following french conquest netherlands supervised invasion ceylon operations dutch_east_indies time attention turned heavily reinforced early frigate squadron commanded | Battle of Île Ronde | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1401_BattleofSt.Louis | battle spanish known unsuccessful british led attack french settlement spanish louisiana founded west bank mississippi treaty paris force composed primarily indians led british militia commander attacked settlement settlement defenders local militia command lieutenant governor spanish louisiana fortified town best successfully attack second simultaneous attack nearby american outpost opposite bank mississippi technically british controlled territory repulsed retreating indians destroyed crops took captive civilians outside protected area british failure effectively ended attempts gain control mississippi_river war background following entry spain american revolutionary war british military planners london wanted secure corridor mississippi_river spanish patriot activity plans included expeditions new_orleans spanish targets expeditions gain control targets upper mississippi including small town expedition got ground governor spanish louisiana moved rapidly gain control british outposts lower mississippi threatening action west florida principal outposts mobile pensacola british expedition british expeditions north organized military governor present day michigan beginning february instructed fur traders territories recruiting interested tribes expedition fur traders offered opportunity control fur trade upper parts spanish louisiana incentive participate force gathered prairie placed command militia captain turned fur trader force numbered dozen fur traders estimated indians left prairie largest contingent force warriors led additional sizable companies nations smaller numbers warriors nations chief given overall command native forces force reached joined men sac fox nations warriors somewhat reluctant attack gave large gifts secure participation venture diversity expedition included animosity tribes particular history conflict promoted unity expedition spanish american defenses village primarily trading hub mississippi_river administrative capital louisiana governed lieutenant governor captain warned late march fur trader british planning attack nearby american held post began developing plans village defense regular army soldiers inexperienced militia force dispersed surrounding countryside developed grand plan defense included construction stone towers funds time new_orleans asked villagers contribute funds labor construction fortifications paid work private funds mid single round tower built feet diameter thirty feet tall tower dubbed fort san provided commanding view surrounding countryside appear sufficient time build towers trenches dug tower river north south village cannon placed tower additional cannon placed trenches force men inexperienced militia highly probable opposing british indian force fort san appealed year old french located miles south fort site french sent sons trained equipped french militia men tipped scale favor defenders royal decree april king spain conferred rank lieutenant regular spanish army making spanish don citation adventure written sub edition march greatly aided gave defenders forts major tactical advantage supplying genuine lead instead stones mines musket balls getting hit stone compare damage power caliber rifle ball feet american revolutionary war result contributions called defender louis visited american commander proposed joint spanish american force counter expedition idea reach fruition scouts reported force miles away landed coming overland battle sent scouting parties determine situation parties unable close village presence workers including women children fields outside village day sent indians river attack remainder headed arriving warning shot fired tower came view leading way followed sac fox fur traders including bringing rear directed defense tower opened fire trenches enemy force came range volley sac fox fell apparently unwilling fight leaving participants suspicious motives joining expedition complaining persisted hours attempts draw spanish defenders going far brutally killing captives taken fields angered townspeople point militia requested permission sortie refused attackers eventually withdrew headed north destroying crops livestock buildings went river attack easily repulsed timely arrival lead defense played role clark reputation frontier fighter indian force reluctant pursue attack aftermath village lost killed wounded captured virtually civilians year later raided fort joseph bringing captured british flag died following month subject local criticism formally recognized efforts town defense earned promotion lieutenant colonel know died legacy site fort san stood corner fourth local organization annually commemorates battle reading names people lost lives battle battle remembered mural located missouri state capitol pictured | Battle of St. Louis | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1468_NewYorkandNewJerseycampaign | new_york new_jersey campaign new_york new_jersey campaign series battles control new_york_city state new_jersey american revolutionary war british forces general sir continental_army general george_washington winter months howe successful driving washington new_york_city reach new_jersey ended active campaign season january outposts near city british held new_york harbor rest war base expeditions targets landing unopposed july howe assembled army composed elements withdrawn boston march following failure hold city combined additional british troops troops rented german washington new_england soldiers regiments states far south virginia landing long_island august howe defeated washington largest battle war continental_army able retreat manhattan cover darkness fog washington suffered series defeats manhattan exception victory chased north new_york point howe returned manhattan capture forces washington left north island washington army crossed hudson_river new_jersey retreated way pennsylvania ending periods poor morale howe ordered troops winter quarters december establishing chain outposts new_york new_jersey washington tremendous boost american morale launched successful strike garrison crossing prompting howe withdraw chain outposts new_brunswick coast near new_york washington established winter camp remaining winter months sides frequently british sought forage provisions britain maintained control new_york_city surrounding territory war ended base operations north_america general howe launched campaign capture philadelphia leaving general sir command new_york area general led attempt gain control hudson_river valley quebec failed northern new_jersey scene opposing forces rest war background american revolutionary war broke april british troops siege boston defeated patriot forces suffering high casualties news expensive british victory reached london general lord british official responsible determined decisive action taken new_york_city forces recruited british_empire troops hired small german states general george_washington recently named commander chief continental_army echoed sentiments new_york post infinite importance began task organizing military companies new_york area stopped way command siege boston january washington ordered raise troops command new_york defenses lee progress city defenses word arrived late march british army left boston washington threatened heights south city concerned general howe sailing directly new_york washington regiments boston including general commanded troops washington arrived mid april end april washington dispatched general regiments north bolster quebec campaign general howe moving new_york withdrew army halifax nova scotia transports british troops shipped bases europe intended new_york began gathering halifax june set sail new_york men assembled transports arrived german troops primarily british troops ultimately unsuccessful expedition carolinas meet howe fleet reached new_york general howe brother admiral lord howe arrived halifax transports general sailed immediately followed general howe arrived outer harbor new_york ships began sailing narrows long island july started landing troops shores day washington learned prisoners taken howe landed men awaiting arrival general washington smaller army effective troops lacked significant intelligence british force plans uncertain exactly new_york area intended strike consequently split continental_army fortified positions long_island manhattan mainland locations established flying camp northern new_jersey intended reserve force support operations jersey shore hudson capture new_york_city howe brothers granted authority peace commissioners parliament limited powers pursue peaceful resolution conflict king optimistic possibility peace think right attempted whilst act carried powers limited granting general special majesty subjects july powers admiral howe sent messenger letter addressed george_washington harbor washington adjutant informed messenger person title army admiral howe aide wrote address prevented letter delivery howe said visibly annoyed rejection second request addressed george_washington etc similarly rejected messenger told washington receive howe fruitless meeting held july washington pointed limited powers howe brothers given use rebels wrong requiring amnesty late august british transported men including long_island battle long island august british american positions driving americans fortifications general howe began lay siege works washington managed nighttime retreat rear howe consolidate position consider battle british captured general admiral howe convinced deliver message congress philadelphia released parole washington gave permission september sullivan told congress wanted negotiate given broader powers treat actually held created diplomatic problem congress want seen aggressive representatives felt direct rejection appeal appear consequently congress agreed send committee meet think bear fruit september howe brothers met exactly outcome americans expected time washington previously ordered congress hold new_york_city concerned escaped trap army vulnerable surrounded manhattan escape routes open north placed troops city occupied lower portion manhattan took rest army recorded use submarine warfare attempted novel attack royal_navy launching turtle failed attempt sink hms eagle admiral howe flagship september general howe landed men lower manhattan quickly taking control new_york_city americans withdrew harlem day held ground attempting washington strong position second time howe opted flanking maneuver landing troops opposition october sought washington defend washington withdrew army white plains short battle october retreated north isolated remaining continental_army troops upper manhattan howe returned manhattan captured mid november taking prisoners days later november hudson_river taken washington brought army hudson new_jersey immediately forced retreat aggressive british advance general howe consolidating british positions new_york harbor detached men command difficult subordinates hugh newport rhode_island opposition december sent general lord chase washington army new_jersey americans withdrew pennsylvania early december reactions outlook continental_army revolution bleak times try men souls wrote american crisis washington army fewer men fit duty significantly reduced expired end year spirits low popular support congress abandoned philadelphia fearing british attack washington ordered troops returned failed invasion quebec join ordered general lee troops left north new_york_city join lee relationship washington times difficult traveled far new_jersey lee far army december exposed position betrayed loyalists british company led lieutenant colonel surrounded inn staying took prisoner lee command taken finished marching army washington camp river capture lee presented problematic prisoner number continental_army leaders previously served british_army treated threats military punishment washington intervened tying treatment lee treatment prisoners held lee ultimately treated apparently offered british commanders advice win war americans prisoner comparable rank lee remained prisoner new_york exchanged failure continental_army hold new_york brought rise loyalist activity city haven refugee supporters crown country british actively recruited new_york new_jersey build regiments provincial militia success loyalists areas motivated seeing elements rebel army head home ended new_york patriot militia leader wrote thirty men instead signed enemy november admiral howe offered amnesty taken arms crown provided swore oath washington responded proclamation suggesting renounce immediately british lines result new_jersey civil battlefield militia activity continuing rest war news capture new_york favorably received london awarded order bath work combined news recovery quebec circumstances suggested british leaders war ended year campaigning news admiral howe amnesty proclamation met surprise terms government expected politicians opposed war pointed proclamation failed mention parliament furthermore criticized failing parliament informed peace efforts embarked howe strategy campaign apparent conclusion season british established chain outposts stretching entered winter quarters controlled new_york new_jersey good position resume operations spring rebel capital philadelphia striking distance howe detached general clinton men occupy newport rhode_island base future operations boston connecticut clinton occupied newport early december opposition howe campaign following year letter lord men newport expedition albany meet army descending quebec cross new_jersey threaten philadelphia defend new_york additional foreign forces available operations considered southern states washington worrying hold army washington organized attacks relatively exposed british outposts result continually edge ongoing militia army raids german commanders brigades end chain outposts frequent targets raids repeated warnings requests support general dismissed beginning mid december washington planned attack outpost attack outpost plan aided presence militia company drew entire man force away south resulted skirmish december consequence action position assist washington attack took place night december washington men crossed delaware surprised outpost following morning killing capturing nearly action significantly boosted army morale brought new_york army men marched position washington taken south leaving garrison princeton attacked washington position january times repulsed darkness set night washington moved army going intention attacking princeton garrison leading american advance guard encountered british soldiers princeton command british troops engaged ensuing battle mortally wounded washington sent reinforcements general successful driving british princeton fleeing british lost quarter force battle american morale rose victory defeats convinced general howe withdraw army new_jersey leaving outposts new_brunswick washington entered winter quarters having state british provisions armies limited commanders sides sent parties forage food supplies months engaged forage war targeted foraging parties led numerous skirmishes minor confrontations including british subject provisions lord resigned command series disagreements howe came head ability newport station provide forage new_york new_jersey forces aftermath british gained control new_york harbor surrounding agricultural areas held new_york_city long_island war ended americans suffered significant casualties lost important supplies washington managed retain core army avoid decisive confrontation ended war bold strokes princeton regained initiative boosted morale areas new_york_city new_york new_jersey connecticut ongoing rest war early reports sent superiors london concerning battles princeton attempted minimize significance blaming trying recast princeton nearly successful defense accounts particular lord letter general wrote officer commanded forces attributed lost life turn report loss ruler news entire brigade lost sixteen regimental colors cannon news reportedly enraged frederick broadly suggested return home turning command forces frederick ordered extensive inquiries events took place new_york inquiries created unique archive materials campaign news washington successes reached paris critical time britain ambassador france lord preparing complaints france foreign minister concerning semi secret financial logistical support france giving rebels learned supplies bound america shipped french flags previously sent american colors wrote french court extremely happy news french diplomatic position noticeably hardened hostile heart anxious success rebels shadow doubt steps british planned major operations campaign season ambitious plan gain control hudson_river valley central thrust army quebec general execution plan ultimately failed ending surrender army new_york october second operation general howe plan philadelphia difficult start met success september washington strategy continued basically defensive successfully attempt howe draw general engagement northern new_jersey unable prevent howe later success taking philadelphia send material help general tasked defending movements major general played notable role defeat following france entered war legacy urban environments manhattan brooklyn plaques memorials placed commemorate actions took place locations washington crossing national historic landmarks state parks preserving locations events campaign occurred areas preserves locations occupied continental_army winter months end campaign | New York and New Jersey campaign | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1684_SiegeofPortRoyal(1707) | siege port royal siege port royal separate attempts english colonists new_england conquer roughly present day canadian provinces nova scotia new_brunswick capturing capital port royal attempts colonial militia led men inexperienced siege warfare led governor daniel french troops port royal easily attempts assisted irregular confederacy outside fort siege began june lasted days english colonel able establish positions near port royal fort engineer claimed necessary cannons landed force withdrew amid disagreements war council second siege began august able establish secure camps owing spirited defensive sorties organized governor daniel siege attempts viewed boston expedition leaders return port royal captured larger force included british_army troops capture marked end french rule background port royal capital french colony french began settling area consequently focal point conflict english french colonists century destroyed english raiders led eventually rebuilt captured forces restored france treaty french preparations outbreak war spanish succession colonists sides prepared conflict governor anticipation war begun construction stone earth fort largely completed following french raid massachusetts frontier february english boston organized raid following led raided communities english french accounts differ church expedition mounted attack port royal church account indicates anchored harbour considered making attack ultimately decided idea french accounts claim minor attack daniel governor went offensive encouraging indian raids english targets new_england encouraged port royal english colonial shipping highly effective english fishing fleet reduced percent english coastal communities raided new_england preparations english merchants boston long traded port royal activity continued war began merchants notably closely associated governor outrage began growing colonial assembly matter chose deal allegations going london press case military expedition previously requested support response chose demonstrate anti french sentiment organizing expedition port royal colonial resources march revived idea developed called provincial militia man expedition supported resources royal_navy locally available proposal approved assembly march colonial popular opinion divided need expedition ministers argued favour pulpit pray god carry people massachusetts raised regiments totalling nearly men new_hampshire provided men rhode_island provided company indians recruited recruiting difficult massachusetts lack enthusiasm authorities forced draft men fill ranks connecticut asked contribute expedition declined citing bad feelings return port royal treaty capture force placed command massachusetts colonel totalled soldiers sailors carried fleet ships including gun man war command captain gun colonial march took prisoner translator siege english fleet arrived outside channel port royal harbour june troops landed day governor defence force time consisted marine reinforced recent arrival command recently built frigate hours english arrival welcomed led young soon english ships spotted called local militia men colonel march landed men north fort south command colonel goal establishing siege line fort forces landed far fort spent rest day marching sent small force south morning 8th driven fort led larger contingent north established ambush river march force cross sharp battle horse shot defenders pushed fort established camps miles fort sent parties fort harass english foraging parties giving rise rumors additional militia forces route northern english managed advance lines closer fort engineer colonel believe expedition heavy cannons landed safely pass command fort led disagreements march spelled end expedition final assault june french accounts describe failed attempt fort english accounts merely attempt destroy buildings outside fort expedition embarked ships sailed 17th march directed fleet sail near present day portland maine interlude colonel march sent letter boston laid blame expedition failure news failure preceded met arrival crowd women children colonel able convince governor acted orders blame generally attached march failure issued orders march fleet stay men remaining aboard penalty death council considered step eventually sent reinforcements man commission including militia lawyer military experience oversee affairs ordered expedition second attack despite orders fleet high forces reduced sailed port royal late august colonel march resigned expedition command replaced colonel governor second attempt erected additional defenses attackers approaches reinforced arrival french frigate command crew added defences captured prize ships brought provided needed provisions fort second siege english fleet arrived near port royal august landed troops miles south fort day marched position mile north fort area march previously camped areas near thrown additional defensive earthworks august sent detachment clear path heavy cannon attempt repulsed forces sent harass guerrilla style tactics fire fort cannons forced english retreat camp defeat apparently significant effect english morale wrote camp surrounded enemies judging unsafe proceed service company men probably clash english party cutting brush ambushed french indian force party killed situation got bad english camp 27th withdrew camp protected ships guns camp properly fortified constantly subjected attacks french indians second landing point august led soldiers fort men engaged hand hand combat fought axes musket men wounded killed day september english ships sailed boston french reports claimed killed men english sources claim killed wounded siege aftermath expedition return boston met commissioners called port royal champions reports affair pointing plantations port royal destroyed refused inquiries expedition failure fearing blame placed concerned british return following year worked strengthen fortifications port royal built small warship assist colony defenses convinced raid new_england shipping successful end port royal prisoners captured prizes ultimately helped save port royal attack france failed send significant support british mobilized larger better organized forces support boston merchants new_england fishing community successfully lobbied military support expedition conquer new france prompted colonists expectation troops arrive england efforts aborted promised military support failed returned england aftermath secured promises military support attempt port royal summer fleet arrived boston carrying marines augmented colonial regiments force successfully captured port royal siege | Siege of Port Royal (1707) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1724_BattleofBonchurch | battle took place late july source information states specific date happened july battle wider italian war took place french invasion landings french invasion including combatants england won battle french advance halted battle fought french regular soldiers english number french soldiers involved believed number english uncertain source information stating stating english forces battle understood commanded captain whilst french forces engaged commanded battle fought english french majority sources information battle state english won source information states french victorious battle fought french attempt cause damage force english ships standing coast england leave defensive positions attack conditions favourable french landing french taking place background italian war occurred disputes francis france settled italian war disputes resulted war france aided ottoman_empire aided spain years fighting henry_viii invaded france september english forces captured france attempted capture city force failed peace talks end fighting england france yield positive results partly henry_viii refused consider returning result failure diplomacy france francis decided invade england hoping henry_viii return france return french forces leaving england thirty thousand french troops fleet vessels assembled fleet left france july july hostile engagement french english ships english coast marked beginning battle day outnumbered english ships withdrew english hoped lure french ships narrow channels french wanted attack english open waters eastern english ships encircled annihilated english ships abandon defensive position engage numerically greater french ships french decided invade burning buildings crops france hoped residents support rebel england base challenge english french troops landed july england oppose invasion years war resulted society existed male adult fight needed participated regular military training captain isle sir house considered capable energetic commander assisted sir officer regular english army headquarters staff english equipped long topped bill hook knives clubs close fighting welsh french soldiers equipped firearms steel blades advantage superior morale speed agility plan advance french soldiers burn capture consolidate position heights link french landing area important right point near offered safe anchorage french ships sources fresh water nearby soldiers sailors fleet prelude french troops landed locations coast total number french soldiers landed places french troops landed number soldiers landed believed landing unopposed french forces began advance inland steep wooded slopes learnt french invasion quickly soldiers militia command captain waiting french advance battle reports fighting confused fully comprehensive account battle agreed battle taken place dawn day battle unknown lasted midday records battle women participated battle shooting arrows french french win battle source information states french won battle source says english forces opposing french local hampshire english forces took defensive position fact agreed account fighting flanked cliffs screened woods according account number english troops french attack repelled commander french forces involved battle rallied troops second french attack english forces launched french forces arranged array fighting formation account concludes description fighting saying heavy casualties sustained sides english line broke militia routed result second attack french account states captain source information states commanded english forces battle reported shouted militia routed offering bring horse fat run quote sir recorded reads kingdom captain heard account states killed captured buried sea aftermath casualties sides heavy battle resulted french invasion stopped skirmish took place days battle english forces engaged french men disembarked french ships retreating portsmouth looking water senior french commander killed result engagement english victory marginal impact course italian war battle involved small number men relative numbers men engaged entirety war fact marginal impact french captured unlikely capture drastically affected course war significant territories contested support french operations england captured commander french recorded having control french dominate portsmouth enemy extraordinary expense maintaining standing army navy contain sources state victory responsible french withdrawal source information states french won battle says fighting drove french island | Battle of Bonchurch | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1810_BattleofJajau | battle fought princes brothers june father died having declared successor instead leaving instructed sons divide kingdom failure reach satisfactory agreement led military conflict sons killed crowned emperor june age background preparations year reign emperor died officially declaring crown prince left advising sons divide empire time death eldest son stationed miles west second son stationed east bombay distance miles distance miles reached capital city capture throne died preparations battle throne help gathered troops local rulers built bridges improved roads successful king send soldiers children reached declared ruler taking left city june reached delhi reaching city visited shrine took june resumed journey june reached camped outskirts city commandant surrendered fort subsequently sealed treasury sent letter asking content india father wrote happy ready territories added satisfied offer use sword decide monarch kingdom reply wrote share floor roof house roof conflict realising battle avoided marched having decided fight battle miles city command prince dispatched horsemen collected governor ordered capture forts mile soon heard started preparing march left fort charge crossed crossing son commander vanguard troops leading horsemen accompanied brother chiefs neared commander horsemen infantry army divided branches commanded sons army large cannons mortars possessed guns elephant guns opinion artillery fight real weapon sword june battalion reached intelligence reached reached camped miles city june taking advice decided strike june collect water june men headed knowing camped came village found flowing stream water inform sent messenger message returned informed seen advance tents charge central wing troops dispatched attack tents elephants failed mount resistance invading forces attackers looted tents set fire unable strong fight wrote reinforcements responded sending charge left wing army advised wait day start fledged battle paid seeing horsemen approaching informed advance reply said coming son found difficult men fight scattered camp attacking force started arrows rockets charged army soldiers threw spear seated elephant missed instead hit attendant killed arrow attempted jump prince boarded separate elephant inflicted injury khan khan soldiers fled exposed wing prince seeing charge separate wing render assistance elephant set fire troops fled thinking leader dead retreat battle confrontation chiefs attacked khan army successful wounded leg entire army charged khan fled battle khan followed fled left wing death commanders soldiers sons charged enemy elephant court historian wrote wounded times arrows paid wounds ultimately killed musket ball struck forehead soon came know brother death sent men retrieve corpse attacked died clock evening aide mounted dead prince elephant beheaded prince way instead praises received action elephant followed elephants contained dead body carried dead princes women assured protection aftermath estimates horsemen lay dead battlefield estimates infantry soldiers sides dead bodies sent burial bodies sent dead sons buried delhi | Battle of Jajau | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1818_EastIndiestheatreoftheFrenchRevolutionaryWars | theatre french revolutionary wars theatre french revolutionary wars series campaigns related major european conflict known french revolutionary wars fought new allies shifting alliance rival powers indian_ocean separated vast distance principal theatre conflict western_europe played significant role economic importance region great_britain france constant opponent colonies india far eastern trade protection british interests region fell primarily royal_navy supported military forces naval strategy sought eliminate enemy forces region provide convoy protection large east merchant ships smaller company ships transported goods wealth britain asian colonies trade partners french_navy maintained commerce raiding operations region war particularly light frigate squadrons deployed effort disrupt british trade supported conflict developed allies french course war particularly spain declaration war britain newly formed february british forces indian_ocean held considerably stronger military position immediately utilised seize french territories india remaining french forces continued operating base remote island particular conducting highly campaign british commerce attempts royal_navy commanded rear admiral limit effectiveness resulted number clashes partial blockade french islands declaration war britain newly formed led successful invasions colonies dutch ceylon dutch cape colony operations dutch_east_indies british control region challenged large powerful french frigate squadron sent indian_ocean squadron operated british trade years little success attempts raid china trade coordinate squadron manila philippines ending failure growing resentment cost maintaining squadron eventually required ships return france survivors forced operate independently subsequently defeated captured royal_navy series individual engagements british control indian_ocean assured deploying ships trade protection duties red_sea support invasion egypt end war peace reverted situation region pre war state britain returning seized colonies ceylon background february amid mounting tensions following french revolution recently formed war prussia declared war great_britain act spread french revolutionary wars europe encompass british french dutch colonies americas britain france rivals having fought campaigns indian_ocean seven years war american war independence recently british french naval forces fought anglo war conflict controlled british interests french supported kingdom battle french defeat little impact war saw extract significant concessions ruler political climate europe britain controlled large stretches indian coast including significant ports calcutta bombay madras war began northern coast calcutta highly lucrative port remote lacking naval facilities madras open harbour little way defences bombay western coast point communication europe strongest naval base region east british merchants operated small linked directly great centre dynasty china principal cause british interest connection dominance lucrative network intercontinental trade exploration france controlled number trading indian coast including governed larger port strongest french position region isolated island later known mauritius subordinate bases small settlements madagascar france centred capital important commercial agricultural features economy dominated african slave labour islands commercially viable left troops supported islands came blockade corresponding economic difficulties food shortages island valuable naval base situated ideal position raiders intercept british trade europe east indies french revolution reached accusations senior officials leading arrests arrival news abolished slavery august island civil war intervention governor prevented conflict held dutch cape colony dutch_east_indies indonesia governed highly lucrative port centre east asian trade reaching far nagasaki period japan supported towns ports including cape colony southern tip africa far significant acting principally resupply harbour little commercial activity penetration surrounding countryside commercially significant island ceylon strategic importance weakly garrisoned attack colonies defended dutch naval squadron sent region aftermath american war independence somewhat distant european colonies region commercial survived large subsidies significant towns manila hosting powerful spanish naval squadron portuguese presence existed indian port source concern british represented weak point defenses portugal controlled chinese port number trading posts east african coast portuguese european nations including denmark sweden traded increasingly american merchant ships important british war effort pivotal position maintaining british revenue trade controlled shipment large quantities valuable india china asian markets europe fleet large armed merchant ships known east supplemented smaller local trading vessels known country ships maintained standing army india small fleet designed protection commerce navy supplemented royal_navy forces depleted forces shortly outbreak war rear admiral ship line madras frigate calcutta french forces region comprised frigates commodore saint supported squadron smaller vessels large force orders operate british commerce outbreak war news french declaration war arrived ship calcutta having traveled british ambassador alexandria june immediately sailed blockade seizing ammunition supply ship entering port plans eliminate french presence india drawn british forces commanded land colonel moved rapidly seizing resistance proved stronger forced city days french commander colonel agreed surrender blockade augmented large east proving sufficient drive french frigate accompanying sought resupply garrison august french firmly driven india returned european waters protection shipping french forces left small number light warships trade route proved particularly vulnerable september east princess royal captured squadron large january armed squadron east commodore sent patrol ensuing campaign attacked january mitchell defeated largest january fought inconclusive engagement captain january subsequently captured repairs fort late february french squadrons returned indian_ocean dutch frigate subsequently captured french early spring major campaign atlantic british force led captain gun ship line including hms hms resistance sent indian_ocean force diverged route cruising force encountered captured armed warship renamed brig sailed poorly intercepted captured short battle blockade maintained year october attempted eliminate attacking ensuing battle hard fought particularly ferocious duel ultimately british squadron forced withdraw india campaigns feather hands dutch sword hands france decided renew blockade concerned false rumours french battle squadron sailing july news arrived india significantly changed strategic situation winter overrun reforming country allied client state named control dutch colonies loyalty uncertain main priority principally strategic positions intercontinental trade routes immediately organised operations seize largest force personal command descended smaller force captain resistance sailed hoped dutch commanders peacefully transfer control colonies british provision governor resisted invasion ceylon went ahead short bombardment august wrecked landing operation principal fort taken remaining towns ceylon surrendered following month trading port india force able seize resistance august control dutch cape colony risk british shipping rounding cape good hope substantial force sir sent britain eliminate arriving early august initially attempted governor surrender eventually authorised landing simon town august expeditionary force fought skirmish clashes continued august major dutch attack september arrival large fleet carrying british reinforcements troops came ashore outnumbered dutch surrendered delayed expeditionary force sent retake control cape arrived august forced surrender british consolidation arrival cape officially placed overall command squadron great distances involved meant immediate operational control remained july sailed attacked shipping seizing number merchant ships reports attack reached took squadron eastwards dutch_east_indies leaving squadron watch assumed command sending restore blockade taking hms madras arrived january france operation reinforce indian_ocean squadron frigates ships line planned repeatedly delayed lack suitable ships commitments summer plans abandoned completely following losses battle french intervention attempted spring renewed blockade lifted december deployed forces continued blockade february small squadron captain attacked city secured total surrender remaining garrison island march word arrived madras attempt recapture cape colony returned westwards monarch followed echo east force success seizing considerable stores february supplies march value captures significant captains involved received successes offset complicated political position discovered dutch_east_indies spent entirety remainder year defeating series uprisings local return india february alarmed distance forced travel defend cape admiralty separated command cape spring october recalled britain sending squadron comprising renew blockade sent augment squadron damaged storm december detachment blockade squadron led captain hms crescent attacked destroyed french port foul point madagascar seizing french merchant ships squadron reaction french convention operations eventually inspired reinforce region british actions french ones orders arrived formally slavery island wealth relied slave labour simply ignored order matter taken ordered agents enforce ruling agents escorted squadron frigates sailing march command born comprising board soldiers companies artillery general louis voyage started badly losing accident french coast british frigate patrols european waters passage joined squadron capturing lord proved bigger problem stage pair attempted kill pulled apart squadron took following day encountered unsuccessfully pursued june seized squadron arrived unopposed june blockade squadron having departed coast days earlier arrival government agents possibly met armed troops agents demanded attack colonial troops refused forced corvette instructed agents manila sea overruled captain ordered france refitted squadron dividing forces largest comprising sail eastwards command second comprising recently arrived corvette ordered westwards operate sailed july reaching ceylon august unaware stage ports eastern india prolonged stay leaving warships protect madras calcutta consequently sent scout subsequently captured british frigate documents detailing strength found aboard information supply false information british battle squadron anchor madras operations region raided sailed attacking sought raid british trading post september squadron intercepted northwest sumatra british ships line hastily detached commerce protection duties forces fought inconclusive action retired damage british madras remained january emerging cruised search annual convoy escorted half convoy safely return india half sailed ambushed january captain saved convoy ships royal_navy squadron making aggressive moves ships intimidating french admiral withdrawing combat subsequently returned learned error french dispersal campaign ended failure little disruption british trade naval operations taken losses active small ship captured timber ship october country ships russell diana mouth january seriously captured pilot boat seize large french reinforcements reached complex strategy developed land army ireland use invasion fleet attack india secondary objective ambitious plan collapsed completely failed december thousands french troops drowned strategic situation europe shifted france spain signed treaty transferring spain ally britain ally france british attention shifted french island territories defence squadron badly damaged hurricane april dock extensive repairs british forces commanding ships line fourth rate ship frigates extensive plans developed conjunction sir governor general india colonel major attack manila led sir treaty consequent end war coalition europe caused cancellation plans britain fought france allies fears raised sultan attack british colonies india ensure safety china fleet spanish attack july deployed hms fox escort convoy east seeing charges harbour december captain investigated manila accompanied fox discovered weak state spanish squadron british ships operating july resistance force troops captured subsequently driven armed uprising citizens town street fighting british troops killed resistance subsequently lost july accidentally destroyed crew unexplained ammunition explosion originally survivors died injuries remaining sailors captured pirates sold slavery sultan later released named confirmed survived maintenance blockade responsibility substantial british squadron cape colony suffered severely unrest inspired britain crews rose deposed officers found guns cape_town trained ships governor lord threatening destruction intimidated seamen surrendered incident followed executions despite squadron position contest control indian_ocean supplies manpower severely limited following incident agents reluctant offer support operations limited cruises supply reinforcements summer sent france spring followed early passed atlantic halted los april discovered gun frigate hms pearl captain sailing investigate came fire french ships forced pass firing direction chased pearl withdrew damaged rigging man killed intercepted squadron frigates brest blockade near fleeing south ship battled action june ended british frigates ashore near jason captured refloated destroyed red_sea july led french expeditionary force mediterranean invade egypt ottoman_empire initial landings successful battle confirmed control country august fleet destroyed british force sir battle august french army egypt admiralty initiated major response including squadron commodore blockade egyptian red_sea coast concern london proceed attack india egypt conjunction sultan armies force arrived december joined squadron sent visited early month plans drawn small french red_sea squadron force regional supremacy brought rendered plans obsolete attacks commercial shipping april entrance red_sea effectively blockaded british occupation july ordered frigates fox destroy french held castle town heavily bombarded attempts amphibious landings driven british attention theatre focused january french brought envoys request support supplied volunteers sent india captain mission meant covert april attacked captured east landed volunteers april action caused crisis relations obvious enthusiasm french intervention india fourth anglo war began february british armies crossed territory forced capital sultan held siege weeks city taken storm killed ensuing street fighting british dominance summer conducted commerce raiding operation captain achieved moderate success saw number crews french admiral planned joint operation spanish squadron manila sailing joined ordered join force french captain instead returned seized sold sent commerce raid defiance orders captured action february coast captured mouth action february fury seizure strongest frigates compounded condition arrived state mutiny executed crew journey immediately sent ship cruise borneo effort contain forces unexpectedly reduced sent remaining ships manila operations spanish condition spanish ships poor operations undertaken attack eventually attempted january arrival combined spanish squadron refused engage powerful british escort entire force withdrew pursued captain disappointed failure weakened losses squadron withdrew spring sent raiding cruise september fought brief inconclusive night engagement small squadron royal_navy ships led weeks later inconclusive clash october gun hms returning little month cruise intercepted blockade squadron adamant action december driven onshore destroyed sent france end september political prisoners million corvette eventually wrecked loss lives coast admiral command returned france retired navy subsequently settled french naval presence indian_ocean declined commerce raiding role taken fast vessels operated considerable success british merchant shipping protecting convoys consumed considerable proportion naval strength gradually intercepted captured including august notorious seized ship pearl october pursued sloop hms fought fierce engagement october ships destroyed men killed dangerous sailed fought significant battle october east kent eventually subdued boarding action kent lost killed including captain wounded men suffered casualties conflict continued end war large remaining sea captured interception entirely peace main priorities remained protection trade command came increasing interference london particular secretary state war henry priority invasion capture java eliminating dutch_east_indies entirely contradictory orders came lord instructing plan invasion wished abandoned operation manila confused command structure september threatened resign october renewed threat egypt focus squadron red_sea handful minor operations dutch posts java carried small force captain capturing merchant ships losing men disease process cape good hope gale december caused severe damage shipping crew danish ship line large american merchant ships red_sea campaign intended complement british invasion french held egypt mediterranean went ahead march initial operations trusted poor health struggling negotiate problems compounded wrecked entering port forces landed unopposed march french having withdrawn forces oppose mediterranean landings mission complete withdrew june sending soldiers join conflict met large reinforcement squadron captain sir army general took passage arrive campaign ended august french_navy played little opposing british campaign egypt frigate sent indian_ocean interfere supply lines red_sea ship based voyage seizing brazilian frigate atlantic conveying political prisoners sentenced exile indian_ocean battle august discovered anchor captured final operations indian_ocean saw british forces consolidate landing troops portuguese colonies region prevent enforcement terms treaty portugal agreed exclude british shipping ports attacked captured dutch island peace came effect october bringing french revolutionary wars end confirmation armistice reach india february widely expected undertaken significant naval operations interim terms treaty returned territory captured british forces original masters noted exception ceylon officially named british indian_ocean believed peace building substantial forces region historian noted doubt wax seals treaty concluding scarcely cooled new war eve forth peace short lived napoleonic wars time emperor napoleon sent substantial reinforcements french territories campaign personally benefited equivalent historian wrote said naval war indian_ocean brilliant success lack french reinforcements confused british leadership scattered priorities aborted operations manila marginal campaign red_sea consuming amounts time energy | East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1926_RaidonUnadillaandOnaquaga | raid raid series military operations continental_army forces new_york militia towns upstate new_york early october men command lieutenant colonel 4th pennsylvania regiment descended towns abandoned advance destroyed buildings taking destroying provisions raid executed retaliation series raids frontier communities led chief british supported loyalists spring summer located located town windsor county background failure british general campaign hudson october american revolutionary war upstate new_york frontier war british leaders supported loyalist native american partisan fighters supplies armaments winter leader british allied indians developed plans attack frontier settlements new_york pennsylvania february established base operations present day windsor new_york recruited mix loyalists estimated number time began campaign objectives acquire provisions forces planning operations valley began campaign late raid raided frontier communities summer frontier settlers response raids generally local militia supported continental_army regiments stationed area forces generally muster time catch raiders disappeared new_york governor militia commander considered operations principal bases territory raiders early campaign attack settlement german present day september expedition organized response calls governor clinton general george_washington authorized use continental_army forces assigning operation lieutenant colonel relation loyalist 4th pennsylvania regiment september butler sent scouts investigate conditions towns returned reports population expedition october butler led force men state militia valley villages late day october force reached area butler sent scouting parties prisoners outlying farms force advanced town scouts returned prisoner reported community abandoned inhabitants fleeing butler detached men destroy town marched rest reached town late october found abandoned apparently great butler men spent days destroying towns butler described finest indian town saw sides river good houses square logs chimneys good floors glass windows homes burned town saw mill area butler reported taking horses head cattle destroyed grain operations complicated heavy rains raised water levels butler men build cross river tributaries reach parts town october expedition returned aftermath raid taking place force raiding frontier settlements upper valley indians force especially upset destruction towns sentiment echoed warriors joined ruins days later anger contributed severity actions joint british force attacked reported massacre severity frontier war led calls response general washington organized major continental_army expedition lands led generals sullivan expedition destroyed villages crops driving british supporting lands despite apparent success frontier war continued renewed following years | Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
1950_BattleofHöchstädt(1800) | battle battle fought june north bank danube near resulted french victory general austrians baron austrians subsequently forced fortress town instead attacking heavily fortified walled city result massive losses personnel time supporting forces defending danube passage east line retreat eastward disappeared quickly abandoned withdrew bavaria opened danube vienna danube passage connecting strategic importance ongoing competition european france army commanded danube especially passage bavaria command access important cities munich seat authority vienna end result battle opposite occurred fields years earlier armies faced armies france war spanish succession second battle called english overwhelming allied victory ensured safety vienna franco army preventing collapse france loss engagement opened france allied english austrian forces background coalition forces achieved initial victories efforts northern italy pushed austrian forces resulted negotiation peace april subsequent treaty october treaty proved difficult administer austria slow venetian territories congress convened purposes deciding southwestern german states compensate houses territorial losses unable progress supported french republican forces swiss insurgents staged uprisings ultimately causing overthrow months civil war early tactics employed austria uprising naples raised recent gains switzerland suggested timing french venture campaign northern italy southwestern germany beginning armies france austria faced rhine led approximately troops addition austrian regulars force included men troops soldiers low quality men deployed east lake protect posted main body soldiers shaped angle rhine changes direction westward flow northern border switzerland northward flow eastern border france set main magazine near northwestern end lake day march french held switzerland general division commanded equipped army french troops troops available field operations watched swiss border held rhine fortresses offered plan operations based austrians push switzerland declined follow planned cross rhine near river swung north french column distract true intentions crossing rhine west wanted corps detached italy initial battles plans series complicated maneuvers flanked double flanked army forces lay eastern slope portions army guarding passes battles fought armies fighting near resulted stalemate heavy losses sides main armies engaged captured austrian defenders joseph prince loss main supply base compelled retreat north army enjoyed favorable defensive position meant retreat austria switzerland cut french launched repeated fruitless assaults nearby austrians superiority position force 1st took village heights gave commanding aspect subsequently withdrew forces followed closely french fighting nearby der ensued action principally consisted man strong french center commanded force similar size austrians withdrew heavy losses time order battle french sources unclear forces present certainly approximately troops possibly total austrian numbers contemporary accounts place brigade center action village miles suggests presence general corps including forces generals confirmed extract dispatch french minister war published london chronicle june 6th 13th cavalry 4th 11th distinguished affair rest division passed rapidly danube general equally prepared art war baron refers general having key role french success austrian allied force included approximately regulars contingent troops raised war count commanding von ferdinand august including battalion companies squadron squadrons regiments commanded von battalion guns austrian number squadrons number squadrons squadron squadron total austrian force men assumed follow fortress danube austrian regulars contingent supplies position gave ready access shores river effectively assumed blocked path bavaria points east danube posted modest forces protect river crossings necessary stone bridges river bridges crossed river lay downstream east presented strategic point potential line march bavaria according narrative intended force come battle outside abandon city french access bavaria blocked main force army rhine forces secure accepted military wisdom required secure half crossings river troops follow line march perpendicular river prevent having fight battle skirmish backs river bridges force secure approach general engagement appeared march lay miles east der army engaged days earlier instead striking directly fortified supplied city force suddenly east struck smaller forces posted secured posts left sufficient rearguard troops protect remained guarding mountain access vienna approached posted right flank left flank general protected shores covering road south secured communication switzerland considerable austrians divisions reserve remained support attack general case succeed attack case succeed bridge reconnaissance suggested instead focus bridges day small group men managed spectacular crossing river stripping clothing weapons loading small naked men swam river pulling weapons reaching took possession guns ammunition wood materials held position artillery men managed scramble wreck bridge support pioneers bridge builders reconstructed bridges austrian fire allowing remainder crossed river accomplishment mark turning point action mentioned length dispatch maintained stand repeated attacks took austrians prisoners cannons standards aftermath french secured downstream shores danube choice evacuate corps leaving small garrison french invested fortress immediately 20th 6th captured convoy wagons loaded grain days later general armistice halted fighting emperor dismissed appointed brother year old command austrian army bolster inexperienced emperor named deputy commander colonel chief staff campaign culminating evacuation given specific instructions conduct campaign ignored regardless combined efforts damaged military operations spring wrecked austrian defenses germany ran stiff austrian napoleon brought reserve corps defeated austrians battle near days austrian disaster allowed french munich combined efforts forced accept armistice ended hostilities rest summer french extracted massive despite significant losses decisive austrians reluctant accept peace terms mid november french ended truce inflicted significant decisive defeat december subsequent peace stripped austria italian territories obliged recognize french satellites low countries switzerland northern italy laid small independent ecclesiastical secular imperial books encyclopedia arnold isbn barnes isbn french revolutionary wars new_york isbn david isbn age napoleon isbn history wars french revolution including sketches france restoration general peace france baron art war originally published english isbn art warfare age napoleon isbn france reprint smith napoleonic wars data book london isbn extract letter minister war june day | Battle of Höchstädt (1800) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2204_BattleofAlton | storm english civil war took place december town hampshire england parliamentary forces serving sir led successful surprise attack winter garrison royalist infantry cavalry serving earl context english civil war decisive defeat sir leader royalist forces south event significant psychological effect commander important loss men short handed needed infantry successful able victory attack successfully larger formidable royalist outpost south england dawn 13th army approached fled cavalry winchester leaving colonel defend infantry outnumbered men soon forced seek refuge desperate stand killed remaining men won clear victory losing men taking prisoners fight notable demonstrated drama heroism stories said killed number enemies falling battle known savage encounters english civil war musket holes fierce fight seen south door church inside men killed captured notably battle english civil war use leather guns employed effectively battle proper background september ordered muster forces protection november given control forces stationed major parliamentary staging ground order control kent surrey sussex hampshire forces supplemented westminster green yellow regiments london disposal personal regiment foot soldiers surviving cavalry marched intending occupy towns gradually approaching objective basing great strategic importance basing proximity main road london salisbury winchester worthy attention marching halted november determined capabilities marched day later retreated november attacked men bennett november laid siege withdrew failure soldiers near mutiny poor weather conditions tried night november retreated await army arrived november given horse infantry troops recently returned fighting ireland ordered late september secure wiltshire hampshire push far possible london end spread men winter winchester alleviate burden town winter approaching quickly left army vulnerable placed charge december began small town quickly disposal cavalry regiment infantry regiment exact number men unknown likely prelude week prior scouted town planned attack intent senior men maintaining secrecy raid evening december small party forces struck lodging fell minor attack morning hours december sent requesting sent sack promising exchange wine sent refused send challenging reverend civil war hampshire exchange eager repair reputation promptly decided attack nearest royalist outpost miles away according contemporary publication watching main road time battle mustered men near december midnight men marched west marched miles direction order confuse royalist scouts abruptly turning south march quick quiet owing long frost hardened roads use wooded areas helpful advance use leather guns employed time english civil war unlike heavier artillery leather gun led single horse transported efficiently difficult terrain effective tool bombardment forces reached western capturing posted north royalist managed raise alarm dawn leading horse quit head winchester approached town reported promised remaining infantry men return soon reinforcements initially cavalry attempted flee eastern border routed town south heading directly winchester parliamentary horse fleeing chased half mile heavy cavalry sir nicknamed losing men number horses pursuit guarded entrances town men concentrated north west corner town regiment infantry companies companies attacked north north west royalist infantry took effective cover inside buildings fired quickly particularly favoured large brick house near church house soon abandoned artillery positioned foot hill west fired forcing defenders retreat church parliamentary regiments london companies descended hill attacked built effective fortification flanked fortifications forcing marching town cover smoke house set fire soon rest men entered town flying colours pushing men church nearby fortifications including large north held ground hours fired windows church employed inside church proper fire greater heights eventually forced abandon south east wall church retreating men left muskets sticking temporarily unaware left time concluded defenders gone parliamentary army promptly attacked churchyard driving men church forces threw hand grenades windows working enter church inside building declared run sword called quarter time church doors soon managed gain entry inside shot jury rigged dead horses men killed surrendered killed seven men killed killed requested quarter inscribed honour tell famous fight man world good night fear mortality body die spent art aftermath battle captured men enlisting additionally royalist soldiers killed men lost represented nearly half infantry forces south hand lost men gained reputation success prisoners work dragging horse church inside burying fallen comrades near northern wall building captured men marched tied pairs ordered men demolish town fortifications survivors enlist streets london mark victory hat gifted wine left said fleeing left sack hearing death called mourning loss considered best commanders following weeks letters sent sir servant december severely depressed defeat appropriate given military import morale boost enjoyed significant december ordered sir sir draft letter commending success parliamentary victory battle allowed advance south east began successful siege garrisoned unable break siege remaining foot soldiers horse received oxford siege armies forced retire winter harsh weather | Battle of Alton | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2274_BattleofGreenSpring | battle green spring took place near virginia american revolutionary war july united states brigadier general mad leading advance forces ambushed near plantation british army major land battle virginia campaign prior siege following month marching central virginia late june moved received orders portsmouth send army new_york_city followed fairly closely arrival reinforcements consider making attacks british force july departed planning cross route portsmouth believed stage attack rear guard crossing anticipated idea laid elaborate trap general wayne forces nearly caught trap bold bayonet charge numerically overwhelming british enabled forces retreat follow victory pursuit instead following plan cross river action reinforced perception contemporaries justified moniker mad describe wayne opinion merits actions divided battlefield partially preserved staged background arrived virginia lengthy campaign addition troops assumed command troops command soon reinforced troops sent new_york forces opposed smaller continental_army force led located richmond following orders originally given arnold predecessor command died week arrival worked eliminate virginia ability support revolutionary cause giving chase army numbered barely included large number inexperienced militia successfully avoided engaging numerical advantage forces raids economic military political targets central virginia month activity turned east marching force grew number arrival continental_army reinforcements general additional experienced followed increase troop strength aggressive tactics sending detachments force counteract sent forage raiding expeditions foray led clash ordinary crossroads far late june arrived received orders general sir portsmouth prepare detachment troops return new_york_city orders began moving south july planning cross wide ferry followed advance units reaching mill miles ferry july saw opportunity attack british force difficult crossing james recognized possibility decided lay trap hoping capture portion army sent baggage train queen rangers river concealed main force near crossing sent men desert americans information british force crossed leaving rear guard north river prelude position hid army chosen left impassable terrain sloped river right ground ponds access rest mainland ferry yard causeway surrounded advancing army negotiate earl arranged army lines regiments 43rd left right wings included light infantry companies left small company german men legion appearance rear guard picket gave specific orders resist american advance possible brigadier general mad led advance company men early july wayne reached surveyed terrain noted presence british guards came main force men decided ahead attack ordered troops forward minor took place awaited troops wayne soldiers included virginia majors richard backed additional light infantry led colonel battalion formed reserve sent forward battalions major light infantry battalion beginning suspect held light infantry battalions battalion reinforcement increased size force wayne ordered swamps men wayne force consisted companies included pieces field artillery moved rode spit land observe action battle wayne advance force british began extended skirmish lasting nearly hours british forces slowly retreated suffering significant casualties persistent american advance wayne performed particularly picking british commanding officers tables turned americans reached abandoned gun left road seizure gun signal british counterattack began barrage shot followed infantry charge point river spotted main british force realized wayne entering trap able reach wayne time recall immediately began moving additional troops forward attempt prevent trap closing wayne meantime british charge thrown americans confusion wayne concerned retreat turn rout wayne reformed line ordered artillery fire blast shot line charge numerically overwhelming british fixed wayne charge worked successfully halted british advance long covering force approach rode forward assist managing american retreat began personally led retreat american guns abandoned horses shot sun beginning set chose pursue americans retreated aftermath british reports casualties battle listed officers enlisted men killed wounded american casualties reported number including killed satisfied victory pursue retreating americans instead crossed james planned moved portsmouth arrangements embark troops new orders clinton instead ordered use force establish fortified naval station chose compelled surrender brief siege october dispatches reports later stages virginia campaign painted movements portsmouth retreat reports bolstered reputation battle tactical setback harm reputation general wayne wrote decision charge british force daring seldom fail producing desired effect result instance fully justified publicly lauded wayne performance recorded privately wayne tactical mistakes battle read gazette militia general blamed loss brother brigadier wayne biographer americans day hardly decide battle admire wayne brave character condemn legacy portions green spring plantation purchased national_park_service holdings added national_register_of_historic_places june open special arrangement | Battle of Green Spring | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2283_SiegeofPortRoyal(1710) | siege port royal siege port royal october known conquest conducted british regular provincial forces command french garrison command daniel capital port royal successful british siege marked beginning permanent british control portion renamed nova_scotia time british took held french colonial possession french surrender british occupied fort capital ceremony having captured great fortresses europe renamed siege british attempt queen anne war capture capital profound consequences years conquest key element framing north american issues french british treaty negotiations resulted creation new colony nova scotia introduced significant questions concerning fate continued occupy conquest moment history canadian state precursor british conquests quebec end french power north_america generally background port royal capital french colony french began settling area consequently focal point conflict english french colonists century destroyed english raiders led eventually rebuilt captured forces restored france treaty early expeditions outbreak war spanish succession colonists sides prepared conflict governor anticipation war begun construction stone earth fort largely completed following french raid massachusetts frontier february english boston organized raid following led raided communities english french accounts differ church expedition mounted attack port royal church account indicates anchored harbour considered making attack ultimately decided idea french accounts claim minor attack daniel governor went offensive encouraging indian raids english targets new_england encouraged port royal english colonial shipping highly effective english fishing fleet reduced percent english coastal communities raided english merchants boston long traded port royal activity continued illegally war began business hurt war merchants began making vocal calls action public outrage rose failure massachusetts defenses stop french indian raids massachusetts bay governor repeated requests london support success finally decided act independently fend accusations illegal trade spring authorized expedition port royal expedition separate attempts port royal variety reasons attempts failed despite expedition significant numerical superiority british expedition organized following years france failed send significant support british mobilized larger better organized forces conflict north_america scots businessman colonial ties went london lobbied military support conquer new france authorized great enterprise conquer canada aborted promised military support failed englishman previously served colonial governor maryland virginia returned england aftermath appealed queen support accompanied indian chiefs caused sensation london successfully argued behalf colonial interests british military support port royal arrived boston july bearing commission queen general commander chief forces employed expedition design reducing port royal nova scotia addition marines brought england new_england provinces raised militia regiments massachusetts bay provided rhode_island connecticut new_hampshire provincial troops arts siege warfare officer british_army band recruited serve scouts expedition fleet sailed september consisted transports bomb warships ships hms dragon sent england hms sent new_york join stationed boston sent hms chester ahead fleet blockade gut controlled naval access port royal port royal defences port royal defended troops poorly trained recruits france taken steps improve local defences building new bomb proof powder magazine barracks clearing woods river banks deny attackers cover completed construction vessel assist naval defence engaged great success new_england fishing shipping prisoners taken learned plans continually new attempts port royal siege fleet sailed north met dispatch vessel sent captain chester carried french garrison reported morale extremely low sent ship ahead transports entered gut received fire parties shore ships returned fire cannons taking casualties october main british fleet arrived kilometres port royal afternoon transport ran aground attempting enter eventually swept rocks captain crew soldiers died company commander struggled ashore following day october british marines began landing north south fortress town northern force joined new_england regiments colonel led remaining new_england troops southern force landings took place incident fire fort answered fleet bomb ships long range later accounts siege claimed detachment strategic plan surround fort contemporary accounts report wanted command somewhat independent accounts claim got range fort guns siege ended attempts erect battery mortars muddy area creek fort repulsed cannon fire southern force met guerrilla style resistance outside fort indian defenders firing small arms houses wooded areas addition taking fire fort fire resulted british killed defenders unable british south establishing camp yards fort days british landed cannons brought camp fire fort supporters outside persisted british bomb ships wrought havoc fort fire night opening new british batteries imminent sent officer flag october negotiations got bad start officer properly announced drummer deteriorated ended holding officer principally matters military british continued siege work october siege trenches advanced cannons feet fort opened fire sent demand surrender negotiations began end day parties reached agreement terms surrender formally signed day garrison allowed leave fort honours war arms baggage drums beating colours flying british transport garrison france specific capitulation protect local residents terms called inhabitants cannon shot fort allowed remain properties years chose provided willing oath aftermath british took formal possession port royal following ceremony october renamed place honour queen inaugurated new governor nova scotia massachusetts new_hampshire proclaimed day public thanksgiving attempt retake happened year skirmish party british soldiers ambushed lead force native warriors siege fort success capture port royal marked end french rule inaugurated struggle control territory lasted british conquests seven years war status contentious issues negotiations leading treaty nearly led renewed war french unable recover able retain present day present day provided access important atlantic fisheries people placed difficult position conquest british numerous occasions demanded refused requiring arms french preferring neutrality reasons hundreds left nova_scotia decade avoided principal french colonial settlements went french occupied border formally treaty cause ongoing friction british french especially sides eventually fortified french interpreted phrase ancient boundaries imply peninsula present day nova scotia excluding mainland new_england helped retain sovereignty old hunting grounds grand expedition organized france command expedition composed warships frigates transport ships containing cannons soldiers marines expedition retake months crossing dispersal fleet mainland expedition turned disaster french try recapture port royal territorial dispute fully resolved british conquest new france informal boundary british french dispute forms border canadian provinces nova scotia new_brunswick historic fiction quietly captain waits | Siege of Port Royal (1710) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2297_Newfoundlandexpedition(1702) | newfoundland expedition newfoundland expedition naval raiding expedition led english captain august october targeted french colonial settlements north_atlantic island newfoundland satellite expedition occurred early days queen anne war north american theater war spanish succession known fleet descended french settlements southern shore newfoundland destroying fishing stages infrastructure captured fishing trade ships destroyed settlement saint final activity returning captured ships french merchant convoy headed europe ships taken total seasonal settlements destroyed strongly fortified french base attacked background hostilities war spanish succession begun england involved planning major naval expedition targets spain june old style newfoundland target chief advisor lord high admiral informed captain proposed prince going command squadron newfoundland chief squadron commission issued june came instructions investigate military strength french newfoundland fishing sea convoy merchant ships directions report conditions english settlements fisheries act governor territory accomplish given command hms exeter small fleet ships july departed plymouth fleet ships including ships line ships included addition exeter fourth rates newfoundland site conflict king william war ambitious expedition conducted french indian forces led raiding expedition highly destructive completely destroyed english settlements island rebuilt shortly chief english port strongly fortified permanent french settlements newfoundland relatively settlements mary fishermen returned europe end season principal town permanently settled fortifications housed small garrison temporarily command captain colonial marine awaiting arrival governor daniel arrive permanent french population newfoundland fairly small french settlers left newfoundland colony abandoned french small settlement island south newfoundland governor arrived july erected crude wooden fort armed guns raids newfoundland fleet arrived late august bay inhabitants learned french fishing ships loading french warships anchor near french capital learned french routinely posted spies observe activities bay likely report fleet presence day overland trek consequently moved speed heading south west french settlements august fleet captures taking french ship recently arrived french west indian isle martinique battle chased day captured french ship rejoined taken prizes day ordering took rest fleet mary chased ship aground sent boats landing parties sent ashore destroyed fishing stages houses equipment unfinished ships small boats destroying facilities fleet 30th ordered ships escort captured prizes cruise days looking prizes detached destroy sailed account places arrival september bad weather prevented entering harbour day able capture ships harbour rest got away shallow channel 3rd approached harbour report landing left head fleet september detached half fleet led return destroy took half north hoped acquire experienced pilots knowledge french failing pilots found needed experience expressed concerns advancing winter conditions returned met october half fleet completed destruction governor reported letter dated october presumably new style september old style english twice landed men october reported second landing consist men besieged small fort surrendered exchanged gunfire hours english destroyed facilities deposited french prisoners captured earlier expedition left cruising french convoy divided fleet begin return europe assigned convoy merchants prizes destined portugal reserve set escort destined england took rest fleet cruised weeks hoping intercept french convoy pass nearby winter set weather conditions stormy managed prizes finally sailed england mid october aftermath reported taking ships sixteen sent england portugal sold left ships defence force remaining ships including trade goods loaded taken destroyed french settlements destroyed great return england received favour promoted rear admiral actions went distinguished career rest war serving european waters newfoundland continued contested war economic war settlements destroying fishing stages infrastructure main english settlement besieged captured french forces sovereignty entire island passed great_britain treaty french granted rights dry fish shore came british control neighboring eventually given france war austrian succession | Newfoundland expedition (1702) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2694_Actionof30June1798 | action june action june minor naval engagement fought coast france french revolutionary wars french_navy largely driven atlantic_ocean early war following heavy losses series failed operations allowed royal_navy channel_fleet institute close blockade french naval ports coast particularly brest brittany blockade strategy included constantly patrolling squadron composed frigates tasked preventing passage french ships port spring french frigates stationed indian_ocean sent france base longer supply effectively ships gun frigate departed laden soldiers garrison rapid passage european waters arriving june early following morning brittany coast sight spotted frigate squadron cut coast jason gave chase fled southwards reached evening half hours frigates fell jason continued chase speed night suddenly frigates crashed coast grounded frigates continued fire finally arrived outnumbered surrendered jason badly damaged successfully refloated casualties packed decks french ship high wreck ship evacuated burnt remainder squadron returned britain prize background early years french revolutionary wars french_navy sought oppose royal_navy sea main base brest brittany royal_navy achieved victories glorious june losses inflicted fleet battles compounded large numbers ships wrecked storms disastrous grand operations royal_navy unopposed control atlantic enforcing supremacy strategy close blockade maintaining battle fleet sea brittany squadron frigates watching approaches brest june squadron included detachment comprising gun hms jason captain gun captain gun captain newman french warships oceanic travel extremely hazardous ships travelled numbers spring squadron commanded sailed reinforce french naval forces indian_ocean based port louis squadron failed significant impression driven inconclusive action sumatra tricked fleeing vulnerable merchant convoy incident january end year unhappy plans abolish slavery refused continue supplying squadron garrison forcing disperse ships ordered france early gun instructed follow carrying soldiers garrison longer supported commanded following death captain sumatra sailed march stores accompanying soldiers battle despite rapid journey european waters arriving months later june sailing brest wind rocks visible june sails appeared northeast squadron immediately gave chase diverted northwards cutting coast harbour forcing turn away fleeing southwards coast instead jason followed sail left far day chase continued british frigates gaining slowly quarry darkness fell closed larger french ship close open fire responded reducing speed half hours frigates exchanged speed french coastline rapidly approached ahead shot struck main bringing crashing consequent loss speed forced pulling away smaller ship unable escape jason steadily gaining concerned proximity coast hailed orders anchor grounded hear order correctly instead increased sail ahead jason straight close coast struck shore little distance ahead unable arrest jason momentum ship stuck lying french ship badly damaged crash masts collapsing overboard impact actually lay stronger position jason blocked arc fire ship swung rising tide leaving stern exposed took advantage position fire jason wounded command passed lieutenant responded fire cutting stern fire chase guns succeeded dragging frigate novel ordering men run bows carrying round shot sudden shift weight gently rotated grounded ship face direct pounder long guns french ship fire finally approaching determined resistance hopeless struck colours summary table guns refers cannon carried ship including guns taken consideration calculating rate carried aboard broadside weight records combined weight shot fired single simultaneous discharge entire broadside aftermath dawn june revealed frigates grounded prompting response french forces nearby frigates brig squadron sent fire british ships force engaging arrival british blockade squadron comprising captain hms san captain sir captain squadron assisted force jason towed stuck water leaking hull efforts ship exhausted frigate evacuated stripped stores wreck set fire took time boarding parties reach number french crew taken delay seizure ship dive overboard swim beach making accounting casualties difficult day continued boat parties french civilians sailed ship climbed aboard breaking liquor stores leading drunken confusion deck allowed ashore temporarily men escorting lady french sailors subsequently returned captivity voluntarily subsequently refloated jury masts guns thrown overboard ship nailed sailing squadron portsmouth losses british ships light seven killed jason including second lieutenant wounded including lost killed lost overboard wounded french losses enormous effects concentrated cannon fire packed decks producing casualties approximately killed wounded including number drowned ship grounded crew brought britain prisoners war commander later exchanged twice promoted return france recognition resistance engagement rumours persisted personally shot men abandoned guns complimented pursuit repairs crew confirmed possession french ship served royal_navy time prize commissioned captors prisoners war october jason patrolling brest number french sighted gave chase jason ran submerged rock near began founder choice bring frigate land french coast frigate sank men captured sailors groups stole cutter escaped plymouth | Action of 30 June 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2954_Actionof21October1794 | action october action october minor naval engagement great_britain france fought coast france second year french revolutionary wars french frigates raiding trade routes considerable success outbreak war response admiralty formed frigate squadron patrol french channel atlantic coasts search french raiders october large modern powerful gun french frigate command captain sailed raiding cruise british trade routes atlantic days later rounding nautical miles miles sea encountered british frigate squadron commanded commodore sir secured number victories french raiding frigates previous years ordered ships chase fled french coast british numerical supremacy british ship faster gun hms captain cutting shore bringing larger french ship action minutes battled support arrived point french frigate crew surrendered ship defiance captain orders casualties damage light sides rapidly commissioned royal_navy joining squadron captured subsequently capturing french frigate april background following declaration war great_britain february french_navy immediately launched squadrons individual cruisers british trade routes fleet based fortified port brest brittany state political turmoil early years war suffering mutiny august defeat battle glorious june spite difficulties independent raiders caused considerable damage british commerce response admiralty ordered squadron frigates channel_fleet cruise french coastline search raiders force known flying squadron initially commanded sir achieved number successes year war notably action april french frigate squadron destroyed autumn squadron command commodore sir frigate accompanied captain hms diamond captain sir captain ships specially selected crews equipment squadron formed elite force channel_fleet light warships led squadron october intention cruising entrance brest shipping entering leaving port french fleet principal squadrons blockaded brest continued send raiders sea ship large newly commissioned gun frigate captain hastily assembled crew main battery pounder cannon departed channel port october sailing westwards atlantic battle october days leaving nautical miles island tip discovered dawn squadron immediately ordered ships chase turned away effort reach shoreline larger british squadron ship squadron french ship cutting relative safety shore instead swung southeast effort british squadron pull ahead ships weather british frigate faster strong modern frigate main battery pounder cannon pounder quarterdeck able bring frigate alongside slightly larger french vessel minutes frigates traded fire damaging french ship rigging slowing rest squadron come captain smith diamond reach combat smith ranging ship stern firing warning shots indicate french ship surrendered fire devastating broadside french ship stern close diamond wished continue engagement men refused french captain forced surrender point surrendered breakers waves striking seen dead ahead summary table guns refers cannon carried ship including guns taken consideration calculating rate carried aboard broadside weight records combined weight shot fired single simultaneous discharge entire broadside aftermath casualties light sides lost men killed wounded including suffered minor wounds british ship engaged losing sailors lieutenant killed men wounded squadron brought immediately having discovered outbreak small prisoners war taken french frigate subsequently light damage ship suffered enabled royal_navy rapidly purchase commission frigate gun hms command captain attach ship squadron eighteen months later fought captured french frigate april remained royal_navy following years warfare arrival britain caused stir naval architects frigate significantly larger produced britain time ship extensively planned modelled ship commissioned royal_navy design severe delays shipyards meant ship eventually named launched reward action lieutenant promoted commander report action stated state enemy allows opportunity saying avail historian reserved noting ships matched pair combatants prize money extensive payment january reward shared entire squadron previous year following reported unhappy honoured action complained admiralty condition speed requesting faster vessel following year receive command gun result | Action of 21 October 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
2993_BattleofNeuburg(1800) | occurred june south german state bavaria southern bank danube river located danube battle occurred late war second coalition second war conservative european included time britain russia late ottoman_empire turkey portugal naples series allies withdrew coalition napoleon military victories northern italy challenged supremacy french victories upper territories opened route river vienna series battles southern germany french pushed combined austrian coalition force capturing loss coalition commander withdrew fortress leaving detachments secure danube crossings lay east battle danube campaign summer armistice french signed couple days later ended late november french ultimately defeated austrians battles heaviest action battle occurred village outskirts background early tactics employed austria uprising naples raised recent gains switzerland suggested timing venture campaign northern italy southwestern germany beginning armies france austria faced rhine led approximately troops addition austrian regulars force included men troops soldiers low quality men deployed east lake protect posted main body soldiers shaped angle rhine changes direction westward flow northern border switzerland northward flow eastern border france set main magazine near northwestern end lake day march french held switzerland strategic importance french war goal occupy vienna force accept comply peace terms established required double invasion northern italy commanded southern germany campaign fell secure access bavaria eventually vienna french needed control danube new tactic stretch river site major battles thirty years war war spanish succession danube grows significantly volume making wide swift joins danube dumping massive amounts water stream enters danube significant city river family seat princes taking family blow morale prestige role protect small domains control bridges passages offered advantage transport prestige preliminary battle withdrawing waited assault come instead striking directly fortified supplied city division approaching south suddenly east struck smaller forces posted commander secured posts left sufficient rearguard troops protect remained guarding mountain access vienna approached corps general posted right flank left flank general protected shores covering road south secured communication switzerland considerable austrians divisions reserve remained support attack general case succeed attack case succeed battle austrian corps maintained possession repeated attacks took austrians prisoners cannons standards nearby bridges fell june french controlled danube crossings abandoned withdrew downstream french target orders battle french exact order battle french forces clear contemporary sources suggest presence portion general corps including forces generals confirmed extract dispatch french minister war published london chronicle june 6th 13th cavalry 11th distinguished affair rest division passed rapidly danube general equally prepared addition presence death france suggests company 46th brigade infantry engaged addition general 37th regiments engaged mentions 37th times account battle apparently heavily engaged include brigades division danube division reformed april switzerland retired rhine taking forces consequently assigned cavalry commanded reinforce division based mentions dispatches division portions following probably present available general division generals brigade 36th 8th infantry cavalry 10th 37th brigades 36th regiments 9th total infantry cavalry general general brigade joseph 10th 38th regiments total general division 12th infantry cavalry austrian austrian force included baron commanding regiments battalions squadrons regiment squadrons total austrian force men battle june force held remaining passages danube morning divisions marched junction danube rivers general division followed southward track established line north approximately miles roughly road division 10th 38th regiments marched instructed occupy right wing connecting covered road division encountered resistance possession succeeded charges executed 6th 8th captured horses austrians general commanded brigade general left took control little opposition general division approached causeway ran parallel river took possession outskirts city little problem troops joined emerged defend outskirts austrian forces unprepared battle moment allowed troops penetrate miles city little opposition brigade supported advance guard brief action took heights 37th regiments early afternoon austrians recovered village village remained french hands defended portions 1st company regiment point combat centered village miles west south west center french drove austrians forest located village danube bayonet charge french reserves arrived austrians retook woods heights village according account austrians success soon covered surrounding heights planted thirty pieces cannon clock night hours battle companies 14th 46th regiments french moved small road right village group proceeded left village subsequent simultaneous french attack flanks center convinced austrians despite defensive laid artillery french massively reinforced attack village executed firing shot involved fierce hand hand fighting commander france killed outside village french 46th 14th combat austrian cavalry managed hold presumably squares melee continued austrians withdrew ordered troops pursue nightfall aftermath battle immediate implications general established headquarters castle looks battlefield general ordered establishment tomb location fallen emperor dismissed lost impressive succession battles appointed brother year old general major command austrian army compensate john inexperience emperor named deputy commander colonel chief staff broader scheme series battles beginning losses ending broke austrian control strategic danube similarly italy french successes battles forced austrian withdrawal east france threatening northwest southwest austrians agreed cease fire subsequent peace negotiations complicated alliance austria britain prevented signing separate peace british entered negotiations bolster weakened ally initially britain successfully blockaded french ports refused french terms offered counter terms september napoleon later claimed austrians negotiate good faith sought gain time rainy season winter army movements difficult entire season recruit | Battle of Neuburg (1800) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3153_Actionof12May1796 | action action minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars squadron british_royal_navy frigates frigate smaller ships navy british squadron detached previous day british north_sea fleet admiral cruising fleet anchorage squadron returning netherlands norwegian coast suffering defeat action august previous year squadron neared coast british squadron captain attacked frigate able cut frigate shore bring battle forcing surrender minutes british ships closed combat remainder squadron dispersed eastwards away frigates duncan fleet pursued frigate brig sloop hms lengthy chase phoenix caught cutter duke york seized brig mercury succeeded driving echo ashore believed wrecked duncan blockade instrumental british control north_sea year later achieve decisive victory battle background february declared war drawing ongoing french revolutionary wars years later winter overrun french cavalry charging ice blocked winter capturing intact french reorganised country client state named ordered operate north_sea british maritime trade routes british government immediately declare war steps seize dutch shipping british ports established new fleet combat operations north_sea known composed mainly older smaller vessels considered suitable service channel_fleet command force given year old admiral august sent frigate squadron operate british trade routes scandinavia carried large quantities british naval stores supply british fleets trade routes passed baltic_sea channels north_sea squadron consequently cruised mouth southern coast neutral danish controlled norway counteract operation duncan sent squadron british frigates command captain orders intercept destroy ships august force discovered squadron close norwegian harbour closed force attempt cut land able intercept frigate ship compelling vessel surrender short engagement remainder squadron exchanged fire ships damaging frigate force unable prevent escape rest year operated norwegian coast unable significant cruises attention british warships operating region duncan fleet actively cruising commanding blockade force ships line numerous smaller vessels sea principal fleet anchorage duncan ensured blockade vessels norwegian ports maintained gun frigate captain brig sloop commander white sent patrol waters early authorities ordered return fleet frigate sailed norwegian port echo guns mercury guns guns departure squadron noticed small blockade force ships passed southwards coast jutland losing sight correctly force destination ordered separate vessels following different courses instructing white proceed duncan blockade fleet meet unable squadron route encountered shortly close duncan fleet south having located squadron sailed close danish german coasts night seizing passing british cutter named duke york travelling hamburg dawn ships coast sailing southwest anchorage battle hearing report duncan immediately small squadron mouth wait arrival squadron command squadron given captain gun frigate accompanied gun fourth rate squadron detached immediately squadron sighted southeast heading entrance northwest wind force unified far ahead phoenix leopard british commander decided deliberately forces faster pursuing command rear force attacking frigate duncan main fleet distance sighted squadron joined chase captain finding large force bearing ordered cutter separate frigate turning wind effort escape close turned away pursuing phoenix unable decide fight flee result changed course number times inevitably slowed ship phoenix able come alongside advantage weather fired shot ship bow warning surrender overwhelming odds captain refused opened fire british frigate efforts escape exchange fire ship accurate effective mounting pounder cannon pounder frigate pounder main battery supplemented number cannon lower minutes phoenix torn rigging sails masts inflicted heavy casualties killed wounded ship damaged duncan fleet sight leopard far phoenix captain surrendered allowing possession vessel phoenix joined soon surrender gun ship line hms powerful captain ships took possession frigate chase remainder squadron continued turned coastline seek shelter leading british ships gun hms captain turned chase sought ships coast found slowed vessels opportunity escape maintained pursuit watched ships echo driven ashore village sailing close shore line safely possible detached investigate state grounded ships determining damaged repair having initially grounded driven deeper water far report action duncan considered storm swept area day following action probably drove brig destroyed survivors squadron coast faster forces british fleet gun mercury forcing surrender captain thrown cannon overboard effort ship allow escape british pursuit success later day phoenix able seize prize duke york completing destruction entire squadron aftermath brought prizes britain mercury purchased service royal_navy respectively names use royal_navy british losses engagement man killed wounded suffered phoenix engagement apart losses exchange casualties british reported action significant engagement fought coast duncan force kept main fleet contained anchorage october main fleet able break sail raiding cruise english coast duncan intercepted fleet return inflicted decisive defeat october battle | Action of 12 May 1796 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3217_BattleofFortCumberland | known attempt small number militia commanded bring american revolutionary war nova scotia late minimal logistical support massachusetts volunteer militia natives attempted storm central nova_scotia near present day border nova scotia new_brunswick november fort defenders led veteran french indian war successfully repelled attempts militia storm fort siege ultimately relieved plus reinforcements drove november retaliation role locals supported siege numerous homes farms destroyed patriot driven area successful defense preserved territorial integrity british maritime possessions nova scotia remained loyal war background nova scotia generally poorly defended early stages american revolutionary war unrest eastern regions provoked fears american led uprising reinforcements reached halifax early province lightly defended located connects modern mainland nova_scotia new_brunswick area strategically important earlier conflicts french colony british controlled nova scotia originally built french fort condition won french fortifications garrisoned british seven years war abandoned early june colonel ordered general raise natives nova scotia defense province patriot activity arriving fort summer colonel garrison loyalist troops restore premises condition adequately men lacked uniforms furthermore locals generally sympathetic patriot cause refused assist fort trying induce members garrison defect discontent nova scotia massachusetts born resident nova scotia fort located served provincial assembly prime patriot activity area nova scotia major areas patriot activity valley present day new_brunswick pockets activity separates present day maine new_brunswick patriots communities contact cumberland active trying interest nearby natives cause believed military assistance able bring strongly loyalist administration nova scotia early went massachusetts attempt interest political military leaders supporting action nova scotia worked raise interest nova scotia work difficult arrival colonel troops activities lieutenant governor nova scotia vocal loyalist returned handed nova scotia june learn price head activities cumberland area successful patriot activities effectively forced underground center activities shifted consequence veteran french indian war able blunt patriot native communities refused sides supportive patriots ultimately turn numbers hoped promised returned massachusetts august george_washington authorize fund support military activities nova_scotia able convince provide material support primarily muskets ammunition powder military supplies attempt allowed engage recruiting raising militia left boston september sailed recruited men october party sailed bay coincidentally working longer term plan military action sailed day parties met sea attempted dissuade plan informing largest tribe nova scotia help extracted promise wait went meet council council learned little native support sent letter urging effort persisted left having added recruits band sailed men recruited settlement present day learned bad news main chief interested taking able convince competitors men join expedition exchange agreement community support families men disappointment local joined contrary previous visit area prelude force numbering sailed exact location outpost established probably september subject debate present day new_brunswick bay western fort point eastern case captured patrol october killing wounding prisoners shipped sent men largely fruitless effort enlist cause continued dozen locals joined enlarged force marched settlers joined force swelling account men finally alerted actions november boat sent supplies patrol informed activities locals heightened guard fort immediately attempt halifax windsor uncertain routes away fort blocked october frigate escorted supply sloop docked fort laden supplies fort winter work began immediately supplies easily visible concern presence added fort defenses fortunately sailed november leaving docked fort november patrols began ranging closer fort approaching force took additional steps protect attempts word delayed decision await return scouts dispatched earlier fate scouts uncertain return fort invested evening thirty men surprised guards aboard taking thirteen prisoners seized ship owned patriot happened anchored nearby morning november decided time message windsor sent party men dock morning men numbering taken prisoner men rapidly arrived control ship sailed east supplies landed fort spotted realizing taken ship fired ship siege took stock situation nearly quarter garrison men captured critical fuel supplies seizure defenses consisted hastily constructed encompassed fort cannons men completed mounts fort military complement men including officers days local militia arrived raise garrison size included individuals effective combat illness november attempted success november joined men finally felt ready act november sent letter demanding surrender garrison refused suggesting surrender day authorities outside area learned activities patrolling recovered ferry taken learned passengers active news reached halifax efforts lieutenant governor responded orders 15th available ship based windsor convoy troops relieve siege commodore sir previously dispatched hms vulture rumors activity ordered hms hope locate vulture assist hope captured prize returned halifax sent accompany supply ship meantime vulture arrived windsor took marines lacking artillery rebels attempted storm fort night november attempting draw strength away weak points defenses experienced saw repulsed attack warriors fort nearly opened gate stopped moment following failed attack effectively lost control expedition council leaders formed night attacks ordered council november succeeded capturing burning buildings held ground invaders repulsed november vulture arrived retreat face arriving relief rebels increased guard intelligence size force opposing planned sortie early morning november major led men vulture contingent royal americans scattered men killing wounding cost dead wounded aftermath men chased bad weather lack adequate eventually caused pursuit forces scattered retreating overland massachusetts men took months reach homes farms rebel supporters burned british authorities took approach captured rebels including went attorney general nova scotia issued offer pardon surrender arms locals accepted prompted major file charges neglect duty victory fort cumberland strengthened british presence nova scotia driving patriot like province remained requiring people crown unrest continued remainder war battle large scale military threat occurred significant attempt occurred summer authorized congress actions nova_scotia small number forces raised effort british force end attempt appears involved work movements prior august uncertain commodore followed attacking intending break plans led defense battle august action fact unnecessary early august voted forces recruited expedition imminent threat posed army general upstate new_york poorly documented 19th century histories nova_scotia new_brunswick receiving minimal mention involvement local inhabitants natives english speakers siege generally understated unknown site preserved national historic site canada administered | Battle of Fort Cumberland | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3410_Grey'sraid | grey raid september british operations american revolutionary war major general raided massachusetts communities martha raid series executed british american coastal communities originally intended relief force british garrison briefly besieged newport rhode_island grey force arrived americans retreated diverted raiding general sir september grey raided encountering significant resistance troops destroyed shipping supplies met light resistance local militia damage militia resistance time organize sailed martha september residents surrendered head sheep island weapons background december british forces occupied newport rhode_island american forces new_england strong garrison supported royal_navy vessels newport base situation changed following entry france war french americans agreed embark joint operations british french sent fleet command provide troops naval support arrived new_york_city july finding port defended believing bar shallow largest ships cross sailed instead newport general prepared british garrison response threat newport general sir ordered men general prepare transport rhode_island admiral lord sailed new_york oppose sailed newport harbor august preparing battle howe fleets position storm arose scattered damaged fleets decided abandon newport sailed boston repairs general sullivan begun siege operations newport french assistance prompted clinton order grey force sail newport august clinton accompanied force slow progress contrary winds time arrived newport september americans defensive retreated island inconclusive august battle rhode_island grey troops newport clinton decided pursue objectives orders issued march included instructions raid coastal communities destroying facilities supplies acting idea ordered fleet sail connecticut potential raiding site finding ships bother landing clinton ordered grey proceed loss time eastward raid massachusetts mainland island martha early september grey fleet led royal_navy frigate captain sailed bay route encountered lord howe fleet earl agreed remain near raids completed arriving bay afternoon twice strike rocks fortunately incident fleet proceeded evening grey landed troops west bank river spent night morning destroying vessels warehouses extent river ships destroyed prizes captured operating towns caused fires lit destroyed homes houses worship bright seen newport miles away evening man artillery garrison manning small fort river today known fort phoenix fired british ships fort guns abandoned leaving colors flying british briefly returned fire destroyed fort guns grey troops marched head eastern banks camped day boats decided raided meantime militia beginning arrive defend major taking command elderly colonel reluctant pursue active defense british approached morning september fearing men village landing point setting fire nearby buildings british headed village point fearing men volley musket fire british retreated boats martha aide captain new_york request transports livestock grey set sail martha contrary winds slowed fleet progress reach harbor present day september bad winds grey abandoned idea raiding focused acquiring livestock martha citizens came british wanted grey demands wanted militia weapons public funds sheep threatened land troops seize items delivered days driven sheep fleet satisfied progress grey landed small contingents troops september accelerate process destroy vessels found area 14th received sheep local militia arms intended tax payment grey sailed martha september reached new_york_city days later glimpse grey raid martha provided section history martha september command transport eighty sails thousand british troops raid carrying sheep cattle found oppose wholesale power submitted silence times assisting drive away captured flocks hoping prevent greater waste outrage good idea period given diary colonel reads follows september 10th grey commanding detachment majesty army arrived martha waited agreed deliver sheep head cattle general informed payment resisted general required stock brought landing day complied september 11th day troops landed command col sterling informed grey directed assure stock paid came according conversation evening sterling informed person appointed stock agreed jointly agreed appoint proper persons business sworn duty request col sterling stock time coming landing taken board sheep head cattle september 14th col sterling informed inhabitants island message deliver people recommended meet field room doors accordingly met informed apply new_york payment stock received asked colonel best send man fleet time payment colonel replied chose recommended wait little time application september 15th fleet sailed new_york reader colonel traitor people grey command grey force power destroyed towns island half day resisted way diary september 12th 13th omitted days british troops island man sent new_york receive payment stock grey forgotten stopped martha colonel special trips london purpose time given hearing parliament little accomplished trips england aftermath grey report expedition lists man killed wounded sixteen missing reported defenders men killed took sixteen prisoners exchange missing raid followed led grey little egg harbor new_jersey october communities chesapeake_bay connecticut shore raiding expedition led general began decisive campaign virginia arnold led raid september new london connecticut far grew notorious severity houses shops ships size destroyed goods naval stores estimates damage ranged nearly coming damage ships goods residents martha petitioned compensation excess losses incurred raid general clinton successor sir payment claims fort mouth rebuilt named fort phoenix manned war listed national_register_of_historic_places | Grey's raid | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3422_BattleofPell'sPoint | battle point battle point october known skirmish fought british american troops new_york new_jersey campaign american revolutionary war conflict took place new_york_city october british forces landed order execute flanking maneuver trap george_washington commander chief american revolutionary forces main body continental_army island manhattan americans thwarted landing sir commander chief british forces north_america looked location troops october landed men miles north inland men brigade command american col positioned troops series stone walls attacked british advance units british overran position american troops fell reorganized wall attacks british broke americans retreated battle delayed british movements long washington main army white plains avoid surrounded manhattan losing british battle losing washington retreated new_jersey pennsylvania background victory battle long island late august commander chief british forces north_america sir landed troops eastern shore present day manhattan september george_washington army retreated plateau situated north end washington good defensive position rear guarded sides rocky heights hudson harlem rivers rocky heights south forces british day british attacked americans defeated little action month forces remained fortified positions unable decide americans believed howe attack fort washington attempt flank americans landing point council war decided guard possibilities washington kept men defend took troops defend given troops defend hudson_river near fort constitution days howe decided frontal attack chose instead attempt flanking maneuver october leaving brigades command lord hugh howe embarked main army vessels proceeded hell gate landed originally known known narrow spit land sits howe road running directly american forces howe hoped use road flank americans pin hudson_river cover fog advance force men command general landed dismay found peninsula island separated mainland creek marsh ways mainland causeway bridge lower end ford americans guarding col detachment men 1st positioned length causeway having removed wood bridge surprised british troops fell attempt cross ford guarded detachment americans guarding positions quickly reinforced defenders soon numbered men howe decided better retreat land camp remained days supplies reinforcements including soldiers command brought new_york midnight october howe embarked army decided land near town miles north hearing landing washington knew manhattan decision army believed safe october continental_army way white plains leaving men garrison fort washington battle dawn british began land shore clinton advance guard british light infantry landing inland opposing brigade men command atop hill noticed british ships sent officer major report washington second command ask orders lee orders absence orders chose attack turned brigade consisted 14th 13th 3rd 26th continental regiments left men 14th reserve closed half distance ran approximately ordered captain man company forward advance guard hold british check organized rest force prepared ambush placing main body positions stone walls lined leading interior instructed regiments hold position long fall position rear unit took fighting rode command advance guard advance guard british began engage sides taking casualties little british reinforced ordered retreat confusion british troops began advance retreating americans troops 13th stationed stone wall stood fired british yards away ambush worked column british troops took heavy losses fell main body invading army british waited half hour attacking time attacked attacked men seven cannon british bombarded american position stone wall infantry advanced cannon fire ineffective british yards away americans fired volley stopped british infantry british returned fire musket rifle fire ensued minutes british supported cannon point lead american regiment fell cover reserve regiment stationed stone wall opposite road british attacked position 3rd engagement ensued sides kept constant fire americans breaking british lines times british numbers began americans ordered withdrawal stone wall crest hill regiment line 26th engaged british reconnaissance party men sent stone wall british try flank american position party ran british continued advance fell stone wall americans wall fired volley gave order retreat americans retreated bridge stream retreat covered men 14th engaged artillery duel british howe camped hill opposite stream attempt cross stream aftermath day force retreated town american casualties killed wounded british casualties known howe official dispatch listed british casualties killed wounded report include casualties majority landing force reasonable expect majority casualties days knowledge collected british americans estimated british lost killed wounded likely colonel present battle estimated americans killed british historian says undoubtedly historian argues support baldwin estimates admission british regardless combined british casualties certainly larger americans british advance delayed main american army washington able safely evacuate harlem island manhattan howe slowly moved army october sent men attack americans resulting minor victory washington battle white plains american stronghold manhattan fell november defeats washington army retreated new_jersey pennsylvania paving way battles princeton | Battle of Pell's Point | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3470_CharlesTownexpedition | expedition charles town expedition september combined french spanish attempt captain capture capital queen anne war north american theater war spanish succession known organized funded primarily french launched havana cuba expedition reached early september stopping pick reinforcements brief encounter expedition ships separated rest fleet troops landed near charles town quickly driven militia called governor word fleet reached area improvised flotilla commanded colonel successfully captured arrived ships sailed away defeat background news start war spanish succession come southeastern north_america officials acted immediately failing december capture capital spanish florida launched series destructive raids spanish indian settlements northern florida french authorities small settlement mobile gulf coast alarmed developments allies spanish territory come attack idea combined franco spanish expedition arose governor florida discussed idea french naval captain means revenge raids concrete action came discussion founder mobile experienced previously wrought havoc english colonial settlements years war developed plan assaulting minimal french resources planned small french fleet join large spanish fleet havana descend capital known expedition paid holding english colonial communities hostage destroying late secured permission expedition king provided ships troops required bear cost expedition prelude small fleets headed lead expedition left france january totalling ships carrying french troops sailed west_indies additional troops recruited martinique successfully english held released squadron sailed havana attempted interest spanish authorities supporting expedition limited success raging epidemic yellow fever addition expedition troops spanish governor died disease july succumbed july died handed control expedition captain sailed havana ships carrying french soldiers command general spanish volunteers led fleet governor provided sixth ship infantry christian indians tribes french fleet sailed august passage sloop spotted gave chase consequently separated rest squadron sloop sent governor intercept spanish supply ships captain quickly returned word fleet movement countryside town suffering yellow fever epidemic rallied response governor johnson calling militia exact number militia mustered known non slave population estimated men served colonial militia anticipating landing attempted guarded southern approach harbor johnson posted militia command lieutenant colonel northern point fortified housed cannon range inadequate prevent ships entering harbor militia improvised small flotilla ships included fire ship attacks spanish fleet arrived harbor bar september date recorded contemporary english documents histories august differences julian calendar use english colonies modern calendar despite absence carried french force including campaign guns shells land commander general captain fleet crossed bar september delivered ultimatum day demanded ransom spanish threatening destroy paid governor johnson dismissed demand claiming town worth million cost blood let come september invaders landed separate forces large force numbering plundered plantations near charleston neck recalled governor johnson sent militia boats oppose second smaller force landed driven away threat opposition late night johnson received word party neck active sent lieutenant colonel men investigate arriving 10th apparently surprised invaders invaders fled brief skirmish captured invaders killed defenders september lieutenant colonel sailed colonial flotilla find invaders discover sailed day showed unaware captain distance landfall north turning general landed troops east captured colonial fleet men surrendered suffering killed brief battle english militia prisoners included indians sold slaves aftermath officials declared october day thanksgiving successful defense large number prisoners caused trouble sent virginia expecting transported england time prisoners arrived virginia annual merchant fleet sailed virginia authorities unhappy hold prisoners set free ship arrived response franco spanish expedition led indian raiding expeditions besieged pensacola remaining spanish outposts florida mobilized indian forces attack mobile efforts frustrated french diplomatic activities indian communities false rumors franco spanish expedition | Charles Town expedition | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3668_BattleofByczyna | battle battle german polish deciding battle war polish succession erupted rival candidates elected polish throne sides rough forces armies strong divided roughly half infantry half cavalry battle overwhelming victory polish swedish faction led swedish born king elect army rival throne austria taking place near town modern kilometres outside territory poland lithuania january supporters commanded chancellor great crown commanders notable participants included army polish austrian faction largely annihilated captured cause came abrupt end subsequently renounced claim polish throne background following death previous polish king swedish duke austria took election joint polish lithuanian throne candidates supporters polish lithuanian commonwealth opposing sides gathered chancellor great crown poland pro family rivalry family dated years past tensions elections ran high supported king wife elected king polish lithuanian commonwealth august recognized election disputed opponents chose respect election outcome rightful monarch days later august family called legitimate right rebel election ended chaos killed wounded family losing option knew losing likely pay severe price loss prestige possible death sentence treason present commonwealth time receiving news election poland arrived september approximately weeks departed arrived december crowned december attempted resolve dispute bringing military force poland starting war polish succession failed attempt late successfully defended retreated gather reinforcements pursued forces loyal wanted avoid large battle hoped reinforcements supplies apparent reinforced decided press attack received king royal permission cross borders attack divided army regiments able march quickly approximately kilometers day reformed army week near meantime january crossed border territory opposing forces comparable forces men half infantry forces consisted primarily hungarians artillery consisting heavy dozen lighter pieces forces numbered including cavalry infantry cannon polish supporters included cavalry command devil notable polish supporters battle poet overall forces held advantage infantry cavalry poles favored cavalry supreme mobility effective charging tactics meant infantry geared cavalry support battle night january army took positions east small town royal road leading poland felt secure camp border expect poles cross forces lines able position angle opponent line exact position unknown polish right flank moving quietly dense mist encircled left flank mist began clear realized force flanked retreat threatened ordered attack orders confused army hungarian regiment began retreat polish left wing command future dispersed opposing units battle saw infantry action commonwealth polish cavalry polish winged played major battle began cavalry champions soon followed polish cavalry charges left flank center result significant said commanded battle turning points eventually polish counterattack left flank hungarian cavalry forced army start giving ground bloody retreat quickly turned general rout army suffered heavy casualties entire battle lasted approximately hours took refuge poles took control artillery turned guns town polish forces began assault surrendered taken prisoner battle ended decisive victory polish swedish faction aftermath exact casualties unknown army suffered heavier losses estimated poles lost men captured enemy standard received knee wound life intervention papal envoy released spending thirteen months guest treaty signed march renounce polish crown holy roman emperor pledge alliances poland sweden town taken early conflict returned poland return vienna failed honor pledge renounce claim polish crown | Battle of Byczyna | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3708_Actionof24October1798 | action october action october minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought british_royal_navy frigate ships dutch ships intercepted north_sea hours leaving port nautical miles northwest british ship dutch vessels carrying large quantities military supplies french soldiers reinforcements french irish forces participating irish rebellion rebellion defeated month earlier word british victory reached european continent dutch force intended supplement larger french squadron sent earlier october french defeated battle island dutch suffered similar outcome ships defeated turn larger better armed british vessel captain discovered dutch ships early october separated nautical miles unable mutually support targeting smaller ship king able hour force surrender fight turning attention larger vessel rapidly overhauled opened heavy fire able reply half hour surrendered ships taken britain repaired commissioned royal_navy defeat ended effort continental nations land soldiers ireland action background following french revolution political organisation formed ireland named crossing social religious boundaries organisation embraced republican principles stated goal removing british government control ireland britain went war organisation declared illegal driven cover senior members going exile europe america men continued armed resistance british government persuaded launch large scale invasion ireland expedition disaster thousands french soldiers drowned single man successfully landed subsequently french controlled government persuaded attempt ireland october fleet intercepted defeated admiral battle arrest number leaders provoked widespread uprising ireland rebellion took british authorities surprise introduction regular british_army troops rapidly defeated irish armies resistance brought end september surrender small french force battle french authorities taken surprise uprising consequently unprepared forces deployed inadequate face larger british armies operating ireland time news defeat reach continent october second french invasion force set closely watched royal_navy soon left brest squadron defeated october battle island fewer french ships returned france dutch persuaded send reinforcements rebellion like french unprepared sudden uprising contributions ready october dutch ships ordered troops supplies gun frigate captain gun corvette captain assumed command expedition ships small poorly armed carried number french soldiers service ireland embarking addition ships carried stands arms large quantities military stores arm irish irregular forces expected meet battle departing night october dutch ships rapid progress nautical miles northwest sailing westwards english channel sight dutch ships british frigate new ship long tons rated guns actually carrying commanded captain participated campaign years earlier stationed watch dutch movements intercept ships smaller equal size entering leaving squadron outnumbered king ship british vessel larger faster dutch hampered position ships nautical miles apart far offer mutual support opponent king target smaller slower sail wind link ship king rapidly closed corvette avoiding contact larger came alongside fired gun prompting immediately surrender attempted come flagship aid resistance larger futile king boats containing prize crew removed prisoners placing decks prize secure king immediately set pursuit attempting flee west nearly disappeared horizon rest day pursuit continued unable escape faster british ship steadily gained afternoon range dutch frigate king fire heavy resisted responding cannon continuing attempts escape half hour engagement continued distance ships varying attempted manoeuvre king range british crew better gunners dutch french soldiers aboard little effect range ships great muskets effective result damage casualties mounted aboard barely touched shot striking man wounded approximately surrendered having lost dead wounded ship badly damaged king transferred prisoners placed prize crew returning base prizes aftermath capture dutch ships end final attempt continental nation land troops ireland french revolutionary wars napoleonic wars followed purchased royal_navy returned pre war corvette number guns aboard reduced frame deemed strong carry remained subsequently commanded ship line hms participating battle | Action of 24 October 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3886_AttackonGermanFlatts(1778) | attack german attack german september raid frontier settlement german new_york encompassed american revolutionary war attack mixed force overall command leader resulted destruction houses crops taking livestock raiders use settlers warned heroic run took refuge local forts militarily weak stop raiders attack series executed command loyalist leaders communities frontier western new_york northern pennsylvania new_york authorities responded ordering expedition destroyed forward operating bases territory background failure british general campaign hudson october american revolutionary war upstate new_york frontier war british leaders supported loyalist native american partisan fighters supplies armaments winter british allied indians developed plans attack frontier settlements new_york pennsylvania february established base operations present day windsor new_york recruited mix loyalists estimated number time began campaign late objectives acquire provisions forces planning operations valley expedition raid raided frontier communities summer raided settlements springfield present day july left survivors warnings german soon attacked settlement german known survey error reversed names german south bank founded immigrants district defended local militia regiment command colonel main forts prelude planned raiding german sooner september absence delayed plans butler returned fort attack communities july sending captain recruit men unit known early september clear butler returning area launched expedition men exact composition force left unclear sources generally agree principally force loyalists ranger company company volunteers numbered warnings received earlier planning attack colonel sending scouts direction gather intelligence september company overwhelmed scouting party killing scattering rest survivors ran miles ahead advancing force warn german colonel sounded arms regiment sent urgent request colonel assistance regiment settlers took refuge forts raid men arrived german long warning evening september began attack morning settlers taken refuge forts significant opportunity raiders prisoners demonstrated forts lacked heavy weapons properly assault instead communities sides destroying homes similar number mills saw mill drove large number horses cattle sheep killing buildings left standing forts barn church homes minister loyalists people homeless destruction warning americans killed captain wrote men probability killed inhabitants german coming scouts getting warning approach got forts aftermath regiment arrive raiders left militia pursued raiders unable catch friendly capitalized absence raid town freeing prisoners taken route german americans launched raids early october destroyed son walter organized expedition scene massacre november action butler contributed decision authorize major continental_army expedition territory commanded generals expedition systematically destroyed villages tribes fighting british little stop frontier war german area particular subject repeated raids novel drums recounts story run gives overview german settlements river adapted film directed released | Attack on German Flatts (1778) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3928_SiegeofPensacola(1707) | siege pensacola siege pensacola separate attempts english supported creek indians capture town fortress pensacola major settlements spanish florida attacks north american theater war spanish succession resulted burning town caused indian population flee fort repeated attacks siege august resulted destruction town fort san successfully resisted onslaught late november second expedition arrived unsuccessful attacks consecutive nights withdrawing pensacola governor garrison depleted disease recruited convicted criminals assist fort defense background english spanish colonization efforts southeastern north_america began coming conflict early middle 17th century spanish population florida time fairly small founding 16th century spanish set network missions primary purpose local indian population convert roman catholicism founding english charles town present day charleston south_carolina recently established province heightened tensions early 18th century traders like established alliances creek indians upper rivers draining gulf_of_mexico supplied arms purchased slaves animal traders penetrated spanish florida leading raiding expeditions sides governor threatened spanish english claims pensacola established spanish enforced french founder mobile january warned spanish commander pensacola properly arm indians engage vigorous defense english incursions spanish territory offered equipment supplies purpose attempt expedition creek resulted rout spanish allies october shortly news war bringing england war spanish succession arrived failed english assault spanish mission towns severely reduced numerous raids led indians spanish mission network french organized expedition failure motivated authorities target spanish pensacola french mobile proposed major expedition attack intending recruit indians capture mobile political divisions prevented execution plan siege pensacola command don exact size garrison known authorized strength garrison rarely reached strength owing difficulty recruiting soldiers viewed highly undesirable posting fairly high rate reported garrison numbered having reduced events garrison housed fort san austria wooden fort built extant records describe composition forces attacked pensacola august south_carolina traders siege began august arrival band indians began indians living town outside fort took prisoners including women children began burning houses governor fired fort cannons scattering attackers captives managed escape fort confusion days later men sent fort laundry disappeared august estimated indians appeared fort engaged battle lasting hours day attack resumed town activity 18th english flag raised house near fort prompted open fire fort beginning battle dark day attackers burned rest town men work prevent fort burning marked end active assaults fort area range fort guns unsafe month number people disappeared ventured far vicinity second siege second siege began arrival november contingent traders creeks primarily day englishman unidentified spanish reports possibly brought demand surrender written english read sent away demand eventually transmitted rejected demand garrison depleted disease began attack fort midnight lasted point delivered final surrender demand refused order supplement forces successfully recruited held fort participate defense offering freedom money service nights renewed attacks fort significant effect night november leading creek chiefs killed apparently broke morale siege lifted following morning attackers reported suffered significant casualties word attacking force reached french mobile november governor raised force indians reached pensacola december learn siege lifted week earlier aftermath attacks major assaults pensacola war continued minor skirmishes indians fled returned reducing pensacola little garrison governor learned escaped english hands mobile targeted attack improved mobile defenses outpost attacked village attacked french force mobile captured pensacola spanish war quadruple alliance returned spain war location fort san austria occupied construction began late 18th century | Siege of Pensacola (1707) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
3955_SiegeofFortStanwix | siege fort siege fort known time began august ended august western primary defense point continental_army british indian forces aligned american revolutionary war fort occupied continental_army forces new_york massachusetts command colonel besieging force composed british regulars soldiers indians command british brigadier general leader expedition diversion support general campaign gain control east attempt relief thwarted early siege force new_york militia stopped august battle detachment forces battle involve fort garrison occupants sortied raided nearly indian loyalist camps blow morale indian support killed siege finally broken american reinforcements command neared arnold ruse assistance relative convince larger force arriving combined departure indian fighters interested siege warfare upset losses raids led abandon effort retreat failure advance albany contributed surrender following october reached late september late aid official flag flown battle august fort adopted following resolution june resolved flag united_states thirteen stripes alternate red white union thirteen stars white blue field representing new delay displaying flag resolution signed secretary congress september previously printed newspapers massachusetts reinforcements brought news adoption congress official flag soldiers cut shirts white stripes scarlet material secured red officers wives material blue union secured blue cloth coat shows congress paid coat flag background occupied strategic western known site modern rome new_york flowed southeast hudson_river waters ultimately led built british french indian war dry ground area fort fallen disrepair american revolutionary war widened include frontier areas new_york site strategically important british colonial secretary lord general developed plan gaining control hudson_river valley included expedition king george described diversion march issued orders assigning expedition lieutenant colonel experienced frontier fighter served french indian war forces assemble april continental_army major general ordered 3rd command colonel occupy fort defense british native incursions quebec arriving immediately began working fort defenses officially renamed fort widely known original warnings friendly british planning expedition confirmed mid july pace work early july reported state affairs noting provisions ammunition short supply ordered additional supplies sent fort july brigadier general expedition assembled diverse force consisting british regulars 8th 34th regiments number loyalists king royal regiment new_york company laborers artillery consisted pound pieces pounders small mortars expected adequate taking dilapidated fort defenders latest intelligence expedition left near montreal june learned americans occupied force prisoners captured garrison brought learned prisoners fort repaired garrisoned upwards men rebels expecting acquainted strength route indian agent accompanying expedition convinced body indians recruited arrived new_york july indians joined expedition consisted mainly warriors tribes claimed neutrality indians area leaving report reached supplies route fort immediately dispatched indians regulars intercept supplies begin besieging fort arrival fort august late supply convoy guarded men 9th massachusetts regiment arrived men able capture convoy boat captain massachusetts men remained fort main force arrived day artillery arrive days siege begins tried fort occupants troops including indians war dress fort failed sent truce flag bearing proclamation authored refused respond began siege operations regulars artillery low rise north fort indians loyalists south picket line indian artillery held tactic slow army fall men systematically trees wooded track expedition came needed clear track way artillery work occupied white men actual fort dominated indians august received word sister american relief column marching valley received news movements july set raising additional troops august men mustered fort near modern new_york committee chairman late day column arrived miles learning approach sent johnson small number regulars rangers indians oppose advance set ambush bloody confrontation near sides suffered significant casualties including suffered wound leg americans drove detachment eventually died wounds forced retreat large number casualties confrontation came cost besieged men took advantage absence sizable force sortie second command led men looted nearly indian camps wagon loads including orderly book plans expedition letter british intercepted fiancée tale party recovering actual materials probably likely dates memoir written late life contemporaneous accounts sortie including earlier journals mention need wagons british force returned arrived camp stripped including personal belongings blankets indians slept combined fact battle cost indian lives greatly upset indians told white men far fought relatively little fighting breach trust damaged relations indians instrumental eventual failure siege took advantage victory deliver demand fort surrender rejected day sent surrender demand included false news albany threats indians permitted massacre garrison destroy valley communities garrison drawn refusal lieutenant colonel responded uniform british officers let tell message brought british officer send means british officer carry taking advantage brief truce sent officer august situation making way territory british lines continued valley eventually meeting relief column command major general siege relief received early reports action august dispatched relieve besieged fort day august reach held war council decide deal combined threats large army reached hudson_river amid concerns withdrawal general repeated council decided near send relief column opposition council insisted relief expedition arnold offered lead addition actions based new_york august dispatched regiments 1st canadian 2nd new_york guard duty valley units route siege lifted turned august arnold continental_army regulars arrived fort attempt force arnold tried interest men attempt raised men decided wait hoping friendly convinced join effort request men fulfilled news reached siege reached critical stage action necessary learned guns largely ineffective fort walls long range began operations establish positions closer fort reported siege trenches reached striking distance fort uncomfortable number troops available arnold opted deception trouble british camp fort number loyalists arrested including member king royal regiment new_york grew indians attacking fort spread rumors large numbers americans command dark eagle descend camp good conduct assured holding hostage brother arnold met success recorded august arnold advancing rapid forced marches men arnold fort day held council indians abandoned camp council remaining indians unhappy siege warfare loss equipment threatened leave lift siege august broke camp began trek leaving sizable equipment number men party deserted captured fort garrison including aftermath arnold force augmented arrival friendly indians advanced miles fort august messenger notified departure pushing reached fort evening early day arnold detached men pursue column harassed supportive indian allies advance party reached shores heavy rain boats departing leaving garrison fort smaller outposts arnold men rejoin main army learned indian messenger true state arnold force august wrote intended join traveling reached september late assist blamed failure campaign failure penetrate valley lack sufficient loyalist support believed placed loyalist uprising upstate new_york diverted american resources advance succeeded hopeful arrival sufficient assist retreat surrounded time arrived surrendered second analysis surrender noted failure general support possible washington divert resources area new_york_city assist relief fort saw little action siege dangerous unpopular posting regular harassment loyalists hostile indians spring continental_army fort staging ground destruction garrison blockaded days large force indians led finally spring flood fire likely arson destroyed fort americans evacuated post legacy fort eventually destroyed 19th century site designated site designated added national_register_of_historic_places fort reconstructed 1970s national_park_service | Siege of Fort Stanwix | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4117_ChildersIncident | incident incident january marked opening shots british french forces french revolutionary wars phase year long war countries following french revolution diplomatic relations steadily deteriorated france political social turmoil strongest republican activity principal atlantic naval base french_navy brest brittany scene significant mutiny january small british warship gun brig commander ordered enter state readiness french fleet entered vessel came fire french batteries flying clearly identified brig neutral british vessel fire continued able withdraw struck crew wounded incident minimal damage casualties marked symbolic moment deterioration relations britain france approach war broke february background following french revolution relations newly declared european neighbours sharply deteriorated april declaration jointly issued austria prussia stating support king louis february austria prussia formally allied responded april declaring war austria conflict known war coalition began land france principal european remained neutral arrest french king august expansion war brought start naval war mediterranean_sea britain remained neutral stages war violence french revolution britain prime minister younger unwilling war alongside eastern_europe royal_navy extensive preparations war occur starting spanish armament poor condition principal fleet base brest brittany scene significant mutiny rates french naval officers running despite strong republican politics command difficulties fleet strong having expanded improved tax rises pay french_navy causes original revolution incident strength fleet major cause concern british admiralty late orders issued small british brig gun hms commander enter investigate state readiness french fleet january approaching entrance overcast skies light unreliable breeze entrance brest harbour narrow known lies north shore des peninsula south importance entrance brest shores heavily fortified entered forts covering entrance southern shore fired shot distance nautical miles passed brig sea assuming warning shot fired belief brig flying flag enemy vessel ordered british naval ensign pennant channel_fleet run clearly identified neutral british warship allowed drift closer tide french battery responded raising flags red copied batteries covering having drifted closer batteries suddenly came heavy fire batteries containing large pounder cannon fire wind calm sailing ran try pull brig away french batteries size vessel difficult target soon able advantage fresh breeze withdraw single shot struck brig smashing pounder cannon deck breaking pieces crew wounded strike aftermath having successfully withdrawn danger returned britain january battling strong gale channel small port took express coach directly admiralty london arriving january carrying evidence incident british historian called strong spirit hostility new republic writing noted french hostility occasion justified commenting troubled state europe captain business brest gunshot forts seen french vessel war running making observations suspect crisis taken liberty bring action january french ambassador expelled response execution paris january february declared war great_britain naval campaign atlantic began earnest march french battle squadron briefly sea mutiny forced return war britain france begun january month break | Childers Incident | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4316_Actionof22August1795 | action august action august minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars squadron british_royal_navy frigates frigates cutter navy engagement fought norwegian coastal island opposing forces engaged protecting respective countries trade routes baltic_sea war britain began spring admiralty ordered british warships intercept shipping following conquest january british squadron frigates command captain patrolling entrance august sails spotted norwegian coast north closing investigate ships discovered squadron frigates small cutter face larger british squadron force turned away sailing southeast norwegian coast british approaching south effort cut neutral danish shore leading british ship hms caught engaged ship remainder british squadron continued pursuit squadron hour held powerful eventually compelled surrender remainder squadron escaped fierce rearguard action frigate reaching safety danish harbour background winter armies overran reforming country client state named formed war coalition start french revolutionary wars closest ally great_britain britain admiralty alarmed developments netherlands particularly seizure french cavalry units fleet frozen winter harbour gave orders royal_navy dutch merchant naval ships result great_britain began war spring response threat fleet posed admiralty established new british fleet oppose admiralty named force command admiral fleet based consisted mainly older weaker second line vessels duncan provided number frigates essential securing safe movement baltic trade britain vital naval stores obtained scandinavia trade routes baltic_sea north_sea vital maintenance royal_navy navy squadron sailed downs august instructions cruise mouth consisted ships gun captain gun hms captain gun hms isis captain gun captain scandinavian trade routes equally important protect merchant shipping attack british frigates authorities sent frigate squadron region consisting gun frigates gun cutter afternoon august force sailing southeast coast norway port land british squadron spotted approaching south battle ships heavily outnumbered approaching british squadron sail coastline intention neutral danish harbour referred british sources sighting ships north ordered squadron chase soon fastest british ship use favourable wind pull ahead succeeded cutting vessel companions guns stronger ship gun main battery pounder cannon compared pounder guns coupled presence nearby rest british squadron meant words naval historian chance success despite odds captain engaged laying ship alongside frigates exchanging hour captain situation hopeless ship outnumbered battered surrendered fought duel action continued remaining ships making progress eastwards norwegian coastline british squadron attempting cut channel norwegian mainland ships shelter protected danish neutrality rapidly pursuit slower came heavy distant fire reunion isis kind subsequently found hit thirty times pounder shot sails rigging torn away requiring extensive repairs eventually persistence paid successfully escaped neutral harbour intercept aftermath sent captured britain command lieutenant gave despatches admiralty lieutenant reunion deliver remained sea squadron completing assigned patrol british casualties included killed wounded killed wounded reunion wounded isis escaped damage casualties casualties engagement known failure record losses report admiralty omission james known lost men killed wounded chase surviving ships remained anchor channel spring successfully returned netherlands subsequently taken purchased royal_navy frigate prize money distributed crews british ships shared equally sailors isis shared equivalent ensuing months years duncan fleet largely successful protecting north_sea trade routes raiders ports inflicted crushing defeat fleet battle | Action of 22 August 1795 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4343_BattleofWhiteMarsh | battle white marsh battle white marsh battle philadelphia campaign american revolutionary war fought december area surrounding pennsylvania battle took form series skirmish actions major engagement british american forces george_washington commander chief american revolutionary forces spent weeks defeat battle continental_army locations north british occupied philadelphia early november americans established entrenched position approximately miles north philadelphia primarily situated hills pike washington monitored british troop movements philadelphia evaluated options december sir commander chief british forces north_america led sizable contingent troops philadelphia attempt destroy washington continental_army onset winter series skirmishes howe called attack returned philadelphia engaging washington decisive conflict british philadelphia washington able march troops winter quarters background movement battle october defeat battle washington army retreated pike mill creek remained october marched east turned left present day old foot road marched camped property near brig died wounds incurred buried meeting cemetery washington remained week gathering supplies waiting howe october washington moved forces learning howe withdrawal philadelphia washington moved army miles closer philadelphia october october washington army numbered militia terms soldiers maryland virginia ranks reinforced washington dispatched brigade assist defense november recommendation council war washington marched forces white marsh approximately miles northwest philadelphia white marsh army began build defensive works surrender british washington began drawing troops north including men rhode_island brigade men pennsylvania maryland virginia units gates sent col rifle corps brigades additional forces pending onset winter washington face problem supplying army quarter troops blankets warm clothing washington desperate offered reward person supply best substitute shoes raw hides morale low common washington offered pardon october returned january washington loss philadelphia inactivity brought criticism congress pressured attack city called council war november voted attack nonetheless washington rode day view british defenses turned stronger expected october howe withdrew british forces focused defense philadelphia british military engineer supervised building series fourteen formidable began upper ferry extended eastward shores north philadelphia howe took advantage time philadelphia raise additional forces loyalist population region newly promoted reinforced unit lost quarter men battle son notable loyalist raised 1st lieutenant colonel loyalist raised 1st given command recruitment took place city irish catholic population formation counties immediately surrounding philadelphia mid november fall effectively ended american control needed supplies began arriving city docks additional british soldiers weeks major armies sitting miles conflict ensued man land white marsh minor skirmishes light troops increased intensity november daily losses incurred british americans retaliation november howe ordered troops set fire large country houses area including mansion country estate previously belonged houses burned ground residents philadelphia climbed church watch spectacle day earlier crowds gathered watch burning commodore delaware morning burned earthquake struck philadelphia felt far away lancaster november aurora lit night skies events caused stir residents philadelphia troops british american alike took ominous sign things come early december howe decided despite having written colonial secretary lord requesting relieved command position attempt destroy washington army onset winter began preparations attack american forces washington intelligence network philadelphia led aware british plans surprise americans according historically story howe movements revealed americans woman named british officers house discussing howe plan crossed british lines deliver information col continental_army rising sun tavern northern liberties located present day intersection avenue attempting secure provisions immediately relayed information washington continental_army ready howe force approximately men marched philadelphia prior midnight december advance column led lord headed second column led marched american left day battle midnight december vanguard consisted british light infantry battalions american cavalry patrol command near mile run road sent messenger washington british movements main body british troops marched american alarm cannons sounded positions manned british halted south american defenses waited night washington ordered troops build additional british looked thousand men day merely trick wrote expecting confrontation washington took precaution striking tents sunrise sent heavy baggage north dispatched troops find size intent british column brig pennsylvania militia took men marched chestnut hill brig brigade pennsylvania militia 2nd connecticut regiment men moved screen right noon detachment encountered british light infantry north pennsylvania militia got volley soon routed british attempting rally fleeing troops fingers shot taken prisoner fell horse potter brigade immediately fled despite orders advance skirmish british light infantry 2nd connecticut brief stand killing wounding including sir british col decided push advantage scattering troops pushed north captured located howe arrived short later ascended church bell tower attempt view american positions deciding american defenses strong attack present force opted shell defenses artillery fire guns range hit washington defenses forces camped night planned new way attack following day second days battle armies spent december watching howe hoped washington leave positions attack british washington preferring instead let british maneuvering day end howe decided flanking movement americans left forces create distraction attacking american center december howe marched british_army remained noon british movements concealed ridge washington aware howe maneuvering immediately moved col maryland militia eastward cover left flank mile right detachment brig brigade pennsylvania militia 2nd col proceeded road edge hill movement british rear guard including hindered burning villages troops column howe right situated near main force moved edge hill ridge ran parallel mile american lines grey column broken main column proceeded american center grey instructed attack heard sound firing howe column hours decided proceed formed column divisions left road light infantry guards right headed direction tavern road grey advanced american center troops took fire american militia edge hill militia quickly routed thirty killed taken prisoners horse near country estate attempted rally potter fleeing pennsylvania militia col officer charge 2nd connecticut resented reed assumption command later complained washington officers men confusion rendered impossible necessary going action british soon surrounded outnumbered pennsylvania militia panicked fled 2nd connecticut stand firing rounds man gave order retreat yards position point reed separated militia reed horse shot body charged officers rode ordered charge scattered took officers safety pennsylvania militia fled panic edge hill main american camp right men 2nd connecticut retreat pursued yards fell took position edge hill grey troops howe main column morgan maryland militia taken position edge hill mile east grey troops higher ridge small group americans moved attack col quickly repulsed british lord stationed light infantry noted 4th 23rd regiments engaged americans men killed wounded british reported american killed main body morgan troops engaged howe main column dense woods fought indian style tree tree maryland militia attacked unusual british officers encountering militia flee sign battle later express admiration skill morgan men morgan troops reinforced forced retreat main camp sent 33rd regiment foot british withdrawal morning december british generals engineers studied american positions looking advantage exploit american defenses british americans howe decided withdraw return philadelphia despite successful major skirmishes previous days maneuvering gotten far american flank hoped troops provisions running low nights getting colder troops left gear philadelphia says howe decided washington defenses strong warrant risk general assault british began withdrawal lighting numerous tactic similar washington days prior conceal movements american reconnaissance party led discovered howe marching philadelphia communicated information washington morgan troops harassed enemy rear particular grey column hindered weight artillery transporting contingent formed oppose morgan troops retreated british arrived philadelphia later day casualties american official casualty return december known exist information sources december says general force took casualties loyalist officer british_army wrote captured men december says americans lost killed wounded captured figure prisoners taken confirmed journal december colonel stated loss morgan killed wounded american wrote morgan killed wounded major morris brave officer reference major 1st figure evidently force morgan command figure confirms seven killed wounded major morris badly wounded lost wounded december says lost killed wounded prisoners sources aggregate american loss december appear killed wounded captured 5th killed wounded captured 6th killed wounded 7th killed wounded captured 8th gives killed wounded captured total loss men lord wrote diary number killed wounded officer killed figure agrees approximately howe official casualty return different skirmishes 4th 8th december gives killed wounded missing gives total british loss including suggest men deserted aftermath washington frustrated able confront howe decisive action wrote report president congress wish attack issue probability disposition troops strong situation camp fortunate happy time add reason principle policy forbade post attack success justified measure expected position december continental_army left took soldiers days mile journey following april howe resigned post returned britain replaced sir following france entry war british evacuated philadelphia overland following spring route new_york_city attacked washington remains american visible near stone chimneys soldier makeshift late battle alluded journal author later views remains nearby camp fort encompasses portion area occupied american forces established early 1920s philadelphia today managed park fort hill marks spot temporary fort stood western end american position armstrong held positions park militia hill nearby washington headquarters november december remains standing despite destructive modernization | Battle of White Marsh | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4519_CherryValleymassacre | massacre massacre attack british forces fort village eastern new_york november american revolutionary war described horrific frontier war mixed force loyalists british soldiers descended defenders despite warnings unprepared attack raid particular targeted non combatants reports state individuals slain addition number armed defenders raiders overall command exercised little authority indians expedition describes butler command expedition incompetent angered accusations committed atrocities battle wyoming colonists recent destruction forward bases operation butler authority indians undermined poor treatment leader butler repeatedly maintained accusations permitted atrocities place powerless campaigns achieved reputation brutality present wyoming thought actively sought minimize atrocities took place massacre contributed calls leading drove western new_york background failure british general campaign hudson october american revolutionary war upstate new_york frontier war valley especially targeted fertile soil large supply crops farmers supplying patriot troops british leaders supported loyalist native american partisan fighters supplies armaments winter british allied indians developed plans attack frontier settlements new_york pennsylvania february established base operations present day windsor new_york recruited mix loyalists estimated number time began campaign objectives acquire provisions forces planning operations valley began campaign late raid raided frontier communities summer local militia continental_army units defending area ineffective raiders typically escaped scene raid defenders arrived force attacked german september americans organized expedition destroyed villages early october active valley butler descended large mixed force raided northern pennsylvania early july action complicated affairs butler force accused number patriot militia violated parole long afterward participating expedition propaganda associated accusations particular angered destruction attack present fueled opponents view particularly brutal opponent joined forces captain son leading companies commanded attack major settlement butler forces included probably led british_army soldiers 8th regiment foot force moved butler recruitment loyalists butler unhappy successes sphere threatened provisions loyalist volunteers ninety ended leaving expedition verge indian supporters convinced stay dispute sit indian forces undermined butler authority massacre fort constructed raid surrounded village meeting house garrisoned soldiers 7th massachusetts regiment continental_army commanded colonel command staff alerted november spies butler force moving failed elementary precautions continuing occupy headquarters house named wells yards fort butler force arrived near late november established cold camp avoid detection reconnaissance town identified weaknesses arrangements raiders decided send force headquarters fort butler extracted promises indians party harm council held night attack began early morning november indians surprise firing settlers cutting wood nearby escaped raising alarm little beard led surround wells house main body surrounded fort attackers killed sixteen officers troops quarters guards including cut running wells house fort accounts reach gates stop try shoot wet pistol repeatedly killed thrown hitting forehead col second command wells house taken prisoner son benjamin cousin ran hail bullets reach fort house brother law day killed attacking wells house eventually gained entry leading hand hand combat inside killing soldiers stationed slaughtered entire wells household raiders attack fort unsuccessful lacking heavy weapons unable significant impressions walls fort guarded loyalists indians rest settlement single house left standing seeking revenge reported slaughtered encountered butler attempted actions unsuccessful particular dismayed learn number families known counted friends borne including wells campbell clyde families colonel regiment described attack journal immediately came indians nations command col butler attacked headquarters killed col took col prisoner attacked fort hours retreated success taking fort identified fatalities massacre colonel thirteen soldiers thirty civilian inhabitants slain soldiers wells house accounts surrounding capture col report killed intervened saved life col prisoner col killed said appeal spared aftermath morning butler sent rangers village complete destruction raiders took captives women children butler managed released rest distributed captors villages exchanged col taken fort prisoner british chief action wrote american officer burned houses makes brothers indians destroyed men women children declared falsely accused fight enemy twice indication refuse quarter future butler reported notwithstanding precaution save prevent falling unhappy victims fury spent time guarding fort raid quebec governor upset butler inability control forces refused writing vengeance taken cruel enemy engaged useless contrary king cause fighting butler continued insist later writings fault events day violent frontier war brought calls continental_army action accusations murder non combatants wyoming helped way launch commissioned commander chief major general george_washington led major general expedition destroyed villages central western new_york drove women children refugee camps fort failed stop frontier war continued renewed severity legacy monument dedicated august centennial anniversary massacre new_york governor delivered dedication address monument audience persons saying today reverence dead patriots offer respects heartfelt gratitude living descendants persons early settlements erected memorial stone hoped example copied report commemorative exercises like acts pious duty let son soil uncover monument unveiled reverence patriotism strong grand faith trials blood innocent children wives sisters mothers brave men shed vain let world years added value noble sacrifice shall leave sacred spot better men women higher purpose life animated entered domain dead years massacre home village massachusetts celebrated annual old home day holiday honoring escape | Cherry Valley massacre | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4616_BattleonSnowshoes | battle battle occurred march french indian war fought members british ranger companies led french troops indians allied france battle took place near northern new_york frontier area british province new_york french province canada battle given british combatants wearing rogers led band rangers regulars scout french positions french commander fort alerted movement sent force consisting indians meet fierce fighting british troop casualties french believed rogers killed action forced abandon regimental jacket contained commission papers escape scene battle gave rise tale rogers escaped capture sliding feet frozen surface rock known rogers slide background french indian war broke british french colonists territorial disputes colonial escalated following year include regular troops french enjoyed successes frontier battles british notable failure occurred british stopped southward advance battle lake george bases fort located crown point new_york known british french indian allies continued scout probe british defenses upper hudson_river british fewer indian allies resorted companies rangers scouting reconnaissance activities ranger companies organized directed eventually known prelude captain rogers sent reconnaissance mission northwards fort march lieutenant colonel fort commander originally planned men taking reduced number reason believe french knew expedition french captured man earlier expedition israel connecticut rangers suspected informed captors british plans reconnaissance revealed estimated indians near fort expedition composed men rogers ranger companies included volunteer soldiers 27th regiment march wore marched snow feet deep left steep mountain separating right stopped hour break advance guard spotted rogers reported ninety chiefly indians march captain french commander fort heard rumors indians british nearing sent ensign company indians canadians response reports found day indian scouts reported found tracks enemy party noon march led men mixed company indians canadians fort followed shortly indians french groups joined forces company yards ahead spotted rogers men battle rogers men immediately set ambush men came range british opened fire killing indians according rogers force broke retreated disarray rogers half men gave chase critically muskets stopped collect men alerted gunfire set ambush rogers men arrived attack force killed wounded estimated men rangers fought considering outnumbered numbers falling quickly successful attempts prevent flanked hour half heavy fighting numbers significantly reduced remnants british force tried escape battle rogers men away group men surrendered killed discovered pocket men aftermath rogers company returned march rogers originally reported french killed actually survived report stemmed manner rogers escape discarded belongings including regimental coat contained military commission episode gave rise local legend rogers escaped battle sliding feet hill frozen surface proof event supposedly went quickly known rogers slide reports casualties numbers forces involved differed battle rogers report event estimated french indian force casualties accounts battle doubted variety commentators inconsistent accounts letter written held captivity restored reputation french advantage following second ambush rogers went rebuild companies serve july | Battle on Snowshoes | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4842_BattleofCamperdown | battle known dutch major naval action fought october royal_navy fleet admiral fleet vice admiral jan winter battle significant action british dutch forces french revolutionary wars resulted complete victory british captured dutch ships losing overrun army reorganised french client state early suffered heavy losses disastrous winter campaign dutch fleet ordered reinforce french brest rendezvous occurred continental allies failed british channel forces north_sea fleets spring september dutch fleet blockaded harbour british north_sea fleet duncan start october duncan forced return supplies opportunity conduct brief raid north_sea dutch fleet returned dutch coast october duncan waiting intercepted coastal village attacking dutch line battle loose groups duncan ships broke rear van subsequently engaged dutch frigates lined battle split south numerous british overwhelmed dutch rear north evenly matched exchange centred battling dutch fleet attempted reach shallower waters effort escape british attack british division joined combat eventually forced surrender dutch flagship ships loss flagship prompted surviving dutch ships disperse retreat duncan recalling british ships prizes journey route fleet struck series prizes wrecked recaptured remainder reached britain casualties fleets heavy dutch followed british practice firing hulls enemy ships masts rigging caused higher losses british crews normally experienced continental navies dutch fleet broken independent fighting force losing ships men british forces confronted years later incident dutch sailors confronted superior british fire power face pro insurrection abandoned ships surrendered background winter forces overran neighbouring french revolutionary wars french reorganised country client state named joined france allies war coalition important dutch assets french gained control captured frozen harbour french cavalry advancing ice dutch fleet provided substantial reinforcement french forces northern european waters principally based brest atlantic_ocean main opponent royal_navy channel_fleet location main anchorage dutch fleet waters prompted reorganisation distribution british warships northern european waters new focus importance north_sea navy suffering severe shortages men equipment theatres war deemed important small old poorly maintained ships activated reserve based principally port command admiral year old duncan veteran wars war austrian succession seven years war american revolutionary war fought numerous engagements distinction success standing noted physical strength size contemporary described gigantic french_navy suffered series sided defeats opening years war suffering heavy losses glorious june grand following january late prompting representatives society dedicated ending british rule launched large scale attempt invade ireland known ended disaster ships lost thousands men drowned fierce winter ambitions frustrated representatives led turned new state support promised assistance coming year united french dutch fleet plan formulated merge french dutch fleets attack ireland summer tone joined staff vice admiral jan winter flagship dutch troops equipped preparation operation fleet waiting best moment advantage easterly winds sweep past british blockade english channel mutiny royal_navy early years war successful commitment global conflict creating severe strain available equipment men financial resources navy expanded ships start conflict personnel increased men achievement possible result service abducted criminals unwilling compulsory service sea wages increased usually months late rations terrible shore leave forbidden discipline harsh tensions fleet gradually rising start war february anonymous sailors channel_fleet sent letters commander lord howe support improving conditions list deliberately ignored instructions lord admiralty lord april sailors responded mutiny largely peaceful strike action led delegation seamen ship tasked negotiating authorities enforcing discipline month fleet remained stalemate lord howe able negotiate series improvements conditions enabled return regular service mutiny achieved aims increasing pay removing unpopular officers improving conditions men serving channel_fleet ultimately navy continued duncan retained order sheer force personality men flagship rigging cheers signal revolt begin duncan initially threatened run sword subordinates instead assembled officers aboard ship advanced men rigging demanding know fierce tone men fell silent returned quarters personally quarterdeck issuing general pardon dismissing duty following week assembled men demanded know follow orders response crew nominated spokesman apologised actions saying honour pardon hearts gratitude tears eyes offense given commanders proved father week later similar outbreak mutiny affected fourth rate ship captain duncan acted decisively coming aboard adamant crew rebelled demanding know man disputed authority sailor stepped forward duncan seized shirt ship arm crying look fellow command fleet mutiny instantly mutiny despite initial success duncan unable retain control face widespread revolt ships based known mutiny led sailor named quickly organised significant threat water traffic thames estuary duncan informed fleet ordered attack reluctant responded shrink business got better rumours plan reached fleet crew expressed plan reaffirmed promise loyalty admiral circumstances news arrived dutch fleet preparing sail duncan fleet ordered lord blockade dutch coast duncan issued orders fleet weigh anchor men ship ship officers joined left adamant contain entire dutch fleet duncan later wrote deserted fleet face enemy disgrace believe happened british admiral supposed possible aware escape dutch fleet north_sea vulnerable time disastrous britain duncan maintained position days wind ideal dutch foray disguised vessels different ships day ordered frigate hms signals fictitious british fleet horizon subsequently joined additional ships fourth day conditions perfect dutch anchored squadron channel gave orders fight ships sank blocking channel speech men announced flag continue fly water ship company disappeared expected attack came dutch army joined fleet prepared duncan misleading signals successfully convinced large british fleet waited horizon winds subsequently changed direction june ships joined duncan squadron channel_fleet june russian squadron arrived duncan sea mutiny fallen apart blockade government forces cut food supplies public support decidedly mutiny parker issued threats ships control handed french government fighting subsequently broke radical leaders moderate majority seamen ships gradually deserted parker returned june ships flew red flag eventually rebellious ship parker surrendered june cruise middle august weeks constant easterly winds kept ships trapped harbour decided attempt join french brest stage invasion ireland impractical abandoned plan decision strength duncan fleet increased ships line addition vessels returned duncan men better trained experienced dutch counterparts having spent considerably longer sea having taught fire rounds minute dutch addition concerns proficiency men worried loyalty dominion france country enforced participation distant theatres warfare unpopular dutch people republican fought netherlands support remained strong dutch population fleet sailors tone wrote frustration destiny europe changed great occasion lost news decision reached admiralty recalled duncan blockade fleet refit october admiral insisting sending ships dutch coast days later captain hms russell accompanied small ships martin hired armed cutter arrival october coincided delayed expedition sources particularly france claimed determined bring duncan battle reality concerned men inexperienced long stay port reluctantly orders government conduct brief sweep search weak british forces overwhelmed fleet drawn dangerous shallow waters dutch coastline hoping plan augment french brest able pass westwards english channel fleet consisted ships line number smaller support craft orders included instructions remember frequently maintained honour dutch flag enemy forces superior theirs preparing ships sea took time dutch manage leave october turning southwest hope linking dutch ship line mouth hours discovered followed dutch fleet watched constantly ships duncan sent observe dutch preparations sail observed message sent duncan informing dutch movements vessel flew signal enemy entered roads early morning october time docked british fleet preparing sail duncan sending final message admiralty wind shall good course god hope squadron command shall sea immediately midday duncan sailed ships ready steered mouth intending intercept return evening fleet strength having rejoined afternoon october ships anchored dutch port scouts reporting merchant ships harbour sign warships leaving unable escape ships evening october dutch vessels detached drive squadron away dutch fleet lay close faster british vessels having failed rendezvous turned northwest cruising suffolk unsuccessfully attempting drive away squadron reports dutch fishing vessels duncan appearance reached immediately recalled ships ordered fleet turn dutch coast aiming village messages reporting dutch movements reached duncan turned fleet west following dutch coastline morning october squadron sighted sails northeast confirming duncan fleet signalled dutch fleet approximately nautical miles southwest visible fleet clear sighting reported captain climbed mainmast better view point dutch sailing land approximately nautical miles coast close village weather poor heavy seas strong wind southeast broken frequent rain prevent hundreds dutch civilians gathering dunes watch impending combat duncan attack duncan signal prepare battle organised ships line battle meet british attack solid defensive formation sailing port northeasterly heading assigned stations dutch fleet drew closer shore duncan intended follow lord howe manoeuvres glorious june years earlier bring ship dutch line opponents dutch formation proximity shore rendered plan impractical compensate duncan signalled ships form line sail southeast port wind directly shortly concerned dutch shoreline bring battle despite insistence determined fight ships land sea duncan ordered fleet turn southwards advance enemy bear sail large fired signal guns alert captains ordered engage enemy arriving van attack dutch rear duncan sought remedy increasing gaps vessels ordering faster ships slow wait effort establish line starboard realising dutch fleet order awaiting british attack continually drawing closer dangerous coastline abandoning previous signals duncan ordered entire fleet turn dutch attack directly ship steer engage opponent signals poorly executed incorrect visibility low squadron obsolete signal codes number vessels failed duncan intentions turning advancing line ragged pattern scattered vessels loose groups orders quick contradictory captain gave entirely scottish captain threw signal book deck frustration shouted gang middle combined effect duncan orders split fleet uneven divisions sailing loose formation unified dutch line northern division comprised rate ships line fourth rate ships frigate tasked repeating signals flagship led division ardent close force aiming dutch flagship lay fifth dutch line southern division comprised rate ships line frigate led vice admiral hms monarch force aiming rear dutch line strike fourth ship end divisions lay line small craft tasked repeating duncan signals entire fleet intentions duncan raised signal ship pass dutch line attack far poor weather prevented distant ships recognising signal originally intended close line solid defensive platform retreat shallower waters duncan formed line battle sudden british attack thrown plans confusion result gaps opened van centre rear leaving ships greatly outnumbered gave urgent orders van centre drop assist rear little time situation looked desperate dutch british lines mustered ships british vessels larger strongly built dutch counterparts crews experienced seamen heavy weather conditions dutch crews confined port previous year little understanding skills required combat sea dutch line battle accompanied second line east formed frigates smaller craft vessels unlike smaller ships british fleet armed situated guns covered gaps ships formed dutch line battle ready british vessels attempted break battle collapse dutch rear guard duncan raised signal ordering ships engage enemy closely time dutch ship rear admiral fourth southern end line opened fire rapidly approaching monarch dutch ships waited british effective range order effect shot soon flagship fire entire rearguard dutch line ship suffering damage attempting break dutch line monarch captain remarked ship pass closely formed dutch ships admiral responded monarch passage striking small gap ships fired vessels turned lay ship alongside flagship dutch frigate brig pulled second line attempted fill gap monarch created firing british ship line response opened fire smaller vessels destroying frigate wheel damaging rigging ship fell followed later severely damaged brig monarch immediately followed hms powerful captain passed gap poured destructive fire time attacked line west captain attacked dutch ship gun attacks accompanied fire passed ships hms director bounty fame passed dutch line reached battered engaging ship close range joined northern engagement cutting turning pursuit dutch centre adamant reached fight late joining attack battered hms remained apart battle entirely passing dutch line extreme range account reports board stray shot passed high deck officer seen drawing crew danger sir captain subsequently court dismissed confusion tail dutch line chaotic melee british ships line fighting dutch frigate close action british ships found risk firing high seas heavy rain poor visibility dutch centre consisting ships line fifth rate mars pulled away engagement rear admiral coming distant fire ships division isolated dutch rearguard rapidly overwhelmed surrendering attack battered seized frigate battle dutch rearguard overwhelmed british numbers equal combat contested north combat centred duncan engaging minutes monarch broke line south duncan originally intended break line ship story ensured gap vessel flagship break combined fire dangerous advancing duncan instead cut story ship twice causing drift confusion duncan engaged east diverted south attacked west ardent captain smaller british ship soon suffered casualties including killed combined fire flagship ship ahead arrival alongside allowed ardent brief respite fight men fought like including wife gunners insisted joining husband gun legs torn cannon fire short period ardent surrounded frigates second line joined attack isolated british vessels height combat colours signal flags brought cannon fire ensure suggestion flagship surrendered sailor named mainmast replaced battle beneath support duncan captain captain sir drove forward battle triumph coming close alongside opening heavy fire attacked hercules tip line attacked starboard captain passing gap hercules ahead combat lead ships hms isis fought alongside isis having failed break dutch line instead drawn port dutch central division joined battle head line shortly engagement triumph causing considerable damage british vessels particularly british flagship soon isolated midst dutch van engaging general admiral simultaneously despite heavy odds duncan continued fight hard british succeeded knocking opponents wounding captain drifted eastwards confusion shots triumph set powder barrel hercules fire blaze ship soon spread sails rigging prompted battle crew hercules desperately attempted blaze dutch ships escape burning vessel drifted melee shortly battered surrendered triumph captain holland dead quarterdeck triumph moved battle time crew raised colours fired dutch brig reinforcement following victory dutch rearguard admiral ordered damaged ships sail support outnumbered british ships melee dutch van powerful director quickest respond joining attack russell driving northwards join attack encountered extinguished hercules crew thrown ammunition overboard fire prevent ship exploding ship commander surrendering immediately remainder british fleet arrived battle captain firing near head dutch line aware vessel unable resist attack surviving officers turned away shore rapidly followed portions dutch line arrival british reinforcements retreat sections dutch fleet battle complete battered surrendered second time russell badly damaged escape struck colours eventually dutch flagship remained combat hour continued resistance director holding station stern repeatedly masts brought fire starboard battery officer remained standing wrecked quarterdeck refusing lower colours attempt settle combat captain director closed yards dutch flagship demanded know surrendered dutch admiral replied think attempted personally raise signals demanding reinforcements rest fleet find shot away summoned ship carpenter ordered repair barge admiral transfer command ship continue battle british sailors director boarded drifting flagship discovered assisting carpenter repairs barge informed prisoner war replied destiny checking mortally wounded officer lay quarterdeck followed boarding party boat trip aftermath immediately taken duncan dutch officer holding sword token surrender duncan refused weapon instead shaking hand insisting brave man hand sword addition losses rear ships dutch van captured frigate attacked second line remainder dutch ships fled making rapid progress coastal duncan follow dutch coast nautical miles away ship lay yards water weather fierce ships battered risk combat waters instead ordered ships ensure control prizes return britain ships terrible casualties suffered surgeon ardent worst hit british ships worked hours break later wrote melancholy cries assistance addressed wounded dying pain despair midst scenes able preserve firm collected worst wounded belief determined news shattering victory brought raised cheer declared regretted loss limbs casualties battle heavy sides historians noted losses british ships higher british fleets met french spanish opposition attributed dutch tactics mirrored british firing enemy hulls attempting disable masts rigging continental navies worst hit british ships wave ardent casualties monarch adamant escaped single man killed wounded dead captain ardent wounded included captain triumph total british losses recorded battle killed wounded later assessments based charitable requirements wounded killed gave higher figures killed wounded including subsequently died british ships badly damaged taking large quantities water damaged hulls worst hit completely dismantled reconstructed returning britain ship ready active service dutch casualty returns particularly captured ships vague partially complete losses captain holland killed early battle lost struck thigh died shortly effects wound admiral died prisoner england result wounds suffered aboard remains subsequently returned netherlands military honours large numbers wounded dutch fleet including dutch officers escape injury death later commented matter marvel gigantic objects admiral duncan escaped general day total dutch losses later reported men killed wounded worst hit loss half total complement return journeys duncan assembled men fit attend church service return thanks god hours year old duncan remained duty break organising scattered fleet journey home british admiral find time play game cabin dinner dutch admiral lost rubber commented hard beaten twice day man october duncan completed official sent ahead ships captain cutter rose praised men special mention late called good officer sincere friend permitted send despatches government blamed story centre maintaining combat longer attributed overwhelming british numbers defeat suggested captured british fleet better supported letter later published provoked storm criticism britain officer describing account ought know collected people shore knew action afternoon october gale sprang inflicted damage battered ships caused water shot holes ships hulls aboard dutch ships situation especially dangerous casualties significantly higher particularly board british vessels small numbers british sailors placed aboard prize crews unable cope high winds masts collapsed deck huge quantities water leaked hulls captured early stages battle command dutch lieutenant british lieutenant small prize crew men ninety dutch prisoners removed remaining dutch sailors wounded men gale intensified rapidly clear despite tow line attached veteran ship reach britain large board raised deck message ship sinking reacting boats nearby ships organised evacuation began loading dutch prisoners transfer vessels offered place rescue boat veteran dutch officer refused wounded brought lower decks flooded leave men response cried god brave fellow hand word stay prize crew left second rescue boat sent russell waited trip bring remaining wounded men junior dutch officers elected stay help arrive suddenly throwing clear ship sank seen water reached safety swimming prizes lost british fleet supplied prize crew men separated lost remaining masts crew fitted jury masts collapsed hull flooded depth feet october aware ship soon founder prize master instructed dutch run ship dutch coast local boats came stranded vessel aboard saved british prisoners taken prison hulk ship wrecked repair abandoned captured frigate driven ashore sinking state prize crew prisoner case ship salvaged later returned dutch service contrast british difficulties survivors dutch fleet problems returning exception admiral sailed coast hinder october gun british frigate captain sir found closed larger damaged dutch ship opened fire responding broadside williams successfully opponent twice complicated tides dutch coast dragged ship range press attack firing rockets hope attracting attention duncan ships williams rewarded arrival october frigates hunted opponents found dutch ships channel frigates closed withdrew passing deeper dutch waters reaching safety british frigates quarry having escaped returned duncan struggling fleet effects october duncan convoy began arrive greeted great celebrations ships delayed sea adverse northwesterly wind news victory spread britain october duncan created baron duncan admiral captains henry king insisted meeting duncan personally october set royal yacht royal charlotte strong winds waves forced port november unable reach duncan flagship king instead rewarded fleet men condemned role mutiny held aboard prison hulk similar awarded rear admiral gold medals created presented captains voted thanks victory promoted commander duncan presented valuable presentation swords valued respectively duncan given pension year government freeman numerous towns cities subject presentations numerous patriotic societies particularly scotland awarded valuable plate birth city county public subscription taken wounded raised equivalent duncan travelled reception november mob surrounded carriage street horses dragged hill mark respect december king lead thanksgiving procession ceremony london duncan carried flag carried flag followed mitchell walker gregory numerous seamen fleet decades later battle actions recognised attached awarded application british participants living reactions positive duncan captains criticised failure rapidly decisively engage enemy including captain wells lancaster worst criticism fell captain barely engaged battle suffered single casualty result accused failing duty captain court december aboard charges signals going action history junior officer captain voyage pacific_ocean bringing boats evacuate cook attack result cook trapped beach stabbed death conclusion trial january found guilty charge guilty resulting post captains list prohibition naval service reported died shortly dismissal service later claimed instead gone hiding assumed continued draw pension years officers deemed failed duty london battle placed blame ships failed follow orders withdrawn early battle officers brought charges including admiral convicted court martial dismissed service later reinstated commander convicted imprisoned admiral story criticised particularly permitted command satisfied government option retreat captured dutch ships bought royal_navy names cases simpler completely renamed prior existence ships names royal_navy hercules ships sufficient condition service open waters damage suffered proved severe fully repaired addition ships dutch construction lighter hulls bottoms ships nations designed operate shallow waters dutch coast result little use ocean going royal_navy prizes immediately relegated harbour duty line service prize court took years determine prize money awarded battle initial estimates equivalent proved duncan men eventually awarded equivalent forced defend claim behalf squadron reinforced duncan force played battle considered liability benefit british commanders claim rejected legal fees claims reduced eventual payment following award instalment duncan given unique honour permission buy shares market price legacy considered greatest victory british fleet equal enemy force date historian noted battle lost rank significance greater romantically glorious events followed effects action wider war hugely important losses suffered ships men morale gave royal_navy superiority north_sea position enhanced disruption battle caused french negotiations alliance historian describes northern powers scandinavia destruction dutch fleet blow french ambitions invade ireland denied atlantic fleet essential reinforcements played decision abandon efforts attack britain directly early significant british russian expeditionary force landed netherlands supported large fleet lord duncan sea land remainder admiral story fight known incident political divisions officers seamen resulted mutiny dutch sailors threw ammunition overboard britain public relief restoration navy authority aftermath spring enormous helped steady british government pursuit war restoring confidence british naval supremacy home waters notes events led new blatant patriotism centred achievements popular rhyme time reflected public feeling duncan spanish french dutch united fear cries beat country beat native coast duncan initial tactics battle reminiscent howe glorious june eventual attack compared nelson tactics battle duncan credited tactical work inspiring decisions day duncan subsequently indirectly criticised years battle colleague won battle cape vincent spanish fleet months letter complaining clerk assertion responsible major naval victories war wrote duncan brave officer little naval tactics quickly embarrassed saw enemy rushed thinking order battle conquer calculated brave example set captains event justified expectation assessment refuted captain publicly responded advanced season year close proximity enemy coast occasion appeared necessary prompt decision admiral result modern historians agreed assertion added suggestion duncan tactics battle influence newly promoted rear admiral sir england recovering loss right arm battle santa time duncan felt noting obliged attack leagues sea escaped highest praise came opponent wrote waiting form line ruined got nearer shore attacked probably drawn fleets victory coast duncan health deteriorated battle forcing retirement navy contributing death actions battle commended wrote dutch admiral displayed person compelled length yield superior skill superior bravery noted battle prowess claimed respect enemy applause world released captivity news reached britain wife suffered stroke subsequently ambassador france resuming command dutch fleet start napoleonic wars trusted subordinate king holland honoured emperor napoleon sudden death paris following year battle popular theme contemporary artists paintings depicting held national collections united_kingdom including paintings literature battle played central role novel novel battle inspired composers composition created honour victory jan created composition entitled naval battle total defeat dutch admiral duncan royal_navy commemorated battle ships bore seven named maintained close links duncan hometown commemorated house originally seat completed later public park tourist attraction battle celebrated glorious victory exhibition city conjunction exhibition popular tourist attraction viewed visitors october memorial service held remember dead new statue admiral duncan unveiled town | Battle of Camperdown | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
4947_QuebecExpedition | walker expedition quebec british attempt attack quebec queen anne war north american theatre war spanish succession failed shipping disaster saint lawrence river august seven transports wrecked soldiers drowned disaster time worst naval disasters british history expedition planned administration based plans originally proposed decided mount expedition major shift british military policy emphasizing strength sea expedition leaders admiral brigadier general chosen politics connections crown plans kept secret admiralty despite secrecy french agents able discover british intentions warn authorities quebec expedition expected fully boston capital colonial massachusetts city unprepared arrived massachusetts authorities scramble provide months supplies admiral walker difficulty acquiring experienced pilots accurate charts navigating waters lower expedition reached incident conditions tricky currents strong winds combined drive fleet northern shore saint lawrence near place called ships wrecked following disaster walker abandoned expedition objectives returned england expedition failure continued implement blue water policy background late war spanish succession mixed force british regulars american colonists captured french fort port royal northwestern coast present day nova_scotia leader expedition brought news victory london represented london lobbied expedition quebec british government turmoil august ministry lord fell queen anne replaced political opponent duke fallen favour wanted change britain military strategy implementing blue water policy emphasized strength sea cost reduced army sought blunt continuing influence victory ends authorised expeditions land sea capture quebec fell ill work organisation secretary state future lord basic plan followed proposed campaign season main thrust naval expedition carrying combined force regular army forces provincial militia rear admiral white sir given overall command expedition brigadier command land forces walker promoted admiral march led squadron expedition west indies earlier war failed produce significant results chosen friendship sympathies probably chose hill favour court brother presumably echoing opinions husband wrote hill good soldier regiments force flanders added britain build force land troops force sailed ports southern england april destination tightly guarded secret walker immediately informed destination lords admiralty informed sufficient supplies typical voyage european waters attempt spies boston arrived boston early june news details expedition plans meeting provincial governors quickly arranged connecticut naval expedition include provincial militia raised new_england colonies led provincial force raised provinces connecticut pennsylvania hudson_river montreal provincial forces walker expedition led governor nova_scotia consisted men massachusetts smaller contingents new_hampshire rhode_island fleet arrived boston june troops disembarked island present day location logan international airport size force according historian formidable crossed atlantic english flag fleet left insufficient supplies organizers expected fully boston number soldiers sailors outnumbered population boston time proved task laws passed prevent merchants price sufficient provisions eventually acquired additional laws passed residents found fleet apparently attraction colonial life sufficient significant problem weeks expedition boston expedition boston walker attempted enlist pilots experienced navigating dismay forthcoming captain reputed colony best claimed river mouth walker intended rely principally picked plymouth prior fleet departure deeply writing ignorant pretending idle drunken fellow come good design following report walker forced captain captain captured french sloop serve navigator charts walker accumulated notably short details area mouth saint lawrence journal sir kept expedition quebec walker acquired walker interviewed participants expedition vague tales relieve concerns expect river concerns prompted largest heaviest ships cruising duty transferred flag gun disaster july fleet set sail boston consisted mix british colonial ships including ships war bomb vessels transports carried troops sailors august fleet reached coast nova scotia piloted fleet cape morning august expedition enter saint lawrence river wind began blow hard northwest walker forced seek shelter morning 20th wind southeast able advance slowly past western died thick fog shore fleet 22nd wind southeast intermittent breaks fog sufficient sight land point fleet west point saint lawrence miles wide narrowed noticeably point river sharp turn running nearly north south area near called includes number small islands including numerous rocky consulting pilots walker gave signal head fleet roughly southwest walker thought mid stream issued order fact seven leagues miles north proper course grasp strong currents steered ships northwest aided easterly wind fleet gradually closing north south shore near captain reported walker land sighted presumably dead ahead walker assumed fleet approaching south shore ordered fleet wear bring went bed manoeuvre fleet northerly heading minutes later army captain named claiming breakers ahead walker dismissed advice man returned insisting admiral come deck certainly lost walker came deck dressing gown saw ship driven western lee shore east wind french navigator came deck explained walker walker immediately ordered anchor cables cut beat wind escape danger warships windsor difficulty ended anchored night situation surrounded breakers night walker heard sounds distress times fog lifted ships seen distance ground rocks new wrote hear sinking drowning departing souls wind subsided shifted northwest fleet managed stand away shore took days discover extent disaster fleet searched survivors seven transports supply ship lost walker initial report soldiers perished later reports revised number including women attached units estimates sailors perished disaster rescuing walker hill held war council august interviewing number pilots including council decided reason ignorance pilots expedition aborted openly blamed walker disaster late disaster humble opinion difficulty navigation wrong course steered carried north shore fleet sailed came anchor harbour sydney nova scotia september council held discuss attack french given season insufficient supplies area rumours strong defences council decided making attack sailed england return land expedition learned naval disaster near aborted expedition reported angry tore wig threw ground expedition fortunes improve return voyage walker written new_york requesting available supply ships join unbeknownst transports joseph mary neptune wrecked coast october men lost fleet returned portsmouth october walker flagship blew days later possibly improper handling gunpowder walker lost number papers result claimed journal lost blast despite magnitude expedition failure political consequences relatively mild failure early setback blue water policy called aggressive use navy england enemies bay continued implement withdrawing resources european military campaigns project organised current government interested deeply reasons failure walker received queen hill given new commands walker eventually wrote detailed frank account expedition based memory surviving journals papers reprinted graham walker stripped rank amid larger change power including accession king george died popular sentiment england tended fault colonies failing properly support expedition citing reasons sentiments rejected colonies governor instead blamed walker relations military leadership colonial populations army stay outside boston difficult relations civilians military political conflicts preceded american revolutionary war hill officers wrote ill nature people government doctrine manners commented brought control colonists grow stiff day colonists noted disgust fact walker hill escaped expedition failure french actions authorities france alerted early march organising expedition quebec knew composition hill force apparently unaware destination july governor general new france sent ostensibly oversee prisoner exchange early june secret instructions try convince authorities support expeditions sent england coincidentally arrived boston june day apparently unsuccessful attempts influence british colonial opinion suspicious behaviour eventually arrested copies secret instructions found aboard captured french vessel brought boston held boston november governor warned august expeditions quebec montreal organised called militia rallied local indians prepared defences best putting colony war mid october word reached quebec large ships approaching tensions turned french board scout sent september watch british fleet scout reported finding wreckage seven ships estimated bodies locals wreckage colony organised formal salvage operation recovered items like anchors chains tents cannons items recovered auctioned fleet fleet listed order sail drawn admiral walker ships generally sailed abreast | Quebec Expedition | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5028_Actionof26April1797 | action april action april minor naval engagement french revolutionary wars spanish convoy frigates trapped defeated spanish town british ships blockade british vessels ship line hms irresistible fifth rate frigate significantly powerful spanish frigates stage voyage carrying treasure havana cuba spanish fleet base british commander captain succeeded chasing spanish vessels rocky surrendered brief engagement spanish suffered significantly higher casualties british spanish ships subsequently wrecked shore captured later recommissioned royal_navy treasure carried board frigates removed spanish fishing boat battle fall british hands background late french revolutionary wars years old major shift occurred conflict point enemy abruptly changed sides following signing treaty san reversal forced british_royal_navy retire mediterranean_sea preserve lines communication falling mouth near lisbon pressure placed vice admiral sir organised blockade main spanish fleet base country coast resulted february inflicted defeat spanish fleet surviving spanish ships battle ensure sail repeat action arranged close blockade port april british ships line numerous frigates watching spanish fleet anchor blockade designed contain main spanish fleet disrupt spanish communications transport principal port important destination shipping included numerous called treasure ships heavily armed warships gold silver spanish colonies americas spanish mainland centuries spanish treasure ships ultimate prize royal_navy captains sums prize money involved enormous october example spanish treasure convoy captured british captains awarded equivalent battle april gun ship line hms irresistible captain gun frigate captain berkeley sailing southern edge known fleet cruising close spanish coast unknown ships sighted martin immediately ordered ships chase strangers fled martin vessels pursuit new arrivals spanish gun frigates bound havana cargo silver captains spanish ships sailed midst blockade fleet previous night fortunate encounter spanish fishing vessel warned danger acting quickly captains loaded treasure fishing boat instructions carry safely spanish captains recognising larger british vessels attempted shelter rocky stretch coastline near village north discovered martin ships carefully negotiate large rock formation known cape protected head bay obstacle successfully irresistible attacked anchored spanish frigates broadside broadside action lasted hour half spanish ships taking worst damage battered spanish vessels surrendered british ships launched boats possession prizes crew anchor cables allowed ship drift rocky shoreline disembarked escaped inland aftermath martin ordered secured men towed rocks intention vessel tow succeeded freeing wrecked ship sank soon deeper water treasure spanish frigates carried subsequently safely transported fishing boat secret cargo suspected british blockade forces spanish losses engagement amounted killed wounded british losing man killed wounded irresistible subsequently purchased royal_navy commissioned gun frigate dispatch admiralty action noted action notable come observation blockade remained force varying degrees intensity remainder year british fleet retiring winter | Action of 26 April 1797 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5285_BattleofFortWashington | battle fought new_york november american revolutionary war united_states great_britain british victory gained surrender remnant garrison near north end worst patriot defeats defeating continental_army commander chief general george_washington battle white plains british_army forces command lieutenant general planned capture american stronghold manhattan general washington issued order general abandon fort remove garrison numbered men later grow new_jersey colonel commanding fort declined abandon believed defended british howe forces attacked fort washington reached assess situation howe launched attack november led assault sides north east south tides prevented troops landing delayed attack british moved defenses southern western american defenses fell quickly patriot forces north offered stiff resistance attack eventually overwhelmed fort surrounded land sea colonel chose surrender total americans killed taken prisoners war defeat washington army chased new_jersey pennsylvania british consolidated control new_york eastern new_jersey background construction defenses american revolutionary war located highest point island manhattan large manhattan near northernmost tip located hudson_river atop twin forts intended protect lower hudson british warships june american patriot officers examined terrain fort washington located agreed fort properly fortified practically impossible later june commander chief continental_army george_washington inspected location determined area key defense lower hudson shortly washington survey troops pennsylvania began construction fort supervision prepared prevent british ships sailing hudson american position month troops transported heights manhattan edge river loaded collection timber stretched river finished began work fort little soil covered rocky surface men haul soil low ground unable dig customary ditches trenches fort fort built shape pentagon main walls earth constructed openings guns angle fort enclosed total acres troops built fort barracks finished september troops area placed command washington established headquarters near fort supporting fort numerous defenses batteries placed hook extended hudson cox hill looking creek north end manhattan controlling bridge laurel hill east fort went south fort lines defense lines went hills trenches line supported second line north line planned built north second movements british general gaining control western long_island end august launched invasion manhattan september northward progress checked day battle sought flank strong american position north island abortive landing attempt october howe began landing troops southern new_york october intending cut continental_army avenue retreat washington aware danger withdrew troops north left garrison men fort washington command colonel force inadequate fully defend extensive works order monitor american garrison fort howe left small force morning october informed troops launching attack supported frigates sailing hudson ordered attack frigates british ships badly damaged guns frigates elevate guns height american positions british towed away frigates artillery duel continued time british american gunners november dozen american soldiers drove slightly larger company forward held higher ground better cover advantage artillery support minor skirmish unable maintain position single man wounded lost men killed wounded burning looting temporary structures site occupied dark returned main lines day spot quickly driven larger american force time left dead single american wounded minor successes boasted able hold fort siege end december november adjutant deserted british gave details fort sent information howe defeated washington days earlier battle white plains weeks washington northward retreat british assault fort reinforcements continued fort increasing size garrison nearly men plans preparations washington considered abandoning fort washington believed fort held vital argued holding fort open communications river dissuade british attacking new_jersey concurred washington deferred abandon fort november howe ordered army south ferry pursue american forces highlands possibly prompted intelligence acquired decided attack washington responded dividing army seven thousand troops remain east hudson command prevent british invasion new_england general men guard prevent british advance north washington men 13th washington army reached fort lee howe plan attack storm fort directions fourth force received reinforcements garrisoned men troops command attack fort north lead brigade british battalions south lord general light infantry attack east 42nd land east manhattan south fort attacking howe sent lieutenant colonel flag truce november deliver message fort surrender entire garrison killed said patriots defend fort battle initial fighting dawn november british troops moved troops ferried landed manhattan turned river ferry troops river tide unable close shore bring british troops troops forced halt advance wait cross guns opened fire american battery laurel hill british frigate pearl began fire american south fort artillery open fire fort artillery aimed guns damaged british ships weeks noon restarted advance soon tide high troops accompanied howe ferried landed heavy fire american artillery manhattan shore british troops charged dispersed americans reached defended companies brief fighting americans turned ran fort north fort right commanded moved steep south creek resistance americans began bring artillery point main body men began advance post road ran laurel hill hill crossed land approached wooded near fort fired maryland command col moses men hid rocks trees place place shoot tried advance fallen trees rocks second charges repulsed time south advanced men advanced columns brigade left leading right yards american lines halted advance waiting place facing company superior second command charge holding defensive lines south hearing landing shore rear sent men oppose men ran col 42nd foot men landed happened defended area american defenses heard men sent men reinforce sent earlier british landing parties spread looking path rough terrain landing spot americans took position began firing british troops crossing river killing wounding men british troops charged american position hearing shooting ordered troops continue advance british artillery fire forced defensive line fall second line washington located encouraged leave manhattan immediately sailing river fort lee realized danger surrounded sent orders withdraw fort force pursued troops time troops opposing landing chased fort troops landed rear believing troops retreating americans engaged giving rest american troops time escape collapse collapse outer lines south east fort general american retreat perceived safety fort took place south defensive line completed left retreat fort north held barely fewer increased firing jammed men weapons men forced push hill attacking american battery fort washington pearl time fire ceased slowly advanced hill engaged americans hand hand fighting americans reached hill bayonet charge capturing quickly washington watching battle river sent note asking hold nightfall thinking troops evacuated night time taken ground fort hudson_river given honor requesting american surrender sent captain spoke english french flag truce fort surrender met requested given hours consult officers denied request gave americans half hour decide consulting officers washington messenger captain arrived fort completely surrounded washington request hold nightfall attempted easier terms men allowed belongings failed announced decision american flag brought fort replaced british flag surrender fort cliff evaded musket fire bayonet stabs managed boat arriving fort lee short later aftermath entered fort american officers attempted commander captain charge surrender invited barracks offered punch wine cake left fort stripped american troops baggage beat officers intervened prevent injuries deaths british captured thirty cannon tents blankets tools ammunition british suffered killed wounded americans lost killed wounded casualties men captured usual treatment prisoners war american revolutionary war survived captivity released months later prisoner exchange nearly quarters prisoners died days fall patriots abandoned fort lee washington army retreated new_jersey crossed pennsylvania northwest pursued far new_brunswick new_jersey british forces month night december washington crossed delaware defeated garrison command washington went defeat british princeton revived morale american army colonies affected fall seven years november peace treaty signed governor reclaimed fort washington marched lower manhattan british forces left new_york site neighborhood manhattan north george washington bridge location walls stones placed park commemorative plaque | Battle of Fort Washington | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5369_BattleofLongue-Pointe | battle attempt small force american quebec militia capture montreal british forces september early american revolutionary war allen instructed raise militia forces local inhabitants long thoughts taking lightly defended city reached southern shore men seized opportunity try major allen claimed supposed provide additional forces appear planned allen men north river british general sent force composed quebec militia response news allen crossing force cut allen escape route eventually surrounded captured allen number men eventually abandoned montreal fell battle continental_army forces november allen sent england new_york_city prisoner eventually exchanged background 18th century city montreal occupied small portion island montreal centered called old montreal eastern tip island called time fortification called fort island river area annexed montreal est neighborhood borough city near action described took place american revolutionary war beginning thought easy spread rebellion conquered british population seen british rule american invasion quebec began arrival continental_army command general september ill time eventually turned command army general ordered army fort saint jean september fort south montreal general concentrated british regulars disposal following capture american situation turning command montgomery drafted proclamation addressed people quebec encouraging oppose british assist american cause september major went countryside saint jean montreal small detachment americans proclamation meeting patriot local eventually raised local militia fort allen brown returned following tour allen long goal taking montreal captured taken men north saint jean idea capturing fort surprise taking montreal effort frustrated timely arrival british troops saint jean exploit allen known figure montreal valley montreal situation following capture general regular troops available defend entire province concentrated troops fort saint jean placing troops militia natives fort remaining forces distributed frontier forts great lakes relatively small garrisons montreal summer attempted raise substantial additional militia forces population attempts met limited success successful american propaganda patriot especially july apparently satisfied level militia support near montreal little stop activities sent reports detailing british military preparations americans prelude montgomery finally began siege fort saint jean ordered allen americans join canadians secure south bank attempts montreal relieve siege ordered larger force brown command secure area north fort cover road saint jean montreal allen traveled southeastern banks crossed river continued southern shore according allen account met brown hatched plan attack montreal brown cross river men prairie montreal allen americans canadians command captains cross river city forces signal converge city action allen men crossed landing inhabitants met friendly posted guards road montreal prevent news crossing reaching city man detained managed escape city inform allen presence island brown cross river sources indicate brown failed act historian suggests allen fact acted later sought blame brown failure left allen force vulnerable taken round trips available boats ferry men river realizing able ferry river troops arrived city allen chose wooded area near des labelled map montreal stand sent word british merchant known patriot house nearby assistance walker able muster men allen captured lend assistance general received word notorious gates city raised alarm news spread large numbers people turned captain assembled force regulars entire garrison montreal english militia british indian agents indians led face allen force campbell force approached allen instructed canadians cover left flank canadians placed right flank detachments fled instead holding positions leaving allen men course minutes fire exchanged forces allen remaining forces eventually broken trying enemy surrendered aftermath abortive attack montreal led local militia montreal raising nearly men soon began drift away refused organize expedition relief fort saint jean militia members rural parishes eventually disbanded attend defense homes november besieged fort commander opening americans way montreal fled city making way montgomery occupied montreal firing shot november allen captives brought city allen account encounter claims colonel intent killing captured allen behalf saying sole cause taking arms allen imprisoned ship hold eventually sent england spent year prison ships released parole british occupied new_york_city november british authorities feared hanging create martyr eventually exchanged british officer resumed military political service nascent merchant allen applied assistance arrested early october regulars dozen militia came montreal house walker house destroyed imprisoned intent sending england trial walker eventually freed americans captured montreal british fleet trying escape city legacy wrote memoir version circumstances capture time imprisonment work allen memoirs popular 19th century going numerous city park montreal borough action took place called | Battle of Longue-Pointe | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5380_BattleofBlockIsland | battle block island april nighttime naval encounter returning successful raid nassau bahamas maiden voyage royal_navy dispatch boat glasgow successfully escaped capture fleet seven ships command sustained significant damage encounter ship captains continental fleet criticized actions engagement dismissed result criticized actions pertaining cruise including distribution seized goods eventually dismissed navy background sixth rate gun frigate royal_navy early april command navy captain carrying dispatches newport rhode_island british fleet charleston south_carolina fleet assembled launch assault charleston ultimately failed june battle sullivan island established late february ships fleet ready maiden voyage led fleet ships expedition bahamas british known military stores early march fleet reduced route landed marines island captured town nassau loading fleet ships enlarged include captured prize ships military stores fleet sailed north march ship dispatched philadelphia rest fleet sailed channel fleet cruise marked variety diseases including smallpox resulting significant reductions crew effectiveness april fleet reached waters long_island captured prize laden supplies day brought second prize hoping catch easy prizes continued cruise night forming fleet scouting formation columns right eastern column headed uss followed flagship uss alfred guns largest ship fleet left column headed uss andrew followed uss columbus came uss providence uss fly uss wasp trailing escorts prizes need provide crews prizes reduced fighting effectiveness fleet ships battle night exceptionally clear night nearly moon april fleet headed generally southerly direction glasgow spotted leagues nautical miles southeast glasgow heading westerly destined charleston captain howe came investigate fleet minutes closed distance commodore gave signals time fleet formed battle line resulted battle captain andrew later described howe came captain son john younger hailed identification replied columbus alfred gun frigate ship tossed grenade glasgow deck battle engaged lightly armed brig fired ineffective broadside pounders glasgow countered heavier weaponry killing master wounding steering drifted away alfred came engage glasgow engaged broadside duel shot glasgow early action broke lines alfred temporary loss steering exposed fire drift difficult andrew join action maneuver avoid drifting providence held columbus eventually able join action late fire wild little damage glasgow glasgow exposed fire ships howe decided break battle order avoid boarded sail newport despite extensive damage sail rigging pulled away pursuing fleet fully laden captured goods hours chase lasting daylight called chase avoid encounter british squadron newport prize glasgow tender fleet brought anchor connecticut april aftermath glasgow suffered casualties killed wounded count demonstrated poor quality continental fleet gunnery casualties musket fire aboard killed seven wounded alfred killed wounded drummer wounded president praised fleet performance failure capture glasgow gave opponents navy congress opportunities criticism wrote action ill conducted affair happened captain columbus endured rumors accusations time eventually asked court martial clear held panel consisting officers cruise cleared criticized errors judgment captain providence fortunate charged variety offenses subordinate officers including neglect duty glasgow action convicted court martial forced surrender commission came scrutiny congress matters unrelated action violated written orders sailing nassau instead virginia carolinas distributed goods taken cruise connecticut rhode_island consulting congress dismissed navy january controversies including fleet failure sail number ships suffered crew shortages trapped providence rhode_island british occupation newport late glasgow suffering battle having dumped dispatches returned newport found bad shape possible sent portsmouth repairs mission reassigned ship newport squadron | Battle of Block Island | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5443_BattleofOstrach | battle battle called battle occurred march battle war second coalition battle resulted victory austrian forces command french forces commanded battle occurred holy week amid rain dense fog initially french able hold nearby hamlet plus strategic points marsh engagement began numerical superiority overwhelmed french defenses evening french left wing flanked men retreated heights morning considered counter attack weather broke look austrian battle array numbers austrians convinced attack useless hope maintain position heights withdrew portion right flank cut main force casualties appeared sides austrians significantly larger fighting force field stretched line lake french casualties amounted percent force austrian approximately percent french withdrew days later armies engaged time greater losses sides austrian victory background initially rulers europe holy roman emperor viewed revolution france event french king subjects interfere rhetoric grew started view events alarm succeeded brother joseph emperor considered situation surrounding sister children greater greater alarm august consultation french nobles prussia issued declaration declared interest monarchs europe interests louis family threatened ambiguous consequences happen royal family french republican position increasingly difficult problems international relations french continued support counter revolution abroad chief prince son duke grandson duke base immediately french border sought direct support military intervention royal houses europe raised army april declared war austria war coalition france ranged european states sharing land water borders plus portugal ottoman_empire coalition forces achieved victories efforts northern italy pushed austrian forces resulted negotiation peace april subsequent treaty october treaty called meetings involved parties work exact territorial details convened french demand territory originally agreed stalled negotiations despite agreement ongoing meetings primary combatants coalition france austria highly suspicious motives diplomatic incidents undermined agreement austrians reluctant designated territories delegates transfer agreed territories compensate german princes losses ferdinand naples refused pay tribute france followed rebellion invasion france subsequent establishment republican uprising swiss encouraged military support led establishment factors contributed rising tensions way egypt napoleon stopped forcibly removed possessions angered paul russia honorary head order furthermore convinced austrians start war weaker seriously austrians russians english actually discussed possibility prelude austria taken command army late january unhappy strategy set forward brother ambitious plan francis council agreed austria fight defensive war maintain continuous defensive line danube northern italy stationed winter miles east south east army settled extending south river winter broke march general army called crossed rhine instructed block austrians access swiss alpine passes ostensibly armies coalition germany allies northern italy prevent assisting furthermore french held interior passes switzerland use routes forces theaters meeting little resistance advanced columns valley fourth column advanced north shore rhine better advised establish position eastern slope mountains instead pushed danube plain took position eventually pushing imperial city news french advance rhine took days reach charles austrian advance guard men command field marshal count crossed columns marching direction second strongest marching direction heading direction main force men command crossed battalions men crossed danube additional force troops command lieutenant field marshal marched direction eventually men command general von marched north switzerland arrive time participate battle subsequent battle small village population village belonged salem influential wealthy ecclesiastical territory lake village largely dedicated farming stretch imperial post road connected wide flat plain places stretched base heights village low lying hills valley small stream village takes lies northern end plain slightly south danube armies faced small time year valley march austrian soldiers arrived french advance guard arrived 9th command general forward line 25th brigade positioned battalions 53rd brigades light infantry squadrons field artillery pieces march village surrounding farms filled 17th austrian advance guard established forward posts remainder charles army point nearly strong established line lake march formed headquarters heights stood largest cavalry half infantry center including 1st squadrons 17th lay command general distributed columns strongest post road road direction hamlet flank division men commanded extended danube time began men looking vain austrian forces stationed played battle far right command angled south cavalry reserve general included battalion 53rd waited close column battle considered position superior austrian protected plain positions austrian thought days consolidate positions forces occupied couple points considered strategic causeway post road passed today bad village kilometers east hamlet kilometers north north east positions created perimeter unaware arrived forced marches vicinity thought main force charles army days march away middle holy week charles army mixed troops positioned formation parallel remaining troops left wing center near right flank extended armies assembled positions flanks forward outposts encountered skirmishes seven days march outposts armies nearly overlapped right wing general men encountered austrian column volunteer infantry light cavalry border regiments took prisoners respectively including officers happened austrians knowing official declaration war march french arrived camp prince major general commanding brigade advanced guard asked possessed declaration war vienna informed received declaration informed armistice established ended existed france austria state war general reportedly began general attack left sources bear scale attack initially strength french advance guard pushed forward austrian right kilometers east backing austrian main army river mixed brigade infantry light infantry cavalry encountered austrians forced ground immediately charles sent reinforcements austrians regained lost center french line kilometers east south east general column attacked austrians action lasted day austrian line included seasoned border regiments initial assault caused confusion austrian ranks counter attacked joined pursued french river valley cut squadrons column forced hamlet austrians battalions horse cannons bringing additional reinforcements light artillery 17th regiment able village march sent word attacked posts austrians soon expect general engagement general engagement charles divided force columns close austrians attacked force simultaneous assaults multiple positions advance force moved battalions squadrons position following main force right column little difficulty pushing french advanced kilometers northwest force pressured elements manned line entire line fell slowly maintain contact flanks count force attacking far left flank continued pressure line started south count took column battalions squadrons attacked adjutant general french line column salem maneuvering cross fire trapped french forces unable cover cut sides charles took main column high road causeway passed attack points deployment force charles sought center french line position separating wings main body force overcoming separately convergence columns french demonstrated advantage superiority austrian numbers angle austrians threatened french wrote men disappeared cloud red coats battalion battalion austrians threw french defenses late morning charles troops pushed french french nearly lost sent reinforcements fighting remained fierce french pulled encouraged austrian cavalry established road french formed new perimeter reinforced reserves enjoyed benefit altitude fire attacking austrians despite musket fire charles strategy worked far right wing force attacked fell salem abbey maintain communication french center heights fight began charles sent strong columns battalions stream french poured fire austrians took heavy losses ground night broke french line flanking main force cutting south threatened darkness fell ended day fighting withdrawal deciding attempt foray fog lifted revealed scene wrote later discovered immense line cavalry infantry said troops engaged advanced guard amounted thousand men perceived absolute making resistance superior force danger threatened division advantage enemy gained left ordered general fall division post sic wrong austrians engaged french advance guard numbered closer constituted main body charles army advance guard night charles moved additional troops renew attack heights march ordered wounded transported switzerland main army began retreat early morning march reserve division left pulled egg according retreat occurred perfect order supported particular company blew bridges face enemy fire fought like austrians forces right flank general southern point retreated salem maintain line remainder french force division pulled northern tip finger lake portion force encircled cut 2nd brigade taken prisoner sources assessment retreat forces especially left flank severely pressed french line collapsed ends soldiers fell dispatch paris later reported times claimed french intent betrayed austrians evidence attempt explain apparent surprise austrians attacked british report claimed french commander horses shot reported horse shot thrown stunned ground received musket ball wrist carried field command division given rising star furthermore sizable portion sources clear french right wing force cut main force prisoner finally general von quickly making way north men prepared attack army south aftermath eventually withdrew spelled city longer fell wrote armies matched french wrote overcame men taken austrian prisoners knew austrians lay dead wounded field battle army losses death matched ambitious austrians charles driven army hard wrote austrians pursue liberty loving french charles failure pursue french affirmed perception defeat followed retreat strategic withdrawal probably know charles ordered maintain continuous orderly defensive line troops south assessment match superiors paris recognized loss percent fighting force versus percent adversary draw furthermore attempt cut austrians access upper rhine lake succeeded considerations primarily simply men fight battle subsequent ones push troops pursue capture enemy harass retreat charles slow pursuit vienna overarching defensive strategy difficulty battle conducted troops forced march miles fighting rain fog normally terrain heavy spring rains snow melt regardless shortcomings week days departure french austrian armies continued fight time decision argued hold territory withdrew battle difficult pointed largely dense fog terrible weather hampered observation enemy movements fog blinded austrian movements charles fog rainy weather play role local level damp night 20th german green thursday thursday danube overflowed backing causing burst banks flood trapped civilians armies intent destruction come hoped best breath battle overhead killed spent caring wounded helping bury soldiers died battle battle monument prior simple wooden cross commemorated battle site located called hill overlooking village plains southeast fighting occurred monument erected honor battle french troops arrived region closed monument local pastor encouraged reopen calling chapel books journals sir history europe commencement french revolution restoration new_york french revolutionary wars new_york isbn john napoleon terrible general isbn edward sir annals wars eighteenth century compiled authentic histories period london mitchell military library graham thomas baron history campaign germany italy london david austrian commanders napoleonic wars london memoir operations army danube command general taken manuscripts officer london german die armies french republic volume armies rhine switzerland holland italy egypt coup oxford napoleon great adversaries gloucestershire isbn smith napoleonic wars data book actions losses personnel colours standards artillery pennsylvania books isbn history french revolution new_york german die der das website accessed october young john history commencement progress termination late war great_britain france continued day february october volume newspapers engagements grand armies general times friday april col private correspondence march reported times april col german | Battle of Ostrach | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5589_BattleofOrbetello | battle known major naval engagement franco spanish war fought june spanish ruled town coast french fleet led admiral spanish fleet commanded sent break blockade relieve town besieged french army command prince thomas unusual fought sailing ships towed light breeze hard inconclusive fight admiral killed french fleet withdrew toulon leaving sea spanish decided pursue relieve land forces disembarked days later failed french lines siege undertaken july spanish army led duke come defeated besieging french troops forcing retreat heavy losses background naval successes spain mediterranean cardinal planned naval expedition conquer spanish held state aim spanish communications threatening initial stage spanish military corridor called spanish road pope spanish sympathies displeased purpose fleet commanded young admiral assembled toulon large complement minor vessels board army infantry cavalry baggage command previously employ spanish crown erected spit inner bays big fortified positions strong defensive position east west fort island linked mainland narrow end french army landed left prince half dozen vessels bombard forts town went san sailing ships bombarded fort surrendered loss positions retreated occupied thanks battery mounted aboard french soon filled armed boats gathered paul supported spanish italian soldiers opportunities resist help early relief force boats escort sent naples munitions supplies beaten major fleet action expected news siege reached spain gave orders assemble relief fleet second hand goods purchased netherlands extraordinary carried country command expedition entrusted portuguese loyalist captain general mediterranean supreme commander spanish naval forces sea received orders sail command men war silver fleet squadron later providing frigates soldiers brought aboard ships relief second command displeased secondary role recently resigned claiming ill health charge sailing ships sea spanish fleet joined cape squadrons naples genoa sicily drove strength frigates grand admiral admiral meantime reinforced divisions able oppose sailing ships battle dawn june spanish fleet bore line astern forefront vessels closing formation admiral formed fleet line shortly alternating sailed westward gentle breeze closed ships approached miles spanish wind fleets towed awaiting aboard flagship grand saint louis stood line flanked vice admiral rear admiral ship tow lieutenant general vessels composed french line battle towed ship division left reserve fleets sailed thanks superior number gained able french line attempting overrun line catch fires tow flag don general trinidad flagship admiral general large spanish unable dispatch spanish vessels victories barcelona ship artillery lost main mast fearing attack french boarding covered damaged head vessels flag towed danger remaining ships engaged inconclusive action lasted fleets separated dusk spanish lost frigate burnt crew avoid capture surrounded french vessels foremost spanish received heavy damage french blew french badly damaged human loss aboard spanish fleet unknown men killed wounded aboard french fleet admiral cut half hit stern flagship grand saint louis following morning spanish french fleets miles apart successor decided set sail repairs instead pursuing spanish fleet sought refuge island chased 15th 16th french unaware main fleet departure fell amidst spanish fleet night managed escape following maneuvers spanish admiral finally abandoned pursuit relieve proved impossible storm dispersed ships night took refuge sank causing death rowers french suffered storm sank crew artillery taken aboard spanish fleet ship captured aftermath june spanish fleet anchored decided war council relieve essential repairs days later dispatched force port mouth ships arrived naples santo destroying capturing barges contained supplies army operation returned toulon despite failure reinforcements later carried aboard ships attempts french siege lines unsuccessful disembarked soldiers led divided corps advanced french lines managed occupy hill french cavalry attack repulsed second corps hour battle forced wounded men evacuated killed left battlefield siege lifted army duke stormed camp month later killing capturing men taking artillery baggage turned french campaign failure dissatisfied outcome naval battle expected french fleet destroyed honour navy restored dismissed imprisoned admiral officers accusing forces replaced appointed years old illegitimate son john austria commander hispanic maritime forces giving widespread orders powers order end french failure contributed greatly reduction french pressure italy soldiers naples consequently carried fight french armies september french expedition led portuguese help succeeded capturing encouraged duke change allegiance spanish monarchy france | Battle of Orbetello | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5740_BattleofMachias(1777) | battle battle august amphibious assault massachusetts town present day eastern maine british forces american revolutionary war local militia aided indian allies successfully prevented british troops landing raid led commodore sir executed attempt head planned second assault besieged november british forces landed seized ship raided outcome raid disputed claimed action successful destroying military stores attack stores delivered defenders claimed successfully prevented capture driven british background small community located eastern district massachusetts state maine persistent british naval authorities start american revolutionary war june citizens rose seized small naval vessel community base authorized organize expedition establish patriot presence western nova_scotia present day new_brunswick congress authorized recruit men massachusetts government prepared colonel commission authority raise regiment eastern massachusetts establish presence valley based effort june landed men area british authorities halifax received intelligence intended mission larger british force arrived june left settlements near mouth river british withdrew forced difficult overland journey small force retreated river joined journey number sympathetic indians persuaded join american cause early august voted forces recruited expedition imminent threat posed army general upstate new_york papers documenting fairly elaborate plans including projected attack taken action fell hands captain sir second command admiral naval station halifax spurred act attempt previous year organized assault base operations source recruits commander land forces halifax general decided launch expedition taking british_army troops sailed halifax late july frigate hms rainbow accompanied brig planning use marines aboard ships ground operations joined frigate sloop hms hope making passage defense consisted local militia command colonel leader attack warned british organizing attack militia laid log boom constructed armed cannons taken local defense coincidentally reinforced colonel called explain gone wrong expedition battle leaving halifax nova_scotia fleet arrived mouth river early august boarded marines hope ordered blonde river word reached militia men mustered oppose ships reached log boom began forces militia resistance sufficient british attempting landing day early morning cover fog marines landed cut log boom seized sloop carrying lumber set fire seizing stores flour rice corn shoes ammunition returning ships ships moved river reached town way harassed musket cannon fire shore militia indian allies positioned dispute possible landing sites darkness set indians reportedly began chanting shouting attempt numbers point great surprise half hour coming anchor brig sloop way firing gun river tide flood hope ran aground making way downstream twilight militia hauled swivel gun nearby shore shot morning refloated tide way aftermath colonel ascribed militia success british concerns entering trap likened encounter battle writing action war bunker hill slaughter american estimates british casualties ran claiming casualties killed wounded british reported losses killed wounded mainly incurred hope grounded departing cruised maine coast capturing smaller american ships raided communities captured frigate laden mast destined france report declared mission success claimed successfully invasion nova scotia believed men destruction general troops preparing participate expedition excluded abrupt departure halifax wrote wanted honour destroying stole halifax futile attack drove attacked war somewhat isolated british occupied establishing colony returned successfully defend american patriot parts eastern maine successfully occupied british forces war british created colony returned united_states control war | Battle of Machias (1777) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5912_BattleonSnowshoes(1757) | battle battle skirmish fought rogers rangers french indian troops french indian war january battle given british combatants wearing january captain band rangers scouting expedition near fort ambushed mixed troop french regulars indians fighting ended darkness set significant casualties sides french reports claimed british distinct advantage background french indian war broke british french colonists territorial disputes colonial escalated following year include regular troops french enjoyed successes frontier battles british notable failure occurred british stopped southward advance battle lake george bases fort located crown point new_york known british french indian allies continued scout probe british defenses upper hudson_river british fewer indian allies resorted companies rangers scouting reconnaissance activities ranger companies organized directed eventually known prelude winter rogers companies rangers stationed fort william henry southern end fort edward upper hudson forts principally garrisoned elements 44th 48th regiments formed frontier british province new_york french province canada captain rogers led scouting expedition january stopping fort william henry acquire provisions additional soldiers company left fort january men heading frozen day men turned injuries remaining men continued north reaching point fort january spotted moving lake fort rogers sent lieutenant men intercept spotted stark men seen retreat woods turned british gave chase french escaped rogers succeeded taking seven prisoners rogers learned questioning prisoners french indian war party arrived forts garrisoned thousand regulars concerned escaped raise alarm rogers immediately ordered return camp council disapproved return route violation rogers ranging guidelines overruled citing need speed deep snow early afternoon returned camp rested way south leader supply convoy rogers intercepted returned alerted fort commander according report immediately sent party regulars regiment command accompanied canadian militia indians indians primarily ottawa command french indian leaders defeat battle rogers men walked ambush according estimate french indians british fortunate french muskets wet gunpowder surprise nearly complete lieutenant stark bringing rear ranger column established defensive line rise men gave covering fire retreated position retreated rogers ordered captives slain men freely fight lasted hours ended sunset rogers injured twice battle head hand french reported disadvantage snow knees darkness set rogers survivors retreated miles sent stark men assistance january rogers returned able bodied wounded soldiers aftermath questioned men captured battle learned disposition men materials way albany fort captured british ended slaves indians published pamphlet described captivity spent years slavery traveling far mississippi_river reaching albany november similar battle fought following year rogers nearly killed company | Battle on Snowshoes (1757) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
5936_Nobletrainofartillery | noble train artillery noble train artillery known expedition led continental_army colonel transport heavy weaponry captured fort continental_army camps outside boston massachusetts winter went november course winter months moved tons cannons armaments boat horse drawn manpower poor quality roads semi frozen rivers forests swamps lightly inhabited boston area called exploit feats logistics entire route moved weaponry known henry trail states new_york massachusetts erected markers route background shortly american revolutionary war broke battles lexington concord april militia leader connecticut arrived unit support proposed fort captured small british garrison reason gave justify presence heavy weaponry committee gave arnold massachusetts colonel commission authorized operation idea capture raised disputed territory present day vermont allen arnold joined forces force men captured fort fight day detachment men captured nearby fort crown point combat arnold began inventory forts usable military equipment hampered lack resources conflict command forts allen later connecticut militia company sent hold fort june arnold eventually abandoned idea transporting armaments boston resigned commission expedition planning july george_washington assumed command forces outside boston significant problems identified nascent continental_army lack heavy weaponry offensive operations virtually impossible uncertain exactly proposed operation retrieve cannons biographers tend credit arnold giving washington idea washington eventually chose young job year old interest military matters served massachusetts militia good friends washington arrival boston washington gave assignment wrote trouble expense spared obtain november washington issued orders retrieve cannons authorized purpose wrote general asking assist endeavor washington weapons echoed issued colonel commission november reach returned expedition departed washington camp november traveling new_york_city supplies reached december night fort george southern end shared cabin young british prisoner named taken prisoner siege fort jean way south prison camp similar age temperament found common ground talk meeting time met presided court martial convicted sentenced death role treason albany arrival immediately set identifying equipment organizing transport selected pieces equipment including cannons ranging size pounders mortars estimated total weight transported pounds tons metric tons largest pieces pounder big feet long estimated weigh pounds equipment carried overland northern end train loaded like ship called december set sail southern end lake sailing ahead small boat ice beginning cover lake grounding submerged rock reached day sailed going ahead reached fort george good time appear expected boat sent check progress reported sunk far appeared setback brother william captain reported water line ship refloated days later arrived southern end lake december wrote washington built exceeding strong provided drag far springfield hoped days able present noble train artillery set albany ahead train crossed frozen hudson_river proceeded reaching present day north albany christmas day feet snow fell day slowing progress snow covered route needed broken open day slowed significant snow ground finally reached albany met general worked days locate send north equipment personnel assist moving train south snowfall sufficient use train overland river ice thin hudson men tried accelerate process river ice pouring additional water existing ice january cannon arrived albany way albany crossing hudson heading east massachusetts cannons crashed ice river instance cannon recovered january cannons crossed hudson rode ahead oversee stage journey crossing details remaining journey journal ends january reached vicinity new_york january proceeded reaching massachusetts days later lead crew refused continue owing lack snow upcoming steep descent connecticut river valley hired additional persuaded crew train moved east news spread people came watch pass loaded big guns powder fired applause assembled crowd springfield hire new work crews new_york based crews wanted return home reported seeing artillery train pass january days later arrived cambridge personally reported washington artillery train arrived according accounting spent operation hoped weeks instead took weeks arrival equipment began arrive boston area washington seeking end siege formulated plan draw british boston point launch attack city pursuing plan placed cannons cambridge lamb dam batteries opened fire boston night march preparations cannons threaten city british fleet harbor night march continental_army troops occupied high ground british general planned contest assaulting position prevented execution consideration decided instead withdraw city march british troops loyalist colonists boarded ships sailed halifax nova scotia went chief artillery officer continental_army later served united_states secretary war legacy commemorate achievement time anniversary states new_york massachusetts placed historical markers route believed taken time markers new_york moved new information surfaced train movements albany state boundary markers massachusetts route train assumed given documentation known roads massachusetts time fort army post kentucky famous site named | Noble train of artillery | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6000_BattlesofSaratoga | battles battles september october marked climax campaign giving decisive victory americans british american revolutionary war british general led large invasion army canada hoping meet similar force marching northward new_york_city southern force arrived surrounded american forces upstate new_york fought small battles break took place eighteen days apart ground miles south new_york failed trapped superior american forces relief sight surrendered entire army october surrender says historian great turning point war won americans foreign assistance element needed victory strategy divide new_england southern colonies started slowed logistical problems won small tactical victory general continental_army september battle cost significant casualties gains erased attacked americans october battle americans captured portion british defenses compelled retreat army surrounded larger american force forcing surrender october news surrender instrumental formally bringing france war american ally previously given supplies ammunition guns notably cannon played important role battle resulted spain joining france war britain battle september began moved troops attempt flank entrenched american position anticipating maneuver placed significant forces way gain control came cost significant casualties continued days following battle waited hope reinforcements arrive new_york_city militia forces continued arrive swelling size american army disputes american camp led gates strip arnold command british general sir moving new_york_city attempted divert american attention capturing forts hudson_river highlands october efforts late help attacked october apparent receive relieving aid time heavy fighting marked arnold spirited rallying american troops forces thrown positions held september battle americans captured portion entrenched british defenses background american revolutionary war approached year point british changed plans giving rebellious new_england colonies decided split new_england british believed loyal middle southern colonies british command devised grand plan divide colonies way movement western command progress ontario western new_york following southern progress hudson_river valley new_york_city northern proceed southward montreal forces meet vicinity albany new_york new_england colonies british situation june british general known manners moved south province quebec gain control upper hudson_river valley early capture campaign difficulties elements army reached upper hudson early end july logistical supply difficulties delayed main army attempt alleviate difficulties failed nearly men killed captured august battle furthermore news reached august expedition valley turned failed siege fort combined earlier news general sailed army new_york_city campaign capture philadelphia instead moving north meet departure native american support following loss situation difficult faced need reach winter quarters require retreat advance albany decided consequent decision crucial decisions decided deliberately cut communications north need maintain chain heavily fortified outposts position decided cross hudson_river relatively strong position ordered baron commanded rear army abandon outposts south army cross hudson north september american situation continental_army slow steady state retreat capture early july mid august army command major general south new_york august assumed command political fortunes fallen loss ensuing retreat gates different backgrounds previously argued command issues army gates army growing size result increased militia turnout following calls state governors success widespread outrage fiancée loyalist army native americans command strategic decisions american commander chief general george_washington improved situation gates army washington concerned movements goal aware moving took risks july sent aid north form major general aggressive field commander major general massachusetts man noted influence new_england militia august certain howe sailed south ordered men israel forces defending new_york highlands join gates army sent best forces army colonel newly formed comprised specially selected pennsylvania maryland virginia chosen ability unit came known september gates ordered army march north site known north miles south selected defensive potential army spent week constructing defensive works designed polish engineer heights commanding view area commanded road albany passed heights hudson west heights lay heavily forested present significant challenge heavily equipped army battle september prelude moving departure native american support deprived reliable reports american position advanced south crossing hudson september vanguard army reached position north miles american defensive line skirmishes occurred american scouting parties leading elements army american camp bed intrigue arnold return fort gates previously reasonably good terms spite arnold managed turn gates taking staff officers friendly dragging ongoing feud conditions reached september day events contributed situation gates assigned left wing defenses arnold assumed command right nominally assigned general lincoln gates detached august troops harass british positions army arnold understood importance american left need control heights morning fog lifted ordered army advance columns baron led left column consisting german troops 47th foot river road bringing main artillery guarding supplies boats river general commanded center column consisting 9th 20th 21st 62nd regiments attack heights general led right wing 24th regiment light infantry companies turn american left flank negotiating heavily wooded high ground north west arnold realized flanking maneuver likely petitioned gates permission forces heights meet potential movements american skill woodlands combat advantage gates preferred strategy sit wait expected frontal assault permitted reconnaissance force consisting men light infantry morgan men reached open field northwest belonging loyalist spotted british advance troops field column slightly delayed reached field hamilton column way approaching field east dense forest difficult terrain force road delayed obstacles thrown americans sound gunfire west prompted send artillery track direction troops morgan men saw advance company hamilton column battle morgan placed strategic positions picked virtually officer advance company morgan men charged unaware headed directly main army succeeded driving advance company leading edge arrived time attack morgan left scattering men woods ridden forward observe fire returned american camp reinforcements british company fell main column leading edge column opened fire killing number men fighting hamilton men began form north field american reinforcements began arrive south learning morgan trouble gates ordered regiments 1st 3rd new hampshire support additional regiments 2nd new_york 4th new_york 1st canadian connecticut militia brigade poor follow hamilton men 21st right 20th left 62nd center 9th held reserve battle went phases alternating intense fighting breaks action morgan men woods picked officers effective reducing americans times gained brief control british field pieces lose british charge point believed taken instead aides riding richly dressed horse victim center british line nearly broken point intervention general phillips leading 20th possible 62nd reform final stroke battle belonged british sent messenger instructions returned hours later orders guard baggage train send men spare american right flank calculated risk left men guard vital supply train marched action rest column companies advanced double opened vicious fire american right force threatened turn american left flank response threat arnold requested forces gates allowed dispatch brigade 2nd 8th 9th massachusetts arnold field forces instead faced larger danger posed force fortunately american right darkness set bringing end battle americans retreated defenses leaving british field gained field battle suffered nearly casualties hamilton center column 62nd reduced size single company quarters artillery men killed wounded american losses nearly killed seriously wounded widely recounted histories battle general arnold field directing action park historian carefully documents evolution story believes foundation contemporary materials arnold remained gates headquarters receiving news orders arnold biographer arguing arnold played active role directing patriot troops position possibly leading charges ordered headquarters gates interlude council discussed attack day decision reached delay action day september army moved consolidate position closer american line men collected dead attack 21st called received letter dated september commanding british garrison new_york_city clinton suggested push fort montgomery days fort montgomery american post hudson_river new york highlands south west_point clinton left new_york september days wrote letter hope arrive vicinity end month running low men food difficult position decided wait hope clinton arrive save army wrote clinton september requesting sort assistance diversion draw gates army away clinton sailed new_york october captured clinton october north troops reached raided estate prominent family october unknown general lincoln colonel staged attack british position fort lincoln collected men early september brown detachment men captured poorly defended positions spent days bombarding fort men prisoners freed way american camp september american camp mutual resentment finally exploded open hostility gates quickly reported action september congress governor new_york failed mention arnold field commanders men universally credited arnold success troops involved arnold command arnold directing battle gates sat tent arnold protested dispute escalated shouting match ended gates relieving arnold command giving arnold asked transfer washington command gates granted instead leaving remained tent documentary evidence commonly recounted petition signed line officers convinced arnold stay camp period daily clashes patrols armies morgan familiar strategy tactics woodland warfare constantly harassed british patrols western flank september passed october clear clinton coming help army short rations october day called war council options discussed conclusive decisions council resumed day proposed retreat supported refused consider insisting retreat finally agreed conduct assault american left flank thousand men army october army attacking grown interval addition return lincoln detachment supplies continued pour american camp including critical increases ammunition severely depleted battle army faced october men strong led man knew trouble gates received consistent intelligence stream leaving british lines intercepted clinton response plea help second battle heights october british foray troop strength nominally higher likely effective battle ready troops october losses earlier battles campaign following september battle reduced forces general advised army retreat decided american left flank attack possible escort generals took light troops 24th foot right combined british left force drawn german regiments army center british cannon major williams cannon captain leaving camp advanced quarters mile barber wheat field rise stopped observe american position field afforded room artillery work flanks dangerously close surrounding woods gates following removal arnold field command assumed command american left gave right general lincoln american scouts brought news movement gates ordered morgan far left poor men 1st 2nd 3rd new_hampshire left 2nd right learned 1st new_york 1st canadian 2nd 8th 9th massachusetts regiments plus militia companies center force new_york militia brigadier general held reserve learned line americans took field day including men lincoln command deployed action particularly fierce opening fire came british poor men held fire terrain british shooting largely ineffective major led british bayonet charge americans finally began shooting close range fell shot legs went column total rout poor men advanced williams prisoner capture artillery american left things going british morgan men swept aside canadians native americans engage regulars slightly outnumbered morgan managed break british attempts west general mortally wounded phase battle frequently told story claiming work morgan men appears 19th century arrival large militia brigade roughly entire british reconnaissance force size broke british began disorganized retreat nearly killed morgan shots hit horse hat phase battle lasted hour cost nearly men including capture command field pieces brought action american attack point americans joined unexpected participant general arnold great wrath american camp drinking rode join action gates immediately sent major armstrong orders return armstrong catch arnold action effectively letter written witness proceedings camp suggests arnold fact authorization gates engage action defenses right british camp anchored defended men command command lord small contingent canadians occupied ground fortifications retreating force headed position slightly north away early action arnold led american chase led poor men attack set defenses held action fierce wrote determined showed officer experience seeing advance checked learned preparing attack arnold moved action riding lines remarkably emerging led charge learned men gap exposed rear position morgan men far furious battle taken killed arnold horse hit final arnold leg broken shot falling horse major armstrong finally caught arnold officially order headquarters carried litter capture exposed british camp darkness setting attempt germans retake ended capture darkness fell unreliable guide led american line aftermath failed campaign seen titles books cover detail marked major turning point war battle withdrew men miles north near present day new_york general returned england given commanding position british_army armies casualties lost men battles leaving outnumbered roughly american losses came killed wounded lost effective leaders attempts capture american position failed forward line breached night lit fires remaining forward positions withdrew cover darkness morning october fortified positions held september october surrounded october surrendered army remnants expedition retreated quebec british learned americans fight effectively said british officer courage americans fought fully convinced enemy hitherto imagined incapable standing regular engagement fight strong powerful works recognition contribution battles general arnold restored lost passed promotion earlier leg wound left arnold months later unfit field service serving military governor philadelphia arnold entered correspondence british received command fort west_point plotted hand british flee british lines capture contact led exposure plot arnold went serve commander right wing expedition virginia left direction battle subordinates received great deal credit commanding general greatest american victory war date replace george_washington commander chief instead received command main american army south led disastrous defeat battle forefront panicked retreat gates commanded troops field response surrender congress declared december national day thanksgiving praise nation official holiday french aid news surrender reached france king louis decided enter negotiations americans resulted formal alliance french entry war moved conflict global stage consequence britain forced divert resources fight war north_america theaters west_indies europe rely turned loyalist support north american operations defeated british french indian war decade earlier france found opportunity revenge aiding colonists revolutionary war prior france didn fully aid colonists won colonists france realized americans hope winning war began fully aiding colonists sending soldiers donations loans military arms supplies legacy battlefield site surrender preserved administered national_park_service listed national_register_of_historic_places park preserves number buildings area contains variety monuments monument hold statues american generals gates colonel fourth niche arnold statue dramatic memorial arnold heroism boot monument donated civil war general shows boot spurs stars major general stands spot arnold shot october charging dedicated brilliant soldier continental_army units derived american units participated thirty units colonial era number ships named battles including uss uss uss | Battles of Saratoga | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6032_BattleofIronWorksHill | battle iron works hill known series minor skirmishes took place december american war independence took place new_jersey american force composed colonial militia colonel force british regulars american force eventually forced positions larger force action prevented von assigned base new_jersey position assist brigade new_jersey attacked defeated george_washington troops crossed delaware night december background july forces great_britain command general landed months howe forces british_army regulars auxiliary german troops usually referred chased george_washington continental_army new_york_city new_jersey washington army size poor morale took refuge pennsylvania western shore november removing available deny british opportunity cross wide river general howe established chain outposts new_jersey ordered troops winter quarters southernmost outposts located outpost manned men brigade command outpost manned british 42nd regiment contingents troops command colonel large house von force hoped quarter troops south strong loyalist support floating gun batteries threatened town expose loyalist allies fire forced troops surrounding countryside troops von occupied outposts exposed actions rebel raids actions patriot militia forces arose spontaneously recruited army regulars actions nerves troops uncertainty attacks place size force men commanders edge leading jump investigate rumored movement went far order men sleep fully dressed like watch militia force rose december company command virginia colonel griffin adjutant general responsible defense philadelphia griffin force exact composition uncertain probably included virginia pennsylvania infantry new_jersey militia numbered mid december reached miles southwest december griffin advanced established rough fortification atop hill near iron works south village center sent loyalist investigate reported force nearly half boys militia pennsylvania commanded contingent 42nd positioned seven miles north present day columbus heard rumors rebels rear support asked advice replied sir troops come attack confident match battle december griffin troops overwhelmed guard outpost 42nd located mile south bridge evening december washington adjutant went mount holly met griffin griffin written reed requesting small field pieces assist actions reed discussing planned attack men washington wanted griffin company participate sort attack griffin ill men poorly equipped significant action apparently agreed sort actions day morning december von brought troops 42nd british highland regiment battalions bridge overwhelmed griffin men griffin troops retreated von reported scattering men near town meeting house captain reported men posted hill near church retired quickly rounds artillery fired griffin troops occupied slowly retreated fortified position hill following sides engaged long range fire aftermath forces night december according plundered town breaking alcohol stores abandoned houses getting drunk took quarters house described belonging beautiful widow doctor identity uncertain day december moved force drive militia hill griffin men retreated night reason von contingents remained miles day march messenger arrived december bringing news defeat washington morning news skirmishes exaggerated published accounts day varied including participants battle claimed sixteen enemy killed new_jersey reported seven enemy killed specifically denied british german casualties occurred skirmish december reported enemy casualties killed seven wounded militia action reporters including assumed griffin specifically sent draw von away von decision attack force apparently prior reed arrival reed noted journal sic perfectly accidental happy effect drew count planning washington crossing delaware include sending militia force griffin attack von mount holly company failed cross river legacy hill griffin militia occupied located battle annually | Battle of Iron Works Hill | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6061_SiegeofSzigetvár | siege siege battle pronunciation hungarian croatian turkish siege fortress blocked line advance vienna battle fought defending forces monarchy leadership hungarian ban croatia invading ottoman army nominal command ottoman turkish battle resulted end independent ferdinand elected king nobles hungary croatia followed series conflicts allies fighting ottoman_empire little war hungary sides exhausted sustaining heavy casualties ottoman campaign hungary ceased offensive january went war time siege fought august september resulted ottoman victory heavy losses sides commanders died battle final charge tent natural causes turks fallen attacks man garrison killed final men killed day battle ottoman victory stopped ottoman push vienna year vienna threatened battle vienna importance battle considered great french clergyman statesman reported described battle saved civilization battle famous croatia hungary inspired hungarian epic poem siege croatian opera background august forces led king defeated battle ottoman forces led magnificent louis died battle resulted end independent died heir hungary croatia disputed territories claims ottoman ferdinand brother holy roman emperor married sister elected king nobles hungary croatia throne hungary subject dispute ferdinand promised ruler hungary ferdinand set enforce claim hungary captured relinquish hold ottoman counter attack stripped ferdinand territorial gains siege vienna attempt magnificent capture austrian capital siege signalled pinnacle ottoman power maximum extent ottoman expansion central europe little war years known little war following unsuccessful siege vienna ferdinand launched counter attack regain initiative assault driven ferdinand successful capturing forts danube river vital strategic frontier response came led massive army troops vienna ferdinand withdrew army leaving men cannons guns defend grand ottomans realize poorly defended came join shortly siege started days croatian captain garrison held nineteen scale assaults bombardment ottomans result city offered surrender favourable terms offer rejected ottomans retreated leading peace treaty ferdinand recognized ottoman vassal treaty satisfy ferdinand armies began skirmishes borders ferdinand attacked forces violation treaty siege disaster similar magnitude ottoman relief army smashing austrians attack vienna attacked southern italy nonetheless ottoman victory naval gave led coalition defeat died succeeded infant son reign country governed mother continued support remained nominal returned country rule defeat inflicted siege ottomans responded request help april launched campaign hungary taking forts hungary returned ottoman control august ottomans succeeded followed capture hungarian cities offering better security peace agreement ottomans lasted decided attack siege proved futile victory reversed period territorial losses hungary survival gave austrians good reason believe hungary contested ground ottoman campaign hungary ceased revival campaign january sultan ruled ottoman_empire years went war time years old having extent carried litter nominally commanded thirteenth military campaign sultan left constantinople head largest armies commanded opposite number largest seasoned veteran border warfare ban croatian royal representative early life distinguished siege vienna pursued successful military career forces reached belgrade june day march met earlier promised ruler hungary learning success attack turkish decided postpone attack german instead attack fortress eliminate threat siege advanced guard turks arrived august defenders successful sorties causing considerable loss turks sultan arrived main force august big war tent erected hill giving view battle sultan stay camp received verbal battle progress reports grand real operational commander ottoman forces found besieged hostile army soldiers powerful artillery assembled force croatian hungarian soldiers prior siege consisted personal forces friends allies majority defenders croatian significant hungarian contingent represented men arms leadership divided sections divided water old town new town castle linked bridges land built particularly high ground inner castle occupied area today castle directly accessible attackers taken secured final assault inner castle launched sultan appeared fortress saw walls hung red cloth reception single great cannon greet mighty warrior monarch siege began august ordered general assault attack successfully repulsed despite greatly outnumbered defenders sent reinforcements vienna imperial army month exhausting bloody struggle remaining defenders retreated old town stand sultan tried surrender ultimately offering leadership croatia ottoman influence reply continued fight fall castle appeared inevitable ottoman high command september died tent death kept secret great effort sultan circle knowing demise ottomans feared soldiers battle knew leader died death kept secret days dispatched camp message successor known content message delivered distant asia minor mere days final battle final battle began september day demise time fortress walls reduced rubble mining explosives wood fueled fires corners walls morning attack began small arms greek fire concentrated soon castle stronghold set fell apartments count ottoman army city drumming prepared charge addressing troops allow final assault break castle turks pressing forwards narrow bridge defenders suddenly open gate fired large mortar loaded broken iron killing attackers ordered charge led remaining troops castle received musket wounds chest killed shortly arrow head force retired castle turks took castle defenders slain captured defenders spared admired courage seven defenders managing escape ottoman lines corpse beheaded head taken new sultan body received honourable burial prisoner treated powder magazine explosion leading final sortie castle garrison ordered fuse lit powder magazine cutting defenders poured fortress entered remains fell trap thousands perished blast castle magazine exploded life saved household warned trap troops searched treasure interrogated survivors treasure prisoner replied long expended powder feet slow match attached mounted officers time escape turks perished explosion aftermath garrison wiped final battle ottoman casualties heavy soldiers said perished sources vary exact number estimates ranging battle grand forged sultan proclaiming victory announced sultan regretted current state health prevented continuing successful campaign body returned constantinople inner circle officials pretended communication turkish sources state illusion maintained weeks sultan personal physician precaution likely long journey siege detrimental effect sultan health death meant advances postponed return constantinople succession new sultan lived army achieved short time remained fall onset winter prolonged resistance delayed ottoman push vienna sent emperor croatian arrived istanbul august received agreement ending war austrian ottoman reached february months negotiations known originally bosnia treaty signed february agreed year truce agreement brought years relative peace long war truce agreed pay annual tribute depictions art poet writer wrote conquest croatian work posthumously published venice croatian historical epic dealing national history inspired battle hungarian epic poem written parts great grandson ban croatia published inspired renowned history lists major literary achievements 17th century spite author members family fierce enemies turks poem turks portrayed human beings love story sultan daughter interwoven main plot hungarian brother vii published croatian language surprising family bilingual croatian nobleman warrior poet wrote battle poem farewell published event crying revenge titled consists croatian turkish warriors died siege paying equal respect opera famous popular work croatia recounts heroic defiance turks metaphor later nationalist monarchy depicted plot 16th century croatian hero defeated turks couple times family close supporters siege castle opera patriotic famous aria | Siege of Szigetvár | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6090_BattleofCapeHenry | battle cape henry naval battle american war independence took place near mouth chesapeake_bay march british squadron led vice admiral french fleet admiral based newport rhode_island sailed joint operation continental_army oppose british army brigadier general active virginia admiral asked general george_washington fleet support military operations arnold sailing march followed days later admiral sailed eastern long_island fleet reaching virginia ahead march hours battle joined fleets suffered damage casualties losing ships positioned enter fleets frustrating objective returned newport protected bay arrival additional land troops reinforce general arnold background december british general sir sent brigadier general changed sides british previous september troops virginia raiding portsmouth general george_washington responded sending south small army oppose arnold seeking trap arnold army french naval detachment washington asked french admiral commander fleet newport rhode_island help wary threat posed slightly larger british north american fleet anchored eastern end long_island reluctant help storm early february damaged fleet prompted send squadron ships south shortly reached british ships supporting arnold moved shallow french ships unable follow french fleet returned newport having success capture heavy frigate ships sent british investigate french movements modest success encouragement prompted embark scale operation march washington newport sailed entire fleet carrying troops use land operations arrived vice admiral british fleet commander north_america aware planning learn sailing march immediately led fleet pursuit speed advantage copper clad vessels favourable wind reached march slightly ahead battle fleets ships lines british advantage firepower gun hms london largest ship fleet compared gun french fleet included recently captured gun smallest vessel line spotted french fleet northeast march nmi east northeast came ordered ships form line battle heading west wind winds began shifting visibility remained poor fleets hours seeking advantage weather wind northeast superior coming rear french line headed east southeast wind order escape position gave orders wear ship sequence brought line advancing british line manoeuvre surrendered weather giving advantage determining attack positioned ships relative wind open lower heavy seas british risk water washing lower decks responded french manoeuvre ordering fleet wear ships van line maneuver fully exposed french line fire consequently suffered significant damage robust europe virtually damage sails rigging kept signal maintaining line flying british fleet lined damaged vessels point ordered fleet wear succession ships damaged british ships taking london yard pulling away east aftermath french casualties killed wounded british suffered killed wounded pulled chesapeake_bay frustrating original intent mission french fleet returned newport transports delivered men reinforce arnold returned new_york resigned post station chief age july left england ending stormy difficult relationship general clinton general washington unhappy operation failed wrote letter mildly critical letter intercepted published english newspaper prompting critical response washington french army commander newport arrived command newport station justified failure pursue attack principle war risk defend positions little attack enemy naval historian points risks goes far explain french want success war learned french failure turned north rejoin washington washington ordered stay virginia having learned reinforcements sent arnold french operation support unsuccessful later naval operations culminated french naval victory september battle paved way successful naval blockade land siege lord army virginia battle american singer songwriter ballad cape henry marker commemorating battle cape henry memorial virginia recognition battle site order battle basic information ship names gun counts provided cited names ship captains provided cited casualty figured provided disagree casualty count reports british killed wounded french killed wounded sources disagree ship carried flag english language sources list flag board neptune lists flagship predecessor time captain neptune moved death popular culture singer recorded ballad cape henry album peace based naval engagement included following lyrics ships frigate pearl frigate iris frigate frigate ships frigate frigate | Battle of Cape Henry | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6181_RaidonGenoa | raid genoa raid genoa minor naval engagement fought harbour italian city genoa year french revolutionary wars french republican forces mediterranean pressure austrian spanish armies royalist uprisings british blockade suffered loss principal naval base fleet stationed british forces lord hood seized toulon invitation city royalist faction survivors french fleet scattered mediterranean neutral italian including frigates genoa eliminate threat isolated frigates posed hood ordered squadron rear admiral investigate harbour genoa squadron arrived october discovered smaller warships anchor later day ships squadron launched ship boats instigated boarding action anchored ships defiance neutrality french crews resisted british boarding parties successfully captured vessels suffering casualties days later detached hms captain seized abandoned fled action strategic consequences republican faction genoa strong successfully barred austrian reinforcements sailing join allied garrison developing siege toulon outnumbered defenders port overwhelmed driven sea republican assault december mediterranean french revolutionary wars began conflict new following french revolution spread involve number european nations including spain great_britain addition external threats political tensions france led series uprisings republic summer particularly south country centres royalist activity city toulon major naval base home port powerful august fighting republican forces british troops control heights overlooking city toulon surrendered lord hood commander british_royal_navy mediterranean_fleet hood forces occupied city seized french fleet harbour called reinforcements defend toulon inevitable republican counterattack receiving spanish contingents following weeks siege toulon developed austrian troops promised dispatched fighting french troops reach toulon sea scheduled embark city port genoa capital italian state stage war officially neutral genoa common northern italian cities state political french revolution inspired similarly minded revolutionaries italy support republican ideas substantial republican faction government supported france cause food supplies regularly shipped genoa republican armies demands ambassador genoa trade cease went situation genoa compounded presence french warships waters parts french fleet seized toulon deprived home port taken refuge neutral italian ports relying italian neutrality protect attack numerous enemy fleets operating largest ships gun frigate gun taken shelter genoa grand respectively presented threat allied shipping movement reinforcements italian ports despite strong protests drake lord ambassador republican genoa refused french ships leave consequence hood resolved frigates eliminated republicans genoa withdrawing support raid confront french frigates hood diverted powerful squadron fleet toulon force led rear admiral gun ship line hms george included gun captain hms captain captain french royalist smaller warships accompanied larger warships hms commander force ordered sail genoa eliminate squadron arrived port october clearly visible harbour anchored mole near small mediterranean sailing craft armed guns carrying crews men senior officers squadron held council determine best course action decided diplomatic options failed appeared support french british resort military solution afternoon october slowly harbour alongside launched ship boats captain brought close french frigate british arrival reportedly greeted french sailors boarding party frigate deck met resistance french crew ordered ship fire french sailors killing wounding attack broke resolve french surrendered sea escape capture collected boats captain subdued boats approached boat parties boarded small french warships crew surrendered resisted british short melee broke deck resulting captain french sailor wounded firmly british hands raid completed british squadron withdrew genoa prizes french sailor killed operation wounded british boarding parties survived unscathed alarmed raid genoa authorities ordered leave immediately frigate sailed north took shelter cove near port days capture captain reached acting reports bay discovered french ship guns santa maria shore battery following morning october ship boats tow captain alongside boat parties ship line boarded frigate discovering french crew abandoned ship night scuttled shallow water british able possession opposition battery instructed frigate ship completing temporary repairs october sailing toulon prize aftermath high quality modern ships immediately recommissioned royal_navy hms unite ship similar service repercussions operation severe acting instructions hood violated neutrality deliberate attempt pro republican faction city actions readily seized french portrayed raid massacre unarmed sailors print form government broke diplomatic relations britain austrian reinforcements destined toulon unable embark drake british inhabitants genoa expelled initiated blockade city seizing neutral merchant shipping destined port ships stationed watch government including royalist november carrying prisoners taken raid genoa caught fire possibly result arson destroyed accounts suggest barrel ignited accidentally blaze killed royalist crew classed unfit duty austrian reinforcements defenders toulon outnumbered coming sustained attack french troops directed year old artillery officer captain december french troops seized high ground city allies forced chaotic withdrawal hood ships removed garrison refugees city boat parties led sir attempted destroy french fleet efforts partially successful ships line frigates survived form nucleus war come evening december toulon firmly republican hands | Raid on Genoa | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6257_Actionof30May1798 | action action minor naval engagement small british squadron small french squadron coast normandy france french revolutionary wars british force conducting patrols region aftermath battle earlier month encountered french vessels attempting sail unnoticed closing french british commander sir sought bring french ships battle attempted turn british squadron attack french unable escape ship fifth rate engaged french corvette smaller british ships chased brief exchange fire crews ran french ships onshore close mouth river landing barges survived attack british held badly damaged boarding parties ships able board burn following morning suffered troops onshore able protect attack crew bring nearby harbour repaired eventually returned background british_royal_navy successfully contained french navy employing strategy close blockade ensure dominance sea french revolutionary wars strategy particularly effective english channel proximity british bases importance limiting movements french invasion forces stationed focused british attention essential prevent concentration large force invasion barges constructed guidance captain improve royal_navy ability observe french movements force command captain sir seized garrisoned fortified spring concentrated landing barges launched attack saint combination wind tide prevented blockade squadron intervening fortified islands defended french soldiers died ensuing battle french abandoned attack french subsequently dispersed remaining landing barges ports response royal_navy increased patrols region intention convoys destroying barges french movements coast solely confined landing barges warships gun captain gun lieutenant sailed travelling westwards accompanied small armed cutter battle engagement sea morning british squadron sailing spotted french ships pulling west gave chase captain leading gun hms followed bomb vessel captain gun cutter lieutenant discovering british pursuit ordered squadron retreat shore opening ineffective fire long range continued approach successfully position turned shore british frigate came fire french ships attacks little impact able concentrate broadside rapidly forced french corvette turn pursued trial set pursuit attempting turn french cutter unable escape british pursuit crew deliberately drove ashore near mouth caught began heavy fire french warship returned possible exchange continued minutes having suffered damage drove aground near village short distance west mouth struck mainmast collapsed manoeuvre hostile fire impossible drove ashore avoid british attack managing beach ship estuary rising tide brought corvette beach brief attempt escape westwards trial alert drove shore small british vessels opened distant fire corvette west falling tide forced british ships retreat shore gathering vessels approximately miles northeast beached french convoy attack boats day french strengthened positions battered ships soldiers surrounding area gathering beaches deter boat attacks grounded vessels soldiers men taken landing barges troops identified trial briefly closed determine condition fired remaining guns operation frigate evacuation covered shore crew removed including wounded french eventually abandoned wrecked corvette evening better condition remained protected crew vessel low tide prevent falling prepared ship tide rose strong french military presence decided delay operation beached vessels circumstances favourable morning sent boats squadron attack grounded coming alongside wreck british boarding party found alive ship counted large number french dead board removing french colours boarding party started fires bow stern corvette withdrawing despite steady ineffective musket fire french troops overlooking beach force cavalry moving shore fire rapidly destroyed british boarding party retired casualties british attack proceeded crew succeeded soon ship anchored protection gun batteries defences augmented additional batteries set soldiers captain drawn barges trapped town british blockade time destroyed mouth heavily fortified arrival gun frigate hms diamond captain sir june insufficient french numerical superiority eventually forced retire blockade absent managed underway reach incident aftermath french casualties engagement uncertain circumstances destruction based report boarding party believed heavy british losses man killed seriously wounded minor damage inflicted smaller vessels conduct subject criticism france battle french history victories accused failing support grounding ship outcome battle british historian critical focusing blame french defeat senior restriction french movement coastline effects development french forces region played significant role failure french pose realistic invasion threat britain | Action of 30 May 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
6270_BattleofGrotonHeights | battle battle known occasionally called massacre battle american revolutionary war fought september small connecticut militia force led lieutenant colonel numerous british forces led brigadier general lieutenant colonel lieutenant general sir ordered general arnold raid connecticut port unsuccessful attempt divert general george_washington marching lord army virginia raid success connecticut militia resisted british attempts capture new london burned ships escaped received land grants new_york ohio battle lost property originally little resistance new london discovered hand reports resistance stiff regulars landed similar lexington concord militia organised raid new london far leadership col harris reportedly felt ill rode leaders attacking british force killed seriously wounded defending garrison killed mortally wounded captured fort stormed high british casualties led criticism general arnold superiors battle major military encounter war northern united_states preceding overshadowed decisive american victory virginia weeks later battle reportedly remember french forces stormed background connecticut history dates originally larger counterpart northern shore important maritime port largest new_england coastline officially separated incorporated separate town american revolutionary war port major center rebel naval operations including highly successful operations british shipping port comparatively poorly protected fort new london little open inland substantial roughly square stone fort surrounded ditch outer defenses typically garrisoned small companies militia including overall command area defenses directed lieutenant colonel forts suffered continuous shortages provisions equipment unfinished infrastructure complete lacked sufficient gunpowder food troops conduct effective stand british august continental_army major general george_washington realized opportunity strike british army lieutenant general charles virginia washington began moving forces south new_york area variety british commander chief head british forces new_york_city lieutenant general sir general clinton realized september unable quickly assist unwilling large percentage forces face continental forces washington left new_york clinton decided launch raid connecticut effort draw washington attention planned raid believed permanent british occupation new london established base operations interior new_england gave command forces raid connecticut native brigadier general changed sides previous september prelude forces assembled british divided battalions numbering men lieutenant colonel composed 40th 54th regiments foot loyalist provincial regiment skinner second battalion arnold command consisted 38th foot variety loyalist units including arnold provincial regiment known expedition included small number pound guns divided battalions troops embarked transports sailed september company fleet smaller armed ships led commodore fifth rate fleet anchored miles west new london final preparations sailed late september intending nighttime landing contrary winds prevented transports reaching port daylight september early hours morning colonial officer stationed fort witnessed fleet arrival clock morning soon daylight fleet appeared short distance lighthouse fleet consisted thirty vessels immediately sent word captain commanded fort far distant soon came fort saw enemy fleet immediately sent notice col commander harbor receiving alert sent messenger governor local militia leaders british arrival went arrange defenses guns fired twice signal enemy approach british ships fired round changing meaning signal indicate arrival victorious friend signal confusion led delays militia companies sunrise september british landed sides mouth people town evacuate ships harbor escaped upstream man detachment arnold led new london met resistance defenders men led captain fired single volley guns boarded boats cross river following orders left colonel seven men wounded boats captured detachment arnold sent fort sustained killed wounded according arnold account arnold troops continued town set destroying goods naval stores orders given town supposed spared unknown arnold burned contained large quantity gunpowder ignited resulting explosion set fire surrounding buildings fire soon buildings consumed flames ships harbor able escape wind changed lieutenant colonel force men landed east slowed woodlands landed initial wave regulars delayed difficulty moving artillery rough conditions participate assault boy confused accounts commanding officer african american militia unit called witnessed quick rallying militia landing british regiments reported occurred division troops landed east river command col major montgomery division got terminus woods little south east direct line fort division halted major montgomery sent captain flag fort demand surrender colonel sent flag met bearer american flag answered colonel maintain fort sent second flag threatening quarter militia surrender response subordinates argued leave fort fight outside general arnold ordered assault fort believing fall easily reaching prominence defenses arnold realized fort complete anticipated taking easy reasons taking fort prevent escape boats passed fort arnold attempted recall battle joined minutes messenger arrived battle return second flag launched scale assault fort roughly defenders sergeant militia recounted answer demand returned enemy soon motion marched great solid column rushed simultaneously assault southwest opposite sides british neared ditch met bombardment killed wounded briefly scattered british reformed units led force southwest american fire repulsed assault seriously wounding officers new london historian assertion mortally wounded apparently incorrect arnold reported survived major led second party abandoned east fort moved ditch assaulted fierce resistance unit gained montgomery instantly killed bayonet thrust montgomery men finally able open gate inside british force poured fort seeing fort penetrated colonel ordered cease fire prepared surrender place happened subject controversy detailed extant accounts event american sources fairly consistent describe according accounts british continued fire americans despite signs surrender garrison consequently killed seriously wounded wrote account believe men enemy parade fort killed wounded nearly man fort quick described cold killing colonel sword officer murdered came near commands fort replied moment handing sword villain buried breast spite madness man murder reasonable noble hearted officer act submitting surrendering accounts claim captain killed claim captain assumed command major montgomery killed recalled bloody scene aftermath scene brutal witnessed took place enemy firing discovered danger blown believed attack called chance musket fire set fort powder magazine american accounts historical descriptions possible reasons british behavior battle fort flag supposedly shot point quickly british attackers interpreted event striking colors making sign surrender british suffered significant casualties approached fort occasion combined anger death wounding commanding officers led disregard legitimate surrender accounts claim americans fort unaware surrendered continued fight leading british continue fighting surrendered early british historians generally report arnold report expedition mention killings surrender reported history war americans half dozen killed fort stormed severe execution took place resistance ceased italian historian wrote surrendered resisted aftermath massacre fort marked largest history connecticut british victories north_america end war damage new london substantial estimate placed value destroyed nearly battle left nearly families homeless destroyed public buildings town waterfront state identified losses totaled continental dollars lost homes property awarded land slaughter fort left dozens americans dead reported casualties numbered survivors escaped taken prisoner including stated massacre plundered left literally naked wounded reported placed wagon taken fleet wagon allowed run hill stopped struck tree throwing men wagon injuries general arnold reported men found dead wounded mortally later issued report stating british soldiers killed wounded general clinton praised arnold spirited conduct complained high casualty rate percent troops sent killed wounded british observer wrote like expedition british soldiers blamed arnold events fort position prevent reported slaughter arnold proposed raiding expedition philadelphia surrender general late october ended idea legacy british left burning powder trail destroy magazine daring entered fort extinguished fire extensively modified 19th century preserved state parks park includes erected 1820s commemorate battle forts listed national_register_of_historic_places order battle american captain captain captain company detachment captain 2nd company 8th militia regiment commanded captain numerous volunteers according plaque gate american casualties follows killed wounded taken prisoner escaped total british operating new london west bank brig general colonel 38th regiment foot captain loyal american regiment colonel pounder east bank colonel captain 40th regiment foot major captain 54th regiment foot colonel captain 3rd battalion colonel pounder gun inch captain | Battle of Groton Heights | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7042_SundaStraitcampaignofJanuary1794 | campaign january campaign january series manoeuvres naval actions fought warships squadron vessels sent protect trade region later augmented dutch warships campaign developed french forces based reacted quickly british forces indian_ocean expansion french revolutionary wars february french rapidly spread british trade routes far_east concentrated narrow islands java sumatra dutch_east_indies ships soon joined french_navy frigates began inflict losses shipping region royal_navy forces indian_ocean deployed private enterprise ruled maintained fleet navy raised squadron armed merchant ships patrol drive raiders arrival british force january initially success squadron running capturing large armed january long french vessels beaten attack british trading post january action larger french squadron fought ended squadrons divided british receiving dutch frigate reinforcements french subsequently turned southwards attacked february capturing harbour returning prize background february declared war great_britain extending existing french revolutionary wars took months news outbreak war reach british india messages arriving calcutta consul george baldwin alexandria june royal_navy commander region commodore immediately set demanding surrender french trading posts india fell days major port refused besieged august siege lasted month french commander bombardment british land naval forces french presence eliminated india ordered return europe leaving minimal naval forces indian_ocean indian_ocean formed vital britain trade links wider british_empire india controlled commercial organisation maintained army navy indian waters owned fleet large merchant ships known east vessels ranged size tons carried cannons capable certain conditions fighting warships frigate usually match individual ships sailed annual route china india carrying trade goods tea silk britain goods sold replaced general cargo including military equipment troops journey indian_ocean vital parts indian trade route islands sumatra java dutch_east_indies china trade passed journey indian_ocean french ships navy warships commercially owned operated indian trade routes base isolated island recognised strategic importance soon news war arrived french ships spread indian_ocean search british dutch merchant shipping gathering significant numbers september french cruisers achieved major victory mounting guns attacked east princess royal captain anger point resisted eventually forced strike deployment royal_navy unable provide forces protect trade authorities india decided form squadron ships patrol region east diverted regular route service accompanied brig overall command commodore january force passed singapore entered sailing eastwards search french raiders british squadron travelled northern coast sumatra french attacked trading post southern coast gun captain gun captain january approached mouth close gun east lay anchor captain crew men completely unprepared action opened fire yards maintaining battle hour minutes hauling continue combat defended vessel positioning french approach time narrow mouth bay allowed drive ship turn falling damaged rigging suffered man killed sufficient damage rigging require weeks repairs immediate repairs completed abandoned retreated search weaker targets early january mitchell squadron reinforced stopped merchant ship inspection ship searched new sails appeared southwest near suspicious identity new arrivals mitchell sent pursuit ships turned away east closed fleeing ships identified british vessels soon french french opened fire larger british vessels responded captain engaged captain attacked soon supported overwhelming numbers size british squadron soon convinced resistance pointless minutes shots fired surrendered died aftermath battle losing leg french sailors killed wounded british losses killed wounded raiders subsequently supplied crews squadron battle morning january mitchell squadron lay anchor island northwestern tip java new prizes remaining miles distant sails sighted northern passing small island rapidly identified frigates brig fact french naval squadron consisting frigates brig captured renamed overall command captain canning attempted communicate strange vessels obvious lack response enemy ships greatly outnumbered canning sail northeast prizes avoid destruction evening heavy rain reduced visibility prevented decisive movement january french squadron rounded northwestern tip java pursuit canning ships joined particular struggling escape advancing enemy mitchell realised danger sailing intercept french joined remainder mitchell force hours later ships met british line managing reach safety shelter large east despite hit repeatedly stages chase hour squadrons continued general exchange fire long range mitchell turned french managing hit destructive firing continued minutes withdrew eventually island commander keen continue action mitchell fearing ships able properly engage better armed french vessels casualties french squadron known loss british ships man killed combat final operations need reinforcement resupply mitchell drew squadron joined gun dutch frigate captain armed merchant ship mitchell ships cruised weeks discovering enemy vessels concluding operation february returning indian_ocean cheap died illness june mitchell survived return britain king presented equivalent reward compensation diversion straits dutch retained warships raid french captured fight sent france carrying french prisoners french squadron retreat mitchell force withdraw indian_ocean reaching british trading post february undergoing repairs taken surprise captured merchant ship bay demanded surrender small nearby informed fort armed arrival mitchell squadron expected moment unwilling continue engagement mitchell withdrew immediately assaulting fort french squadron subsequently returned action october drew away british warships blockaded island surrounding waters remained important strategic location war subsequent organisation east convoys return royal_navy presence region assisted limiting losses french smaller warships occasion convoys east successfully discouraged large squadrons attempting attacks valuable merchant craft size power orders battle french_navy | Sunda Strait campaign of January 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7320_Polish–RussianWarof1792 | polish russian war polish russian war war second partition polish sources war defence constitution polish fought polish lithuanian commonwealth conservative nobility commonwealth opposed new constitution russian_empire war took place theaters northern lithuania southern ukraine polish forces retreated numerically superior russian forces offered significantly resistance south thanks effective leadership polish commanders month long struggle battles fought scored decisive victory largest success polish forces defeat russian formations battle june aftermath battle polish highest military award established war ended polish king august decided seek diplomatic solution asked russians joined demanded russian_empire background decline commonwealth early 18th century poland lithuania controlled state managed ensure reforms carried weaken privileged status golden freedoms abuse veto rule enabled deputy parliament proceedings deputies foreign powers simply content believe living unprecedented golden age commonwealth government century idea reforming commonwealth gained traction century viewed suspicion neighboring countries content deterioration commonwealth thought democratic power borders reduced easy neighbors intervene directly numbered troops overall attempts reform major opportunity reform presented great poland neighbors preoccupied wars unable intervene forcibly polish affairs russian_empire austria engaged hostilities ottoman_empire russo turkish war austro turkish war russians found simultaneously fighting russo swedish war new alliance polish lithuanian commonwealth prussia provide security russian intervention new constitution read adopted overwhelming popular support wars turkey russia sweden russia having ended furious adoption document believed threatened russian influence poland russia viewed poland facto worst possible news arrived warsaw polish king sovereign reaction russia chief foreign policy authors learned new constitution strongly opposed new polish constitution polish diplomats received note new constitution changed polish state prussia consider obligations binding like russia prussia concerned newly strengthened polish state threat prussian foreign minister von clearly rare told poles prussia support constitution refused help commonwealth form prussia interest commonwealth strengthened threaten prussia future prussian statesman expressed fears european conservatives poles given coup prussian monarchy voting constitution strong commonwealth likely demand return lands prussia acquired partition constitution adopted dissent commonwealth opposed constitution draft start asked intervene restore privileges russian guaranteed cardinal laws abolished new statute end formed confederation proclamation prepared january criticized constitution contributing words democratic ideas following fatal examples set paris asserted parliament broken fundamental laws swept away liberties gentry turned revolution conspiracy declared intention overcome revolution turn distinguished fair empress neighboring friend ally respects nation need offers helping hand wrote aligned asked military intervention russian ambassador poland delivered declaration war polish foreign minister russian armies entered poland lithuania day starting war opposing forces russian army numbered nearly commanded generals russians advantage combat experience russian plan called advance ukraine taking approach polish capital warsaw south advance approach warsaw north link russians good intelligence network poland aware polish army distribution strength poles intelligence receiving contradictory erroneous reports unsure war start point russian troops crossed border august king polish lithuanian commonwealth commander chief polish forces practice delegated position nephew theory disposal strong crown army lithuanian army half size confront practice polish forces forming following reforms constitution specified army size numbered army midst key documents unit numbers composition passed recently april short equipment experienced personnel southeast corner country ukrainian lands polish forces initially concentrated separately regions expected polish crown army ukraine led supported strong distinguishes primary force reserve division faced southeastern war theater nearly times larger enemy army general men command forces divided corps 1st strong command general 2nd general 3rd general 4th general represent real strength attempts gather popular support poland crossing borders failed dozens joining later number grow significantly russians saw having military value keeping lithuania numbered additional crown detachment commanded plans war troops action time war started russian army theatre general strong strong russian army divided corps 1st leaders strong 2nd general strong 3rd general strong 4th general strong additional polish forces strong concentrate warsaw command reserve proposed plan entire polish army concentrated engage russian armies order assure numerical boost morale inexperienced polish forces quick victory plan rejected months ago commanders opposite idea wanted troops concentrated dispersed planned avoid engagements phase war hoping receive expected prussian reinforcements bring sides war southern theater russian forces crossed border ukraine night russians theater encounter significantly resistance expected commonwealth commanders stationed joined near judged weak oppose columns enemy armies advancing began fighting withdrawal western commanding rear guard face significant numerical forces promised reinforcements decided abandon ukraine fortified major defensive point tasked gathering supplies june unit defeated battle june finally received awaited reinforcements troops led day poles led defeated russian formations general battle june victory celebrated sent new medals campaign leaders soldiers russian forces kept advancing polish army command retreating order yielding powerful enemy necessary avoid according prince judgement early july near betrayed tasked troops instead joined russian hid supplies polish army outright passed russians powerful magnate took late king officially relieve command month russian invasion poles retreated ukraine july forces fought delaying battle russians battle army retreated units fought july draw troops defeated attack russians general retreat russians begun flanking positions crossing nearby austrian border poles retreat line defeated far decisive battle battles favorable locations closer warsaw expected northern theater grand lithuania russians crossed commonwealth border days later south poland ally broke alliance poland prussian commander lithuanian army betrayed polish lithuanian cause refusing fight russians reached illness issued contradictory orders troops little oppose advancing russians kept withdrawing advance abandoned skirmishes change commander june army general try stand fight russians russians defeated battle june kept advancing grand commonwealth army retreated june russians took small skirmish local garrison june defended june time opposition replaced june nonetheless decisive engagements occurred northern theater polish army withdrew relative order warsaw minor defeat eventually taking defensive positions bug river near brest russians took july july july russians took brest defeating local garrison defeated near battle significant commonwealth victory northern war ends considered outcome war open planning use combined polish lithuanian forces defeat separate russian forces consent guardians laws cabinet ministers decided ask demanded joins pro russian aristocratic faction cabinet split gave demand july effectively forced terminate military resistance military confrontation war fought july enemy attack repelled polish cavalry led time king decided sue peace polish army good fighting condition suffering major defeat lack supplies king thought russian numerical superiority defeat nonetheless imminent gained negotiations russians hoped new alliance formed subsequent events prove wrong question prevented continued military resistance subject debate historians polish military widely dissatisfied criticize king decision including resign commission coming weeks considered uncle orders issued orders bring king army camp force necessary radical faction ultimately decided continue fighting uncle order rescinded moment departure group charged capturing king aftermath polish historians agree polish capitulation mistake military perspective political realm military poles reasonable chances defend river line exhaust russian invading forces political showing willingness fight persuaded powers plan costly king hopes capitulation allow acceptable diplomatic solution worked soon new deputies intimidated russian troops new session parliament known took place fall november concluded constitution second partition russia took square kilometres prussia took square kilometres commonwealth territory event reduced poland population partition state garrisoned russian troops independence strongly curtailed outcome came surprise wished restore status quo commonwealth magnate favoring golden freedoms expected overthrow constitution achieve end bid restore reformed commonwealth came uprising failed resulted partition country lost remaining territories polish lithuanian commonwealth ceased exist | Polish–Russian War of 1792 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7466_Actionof15July1798 | action july action july minor naval battle french revolutionary wars fought spanish mediterranean coast royal_navy ship line captain squadron frigates commodore don lion ships sent vice admiral commander based portugal late spring spanish squadron raiding force sailed seven days earlier intercepted returning base unsuccessful cruise spanish vessels british ship individually weaker commodore failed ensure result frigates fell line battle attacked lion despite long range gunfire british ship remainder spanish squadron isolated rapidly forced surrender eventually turning frigates unopposed able consolidate prize send fleet subsequently purchased royal_navy lion remained mediterranean year later participating malta alexandria spanish carefully guarded royal_navy squadrons launched expeditions mediterranean year background start mediterranean_sea entirely control french_navy allies including spain switched sides french revolutionary wars late treaty san denied access deep water ports adequate supplies royal_navy fleet deployed mediterranean vice admiral sir forced withdraw nearest friendly fleet anchorage mouth portugal forced retreat force defeated february achieved victory battle cape vincent capturing spanish ships line blockade ports instituted especially large southern fleet anchorage spanish attempt break remainder year early rumours reached recently buildup french forces mediterranean toulon general similar rumours reached admiralty london sent rear admiral sir ships line observe french activity nelson arrived late french fleet sailed carrying men nelson joined fleet ships sent captain pursued french failed learn destination french fleet captured malta days later sailed alexandria second stage operation nelson fleet passed night british beating french egypt sailing arrived nelson crossing mediterranean taking advantage absence enemy forces deploy newly arrived warships region vessels gun ship line command captain sent fleet early year replacement ships initially ordered patrol spanish mediterranean coast lion cruising miles southeast port july sails spotted southeast battle sails spotted lion squadron spanish frigates departed july brief unsuccessful commerce raiding operation ship carried guns weight shot approximately pounds lion pounds sighting lion spanish ships formed battle line flagship captain lead followed captain captain captain seeking engage strangers bore halting movement ensure held weather enable manoeuvre wind attack spanish time choosing seizing advantage bore frigate squadron prepared meet attack frigates lost earlier result slower rest squadron falling soon found ship danger isolated lion steered rapidly opening gap spanish ships recognising danger ordered frigates turn sail defence passing close lion opening heavy fire lion replied spanish frigates immediately turn second pass continuing ahead closed effort deter ship line opened fire lion stern cannon situated frigate stern caused considerable damage rigging lion began close distance ships returned frigates passed lion extreme distance having effect coming fire eventually succeeded bringing ship alongside spanish frigate opened heavy fire replied broadside larger powerful british ship able rapidly inflict severe damage santa minutes fallen mainmast rudder severely battered course passed lion time greater distance failed effect came fire british vessel attempt save defeated turned away ships raised sail direction isolated ship trapped lion slowly turning drifting frigate raised sign surrender aftermath suffered severe damage brief engagement men killed wounded crew contrast lion lost men wounded exchange lost leg shot shoulder lion rigging badly torn structural damage securing prize spent day conducting extensive repairs sending captured ship purchased royal_navy served years rated guns prize money generated sale captured ship stores aboard paid crew october nearly decades later admiralty recognised action lion july attached awarded application british participants living lion remained months eventually joining squadron portuguese ships line command september squadron ordered join nelson search french sailed eastwards passing north malta encountered large convoy battered vessels captain sir ships seven british ships line captured french ships survivors nelson successful conclusion campaign fought bay egypt august anglo portuguese squadron continued alexandria october briefly joining blockade squadron captain sir returning malta december new squadron formed island lion followed portuguese malta december spanish launch expedition mediterranean ports notable participants staff member santa | Action of 15 July 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7497_GunpowderIncident | gunpowder incident gunpowder incident conflict early american revolutionary war lord royal governor colony virginia militia led april day battles lexington concord news event reached virginia lord ordered removal gunpowder magazine virginia royal_navy ship action sparked local unrest militia companies began colony led small militia force force return gunpowder colony control matter resolved conflict payment henry fearing personal safety later retreated naval vessel ending royal control colony background military tensions began rise british colonies north_america series legislative acts known began implemented colonies colonies solidarity singled punishment acts wake organized congress meet september meeting word arrived militia uprising massachusetts known early september general royal governor massachusetts removed gunpowder powder magazine location militia new_england area response false rumors violence involved consequence action congress called colonies organize militia companies defense lord secretary state colonies advised colonial governors secure military supplies prohibited supplies powder early began organize militia companies seek military supplies weapons ammunition gunpowder arm equip lord virginia royal governor saw rising unrest colony sought virginia militia supplies liberty death speech second virginia convention march thought remove gunpowder magazine place british_army troops withdrawn virginia wake royal_navy ships virginia waters chesapeake_bay april lord quietly brought company british sailors governor mansion ordered captain commander remove gunpowder magazine removing gunpowder night april royal_navy sailors went powder magazine loaded half barrels powder governor wagon transported eastern end loaded aboard act discovered underway sounded alarm local militia rallied scene riders spread word incident colony precaution armed servants muskets words patriot leaders including speaker prevented assembling crowd mansion city council demanded return powder claiming property colony crown stating moving powder protection seizure rumored slave uprising eventually return satisfy assembled crowd dispersed peacefully unrest persisted spread countryside second crowd convinced disperse patriot leaders reacted angrily warning april attacked declare freedom slaves reduce city ashes told fought god let fight april militia countryside learned battles lexington concord nearly men mustered decided send messenger assess situation marching capital advised violence george_washington longtime leader virginia militia concurred response advice militia voted narrow margin march militia parts colony march militia led voted march henry dispatched small company home deputy collector virginia bid force pay powder crown revenue possession remainder militia numbering marched arriving miles away day family escaped lord hunting lodge lying anchor home meeting henry advised son law patriot member enter city rode city negotiated payment day henry received bill exchange signed wealthy plantation owner payment powder refused offer payment crown accounts henry departed place member virginia delegation promising deliver money virginia delegates general congress issued proclamation charging henry forbidding assist henry way henry offered protection counties escorted companies militia maryland border way philadelphia aftermath incident henry reputation popularity family briefly returned sign good faith relations continued deteriorate june family fled governor mansion middle night took residence aboard resolution proposal attempt divide colonies wake flight rejected proposal continued vigorous attempts regain control colony decisive defeat british forces great bridge december reduced raiding operations eventually abandoned colony good august virginia government taken chosen july independent state governor july | Gunpowder Incident | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7733_BattleofGloucester(1775) | battle gloucester battle gloucester skirmish fought early american revolutionary war gloucester massachusetts august royal_navy captain commanding sloop war hms falcon spotted returning west_indies capturing schooner chased second grounded townspeople called militia captured british seamen sent seize grounded schooner recovered captured ship skirmish series actions prompted expedition royal_navy captain october major event cruise burning cited established background april tensions british colonists royal governor general boiled war general dispatched troops concord search military supplies colonists stored raised colonists soldiers clashed lexington concord april militia companies continued arrive days following british troops besieged boston siege blockaded land access city army dependent ability navy supply fresh provisions communities near city livestock hay removed islands boston harbor immediate coastal areas general vice admiral sent expeditions raid coastal communities livestock hay colonial shipping expeditions landed troops sailors round livestock met resistance long siege began colonists army troops clashed near boston supplies nearby island august commanded appeared captain sent barge men shore search livestock sent barge containing men ashore secure supply flock sheep grazing coffin farm west gloucester major coffin observed movements anticipated design hastily gathered half dozen men armed rifles concealed sand kept firing sailors barge large company ready receive thought sheep foraging intentions returned falcon barge returned falcon sent investigate schooner harbor ship turned contain ballast continued cruise days impressed men local ports ships battle august sources disagree exact date captain spotted american making sail salem morning quickly capturing incident crew aboard prize giving chase captain second schooner apparently familiar area brought ship deep grounded near pound island shortly noon forced local fisherman pilot falcon prize schooner anchorage harbor sent men small boats command lieutenant ship crews sent impressed americans including gloucester arrival british ship caused townspeople raise alarm militia companies began muster led captains armed muskets aging swivel guns opened fire shore small boats neared schooner british rowed faster boarded grounded schooner effectively trapped constant fire shore attempting distract townspeople fired falcon guns town eventually sent landing party try burn town attempt unsuccessful party grounded schooner continued harassed shore lieutenant wounded action men managed escape action leaving falcon master charge remaining men left grounded ship eventually taken prisoner including impressed americans small boats taken decided send prize schooner recover men reported suspicion crew captured ship took opportunity prize crew recovered vessel according master landed found good distress rebels firing left aftermath attempt burn town punishment resisting actions echoed later naval actions october admiral graves ordered captain expedition new_england coastal communities specifically including gloucester target citing captain defeat gloucester chose attack gloucester felt buildings widely spaced significant effect reports major action burning present day portland maine instrumental establish | Battle of Gloucester (1775) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7820_SiegeofFortTiconderoga(1777) | siege fort siege fort occurred july fort near end state new_york lieutenant general man army occupied high ground fort nearly surrounded defences movements precipitated occupying continental_army strength force command general withdraw surrounding defences gunfire exchanged casualties formal siege pitched battle army occupied extensive fortifications vermont lake opposition july advance units pursued retreating americans surrender caused american public military circles widely believed virtually vital point defence general superior general congress eventually courts martial careers adversely affected lost command time court martial held field commands remainder war background september early american revolutionary war embarked invasion quebec invasion ended disaster july army chased large british army arrived quebec small fleet defeated october battle delay required british build fleet caused general hold attempting assault advance forces came miles season difficulty maintaining supply lines lake winter caused withdraw forces quebec british forces general arrived quebec prepared lead british forces assembled south aim gaining control hudson_river valley dividing rebellious provinces british_army troops consisted 9th 20th 21st 24th 47th 53rd 62nd regiments flank companies regiments left garrison quebec light infantry flank companies formed army advance force commanded brigadier general remaining regulars leadership formed right wing army left composed command baron forces consisted regiments regiment forces arrived participated campaign drove american army quebec total size regular army addition regulars indians relatively small number loyalists acted primarily scouts screening reconnaissance army accompanied civilians including pregnant woman small children including non military personnel total number people army general recited troops fort saint jean near northern end june june carrying army lake arrived fort crown point june indians elements advance force laid effective screen american defenders unaware exact location strength force moving lake route authored proclamation americans written style known frequently criticized parodied american defences american forces occupied forts crown point captured small garrison undertook significant efforts improve defenses surrounding peninsula east lake renamed heavily fortified north old americans built numerous large fort site earlier french fortifications fort quarter mile long floating bridge constructed lake facilitate communication mount independence command went variety changes early general headed continental_army general gates charge march continental congress gave command department gates protested action congress reversed point gates longer willing serve left philadelphia command fort given general arrived weeks army entire complex manned strength regiments continental_army militia units new_york nearby states war council held june concluded number troops post rank file greatly inadequate defense provide retreat consequently plans retreat routes water southernmost point lake second overland rough road leading east present day vermont sugar height called sugar known overlooked independence large cannons height fort impossible defend tactical problem pointed gates command believed impossible british place cannons heights injured climbed noted gun carriages probably dragged defence lack thereof complicated widespread perception reputation held abandoning fort small force sufficient respond attack strength viewed politically viable option defending fort associated outer works require troops currently leaving defend sugar furthermore george_washington congress opinion known quebec likely strike south moving troops sea new_york_city following war council june ordered hold long avoid having avenues retreat cut took command reserve force albany washington ordered regiments held readiness hudson_river battle british advance july general unaware strength army lay miles away deployed advance force right column west lake hoping cut defences german column deployed east lake objective mount independence road gave order advance july morning july decided withdraw men occupying defence post exposed subject capture detachment set fire works retreated old french lines called site french defence battle getting away long arrival advance guard afternoon company british soldiers indians came lines near significant damage opened fire ordered men hold fire enemy closer fired british soldier defenders follow suit soldier fired fell british troops fled man captured turned fallen drunk deception placing man posing captured loyalist learned nature opposing forces advance forces occupied july ordered scouts indians east lake reconnaissance ahead german column brought germans west british camp placed close american lines harassed gunfire prevent british making repairs bridges road british engineers discovered strategic position realized american withdrawal gave access starting july began clearing building gun height working carefully avoid notice americans spent days drawing larger guns slope objective spring trap germans position cut american retreat american retreat july americans held quiet celebration commemorate previous year declaration independence night british lost element surprise indians lit fires americans presence morning july held war council decision retreat position completely exposed delayed departure nightfall movements concealed conversation observed save character lose army holding fort save army lose character retreated giving clear indication political reaction expecting decision possible armaments camp followers supplies loaded fleet boats began lake accompanied colonel long regiment owing shortage boats left largest cannons variety supplies tents cattle rest army crossed mount independence headed road forces reached handful men left bridge loaded cannons fire british attempts cross drunk british arrived morning british occupied forts firing single shot detachments troops set pursuit retreating americans road troops lake aftermath seven americans killed wounded prior american retreat british casualties tallied killed skirmishes americans good time road force reached march miles evening july british pursuit resulted caught rear guard morning july enabled main american body escape eventually joining forces smaller american force fled boat fought advance force forced abandon equipment sick wounded confrontation substantially slow advance forced leave garrison men area wait july dispersed elements army encountered delays traveling heavily wooded road general forces effectively ruined trees destroying bridges terrain campaign ultimately failed forced surrender general gates reported governor november independence abandoned burned retreating british political public outcry political public outcry withdrawal significant congress appalled criticized loss wrote think shall able defend post shoot general george_washington said event surprise compass reasoning rumors circulated taken bribes exchange retreat eventually removed commander replaced fall reasons cited removed command sent headquarters inquiry maintained conduct honorable demanded review court martial court martial held september political washington completely given field command cleared wrongdoing court martial news headlines europe king george reported burst chambers clad queen beat beat americans french spanish courts happy news supporting americans allowing use ports engaging trade action british demand france spain close ports americans demand rejected tensions european powers | Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7853_SiegeofInabayamaCastle | siege castle siege castle final battle campaign defeat clan castle conquer japan short week siege fought september japanese calendar 1st 15th day 8th month 10th year era according siege ended decisive battle victory combined forces resulted clan allies victory culmination campaign waged intermittently previous years brought end rivalry clan province clan began years earlier father weak leadership leaders defected battle willingly submitted afterward victory took control expansive fertile gained numerous supporters resources castle repaired renamed firm base expand north region drive functioned primary residence military headquarters moved partially completed young later known played important role attaining victory years leading battle negotiated support local ensured ready army time attack built castle edge enemy territory serve staging point attack addition preparations devised led bold plan commando raid break castle open gates attacking army result efforts victory standing rose considerably addition battle immediate importance plans important step rise power background young later major province japan initiate unification 16th century japan married daughter leader rival clan neighboring second son head clan time opponents northern eastern borders province matters complicated internal dissent lord strong ruthless leader internal strife begun split factions clans needed respite deal pressing problems political marriage brought end clans rivalry border skirmishes eldest son came believe inheritance taken away murdered younger brothers following year rallied troops loyal openly rebelled father changed named son law legal heir shortly killed battle time position help father law civil war soon ended active intervention mounted died son succeeded leadership clan time young attained adulthood eventually considered incapable effective leadership peers viewed contempt subordinates despised local clans allied defeated clan secure position focus northern neighbor clan plans invasion ostensibly motivated revenge death father law died attack result reasoned heir likewise benefited demise continued plans invasion revenge pretext campaign mounted territory resulted brief battles expedition troops outnumbered rapidly assembled forces local muster men caught open unable organize defense fell time home territory local history city states went far attack castle headquarters clan castle situated atop steep northern face bank foot accessed winding avenue southern slopes considered nearly fled hid castle called commanded defense left driven soon afterward later years setback records omitted chronicles starting began loyal convince liberal area defect growing alliance clan approached considered brilliant lived pious persuade defect frustrated behavior want appear loyalty declined offers behalf lord impressed integrity invited extended stay home guest admitted clan survive longer accepted invitation exchange promise leadership fell hands anticipation upcoming campaign proposed castle built near castle serve staging point forces agreed charged task end built bank opposite territory advantage castle proximity enemy problem construction castle complete men construction site vulnerable amphibious attack river according legend built castle night likely tower skeleton facade seen opposite bank result hasty construction meant men point surprise impress enemy stalled enemy caution men able quickly transform fragile framework functioning fortification complete castle ordered remain steward castle bestowed siege led attack clan clan headquarters administrative center castle mountain fortress atop present day city clan shown ineffective ruler staged coup took command castle garrison allowed remain titular head clan contributed outcome battle army entered prepared garrison defense castle according chronicles preparations battle began september year month day entered area contact allies core army troops crossed troops assembled far shore sent clan known asking cooperation upcoming battle persuaded defect brought additional troops banner forces loyal moved plain skirmishes fought futile effort turn invading forces forces entered town lay castle clear field view provide space besieging army vanguard set fire town soldiers took positions nearby main army positioned begin siege greatly augmented army flags clan allies castle defenders days followed dispatched men gather intelligence especially peasants willing help met local resident showed little known path led north slope mountain north slopes castle steep assault large force considered impossible effectively ignored defenders advent battle final assault uncertain exactly happened battlefield september given known aggressive fighting style prevailing siege tactics day layout japanese castle events followed forces pressed attack probably breached outer defenses castle known considered talented charged directing coordinating main attack certain devised plan small force scale north face mountain enter castle rush open gates besieging army approved charged leading raid team selected men accompany september confident plan outcome battle partition erected battlefield held meeting officers allotted tasks pertaining construction castle following battle greeted stunned offered sake night september gathered team concerned late summer heat store provided fresh water guided small assault force mountain climbed steep slopes light moon dawn mission progress main force proceeded attack castle dawn team castle set fire powder magazine rushed open gates cutting got way explosions powder magazine building burning fiercely castle defense quickly chaos shocked exhausted defenders thought scale attack men night bloody swords rushed main courtyard added impression castle garrison thrown complete disarray men pulled face assault threw weapons surrendered team attained gatehouse tied spears allies signal position infantry charged open gates overran left castle garrison men resistance team found place rest passed large sake taken castle supply end september castle fallen remaining lords formally surrendered aftermath weeks time entered raised army conquered ruling clan castle following battle speed skill conquest permanently allied castle repaired renamed castle town likewise renamed mountain launched campaign unify china lavish manor built base castle mountain transferred primary base residence launch historic march following year continued use primary residence headquarters moved partially completed survived battle accounts managed account abandoned castle night final attack took boat fled account following breach main gate dispatched messenger main tower entourage assurances surrender accepted offer troops forming lines marched main tower family event eventually found way lived exile eventually sought refuge killed age efforts victory recognized status rose accordingly battle promoted rank lord districts northern newly conquered long afterward took surname later gave field command image golden battle standard commemoration success castle time change surname led frontal attack directed castle defense eventually serve order battle outset siege organized troops allies divisions reserve vanguard troops troops troops troops troops troops troops troops forces unspecified numbers | Siege of Inabayama Castle | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7865_BattleofCartagenadeIndias | battle battle amphibious military engagement forces britain vice admiral spain admiral took place city march present day colombia battle significant episode war ear large scale naval campaign war later greater conflict war austrian succession battle resulted major defeat army defeat caused heavy losses british disease took toll spanish forces especially yellow fever background war ear conflict great_britain spain lasted treaty british agreed trade spanish colonies limited conditions slave trade annual ship allowed britain monopoly supply slaves year spanish colonies permitted single yearly trading ship carry tons imports yearly trade fair receiving concessions spain british government granted monopoly merchants britain driving force britain international commerce trading demanded access lucrative spanish markets turn spanish colonists desired british goods burgeoning black market smuggled goods developed terms treaty spanish permitted board british vessels spanish waters boarding captain ship claimed spanish coast guard officer severed ear legend exhibited ear house_of_commons appears basis fact served war fever developing spain driven british desire commercial military domination atlantic basin cheering british prime minister reluctantly declared war october reportedly saying ring bells hands long spanish caribbean spanish caribbean trade network main ports mexico colombia panama main port trade ports came havana cuba november british captured british attack attempt damage spain finances poorly defended port attacked ships line vice admiral relative ease capture quickly recaptured spanish fleet departed caused britain given command large naval force quarter british_royal_navy major land sea amphibious expedition overall command lord goal expedition capture havana important spanish ports facilities ships refitted spain largest active shipyard lord died route remained unclear command overall demise resulted british command preventing coordination needed complex operation large fleet troop contingent demanded public led merchant class especially particular refused accept compromise agreements governments spain britain duke newcastle advocated public demands parliament vice admiral active ardent supporter war spain advocated offensive action parliament admiralty decision mount large west_indies expedition reached december opposed war favored small squadron actions dissatisfied situation despite earlier failed small squadron raid convinced large scale attack heavily fortified city prove successful smaller assault feared particularly prolonged siege lead heavy attrition disease typical situation given limited medical knowledge time objectives britain objective capture permanently retain spain ports caribbean basin taking control ports british effectively control entry exit routes south_america british bases launch attacks interior spain limited access deep water ports eastern coast american colonies unable resupply inland forces control ports provide british key control area allow time acquire spain american empire britain place build refit ships caribbean spain havana dockyard fleet remain area length time breaking quick capture havana dry dock favored objective newcastle sir lord admiralty britain divided ministry left course campaign held jamaica followed preferred initial objective good port britain existing caribbean bases thought havana defended initial target city indies eighteenth century large rich city people capital province main town significant fortifications recently repaired increased improved outlying forts batteries works harbor considered finest world served commercial fleet annually conveyed havana spain immense revenues gold silver peru founded target conquest past captured english french city faces caribbean west south bay entrances little mouth big mouth deep water entrance narrow allowed passage ship time entrance defended couple small peninsula battery great outer harbor entry channel inner harbor defended fort walls city mounted cannon suburbs guns city surrounded water filled ditch gates supported recently built suburbs surrounded wall ditch quarter mile south city hill square feet position commanded city plain hill small hill nearby commanded fresh water source available outside fort road best landing point beach miles long battle battle pitted british invasion force ships including ships line frigates hospital ships fire ships bomb ships armed total cannon troop transports merchant ships military personnel land force totaled including british regular infantry regiments 15th foot 24th foot newly raised marines american colonial troops commanded colonel lieutenant governor virginia battalions designated arriving north american colonies transports spanish force defending composed spanish regulars regiments arrived october brought vice admiral colonial regiment unspecified number sailors companies militia indian defenders manning ships line strategic fortifications command governor general experienced commander previous career daring spectacular naval officer day lost arm leg eye service spain use advantage strategy tactic available preliminary maneuvers expedition slow leaving britain initially contrary winds delayed sailing provisions consumed steep increase sickness occurred ship crews news sailing french squadrons spanish squadron caused delay british fleet reinforced response expedition suffered manpower shortages navy required drafting infantry regiments 34th 36th fill crew requirements ordered government transfer marines provide marines men war delays cost british months valuable campaign time americans transported jamaica new_york transports escorted british men war arrived sooner december americans originally command governor virginia second command died replaced commander americans found arrival arrangements british government provisions lack provision climate immediately began toll americans fleet britain suffering january land forces suffered dead including lord commander chief sick dead command land forces went previous combat command experience jamaica african slaves called added expedition work battalion additional delays embarking jamaica cost precious time including brief skirmish french squadron british spanish aware onset month rainy season called season november begin spanish received reinforcements suffering severely diseases similar british operations particular favored strong defense channel opposition led manning forward defenses allowing british easier initial landing attack fort san british expedition arrived march overall commander decisions councils war general commanding land forces sea forces navy lost sailors time result land forces needed fill crews city fronted ocean shore surf rough attempt approach sea access channel shallow allow passage ocean going ships channel deep draft passage harbor ran narrow defended fort castle having cannons mortars garrison soldiers command chief engineer boom stretched island southern peninsula cannon soldiers supporting entrance spanish line ships week bombardment british planned land near smaller access channel spanish defenders small nearby forts driven division ships fleet suffered casualties losing killed wounded taking damage cannon fire fort san landed evening followed march british land forces regular regiments regiments marines american land forces allowed ashore american troops battalions dispersed serve aboard ships line replace losses sailors available amphibious operations followed days artillery army camp americans constructed battery weeks pounder guns began fort squadron ships consisting suffolk led attempted batter fort submission days worst making impression fort having men killed ships heavily damaged disabled british artillery land days firing night day breach main fort fleet assisted fleet engaged spanish ships scuttled set fire scuttled spanish ships partially blocked channel captured british sink british attacked fort san land sea april infantry advanced breach spanish retreated fortifications inner harbor following week landing force embarked entered harbor operation cost british army killed wounded additionally died diseases yellow fever malaria sick hospitalized attack fort san council war decided attempt land assault called accounts capture outlying defensive works fleet passed channel harbor spanish withdrew concentrate forces fort san city ill considered badly planned assault fort outlying strong point refused support fleet making depth harbor ships cleared beach cannon fire landed april british gained inner harbor captured outlying forts strengthened main fort san digging trench clearing field fire approach hold fort commanded city british hands bombardment force surrender short time defended trench soldiers garrisoned fort keeping hand reserve marines sailors british advanced beach pass narrow met spanish force briefly contested passage giving way british engineer expedition killed fort construct battery breach walls british decided storm fort outright coup main walls night attack night attack allow assault northern fort facing dark guns able supporting fire southern lowest vulnerable walls attempt quickly storm carry attack started late initial advance near dawn april hope picked men followed commanded colonel main body men 15th 24th regiments commanded colonel grant mixed company 34th 36th regiments unarmed americans carrying scaling fort high walls wool packs fill trench finally reserve marines colonel column led spanish guides british southern low walled led steep approach slope received deadly volley musket fire thirty yards spanish deployed line advanced slowly trading fire north face grant fell early troops traded fire spanish americans dropped carried took cover brought forward short feet hour sun rose guns opened fire british casualties mounted clock column spanish infantry coming gates threatened cut british ships ordered retreat assault failed loss casualties force approximately sickness disease increased casualties expedition period surrounding attack fort san land forces reduced british withdrawal plan given overwhelming force attempt conduct fighting withdrawal delay british long start rainy season end april tropical delay campaigning months longer enemy remain crowded ships sea open land likely insufficient supply discomfort especially disease allies deadly enemies british aided contempt prevented cooperation initial landing important factor defeat british force fact defensive fortifications repaired improved past year pressed limit plan worked spanish prevailed rains came british board ships close quarters disease deadly april council decided retreat jamaica mid gone men land forces fit service condition land enemy month leaving died british strength reduced american expedition battle lasted days ended british fleet withdrawing defeat dead disease spanish suffered severely disease including died weeks falling ill plague bodies addition total british ships lost badly damaged disabled abandoned lack crews nineteen ships line damaged frigates seven transports lost american colonists volunteered lured promises land mountains gold died yellow fever outright starvation returned home including renamed virginia plantation admiral early stage battle spanish forces retreated different defense points larger fortress feeling victory hands dispatched messenger britain inform king george british forces entry inner bay industry expectation triumph came manufacturing commemorative medals occasion mainly button makers copied basic designs generally poor quality largest collections medals found commemorative china produced survival medals admiral shown looking defeated spanish admiral appeared kneeling contemporary song composed sailor prematurely celebrated victory glory account taking vice admiral town surrender admiral spain main reasons british defeat failure british find united leadership commander chief general died route inability land siege artillery ammunition near prevented involvement line ships support infantry forces effective spanish maneuvers carried admiral colonel defeat admiral sent letter decided retreat return reinforcements jamaica ironically responded order come english king build better larger fleet suitable transport coal ireland london aftermath following news disaster government soon collapsed spain retained control strategically important colonies including crucial port caribbean helped secure defense spanish main trade spain news britain defeat reached europe end june immense repercussions caused great_britain acting supporting austria prussian seizure december withdraw britain guarantees armed support encouraged france spain allies revealed allied prussia militarily isolated austria greater wider war war austrian succession began losses suffered british compromised subsequent actions caribbean ended failure despite reinforcements troops jamaica regular infantry britain recalled britain september taking command fleet half sailors fit duty time caribbean campaign ended ninety percent army died combat sickness british attacks took place caribbean little consequence situation atlantic weakened british forces led raids coast attacking february april operation particularly successful failure caused left naval forces assigned remain caribbean longer resulted weakened mediterranean squadron unable prevent spanish twice troops totalling italy november december commodore commander divisions returned europe ships caribbean fleet britain reinforced presence mediterranean describes british expedition disastrous quotes father bitter enemy writing lost seven millions money thirty thousand men spanish war fruit blood treasure glory having admiral head signs spite defeat inscription marble memorial credits victory deliberately elliptical style subdued conquered far naval forces carry victory probably reflects ironically conflict popular culture scottish folk pirate metal band song entitled battle album sunset golden age chronicles battle additional reading fiction adventures historical novel based experiences hall historical novel north american contingent french les editions detective historical novel grave main character blind judge sir describes junior officer blinded battle pages | Battle of Cartagena de Indias | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7871_Mediterraneancampaignof1798 | mediterranean campaign mediterranean campaign series major naval operations surrounding french expeditionary force sent egypt french revolutionary wars sought capture egypt stage effort threaten force great_britain peace departing toulon troops hundreds ships fleet sailed mediterranean_sea followed small british squadron rear admiral sir later reinforced ships line pursuit hampered lack scouting frigates reliable information target island malta government theoretically granted owner control forces landed island rapidly overwhelmed defenders securing port city continuing egypt nelson learned french capture island french target egypt sailed alexandria passed french night june discovering arrived egypt unable find nelson turned mediterranean eventually reaching sicily july nelson returning westwards reached alexandria stormed city capturing coast marching army inland fleet entrusted vice admiral anchored line battle august nelson returned egyptian coast reports gathered revealed french invasion arrived late afternoon british fleet accurate charts bay nelson ordered immediate attack french van unprepared ships unable manoeuvre british split divisions sailed french line capturing ships vanguard engaging gun flagship orient centre orient caught fire exploded killing crew ending main combat sporadic fighting continued days french ships captured destroyed fled battle french ships line frigates eliminated trapping egypt changing balance power mediterranean french_navy mediterranean defeated nations encouraged join second coalition war france portugal russian_empire ottoman_empire subsequently deployed forces mediterranean russians turks participated blockade egypt operations adriatic_sea portuguese joined siege malta conducted nelson naples nelson wounded battle involved politics encouraged king ferdinand war france resulting loss mainland kingdom vice admiral commanded mediterranean fleet deployed forces rapidly captured island turned important naval base background plan beginning war coalition come end french control low countries confirmed treaty major european powers time allied remained hostile determined end french revolutionary wars eliminating britain series invasions british isles planned year old general defeated austrians italy previous year assigned lead army england assembled english channel firmly controlled royal_navy french invasion supplies particularly viable landing craft totally inadequate purpose early spring left command returned paris reporting continued british naval supremacy northern european waters invasion impossible near future operations north impossible directed attention southwards toulon principal french mediterranean french army fleet begun assembling secret location speculated french commentators aimed wide variety places including britain sicily malta expedition intended target actually egypt formed important link chain communications britain economically vital colony british india considered capture egypt important step massive economic benefits britain gained trade india bringing britain terms august wrote time far away feel order truly destroy england egypt possession egypt grant french control red_sea forcing severe delays dispatches sent britain india trade worth million equivalent british economy addition successful invasion egypt followed direct attack british territory india possibly conjunction unopposed start following treaty spain formed alliance france declared war britain royal_navy withdrawn mediterranean bases early mediterranean_fleet based portugal remaining continental ally permanent british fleet mediterranean uprising imminent ireland firmly believed royal_navy unable intervene plans discover passage egypt seemingly unopposed gave orders fleet thirteen ships line led gun orient vice admiral numerous smaller warships including entire captured previous year prepare sea fleet accompanied transport ships carry men detailed invasion departed paris arriving toulon days later oversee final preparations reviewed assembled army gave speech announcing expedition bound unspecified foreign land speech met enthusiastic response soldiers revised version subsequently appeared widely distributed france poster despite french departure delayed strong prevented fleet sailing days conditions finally lifting permitted warships transports french fleet sail following day response britain unaware french preparations toulon mediterranean coast despite sustained efforts british agents france destination french fleet unknown egypt seriously considered british government secretary state war henry suggested urged foreign secretary lord think map hand calculation distances letters reached london describing extensive preparations right french italian mediterranean coastlines distances base toulon prevented sustained observation french movements urgent orders sent lord admiralty vice admiral commander squadron investigate command rear admiral sir nelson returned fleet days earlier lord order following recovery britain loss arm battle santa july preparing expedition toulon nelson mind rear admiral departed flagship hms vanguard able place nelson command mission writing arrival admiral nelson given new life presence mediterranean essential preference nelson senior sir sir provoked storm protest eventually culminated challenging duel subsequently ordered return britain nelson collected ships line hms alexander hms captains alexander ball sir frigates hms captains thomas sloop hms captain gibraltar passed mediterranean despite leaving cover darkness nelson departure observed spanish forces fort cape fired shot striking alexander inflicting damage captured crew nelson learned departure imminent destination unknown squadron reached near toulon struck strong winds snapped vanguard brought wreckage deck killing men vanguard left struggling heavy seas blown nautical miles southwards night severe damage vanguard wrecked coast following day nelson ordered captain ball managed attach flagship abandon ball refused order british ships line rode storm alexander able tow vanguard repairs gale forced squadron frigates separate larger ships divided frigates observed vanguard state height storm frigates sails ridden storm captain turning spanish coast storm encountered captain sent augment nelson force days later hope squadron encountered captured merchant ships sailed rendezvous point miles near barcelona hope ordered cruise june encountered brig captain scout fleet sent approaching rendezvous knowing damaged suffered vanguard aware french left toulon hope took decision search french frigates hope ships failed find british french fleets frigates returned nelson command battle malta departing toulon fleet passed coast genoa additional transport ships collected sailing south fleet reached collected fleet transports convoy remained sight eastern coastline crossing following coastline anticipation combining fleets transports sailing june message reached reporting presence nelson squadron french general sent french squadron investigate time nelson sailed harbour abandoning wait force arrived gave orders fleet turn southeast passing sicily island june report captured british merchant brig warned nelson short distance force powerful royal_navy fleet concerned transports gave urgent orders french fleet steer malta arriving june shortly uniting ships convoy missed rendezvous continued malta report nelson activity submitted june inaccurate repairs vanguard took days squadron sailing toulon arriving harbour nelson learned departure french fleet captured merchant ship reinforcements knowledge french direction begin pursuit june brig arrived toulon reported british fleet days away consisting ships line fourth rate sent captain hms acting urgent orders london send fleet mediterranean opted split forces risk taking ships mediterranean leaving spanish considered best officer fleet nelson held high opinion immediately sailed squadron scheduled rendezvous point june squadron briefly intercepted spanish merchant convoy capturing ships admiral called pursuit ensure arrived agreed time june fleets combined nelson commanding gun ships line gun ship brig noticeable absence frigates vital scouting operations campaign nature encounter hope hardy reported nelson frigates cruising independently admiral responded thought hope known better nelson search delayed june calm unaware french intentions nelson initially sailed coast june sending information hardy unable discover french destination fleet nelson continued south days later admiral spoke ship passed inaccurate information french seen anchored syracuse june nelson anchored naples sent ashore appeal british ambassador sir information assistance scouting french prime minister sir passed reports french sailing egypt hamilton report nelson possibly suspicious hamilton relay information fleet passed probably sailing direction malta despite private animosity france government refused openly join british war denied nelson use frigates quietly agree resupply nelson fleet rough direction established believing ultimate french destination sicily nelson sailed pursuit light winds hampered advances pass june received report ambassador french malta june near hardy stopped ship reported seeing french fleet sailing southwards away malta left june information wrong important respect preparations begun june french actually departed june nelson fleet nautical miles miles away nelson decided french target egypt constantinople called senior captains ball board vanguard conference officers determined egypt likely option best location mediterranean threaten india consequently nelson turned southeast alexandria exercising men gunnery daily ensure ready battle planned plan force encounter french clear dividing squadrons fleet strike french points squadrons ships engage french fleet directly separate attack transports sinking capturing possible nelson deliberately forged close links captains regular aboard flagship ensure ease communication build confidence later said time happiness command malta nelson gathering fleet searching french secured stage plan invasion egypt arriving malta june demanded island ruler grand master knights allow fleet enter harbour purchase provisions refused insisting ships time enter port responded opening fire harbour defences june landed soldiers seven sites malta general coming fire native soldiers mustered invasion continued western island hours general entered defenders withdrew fortress troops refused continue fight support government negotiations followed knights agreed abandon malta condition financial compensation amounting million exchange gained entire archipelago including fortresses military stores cannon small army entire property roman_catholic_church malta position severely weakened large number order refused arms french revolution significantly reduced knights income ability resistance seriously compromised lack resources june finally announced troops destination expedition june sailed alexandria initially steering east crete left men maintain malta base control ensure news impending attack egypt spread ahead fleet ordered merchant ships sighted convoy passage seized detained force reached alexandria june british gained firm intelligence french intentions frigate captain encountered captured french frigate sensible returning toulon malta cargo treasure wounded soldiers including general prisoners destination french fleet discovered joined shortly sailed pursuit hoping encounter nelson arrivals alexandria nelson passage sicily alexandria uneventful journey taking days lack frigates nelson unable scout flanks advance result spoke merchant ships useful information french fleet lack frigates decisive effect june british fleet sighted sails southeast captain requested permission investigate strangers nelson refused ordered fleet continue current heading believing french days ahead wishing reach alexandria rapidly possible british frigates available approach investigate distant squadron discovered scouts main french fleet short distance away french frigate sighted british fleet reported presence adjusted convoy direction slightly northerly trajectory result nelson fleet passed north french east malta night heavy mist nelson close signal guns heard aboard orient observe french ships british fleet continued ahead dawn broke following day diversion northeast taken convoy sight british fleet continued southeast june arrived alexandria ahead nelson fleet discovered french fleet harbour main fleet arrived attempts contact british consul failed dismissed british government shortly left city result official diplomatic channels closed nelson message warning french approach carried ottoman governor hardy replied seen french fleet enforce ottoman_empire neutrality british french entering harbour landing coast dismissive british warnings impossible french come country business war baldwin entries sign french morning june nelson decided turn northeast pass central mediterranean following northerly course voyage invasion egypt fleet delayed transport ships passed island crete june reached alexandria following morning driven fresh winds action send small brig harbour collect french consul relayed news nelson stay port refusal allow french land seriously concerned nelson return men transports gave orders landing ahead immediately soldiers landed region appearance sail east mistaken scout british fleet caused panic reportedly fortune fortune thou abandon days newcomer eventually revealed french frigate justice sent malta invasion continued unopposed evening landing completed boats wrecked surf estimated men drowned july led men victory brief battle alexandria secured city placed general command rear admiral charge harbour finding entrances anchorage shallow accommodate main body french fleet ordered sail squadron wider miles northeast alexandria instructed considered anchorage unsafe sail leaving small light force anchor comfortably alexandria held conference officers decide response nelson discover bay rear admiral franklin argued fleet sailing meet british overruled ordering ships remain anchored line battle receive british attack july frigates arrived alexandria observed french flying french colours confuse observers shore sign hall turned westwards search admiral learned british frigates seen egyptian coast decided retreat vessels danger imminent attack british force failed precautions attack nelson returns nelson having sailed northeast day french ships arrived alexandria reached july turned westward wind sailing sicily ships briefly scattered storm july following day july british fleet reached cape july nelson force anchored syracuse fresh provisions supplied emma wife ambassador naples frustrated nelson wrote letter wife moment regret frigates having left attributed ignorance movements enemy reports subsequently reached british fleet syracuse french seen adriatic leaving egypt syria likely destinations sailing july nelson turned ships east sailing sending july news ottoman governor reported french seen sailing southwards crete start month presented french merchant ship anchored harbour definite sighting french british fleet turned southwards alexandria battle august nelson fleet reached egyptian coast ships detached scouts investigate alexandria harbour transport fleet observed harbour french battle fleet despite initial disappointment nelson ordered ships search coastline reported french anchored line battle believed line protected north west result british forced attack rear centre fleet consequently placed strongest ships points planning stall british fleet van prevailing northeasterly wind counterattack confident british fleet nightfall approaching attack day believed nelson anchor bay attack morning giving time prepare leaving open option simply sailing away night following orders avoid direct confrontation british fleet nelson attack despite hopes nelson determined press home attack ordered ships advance fit springs anchor cables allow easily direct cramped shallow coastal waters accurate chart bay nelson forced cautious advance ordered captain advanced establish depth bay british ships hms rounded northern leading french ships opened fire approached french line captain noticed error distribution forces place lead ship close northern french admiral left gap widened order french fleet anchor bow meant drifted significantly sailing directly gap engaged second ship french line passed gap attacked followed hms hms opened fierce fire french ships unprepared port sides nelson followed vanguard bringing ships action starboard french van catching french ships rapidly battered ships despite determined defence french van destroyed hms majestic attacked french centre outnumbered faced orient gun franklin british ships suffered massive damage bringing rear british line passed close northern grounded suffering severe damage hull despite efforts drag ship darkness fallen hour french van defeated british hands badly damaged continue fighting british suffered damage vanguard badly hit south majestic forced cut anchor cables pull away respective opponents majestic captain killed suffered severe head wound destruction orient shortly trailing alexander joined attacked french centre causing severe damage franklin killing admiral quarterdeck cannon shot fire broke orient stern blaze spread defeated efforts flames spread rapidly racing masts decks entire flagship wreck vast magazines detonated tearing ship apart burning wreckage neighbouring vessels minutes shot fired nearest ships battled fires ones shock ship hostilities franklin admiral heavily outnumbered flagship forced surrender french ship engaged fought majestic mortally wounded captain succeeded dragging ship temporary safety rear division rear admiral august firing began ships scratch british squadron formed damaged ships conducted successful fighting withdrawal mouth bay able escape open water forced abandon battered grounded retaining ships line frigates escaped british ships received surrender grounded shortly explosion orient forced captain frigate vessel august sent complete destruction french fleet surrendered set fire crew destroyed subsequent operations exception annihilated ships line captured destroyed frigates french casualties totalled possibly compared british losses killed wounded nelson ships seriously damaged urgent repairs required ships captured prizes begin long voyage britain weeks nelson remained repairs writing despatches assessing strategic situation egypt ship detached squadron sent august fleet reports battle august stormed captured august finally caught fleet followed august detached august despatches admiralty august nelson sent seven ships prizes mouth bay command convoy sailed gibraltar august following day nelson burnt followed august fit continued service august nelson separated remaining ships leading vessels northwards naples leaving blockade squadron alexandria frigates captain time nelson departed alexandria set dispatches french hands discovered western coast crete august french ship line separating squadron august sailing encountered british fourth rate larger french ship soon overtook british vessel heated exchange followed french efforts board driven heavy casualties captain thompson stage successfully opponent gradually heavier weight inflicted severe damage british ship half hours thompson forced surrender french captain authorised widespread looting personal effects british crew forced conduct repairs ships act established conventions naval warfare prize towed repairs battered vessels briefly encountering escaped westwards chase captivity continued refuse allow british officers medical attention return stolen property eventually returned britain thompson heavily praised defence ship heavy odds commended success assisted incorrect account battle published french newspapers alexandria french naval presence mediterranean reduced scattered vessels allies second coalition able exert dominance region alexandria squadron captain hood successfully prevented communications france french army egypt august days nelson sailed north intercepted gun dispatch vessel alexandria harbour forced captain surrender flag struck captain dispatches sea action witnessed sailors aboard men water successfully messages bravery diving rapidly moving ship unknown waters men granted annual equivalent days capture captain sent boat sheltered anchorage men boarded captured armed typical gun vessels fired british advance battle september dispatch vessel reached egyptian coast gun cutter carrying general men malta managed cut vessel alexandria harbour drive ashore near town cutter swiftly broke surf men aboard managed scramble ashore british ships lay shore unable intervene partisans discovered survivors dragging survivors inland french cavalry rescue survivors rescued lieutenant swam shore barrel attached rope despite coming fire french beach able save men attack october small british squadron alexandria briefly reinforced portuguese squadron ships line gun captain portuguese sailed malta days october squadron joined turkish russian frigates small turkish arranged hood visit rhodes week subsequently bombard french lake october results day turkish crews replaced british sailors complaint french unfair weapons attack achieved shells subsequently proved taken captured following battle august found substance burned water days bombardment abandoned activity took place egyptian coast remainder year turkish russian vessels eventually withdrawn december lion detached join blockade malta main mediterranean fleets ottoman_empire russian_empire deployed treaty france awarded fortresses greek coasts early october following declaration war france ottomans large turkish army advanced balkans rapidly forced fortresses surrender time islands attacked joint russian turkish expeditionary force included russian ships line numerous smaller russian vessels approximately turkish ships board turkish soldiers rapidly invaded seized islands capturing french prisoners october large fortified island held defenders forced main town town besieged operations slow blockade loosely enforced allowing successfully breakout reach end year little changed french garrison remaining besieged malta naples westwards newly captured french island malta blockade returning convoy bay reached malta september encountered squadron portuguese ships line british ship lion command initially sending alexandria anchored malta awaiting favourable winds delegation native citizens brought board ship september announced people infuriated french roman_catholic_church malta risen french garrison forcing fortress attempted negotiate surrender island rebuffed unable delay passage gibraltar longer gave muskets promised send assistance soon able october french besieged healthy troops arrival ship line tell frigates bolster defences day french retreated nelson ships alexander squadron naples blockade port command captain refused deploy forces malta technically territory squadron joined days portuguese ships nelson lord nelson vanguard october days later nelson authorised ball negotiate surrender nearby island french abandoned island fortifications british captured cannon required sacks grain distributed populace french garrison trapped actions took place malta year sides settling long siege captains enforced blockade malta alexandria september october nelson anchored enjoying king ferdinand queen arriving september vanguard greeted small vessels organised royal family led barge carrying sir william weeks nelson taken court honoured guest subsequently accused naval responsibilities time mutual attraction developed romantic affair began politics successfully combining queen encourage ferdinand war france ferdinand ordered army general drive french rome resulting campaign disaster french forced ferdinand court flee sicily french established naples replace monarchy spain nelson engaged central eastern mediterranean main mediterranean_fleet ensured unable intervene joined reinforcement ships sir admiral ordered ships establish southern spanish ports especially main spanish fleet lay anchor regular correspondence passed admiral spanish commander spanish fleet major deployments year single convoy ship line frigates merchant vessels sailed april minor warships fought small engagements spanish mediterranean coast significant spanish deployment remainder year frigate squadron based intercepted british ship line lion ensuing action july spanish ships formed line meet attack captain ship damaged frigate fell leading frigates leading ships returned long range exchange gunfire defeated captured destroyed determined restore british mediterranean ensure fleet needed base protected deep water harbour assaulted land best island harbour port large modern dockyard included wharf extensive purpose built naval hospital facilities british manufacture constructed periods occupation british forces detached ships line frigates smaller vessels transports island commodore carrying small army colonel expeditionary force arrived november troops landed creek spanish attack driven days army continued inland detachment colonel seizing main army received surrender town town including overlooked island principal protected anchorage november spanish squadron frigates attempted disrupt operations swift counterattack ships drove november town control island ceded british forces | Mediterranean campaign of 1798 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
7890_Actionof7May1794 | action action minor naval action fought british ship line french frigate early french revolutionary wars french_navy sought disrupt british trade capturing merchant ships frigates strategy countered protecting british convoys heavier warships particularly european waters british escorts convoy sighted french ships approaching gave chase ships frigate corvette opponents separated convoy escorts likewise following raiders separate course evening french ships successfully escaped pursuit captain attempting number tactics drive opponent success eventually chase lasting nearly days french ship came range larger british gun rate despite brave defence soon forced surrender suffering casualties surrendered ship widely praised actions defending ship heavy odds aftermath engagement french battle squadron formed developing atlantic campaign pursued ships rest day quarry eventually escaped dark later taken royal_navy background outbreak war britain france spring came time differing fortunes navies countries royal_navy state heightened readiness preparation conflict french_navy recovered french revolution resulted collapse naval hierarchy experienced officers seamen french naval strategy early war send squadrons light vessels operate british trade routes order disrupt british operations resulted britain forming merchant ships convoys mutual protection escorted warships european waters defend attacks french ships spring france turmoil following failure harvest threatened country starvation order secure food supplies france turned american colonies united_states assembled large grain convoy ensure security convoy french_navy dispatched sea operating series large squadrons independent cruisers major fleet french ships operating independently gun frigate captain corvette british convoy sailing south west days closed investigate pursuit convoy sighted protection ships line captain gun hms captain french frigates closing west aware defend convoy immediate direct action turned newcomers colours firing shots direction larger ship british ships hugely french vessels soon realised mistake gave orders ships turn sail escape pursuit raising french firing stern guns fitted rear ship french ships immediately separated followed concentrated rest evening chases continued darkness fell able escape remained touch french frigate approximately nautical miles ahead ship line northwest wind direction north northeast entire following day escape pursuit close open fire bow hour half pulled range evening french frigate able nautical miles midnight switched course south hoping darkness manoeuvre able escape clear ploy failed following importantly manoeuvre severely slowed frigate hauled closer wind able come range firing starboard guns smaller ship crew exhausted extended chase returned fire warships exchanging shot long range frigate suffering far damage brief engagement forced surrender ship rigging casualties mounting crew provided prize crew frigate took surviving french crew aboard ship prisoners war casualties french ship heavy killed wounded men aboard compared single man lost suffered damage rigging aftermath long able enjoy victory shortly removal french prisoners completed sails spotted horizon rapidly identified french ships line making intercept capture ships squadron admiral sailed day search american grain convoy shortly european waters issuing rapid orders instructed prize crew separate ship order force french split forces frigate ship line fleeing different courses soon pursuit escaped atlantic prize crew managing replace damaged main midst chase assistance french prisoners board slower able increase distance vessel french day finally losing sight ships arrived safely rear admiral informing admiralty action letter subsequently served royal_navy gun frigate ship named service lengthy brave resistance highly praised particularly historian wrote highly considered engagement british frigate conquered purchased shortly arrival britain exchanged returned france | Action of 7 May 1794 | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
8530_BattleoftheAssunpinkCreek | battle creek battle creek known second battle battle american british troops took place new_jersey january american revolutionary war resulted american victory following surprise victory battle early morning december general george_washington continental_army council war expected strong british counter attack washington council decided meet attack established defensive position south creek lieutenant general led british forces southward aftermath december battle leaving men lieutenant colonel princeton advanced men january advance significantly slowed defensive american command advance guard reach twilight assaulting american positions times repulsed time decided wait finish battle day washington moved army camp night attacked princeton day defeat prompted british withdraw new_jersey winter background night december george_washington commander chief continental_army crossed army attacked garrison morning december garrison surrounded quickly defeated washington crossed river returned camp pennsylvania afternoon december washington moved army stationed men south prelude washington appeal faced dilemma handful men december knew army collapse convinced stay 30th washington appealed men stay month longer bounty dollars asked men wanted volunteer man turned washington wheeled horse rode troops saying brave asked reasonably expected country stake wives houses hold dear worn hardships know spare consent stay month longer render service cause liberty country probably circumstances stepped forward soldier stepped forward followed leaving original line preparations january money congress arrived men paid washington received series resolves congress including gave washington powers similar military dictator washington decided stand fight ordered general militia join december washington learned army men command general moving attack washington ordered men build earthworks parallel south bank creek lines extended miles south end stream washington aides pointed stream british cross position drive washington right flank washington escape delaware boats miles upstream washington told officers planned army current position temporary british movement planning return britain leave canceled rode princeton catch general moved troops reinforce princeton arrived convinced grant attack combined forces january army reached princeton january left force command men set road miles away army cannon marched columns reached detached colonel men ordered remain following morning battle delaying actions army placed skirmish line british light infantry days washington troops command place outer defensive line halfway princeton goal delaying british advance british approached returned drunk colonel took command british came range american opened fire american took cover woods bends road time british line battle line fall fire cover hand forced abandon american position mile run took new position heavily wooded area south bank hand deployed men trees protected view british crossed bridge stream fired point blank range intense fire confused british thinking entire american army formed battle lines bringing cannon british searched woods half hour looking americans hand withdrawn new position afternoon british reached known half mile americans forming line defense washington wanted hold british nightfall darkness prevent british attacking defenses south british artillery position attacked hand new position gave way slowly falling way hand troops fire houses hand troops came creek charged fixed causing chaos americans washington seeing chaos rode crowd men crossing bridge shouted hand rear guard pull cover american artillery british assault british prepared attack american defenses cannon musket fire exchanged opposing sides british moved bridge advancing solid columns americans fired british fell moment british charged bridge driven cannon fire british charged final time americans fired shot time british lines fire soldier said bridge looked red blood killed wounded red coats american withdrawal decision arrived main army called council war continue attack general urged strike right away saying washington general army found morning disagreed argued way americans retreat british troops worn better attack morning rested want wait morning decided better sending troops attack dark said got old fox safe bag morning moved army hill north night washington decision night american artillery command occasionally fired shells british edge washington called council war road leading princeton council war agreed attempt british garrison army way princeton washington left men cannons fires burning noise picks british think digging morning men evacuated british came attack american troops gone casualties casualty estimates widely records fighting january separate engagements skirmishes gives american losses second gives american casualties killed wounded deserted hand gives entire american loss january killed wounded says killed wounded gives british losses killed killed wounded captured gives losses january killed wounded gives british casualties killed wounded captured aftermath morning washington reached princeton brief battle british decisively defeated substantial number garrison command captured defeat days superior general ordered army withdraw southern new_jersey way new_york leaving forward positions new_brunswick washington moved army winter quarters | Battle of the Assunpink Creek | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9009_BattleofEttlingen | battle battle july fought french revolutionary wars armies french republic near town kilometres southwest austrians duke tried halt northward advance east bank tough fight austrian commander found left flank turned conceded victory french retreated east located kilometres south saw army facing upper rhine south opposed north ferdinand june compelling rush rescue reinforcements charles defeated 15th forcing pull west bank rhine time shake high command control austrian armies charles absence successfully crossed rhine night june beat july leaving charge north charles rushed south confront near day combat austrians held advantage right wing near french defeated left wing background plans beginning rhine campaign austria armies germany army lower rhine duke left wing man guarded rhine river switzerland prince right wing west bank strong right wing duke ferdinand east bank observing french remaining troops lay west bank powerful garrisons army led deployed right flank center left flank commanded responsible line running north cologne men left wing held french grand strategy designed minister war armies turn austrian flanks strategic plan called start advancing left wing designed accomplish goals hoped cause austrians abandon west bank rhine second draw austrian strength north allow army better chance cross rhine south time army rhine consisted independent divisions assumed command reorganized army corps wings plus small reserve objections men named wing commanders system soon proved worth innovation group heavy cavalry regiments army reserve regiments remained attached infantry divisions june right wing divisions led infantry cavalry infantry cavalry infantry cavalry center divisions commanded infantry cavalry infantry cavalry infantry cavalry divisions infantry cavalry infantry cavalry altogether numbered foot soldiers cavalry plus gunners counting artillery elements total soldiers commanded men operations concluded armistice austrians notified french truce end june minute expired led divisions armistice line heading south charles right wing french beat duke june capturing austrians colors guns june wing began evacuating west bank rhine order concentrate french joined days time austrian high command began transferring austrians italy successes june defeated french battle subsequently west bank rhine retreated north leaving theater given command austrian armies took command assumed leadership advance caused opponents abandon west bank rhine drawn planned mounted operations austrian fortifications opposite order lead enemies thinking main attack june launched successful river crossing defending troops stout fight defeated loss soldiers guns wagons french reported losses subsequently took command reinforced strength austrians 28th beaten french sustained casualties allied losses amounted killed wounded plus men seven guns wagons captured having blocked began moving troops south oppose army early june received news rhine 26th leaving foot horse raced south units army rhine june remained guarding west bank rhine time days french enjoyed numerical superiority opponents remarkable decision switch positions wings led left wing commanded center reorganized army regiments got lost confusion river crossing army expanded moved downstream north moved upstream south operated hills ready support wing french caused retreat rhine fell opportunity smash enemy forces moved slowly started july day wing moved easterly direction seizing enemy positions deep thrust completely separated rest tried hold position attacked battle july assist operation directed valley day division captured french employed infantry cavalry austrians led french turned austrian flanks forcing enemies pull east casualties sides light austrians lost men guns captured found leading elements main body days distant austrians vulnerable situation delayed days allowing charles bring battalions squadrons battle french army july right wing organized division brigades led led 3rd 38th line infantry directed 3rd light 56th line infantry commanded 12th 21st heavy cavalry regiments commanded 4th 8th regiments listed leading division wing counted foot soldiers horsemen date divisions division led 10th 62nd 10th light brigades commanded 4th 8th 6th division directed 50th line 16th light infantry led 7th 10th 17th regiments named division commander command comprised report july showed divisions division brigade included 17th line 100th line 20th 11th division counted infantry cavalry division consisted brigades led line directed 21st light 31st line commanded line 2nd total foot soldiers horsemen gunners wing june report showed present command including 9th july division comprised brigade line detached july 1st 2nd 3rd 9th 14th 15th cavalry regiments cavalry counted army infantry brigades battalions cavalry regiments squadrons squadrons infantry cavalry garrison foot horse watched austrian held fortress chief staff chief artillery men available battalions squadrons austrian army july organized divisions addition personally commanded divisions von brigades led led seven brigades baptist von brigades detached direct command divisions division included brigades division brigades unknown officer corps commanded austrian brigades led brigades austrian order battle july showed army organized columns 1st column included brigades battalions grand duke infantry regiments companies 2nd 3rd battalions squadron led battalions charles battalions squadrons regiment commanded 2nd column consisted brigades led prince mounted units squadrons john led battalions infantry regiment battalion seven squadrons squadrons commanded battalions infantry regiment directed squadrons led 3rd column organized brigades directed commanded battalions infantry regiment companies serbian companies squadrons squadrons squadrons led battalions infantry regiment controlled squadrons directed squadrons squadrons small 4th column commanded consisted battalions infantry regiment battalion squadrons albert saxon infantry battalion battalion van der infantry regiments saxon mounted troops included squadrons squadrons altogether charles troops available combat mounted assault july decision planned attack french 10th french commander planned pin austrians rhine plain turning left flank mountains charles hoped french left near river recapture held austrian right near rhine posted center near defended left center hills held far left near accompanied divisions vice saint cavalry horse artillery ineffective mountains captured twice french recaptured time austrians tried force way french left cavalry checked mounted troops reserve finding horsemen outnumbered near artillery french cavalry bay rhine plain combat evening austrians pushing bad news left flank caused charles halt battalions infantry squadrons cavalry plenty artillery deployed posted battalions north advance guard left division guard started battalions plus borrowed reserve finding marching south turn right flank sent battalions east surprised sent north brigades advanced northwest confronted finding austrians powerful defenses tried draw troops position employing elements french wing commander ordered troops press home assault retreat time came strong resistance attack pushed farther ridge valley fifth assault regimental strength gave way defenders finally reacted sweeping slope cut french sprung trap led companies attack austrian flank reserves bored flank center french troops struck austrian right hidden nearby town austrians gave way french followed ridge right positions men laid heavy fire thrown disorder leader nearly captured length troops emerged triumphant inflicting casualties opponents capturing cannons compelled withdraw east hills soldiers fell results french losses numbered killed wounded plus captured austrians suffered killed wounded captured july charles evacuated ordered forced march east 10th french occupied anxious protect magazines charles halted days believe charles given waited days austrians packed supplies wagons headed east july day moved found gone withdrew rhine valley left troops garrisons river foot horse infantry infantry cavalry foot soldiers contain left troops detailed infantry cavalry watch places austrian garrisons remained austrians caused attacking september accomplished assault austrian soldiers french camp driven enemies charles lost services men fortresses german allies retreated rhine auxiliary forces began negotiate french territories occupied believed charles remained rhine defeated french armies unlike divided command french austrians enjoyed unity command thought correct french strategy french armies join plan army operate austrian flanks strategy succeeded expected win coalition countries different charles issue command expect clash battle august external sources sources identify austrian regiment numbers armies new_york isbn german regiments sources provide names identifying information french austrian generals napoleonic period tony generals served period napoleon series retrieved october smith biographical dictionary austrian generals napoleonic wars retrieved october | Battle of Ettlingen | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
9189_MacauIncident(1799) | incident incident inconclusive encounter powerful squadron french spanish warships british_royal_navy escort squadron january incident took place context campaign french revolutionary wars allied squadron attempting disrupt valuable british merchant convoy sail dynasty china second attempt years incident french frigate squadron driven attack year china convoy early french squadron dispersed remaining ships deployed frigates united spanish manila squadron sailed attack british china convoy gathering british commander rear admiral concerned vulnerability china convoy sent reinforcements support lone royal_navy escort ship line captain reinforcements arrived january days allied squadron arrived sailed meet french spanish ships chase ensued contact lost sides subsequently claimed refused battle allied squadron withdrew later successfully escorting china convoy safely westwards background east indian trade essential component economy great_britain eighteenth century administered exotic trade goods carried large armed merchant ships known east weighed long tons valuable parts trade annual convoy portuguese port dynasty china early year large convoy east assemble preparation month journey indian_ocean atlantic britain value trade carried convoy nicknamed enormous convoy reported carrying goods worth million contemporary values equivalent british interests protected large scattered royal_navy squadron overall command rear admiral command covered thousands square miles ocean including strategically important ports bombay madras calcutta coast bases red_sea dutch_east_indies maintain watch hostile warships particularly french force remote island base mauritius dutch spanish manila french greatest threat powerful squadron assembled menacing british shipping january force intercepted year ensuing incident quick thinking commodore imitating royal_navy warships poor visibility pressing attack force subsequently broken proved expensive maintain cohesive force late anchor vessels gun corvette gun frigate arrived diplomatic mission state near mutiny captain forced execute men route learned additional frigates joining orders governor frigates cruising independently british trade indian_ocean decided augment forces uniting allied spanish squadron manila spanish philippines frigates arriving october admiral remained spanish squadron severely damaged typhoon april repairs taken nearly years british frigates raided manila january spanish ship condition oppose incident news junction french spanish squadrons reached soon assembling merchant ships frigates hms fox gun ship line escort commanded captain fox detached local convoy november forces largely committed red_sea following recent french invasion egypt gave urgent orders frigates replaced gun gun hms arrogant reinforcements sailed arriving january franco spanish squadron comprising gun ships line frigates accompanied sailed manila january command rear admiral squadron crossed weeks arriving near january intention attacking shipping mouth informed presence danish merchants unaware arrival reinforcements immediately sailed confront squadrons initially forming lines battle steering head british line followed subject dispute reported franco spanish squadron turned fled anchored darkness fell withdrawing dawn conflict probability terminated disgrace reported retreated pursued closely claimed pressed attack damage rigging allowed escape explain squadron subsequently withdrew attacking apparently unprotected assembled anchored aftermath historian assessment fair conclude squadron fight describes subsequent reaction disgust fury considered action french threw away stroke chance seizing valuable convoy establishing franco spanish dominance chinese waters retired manila french ships departing subsequently returning intercepted action december blockade squadron driven shore destroyed subsequently returned france retired french_navy sailed february passing indian_ocean send frigate achieved ensured china fleet defended attacks british shipping china peace early napoleonic wars powerful french squadron attacked battle east succeeded french withdrawing brief exchange fire | Macau Incident (1799) | Warfare | Battles, exercises, and conflicts | Early modern period (1500 – 1800) |
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